What Was Life REALLY Like in Old-Country Sicily? | Boring History For Sleep

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Picture narrow Stone streets, 
warmed by the afternoon sun, the

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center of bread baking in a 
Wood-Fired oven and the sound of

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church bells drifting across the
Hills tonight, we're traveling 

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back to discover what life was 
really like in Old Country 

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Sicily. 
It was a place where days moved 

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with the rhythm of the land. 
Olive Groves, Vineyards and 

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fishing boats, pulling in with 
the Morning, Tide families, 

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gathered around Long, wooden 
tables, stories passed down as 

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easily as Bread and Wine. 
So before we jumped straight in,

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take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe, if you appreciate

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the greatness provided here. 
Also, please let me know in the 

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comments where you're tuning in 
from and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, dim the lights, turn on a 

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fan for some noise, and let 
Seasons into the masterpiece. 

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Imagine This. 
It's 1890 and you're walking 

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through a sicilian Village. 
The first thing that hits, you 

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isn't the Mediterranean Breeze 
or the smell of wild herbs. 

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It's the fact that everyone 
within three miles knows exactly

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who you are, where you're going 
and probably what you had for 

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breakfast. 
An old Sicily. 

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Privacy was as rare as snow in 
August, you'd wake up in your 

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Stone House. 
When I say Stone I mean real 

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rocks that the Mason put 
together with anything. 

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He could find like his 
grandmother's secret recipe that

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may or may not have had goat 
cheese in it. 

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The walls were thick enough to 
stop a cannonball, which was 

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good, because your neighbor's 
rooster sounded like an opera 

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singer, having a terrible day, 
Today your bed wasn't really 

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what we'd call comfortable. 
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 

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grain sacks filled with things 
like corn husks wool that still 

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smelled like a sheep and 
sometimes even a few surprises 

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that made you think the previous
owner had been keeping his 

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winter vegetables under there? 
But you know what? 

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You could have slept standing up
against a cactus after working 

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for 14 hours straight. 
The morning ritual was simple 

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and gorgeous. 
You would wander into the 

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kitchen, which was also the 
living room dining area and barn

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for the family goat on chilly 
nights. 

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Your wife would have already 
started the fire as people in 

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the town believed that if you 
weren't married by the age of 

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25, it meant something was wrong
with you. 

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And by fire, I mean, a real wood
burning stove that needed the 

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talents of a NASA engineer and 
the patience of a saint to work,

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right? 
There was bread for breakfast, 

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always bread if the Harvest was 
good and the Saints were smiling

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a tomahto or cheese might be 
undiscovered. 

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The bread was a Wonder of 
medieval science, it was so 

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dense that he could use it as a 
foundation stone. 

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It was also the best thing you'd
ever tasted. 

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Your local Baker, undoubtedly 
learned his profession from 

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someone who might have known 
Julius Caesar had hands that 

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could make bread and water do 
magic. 

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You'd go outside after breakfast
and breathe in air. 

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That was so clean. 
It almost washed your lungs, 

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women beat laundry against rocks
to the rhythm of ancient 

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percussion. 
Children played games, that 

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always seemed to involve running
at full volume and somewhere. 

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In the distance, two men were 
having a philosophical argument 

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about whether their 
grandfather's donkey was faster 

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than their neighbor's 
grandfather's donkey. 

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This argument had been going on 
for about 30 years. 

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The roadways, if you could call 
them, that were more like 

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suggestions, scratched into rock
by feet, Hooves, and the odd 

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cartwheel over the years. 
They walked around Hill's and 

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olive trees, like water flows 
downhill, which means they had 

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no logic at all. 
But they always took you where 

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you want to go. 
It was like trying to solve a 

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three-dimensional puzzle made by
someone with a sixth sense of 

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humor and a clear dislike for 
straight lines to go around the 

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village. 
Your house was surrounded by 

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other houses that appeared like 
they had sprouted out of the 

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hillside itself. 
These winding paths made sure 

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you would run into at least 17 
individuals. 

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Before you could buy a loaf of 
bread, this was on purpose in 

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Sicily, Community wasn't simply 
a pleasant thought it was a way 

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to stay alive. 
When the next drought Invasion 

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or Locust plague struck you and 
your neighbors would need each 

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other. 
Now let's speak about your 

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employment. 
In the past working, Sicily, 

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wasn't so much about getting 
ahead in your profession. 

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As it was about getting mother 
nature to cooperate for one more

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season if you were lucky enough 
to own property by land, I mean 

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a plot about the size of a 
modern parking space that was 

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supposed to support a family of 
eight, you were basically a 

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professional Gambler playing 
against the weather bugs and the

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strange changes in soil. 
Chemistry, a modern Gardener 

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would cry for you. 
If they saw your farming 

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implements, imagine a plow that 
looked like it had been made by 

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someone who had only heard about
plows, and had never seen one in

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person. 
A donkey pulled it and the only 

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thing that seemed to qualify for
the task was his amazing ability

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to show existential misery 
through are positioning. 

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This donkey, let's call him 
Giuseppe, because they were all 

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named Giuseppe had something to 
say about every Furrow, and 

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wasn't afraid to say it. 
People who understood that flat 

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ground was meant for others in 
different regions. 

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Transformed, the fields into 
hillsides, you'd work on these 

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terrorist plots that stuck to 
the side of Hills like a stone 

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masons fever dream. 
There were paths between each 

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level. 
That would make your calf 

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muscles, strong enough to break.
Walnuts every morning you would 

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climb up and down these old 
steps with tools seeds, hope and

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occasionally Giuseppe's angry 
feelings when he thought the 

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label was too easy for him. 
But here's where it gets 

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intriguing. 
Sicilians have turned making 

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dough into an art form, that 
would make modern recyclers. 

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Look like amateurs, who waste 
things? 

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Nothing. 
Absolutely nothing was ever 

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thrown away. 
Did the broken pottery? 

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Catch your eye? 
It was perfect for storing. 

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Olive oil is that old shirts. 
Still in use. 

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It can be used for cleaning 
purposes as patches for a 

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friend's old clothing or even as
a source of fire fuel. 

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Giuseppe meticulously collected,
the items he added the landscape

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every day. 
Transforming them into Treasures

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for the garden. 
Your wife, on the other hand ran

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a household that worked like a 
small Factory. 

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She would get up before, Dawn to
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 

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ideas about how to start the day
and made them known by moving 

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her Hooves in certain ways. then
came the bread making which was 

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more like conducting a symphony 
of yeast timing and prayer than 

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cooking, The dough would rise in
wooden bowls that had been in 

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the family for so long that they
almost had family names. 

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Lunch was a time when Sicilian 
showed that, they knew something

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deeper about life. 
You can't work well on an empty 

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stomach and you can't appreciate
food. 

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Well, if you're in a hurry, 
Everyone in the Hamlet would 

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stop what they were doing for 
two hours and congregate around 

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tables rocks or any other flat 
surface they could find the food

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could have been modest like 
bread olives and whatever 

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veggies that the local animals 
hadn't devoured yet, but people 

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ate it with such care and 
enjoyment, that it became a 

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celebration. 
The afternoon, brought new 

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problems. 
If you weren't tending to the 

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crops, you might have been 
repairing. 

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Something that was broken in a 
world composed of stone wood and

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hope this happened about every 
15 minutes. 

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Your concept on repairs was 
simple. 

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If something is broken, use 
everything you have to fix it, 

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if it breaks a gain, fix it 
again. 

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But this time with more 
determination, if it breaks a 

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game, make it part of the design
and act like it was always meant

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to work that way. 
The way people lived in your 

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community was more complicated 
than a spider web made by an 

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architect, to couldn't make up 
his mind. 

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Everyone knew everyone else. 
But more significantly, everyone

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you everything about everyone 
else. 

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Even things that hadn't happened
yet, but surely would because, 

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as your neighbor would remark it
runs in the family. 

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The Village. 
Well, was the core of the 

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communication Network? 
It was the source of water. 

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The News headquarters and an 
unofficial courtroom where 

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people could settle conflicts 
from severe property problems to

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heated arguments about whose 
grandmother cooked better, 

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tomato sauce you'd come with 
your water jug and leave with it

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along with full reports on three
pregnancies, two family fights, 

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one iffy romance and 
comprehensive weather forecast 

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from someone who's great uncle 
was said to have been able to 

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tell when it was going to rain 
by watching how his chickens 

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walked. 
In this social order, the 

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priests of the community had a 
special role. 

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He was a spiritual guide, a 
mediator and amateur, 

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meteorologist and a Secret 
Keeper, who would have made a 

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government spy envious. 
He had somehow learned the Fine 

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Art of knowing everything while 
seeming to know nothing. 

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He could give a sermon that 
spoke directly to the moral 

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shortcomings. 
You had been struggling with all

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week without ever looking you in
the eye. 

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And there were the village 
Elders. 

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They were old enough to remember
when things were different, but 

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not so ancient. 
That people could comfortably 

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dismiss what they thought, they 
would sit outside. 

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Their house is like, living 
libraries giving Council 

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criticism and sometimes deep 
knowledge. 

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But you had to be careful to 
tell the difference between the 

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wisdom and the stories that had 
become better with each telling 

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over the preceding 40 years. 
While everything was going on, 

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your kids were getting an 
education that no school could 

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equal, they'd learn useful. 
Things like how to get a chicken

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to lay eggs, where you want 
them, how to read the weather 

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and clouds and how to cope with 
a complicated social dynamics of

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a place where your third 
cousin's choice to plant beans 

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instead of wheat could change 
your family's winter food 

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supply, but maybe most 
significantly kids would learn 

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how to tell stories. 
As the sun sank behind Hills 

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that had seen, many families, 
struggle, and succeed. 

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Someone would start a story 
every night. 

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It could have been the time 
great-grandfather outsmarted, 

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the tax collector, the winter 
when the whole village lived on 

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nothing but olives and sheer 
stubbornness or the strange 

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Merchants, who came one day with
spices that made everyone's food

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tastes like it had been blessed 
by Angels. 

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These stories were more than 
just fun. 

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They were guides for how to live
every story had a lesson about 

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bravery intelligence, the value 
of community and the fact that 

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you should never ever trust 
someone who says they can make 

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you rich quickly. 
The stories showed you that life

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would be hard but also beautiful
and that the hard and the 

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Beautiful were often. 
The same thing seemed from 

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various points of view in your 
community, marriage was 

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primarily focused on creating a 
partnership capable of handling.

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Any challenges life presented, 
rather than being centered 

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around love which was scarce 
involved. 

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Long negotiations, between 
families. 

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There are background checks that
would make modern security 

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agencies. 
Look, undesirable and careful 

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thought about practical matters.
Like whose land bordered whose 

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who had the healthier goats. and
whether the potential bride's 

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mother knew any advantageous 
ways to treat common illnesses 

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people today have a hard time 
understanding, how complicated 

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your relationship with food 
Wars. 

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You lived in a place where 
wealth and scarcity were like 

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elderly lovers who have been 
battling for ages but couldn't 

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bear to be a part. 
One season might yield crops so 

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large, you'd think you were in 
an agricultural Paradise. 

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While the next might be so lean.
You'd enjoy the subtle taste in 

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bread made of Hope and ground 
acorns. 

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But what was wonderful was that 
Sicilians had come up with a way

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to convert any meal into a 
party? 

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With just three ingredients. 
Wild Greens, a little olive oil 

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and some garlic. 
Your wife could create a dish 

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that would Delight your palate. 
It wasn't about using strange 

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spices or complicated methods. 
It was about giving each 

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ingredient the care and respect 
it needed for example, look at 

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your olive trees, these weren't 
simply plants. 

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They were family members with 
their personalities, history, 

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and even mood disorders, from 
time to time your great 

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grandfather, learn to walk. 
When certain trees were making 

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oil, Those trees would keep 
making oil long after your great

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grandchildren were old enough to
Grumble about the Harvest. 

231
00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,500
Trees were all different. 
This one made oil early. 

232
00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:22,900
That one was stubborn but made 
the sweetest oil and the old 

233
00:11:22,900 --> 00:11:26,100
Behemoth on the hill had whether
three droughts and the landslide

234
00:11:26,100 --> 00:11:28,700
that still made enough olives to
feed the family through the 

235
00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:31,400
winter. 
During the harvest season, the 

236
00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:32,800
Hamlet. 
Transformed into a scene, 

237
00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,300
resembling ordered, pandemonium 
everyone assisted each other 

238
00:11:36,300 --> 00:11:39,200
since olives, don't wait for the
right time and a family that 

239
00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,400
tried to pick them all alone, 
would still be picking, when the

240
00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:44,900
next season's flowers came out, 
you'd work from dawn until your 

241
00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:47,600
hands were purple from Olive 
stains your back hurt. 

242
00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:50,300
Like, it had been redesigned by 
someone who hated how people 

243
00:11:50,300 --> 00:11:54,800
stand But the work paid off in 
ways that went beyond the oils 

244
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,200
usefulness. 
The rhythm of the Harvest was 

245
00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,200
quite fulfilling. 
It was like reaching picking and

246
00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,100
tossing the fruit into baskets 
that seemed to fill up with 

247
00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:05,500
magic. 
The talks that took place 

248
00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:07,900
throughout these lengthy days, 
formed friendships that would 

249
00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:10,400
last a lifetime. 
People worked out their 

250
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,800
problems, fell in love and 
either settled old arguments or 

251
00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:15,400
turned them into legendary 
feuds. 

252
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:18,600
That would Fascinate future 
Generations, you produced wine 

253
00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:21,800
using a similar method. 
The great screw on vines that 

254
00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:25,100
ran down slopes in designs that 
made it look like the person who

255
00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:27,500
planted them. 
Either knew a lot about the land

256
00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:30,900
or had been sipping their wine 
while planning, each family 

257
00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:33,800
developed their unique methods, 
learning from both their 

258
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:35,600
mistakes and successes over the 
years. 

259
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:40,100
Some batches got so famous that 
they became local Legends making

260
00:12:40,100 --> 00:12:42,700
wine was a mix of chemistry art 
and religion. 

261
00:12:42,700 --> 00:12:46,100
You would crush the greats, 
sometimes with your foot and 

262
00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:49,100
sometimes with a wooden press, 
you knew that the wine would 

263
00:12:49,100 --> 00:12:52,000
taste like the fruit. 
The weather that year the mood 

264
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,500
of the soil and your hopes for 
the months ahead when this 

265
00:12:54,508 --> 00:12:57,500
purple liquid would warm winter 
evening's and make ordinary 

266
00:12:57,500 --> 00:13:01,500
meals feel like celebration. 
Another kind of art was 

267
00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:04,600
preservation. 
Your lady knew how to preserve 

268
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:07,100
food in a way, that would 
impress even the smartest food 

269
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:10,600
experts. 
Today, she dried pickled salted 

270
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,900
and stored vegetables with the 
meticulous, care of someone who 

271
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,400
understood that the difference 
between having enough food and 

272
00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,900
being hungry could hinge on 
accurately estimating, how many 

273
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:22,400
tomatoes, the family would need 
to last until spring. 

274
00:13:23,300 --> 00:13:26,700
Pantry, which was really just a 
cool dark part of your Stone 

275
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:29,500
House was set up like a military
supply Depot. 

276
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:32,800
Peppers dangled from the 
rafters, like, decorations that 

277
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:35,800
you could eat, there were clay 
containers with olive oil, 

278
00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,600
preserved lemons and strange 
mixers that your wife swore 

279
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,100
could treat anything from a 
headache to a broken heart. 

280
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:46,400
They carefully stored sacks of 
grain paying close attention to 

281
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,900
the moisture temperature and the
continuing fight against rodents

282
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:51,900
that thought your food storage 
was their Buffet. 

283
00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:55,100
Your daily life was shaped by 
rhythms that were older than 

284
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,000
history rhythms that linked you 
to every generation that had 

285
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,400
ever worked in this tough 
magnificent. 

286
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:05,600
Country you wouldn't wake up to 
alarms, instead you'd wake up to

287
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,500
the sky getting lighter of 
mountains that had seen Empires 

288
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:11,700
rise and fall conquerors. 
Come and go and people who just 

289
00:14:11,700 --> 00:14:14,400
wanted to produce their food and
raise their kids in peace. 

290
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:17,600
Weather wasn't simply something 
that occurred to you. 

291
00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:20,500
It was your business partner, 
your enemy and your 

292
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:23,400
unpredictable companion, who 
might make or ruin your year, 

293
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,500
depending on how it felt. 
You could discern signs that 

294
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,600
meteorologists would be jealous 
of how the Morning Light, hit 

295
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,700
the hills, how the wind changed 
between valleys and how insects 

296
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,300
and birds acted as if they knew 
things that humans wouldn't 

297
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,500
understand for another 100 
years, your neighbor, the one 

298
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:42,700
with the philosophical donkey 
possessed, meteorological 

299
00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:44,700
knowledge. 
That was almost other worldly. 

300
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,800
He could tell it would rain 
three days ahead of time by how 

301
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:49,800
his chickens organized 
themselves in the yard. 

302
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,100
He'd tell you when to plant by 
watching which wildflowers 

303
00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:57,100
flowered first, his forcast was 
so good that people from nearby 

304
00:14:57,100 --> 00:15:01,200
towns would come to him only to 
obtain His Four cast But knowing

305
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:03,600
how the Earth operated meant 
more than just being able to 

306
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,100
anticipate. 
The whether you lived in a place

307
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:09,400
where cores and consequence were
clear in ways, that people who 

308
00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,700
lived in cities would never see 
if you plant at the wrong 

309
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:14,700
moment. 
Your family will go hungry. 

310
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:18,000
If you don't pay attention to 
the indicators of plant disease,

311
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:20,200
your neighbor's crops will 
suffer too. 

312
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:25,400
When you waste water during dry 
spells, everyone suffers this 

313
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:27,900
person wasn't being politically 
aware of the environment. 

314
00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:30,600
It was just a matter of life and
death. 

315
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:34,300
Local Craftsmen made your tools 
so that they fit your hands as 

316
00:15:34,308 --> 00:15:38,300
well as your skin. 
For example, a man's plow or a 

317
00:15:38,308 --> 00:15:40,400
woman's Loom had to suit their 
hands properly. 

318
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:44,900
Smith in the hamlet, wasn't just
a person who fixed things. 

319
00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:48,600
He was an artist who could look 
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 

320
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,300
see what kind of tool it wanted 
to be. 

321
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:53,900
He would heat iron in forges 
that gleamed, like parts of the 

322
00:15:53,908 --> 00:15:56,800
Sun that had been caught. 
And then he would shape the 

323
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,100
metal with hammers that made 
sounds that could be heard 

324
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,000
throughout the valley. 
The rhythm of seasonal work 

325
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,700
generated a calendar that was 
more reliable than anything 

326
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:07,400
written down. 
In the spring, it was time to 

327
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:11,100
prune plant and carefully 
encouraged New Growth while. 

328
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:13,900
Keeping it safe from late frosts
that could ruin months of 

329
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,400
planning in a single night. 
During the summer farmers were 

330
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:20,700
responsible for monitoring their
crops managing their water 

331
00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:22,700
resources and preparing for 
Harvest. 

332
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:26,800
Harvesting and storing food and 
celebrating the years success in

333
00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:28,900
the sellers and pantries took 
place in the fall. 

334
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,800
During winter, you had the 
opportunity to make repairs 

335
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,700
strategize and spend extended 
evening, sharing stories and 

336
00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:39,400
transferring skills. 
The way you lived, your holy 

337
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:41,800
life fit. 
Well with the way you farmed you

338
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:43,700
would pray for rain when your 
crops needed it. 

339
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:47,200
Praise God for excellent 
harvests and ask for protection 

340
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:49,200
when things were perilous and 
everything. 

341
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:53,400
You had worked for was at stake.
The Village feast days were on 

342
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:57,000
important days for farming. 
Thus the celebrations honored, 

343
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,700
both spiritual and practical 
customs. 

344
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:01,800
The church was The Villages, 
most beautiful building. 

345
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:05,300
It was made of the same local 
Stone as your house, but 

346
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:08,300
centuries of Craftsmen turned it
into something that made you 

347
00:17:08,308 --> 00:17:10,000
feel good. 
Every time you saw it. 

348
00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,000
Saints peered down from 
paintings made by painters who 

349
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:17,099
knew that the faces of the 
Saints needed to show the hopes 

350
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:20,200
and struggles of the people who 
would pray to them through years

351
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,900
of Joy and Pain. 
Your priest, had the hard job of

352
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:26,599
finding a balance between 
long-term and short-term needs. 

353
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,200
He would deliver sermons on 
spiritual salvation. 

354
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:32,600
While simultaneously monitoring 
families struggling to provide 

355
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:35,400
for their children and requiring
the silent support of the 

356
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:39,000
community, he would marry people
baptized them and bury them. 

357
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,200
Marking the end of their lives. 
In the Embrace of community 

358
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,400
tradition. 
On the harsh beauty of the 

359
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:48,000
Sicilian environment. 
In your Universe, family wasn't 

360
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,600
just a group of people who lived
together, it was all. 

361
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,900
So a business, a support 
network, and entertainment 

362
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,500
committee, and a quality control
Department, all rolled into one 

363
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:01,200
complicated career and often 
frustrating organization that 

364
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:05,600
ran every area of Every Day. 
Life, Your kids weren't just the

365
00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:08,100
Next Generation. 
They were your retirement plan, 

366
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:12,300
your insurance policy, and your 
way of living on in a world that

367
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:15,100
judge performance in decades, 
and centuries, and stead of 

368
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,700
quarterly reports, your family's
house, undoubtedly sheltered 

369
00:18:18,700 --> 00:18:21,700
three or four generations, each 
of whom made their own changes 

370
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:26,200
repairs and upgrades Over time, 
the house became a physical 

371
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,500
record of your family's history 
that corner where the wall was a

372
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:31,900
different color. 
Great, grandfather added onto 

373
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:33,600
the kitchen there. 
Because great grandmothers 

374
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,800
cooking was so outstanding that 
neighbors started coming over 

375
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:38,300
for supper without being 
invited. 

376
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:41,800
The floor in the main room isn't
even that was in the winter. 

377
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,700
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 
barrels inside and forgot that 

378
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:48,200
would expand when it gets wet. 
Your kids acquired 

379
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,000
responsibility, not through 
instruction, but through 

380
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:54,500
practical experience. 
By the time they were seven, 

381
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,600
they would be in charge of 
critical tasks like feeding, the

382
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,100
chickens retrieving eggs and 
maintaining the fragile 

383
00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:03,800
diplomatic ties that were needed
to keep the family goats giving 

384
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,700
milk. 
By the time they were 10, they 

385
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:09,200
would know enough about farming 
to tell when plants were sick, 

386
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:11,100
guess what? 
The weather would be like in 

387
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:13,800
figure out exactly how much 
grain the family would need to 

388
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,500
get through to the next Harvest.
But being a kid, wasn't all 

389
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:20,500
about work and duty. 
Kids in Sicily were great at 

390
00:19:20,500 --> 00:19:22,800
finding fun. 
Things to do with items that 

391
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:26,900
adults left lying around, they 
would use Stones sticks and 

392
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:29,200
their imaginations to play 
complicated games. 

393
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,600
That might turn a hill into a 
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full

394
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:35,000
of pirates. 
They would make toys out of 

395
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,500
scraps of fabric, build tiny 
communities out of Pebbles and 

396
00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:41,200
clay and learn how to tell 
stories that would help them 

397
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,600
when they grew up and had to 
pass on Traditions to the Next 

398
00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:47,200
Generation Unwritten rules, 
which were stronger than any 

399
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,200
written laws, dictated how 
neighbor's treated one another, 

400
00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:54,200
you would help with the Harvest 
lent tools be there for people 

401
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,000
when they were sick or going 
through a hard time and take 

402
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,900
part in the complicated social 
discussion that keep a small 

403
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,700
community running, however, 
rivalries competitions and 

404
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:06,900
fights could last for decades 
and be enjoyable for everyone 

405
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:08,400
else, who was not directly 
involved. 

406
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:12,100
Your town had its own court 
system that worked on its own, 

407
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:14,800
no matter who was in charge of 
the government at the time, 

408
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,200
Village Elders settled. 
Disagreements. 

409
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:19,600
Because they need that, the 
purpose wasn't to figure out who

410
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:22,900
was right and who was wrong. 
But to find solutions that let 

411
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:24,700
everyone keep living and working
together. 

412
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:27,600
Most of the time punishments 
were useful. 

413
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:31,600
For example, if you broke 
something, you would fix it and 

414
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,100
then some to make up for the 
trouble you caused. if one were 

415
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:38,300
to disseminate harmful rumors, 
it may be necessary to engage in

416
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:41,100
activities that would occupy 
one's time and prevent further 

417
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:44,900
gossip, The town also had its 
own economy centered on trade 

418
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:48,200
Mutual Duty and the idea that 
what goes around comes around, 

419
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,600
sometimes literally. 
You could swap olive oil for 

420
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,800
wheat, Ada neighbor with their 
harvest, in exchange, for help 

421
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,500
with your own building project, 
or give wine for a wedding 

422
00:20:57,500 --> 00:20:59,600
celebration. 
Knowing that when your daughter 

423
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,400
got married, the community would
give generously to her 

424
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,500
celebration. 
Marriage wasn't just the joining

425
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:07,700
of two people. 
It was the joining of two 

426
00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:10,500
family, businesses complete with
negotiations. 

427
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,600
That would make current 
corporate lawyers, proud people 

428
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,200
discussed, dowries changed 
property lines and planned for 

429
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,900
future Generations. 
Like military leaders might But 

430
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:23,600
beyond all the Practical reasons
was, the understanding that 

431
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,900
successful marriage is made 
Partnerships, strong enough to 

432
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:30,400
get through any problems that 
might come up in Sicily, women 

433
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:33,200
in your village, had a real, but
often hidden influence on the 

434
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:35,500
community. 
They oversaw the household, 

435
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:39,500
budgets made medical choices, 
set up marriages and kept the 

436
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,400
social networks going that let 
people share information and 

437
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:45,200
solve problems. 
A woman who was known for being 

438
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,200
wise and making beneficial 
decisions. 

439
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,300
Might sway Village decisions. 
Just as much as a male did. 

440
00:21:51,100 --> 00:21:54,500
However, she might accomplish it
by talking to people at the well

441
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:56,600
in official gatherings in the 
Town Square. 

442
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,200
As night falls, over your 
village, the old Stones turn 

443
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,300
gold, as they have seen many 
sunsets just like this one. 

444
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,400
You feel like you are part of 
something bigger than anyone 

445
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,800
life or generation. 
Fire in your heart, burns wood 

446
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:13,000
from trees, your grandfather 
planted, it warms a house that 

447
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:15,800
was built by hands that learned 
how to do things from Craftsman,

448
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,100
whose names are no longer known,
but whose work is still strong 

449
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:22,000
and true. 
As the day comes to an end, your

450
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,300
kids come together. 
Their face is lit. 

451
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:27,700
By the firelight that ties them 
to every child who is Ever 

452
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:28,900
listened to stories in this 
room. 

453
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:31,500
The stories you tell them are 
not just for fun. 

454
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,200
There are Legacy that passes on 
knowledge, gained through 

455
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:38,100
generations of success and 
failure, happiness, and sadness,

456
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:41,500
and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

457
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:45,100
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

458
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:49,200
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

459
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,500
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

460
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,700
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

461
00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:57,600
walls. 
A woman sings while she spins 

462
00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,100
wool. 
A voice can be heard in the tiny

463
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:02,600
alleys which are full of 
children, going home for dinner.

464
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:05,700
The fragrance of bread baking in
communal. 

465
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:09,200
Ovens mixes with the smell of 
wood smoke and plants growing 

466
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:11,900
wild on slopes that seemed to 
glow from inside. 

467
00:23:13,300 --> 00:23:16,000
Your neighbors are doing their 
own nightly routines like taking

468
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,900
care of animals, fixing tools 
making plans for the next day's 

469
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:22,900
labor, and sharing meals that 
turn simple Foods into 

470
00:23:22,900 --> 00:23:25,000
celebrations of survival and 
community. 

471
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:27,700
The two old men are still 
arguing about their 

472
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:30,700
grandfather's donkeys and their 
dispute has gotten more 

473
00:23:30,708 --> 00:23:34,300
complicated to include extensive
comparisons of the donkeys, 

474
00:23:34,300 --> 00:23:38,500
intelligence endurance and moral
character that will make future 

475
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,700
Generations. 
Laugh for decades The priest of 

476
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:45,000
the Hamlet, makes his rounds at 
night, not as an official duty. 

477
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,900
But as a friend and neighbor, 
who knows that spiritual care 

478
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:51,300
frequently means helping out. 
In other ways, he might help 

479
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:54,800
someone make a tough choice, 
settle a small argument or just 

480
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,000
have a glass of wine with 
someone who needs companionship.

481
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:01,200
His presence is like thread 
through fabric weaving through 

482
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:04,600
the community and making links 
that hold everyone together when

483
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:08,400
they strength isn't enough, 
Stars shine above mountains that

484
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,800
have protected your people from 
invasions plagues famines and 

485
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:14,900
all the other things that test 
human strength. 

486
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:18,100
You remember that, you are part 
of a chain, that goes back to 

487
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:21,400
ancestors whose names, you will 
never know but whose blood runs 

488
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,500
through your veins. 
Their hardships, made your life 

489
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:27,300
possible just like your 
struggles are making life 

490
00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:29,300
possible for kids. 
Who haven't been born yet? 

491
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:32,000
The knowledge of Your World 
Isn't in books. 

492
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,800
It's in how you read the 
weather, how you keep food 

493
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,100
fresh, the stories, you tell the
songs you sing and the people 

494
00:24:38,100 --> 00:24:40,500
you meet. 
Its wisdom that comes from 

495
00:24:40,500 --> 00:24:44,700
experience is tested by need and
is confirmed by the fact that 

496
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:47,000
you're here doing well in a 
location. 

497
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:50,200
That asks a lot of its people 
and provides them Beauty 

498
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:53,200
community and a deep sense of 
belonging. 

499
00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:56,200
Your Sicily isn't just a place 
on a map. 

500
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,400
It's a way of living. 
That knows how seasons and souls

501
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,400
are connected. 
How individual effort can help a

502
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,300
community survive and how daily 
work is necessary. 

503
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:07,500
But all so spiritual. 
When it's shared with others 

504
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:11,100
through meals stories and 
struggles, that become Victory 

505
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:14,600
is As you go off to sleep, in 
your old house, surrounded by 

506
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,700
the Tranquil sound of a 
community at rest, you feel 

507
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,700
positive about the work, you've 
done the connections, you've 

508
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:22,800
taken care of and the 
Traditions. 

509
00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:25,200
You've kept alive. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

510
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,200
problems, new chances and new 
stories to contribute to the 

511
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:29,700
collection. 
That makes up your people. 

512
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:35,300
But tonight, you are surrounded 
by Community tradition and the 

513
00:25:35,308 --> 00:25:38,200
lasting beauty of a life lived 
in accordance with the rhythms 

514
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,500
of the soil, the seasons, and 
the human heart that Finds Its 

515
00:25:41,508 --> 00:25:43,600
home in the endless dance 
between struggle and 

516
00:25:43,608 --> 00:25:45,600
celebration. 
That is the heart of the 

517
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:49,400
Sicilian character. 
The fire turns into brilliant 

518
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,800
Embers. 
Your kids breathing slows as 

519
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,700
they fall asleep and the old 
Hills outside your window. 

520
00:25:54,700 --> 00:25:58,500
Stand guard over dreams. 
That tie you to every generation

521
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:01,600
that has ever lived on this wild
beautiful Island. 

522
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:09,900
Alexander Graham Bell was born 
into a world of silence and 

523
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:15,000
sound on March 3rd. 1847 in 
Edinburgh Scotland, while 

524
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,800
history remembers in primarily 
as the inventor of the telephone

525
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:20,900
Bells relationship with sound 
began long before. 

526
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:24,300
His famous invention, shaped by 
a family Legacy that would set 

527
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:28,500
him on an unexpected path. 
His father, Alexander Melville 

528
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:32,800
was no ordinary man. 
A Pioneer in elocution and 

529
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,200
speech. 
Correction the Elder belted 

530
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:37,900
visible speech. 
A revolutionary system of 

531
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:40,600
phonetic symbols representing 
the position of the throat 

532
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,300
tongue and lips during speech. 
This ingenious method allowed 

533
00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:47,700
the death to learn spoken 
language by mimicking. 

534
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,900
These positions the Bell 
household wasn't just a home. 

535
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:53,100
It was a laboratory of human 
expression. 

536
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,600
The conversations about valve 
for nations in consonant 

537
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,500
articulation were as common as 
discussion about the weather. 

538
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,700
What's rarely discussed is how 
young Alec as he was called. 

539
00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:07,200
Didn't initially share his 
father's fascination with 

540
00:27:07,208 --> 00:27:10,600
speech, his early passions, 
centered on music and botany 

541
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:13,600
spending hours collecting and 
classifying plants around 

542
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,000
Edinburgh at 12 or wandering 
through the wheat fields near 

543
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,400
his grandparents home. 
He invented a simple dehusking 

544
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,800
machine using rotating paddles. 
His first invention came not 

545
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,700
from sound but from Plants 
Bell's mother, Eliza Grace 

546
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:31,500
Simon's was progressively death,
yet she possessed remarkable 

547
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:35,400
musical Talent. 
This Paradox a woman unable to 

548
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:39,000
fully hear who could still play 
piano beautifully created Bells,

549
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,100
first understanding that sound 
existed beyond the ears alone. 

550
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:45,500
He discovered he could 
communicate with her by speaking

551
00:27:45,500 --> 00:27:49,400
in low clear, Tone's, close to 
her forehead, allowing her to 

552
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,200
feel the vibrations of his 
voice. 

553
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:54,700
An intimate form of 
communication that taught him 

554
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:56,900
sound was as much physical as 
all the tree. 

555
00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:00,000
The households connection to 
deafness deepened. 

556
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,000
When bells two brothers died of 
tuberculosis leaving him, The 

557
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,800
Souls of surviving son. 
Few historians acknowledge the 

558
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,800
shadow this tragedy caste Belle.
Developed an almost 

559
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:13,500
superstitious belief that his 
work with the deaf was somehow 

560
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:17,100
protective believing that by 
dedicating himself to helping 

561
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:20,200
those without hearing. 
He might Escape the Fate that 

562
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,900
claimed his brothers. 
That's 16, Bell began teaching 

563
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:27,400
music and elocution at Western 
House Academy in Elgin Scotland 

564
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,200
trading lessons for board while 
continuing his education. 

565
00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:34,000
Here encountered. 
James Bell, no relation who 

566
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:35,600
introduced him to electrical 
science? 

567
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,000
Their experiments with a 
homemade battery, and Telegraph 

568
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,000
sparked young, Bells, interest 
in electricity, though. 

569
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,200
He wouldn't connect it to sound 
for years to come, What's 

570
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,400
particularly fascinating, is how
Bell's early experiments weren't

571
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,100
aimed at distance communication,
but at something far more 

572
00:28:51,108 --> 00:28:54,000
fanciful, he and his brother 
Melville created. 

573
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,600
A speaking automaton essentially
attempting to build a machine 

574
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:01,300
that could produce human speech 
sound they managed to make their

575
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:03,600
creation speak by using Bellows 
for lungs. 

576
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:07,700
A crude larynx made from Reed 
and a flexible leather mouth 

577
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:11,900
with movable lips and tongue. 
Simple sounds and even not a 

578
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:14,900
phrases like Mama. 
This forgotten experiment 

579
00:29:14,900 --> 00:29:17,400
reveals Bells initial 
Fascination was not with 

580
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:21,200
transmitting human voices but 
manufacturing them artificially.

581
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:27,100
In 1863 belt turned 16 and took 
a position as a pupil teacher of

582
00:29:27,100 --> 00:29:30,400
elocution and music at Western 
House Academy in Elgin Scotland.

583
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:34,100
While their Bell, read the work 
of German physicist. 

584
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:36,900
Hermann Von helmholtz who had 
conducted experiments 

585
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:39,600
demonstrating that electrical 
currents could be used to 

586
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,500
simulate sound Bell. 
Couldn't read German and 

587
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:45,800
misinterpreted helmholtz's work 
believing the scientists had 

588
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:48,800
successfully transmitted vowel 
sounds over wire using 

589
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,600
electricity this productive 
misunderstanding planted a sea 

590
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,800
that would eventually grow into 
the telephone after his brothers

591
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:58,200
deaths Bells. 
Parents sought healthier, 

592
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,800
surroundings eventually settling
on Canada. 

593
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,200
In 1870, the family made the 
Atlantic Crossing. 

594
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:08,400
After Edward his second brother 
died from tuberculosis, this 

595
00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,200
transition period is rarely 
highlighted yet. 

596
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,800
It was pivotal Bell was leaving 
behind, not just a country, but 

597
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:17,400
an identity on the ship Crossing
to Canada. 

598
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,800
He grew a beard to look older 
attempting to reinvent himself 

599
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:23,600
in this new world. 
The man who arrived in North 

600
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:26,800
America was determined to 
escape, not just the tubercular 

601
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:29,800
area of Scotland, but the shadow
of family tragedy. 

602
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,500
In 1871 Alexander, Graham Bell 
arrived in Boston. 

603
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:37,600
Not as The Confident, inventor 
history, often portrays. 

604
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:41,800
But as a man desperate for work,
his reputation as an expert, 

605
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:45,000
invisible speech at proceeded 
him and the Boston Board of 

606
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,500
Education hired him to train 
teachers at the school for the 

607
00:30:47,508 --> 00:30:50,200
deaf. 
Bell was not merely teaching a 

608
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:52,100
method. 
He was challenging an entire 

609
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:56,100
philosophy of death education. 
The American approach to deaf 

610
00:30:56,100 --> 00:30:58,300
education at the time. 
Heavily favored sign language. 

611
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:01,200
Bell influenced by his father's 
methods. 

612
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,900
Advocated for oralism. 
Teaching the deaf to speak and 

613
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:07,200
read lips a position. 
That would later earn him 

614
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,600
significant criticism from deaf 
communities. 

615
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,600
This ideological battle shaped 
Bells, early years in America 

616
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,300
and revealed his stubborn, 
willingness to Champion 

617
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,100
unpopular ideas. 
A trait that would serve his 

618
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,800
inventing career. 
Well, What's typically 

619
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,300
overlooked in Bells biography? 
Is that he was perpetually broke

620
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:28,300
during these Boston years. 
He supplemented his teaching 

621
00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:31,900
income by taking private pupils 
often traveling hours by horse 

622
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,500
drawn streetcar between lessons 
One such journey in Winter 

623
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:37,500
nearly cost him his life when he
fell through ice. 

624
00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:40,900
While crossing the Charles River
as a shortcut Soaked and 

625
00:31:40,908 --> 00:31:44,200
freezing barely reached his 
destination for his students. 

626
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,500
Family had to throw him out 
before a roaring fire. 

627
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:50,200
Bell's private students included
the children of Boston's Elite 

628
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,600
families giving him access to 
Social Circles that would later 

629
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:56,000
provide crucial Financial 
backing for his invention. 

630
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,500
Among these students was George 
Sanders whose father would 

631
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,100
become one of Bell's most 
important Financial supporters 

632
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:06,700
The Sanders home in Salem became
Bell's second residence, where 

633
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:08,700
he was given attic space for 
experiments. 

634
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:12,400
This Arrangement, not only 
provided convenience, but also 

635
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:15,200
enabled Bell's wealthy 
supporters to closely monitor 

636
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,600
their investment. 
During this period Bell met 

637
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,600
Mabel Hubbard a student who had 
lost her hearing to scarlet 

638
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,400
fever at age five. 
Ten years, his Junior Mabel was 

639
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,700
bright and determined and came 
from a wealthy and 

640
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:30,900
well-connected family her 
father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard 

641
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:34,500
was a prominent, Boston lawyer 
and would later become Bell's, 

642
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:36,300
business partner, and father in 
law. 

643
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:40,300
While their romance blossomed 
slowly, what's less known is 

644
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:42,400
that Bell? 
Initially hesitated to pursue 

645
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,400
able worried that his work with 
the deaf might make her feel 

646
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:47,200
like a project rather than a 
partner. 

647
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:49,900
Belle's teaching, methods were 
revolutionary. 

648
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:52,900
But exhausting, you would spend 
hours within the visual 

649
00:32:52,900 --> 00:32:56,300
students, placing their hands on
his face to feel the vibrations 

650
00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,900
as he spoke moving their tongues
and lips with his fingers to 

651
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:03,800
form correct positions. 
This intimate hands on approach,

652
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:07,100
yielded remarkable results, but 
drained him, physically and 

653
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:11,300
emotionally After full days of 
teaching Bellwood Retreat, to 

654
00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:14,200
his living quarters to conduct 
experiments with electricity and

655
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,400
sound often working through the 
night. 

656
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:19,900
Bell's experimentation during 
this period, wasn't solely 

657
00:33:19,900 --> 00:33:23,500
focused on Voice transmission. 
He was simultaneously developing

658
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:26,700
a harmonic Telegraph. 
The device capable of sending 

659
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:30,000
multiple Telegraph messages, 
concurrently over a single wire 

660
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,200
by using different musical 
tones. 

661
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:35,700
This approach directly 
challenged Western Unions, 

662
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,600
Telegraph Monopoly and attracted
Financial backing. 

663
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,100
From those eager to break the 
company's Stranglehold on 

664
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:44,000
communication. 
Rarely discussed is the fact 

665
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,100
that Bells unusual habit of 
combining disciplines often led 

666
00:33:47,100 --> 00:33:50,100
to his breakthroughs, his 
understanding of the human voice

667
00:33:50,100 --> 00:33:53,500
acquired through years of speech
training informed. 

668
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:55,000
His electrical experiments in 
ways. 

669
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:56,700
Pure electricians couldn't 
match. 

670
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,000
While contemporaries like Thomas
Edison and Alicia gray, 

671
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:01,600
approached communication 
technology. 

672
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:05,000
From an electrical engineering 
perspective, Bell approached it 

673
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,400
through the lens of human 
anatomy and acoustics. 

674
00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:11,199
Bells research notes from this 
period reveal a man, constantly 

675
00:34:11,199 --> 00:34:14,000
torn between commercial and 
humanitarian motivations. 

676
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:16,900
While he genuinely wanted to 
help the deaf communicate. 

677
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:20,900
He also meticulously documented,
which ideas might be patentable.

678
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:25,600
This pragmatic Duality 
humanitarian dreams backed by 

679
00:34:25,608 --> 00:34:29,000
business Acumen helped Bell 
succeed where other idealistic 

680
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:34,000
inventors fail in June 1875 well
experimenting with his harmonic 

681
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:38,600
Telegraph Bell and his assistant
Thomas Watson discovered that a 

682
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:40,699
reed stuck and continued to 
transmit. 

683
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:44,100
Sounds Bell recognize the 
implications immediately. 

684
00:34:44,100 --> 00:34:47,600
If he could make continuous 
electrical current variant 

685
00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:51,199
intensity precisely as are 
varied in density during sound 

686
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:54,500
transmission. 
You could transmit speech this 

687
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:57,300
Epiphany came during a period 
when Belle was physically ill 

688
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,900
and mentally exhausted from 
overwork, suggesting that his 

689
00:35:00,900 --> 00:35:04,000
breakthrough emerged not despite
his fatigue, but perhaps because

690
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,500
of it, his tired mind making 
connections is disciplined, 

691
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,800
thinking might have missed The 
birth of the telephone wasn't 

692
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,200
the triumphant Eureka moment. 
Often depicted in simplified 

693
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:17,800
histories, instead, it emerged 
through a series of incremental 

694
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:22,100
advances false starts, and near 
misses that culminated in a 

695
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:24,500
working device through 
persistence rather than a single

696
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:29,600
Flash of Genius on March 10th. 
1876 Belle to the famous words, 

697
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:33,700
Mr. Watson, come here, I want to
see you through his experimental

698
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:37,900
device but the contacts of this 
moment is rarely explained Bell 

699
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:41,000
had accidentally spilled battery
acid on his clothes and was 

700
00:35:41,008 --> 00:35:44,000
calling for assistance, not 
deliberately testing the machine

701
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:47,800
Watson working in another room. 
Heard the call clearly through 

702
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:49,500
the device and rushed to Bell's 
side. 

703
00:35:50,300 --> 00:35:53,000
The first transmitted sentence 
in telephone history, was 

704
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,100
essentially a workplace accident
report. 

705
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:59,500
What's also frequently, 
overlooked is how close Bell 

706
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:03,200
came to losing his place in 
history, just hours before Bell 

707
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,900
filed his telephone patent on 
February 14th, 1876, another 

708
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:11,200
inventor Elisha gray submitted. 
A caveat a preliminary patent 

709
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,500
document for a similar device. 
The ensuing priority battle 

710
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:18,000
would consume years of Bell's 
life and mental energy, despite 

711
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:19,600
bells of eventual victory in the
US. 

712
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:23,200
Supreme Court is victory was 
narrowly margined and surrounded

713
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:25,700
by persistent allegations of 
patent office. 

714
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:29,100
Corruption the telephones, early
demonstrations revealed public 

715
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:32,600
skepticism about its 
practicality when Belle first 

716
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:36,200
exhibited, his invention at the 
1876 Centennial Exhibition. 

717
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:40,100
In Philadelphia most visitors 
dismissed it as a clever trick 

718
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,900
rather than a revolutionary 
communication device Emperor Don

719
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:45,600
Pedro. 
The second of Brazil, provided 

720
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,700
crucial validation, when he 
tried the device in amazement, 

721
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:52,700
my God, it tours. 
This Royal endorsement, 

722
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:54,700
transformed public perception 
overnight. 

723
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,100
Before journalists Frederick 
Gower popularized, the term 

724
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,400
telephone in his reporting. 
Bell preferred to refer to his 

725
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,500
device as an electrical speech 
machine. 

726
00:37:04,300 --> 00:37:06,900
Bell dislike the term 
considering it in precise and 

727
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:09,000
overly Greek. 
But eventually conceded to its 

728
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:13,100
popular usage demonstrating that
even the inventor couldn't 

729
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:15,200
control all aspects of his 
creation's identity. 

730
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,000
The early telephone faced 
significant technical 

731
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,300
limitations early models 
required users to both speak 

732
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:24,000
into and listen through the same
piece. 

733
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,800
Necessitating an awkward back 
and forth motion during 

734
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:29,300
conversations. 
The transmitter design was so 

735
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:32,900
inefficient that users often had
to shout to be heard and range 

736
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:36,600
was severely limited Thomas 
Edison's later, carbon 

737
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:38,700
transmitter Improvement. 
Significantly enhanced 

738
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:41,600
performance though. 
Belle resisted adopting Edison's

739
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:43,400
technology due to their intense 
rivalry. 

740
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:47,600
Belle's demonstration before 
Queen Victoria at Osborne house 

741
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,700
in January. 1878 was a 
carefully, choreographed 

742
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:54,000
publicity event. 
Musicians were stationed at cows

743
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:57,600
and Southampton miles from the 
Royal residence to play for the 

744
00:37:57,600 --> 00:37:59,000
queen through the telephone 
line. 

745
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:01,700
The performance was successful 
though. 

746
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:04,300
Court records indicate the queen
found, the sound quality 

747
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:08,200
adequate but unrefined 
nevertheless, a royal attention 

748
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,900
guaranteed newspaper coverage 
throughout the British Empire 

749
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:14,200
advancing Bells interests, while
he personally found the Royal 

750
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:18,400
performance anxiety inducing The
telephones early adoption wasn't

751
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:21,000
driven by the business 
applications as Bell expected. 

752
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:25,000
But by what we might today call 
in emergency services, police 

753
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,300
stations and fire departments 
were among the early 

754
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:30,400
institutional adopters. 
Seeing the value in instant 

755
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:34,300
communication during crises 
doctors quickly, embrace the 

756
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:37,300
technology allowing patients to 
call for Urgent Care. 

757
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:40,800
A use case Bell have an 
anticipated but which provided 

758
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:44,000
crucial early Revenue Bell. 
Grappled, with the business 

759
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:47,100
aspects of his invention in the 
background though, often 

760
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:50,500
portrayed as a scientific 
genius, he was an indifferent 

761
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:52,100
businessman. 
Who found commercial 

762
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:53,700
negotiations? 
Distasteful. 

763
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:57,900
His father-in-law Gardner 
Hubbard management business 

764
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,500
affairs, often making decisions 
Bell disagreed with but felt 

765
00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,100
powerless to oppose due to 
family Dynamics. 

766
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,300
When the Bell Telephone Company 
was formed in July, 1877, 

767
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:11,900
Alexander Graham Bell was given 
only a small portion of the 

768
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:15,200
shares a financial Arrangement. 
He would later regret as the 

769
00:39:15,208 --> 00:39:20,300
company's value skyrocketed, by 
1878 Belle, was already growing 

770
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:23,300
disillusioned with his 
creation's commercialization and

771
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:25,700
the endless patent litigation 
surrounding it. 

772
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:30,000
In a rarely quoted letter to his
parents, he confessed, I have 

773
00:39:30,008 --> 00:39:32,500
become rather tired of the 
telephone, inventing. 

774
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:34,900
Something is so much more 
interesting than perfecting it. 

775
00:39:34,900 --> 00:39:38,000
And now, when I see the 
telephone serving, the common 

776
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,100
purposes of life, it loses very 
much, its romance and one to me,

777
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:45,900
This sentiment would eventually 
Drive Belle away from telephony,

778
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:49,200
altogether toward new, 
scientific Pursuits with a 

779
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:51,400
thrill of Discovery could be 
experienced to Fresh. 

780
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:54,100
Behind Alexander Graham. 
Bell's. 

781
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:57,400
Public Persona is inventor and 
businessman existed. 

782
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,700
A private life characterized by 
deep personal commitments and 

783
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:03,600
internal conflicts that rarely 
make it into standard history. 

784
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:08,600
His marriage to Mabel Hubbard in
1877, connected him to one of 

785
00:40:08,608 --> 00:40:11,800
Boston's most influential 
families, but also placed him 

786
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,100
within a complex web of 
expectations and obligations, 

787
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:15,800
that would shape the remainder 
of his life. 

788
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:19,200
Mabel was far more than the 
supportive wife historical 

789
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:23,000
accounts, often reducer to 
intelligent educated at 

790
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,600
Radcliffe College, then called 
the Harvard, Annex and fluent in

791
00:40:26,608 --> 00:40:29,200
multiple languages. 
Despite her deafness, she 

792
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,900
managed, the family's finances, 
edited, Bells, scientific papers

793
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:35,400
and negotiated many of his 
business Arrangements. 

794
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:38,700
Their correspondence reveals 
that major decisions about 

795
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:41,100
Bells. 
Career were joint ventures with 

796
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,300
Maple often providing the 
Strategic Vision, while Belle 

797
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:47,200
supplied the technical 
expertise, their home life had 

798
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,700
features rarely discussed in 
traditional accounts. 

799
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:53,800
Due to Mabel's deafness the Bell
household operated under 

800
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:56,200
communication. 
Protocols that visitors found 

801
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,700
unusual. 
Family members and servants. 

802
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,200
Were trained never to speak to 
Mabel from behind, always to 

803
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:06,100
face her directly in good light.
And to use specific gestures to 

804
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:09,400
gain her attention. 
Bell himself developed a private

805
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,200
sign language with Mabel 
combining elements of 

806
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:16,800
conventional sign language with 
intimate gestures unique to 

807
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:19,800
their relationship. 
This private language allowed 

808
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:22,700
them to communicate across 
crowded rooms and in situations 

809
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:24,000
where lip reading was 
impossible. 

810
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,600
The bells had four children 
though only two daughters LC and

811
00:41:28,608 --> 00:41:33,000
Marion survived to adulthood. 
The deaths of their two sons in 

812
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,000
infancy affected, Bell 
profoundly. 

813
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:38,500
Triggering intense periods of 
depression that occasionally 

814
00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:40,200
halted, his scientific work 
altogether. 

815
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:43,800
These episodes of mental health 
struggle remain largely 

816
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:46,400
unexamined in Bell. 
Biographies yet. 

817
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,100
They significantly impacted his 
productivity and interests. 

818
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:52,800
During these dark periods, 
Bellwood, sometimes disappear 

819
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,600
for days into his laboratory. 
Working obsessively on projects 

820
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:58,300
unrelated to commercial 
potential. 

821
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:00,700
A form of therapy through 
invention. 

822
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,300
Bells relationship with the deaf
Community was far more 

823
00:42:04,300 --> 00:42:07,600
complicated than most while he 
is remembered for his work in 

824
00:42:07,608 --> 00:42:11,700
deaf, education Bells, strong, 
advocacy, for oralism teaching, 

825
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:14,500
the deaf to speak, rather than 
the new sign language and his 

826
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:16,000
opposition to death into 
marriage. 

827
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:18,500
Eventually, made him a 
controversial figure among death

828
00:42:18,500 --> 00:42:20,800
activists. 
If you viewed these positions as

829
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:24,200
a tax on Deaf culture and 
identity, What's rarely 

830
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,000
acknowledged is how Bells 
position evolved with age. 

831
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,900
Private journals from his later 
years showing ambivalence about 

832
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,900
his early heart line starts 
though he never publicly 

833
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:37,200
reversed his position. 
Bell's household on Connecticut,

834
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:41,100
Avenue in Washington, DC became 
an intellectual salon, 

835
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,500
frequented by scientists 
politicians and artists after 

836
00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:47,800
the family moved from Boston. 
These gatherings were carefully 

837
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,800
orchestrated by Mabel who used 
these social connections to 

838
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,300
advance Bell's projects and 
secure funding for his 

839
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:55,600
increasingly diverse scientific 
interests. 

840
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:58,600
House contained a specially 
designed laboratory. 

841
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:02,500
Where bell would often Retreat 
during these parties emerging 

842
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:05,800
occasionally to demonstrate new 
experiments to impressed guests.

843
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,800
Financial anxiety, haunted Bell,
despite his apparent success, 

844
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,500
The Continuous patent, 
litigation surrounding the 

845
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:15,500
telephone drained resources and 
bells habit of funding, 

846
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:17,900
elaborate scientific 
exploration's frequently, 

847
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:21,500
strained, the family finance's 
Mabel imposed a strict allowance

848
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,700
system on her husband controling
his access to funds. 

849
00:43:24,700 --> 00:43:27,300
When she felt his spending on 
scientific equipment became 

850
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:29,800
excessive. 
Their correspondence contains 

851
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,600
numerous instances of Belle, 
pleading for additional research

852
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:36,500
funds while Mabel insisted on 
budgetary, discipline by the 

853
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:39,700
standards of his time bells. 
Personal habits were eccentric 

854
00:43:39,700 --> 00:43:42,800
typically worked through the 
night and slept during daylight 

855
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,600
hours a schedule that caused 
friction within the household, 

856
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:48,600
but which Bell insisted was 
essential to his creative 

857
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:50,900
process. 
He was known to go days without 

858
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:54,200
changing clothes when absorbed 
in an experiment, And household 

859
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:57,000
staff were instructed, never to 
clean, or rearrange his 

860
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,500
laboratory, no matter how 
chaotic it appeared Bell claimed

861
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:03,700
to have a topographic memory for
the position of every tool and 

862
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:06,100
paper. 
Bell's relationship with his 

863
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:09,400
famous father-in-law. 
Gardner Hubbard was complex and 

864
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,000
occasionally strained, while 
Hubbard provided crucial 

865
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:13,600
business support and 
connections. 

866
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:16,600
He also pushed Bell toward 
commercial applications, when 

867
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:20,000
Bell preferred pure research. 
After one particularly heated, 

868
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:21,700
argument about the direction of 
the Bell. 

869
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,100
Telephone Company Bell retreated
to his Nova Scotia estate for 

870
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:28,600
nearly six months communicating 
with Hubbard exclusively through

871
00:44:28,600 --> 00:44:33,000
Mabel's intermediary. as he aged
Belle, developed various health 

872
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:37,100
problems, including diabetes and
symptoms consistent with newest 

873
00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:40,200
senior, A period diagnosis for 
fatigue and anxiety. 

874
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:42,700
Bell. 
Managed these conditions by 

875
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:45,700
combining conventional medicine 
with the popular water, cures of

876
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:49,500
the late 19th century. 
Bell became an advocate of Hydra

877
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,500
therapy. 
Installing, elaborate bathing 

878
00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:56,200
equipment in his home's and 
maintaining details about the 

879
00:44:56,200 --> 00:44:59,000
effects of various water 
treatments on his health and 

880
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:02,600
intellectual energy and aspect 
of his life, completely absent 

881
00:45:02,600 --> 00:45:06,000
from standard biographies. 
Alexander Graham Bell's 

882
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:08,500
identification, with the 
telephone has overshadowed his 

883
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:10,900
remarkable range of other 
scientific contributions. 

884
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:15,000
Some Visionary others, curious 
dead ends but all revealing a 

885
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,500
Restless intellect that refused 
to be defined by a single 

886
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:20,300
invention. 
Bell's work on the photo phone 

887
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,500
developed with his assistant, 
Charles Sumner tainter, between 

888
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:27,700
1879 and 1880 represented. 
The first Wireless telephone 

889
00:45:27,700 --> 00:45:31,600
Communication System, the device
transmitted sound on a beam of 

890
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:34,800
light, essentially the same 
principle behind fiber optic. 

891
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:36,800
Communication developed, nearly 
a century later. 

892
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,700
Bell considered it. 
The greatest invention I have 

893
00:45:39,708 --> 00:45:42,700
ever made greater than the 
telephone yet. 

894
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:46,200
The technology was ahead of its 
time limited by contemporary 

895
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:49,800
light sources and detectors few 
people realize that when making 

896
00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:52,400
a fiber optic called today. 
If you're using principles, 

897
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:57,000
Belle pioneered In the realm of 
Aviation Bell, formed the aerial

898
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:01,400
experiment Association in 1909, 
bringing together, Glenn, Curtis

899
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:05,000
Thomas Selfridge, Casey Baldwin 
and Douglas McCurdy. 

900
00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:07,800
This team created. 
Several notable aircraft 

901
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:11,500
including the silver Dart which 
in 1909 made the first 

902
00:46:11,500 --> 00:46:13,300
controlled powered flight in 
Canada. 

903
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,100
Bells particular contribution 
was, the tetrahedral, kite, 

904
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:21,200
unique design, using triangular 
cells, that provided remarkable 

905
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,400
structural strength. 
He built increasingly large 

906
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:28,500
versions, eventually creating 
the Cygnet, a tetrahedral, kite 

907
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,900
large enough to carry a man. 
What's really mentioned, is how 

908
00:46:31,900 --> 00:46:34,900
Bell's obsession with these 
tetrahedral structures extended 

909
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:38,900
Beyond flight Incorporated, the 
geometric pattern into Furniture

910
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:42,300
lamps and even children's toys, 
he designed for his 

911
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:45,400
grandchildren. 
Bells work in genetics and 

912
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:47,800
animal husbandry represents. 
Another largely overlooked 

913
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,200
chapter. 
It is a state in Nova Scotia, 

914
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,100
conducted extensive breeding 
experiments with sheep 

915
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:56,500
meticulously documenting the 
inheritance of traits across 

916
00:46:56,500 --> 00:47:00,200
Generations, his specific Focus 
was producing sheep with 

917
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:03,300
multiple nipples. 
Treaty believed would allow used

918
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:09,200
to nurse more Lambs, in meat 
production to Nearly 30 years of

919
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:12,000
selective breeding he's 
excessively developed, a strain 

920
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,900
of sheep where multiple nipples 
were consistently inherited. 

921
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:18,600
While this work never gained 
commercial application, his 

922
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:21,500
meticulous records anticipated. 
Principles of genetics, that 

923
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:23,700
would only be fully understood 
decades later. 

924
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:27,900
Environmental concerns occupied 
Bells later scientific work in 

925
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:31,600
ways that appear, surprisingly 
modern, In the 1910s. 

926
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:35,400
He became concerned about 
deforestation and fossil fuel. 

927
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:39,400
Depletion writing the unchecked 
consumption of our natural 

928
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:42,500
resources will bring future 
generations to privation. 

929
00:47:42,500 --> 00:47:46,600
We can hardly imagine he expired
or experimented with a Wooten 

930
00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:50,100
test or alternative energy 
sources including early solar 

931
00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:52,700
collectors and alcohol-based 
fuels derived from plant 

932
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:55,500
materials. 
He even designed a distillation 

933
00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:58,600
system that converted plant 
cellulose to ethanol for use, in

934
00:47:58,608 --> 00:48:02,300
internal combustion engines 
essentially, an early biofuel 

935
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:04,800
program. 
Belle's work with the deaf led 

936
00:48:04,800 --> 00:48:06,700
him to Medical innovations that 
extended. 

937
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,100
Well beyond speech therapy. 
He developed an early metal 

938
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:11,900
detector. 
Specifically to locate the 

939
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,600
bullet lodged in President James
Garfield after his 1881 

940
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:18,300
assassination. 
While the device worked in 

941
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:21,400
laboratory tests, it failed in 
practice because the metal bed 

942
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:25,200
springs, in the president's bed,
created into fear, and a factor,

943
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,600
the attending physicians hadn't 
disclosed to Belle. 

944
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,500
This experience sparked Bells 
interest in medical 

945
00:48:30,500 --> 00:48:33,700
instrumentation, which led to 
his development of a vacuum 

946
00:48:33,700 --> 00:48:35,700
jacket for patients with 
respiratory problems. 

947
00:48:35,700 --> 00:48:39,200
A predecessor to the iron lung. 
That would be fully developed 

948
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:43,600
decades later. in his Nova 
Scotia, laboratory Belk 

949
00:48:43,600 --> 00:48:47,100
conducted extensive hydrofoil 
experiments culminating in The 

950
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:52,100
hd4 Craft, which set a world 
Marine speed record of 70.86 

951
00:48:52,100 --> 00:48:55,600
miles per hour. 
In 1919, a record that stood for

952
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:59,000
two decades, This work was 
conducted in close collaboration

953
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,700
with Casey Baldwin and the two 
men developed several Innovative

954
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:05,300
Hull designs that influenced 
later Naval architecture. 

955
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:08,800
Bell submitted designs for 
hydrofoil warships to the US 

956
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:12,500
Navy during World War 1. 
But they never saw Construction.

957
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,500
Bells interested in sound led 
him to acoustical experiments 

958
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:20,100
that extended, well beyond 
telephony, he developed methods 

959
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:23,300
for recording sound vibrations. 
Visually allowing detailed 

960
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100
analysis of speech patterns. 
This work evolved in topor 

961
00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,100
techniques for teaching the 
death to modulate their voices 

962
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:33,100
by watching these visual 
representations, a precursor to 

963
00:49:33,108 --> 00:49:36,400
the speech visualization 
technology used in modern speech

964
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:38,900
therapy. 
He also conducted extensive 

965
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:42,100
research on how different 
architectural materials and 

966
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:43,800
Designs affected sound 
transmission. 

967
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:47,800
Creating customized acoustic 
environments decades before 

968
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:50,500
acoustic engineering became a 
recognized discipline. 

969
00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:54,900
Perhaps, most surprisingly Bell 
devoted considerable attention 

970
00:49:54,900 --> 00:49:58,800
to desalination technology in 
his later years Concerned about 

971
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:02,900
freshwater scarcity, he designed
several solar distillation 

972
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:05,000
systems and tended to provide 
drinking water. 

973
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:07,800
In arid coastal regions his 
vacuum. 

974
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:09,900
Distillation design was 
particularly innovative. 

975
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,500
Using pressure differentials to 
reduce the energy required for 

976
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:16,400
water purification. 
Although it was never 

977
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,500
commercialized during his 
lifetime version of bells 

978
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:21,100
approach. 
Later became standard in 

979
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:24,700
desalination plants worldwide. 
Throughout these diverse 

980
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:27,500
projects Bell maintained 
meticulous records. 

981
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:31,400
Thousands of pages of laboratory
notes diagrams and 

982
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:33,800
correspondents that reveal the 
day-to-day working of his 

983
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:37,100
experimental process. 
These documents show, Bell 

984
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:40,400
wasn't the solitary Genius of 
popular imagination but rather 

985
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:44,300
the central node in a network of
collaborators assistance and 

986
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,900
correspondence, who contributed 
significantly to his various 

987
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:50,400
projects. 
Bell freely acknowledged. 

988
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:53,400
These contributions in his 
private papers though, Public 

989
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:56,600
Accounts often attributed in 
Ovation solely to him. 

990
00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:59,700
A simplification that distorted 
the collaborative nature of his 

991
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:02,500
actual work. 
Among the most troubling yet 

992
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,500
least discussed aspects of the 
legacy of Alexander Graham Bell.

993
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:09,200
This is involvement with the 
Eugenics movement, a connection 

994
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:11,700
that reveals the complex 
intersection of progressive 

995
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:15,200
scientific thinking and 
regressive social policies that 

996
00:51:15,200 --> 00:51:17,900
characterized much intellectual 
thought of his era. 

997
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,000
Bell's interest, in heredity 
began innocently through his 

998
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:25,400
work with the deaf. 
His statistical studies of deaf 

999
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:29,000
families documented patterns of 
deafness across generations and 

1000
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:33,200
were published in 1883 as Memoir
upon the formation of a death, 

1001
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,300
variety of the human race. 
While the research methodology 

1002
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,600
was sound for its time bells, 
conclusions, and policy 

1003
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,600
recommendations of tarnished his
legacy and deaf communities to 

1004
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:45,200
this day. 
Bell became concerned that 

1005
00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:48,200
congenital deafness might lead 
to the formation of a death. 

1006
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:51,000
Variety of humans. 
If deaf people can continue to 

1007
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,300
marry other, deaf people. 
A common practice has shared 

1008
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:56,900
language and culture created, 
natural social bonds. 

1009
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,000
In what he viewed. 
As humanitarian concern, Bell 

1010
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:03,000
advocated for laws, discouraging
or prohibiting deaf people from 

1011
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:06,000
marrying other. 
Deaf people this position rooted

1012
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,900
in his belief that deafness was 
a disability to be eliminated 

1013
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:10,500
rather than a culture to be 
respected. 

1014
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,000
Placed him squarely within the 
Eugenics movement gaining 

1015
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:17,600
momentum in America and Europe. 
What's really examined is the 

1016
00:52:17,608 --> 00:52:20,200
profound conflict. 
This created in Bell's, personal

1017
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:24,900
life, his wife Mabel was deaf. 
They're not congenitally. 

1018
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:26,900
So she lost her hearing to 
scarlet fever. 

1019
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:29,600
And many of their clothes, 
Social Circle included, deaf 

1020
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:32,900
individuals, who bailed 
genuinely respected, private 

1021
00:52:32,900 --> 00:52:35,400
letters reveal, his struggle 
reconciling, his scientific 

1022
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,500
conclusions, with his personal 
relationships, writing to a 

1023
00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:40,000
colleague. 
I find myself in the 

1024
00:52:40,008 --> 00:52:42,500
uncomfortable position of 
advocating publicly, what would 

1025
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:44,600
have prevented my own marriage? 
Had it been law? 

1026
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:48,400
Bell served on the board of 
scientific directors, for the 

1027
00:52:48,408 --> 00:52:52,900
Eugenics record office from 1912
to 1918 alongside prominent 

1028
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:55,500
eugenicists like Charles 
Davenport and Harry Loflin. 

1029
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:59,400
However, his participation was 
marked by increasing discomfort 

1030
00:52:59,400 --> 00:53:01,800
with the golden organization's. 
More extreme positions. 

1031
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:04,800
Meeting minutes and 
correspondents show Bell 

1032
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:07,100
repeatedly, objecting to 
proposals for Force 

1033
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,200
sterilization and immigration 
restrictions based on sudo, 

1034
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:12,200
scientific racial theories 
though. 

1035
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,800
He rarely made these objections 
public Bell's position within 

1036
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:17,600
the Eugenics movement was 
complicated. 

1037
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:20,500
He endorsed the general 
principle that Society should 

1038
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:23,900
encourage breeding from the fit 
while discouraging reproduction 

1039
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:25,600
among those with hereditary 
conditions. 

1040
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:29,900
He considered detrimental, yet 
he consistently opposed coercive

1041
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:34,000
methods writing in 1914. 
I believe in Eugenics, but not 

1042
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:37,600
Eugenics by compulsion this 
middle position satisfied. 

1043
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,400
Neither Eugenics hardliners. 
Nor those who have the movement 

1044
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:44,100
altogether, As the Eugenics 
movement, increasingly embraced 

1045
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:48,200
racist ideology in the 1910s 
bells, participation diminished.

1046
00:53:48,900 --> 00:53:51,800
His resignation from the 
Eugenics record office in 1918, 

1047
00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:54,800
came after increasing. 
Disagreements with Davenport and

1048
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:57,500
Lachlan over proposed. 
Immigration restrictions 

1049
00:53:57,500 --> 00:53:59,900
targeting Southern and Eastern. 
Europeans. 

1050
00:53:59,900 --> 00:54:04,400
Bells objections were based 
partly on scientific In 

1051
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:06,400
questioned the methodology 
behind claims of racial 

1052
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:09,000
differences. 
In intelligence partly based on 

1053
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,300
his personal experience with 
immigrants as colleague and 

1054
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,300
employees. 
Evolution of bells thinking 

1055
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:16,800
about heredity and human 
Improvement is visible in his 

1056
00:54:16,800 --> 00:54:20,300
private papers but absent from 
his public statements by the 

1057
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:23,900
early. 1920s, he had largely 
abandoned the terminology of 

1058
00:54:23,900 --> 00:54:26,800
eugenics in favor of human 
engineering, the concept. 

1059
00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:30,700
He defined more broadly to 
include education nutrition and 

1060
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:32,900
environmental factors alongside 
heredity. 

1061
00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:36,400
This shift reflected growing 
scientific understanding about 

1062
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:39,400
the interaction between genetics
and environment though. 

1063
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:42,600
Bell, never publicly repudiated 
his earlier, eugenic positions. 

1064
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:45,800
Bell's relationship with the 
deaf Community remained 

1065
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:49,700
complicated throughout his life.
While he dedicated significant 

1066
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:53,400
resources to deaf education and 
consistently advocated for the 

1067
00:54:53,408 --> 00:54:56,200
integration of deaf people into 
mainstream Society. 

1068
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:59,400
His opposition to death into 
marriage and his promotion of 

1069
00:54:59,408 --> 00:55:02,700
oralism over sign language were 
viewed by many deaf people as a 

1070
00:55:02,708 --> 00:55:04,400
tax on their community and 
culture. 

1071
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:07,800
The National Association of the 
deaf passed resolution of 

1072
00:55:07,800 --> 00:55:11,300
pausing Bell's positions. 
As early as 1880, creating a 

1073
00:55:11,308 --> 00:55:13,600
rift that has persisted long 
after his death. 

1074
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:17,200
What's particularly notable is 
how Bells you eugenic views 

1075
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:21,100
contradicted his, otherwise 
Progressive social positions, he

1076
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,400
supported women's suffrage. 
Advocated for the education of 

1077
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:27,400
indigenous peoples, when such 
educational was primarily a 

1078
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,000
assimilationist. 
And opposed racial segregation 

1079
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:33,100
in the organization's. 
He led by. these positions 

1080
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:36,800
co-existed uneasily with his 
Eugenics, work demonstrating, 

1081
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:39,500
how even forward thinking 
individuals of the period could 

1082
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:42,100
Embrace, what would later be 
recognized as profoundly 

1083
00:55:42,100 --> 00:55:46,100
discriminate, tree ideas, The 
complexity of bells engagement 

1084
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:48,700
with Eugenics serves. 
As a cautionary tale about how 

1085
00:55:48,700 --> 00:55:52,600
scientific Authority can be 
misapplied to social policy Bell

1086
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:55,700
genuinely believed his positions
were both scientifically sound 

1087
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:58,700
and humanely motivated. 
A reminder that ethical 

1088
00:55:58,700 --> 00:56:00,700
failures. 
Often emerge not from malicious 

1089
00:56:00,700 --> 00:56:04,400
intent, but from incomplete 
understanding and unexamined 

1090
00:56:04,400 --> 00:56:07,600
assumptions. 
His legacy includes not just his

1091
00:56:07,600 --> 00:56:10,600
inventions but also these 
complicated moral positions 

1092
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:14,000
which reveal the dangers of 
applying scientific reasoning to

1093
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:17,500
human diversity without 
recognizing its intrinsic value.

1094
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:20,700
Later in life, Alexander Graham 
Bell. 

1095
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:24,200
Retired to Bane break in baddeck
on, Cape Breton Island, Nova 

1096
00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:28,200
Scotia pronounced been rear Bell
became an American citizen in 

1097
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:32,000
1882 but his name, meaning 
beautiful mountain in Scottish 

1098
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:36,300
Gaelic showed his Scottish 
Heritage bell used this, 600 

1099
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:40,800
acre estate as his home lab and 
Community Center, not just a 

1100
00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:43,700
summer of a vacation place 
Bells, original design of 

1101
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:45,900
Bayonne, Bragg for integrated 
living and working. 

1102
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:49,400
As rarely mentioned, the state 
comprised collaborator housing, 

1103
00:56:49,400 --> 00:56:52,700
workshops for crafts, people, 
making his experimental 

1104
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:55,900
equipment and sheep genetic 
research for facilities. 

1105
00:56:55,900 --> 00:56:58,300
In addition to the family 
residents and lab building's 

1106
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:02,000
Beyond institutional 
constraints, Bells Community, 

1107
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:04,700
functioned practically. 
As a self-contained research 

1108
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:07,400
facility believe in scientific 
progress. 

1109
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,100
Required both seclusion for 
concentration and Community for 

1110
00:57:10,100 --> 00:57:13,200
cooperation. 
Few biographies described Bells,

1111
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:15,800
Bay and break schedule. 
He woke up late. 

1112
00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:19,400
Generally midday ate a lot and 
read, letters and newspapers, 

1113
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:22,700
his experiments began in the 
evening and lasted all night. 

1114
00:57:22,700 --> 00:57:26,000
Food was served at midnight and 
drinks were served all night by 

1115
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,200
household staff. 
Despite difficulties with family

1116
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:32,500
and guests following typical 
timetables Bell said his 

1117
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:35,000
midnight schedule, allowed him 
to think freely without the 

1118
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:38,200
distractions of the work day. 
The Bayonne break Labs 

1119
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:40,600
technology was unusual for their
remote location. 

1120
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,000
Bell built his own electrical 
producing system to power. 

1121
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:45,700
Modern technology in his 
workshops. 

1122
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:49,200
Before rural electricity came to
Nova Scotia, he established one 

1123
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:51,700
of Canada's first private phone 
lines from the estate to 

1124
00:57:51,700 --> 00:57:54,300
baddeck. 
Most importantly, he created a 

1125
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:56,700
dark room and photographic 
studio with Cutting Edge 

1126
00:57:56,700 --> 00:57:59,700
Equipment, believing that 
rigorous visual documentation 

1127
00:57:59,700 --> 00:58:01,500
was essential for scientific 
progress. 

1128
00:58:02,500 --> 00:58:05,800
The thousands of photos taken at
Bainbridge provided, an 

1129
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,400
unsurpassed visual record of his
later experiments. 

1130
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:12,200
In these later years, Bells 
connection, with Bell, Telephone

1131
00:58:12,200 --> 00:58:15,200
became more distant. 
He remained a state called 

1132
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:18,100
privately about his 
dissatisfaction with the 

1133
00:58:18,100 --> 00:58:21,000
company's Direction and had no 
operational role. 

1134
00:58:22,300 --> 00:58:24,900
Bell sometimes gave brief 
approval when phone officials 

1135
00:58:24,900 --> 00:58:28,400
visited Bay and Bray to discuss 
new projects but quickly switch 

1136
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:32,700
to tetrahedral construction, 
hydrofoils or sheep farming for 

1137
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:35,600
the old inventor, his name. 
Brand firm was almost Irrelevant

1138
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:39,700
in his final years Bell, became 
interested in cancer research 

1139
00:58:39,700 --> 00:58:44,700
after his daughter's diagnosis. 
Despite his lack of medical 

1140
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:47,400
experience, he invented a 
cooling device to prevent cancer

1141
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:50,700
growth by lowering tissue 
temperature cancer cells 

1142
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:52,500
reproduce faster than normal 
cells. 

1143
00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:55,300
Making them more susceptible to 
temperature decline. 

1144
00:58:56,100 --> 00:58:58,900
This experiment failed, but is 
detailed notes. 

1145
00:58:58,900 --> 00:59:02,900
Show, his systematic approach 
even in unrelated Fields, Belle,

1146
00:59:02,900 --> 00:59:08,700
75 died at Bainbridge on August 
2nd, 1922 of diabetes 

1147
00:59:08,700 --> 00:59:11,900
complications, which he had 
fought for years with little 

1148
00:59:11,900 --> 00:59:13,600
success. 
Given medical knowledge at the 

1149
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:17,800
time with the main cause insulin
treatment became available only 

1150
00:59:17,800 --> 00:59:21,200
months before his death. 
He specified that his coffin be 

1151
00:59:21,208 --> 00:59:24,900
made from a state materials by 
his Workshop demonstrating. 

1152
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:28,600
His scientific approach to 
funeral arrangements, On Bells 

1153
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,600
Funeral de all phone service in 
the US and Canada was suspended 

1154
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,600
for one minute, possibly the 
longest period of technological 

1155
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:39,700
quiet in history. 
Unlike many innovators, Belle 

1156
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:42,500
lived to see his main invention 
become a staple of modern 

1157
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,900
civilization, with over 14 
million telephones in use 

1158
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,400
worldwide by his death. 
Bell's, Legacy went beyond the 

1159
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,800
phone early aircraft design, 
profited from his Aviation 

1160
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,000
Innovations. 
His hydrofoil research, improved

1161
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,100
Marine technology though. 
Controversial, his deaf 

1162
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,900
educational, approaches altered 
education, even after his death 

1163
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:06,300
architecture and engineering 
used, his tetrahedral structural

1164
01:00:06,300 --> 01:00:11,200
principles, most crucially Bells
invention, combining systematic.

1165
01:00:11,200 --> 01:00:13,400
Experimentation with instinctual
leaps. 

1166
01:00:13,400 --> 01:00:17,000
Set a paradigm for Industrial 
Research that corporate research

1167
01:00:17,000 --> 01:00:19,300
laboratory is adopted throughout
the 20th century. 

1168
01:00:20,200 --> 01:00:23,500
Bella tree's name for the 
telephone rather than the man 

1169
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:26,700
Pioneer transistors and 
information theory that shape 

1170
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:30,200
technology. 
Many of the tools laboratory 

1171
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:34,000
supplies and personal things of 
Alexander, Graham Bell are at 

1172
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:36,000
the neighboring. 
Alexander Graham Bell, National 

1173
01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:39,300
Historic Site. 
But the Bella state of being 

1174
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:42,700
Bray is mainly intact. 
Instantaneous Global 

1175
01:00:42,700 --> 01:00:46,100
Communication which Belle 
pioneered is his greatest 

1176
01:00:46,100 --> 01:00:48,900
Legacy. 
Every time of voice crosses 

1177
01:00:48,900 --> 01:00:51,200
continents in milliseconds and 
knowledge pause over 

1178
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,700
telecommunications networks. 
I sometimes wonder if my name 

1179
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:57,200
will be associated with the 
telephone, in the ages to come 

1180
01:00:57,200 --> 01:01:01,000
Bell Road to his wife. 
Instead of the technological 

1181
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:04,200
means we used, I want it to be 
remembered as the notion that 

1182
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:06,600
human speech is unaffected by 
distance. 

1183
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:11,000
Bell's Vision was extraordinary 
in this modest wish, and in 

1184
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:20,100
other aspects, Picture yourself 
standing outside a towering 

1185
01:01:20,100 --> 01:01:24,100
Manhattan mansion in 1885 
clutching A Worn carpet bag and 

1186
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:27,900
wearing your own decent dress. 
The marble steps stretch up like

1187
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,000
a mountain, but you're not 
headed that way. 

1188
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:33,300
Your entrance is around back 
through a narrow door. 

1189
01:01:33,300 --> 01:01:36,100
Marked only by the constant 
stream of delivery boys and 

1190
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:39,800
other working, folks, Welcome to
your new life as a housemaid in 

1191
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,400
America's Gilded Age where the 
rich got richer and you got to 

1192
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:47,300
scrub their chamber pots. 
The servants entrance opens in 

1193
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:48,800
to a different Universe 
entirely. 

1194
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:52,700
While family upstairs lifts 
around by velvet, drapes, and 

1195
01:01:52,708 --> 01:01:56,100
crystal chandeliers, your 
entering, a maze of narrow Hall 

1196
01:01:56,100 --> 01:01:59,800
ways steep, staircases and rooms
that never see proper sunlight. 

1197
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:04,800
The basement kitchen feels like 
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and

1198
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:08,300
buzzing with activity. 
The downstairs is your world now

1199
01:02:08,300 --> 01:02:11,500
and it operates by rules as 
rigid as any Royal Court. 

1200
01:02:12,300 --> 01:02:15,000
Your first shot comes, when the 
housekeeper Mrs. Patterson 

1201
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:17,100
hands. 
You a list of Duties longer than

1202
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:19,500
your arm. 
Did you assume that housework 

1203
01:02:19,500 --> 01:02:21,000
only involved sweeping and 
dusting? 

1204
01:02:21,000 --> 01:02:24,700
Think again, your responsible 
for everything from blackening, 

1205
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:27,900
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 
polishing door handles with such

1206
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:30,900
Precision that the Master of the
House, shouldn't see a single 

1207
01:02:30,908 --> 01:02:33,100
fingerprint. 
And that's just Monday. 

1208
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:36,300
Uniform comes next, the gray 
wall dress. 

1209
01:02:36,300 --> 01:02:39,100
That itches something fierce 
covered by a white apron that 

1210
01:02:39,100 --> 01:02:42,000
must remain spotless. 
Despite the fact that you'll be 

1211
01:02:42,008 --> 01:02:45,300
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 
floors and Hauling buckets of 

1212
01:02:45,300 --> 01:02:46,900
water up, three flights of 
stairs. 

1213
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:50,500
The little white cap perched on 
your head serves as both 

1214
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:54,300
identification and humiliation. 
Your invisible, until your 

1215
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:58,100
needed and needed until the job 
is perfect. your bedroom is a 

1216
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:01,500
closet size space under the 
eaves shared with another Maiden

1217
01:03:01,500 --> 01:03:05,400
named Sarah who snores like a 
freight train, The single window

1218
01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:08,900
faces an air shaft offering a 
view of absolutely nothing 

1219
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:11,400
except the brick wall of the 
house next door. 

1220
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:15,100
But hey, at least you get your 
own chamber pot though, you'll 

1221
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:18,900
be emptying everyone else's too.
The pace sounds decent at first 

1222
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:21,400
maybe eight dollars a month plus
room and board. 

1223
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:25,500
But then you discover the board 
consists of whatever leftovers. 

1224
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:28,200
The family doesn't want served 
at a wooden table in the 

1225
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:29,700
kitchen. 
After the family has finished 

1226
01:03:29,708 --> 01:03:33,100
their elaborate meals upstairs. 
You'll eat a lot of bread and 

1227
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:36,600
gravy and you'll be grateful for
it because jobs are scarce and 

1228
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:39,600
this beats, the factory work 
that slowly killing your cousin 

1229
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:42,100
back home. 
What nobody tells you is, how 

1230
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:43,900
the hierarchy Works below 
stairs. 

1231
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:48,000
The butler rules like a king. 
The housekeeper like a queen and

1232
01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:50,000
you're somewhere near the bottom
of the pecking order with the 

1233
01:03:50,008 --> 01:03:52,600
scullery maid. 
And the boot boy, everyone has a

1234
01:03:52,608 --> 01:03:54,300
boss and someone else bosses 
them around. 

1235
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:57,800
It's like a pyramid scheme 
except of selling overpriced 

1236
01:03:57,800 --> 01:03:59,600
vitamins. 
You're all selling your dignity,

1237
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:03,100
one scrubbed floor at a time. 
The strangest part isn't the 

1238
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:05,100
work. 
It's becoming a ghost in your 

1239
01:04:05,100 --> 01:04:07,300
life. 
You dust around the family as 

1240
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:09,600
the eat breakfast invisible as 
Furniture. 

1241
01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:13,500
You change sheets while they're 
at the Opera racing, any sign 

1242
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,400
that you exist. 
You know, intimate details about

1243
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:19,100
their lives, whose having 
Affairs, whose losing money at 

1244
01:04:19,100 --> 01:04:22,100
cards, who can't sleep without 
Lord and him, they couldn't pick

1245
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,200
you out of a police lineup. 
Somehow in this strange never 

1246
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:28,100
World between upstairs and 
downstairs. 

1247
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:31,500
You'll find a community, the 
other servants become your 

1248
01:04:31,508 --> 01:04:34,800
family, sharing gossip over 
Stolen Moments, and leftover 

1249
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:38,500
cake, you'll discover that Mrs. 
Patterson isn't a Stern as she 

1250
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:40,700
seems and that even the stuffy 
Butler. 

1251
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:43,900
Once sneaked you an extra 
blanket during cold snap, your 

1252
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:47,000
hands will become rough and read
your back Lake from bending over

1253
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:50,100
scrub brushes and you'll fall 
into bed each night exhausted, 

1254
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:52,800
but you'll also develop muscles,
you never need. 

1255
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:55,200
You had learn skills that would 
impress. 

1256
01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:58,800
Any modern efficiency, expert 
and gain a perspective on for 

1257
01:04:58,800 --> 01:05:01,600
privilege that few people ever 
get to see from the inside. 

1258
01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:04,700
Five, in the morning marks the 
start of your day with the 

1259
01:05:04,708 --> 01:05:07,800
world, still in darkness and the
house and developed in a quiet 

1260
01:05:07,808 --> 01:05:12,000
that Echoes with every footstep 
you've learned to dress by feel 

1261
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:14,000
fumbling for your uniform, in 
the pitch black. 

1262
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:16,400
Because lighting, a candle would
wake, Sarah. 

1263
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:19,500
And a cranky roommate makes an 
already difficult day. 

1264
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:23,300
Downright miserable. 
First task is creeping down 

1265
01:05:23,300 --> 01:05:25,300
stairs like a burglary in your 
workplace. 

1266
01:05:26,100 --> 01:05:28,800
Those beautiful hardwood floors,
that the family walks on. 

1267
01:05:28,800 --> 01:05:32,700
So elegantly, become your enemy 
in the pre-dawn hours every 

1268
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:35,500
board seems designed to Creak at
the worst possible moment. 

1269
01:05:35,500 --> 01:05:39,400
You've mapped out the quiet 
spots like a criminal Heist. 

1270
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:42,000
Stepping only where the 
floorboards meet the joists. 

1271
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:44,800
Once you reach the kitchen, it's
time for the morning miracle 

1272
01:05:44,800 --> 01:05:47,700
bringing the house to life 
without anyone upstairs, knowing

1273
01:05:47,700 --> 01:05:50,200
how it happens. 
The Cold Stone needs to be 

1274
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:53,800
cleaned out fresh cold added and
the fire coaxed back to life, 

1275
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,400
your hands turn black within 
minutes and you'll spend the 

1276
01:05:57,400 --> 01:05:59,800
rest of the day trying to scrub 
the evidence from under your 

1277
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:02,500
fingernails. 
But this temperamental iron 

1278
01:06:02,500 --> 01:06:06,700
Beast is your life line. 
No, fire means no hot water, no 

1279
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,500
cooking and no heat for the 
families mourning Comfort. 

1280
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:13,300
While the stove heats up your 
racing against time to complete 

1281
01:06:13,300 --> 01:06:16,700
what servants called The 
Invisible ballet, every surface 

1282
01:06:16,700 --> 01:06:19,300
that the family might touch 
needs to be perfect before. 

1283
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:22,600
They wake up Dawn, knobs become 
polished until they glean 

1284
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:26,300
carpets become beaten free of 
yesterday's dust, and windows 

1285
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:29,500
are cleaned with a me of vinegar
and newspaper that leaves your 

1286
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:31,400
hands, smelling like a Pickle 
Factory. 

1287
01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:35,400
The state of the bathroom 
warrants a separate narrative 

1288
01:06:35,400 --> 01:06:38,800
indoor, plumbing is still a 
luxury even in wealthy homes. 

1289
01:06:38,800 --> 01:06:42,200
So, your dealing with chamber 
pots, wash bass, and the 

1290
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:45,100
occasional newfangled water 
closet that breaks down more 

1291
01:06:45,100 --> 01:06:48,400
often than it works. 
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 

1292
01:06:48,400 --> 01:06:51,400
Pots becomes as routine as 
brushing your teeth though, 

1293
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:54,200
considerably less Pleasant. 
You develop a technique that 

1294
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:57,100
involves holding your breath and
contemplating, literally 

1295
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:59,800
anything else breakfast. 
Preparation happens in 

1296
01:06:59,808 --> 01:07:02,700
Controlled Chaos. 
We cook maintain strict 

1297
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:04,500
Authority in the kitchen 
wielding. 

1298
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:06,800
A wooden spoon with 
determination to ensure that 

1299
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:11,900
anyone who obstructs her efforts
is swiftly dealt with. your 

1300
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:14,300
responsible for setting the 
dining room table with military 

1301
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:18,100
precision, Every Fork exactly 
one inch from the edge of the 

1302
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:20,900
plate. 
Every napkin folded into perfect

1303
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:23,200
triangles, the family's 
breakfast. 

1304
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,800
Must be delivered up stairs as 
if by Magic hot and impeccably 

1305
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:30,900
arranged while you hastily grab 
cold leftover, biscuits and hope

1306
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:33,200
your stomach remains. 
Silent enough to go unnoticed, 

1307
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:36,700
the washing routine would make a
modern person, week. 

1308
01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:40,500
Everything is scrubbed by hand 
with a lye soap that could strip

1309
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:44,300
paint from a barn door. 
Sheets a boiled in large copper 

1310
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:47,200
tubs and stirred with wooden 
paddles, reminiscent of 

1311
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:50,500
preparing, an exceedingly, 
tedious stew, your hands 

1312
01:07:50,500 --> 01:07:53,100
developed calluses in places. 
You didn't know could grow 

1313
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:56,200
blisters and the constant 
moisture makes your skin crack 

1314
01:07:56,200 --> 01:07:58,300
like dried leather. 
Laundry. 

1315
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:01,200
Day transforms the basement into
a steamy jungle. 

1316
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:05,700
Clothesline stretch everywhere. 
Creating a maze of damp, Linens 

1317
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:08,100
and undergarments. 
You learn to navigate this, 

1318
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:11,700
textile obstacle course or 
carrying baskets of wet laundry 

1319
01:08:11,700 --> 01:08:13,300
that weigh more than small 
children. 

1320
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:17,100
The air becomes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

1321
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:20,700
like drowning in slow motion and
your hair escapes from your cap 

1322
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:22,800
in rebellious wisps that make 
you look like, you've been 

1323
01:08:22,808 --> 01:08:25,800
struck by lightning, the ironing
comes next. 

1324
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:29,800
Using heavy metal ions heated on
the stove, these weapons of, 

1325
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:32,600
domestic destruction way about 
five pounds, each and retain 

1326
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:35,899
heat like, tiny furnaces. 
You'll burn yourself at least 

1327
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:39,200
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars that 

1328
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:40,899
Mark was permanently as any 
Sailors. 

1329
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:44,399
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge crisp and perfect 

1330
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:47,399
while your own uniform looks 
like you slept in it, which 

1331
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:51,000
somedays you practically did. 
Between all these tasks, your 

1332
01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:52,800
constantly running up and down 
stairs. 

1333
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:56,500
That seemed designed by someone 
who hated servants your legs, 

1334
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,700
the strength of a mountain 
climber, but you'll need start 

1335
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:03,399
protesting before you turn. 25 
each trip up stairs. 

1336
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:05,100
Feels like scaling Mount 
Everest. 

1337
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:08,300
Ashley when you're carrying 
heavy buckets, or baskets of 

1338
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:12,899
clean laundry, The morning 
routine ends around 9 when the 

1339
01:09:12,908 --> 01:09:16,899
family finally makes their grand
appearance downstairs by. 

1340
01:09:16,899 --> 01:09:20,100
Then you've been working for 
four hours accomplished enough, 

1341
01:09:20,100 --> 01:09:23,500
tasks to exhaust a small army 
and somehow managed to make it 

1342
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:26,399
all look effortless. 
The family effortlessly 

1343
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:30,000
navigates their morning, routine
unaware that a team of servants 

1344
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:32,399
has been working tirelessly 
behind the scenes to ensure 

1345
01:09:32,399 --> 01:09:34,600
their comfort. 
The invisible line between 

1346
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:38,000
upstairs and downstairs isn't 
marked on any blueprint, but it 

1347
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,600
might as well be painted in neon
cross it at the wrong time, or 

1348
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:43,700
in the wrong way. 
And you'll face consequences 

1349
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:46,200
ranging from sharp words to 
outright dismissal. 

1350
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,500
Learning to navigate this social
Minefield becomes as crucial as 

1351
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:52,100
mastering the art of silver 
polish. 

1352
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:56,500
Your training in invisibility 
starts immediately, when family 

1353
01:09:56,500 --> 01:10:00,300
members enter a room, you become
a piece of furniture useful when

1354
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,800
needed ignored otherwise You 
learned to dust around 

1355
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:07,300
conversations about family, 
finances, clean fireplaces, 

1356
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:10,000
while dramatic arguments on fold
and change bed. 

1357
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:12,900
Linens while pretending not to 
notice the love letter on under 

1358
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:15,400
pillows. 
If it's akin to operate as a 

1359
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:18,200
secret agent, within your own 
organization yet, the 

1360
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:21,400
information you collect is 
utterly insignificant and could 

1361
01:10:21,408 --> 01:10:25,800
pose a threat of discovered The 
bail system becomes your master.

1362
01:10:26,700 --> 01:10:29,500
Every room has a cord that 
connects to a series of bells in

1363
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:31,800
the servants wall. 
Each with a different tone that 

1364
01:10:31,808 --> 01:10:35,600
you must memorize like a musical
scale, the library bell sounds 

1365
01:10:35,600 --> 01:10:38,100
different from the morning room 
Bell, which sounds different 

1366
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:41,100
from the master bedroom bell. 
Every room is equipped with a 

1367
01:10:41,108 --> 01:10:44,400
cord that connects to a series 
of bells located in the servants

1368
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:46,600
Hall. 
Each producing a distinct tone, 

1369
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:48,900
that one must memorize akin to a
musical scale. 

1370
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:52,300
The bell in the library, has a 
different sound than that of the

1371
01:10:52,300 --> 01:10:54,700
morning room, which in turn 
differs from the bell in the 

1372
01:10:54,700 --> 01:10:56,900
master bedroom. 
Should you make an error? 

1373
01:10:56,900 --> 01:10:59,500
You may find yourself in the 
position of having to explain 

1374
01:10:59,500 --> 01:11:02,800
why you deliver tea service to 
someone who actually desired 

1375
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:05,800
their boots to be polished. 
Engaging in conversation with 

1376
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:08,900
family members and necessitate 
its own set of protocols. 

1377
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:12,100
One should never initiate 
dialogue and unless there is an 

1378
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:15,400
urgent situation, such as 
someone's hair being on fire, 

1379
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:19,400
Speaking to family members 
requires its own protocol, you 

1380
01:11:19,400 --> 01:11:21,400
should never start a 
conversation unless someone's 

1381
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:24,900
hair is in danger. 
When spoken to you respond with?

1382
01:11:24,900 --> 01:11:28,800
Yes sir or yes, ma'am. 
Followed by immediate action. 

1383
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:33,000
Extended conversations are 
forbidden, even if the family 

1384
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:36,100
member seems friendly. 
They might ask about your family

1385
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:38,900
back home or comment on the 
weather, but these aren't 

1386
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:40,700
invitations for genuine human 
connection. 

1387
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:43,500
They're just rich people being 
polite in the same way they 

1388
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:46,600
might Pat a well-behaved dog. 
The children of the house 

1389
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:49,300
presents, special challenges 
little Master. 

1390
01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:52,500
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit but he's also a tiny

1391
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:55,800
dictator who's never heard the 
word know applied to himself. 

1392
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,000
He'll demand that you drop 
everything to build him a fort 

1393
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:01,400
out of dining room, chairs, then
cry to his mother. 

1394
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:03,900
When you explain that, you need 
to finish your actual work. 

1395
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:07,700
First, the result. 
You'll build the fort and work 

1396
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:10,500
twice as fast to catch up 
because Rich children children's

1397
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:13,100
tears, carry more weight than 
servants explanations. 

1398
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:15,800
Privacy becomes a foreign 
concept. 

1399
01:12:15,800 --> 01:12:19,700
Your employers expect you to see
in here, everything or somehow 

1400
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:23,000
remaining mentally absent. 
You'll witness family fights 

1401
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:26,400
that would scan the neighbor's, 
observe personal habits that 

1402
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:29,800
range from quirky to discussing.
And over here Financial 

1403
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:33,500
discussions that could tax stock
prices but you're not supposed 

1404
01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:36,100
to remember discuss or use any 
of it. 

1405
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:40,300
The family's guest provide their
own entertainment, wealthy 

1406
01:12:40,300 --> 01:12:42,700
guests, treat their servants, 
like interactive wallpaper 

1407
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:45,900
discussing intimate details of 
their lives as if they've left 

1408
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,600
you deaf and mute you'll learn 
about Affairs, business deals 

1409
01:12:49,600 --> 01:12:52,600
and family, scandals, that would
fill a dozen gossip columns. 

1410
01:12:52,600 --> 01:12:55,600
All while polishing silver or 
arranging flowers with the 

1411
01:12:55,608 --> 01:12:59,000
focused concentration of a monk 
meal, service becomes a 

1412
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,800
choreographed dance where one 
wrong step can ruin the entire 

1413
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:04,400
performance. 
You must appear at exactly the 

1414
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:07,600
right moment with the right item
served from the correct side. 

1415
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:09,700
And vanish. 
Before anyone notices, you are 

1416
01:13:09,708 --> 01:13:13,800
there, drop a fork and the 
entire table Falls, silent spill

1417
01:13:13,800 --> 01:13:15,800
wine on a guest. 
And you'll be lucky to find work

1418
01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:19,000
cleaning Stables, the Family 
schedule, dictates your entire 

1419
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:21,600
existence. 
When they decide to host a 

1420
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:25,000
dinner party for 20, people, 
your schedule explodes into 16 

1421
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:28,200
hour days of preparation either 
pack you along like luggage or 

1422
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:31,100
leave you behind to maintain an 
empty house when they travel to 

1423
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:34,400
their summer house. 
You'll need for rest, social 

1424
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:37,200
contact, or personal time, 
simply don't factor into their 

1425
01:13:37,200 --> 01:13:39,900
calculations yet within this 
rigid system. 

1426
01:13:39,900 --> 01:13:43,600
Small, rebellion's bloom. 
Servants develop their own 

1427
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,600
communication networks. 
Passing information through a 

1428
01:13:46,600 --> 01:13:49,800
complex system of glances 
gestures and carefully. 

1429
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:53,400
Coded conversations you learned 
to read the subtle signs that 

1430
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:56,200
indicate when cooking is in a 
poor mood and the butler has 

1431
01:13:56,200 --> 01:13:58,700
been sampling. 
The wine when this is Patterson 

1432
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,000
is actually pleased with your 
work despite her Stern 

1433
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:03,900
expression. 
Hypocrisy becomes almost comical

1434
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:07,000
once you adjust to it. 
The same family that lectures, 

1435
01:14:07,000 --> 01:14:10,000
their children about honesty 
will lie, smoothly to social 

1436
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,900
callers about their whereabouts.
They'll preach Christian. 

1437
01:14:12,900 --> 01:14:15,600
Charity at Sunday dinner. 
Then dock your wages for 

1438
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:18,100
breaking a plate. 
They'll discuss the moral 

1439
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:20,600
degradation of the working 
classes, while running their 

1440
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:23,300
household through a system that 
would make a medieval Lord 

1441
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:27,900
blush. your fellow servants, 
become your real family, united 

1442
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:31,300
by shared exhaustion, and mutual
understanding of the 

1443
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:35,400
absurdities, you witness daily 
late night conversations in the 

1444
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:37,900
servants Hall. 
Create bonds, stronger than 

1445
01:14:37,900 --> 01:14:41,200
blood forged by the knowledge 
that you're all surviving the 

1446
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:43,000
same bizarre, social experiment 
together. 

1447
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,600
A low stairs operates, like, its
own small Kingdom complete with 

1448
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:50,100
rigid, social rankings, unspoken
rules and enough political 

1449
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:51,900
Intrigue to rival. 
Any Royal Court? 

1450
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:55,900
Understanding your place in this
hierarchy becomes crucial for 

1451
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:58,900
survival because stepping out of
a line can make your already 

1452
01:14:58,900 --> 01:15:00,900
difficult life absolutely 
miserable. 

1453
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:04,700
At the top of this domestic 
pyramid sits the butler. 

1454
01:15:04,700 --> 01:15:08,200
A man who carries himself with 
more dignity than most senators 

1455
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:11,300
and considerably more Authority 
than the average Army General. 

1456
01:15:12,100 --> 01:15:15,200
He controls The Wine, Cellar 
managers the male servants and 

1457
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:17,800
serves as the family's public 
face when they are receiving 

1458
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:20,700
guests. 
His perfectly pressed uniform 

1459
01:15:20,700 --> 01:15:23,300
and white gloves, he Glides 
through the house. 

1460
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:27,500
Like he owns it, which in many 
practical ways he does. 

1461
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,200
Cross him and you'll find 
yourself a sign to the worst 

1462
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:33,900
jobs until you either quit or 
learn proper respect. 

1463
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:37,500
The housekeeper holds a dominant
position among the female 

1464
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:39,500
servants. 
Dictating everything from 

1465
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:41,700
uniform standards to room 
assignments. 

1466
01:15:42,500 --> 01:15:44,500
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 
gentle. 

1467
01:15:44,500 --> 01:15:47,500
Grandmother to some yet. 
She manages her domain with the 

1468
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:50,700
efficiency of a military 
commander and the meticulousness

1469
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,400
of a Swiss watch maker. 
She keeps track of every towel, 

1470
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:56,800
every bar of soap and every 
minute of your day. 

1471
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,700
Her approval means protection 
and slightly better assignments.

1472
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:04,700
A disapproval means scrubbing, 
floors until your knees, bleed 

1473
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:08,600
cook occupies her own special 
category, technically below the 

1474
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:12,100
housekeeper in rank but wielding
a normal practical power because

1475
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:15,900
she controls the food Skilled 
cook has the power to shape the 

1476
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:19,500
social status of a wealthy 
family, inspiring, both respect 

1477
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:23,200
and fear in everyone. 
Cluding the family members 

1478
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:26,200
themselves, she rules her 
kitchen, like a benevolent 

1479
01:16:26,200 --> 01:16:29,700
dictator capable of creating 
masterpieces with one hand. 

1480
01:16:29,700 --> 01:16:33,000
While boxing is with the other, 
if you manage to gain her favor,

1481
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:36,500
you'll never face hunger. 
If you provoke her anger, you'll

1482
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:38,500
have to rely on bread, crusts 
and regret. 

1483
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:43,100
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,
the aristocracy of servant land 

1484
01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:46,800
these personal attendants 
dressed their employers style, 

1485
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:49,000
their hair. 
No, intimate details about their

1486
01:16:49,000 --> 01:16:51,700
daily lives. 
They earn higher wages, where 

1487
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,900
better uniforms and often 
receive cast off clothing worth 

1488
01:16:54,900 --> 01:16:58,300
more than your annual salary. 
They also tend to adopt an air 

1489
01:16:58,300 --> 01:17:00,900
of superiority behaving as 
though, they are somehow 

1490
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:03,300
elevated above others. 
Simply because they assist a 

1491
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,500
fluent individuals in dressing 
rather than performing more 

1492
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:10,100
menial tasks. 
Footman represent the peacocks 

1493
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,100
of the servant World chosen more
for their appearance than their 

1494
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:15,900
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

1495
01:17:15,900 --> 01:17:18,500
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

1496
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:21,700
looking decorative, their 
primary duties, include opening,

1497
01:17:21,700 --> 01:17:25,200
doors serving meals and 
providing visual stimulation for

1498
01:17:25,200 --> 01:17:28,600
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial use is their 

1499
01:17:28,600 --> 01:17:30,400
often, too. 
Pretty, to be truly bright. 

1500
01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:33,700
The adverse news is they know 
their pretty and act 

1501
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:36,600
accordingly. 
You occupied the vast Middle, 

1502
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:39,800
Ground of General housemaids, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

1503
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:42,000
in the war, against dust dirt 
and disorder. 

1504
01:17:42,700 --> 01:17:45,800
You're above the scholarly Made,
Who spends her entire existence,

1505
01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:47,500
washing dishes and scrubbing 
pots. 

1506
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:50,000
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

1507
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:53,200
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

1508
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:56,100
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

1509
01:17:56,100 --> 01:17:59,300
specializes in thankless, labor 
kitchen politics, make 

1510
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:03,000
international diplomacy look 
simple cook in the housekeeper 

1511
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:05,700
maintained, an uneasy Alliance 
based on mutual respect, and 

1512
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:09,700
territorial boundaries that 
shift, like Desert Sands the 

1513
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:13,100
butler, considers himself above 
such Petty concerns, which makes

1514
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:15,300
everyone else. 
Consider him an arrogant 

1515
01:18:15,300 --> 01:18:18,000
peacock. 
Personal Maids gossip about 

1516
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:21,100
their employers while somehow 
maintaining superiority over 

1517
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:23,700
everyone who doesn't have access
to such intimate information. 

1518
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,900
Mills in the servants Hall, 
follow protocol strict and state

1519
01:18:27,900 --> 01:18:30,300
dinners at the head of the 
table, the Butler and 

1520
01:18:30,300 --> 01:18:33,400
housekeeper received the first 
service and consume the tastiest

1521
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,100
portions. 
Personal servants are seated 

1522
01:18:36,100 --> 01:18:40,900
next then upper housemaids then 
lower house maids and lastly the

1523
01:18:40,900 --> 01:18:43,900
truly unfortunate individuals 
who clean pots and polish boots.

1524
01:18:43,900 --> 01:18:48,200
Conversation follows equally 
rigid rules no discussion of 

1525
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:50,700
family business. 
No complaints about working 

1526
01:18:50,700 --> 01:18:54,500
conditions and absolutely, no 
questioning of decisions made by

1527
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:58,300
your superiors romance below 
stairs provides endless, 

1528
01:18:58,300 --> 01:19:02,400
entertainment an occasional 
heartbreak Relationships between

1529
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:06,200
servants face constant scrutiny 
from both the staff hierarchy 

1530
01:19:06,200 --> 01:19:09,600
and the family upstairs. 
Housemaid dating. 

1531
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:12,200
A footman might find herself, 
reassigned to less desirable 

1532
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:14,100
duties if the housekeeper 
disapproves. 

1533
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:17,300
Marriage, usually, means one 
partner must locate employment 

1534
01:19:17,300 --> 01:19:20,500
elsewhere, since most families 
won't employ married couples who

1535
01:19:20,500 --> 01:19:22,700
might prioritize each other over
their duties. 

1536
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:25,900
The contrast between your 
circumstances, and those of the 

1537
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:29,500
family creates its own 
psychological challenges, you 

1538
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:31,600
handle their money, while 
learning a fraction of what they

1539
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:34,900
spend on a single dinner party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

1540
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:38,500
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day after day, you 

1541
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:41,200
prepare their luxurious meals 
while eating leftovers that 

1542
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:45,900
wouldn't satisfy a prison inmate
The irony thickens to such an 

1543
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:48,400
extent that it could be sliced. 
With the silver knives, you 

1544
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:52,500
meticulously polish every day, 
Yet, within this strange system.

1545
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:58,000
Genuine friendships develop Sara
your snoring roommate, become 

1546
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:01,300
your closest confidant. 
Scholarly made, despite her 

1547
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:04,200
lowly status, possesses a wicked
sense of humor. 

1548
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:07,800
That makes even the worst days 
bearable even, Mrs. Patterson 

1549
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:11,300
for all her Stern, efficiency, 
occasionally shows flashes of 

1550
01:20:11,308 --> 01:20:13,700
motherly concern. 
That remind you she was once 

1551
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:17,700
young and overwhelmed too. 
Information becomes currency in 

1552
01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:20,600
this closed World knowing which 
family members are traveling 

1553
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:24,300
which guests are expected or 
Which social events require 

1554
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:26,000
extra. 
Preparation provides you 

1555
01:20:26,000 --> 01:20:29,600
leverage and protection the 
servant, who overhears plans for

1556
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:31,200
a dinner party can prepare 
accordingly. 

1557
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:34,900
The one caught off guard ends up
working until midnight with no 

1558
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:37,000
warning. 
Nothing tests, a servants 

1559
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:40,400
endurance, quite like the social
season when wealthy families 

1560
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:43,600
transformed from nearly 
demanding employers into social 

1561
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:46,900
climbing tornadoes, that sweep 
through your life, leaving 

1562
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:50,400
chaos, exhaustion, and 
occasionally broken china, in 

1563
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:52,800
their wake. 
From November, through February,

1564
01:20:52,800 --> 01:20:55,800
your employers shed, any 
pretense of normal living, and 

1565
01:20:55,800 --> 01:21:00,000
dive headfirst into a whirlwind 
of dinner parties balls, and 

1566
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:01,500
social events. 
That would exhaust a 

1567
01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:04,300
professional athlete. 
Preparing for a dinner party, 

1568
01:21:04,300 --> 01:21:07,600
feels like planning, a military 
Invasion, two days before the 

1569
01:21:07,600 --> 01:21:09,500
event. 
The house erupts in to control 

1570
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:12,200
the pandemonium. 
Every piece of silver must be 

1571
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:14,800
polished until it blind. 
Anyone foolish enough to look 

1572
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,800
directly at it. 
Crystal glasses, get washed in 

1573
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:20,800
special solutions that cost more
per bottle than you earn in a 

1574
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:23,400
week. 
Mrs, Peterson meticulously 

1575
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,800
scrubs polishes and inspect 
every surface in the dining 

1576
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,200
room. 
A protest typically reserved for

1577
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:31,600
operating. 
Theatres the floral arrangements

1578
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:34,700
alone could drive you to drink, 
if you had access to anything 

1579
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:36,400
stronger than Cooks cooking 
Sherry. 

1580
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:40,500
Flowers arrive from the florist 
and carefully packed boxes each 

1581
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:42,500
Bloom worth more than your 
monthly wages. 

1582
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:46,600
You'll spend hours, arranging 
roses lilies and exotic blooms 

1583
01:21:46,600 --> 01:21:50,300
whose names you can't pronounce 
creating centerpieces that will 

1584
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,900
be admired for precisely three 
hours before being relegated to 

1585
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:56,800
the servants Hall, where they'll
brighten your Drury meals for 

1586
01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:59,800
the rest of the week. 
Planning the menu turns into a 

1587
01:21:59,800 --> 01:22:03,500
challenging exercise in culinary
mathematics comparable to that 

1588
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:06,500
of a university Professor. 
The family wants to impress 

1589
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:09,500
their guests without appearing 
to try too hard serve 

1590
01:22:09,500 --> 01:22:12,700
sophisticated food without being
pretentious and accommodate 

1591
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:15,600
dietary, restrictions, that 
change daily based on the latest

1592
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,400
medical fans. 
Cook transforms into a 

1593
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:21,200
temperamental artists creating a
labret dishes. 

1594
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:24,200
While simultaneously managing a 
kitchen staff that multiplies 

1595
01:22:24,200 --> 01:22:28,500
mysteriously during party 
preparations, Your uniform gets 

1596
01:22:28,500 --> 01:22:32,700
upgraded for special events. 
Slightly better dress a crisper 

1597
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:35,000
apron and shoes that haven't 
been resolved. 

1598
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,900
Three times your expected to 
serve guests with the grace of a

1599
01:22:38,900 --> 01:22:41,800
ballet dancer and the efficiency
of a factory worker while 

1600
01:22:41,800 --> 01:22:43,400
remaining, as invisible as 
furniture. 

1601
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:47,300
Spill wine on a guest scale and 
you'll find yourself explaining 

1602
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:51,100
to potential future employers 
why your last position ended so 

1603
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:53,600
abruptly. 
The guest bedrooms become 

1604
01:22:53,600 --> 01:22:57,200
monuments to excessive 
Hospitality fresh Linens appear 

1605
01:22:57,200 --> 01:23:00,400
on beds that may not even be 
used but the possibility that 

1606
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:02,900
the Vanderbilt's cousin might 
need a place to rest between 

1607
01:23:02,900 --> 01:23:06,100
courses requires preparation, 
worthy of visiting royalty, 

1608
01:23:06,100 --> 01:23:10,100
you'll arrange flowers, stock 
wash basins with the finest 

1609
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:13,500
soaps and ensure that chamber 
pots are spotless and discreetly

1610
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:15,900
positioned. 
Because nothing ruins, a social 

1611
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:18,000
evening like an adequate 
bathroom facilities. 

1612
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:23,500
Christmas season multiplies, the
Insanity by roughly 10,000%, the

1613
01:23:23,500 --> 01:23:26,100
families gift-giving requires 
military level Logistics 

1614
01:23:26,100 --> 01:23:28,900
coordination. 
You'll spend December wrapping 

1615
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,600
presents with paper that costs. 
More than most people's winter 

1616
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:34,800
coats arranging, elaborate 
displays that transformed the 

1617
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:37,300
house into something. 
Resembling a particularly 

1618
01:23:37,300 --> 01:23:40,500
expensive Museum and somehow 
maintaining normal daily 

1619
01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:43,200
operations while accommodating, 
the constant stream of 

1620
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:46,500
deliveries social calls and 
holiday preparation. 

1621
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:50,500
Holiday entertaining reaches 
levels of absurdity, that would 

1622
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:54,000
impress, Roman emperors, New 
Year's Eve party, stretch until 

1623
01:23:54,000 --> 01:23:56,600
dawn require requiring you to 
work shifts. 

1624
01:23:56,600 --> 01:23:59,400
That would violate modern labor 
laws by several decades. 

1625
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:02,300
You'll serve champagne that 
costs more per bottle. 

1626
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:06,100
The new earn in three months, 
clean up after revelers, whose 

1627
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:09,000
idea of fun involves 
considerable property damage and

1628
01:24:09,000 --> 01:24:11,800
somehow maintain a pleasant 
demeanor while running on three 

1629
01:24:11,800 --> 01:24:14,200
hours of sleep. 
And pure caffeine the laundry 

1630
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:16,000
situation. 
During the social season, 

1631
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:18,500
deserves its own chapter, in the
annals of human suffering. 

1632
01:24:18,500 --> 01:24:23,300
Evening gowns, require special 
handling with beading lace and 

1633
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:25,400
fabric so delicate that 
breathing on them. 

1634
01:24:25,400 --> 01:24:26,900
Wrong could cause irreparable 
damage. 

1635
01:24:26,900 --> 01:24:30,200
Men's Formal Wear involves 
starching shirt from France to 

1636
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:33,100
cardboard stiffness, pressing 
tailcoats, that must hang 

1637
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:37,100
perfectly and manage on sambals 
that require the Precision of a 

1638
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:40,000
Swiss clockmaker. 
Guest management becomes a 

1639
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:42,900
diplomatic challenge, that would
stump professional ambassadors. 

1640
01:24:43,800 --> 01:24:46,600
Wealthy visitors arrive with 
their servants, creating 

1641
01:24:46,600 --> 01:24:49,400
temporary hierarchies and 
territorial disputes that make 

1642
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,100
international border 
negotiations. 

1643
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:54,300
Look, simple sharing already 
cramped quarters, with 

1644
01:24:54,300 --> 01:24:56,500
lady's-maids, who consider 
themselves, your social 

1645
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:59,300
superiors competing for kitchen 
space. 

1646
01:24:59,300 --> 01:25:02,000
With visiting Cooks who have 
strong opinions about proper 

1647
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:04,700
techniques and navigating 
personality conflicts, that 

1648
01:25:04,700 --> 01:25:07,100
could destabilize small 
governments are all common 

1649
01:25:07,100 --> 01:25:10,500
experiences, the aftermath of 
large parties resembles, 

1650
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:13,900
Battlefield clean up, wine 
stains on Persian carpets, 

1651
01:25:13,900 --> 01:25:17,400
require immediate attention with
special cleaning solutions and 

1652
01:25:17,400 --> 01:25:20,300
techniques passed down through 
generations of servants. 

1653
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:23,500
Broken crystal is collected with
the reverend's, usually, 

1654
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:25,900
reserved for Gathering fragments
of religious relics. 

1655
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,700
Leftover food will be 
redistributed through a complex 

1656
01:25:29,700 --> 01:25:32,900
system that ensures nothing 
edible goes to waste though. 

1657
01:25:32,900 --> 01:25:35,600
The definition of edible is 
stretched considerably after 

1658
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:38,100
midnight. 
Your social life disappears 

1659
01:25:38,100 --> 01:25:41,800
entirely during party season, 
any hope of personal time 

1660
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:45,100
evaporates under the constant 
demands of preparation, service 

1661
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,200
and cleanup. 
Letters from home pile up unread

1662
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:51,500
friendships with other servants.
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 

1663
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:53,500
in hallways and your health 
become. 

1664
01:25:53,500 --> 01:25:56,400
Secondary to maintaining the 
family's social standing yet, 

1665
01:25:56,400 --> 01:25:59,700
somehow you develop skills that 
would impress modern event 

1666
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:02,100
planets. 
You learn to coordinate complex 

1667
01:26:02,100 --> 01:26:04,900
Logistics management. 
Multiple tasks simultaneously 

1668
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:07,600
and solve problems with 
creativity born from 

1669
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,300
desperation. 
You can estimate quantities for 

1670
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:12,500
50. 
People arrange flowers that 

1671
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:15,300
would make professional 
florists, weep with envy and 

1672
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:18,100
serve formal meals with 
Precision, that would satisfy 

1673
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:21,800
military inspection. 
The Strangers part is how normal

1674
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:25,100
It all becomes after. 
Your first social season, you 

1675
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:27,000
develop the stamina of a 
marathon runner. 

1676
01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:31,500
And the organizational skills of
a general staff officer Once 

1677
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:34,900
seemed impossible becomes merely
exhausting and what once seemed 

1678
01:26:34,900 --> 01:26:37,900
exhausting becomes, just another
Tuesday in the life of a Gilded 

1679
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:40,000
Age. 
Housemaid finding space for your

1680
01:26:40,008 --> 01:26:42,700
Humanity within the rigid 
structure of domestic service 

1681
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:46,300
requires the Ingenuity of a 
master criminal and the stealth 

1682
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:50,100
of a professional spy, your 
personal life exists in 

1683
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:54,300
fragments Stolen Moments between
duties whispered conversations 

1684
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:57,400
in hallways and relationships 
that bloom in the shadows of 

1685
01:26:57,400 --> 01:27:01,000
other people's Grand lives. 
The correspondence becomes a 

1686
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:03,000
Lifeline to the world beyond the
servants door. 

1687
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:07,100
Let us from home arrives 
sporadically, their contents, 

1688
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:08,700
both comforting and 
heartbreaking. 

1689
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:11,800
Your mother writes about crops 
and weather and neighbors. 

1690
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:14,400
Who have married or died 
painting, pictures of a life 

1691
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,800
that feels simultaneously 
familiar and impossibly distant,

1692
01:27:17,800 --> 01:27:21,400
you save your pennies to send 
money home knowing that your 

1693
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:23,800
wages, might mean the difference
between your younger siblings, 

1694
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,000
eating, well, or going hungry, 
even as you survive on kitchen 

1695
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,800
scraps, and leftover bread. 
Romance and service requires 

1696
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:33,300
navigating obstacles that were 
challenged diplomat. 

1697
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:36,800
Meeting someone from outside the
household means coordinating. 

1698
01:27:36,800 --> 01:27:39,900
Schedule's that change daily 
finding time when you're not 

1699
01:27:39,908 --> 01:27:43,700
exhausted from 14-hour, workdays
and somehow maintaining a 

1700
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:45,100
relationship. 
When you can't predict whether 

1701
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:47,500
you'll have an evening free 
until about five minutes before 

1702
01:27:47,500 --> 01:27:50,700
it happens. 
Dating fellow servants creates 

1703
01:27:50,700 --> 01:27:54,300
its own complications, workplace
relationships under the constant

1704
01:27:54,300 --> 01:27:57,400
scrutiny of superiors who view 
any personal attachment, as a 

1705
01:27:57,400 --> 01:28:01,000
potential distraction from Duty.
Your half-day off becomes more 

1706
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,300
precious than gold and twice as 
rare every other Sunday 

1707
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:08,200
afternoon from 2 until 10 in the
evening, your theoretically free

1708
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,100
to live your life. 
In reality, you are often too 

1709
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:13,800
exhausted to do anything. 
More ambitious than sleeping in 

1710
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:16,600
a real bed, or taking a bath 
without worrying about someone 

1711
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,200
needing immediate service. 
When you do venture outside, the

1712
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:22,900
world feels foreign enough to 
spending weeks in the artificial

1713
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:24,200
environment of wealth and 
privilege. 

1714
01:28:25,100 --> 01:28:27,500
Friendships among servants 
develop their own peculiar 

1715
01:28:27,500 --> 01:28:30,200
intensity. 
Shared hardship, forges bonds, 

1716
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:33,900
that might not otherwise exist. 
Scullery maid transforms into 

1717
01:28:33,900 --> 01:28:36,400
your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

1718
01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:39,800
comedic relief and Sarah becomes
your sister Beyond blood. 

1719
01:28:40,600 --> 01:28:44,000
These relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments, make 

1720
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:47,400
the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

1721
01:28:47,400 --> 01:28:50,100
means sharing a stolen apple 
tart in the servants Hall. 

1722
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:53,600
After midnight, reading becomes 
a form of rebellion and Escape 

1723
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:56,400
You Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

1724
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:59,400
newspapers reading by 
candlelight until your eyes 

1725
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:01,500
strain and your candle budget 
disappears. 

1726
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:05,800
Books transport you to Worlds, 
where women have choices, where 

1727
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:09,000
love, overcomes social barriers,
and where hardworking people 

1728
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,100
sometimes find happiness. 
The family's discarded 

1729
01:29:12,100 --> 01:29:15,500
magazines, provide glimpses into
Fashions and Lifestyles that 

1730
01:29:15,500 --> 01:29:18,100
seem as exotic as Tales From 
distant countries. 

1731
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:22,600
Your health suffers in ways, 
both obvious and subtle constant

1732
01:29:22,600 --> 01:29:25,400
physical labor, strengthens your
muscles but wears down your 

1733
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:27,700
joints. 
Call Nutrition leaves you 

1734
01:29:27,708 --> 01:29:29,500
vulnerable to every passing 
illness. 

1735
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:33,100
The lack of sunlight and fresh 
air creates a power that marks 

1736
01:29:33,100 --> 01:29:36,200
you as any uniform back. 
Pain, becomes your constant 

1737
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:40,300
companion, along with hands that
crack and bleed from exposure to

1738
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:44,300
harsh, cleaning, chemicals and 
cold water. personal hygiene 

1739
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:47,300
presents its challenges in an 
era when hot water is a luxury 

1740
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:52,100
and privacy is non-existent your
weekly bath become a cherished 

1741
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:55,100
ritual, even if it takes place 
in a tin tub in the kitchen 

1742
01:29:55,100 --> 01:29:58,700
after everyone else's finished 
their evening duties, Washing 

1743
01:29:58,700 --> 01:30:01,700
your hair requires planning and 
coordination, worthy of a 

1744
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:03,800
military operation, since you 
need access to hot water. 

1745
01:30:03,800 --> 01:30:07,400
Sufficient time for drying and 
privacy, that's rare than 

1746
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:09,800
diamonds. 
Your few personal possessions, 

1747
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:14,300
take on enormous significance. 
A locket from your mother, a 

1748
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:17,600
pressed flower from your last 
walk in the countryside or a 

1749
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,300
photograph of family members 
becomes a treasure guarded more 

1750
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:21,700
carefully than the family 
silver. 

1751
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:25,400
The small tokens represent, your
identity beyond, the gray, 

1752
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,100
uniform and White Cap reminders 
that you exist. 

1753
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:30,900
As More Than Just A Pair of 
Hands that scrub and clean. 

1754
01:30:31,800 --> 01:30:35,000
Dreams and aspirations are 
modified rather than abandoned 

1755
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:38,300
instead of opening your shop. 
You dream of becoming a 

1756
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:40,300
housekeeper with authority of 
your staff. 

1757
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,700
Instead of marrying, a 
prosperous farmer, you hope to 

1758
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:47,300
locate a butler or valet whose 
combined income might allow for 

1759
01:30:47,300 --> 01:30:50,300
a small apartment and maybe even
children someday. 

1760
01:30:51,100 --> 01:30:54,400
Your goals shrink to fit reality
but they don't disappear 

1761
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:58,000
entirely the seasonal rhythms of
the household create their own 

1762
01:30:58,000 --> 01:31:00,000
calendar of anticipation and 
Dread. 

1763
01:31:01,100 --> 01:31:03,900
Summer might bring opportunities
to accompany the family to their

1764
01:31:03,900 --> 01:31:06,800
country house, offering glimpses
of different scenery and 

1765
01:31:06,800 --> 01:31:10,700
slightly modified routines. 
Winter social season means 

1766
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,700
exhausting work at all. 
So excitement and the 

1767
01:31:13,708 --> 01:31:15,900
possibility of glimpsing famous 
guests. 

1768
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,900
Bring cleaning represents weeks 
of backbreaking labor but also 

1769
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:23,900
the satisfaction of 
transformation and renewal small

1770
01:31:23,900 --> 01:31:26,000
Pleasures, take on enormous 
importance. 

1771
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,600
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson
carries more weight than praise 

1772
01:31:29,600 --> 01:31:32,700
from royalty. 
And evening when cooked shares 

1773
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:34,700
left over desert feels like 
Christmas morning. 

1774
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:38,100
Sunday, when your healthy enough
to walk to the park and sit 

1775
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:41,500
under actual trees becomes a 
memory to sustain you through 

1776
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,900
difficult weeks ahead. 
Your relationship with money 

1777
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:47,800
becomes complex, and 
contradictory you handle more 

1778
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:50,300
wealth daily than most people 
see in their entire lives. 

1779
01:31:50,300 --> 01:31:53,200
Yet your own financial situation
remains precarious. 

1780
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:58,300
Every penny saved represents 
enormous sacrifice less food, 

1781
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:01,300
fewer letters home and no small 
luxuries. 

1782
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:03,100
That might make your hard life 
slightly more. 

1783
01:32:03,100 --> 01:32:06,400
Bearable, your bank account 
grows slowly while your hands 

1784
01:32:06,400 --> 01:32:10,300
grow rough and your back grows, 
crooked The strange intimacy of 

1785
01:32:10,308 --> 01:32:12,500
service creates its own 
emotional complications. 

1786
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:15,800
You know, details about your 
employer's lives that their 

1787
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:18,000
relatives. 
Don't share yet, they remain 

1788
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:20,400
strangers, who could dismiss you
without reference. 

1789
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:24,300
And barely remember your name. 
This one side did intimacy 

1790
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:27,100
breeds both affection and 
resentment creating 

1791
01:32:27,100 --> 01:32:29,900
relationships that are 
simultaneously personal, and 

1792
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:33,700
completely impersonal as the 
1890s draw to a close. 

1793
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:37,100
You've survived nearly a decade 
of service, in the grand houses,

1794
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:40,700
of America's wealthy Elite, and 
the world around you is changing

1795
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:44,500
in ways, both subtle and 
dramatic. from your perspective 

1796
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:47,900
in the servants quarters, these 
changes feel both impossibly 

1797
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:52,000
distant and intimately personal 
technology creeps into the 

1798
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,500
household like a slow-moving 
Revolution, electric lights, 

1799
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:58,700
begin replacing gas, fixtures 
transforming your morning 

1800
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:01,300
routine of lamp cleaning but 
introducing new mysteries of 

1801
01:33:01,300 --> 01:33:03,900
switches and bulbs that 
sometimes work and sometimes 

1802
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,400
don't Telephone appears in the 
front hall, like a magical 

1803
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:10,700
device, bringing the outside 
world directly into the house 

1804
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:12,500
while creating new 
responsibilities. 

1805
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:16,400
Someone must answer it and that 
person often turns out to be you

1806
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:19,800
Your body tells the story of 
your service in ways that no 

1807
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:23,200
employment record could capture 
your hands bear, the permanent 

1808
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:26,200
stains and scars of countless 
cleaning chemicals and burns 

1809
01:33:26,200 --> 01:33:29,600
from hot ions your shoulders, 
curve slightly forward from 

1810
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:33,300
years of bending over scrub 
brushes and laundry tubs, you'll

1811
01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:36,200
need is protest when climbing 
the endless flights of stairs 

1812
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,700
that connect your basement world
to the families, elevated 

1813
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:41,900
existence, these marks of 
service will stay with you long.

1814
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:44,900
After you've left domestic work 
behind the skills you've 

1815
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:47,300
developed would impress, any 
modern efficiency expert? 

1816
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:50,600
You can manage complex 
household, Logistics coordinate,

1817
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:54,200
multiple tasks simultaneously 
and maintaining impossibly high 

1818
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:55,700
standards under constant 
pressure. 

1819
01:33:55,700 --> 01:33:59,300
You've learned to read people's 
moods and needs from subtle cues

1820
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:01,700
mastered. 
The art of diplomatic problem 

1821
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:04,400
solving and developed. 
The physical stamina of a 

1822
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,100
professional athlete. 
These abilities will serve you. 

1823
01:34:07,100 --> 01:34:10,100
Well whether you can continue in
service or Venture into other 

1824
01:34:10,100 --> 01:34:14,600
forms of work, Daily proximity 
to extreme luxury and the labor 

1825
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:17,000
required, to maintain it, to 
shape, your perspective on 

1826
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:20,100
wealth and privilege. you've 
witnessed the ease with which 

1827
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:23,500
one can spend money and the 
challenge of earning it, you've 

1828
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:27,000
witnessed the isolation that 
wealth can create even as you've

1829
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:30,300
experienced the exhaustion that 
poverty demands, this 

1830
01:34:30,300 --> 01:34:33,200
understanding of both sides of 
America's growing economic 

1831
01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:37,300
divide provides you insights 
that few people possess the 

1832
01:34:37,300 --> 01:34:40,400
friendships forged in service. 
Carry a special intensity born 

1833
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:44,100
from shared hardship and mutual 
dependence, Sarah, your 

1834
01:34:44,100 --> 01:34:46,800
longsuffering roommate has 
become closer than any sister 

1835
01:34:46,800 --> 01:34:50,100
cook. 
Despite her graphic stereo the 

1836
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:54,000
served as a mentor and mother 
figure even Mrs. Patterson with 

1837
01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:57,400
all her Stern efficiency as 
shown moments of genuine care 

1838
01:34:57,400 --> 01:34:59,600
that transcended the employer 
employee relationship. 

1839
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:03,900
These bonds will Outlast your 
employment and provide emotional

1840
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:07,900
support for decades to come. 
Years of separation of financial

1841
01:35:07,900 --> 01:35:10,600
responsibilities have 
complicated, your relationship 

1842
01:35:10,600 --> 01:35:13,700
with your own family. 
The money you've sent home has 

1843
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:16,800
made real difference, is your 
youngest brother, finish school 

1844
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:19,800
in stead of working in 
factories, your sister avoided 

1845
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:22,800
and unfortunate marriage and 
your parents kept their small 

1846
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:26,100
farm. 
Despite several bad harvests Get

1847
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:28,600
the physical and emotional 
distance is created gaps that 

1848
01:35:28,600 --> 01:35:32,700
letters can't entirely Bridge. 
You've become someone to your 

1849
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:35,100
Origins shaped by experiences, 
your family can't fully 

1850
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:39,000
understand marriage and family 
planning in service posts 

1851
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:41,300
special difficulties that will 
influence your future choices. 

1852
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:43,400
If you marry. 
Another servant, you'll 

1853
01:35:43,400 --> 01:35:45,000
understand each other's 
experiences. 

1854
01:35:45,000 --> 01:35:47,300
But face continued economic 
uncertainty. 

1855
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,400
If you marry outside, domestic 
service, you'll need to explain 

1856
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:52,600
a world. 
That sounds almost fictional to 

1857
01:35:52,600 --> 01:35:55,800
people who haven't lived it. 
Children, complicate everything 

1858
01:35:55,800 --> 01:35:58,700
servants with families obtain 
fewer employment opportunities. 

1859
01:35:58,700 --> 01:36:01,700
And face the constant struggle 
of balancing parental 

1860
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:03,800
responsibilities with 
professional demands. 

1861
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:07,000
The broader social changes 
Rippling through American 

1862
01:36:07,000 --> 01:36:08,700
society. 
Will eventually transform 

1863
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,100
domestic Services itself. 
Women are beginning to discover 

1864
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,700
other employment opportunities 
in offices, shops and factories 

1865
01:36:15,700 --> 01:36:18,300
labor. 
Movements are questioning the 

1866
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:20,900
working conditions that you've 
simply accepted as natural. 

1867
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:24,500
New technologies, will gradually
reduce the need for armies of 

1868
01:36:24,500 --> 01:36:26,400
servants. 
To maintain wealthy households. 

1869
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:29,800
Your generation represents the 
peak of an era that won't last 

1870
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:32,400
forever. 
Your dreams have evolved through

1871
01:36:32,400 --> 01:36:35,600
your years of service, the naive
girl who first walk through. 

1872
01:36:35,600 --> 01:36:38,400
The Servants of entrance has 
been replaced by a woman who 

1873
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:40,700
understands both her 
capabilities and the realistic 

1874
01:36:40,700 --> 01:36:44,000
limits of her opportunities. 
Even when your hard work remains

1875
01:36:44,000 --> 01:36:47,000
largely unnoticed, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

1876
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:49,200
it. 
You've discovered that dignity 

1877
01:36:49,200 --> 01:36:52,100
can be maintained even in 
situations designed to minimize 

1878
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:54,200
it. 
The education you've received 

1879
01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:57,100
through observation and 
experience Rivals anything 

1880
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:00,100
offered in formal schools. 
You've learned about art by 

1881
01:37:00,100 --> 01:37:03,500
dusting Priceless paintings 
about music by overhearing. 

1882
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:06,600
Private concerts about 
literature by reading discarded 

1883
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:09,800
books and about human nature by 
witnessing how people behave 

1884
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:11,500
when they think no one important
is watching. 

1885
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:15,000
This informal education has 
expanded your mind in ways that 

1886
01:37:15,000 --> 01:37:17,600
will continue paying dividends 
throughout your life. 

1887
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:19,900
Looking back on your years and 
service. 

1888
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:23,800
The Experience defies, simple 
categorization, it has been 

1889
01:37:23,808 --> 01:37:26,700
simultaneously degrading and a 
nobling exhausting and 

1890
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:29,200
educational and isolating and 
Community Building. 

1891
01:37:29,200 --> 01:37:32,500
You've sacrificed your Youth and
health to maintain other 

1892
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,400
people's Comfort yet. 
You've also developed strengths 

1893
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:37,700
and skills that you might never 
have discovered otherwise, 

1894
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:41,000
You've lived through one of the 
most economically unequal 

1895
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:44,400
periods in American history. 
Not as a victim or a hero. 

1896
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:48,100
But as a working woman doing 
what was necessary to survive 

1897
01:37:48,100 --> 01:37:52,100
and help your family survive? 
As you consider your future 

1898
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:55,000
where the continuing in service 
marrying and starting your 

1899
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:57,900
family or venturing into the 
changing world of women's work, 

1900
01:37:57,900 --> 01:38:00,400
you carry with you, the 
knowledge that you've already 

1901
01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:03,700
overcome challenges that would 
break weaker sprits, you've 

1902
01:38:03,700 --> 01:38:06,400
maintained your Humanity in a 
system designed to reduce you to

1903
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:10,700
a function, you found friendship
in unlikely, places, dignity and

1904
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:13,900
humble work and strengthen 
circumstances that seem designed

1905
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:17,300
to crush. 
It The Gilded ages ending taking

1906
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,100
with it, some of the extreme 
social rigid structures that 

1907
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:23,400
Define your working life. 
But the lessons you've learned 

1908
01:38:23,400 --> 01:38:27,400
about resilient community and 
the true nature of both wealth 

1909
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:30,200
and poverty will serve you. 
Well, in whatever comes next, 

1910
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:33,200
you've been invisible to the 
wealthy families, you've served,

1911
01:38:33,200 --> 01:38:37,100
but your story and the stories 
of millions of women, like you 

1912
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:41,500
represents the real Foundation 
upon which America's grandest 

1913
01:38:41,500 --> 01:38:49,600
era was built, a polyam 
bonapartes story, opens, not in 

1914
01:38:49,608 --> 01:38:52,700
the halls of Parisian power, but
on a rugged Mediterranean 

1915
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:58,500
island, He was born Napoleon 
Bonaparte in 1769 in a jack SEO,

1916
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:00,800
Corsica only months after 
France. 

1917
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:04,400
Sees the island from Genoa. 
As a boy, he spoke the Italian 

1918
01:39:04,400 --> 01:39:07,600
Corsican dialect and harbored 
Fierce pride in his course of 

1919
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:11,000
inherited sent to Mainland 
France for schooling at age 9. 

1920
01:39:11,000 --> 01:39:15,000
He arrived a thin intense child 
who felt himself very much, an 

1921
01:39:15,000 --> 01:39:18,100
outsider classmates. 
Mocked his accent and provincial

1922
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:20,900
manners. 
And Quiet Moments under the 

1923
01:39:20,900 --> 01:39:25,000
ancient Oaks of Brunei Academy. 
Young Bonaparte dreamed of home,

1924
01:39:25,000 --> 01:39:28,400
the smell of the Mackie shrubs 
on Corsican Hillside and tales 

1925
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,300
of heroism by course compatriot,
Pasquale Paoli. 

1926
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,000
These memories fueled, a 
lifelong resentment in a drive 

1927
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:36,900
to prove himself in a world, 
that perceived him as a 

1928
01:39:36,908 --> 01:39:39,700
foreigner. 
Yet France also opened New 

1929
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:43,100
Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

1930
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:46,100
Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

1931
01:39:46,100 --> 01:39:49,000
immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

1932
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:51,200
texts. 
He was a veracious reader of 

1933
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:53,200
Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

1934
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:56,900
Radical Notions about Merit and 
reason commissioned, as a young 

1935
01:39:56,900 --> 01:39:59,900
artillery officer, he honed a 
mathematical Precision in 

1936
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:03,100
ballistics and a Steely. 
Calm Under Pressure, still in 

1937
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:06,100
the late 1780s. 
The ambitious left tenant found 

1938
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:09,800
himself idling on off, pay in 
provincials chafing at the lack 

1939
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:13,000
of opportunity. 
Let us to his family betray a 

1940
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:15,700
Restless mind. 
He wrote an unfinished story and

1941
01:40:15,700 --> 01:40:18,800
essays on course and history 
longing to carve out a place for

1942
01:40:18,800 --> 01:40:22,400
himself. 
By 1789, the French revolution's

1943
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:25,700
fiery rhetoric gripped. 
Him the revolution's eruption 

1944
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:28,800
promised career opportunities 
for talented individuals and 

1945
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:31,000
Bonaparte. 
Now known as Bonaparte in French

1946
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:33,500
was determined to capitalize on 
this opportunity. 

1947
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:37,500
He returned to Corsica during 
the early Revolution hoping to 

1948
01:40:37,500 --> 01:40:41,500
spread the new ideals. 
However, Island politics turned 

1949
01:40:41,500 --> 01:40:45,100
against him, who revered poorly 
deemed Napoleon a traitor for 

1950
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:49,400
siding with the French Republic.
In 1793 after a bit of falling 

1951
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:52,200
out and an attempt to depose 
paolis course, in government, 

1952
01:40:52,200 --> 01:40:55,400
the Bonaparte family fled their 
Homeland under threat. 

1953
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:59,400
The 24 year old artillery, 
Captain arrived back in France 

1954
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:02,600
as a refugee but also as a 
staunch Republican officer 

1955
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:06,200
hungry for Action. 
He soon got his chance at the 

1956
01:41:06,208 --> 01:41:09,900
end of 1793 royalists, in the 
southern Port of too long 

1957
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:12,100
revolted and welcome British 
forces. 

1958
01:41:13,000 --> 01:41:16,500
The besieging Revolutionary Army
faltered until Bonaparte through

1959
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:19,700
a mix of Corsican connections, 
and share, assertiveness was 

1960
01:41:19,700 --> 01:41:21,200
assigned to directly the 
artillery. 

1961
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:24,500
Amidst the Thunder of Canon's 
and acid smoke. 

1962
01:41:24,500 --> 01:41:28,400
In Napoleon, Sean, he embraced 
batteries with lethal, 

1963
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:31,300
Effectiveness, blasting, the 
harbor and forcing the British 

1964
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:34,500
to flee. 
In the final assault of bayonet 

1965
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:38,300
wound scarred his thigh but 
victory was complete the 

1966
01:41:38,300 --> 01:41:40,600
achievement was stunning, little
known Corsica and had 

1967
01:41:40,600 --> 01:41:43,800
masterminded the recapture of 
two long word of His Brilliant, 

1968
01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:47,100
travel to Paris and Stage 24 
Bonaparte was promoted to 

1969
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,600
Brigadier General, the center of
gunpowder at too long signaled. 

1970
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:54,000
His assent, to prominence the 
Revolutionary, Fortune's shifted

1971
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:56,900
quickly. 
Just months later Robespierre 

1972
01:41:56,900 --> 01:41:58,700
and the radical Jacobins fell 
from Power. 

1973
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:03,000
Napoleon considered a 
Robespierre Ally by association 

1974
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:06,100
was arrested. 
He was briefly jailed in a dank 

1975
01:42:06,100 --> 01:42:09,200
sell at Fort Carey. 
The omniscient Fates, the 

1976
01:42:09,200 --> 01:42:12,100
elevated him. 
Now threatened to cut short his 

1977
01:42:12,100 --> 01:42:14,700
assent. 
He emerged unscathed but 

1978
01:42:14,700 --> 01:42:17,800
unemployed pacing the Paris 
streets in a threadbare coat. 

1979
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:22,000
Surviving on meager rations. 
During this low ebb in 1795, 

1980
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:25,900
even toyed, with leaving France,
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 

1981
01:42:25,900 --> 01:42:28,500
ironic Prospect for one, who 
would one day, humble the great 

1982
01:42:28,500 --> 01:42:32,100
powers of Europe. 
Opportunity, however, knocked 

1983
01:42:32,100 --> 01:42:35,300
again, that October royalist 
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 

1984
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:38,000
convention aiming to topple The 
Fragile Republic. 

1985
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:42,400
General Paul Barras. 
Desperate to save the revolution

1986
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:45,800
taped the only artillery expert.
He knew who could be ruthless 

1987
01:42:45,800 --> 01:42:47,800
enough? 
Napoleon Bonaparte? 

1988
01:42:47,800 --> 01:42:51,800
Napoleon did not hesitate. 
Sushing canon in the streets of 

1989
01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:53,600
Paris. 
He met the royalist charged with

1990
01:42:53,600 --> 01:42:57,100
blasts of great shot at Point 
Blank Range, the Cobblestone of 

1991
01:42:57,100 --> 01:42:59,200
the rooster a shook with each 
thunderous. 

1992
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:02,200
Volley shredding the Insurgent 
columns and sending the 

1993
01:43:02,200 --> 01:43:06,500
survivors into Panic Flight A 
whiff of great shot one. 

1994
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:09,800
Witness called it cost to clean.
Describing how shred banners and

1995
01:43:09,808 --> 01:43:11,600
bodies littered the Smoky 
Avenue's. 

1996
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:16,200
Bonapartes decisive action save 
the Revolutionary government. in

1997
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:20,000
a single brutal afternoon, he 
became the Republic Savior and 

1998
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:22,800
also earned a reputation for 
cold-blooded efficiency that 

1999
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,100
some would not forget Paris grew
quiet at dusk. 

2000
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,500
The are heavy with the Tang of 
spent gunpowder and a new 

2001
01:43:29,508 --> 01:43:31,900
awareness, a young General had 
shown. 

2002
01:43:31,900 --> 01:43:34,500
He would not hesitate to fire on
his fellow Frenchman to secure 

2003
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:36,400
order. 
Far from hiding. 

2004
01:43:36,400 --> 01:43:39,800
This bloody episode Napoleon 
later had its celebrated each 

2005
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:41,900
year. 
Defending himself with the 

2006
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:44,600
remark that a soldier is only a 
machine to obey orders. 

2007
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:47,700
The reward for this loyal 
service was extraordinary, 

2008
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:50,600
within weeks. 
The directory, the new executive

2009
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:55,400
body gave 26 year old Bonaparte 
command of the army of Italy, A 

2010
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:57,300
post that sees and Generals had 
covered it. 

2011
01:43:58,100 --> 01:44:01,900
Around the same time, he met 
Josephine debate on a glamorous 

2012
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:04,800
Creole Widow six years, his 
senior, who was connected to 

2013
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:07,100
Paris. 
The attraction was immediate and

2014
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:12,000
consuming In March 1796 just 
days before departing to take up

2015
01:44:12,000 --> 01:44:15,300
his new command Napoleon married
Josephine in a private civil 

2016
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:18,100
Serenity. 
He adored her with an Earnest in

2017
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:20,200
passionately, love that. 
Blazed through the letters. 

2018
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:23,600
He would soon send daily from 
the Italian front Josephine, 

2019
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:25,800
provided the social polish and 
connections. 

2020
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:29,800
He lacked gave her devotion and 
the promise of Destiny as he 

2021
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,800
rode out of Paris. 
In the spring rain Napoleon 

2022
01:44:32,800 --> 01:44:36,700
Bonaparte was a curious figure, 
a Corsican outside, a turned 

2023
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:39,400
Republican General, recently a 
penniless Outkast. 

2024
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:42,500
Now, head of an army. 
Its Ambitions were boundless 

2025
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:46,000
France had given him an army and
a beautiful wife he intended to 

2026
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:50,200
repay both with Glory, the dye 
was cast the little corporals 

2027
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:51,700
rapid Ascent was about to 
commence. 

2028
01:44:51,700 --> 01:44:54,600
The Slender young General who 
arrived to lead, the army of 

2029
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:59,600
Italy in 1796, founded 
dispirited ragtag Force, clad in

2030
01:44:59,600 --> 01:45:01,600
rags and hungry for both food 
and Victory. 

2031
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:05,500
Napoleon's predecessors had 
achieved little in the grinding 

2032
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:08,100
war against Austria. 
But the new Commander 

2033
01:45:08,100 --> 01:45:12,200
electrified, his men from the 
outset Gathering, the troops who

2034
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:14,100
looked skeptically at his slight
stature. 

2035
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:17,300
And Youthful face, he pointed 
toward the enemy's Richlands 

2036
01:45:17,300 --> 01:45:20,600
beyond the Alps soldiers, he 
cried, you are ill-fed and 

2037
01:45:20,600 --> 01:45:23,100
almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

2038
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:27,000
fertile Plains in the world, 
Rich, provinces and great 

2039
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:29,400
cities. 
Will lie in your power in their 

2040
01:45:29,400 --> 01:45:33,600
you will find honor glory and 
riches the soldiers erupted in. 

2041
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:37,000
Cheers skepticism gave way to 
further as he promised to 

2042
01:45:37,000 --> 01:45:40,700
transform their thread, their 
desperation into Triumph. during

2043
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,100
the early days of the campaign, 
in The Damp foot hills of 

2044
01:45:43,100 --> 01:45:46,300
Piedmont men who were on the 
verge of deserting, and stared 

2045
01:45:46,300 --> 01:45:49,000
found themselves prepared to 
follow this fiery little general

2046
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:52,800
to the farthest reaches of the 
Earth, Napoleon promptly 

2047
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:55,800
fulfilled his promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

2048
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:59,200
and aggression catching Austrian
and piedmontese armies off. 

2049
01:45:59,200 --> 01:46:02,900
Balance with bold tactics in a 
whirlwind of Battles, Through 

2050
01:46:02,900 --> 01:46:05,600
the mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a Predators 

2051
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,700
Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

2052
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:12,400
exhausted troops forward with 
sheer force of will. 

2053
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:17,800
That montenotte Dago malisimo 
and Mondovi French, Canon and 

2054
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:20,400
bayonets rooted forces. 
That months before would have 

2055
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:24,100
sent them reeling the Austrian, 
generals, many twice bonapartes 

2056
01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:26,700
as age were confounded by his 
unpredictable maneuvers. 

2057
01:46:27,400 --> 01:46:30,200
They haven't seen anything yet. 
Napoleon boasted confidently, 

2058
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,400
after one victory in our time. 
No one has the slightest 

2059
01:46:33,400 --> 01:46:36,200
conception of what is great. 
It is up to me to give them an 

2060
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:39,100
example. 
His bravado was backed by 

2061
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:41,400
action. 
He negotiated piedmont's 

2062
01:46:41,400 --> 01:46:43,000
withdrawal from the war within 
weeks. 

2063
01:46:43,000 --> 01:46:46,000
Then turn the army of Italy 
against the austrians occupying 

2064
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:49,800
Lombardy. 
In May 1796 Napoleon cemented 

2065
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:52,700
his Legend at the bridge over, 
the Ada river near the town of 

2066
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:55,200
Lodi. 
The Austrian Rhea guard had 

2067
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:57,000
taken up a strong position of 
cross the river. 

2068
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:01,300
They Cannon covering the narrow 
wooden span Rather than wait for

2069
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:04,200
a safer Crossing Bonaparte. 
Decided on a frontal, assault 

2070
01:47:04,200 --> 01:47:05,800
that defied. 
All conventional sense. 

2071
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:09,000
Amidst the deafening Roar of 
enemy guns. 

2072
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:12,400
He personally helped aim French 
cannons and rallied a column of 

2073
01:47:12,408 --> 01:47:16,100
grenadiers for a head-on charge.
Tricolor flag in hand, he 

2074
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:19,000
plunged onto the bridge at the 
head of his men grapeshot 

2075
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:21,500
whistled past, his ears planks 
splintered. 

2076
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:25,100
Under the blast of artillery for
an instant, the attack faltered 

2077
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:27,908
under withering fire. 
But Napoleon stood firm in the 

2078
01:47:27,916 --> 01:47:31,100
Smoke his sword drawn and his 
uniform powdered with Gunsmoke. 

2079
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:34,400
His presence. 
Ignited, the troops with a final

2080
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:39,700
yell honor the troops surged 
forward of the Lord's 

2081
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:43,400
overrunning. 
The Austrian guns On the far 

2082
01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:47,300
Bank, the stunned enemy broken. 
Fled Lodi was a small battle 

2083
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:50,300
that in its drama. 
Lay the seed of a myth. 

2084
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:55,100
Soldiers made by their generals 
Fearless exposure to Fire and 

2085
01:47:55,100 --> 01:47:56,700
his willingness to do a 
corporal's Work. 

2086
01:47:56,700 --> 01:48:00,400
Loading guns, affectionately, 
dubbed him, Liberty Caporal. 

2087
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:04,000
The little corporal. 
That night as the exhausted 

2088
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:06,000
French. 
Camped under a Moonlight sky, in

2089
01:48:06,000 --> 01:48:08,900
Poland, could not sleep. 
He adrenaline of Victory and 

2090
01:48:08,900 --> 01:48:12,200
survival course through him in 
later years, he would recall 

2091
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:13,900
that at load. 
I from that moment on. 

2092
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:17,800
I feel what I might be. 
Already, I felt the Earth flea 

2093
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:20,100
from beneath me as if I were 
being carried into the sky. 

2094
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:23,800
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 
Bonaparte began to believe 

2095
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:27,400
unequivocally in his Destiny, 
through the Summer and Autumn of

2096
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:31,500
1796 Napoleon LED his army on a 
Relentless offensive that read 

2097
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:34,300
like something out of Caesar's 
commentaries Napoleon. 

2098
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,200
Swiftly crossed the Po River 
flanked enemy positions using 

2099
01:48:37,200 --> 01:48:39,700
Mountain tracks and repeatedly 
encircled. 

2100
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:43,500
The austrians in battle. 
After battle, Castiglione are 

2101
01:48:43,500 --> 01:48:46,600
called Rivoli the French over. 
Came Superior numbers through, 

2102
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:49,700
bonapartes imaginative tactics 
and the Esprit de corps. 

2103
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:53,400
He instilled his troops marched 
hungry and Barefoot over the 

2104
01:48:53,408 --> 01:48:56,800
Alps referring to him as father 
Violet due to his unexpected 

2105
01:48:56,800 --> 01:49:00,900
arrival, much like the first 
Violet of spring, they came to 

2106
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:03,600
believe he could do. 
It could take any Fortress and 

2107
01:49:03,600 --> 01:49:08,500
defeat any Foe and often he did.
After a grueling Siege Napoleon 

2108
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:13,500
captured manure in early 1797 
breaking Austrian resistance in 

2109
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:16,800
Italy by that spring, he had 
Advanced to the very edge of 

2110
01:49:16,808 --> 01:49:20,000
Austrian territory. 
The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,

2111
01:49:20,000 --> 01:49:22,500
shocked by the string of defeats
and flicked by this. 

2112
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:26,000
Upstart sued for peace. 
Rather than CVS threatened, 

2113
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:30,200
Bernard dictated terms, like a 
seasoned statement in the Treaty

2114
01:49:30,200 --> 01:49:35,000
of Campo formio October 1797. 
He reshaped the map of Northern 

2115
01:49:35,000 --> 01:49:38,600
Italy creating new republics 
under French influence and 

2116
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:40,700
seeded Venetia to Austria as 
compensation. 

2117
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:45,300
Remarkably, he negotiated this 
piece directly outshining the 

2118
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:48,400
politicians back in Paris. 
He was a general taking the 

2119
01:49:48,400 --> 01:49:51,900
initiative to formulate foreign 
policy, a sign of The Growing 

2120
01:49:51,900 --> 01:49:54,800
Power. 
He was accumulating Meanwhile in

2121
01:49:54,800 --> 01:49:57,900
the territories he conquered 
Napoleon revealed other facets. 

2122
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:01,600
He presented himself as a 
liberator, abolishing feudal, 

2123
01:50:01,600 --> 01:50:04,100
Privileges, and spreading 
revolutionary principles in 

2124
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,200
Italy. 
But he also levied heavy 

2125
01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,500
contributions and sent convoys 
of looted art back to France. 

2126
01:50:09,500 --> 01:50:13,000
Wagon, loads of painting and 
sculptures spoils from Milan 

2127
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,400
Verona and Venice trundled over 
the Alps Bound. 

2128
01:50:15,400 --> 01:50:18,100
For the Louvre evidence that 
Napoleon understood the 

2129
01:50:18,100 --> 01:50:22,000
propaganda of culture parisians 
were thrilled at the arrival of 

2130
01:50:22,000 --> 01:50:24,400
masterpieces and the news of 
victory. 

2131
01:50:25,400 --> 01:50:28,200
The directors in Paris found 
themselves a Clips by the glory 

2132
01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:30,600
of their young General. 
As his Fame grew. 

2133
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:34,300
So did the complexities of his 
character Napoleon the Romantic 

2134
01:50:34,300 --> 01:50:38,100
for instance, was on full 
display in Italy separated, from

2135
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:40,300
Josephine. 
He wrote her letters almost 

2136
01:50:40,300 --> 01:50:42,800
nightly pouring out his heart in
unguarded Pros. 

2137
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:45,200
I have loved you for a long 
time. 

2138
01:50:45,200 --> 01:50:48,400
He wrote off to one battle and I
feel that I love you more each 

2139
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:51,100
day. 
I thought I loved you a few days

2140
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,700
ago, but since I saw you, I feel
that I love you, 1000 times more

2141
01:50:54,700 --> 01:50:58,500
words that reveal a passionate 
even obsessive attachment on the

2142
01:50:58,500 --> 01:51:00,800
battlefield. 
He was icy and calculated, but 

2143
01:51:00,800 --> 01:51:03,200
alone in his tent by 
candlelight, he could be almost 

2144
01:51:03,200 --> 01:51:07,000
feverish with longing, 
unbeknownst to him, Josephine's 

2145
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:09,100
replies were infrequent and 
often perfunctory. 

2146
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:13,200
The worldly Creole was enjoying 
Paris society and a discrete 

2147
01:51:13,200 --> 01:51:16,400
affair on the side. 
This imbalance of affection, the

2148
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:18,900
Conqueror of Italy begging for 
love was a poignant 

2149
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:21,700
contradiction. 
The soldiers saw their General 

2150
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:23,800
as a demigod yet in matters of 
the heart. 

2151
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:26,600
He could be as vulnerable as any
man Napoleon. 

2152
01:51:26,600 --> 01:51:29,300
Was the most renowned figure in 
France by the time he returned 

2153
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:32,600
to Paris at the end of 1797 
newspapers. 

2154
01:51:32,600 --> 01:51:35,200
Hailed him as Italy. 
The Italian hero. 

2155
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:38,700
Extolling. 
His triumph over challenges 

2156
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:42,700
walking through the wheelies 
Gardens civilians gate, and 

2157
01:51:42,700 --> 01:51:45,200
officers snap to attention the 
energy. 

2158
01:51:45,200 --> 01:51:48,100
He exuded had altered the course
of a continent in a matter of 

2159
01:51:48,108 --> 01:51:51,000
months. 
Yet the directory grew where he 

2160
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:55,400
was a general, whose popularity 
rivaled their legitimacy. in 

2161
01:51:55,400 --> 01:51:59,000
Napoleon's piercing gray eyes 
and Kurt self-confidence, some 

2162
01:51:59,000 --> 01:52:02,400
directory members, Glimpse to 
Potential Threat, For the time 

2163
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:05,300
being, they showered him with 
honors, inviting him to dine, 

2164
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:08,400
with directors and seeking his 
advice on Graham strategy. 

2165
01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:12,000
However, these politicians 
secretly felt a sense of relief 

2166
01:52:12,000 --> 01:52:15,500
when Bonaparte accepted a new 
assignment that took him far 

2167
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:17,700
from Paris. 
The Restless general. 

2168
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:22,300
Just 28, was already looking 
Beyond Italy in his omnivorous 

2169
01:52:22,300 --> 01:52:24,100
mind. 
The next Grand Adventure was 

2170
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:26,800
forming. 
He spoke of an expedition to 

2171
01:52:26,800 --> 01:52:29,800
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 
directly at England. 

2172
01:52:29,808 --> 01:52:32,300
It was audacious and full of 
risk. 

2173
01:52:32,300 --> 01:52:35,900
Perfectly suited in Napoleon 
Bonaparte, who by now believe 

2174
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:37,900
Destiny. 
Had extraordinary plans for him.

2175
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:40,800
Napoleon embarked on his 
campaign in the east, as both 

2176
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:43,400
conquer and Visionary. 
Determined to etch his name, 

2177
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:47,200
alongside Alexander the Great. 
In May 1798. 

2178
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:51,200
He set sail from France with a 
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 

2179
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:53,200
dreams leaving the Comforts of 
Europe. 

2180
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:56,800
For the fabled sounds of Egypt, 
The Voyage itself felt like a 

2181
01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:59,700
journey into Legend on Deck 
Under the Stars. 

2182
01:52:59,700 --> 01:53:02,400
Napoleon would point out 
constellation's to his servant 

2183
01:53:02,400 --> 01:53:05,600
and news about the glory of 
antiquity by day. 

2184
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:09,500
He devoured books on the Orient 
He was not merely leading an 

2185
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:12,700
army, he was crafting an image 
of himself as an enlightened 

2186
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:15,200
Liberator and a new season of 
the East. 

2187
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:19,500
The soldiers packed tightly in 
the sweltering holds were 

2188
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:22,100
regaled with their generals 
proclamations, that they were 

2189
01:53:22,100 --> 01:53:25,900
Bound for Immortal Glory. 
Many were seasick and anxious 

2190
01:53:25,900 --> 01:53:29,700
yet, they believed in him. 
Said that as their ships passed 

2191
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:32,600
by the Great Pyramids. 
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon

2192
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:36,400
dramatically addressed his 
troops soldiers, from the summit

2193
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:39,800
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 
looked down upon you, the line 

2194
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:42,800
echoing across the Desert Wind 
sent shivers down the ranks. 

2195
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:46,300
It was bombastic, historically 
dubious and utterly effective in

2196
01:53:46,308 --> 01:53:49,300
men's. 
Souls Bonaparte was scripting 

2197
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:51,000
his mythology, even as it 
unfolded. 

2198
01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:55,200
After a swift conquest of the 
port of Alexandria Napoleon 

2199
01:53:55,200 --> 01:53:57,900
marched his army, Inland to 
confront the ruling mamluk 

2200
01:53:57,900 --> 01:54:02,200
Warlords. 
On July 21st, 1798 near the 

2201
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:05,000
village of Ember Bay. 
Napoleon deployed his troops in 

2202
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:08,100
massive Square's with the hazy 
outline of pyramids in the 

2203
01:54:08,100 --> 01:54:10,800
distance. 
The battle of the pyramids as it

2204
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:13,300
came to be known was as much the
theater as combat. 

2205
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:17,800
Malik Cavalry, in colorful silk 
and Armour charged repeatedly 

2206
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:21,200
renowned for their ferocity. 
That the shattered against the 

2207
01:54:21,200 --> 01:54:24,700
discipline French Square's 
bristling with bayonets amid the

2208
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:28,300
volleys and Canon smoke, French 
drummers beat a steady Rhythm 

2209
01:54:28,300 --> 01:54:31,000
that mingled with the distant 
cries of camels and the clan of 

2210
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:35,600
summits in Napoleon seated, atop
a gray Arabian, charger surveyed

2211
01:54:35,600 --> 01:54:37,100
the battlefield, through his 
Spyglass. 

2212
01:54:37,100 --> 01:54:41,400
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 
settled by late afternoon, 

2213
01:54:41,408 --> 01:54:45,100
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 
dead or dying in the Nile 

2214
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:47,200
marshes. 
The French losses were 

2215
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:50,400
relatively light word spread 
among the locals that the young 

2216
01:54:50,400 --> 01:54:53,900
General had Supernatural Powers.
How else could one explain such 

2217
01:54:53,900 --> 01:54:57,200
a lopsided victory. 
Napoleon encouraged these 

2218
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:01,200
Whispers, he established himself
in Cairo and convened, a diwan 

2219
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:05,100
council of local notables 
pledging respect for Islam and 

2220
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:09,200
the people In proclamations, he 
professed admiration for the 

2221
01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:12,000
prophet Muhammad and claimed the
French were friends of Muslims, 

2222
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,300
even inventing a tale of a 
mystical conversation with arms 

2223
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:18,200
in a pyramid. 
Such declarations were cynical 

2224
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:20,400
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 
land. 

2225
01:55:20,408 --> 01:55:24,200
He knew little about Bonaparte, 
the chameleon was adapting once 

2226
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:26,900
more in Cairo. 
He appeared draped in an 

2227
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:30,200
oriental robe at times, playing 
the part of the Liberator of the

2228
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:33,100
East. 
However, reality intruded on his

2229
01:55:33,100 --> 01:55:37,800
grandiose plans, in August 1798,
mere weeks after the Triumph at 

2230
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:41,900
the pyramids disaster, sea, the 
British Admiral Horatio Nelson 

2231
01:55:41,900 --> 01:55:43,600
caught. 
The French Fleet anchored in a 

2232
01:55:43,600 --> 01:55:47,200
bouquet Bay and annihilated it 
in a fiery night, long battle. 

2233
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:51,000
In one night, Napoleon's 
communication with France was 

2234
01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:56,100
severed, his army was stranded 
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 

2235
01:55:56,100 --> 01:55:59,300
doubled down on forging. 
A new narrative if returned to 

2236
01:55:59,308 --> 01:56:02,000
Europe was cut off. 
You would turn his Conquest in 

2237
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:06,200
to a transformative mission. he 
established the Institute Egypt 

2238
01:56:06,200 --> 01:56:09,500
in Cairo, where Scholars studied
everything from ancient 

2239
01:56:09,500 --> 01:56:13,400
hieroglyphs, Rosetta Stone would
soon be on Earth by his team, to

2240
01:56:13,400 --> 01:56:16,700
Modern irrigation, French 
officers strolled the streets 

2241
01:56:16,700 --> 01:56:20,500
with notebooks instead of only 
muskets the occupation took on a

2242
01:56:20,500 --> 01:56:23,200
curious. 
Dual nature brutal military rule

2243
01:56:23,200 --> 01:56:26,900
on one hand, suppressing revolts
with mass executions when needed

2244
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:29,300
and enlightened exploration on 
the other. 

2245
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:33,300
Napoleon ordered local printers 
to produce a French Arabic 

2246
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:35,900
newspaper. 
Created a legit praising French 

2247
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:41,300
and reforms commissioned artists
to sketch, ruins and scientists 

2248
01:56:41,300 --> 01:56:44,600
to catalog. 
Egypt's, flora and fauna under 

2249
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:47,800
the glow of lanterns in cairo's 
palaces conversations about 

2250
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:50,200
philosophy and governance, 
unfolded in both French and 

2251
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:53,900
Arabic This blend of force and 
charm offensive was bonapartes 

2252
01:56:53,900 --> 01:56:57,100
approached to Empire Building 
Blocks through both sword and 

2253
01:56:57,100 --> 01:56:59,600
pain yet. 
Egypt would test Napoleon as 

2254
01:56:59,600 --> 01:57:03,500
never before. 
In early 1799, Hungary for 

2255
01:57:03,500 --> 01:57:05,900
further Laurel's and concerned 
by an impending ottoman 

2256
01:57:05,900 --> 01:57:08,400
counter-attack. 
He marched North and ottoman 

2257
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,300
Syria today. 
Israel Palestine an Overland 

2258
01:57:11,300 --> 01:57:14,600
Journeys through sinai's deserts
into a crucible of hardship. 

2259
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:18,300
The campaign swiftly turned into
a terrifying ordeal. 

2260
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:23,400
The sun above was merciless, 
water was scarce plague stalked,

2261
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:26,100
the ranks still Napoleon pushed 
on capturing. 

2262
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:30,000
Coastal towns like el-arish and 
Gaza and then storming Jaffer in

2263
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:34,000
March 1799. 
That Jaffa a horrifying incident

2264
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,600
tarnished his reputation after 
the city fell, thousands of 

2265
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,600
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 
surrendered including a Garrison

2266
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,200
previously, paroled by the 
French were executed under 

2267
01:57:43,200 --> 01:57:46,000
Napoleon's orders most by 
shooting, or bayonet. 

2268
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:48,300
There was an act of Ruthless 
expedience. 

2269
01:57:48,300 --> 01:57:52,000
He could neither feed nor guard.
So many prisoners, while enemy 

2270
01:57:52,000 --> 01:57:55,300
forces gathered nearby. 
The beach outside, Jaffa became 

2271
01:57:55,300 --> 01:57:58,500
a field of death later. 
Accounts described Columns of 

2272
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:02,000
prisoners being led out under 
guard forced to kneel in the 

2273
01:58:02,000 --> 01:58:05,600
June's and the crackle of musket
fire mingling with screams 

2274
01:58:05,600 --> 01:58:08,200
Napoleon. 
Never publicly acknowledged. 

2275
01:58:08,200 --> 01:58:12,200
This massacre within days, he 
had moved on That some of his 

2276
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:15,400
officers were sickened by it. 
The general who spoke of 

2277
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:17,800
Enlightenment had shown. 
He would also cross any moral 

2278
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:20,200
line for military, necessity 
days. 

2279
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:24,100
Later in the same city, another 
scene, emerged immortalized in 

2280
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:27,600
paint and propaganda as a 
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed, a

2281
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:30,500
vicious outbreak of bonnick 
plague ravaged, the French Camp 

2282
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:33,700
after Jaffer soldiers, lay 
moaning in a makeshift Hospital.

2283
01:58:33,700 --> 01:58:38,100
Housed in an old, caravansary 
fear of contagion spread even 

2284
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,600
faster than the disease. 
Many troops dared, not go near 

2285
01:58:41,600 --> 01:58:44,700
the stricken. 
Napoleon understood that fear, 

2286
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:47,100
could destroy his army faster 
than play itself. 

2287
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:50,700
So on a warm morning in 
mid-march, he visited the play 

2288
01:58:50,700 --> 01:58:53,900
hospital in Jaffa. 
According to accounts, he Strode

2289
01:58:53,900 --> 01:58:56,700
through the low, archways of the
mosque turned infirmary with a 

2290
01:58:56,700 --> 01:58:59,100
calm expression. 
As a rays of light pierced, the 

2291
01:58:59,108 --> 01:59:01,800
dusty are rows of the second 
dying line. 

2292
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:04,800
The walls, their face is etched 
with feverish agony. 

2293
01:59:05,500 --> 01:59:09,200
Napoleon showed no hesitation he
moved from cot to cot speaking 

2294
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:12,300
softly, even touching one 
soldiers in flame bubo with his 

2295
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:15,500
bare hand, in a gesture of 
compassion, and courage, the men

2296
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:18,700
watched in astonishment as their
General, the same man who had 

2297
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:21,600
ordered Prisoners shot days 
before now, comforted The 

2298
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:23,500
Afflicted with near saintly 
composure. 

2299
01:59:23,500 --> 01:59:27,100
One soldier, reportedly tried 
weekly to rise, and salute 

2300
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:29,500
Napoleon, gently made him 
rested. 

2301
01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:33,200
This visit became legendary 
later back in France. 

2302
01:59:33,200 --> 01:59:35,300
The event would be commemorated 
by artist. 

2303
01:59:35,300 --> 01:59:38,900
Antoine grow in a massive 
painting depicting Bonaparte as 

2304
01:59:38,900 --> 01:59:42,400
a Fearless healer reaching out 
to the plague and bathed in a 

2305
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:46,200
quasi religious glow. 
The painting glossed over the 

2306
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:48,600
Grimmer context, yet its power 
endures. 

2307
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:52,300
It was propaganda. 
As much as compassion, Napoleon 

2308
01:59:52,300 --> 01:59:55,200
crafting, the myth of himself as
both ruthless conqueror and 

2309
01:59:55,208 --> 01:59:58,000
benevolent hero. 
That spring, however, military 

2310
01:59:58,000 --> 02:00:01,700
railties were harsh Napoleon's 
Advanced Into the Heart of Syria

2311
02:00:01,700 --> 02:00:05,100
and countered the formidable 
walls of achor, British warships

2312
02:00:05,100 --> 02:00:08,400
aided, the ottoman Defenders and
despite repeated assaults The 

2313
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:12,800
Fortress of Akron did not fall. 
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 

2314
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:16,600
the day, plague heat and stiff 
resistance sap their strength. 

2315
02:00:17,500 --> 02:00:20,400
After two months of frustration 
and Napoleon, finally, lifted 

2316
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:24,800
The Siege in May 1799. 
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 

2317
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:27,800
a grueling Retreat. 
Back to Egypt harassed by a 

2318
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:30,900
mounted ottoman forces, and 
bedeviled by the merciless 

2319
02:00:30,900 --> 02:00:33,700
climate, Omniscient. 
Narrator of History. 

2320
02:00:33,700 --> 02:00:36,500
Might note that the event was 
the first serious setback in 

2321
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:39,700
Napoleon's career. 
Outside the walls of Accra. 

2322
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:43,600
The limits of his fortune became
evident in one poignant incident

2323
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:46,100
during the retreat, French 
soldier, too. 

2324
02:00:46,100 --> 02:00:47,700
Sick to walk. 
Begged not to be left behind 

2325
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:50,800
Napoleon, paused and in a rare 
display of quiet. 

2326
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:54,100
Mercy ordered that a horse. 
Be left to the man, a small 

2327
02:00:54,100 --> 02:00:59,600
Redemption for jaffer's Horror 
by late, 1799, Cairo Napoleon 

2328
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:02,400
received word of political 
turmoil in France and the threat

2329
02:01:02,400 --> 02:01:04,200
of invasion by European 
coalitions. 

2330
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:07,700
Sensing that his moment on the 
larger World stage had arrived. 

2331
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:10,900
He made a fake full decision, he
would abandon the Egyptian 

2332
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:12,800
Enterprise and returned to Paris
post haste. 

2333
02:01:13,800 --> 02:01:16,700
He left general kleber in charge
of the army with secret 

2334
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:19,700
instructions to negotiate 
withdrawal and slipped out of 

2335
02:01:19,700 --> 02:01:24,200
Egypt with a few close aides in 
August 1799 by luck and still, 

2336
02:01:24,200 --> 02:01:27,000
he navigated through the British
blockades and arrived in France 

2337
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:29,300
in October where he was greeted 
as a hero. 

2338
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:33,300
Astonishingly the disasters, The
Fleets destruction and the 

2339
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:36,300
failure at Echo will largely 
suppressed or ignored in the 

2340
02:01:36,308 --> 02:01:39,200
news instead. 
France, heard only of the 

2341
02:01:39,208 --> 02:01:41,600
triumphs, the battle of the 
pyramids, the scientific 

2342
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,000
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure. 

2343
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:48,700
The public eye Napoleon returned
from Egypt, draped in Oriental, 

2344
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:53,300
mystery and Glory. 
As he intended he brought home 

2345
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:57,600
Scholars, reports exotic animals
and art further, fueling the 

2346
02:01:57,600 --> 02:02:01,300
legend he was weaving around 
himself, The Egyptian Expedition

2347
02:02:01,300 --> 02:02:05,100
ultimately was a mixed success 
of best in Practical terms, but 

2348
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:08,600
in terms of Napoleon's self-made
mythology, it was a Triumph, 

2349
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,300
he'd shown France, not only a 
general of Battlefield genius, 

2350
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:16,100
but also a leader who aspire to 
Greatness on a civilization on 

2351
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:18,300
scale. 
Cast himself, as a new 

2352
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:21,700
Alexander, a law giver, and 
Patron of knowledge, as well as 

2353
02:02:21,708 --> 02:02:24,400
a warrior. 
The contradictions were Stark. 

2354
02:02:24,400 --> 02:02:27,700
The same man who executed 
prisoners and poisoned plague 

2355
02:02:27,700 --> 02:02:30,600
victims also posed as an 
emancipator and enlightened 

2356
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:33,200
ruler. 
Napoleon seemed aware that to 

2357
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:36,100
achieve immortality, a leader, 
had to shape his narrative. 

2358
02:02:37,100 --> 02:02:38,800
In Egypt. 
He learned the power of image 

2359
02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:41,800
and propaganda from the 
grandiose proclamations and 

2360
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:44,700
commissioned paintings to the 
curated flow of news back to 

2361
02:02:44,700 --> 02:02:47,400
Europe. 
He ensured that he Napoleon 

2362
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:50,100
Bonaparte would not be 
considered merely another French

2363
02:02:50,100 --> 02:02:52,400
General. 
He would become a figure worthy 

2364
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,700
of epochs a man who conquered 
ancient lands and engaged in 

2365
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:58,500
conversation with the pyramids. 
As he returned to France. 

2366
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:02,100
He prepared for his next daring 
action, seizing, political 

2367
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:04,500
power. 
The savior of France had 

2368
02:03:04,500 --> 02:03:07,200
returned from the deserts 
burnished by Sun and fame. 

2369
02:03:07,200 --> 02:03:10,100
Ready to dictate the next 
chapter of the Revolution, the 

2370
02:03:10,100 --> 02:03:14,100
France. 
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was

2371
02:03:14,100 --> 02:03:17,600
right for change. 
In it, the directory government 

2372
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:22,600
was deeply unpopular marred by 
corruption economic troubles and

2373
02:03:22,600 --> 02:03:24,900
Military setbacks in Europe 
during his absence. 

2374
02:03:25,900 --> 02:03:30,400
Paris buzzed with rumors of Coos
and conspiracies Emmanuel caes. 

2375
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:33,400
One of the directors, famously 
muttered that France needed 

2376
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,400
ahead a sword to complete the 
revolution's work. 

2377
02:03:37,300 --> 02:03:40,500
Fresh from his Egyptian mystique
and Italian Laurel's Napoleon 

2378
02:03:40,500 --> 02:03:43,200
appeared to many as the ideal 
candidate for this role. 

2379
02:03:43,200 --> 02:03:47,300
Ever the political opportunist, 
he quietly aligned with plotters

2380
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:51,700
including caes tally R and his 
Savvy younger brother, Lucia 

2381
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:55,200
Bonaparte. 
Behind closed doors in prison 

2382
02:03:55,200 --> 02:03:58,800
salons with cigar smoke, the 
plot of scheme to topple the 

2383
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:00,800
directory throughout October 
1799. 

2384
02:04:02,100 --> 02:04:05,400
Napoleon was cautious at first, 
assessing every detail like a 

2385
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:08,500
battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

2386
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:11,300
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

2387
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:13,200
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

2388
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:16,100
We commend get caught in the 
current of events. 

2389
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:19,400
He confided to a friend, but I 
will direct events myself. 

2390
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:23,700
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

2391
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:27,300
again, favoring him Napoleon put
his plan in motion on the 

2392
02:04:27,300 --> 02:04:33,100
morning of 18 Premiere year 8, 
November 9th 1799 by the 

2393
02:04:33,100 --> 02:04:36,300
Republican calendar and under 
the pretext of a supposed 

2394
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:39,400
jack-in coup threat. 
He persuaded the councils. 

2395
02:04:39,400 --> 02:04:42,600
Francis legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

2396
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:46,200
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of Saint clue where his 

2397
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:47,600
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

2398
02:04:48,700 --> 02:04:51,000
The air was tense and thick with
the Intrigue. 

2399
02:04:51,000 --> 02:04:53,800
As Bonaparte, donned his 
generals uniform, mounted, a 

2400
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:56,400
horse and trotted through the 
Paris streets flanked by 

2401
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,600
grenadiers. 
He had told Josephine to be 

2402
02:04:58,600 --> 02:05:01,500
ready for any outcome success, 
or is death or imprisonment. 

2403
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:04,400
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 
tomorrow. 

2404
02:05:04,400 --> 02:05:09,500
He said Flatley By afternoon, 
and a great November Skies 

2405
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:11,800
soldiers. 
Occupied key positions around 

2406
02:05:11,800 --> 02:05:15,700
Saint clew inside bewildered 
deputies, gathered in gilded 

2407
02:05:15,700 --> 02:05:18,100
Chambers. 
Suspecting something was amiss 

2408
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:20,800
Napoleon paste in an 
anti-chamber 

2409
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:25,000
uncharacteristically nervous. 
He was a man used to commanding 

2410
02:05:25,000 --> 02:05:28,700
armies not quelling politicians 
and for perhaps the first time 

2411
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:31,000
doubted him. 
Nonetheless. 

2412
02:05:31,000 --> 02:05:34,000
He stealed himself and strolled 
into the Hall of the Council of 

2413
02:05:34,008 --> 02:05:36,900
ancients head high. 
He addressed the Ancients with 

2414
02:05:36,900 --> 02:05:41,200
controlled passion, decrying the
incapable directory and the 

2415
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:45,200
perils facing France. 
His hands trembled slightly as 

2416
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:47,700
he gestured. 
This was no Battlefield. 

2417
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:50,400
And the Hostile stares of 
elected. 

2418
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:52,000
Deputies were a new kind of 
danger. 

2419
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:55,500
Some applauded. 
But others murmured in descent. 

2420
02:05:56,300 --> 02:05:58,200
Napoleon next move to the 
Council of 500. 

2421
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:01,500
The lower house where things 
would soon descend into chaos. 

2422
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:05,100
The moment, he entered the 
orangery where 500 legislators 

2423
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:07,100
were meeting a hostile raw rose 
up. 

2424
02:06:07,700 --> 02:06:10,700
Down with the Tyrant Outlaw him.
Jacob, in deputies screamed upon

2425
02:06:10,700 --> 02:06:14,200
seeing soldiers at his back, 
Napoleon momentarily, stumbled, 

2426
02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:17,500
over his words, declaring that 
his only goal was to preserve 

2427
02:06:17,500 --> 02:06:20,100
the Republic. 
His presence inflamed the 

2428
02:06:20,100 --> 02:06:24,100
assembly and not of deputies 
rushed at him one even lunging 

2429
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:25,500
as if to stab him with a paper 
knife. 

2430
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:31,400
Amid shouts of holder Outlaw him
Napoleon, turned pale and 

2431
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:34,100
reportedly began to shake. 
For heartbeat. 

2432
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:36,600
It seemed his carefully laid 
too, might collapse in 

2433
02:06:36,608 --> 02:06:39,900
embarrassment, grenadiers 
hustled him out as the hall 

2434
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:43,000
erupted in pandemonium outside, 
in the palace, Courtyard 

2435
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:46,500
Napoleon, caught his breath, 
sweat, beading on his forehead 

2436
02:06:46,500 --> 02:06:48,900
in the cool Autumn air. 
He was used to Battlefield 

2437
02:06:48,900 --> 02:06:52,200
Glory, but this was raw 
political theater and it was 

2438
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:54,700
almost lost. 
The day was saved by a 

2439
02:06:54,700 --> 02:06:57,200
combination of military force 
and his brothers, quick wits. 

2440
02:06:57,800 --> 02:07:00,800
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 
took the stage as president of 

2441
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:04,000
the Council of 500. 
He Slipped Away and addressed 

2442
02:07:04,000 --> 02:07:08,200
the soldiers waiting outside. 
With a dramatic flourish Lucian 

2443
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,200
drew his sword and pointed it, 
and Napoleon's chest shouting, 

2444
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:14,300
that his brother been attacked 
by assassin's inside and that he

2445
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:15,600
would strike in Napoleon down 
himself. 

2446
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:20,000
If ever the general betrayed the
people, The grenadiers perplexed

2447
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:23,900
but swayed by lucian's Privada 
rally big burst into the hall 

2448
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:25,900
with fixed. 
Bayonets clearing, it of 

2449
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:29,200
recalcitrant deputies in minutes
legislators scrambled out, 

2450
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:31,900
windows or bolted for the doors 
as soldiers occupied the 

2451
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,300
chamber. 
Like evening SoundCloud was 

2452
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,200
silenced. 
Save for the measured Tramp of 

2453
02:07:36,200 --> 02:07:39,700
boots on marble floors. 
A rump of hand-picked deputies, 

2454
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:43,200
brought back underneath guard. 
Voted to abolish the directory 

2455
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:45,700
and appointed a three-man 
consulate to govern. 

2456
02:07:45,700 --> 02:07:49,000
France. 
The coup so far messier than 

2457
02:07:49,000 --> 02:07:52,400
planned had succeeded. 
Napoleon was named first, Consul

2458
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:54,000
the dominant position in the new
government. 

2459
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:57,100
As he rode back to Paris that 
night under escort. 

2460
02:07:57,100 --> 02:08:00,800
He was exhausted, but exalted. 
The revolution is over. 

2461
02:08:00,800 --> 02:08:02,200
He declared to an aide with 
quiet. 

2462
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:04,500
Triumph, I am the revolution 
now. 

2463
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:08,400
In reality, it was a new 
beginning, the 30 year old 

2464
02:08:08,408 --> 02:08:12,500
General had seized control of 
the nation, over the next months

2465
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:16,000
Napoleon, solidified, his power 
with breathtaking, speed and 

2466
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,100
shrewdness. 
While Sierra's and Decor, the 

2467
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:22,800
other two consoles were shunted 
aside into a relevance Bonaparte

2468
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:25,000
set up residence. 
In the wheelies Palace, the 

2469
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:28,400
former Royal residents signaling
that a new kind of ruler had 

2470
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:30,900
arrived. 
He worked ferociously, sometimes

2471
02:08:30,900 --> 02:08:34,100
18 hours, a day, overseeing 
everything from military 

2472
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:35,900
operations to administrative 
reforms. 

2473
02:08:35,900 --> 02:08:39,300
The third person, omniscient 
view allows a glimpse into his 

2474
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:42,100
private routine. 
Rise in Before Dawn, he would 

2475
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:44,500
dictate letters to multiple 
secretaries and succession. 

2476
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:46,600
His mind leaping from topic to 
topic. 

2477
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:49,900
Then meet ministers then 
generals sorting each issue with

2478
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:53,000
a decisive Clarity. 
He seemed to scarcely need sleep

2479
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:55,500
running on ambition and endless 
cups of strong coffee. 

2480
02:08:56,500 --> 02:08:57,700
France. 
Weary of a decade of 

2481
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:00,200
revolutionary. 
Chaos responded enthusiastically

2482
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:03,700
to firmly leadership. 
Even as Napoleon Titan 

2483
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:06,900
censorship on the press and set 
up an efficient secret police 

2484
02:09:06,900 --> 02:09:09,500
under Joseph. 
Fouche, many welcome the 

2485
02:09:09,500 --> 02:09:11,800
stability. 
These measures brought the new 

2486
02:09:11,808 --> 02:09:14,400
slogan appeared Authority, not 
Liberty. 

2487
02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:19,000
The very people who had once 
shouted for Freedom now, craved 

2488
02:09:19,000 --> 02:09:22,900
order and Bonaparte. 
Delivered, it Abroad. 

2489
02:09:22,900 --> 02:09:26,100
He continued to prove his genius
on the battlefield further 

2490
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:30,900
cementing his position at home. 
In 1800 when Austria threatened 

2491
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:34,000
to overturn the gains of the 
Revolution Napoleon, led a 

2492
02:09:34,000 --> 02:09:36,900
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 
guiding the army of the reserve 

2493
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:39,700
through the high passes with 
Canon dragged by mules and men 

2494
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:41,800
in scenes. 
That would later be immortalized

2495
02:09:41,800 --> 02:09:43,700
in art, albeit with a white 
charger. 

2496
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:46,800
He likely never rode He 
surprised the austrians in 

2497
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:49,300
Northern Italy by securing a 
victory at Morengo. 

2498
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:54,000
In June, 1800 a fierce battle 
where a midday crisis almost led

2499
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:57,600
to the French's defeat, but a 
timely cavalry charge reversed, 

2500
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:01,400
the outcome Moreno became Mythic
in France Napoleon. 

2501
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:05,100
Spun it as a grand trial for his
personal leadership, indeed, 

2502
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:08,208
when his exhausted troops, 
cheered Vive Bonaparte on the 

2503
02:10:08,216 --> 02:10:12,000
blood soaked fields of Morango. 
It reinforced his near me, 

2504
02:10:12,000 --> 02:10:15,300
Messianic, status Austria sued 
for peace and Britain, two 

2505
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:18,800
signed the Treaty of Amy on 1802
a rare moment of General 

2506
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:21,900
European peace that the first 
console used to consolidate his 

2507
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:23,800
regime. 
During these years. 

2508
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:26,900
Napoleon revealed himself, not 
just as a brilliant General, but

2509
02:10:26,900 --> 02:10:30,500
as a statement of extraordinary 
talent and contradictions, he 

2510
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:34,400
set about rebuilding France, the
consulate saw sweeping reforms, 

2511
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:38,800
a new legal code, the code 
civilian code, was drafted to 

2512
02:10:38,800 --> 02:10:42,300
enshrine equality before the law
property rights and secular 

2513
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:45,200
Authority. 
Napoleon took a direct hand. 

2514
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:47,600
In its formulation personally, 
chairing. 

2515
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:50,900
Many sessions of the Council of 
State quill in hand, debating 

2516
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:52,800
points of contract law 
inheritance. 

2517
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:57,100
The code completed in 1804 
eliminated, feudal, remnants and

2518
02:10:57,100 --> 02:10:59,200
became one of Napoleon's 
proudest achievements. 

2519
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:03,900
A lasting framework of Justice. 
At the same time, he brokered a 

2520
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:06,900
reconciliation with the Catholic
Church through the concordat of 

2521
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:10,500
1801 healing, the rift caused by
a revolutionary de 

2522
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:14,000
christianisation. 
To the horror of ideologues this

2523
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:17,100
pragmatic deal recognized 
Catholicism as the religion of 

2524
02:11:17,108 --> 02:11:20,300
most Frenchmen though, not the 
state, religion and restored 

2525
02:11:20,300 --> 02:11:24,300
some church influence. 
But under Napoleon's terms The 

2526
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:26,800
once anti-clerical General 
understood that to pacify 

2527
02:11:26,800 --> 02:11:31,600
france.', thus, in Notre. 
Dame Cathedral where 

2528
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:34,500
revolutionaries had. 
Once exalted reason, Mass was 

2529
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:36,900
celebrated Again, by order of 
the first console. 

2530
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:39,300
No detail of governance. 
Escaped him. 

2531
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:42,300
He created the bank of France to
stabilize, the currency 

2532
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:46,200
overhauled education with newly 
says and scholarships and 

2533
02:11:46,200 --> 02:11:48,700
reform, taxation so Revenue 
flowed reliably. 

2534
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:51,700
Roads and bridges were built or 
repair a cross the country. 

2535
02:11:52,600 --> 02:11:54,300
In the Twilight Halls of the 
twillery. 

2536
02:11:54,300 --> 02:11:57,700
Courtiers once again, dance at 
balls, but this time on a 

2537
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:01,200
soldier in place of a king 
France was regaining prosperity 

2538
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:04,800
and confidence under Napoleon's 
firm hand all the while 

2539
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:07,700
bonapartes personal power, grew 
ever more concentrated. 

2540
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:11,900
In 1802 a national plebiscite to
mimir. 

2541
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:13,600
Carefully. 
Managed by his officials. 

2542
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:17,600
Made him first consul for life. 
The result was announced with 

2543
02:12:17,600 --> 02:12:20,800
fanfare. 
An implausible majority of 

2544
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,500
Voters in favor which flattered 
him immensely. 

2545
02:12:23,500 --> 02:12:26,700
He would famously dismiss 
objections by pointing to such 

2546
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:30,900
plebiscites claiming. 
He had the people's mandate And 

2547
02:12:30,900 --> 02:12:34,000
waiting in orbit name, he began 
to Envision a dynasty. 

2548
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:37,600
In the quiet of his private 
study and pondered the fate of 

2549
02:12:37,600 --> 02:12:40,600
Caesar and Charmaine concluding 
that the revolution needed the 

2550
02:12:40,600 --> 02:12:42,400
permanents of monarchy in a new 
form. 

2551
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,500
His siblings were given honors 
and arranged advantageous. 

2552
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:48,400
Marriages Napoleon was 
positioning the bonapartes as 

2553
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:52,200
France's new royal family, much 
to the ridicule of some old 

2554
02:12:52,200 --> 02:12:55,400
revolutionaries who muttered 
that we did not destroy one 

2555
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:59,100
aristocracy to create another 
But many others went along 

2556
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:01,800
eagerly trading. 
Ideological Purity for the 

2557
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:06,300
trappings of a renewed Court. 
like 1804 foiled plot against 

2558
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:10,200
his life, such as the infernal 
machine bomb on a Paris Street 

2559
02:13:10,200 --> 02:13:14,500
in 1800 And royalist intrigues, 
provided the pretext to take the

2560
02:13:14,500 --> 02:13:18,900
final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

2561
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:21,400
of a bourbon princes 
involvement, in a conspiracy, 

2562
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:25,700
LED Napoleon to order, the Duke 
of Anyan seized from a neutral 

2563
02:13:25,700 --> 02:13:29,000
territory and executed an action
that sent a chill through 

2564
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:31,600
Europe's aristocracy, but 
eliminated a potential 

2565
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,000
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

2566
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:37,600
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

2567
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:40,100
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

2568
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,200
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

2569
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:45,900
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

2570
02:13:45,900 --> 02:13:48,200
Another plebiscite was held 
again. 

2571
02:13:48,200 --> 02:13:51,000
Approving by an overwhelming 
margin, that Bonaparte become 

2572
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:55,400
emperor of the French On 
December 2nd, 1804 Notre Dame 

2573
02:13:55,400 --> 02:13:58,100
cathedral in Paris hosted a 
coronation the likes of which 

2574
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:01,900
Europe had not seen in decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

2575
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:04,300
face and neglected, in the 
Revolutionary turmoil was 

2576
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:07,300
lavishly restored and raped in 
crimson and gold, for the 

2577
02:14:07,308 --> 02:14:10,900
occasional dignitaries from 
across Europe, some grudging 

2578
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:15,200
others, curious attended. 
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 

2579
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:18,600
was brought from Rome to bless 
the ceremony, a stunning coup 

2580
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:20,600
that led to mantle of ancient 
legitimacy. 

2581
02:14:21,400 --> 02:14:23,900
The atmosphere inside, Notre 
Dame mixed Grandeur with 

2582
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:26,900
spectacle. 
Incense wafted through the air 

2583
02:14:26,900 --> 02:14:31,300
hundreds of candles illuminated 
the Nave and the 35 year old 

2584
02:14:31,308 --> 02:14:35,600
Napoleon clad in Robes of velvet
and ermine process down the 

2585
02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:37,800
aisle to the strains of Glorious
music. 

2586
02:14:38,800 --> 02:14:41,800
But true to his character, he 
subtly upended Tradition at the 

2587
02:14:41,808 --> 02:14:45,100
climactic moment. 
As the pope prepared to anoint 

2588
02:14:45,100 --> 02:14:49,400
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 
forward, took the crown, a new 

2589
02:14:49,400 --> 02:14:52,100
golden diet and modeled on 
Charlotte means into his hands 

2590
02:14:52,100 --> 02:14:55,600
and placed it upon his head. 
The audience gasped, softly. 

2591
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:57,600
It was unheard of, from a monk 
to Crown himself. 

2592
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,500
Then Napoleon. 
Crowned Josephine, as empress 

2593
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:03,300
gently setting, a small crown on
her bowed head. 

2594
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:07,200
Even as tears of emotion, filled
her eyes, their marriage had 

2595
02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:08,800
been Rocky over the issue of an 
air. 

2596
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:12,200
But today, they presented a 
united front in Manchester City.

2597
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:15,800
The pope raised a hand in 
blessing effectively ratifying 

2598
02:15:15,800 --> 02:15:19,100
what had already occurred. 
Observers noted the symbolism 

2599
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:22,300
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 
his throne to no one. 

2600
02:15:22,300 --> 02:15:25,400
But himself in the French people
by the grace of God and the 

2601
02:15:25,408 --> 02:15:28,100
constitution of the Republic as 
the formula ran. 

2602
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:30,600
Some detractors. 
Whispered, it was the ultimate 

2603
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:33,900
Act of bonaparte's arrogance. 
Others saw in it the genius of a

2604
02:15:33,900 --> 02:15:35,900
man who made and recognized his 
own destiny. 

2605
02:15:35,900 --> 02:15:39,600
Either way Napoleon had risen 
from Corsican, obscurity to 

2606
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:44,600
Imperial Zenith in just 15 years
as the Cannons, boomed, a 21 gun

2607
02:15:44,600 --> 02:15:47,600
salute across Paris and the 
newly crowned Empress stepped 

2608
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:51,000
out on the cathedral steps. 
In the same uniform, he wore at 

2609
02:15:51,000 --> 02:15:54,000
moringo beneath the Imperial 
mantle the crowds acclaimed him 

2610
02:15:54,000 --> 02:15:58,000
wildly Many had tears in their 
eyes but leaving they beheld the

2611
02:15:58,000 --> 02:16:01,500
savior of France. 
Crowned in glory Thus, the 

2612
02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:04,700
French Republic gave way to the 
French Empire with Napoleon the 

2613
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:08,500
first on the throne in him. 
People saw a rare combination of

2614
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:10,600
revolutionary change in 
traditional Authority. 

2615
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,000
Kept the slogan, Liberty, 
equality, fraternity, on his 

2616
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:15,900
lips. 
Even as he founded in a new 

2617
02:16:15,908 --> 02:16:19,500
nobility, granted Marshalls 
princely titles and sat on a 

2618
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:21,800
throne. 
The third person omniscient 

2619
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:23,700
perspective discerned in 
Napoleon. 

2620
02:16:23,700 --> 02:16:27,700
A consciousness of this Paradox.
He sincerely viewed himself as 

2621
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:30,000
the guarantor of the 
revolution's core games. 

2622
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:33,799
Even while accumulating power 
more absolute than any bourbon 

2623
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:37,600
before him. on the night, after 
the coronation in the wheelie 

2624
02:16:37,600 --> 02:16:41,700
Palace, the emperor, sat long 
awake, The Imperial Crown rested

2625
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:45,000
on a table nearby. 
Did he feel Triumph while the 

2626
02:16:45,000 --> 02:16:48,500
weight of what he had assumed 
perhaps both, he had achieved 

2627
02:16:48,500 --> 02:16:51,299
Grandeur but the drive that 
fueled him did not Abate. 

2628
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:53,400
He murmured to one Confidant 
that evening. 

2629
02:16:53,400 --> 02:16:57,100
I have crowned Josephine but it 
is only a wreath on a journey. 

2630
02:16:57,100 --> 02:16:59,400
I refused to slack off on the 
throne. 

2631
02:16:59,400 --> 02:17:04,000
We have only begun. 
Indeed, New Horizons of power 

2632
02:17:04,000 --> 02:17:08,299
stretched out before him Kings, 
to topple Nations, to found, and

2633
02:17:08,299 --> 02:17:11,500
an Empire that at its height. 
Would redraw the map of Europe 

2634
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:13,600
and leave an indelible mark on 
History. 

2635
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:17,600
Napoleon's empire burst onto the
world stage with all the pomp of

2636
02:17:17,600 --> 02:17:21,100
a revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state 

2637
02:17:21,100 --> 02:17:23,600
by 1805. 
The newly. 

2638
02:17:23,600 --> 02:17:26,500
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

2639
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,100
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France in 

2640
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:32,799
turnley and now he set out to 
reshape Europe in France's image

2641
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:36,600
and under France's domination 
courts across the continent. 

2642
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:40,500
He from Vienna to Berlin. 
Watch the self-made Monarch with

2643
02:17:40,508 --> 02:17:44,100
a mix of all fear and loathing, 
they dubbed him, the Corsican 

2644
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:47,500
ogre in private yet could not 
deny his Brilliance in war in 

2645
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:50,000
governance. 
Napoleon's contradictions were 

2646
02:17:50,000 --> 02:17:53,500
becoming the world's problem. 
A child of Revolution who donned

2647
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:56,700
a crown, a promoter of a 
galatian law, who married into 

2648
02:17:56,700 --> 02:18:00,700
the ancient regime in 1809, he 
divorced Josephine who had to 

2649
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,900
produce an heir. 
A married Marie Louise, an 

2650
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:07,299
Austrian Hall that saw an arch 
Duchess thus allowing himself to

2651
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:11,600
the habsburgs. 
At the Empire Zenith roughly 

2652
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:15,100
1807 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

2653
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:17,500
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

2654
02:18:17,500 --> 02:18:20,700
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the north seater Naples. 

2655
02:18:20,700 --> 02:18:24,799
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

2656
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:28,000
ruled in Spain after 1808, his 
brother Louie, governed in 

2657
02:18:28,008 --> 02:18:30,100
Holland. 
His brother Jerome reigned in 

2658
02:18:30,108 --> 02:18:32,500
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

2659
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:36,299
the iron crown of Lombardy A 
veritable family system of 

2660
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:39,400
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

2661
02:18:39,400 --> 02:18:41,700
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

2662
02:18:41,700 --> 02:18:45,900
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 
Concord province's, the map of 

2663
02:18:45,900 --> 02:18:49,200
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms 

2664
02:18:49,200 --> 02:18:51,299
Napoleon. 
Dismantled the ancient. 

2665
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:54,799
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806. 

2666
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:57,500
A raising a millennium of 
history in the process. 

2667
02:18:57,500 --> 02:19:00,100
In its place. 
He created the confederation of 

2668
02:19:00,100 --> 02:19:04,500
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

2669
02:19:04,500 --> 02:19:07,200
the whole of Continental Europe.
Either lay under his Direct 

2670
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:11,299
Control or dance to his tune. 
These years saw Napoleon's 

2671
02:19:11,299 --> 02:19:14,299
military genius at its 
Undisputed Peak. 

2672
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:18,799
The war of the third Coalition 
in 1805, brought France, head to

2673
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:20,799
head with Austria, Russia and 
Britain. 

2674
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,200
Napoleon's response was 
characteristically audacious. 

2675
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,799
He abandoned his frequently 
discussed plan to invade Britain

2676
02:19:27,799 --> 02:19:30,500
as the Royal Navy still held 
sway over the seas. 

2677
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:35,000
And instead he swiftly marched, 
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 

2678
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:38,000
master stroke of maneuver. 
He encircled an Austrian Army at

2679
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:40,799
um, in October 1805 without a 
major fight. 

2680
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:44,400
Forcing its surrender then as an
Austrian and Russian combined 

2681
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,700
Force, attempted to regroup, 
Napoleon lured them into a trap 

2682
02:19:47,700 --> 02:19:49,400
on the fields of Australia in 
Moravia. 

2683
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:53,100
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 
one year. 

2684
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:55,400
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

2685
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:58,500
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

2686
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:01,400
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

2687
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:06,300
Adorn, a gentle, fog blanketed 
the plane concealing parts of 

2688
02:20:06,300 --> 02:20:09,700
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

2689
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:11,200
to his right flank to the Allies
attack. 

2690
02:20:11,200 --> 02:20:14,400
And when they succumb to his 
deception, he launched an attack

2691
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:18,000
on their Center, as the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

2692
02:20:18,000 --> 02:20:22,500
of Austin's burned through the 
Mist The French sees the high 

2693
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:25,800
pratts and Heights splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

2694
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:28,800
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

2695
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:32,100
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

2696
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:34,100
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

2697
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:37,000
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lakes that the French artillery 

2698
02:20:37,000 --> 02:20:39,200
shattered. 
The victory was complete. 

2699
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,300
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army limbo. 

2700
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,600
A Napoleon remarked to his 
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 

2701
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:49,400
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life, indeed 

2702
02:20:49,400 --> 02:20:51,800
austerlitz served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

2703
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:55,200
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

2704
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:57,000
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

2705
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:01,000
The Holy Roman Emperor abdicated
his ancient title shortly after 

2706
02:21:01,000 --> 02:21:03,500
effectively ending the Holy 
Roman Empire. 

2707
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:07,800
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 

2708
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:11,700
Dustin the son of austerlitz, a 
symbol of the glory, he had 

2709
02:21:11,700 --> 02:21:15,800
brought them. with Austria cowd 
Napoleon turned on pressure in 

2710
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:19,000
1806, when that Kingdom 
relatedly an unwise, Lee 

2711
02:21:19,000 --> 02:21:22,800
challenged French dominance, The
Emperors response was Swift and 

2712
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:27,300
devastated in October 1806. 
He crushed the proud Prussian 

2713
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:29,100
Army. 
In a twin battle on the same day

2714
02:21:29,100 --> 02:21:31,900
Jana and our state outside 
Jenner. 

2715
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:35,000
Napoleon's forces routed, a 
Prussian Army while on a nearby 

2716
02:21:35,000 --> 02:21:37,200
Field. 
Marshal devou with a smaller 

2717
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,200
French Corps, defeated the main 
Prussian Army at our state 

2718
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:43,400
Frederick the great Smith of 
Prussian military prowess 

2719
02:21:43,400 --> 02:21:47,300
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

2720
02:21:47,300 --> 02:21:50,200
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

2721
02:21:50,200 --> 02:21:52,800
marking. 
If you were alive, we wouldn't 

2722
02:21:52,800 --> 02:21:56,300
be here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

2723
02:21:56,300 --> 02:21:58,200
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

2724
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:01,500
the great as a he ordered that 
the Fallen Prussian officers be 

2725
02:22:01,500 --> 02:22:04,700
respectfully buried. 
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 

2726
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:07,800
empire burst onto the world 
stage with all the pomp of a 

2727
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:10,800
revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state.

2728
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:14,700
By 1805, the newly. 
Crowned emperor of the French 

2729
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:16,800
stood at the Apex of his power 
and Charisma. 

2730
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:19,100
He had transformed France 
internally. 

2731
02:22:19,100 --> 02:22:22,700
And now he set out to reshape 
Europe in France in image and 

2732
02:22:22,700 --> 02:22:26,600
under France's domination. 
Courts across the continent from

2733
02:22:26,600 --> 02:22:29,500
Vienna to Berlin. 
Watch the self-made Monarch with

2734
02:22:29,500 --> 02:22:34,300
a mix of all fear and loathing a
dubbed him, the Corsican ogre in

2735
02:22:34,300 --> 02:22:37,200
private yet could not deny his 
Brilliance in war in governance.

2736
02:22:37,200 --> 02:22:40,600
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

2737
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:44,300
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

2738
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:49,500
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, who 

2739
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:52,300
had failed to produce an heir 
and married Louise. 

2740
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:58,400
An Austrian archduchess thusly 
himself to the habsburg's At the

2741
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:01,600
Empire Zenith roughly 1807 to 
1809. 

2742
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:03,900
It seemed nothing could stand 
against him. 

2743
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:07,000
His Empire stretched from the 
Atlantic to the Russian border 

2744
02:23:07,000 --> 02:23:10,600
from the North Sea to Naples. 
His brother Joseph sat on the 

2745
02:23:10,608 --> 02:23:13,500
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 
in Spain. 

2746
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:16,600
After 1808, his brother Louie, 
governed in Holland. 

2747
02:23:16,600 --> 02:23:20,000
His brother Jerome reigned in 
Westphalia and in Italy, he 

2748
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:23,900
himself wore the iron crown of 
Lombardy A veritable family 

2749
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:28,200
system of bonaparte's old 
dynasties Napoleon's, Marshals 

2750
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:30,700
once commoners and Soldiers of 
Fortune. 

2751
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:34,300
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 
Concord province's, the map of 

2752
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:37,300
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms. 

2753
02:23:38,300 --> 02:23:41,300
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.
Holy Roman Empire in the German 

2754
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:44,900
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 
millennium of history of the 

2755
02:23:44,908 --> 02:23:47,900
process in its place. 
He created the confederation of 

2756
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:51,800
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

2757
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:54,500
the whole of Continental Europe,
either lay under his Direct 

2758
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:56,400
Control. 
What dance to his tune. 

2759
02:23:57,100 --> 02:24:00,100
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at his 

2760
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:03,200
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

2761
02:24:03,200 --> 02:24:07,100
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

2762
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:09,500
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

2763
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:13,100
characteristically audacious. 
He abandoned his frequently 

2764
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:16,400
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

2765
02:24:16,400 --> 02:24:20,000
sway over the seas and instead 
he swiftly marched his Grand 

2766
02:24:20,000 --> 02:24:23,800
Army, Eastwood In a master 
stroke of maneuver, he encircled

2767
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:27,500
an Austrian Army at all, in 
October, 1805, without a major 

2768
02:24:27,500 --> 02:24:31,400
fight, forcing its surrender. 
Then, as an Austrian and Russian

2769
02:24:31,400 --> 02:24:34,500
combined Force, attempted to 
regroup, Napoleon lured them 

2770
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:36,800
into a trap on the fields of 
Australians in Moravia. 

2771
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:41,200
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 
one year. 

2772
02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:43,900
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

2773
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:46,800
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

2774
02:24:46,808 --> 02:24:49,500
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

2775
02:24:50,300 --> 02:24:53,600
That Dawn, a gentle fog, 
blanketed the plane concealing 

2776
02:24:53,600 --> 02:24:57,400
parts of the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

2777
02:24:57,400 --> 02:24:58,900
his right flank to the Allies 
attack. 

2778
02:24:58,900 --> 02:25:02,200
And when they succumb to his 
deception, he launched an attack

2779
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:06,100
on their Center, As the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

2780
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:09,600
of Austin's burned Through The 
Mists, the French seized the 

2781
02:25:09,608 --> 02:25:11,300
high, pratts and Heights 
splitting. 

2782
02:25:11,300 --> 02:25:14,500
The enemy Army in two nap, 
galloped past cheering columns, 

2783
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,500
as they rolled up, the Allied 
lines play early afternoon. 

2784
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:21,100
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

2785
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:22,800
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

2786
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:25,700
lake, lakes that the French 
artillery shattered, the victory

2787
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:28,800
was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

2788
02:25:28,800 --> 02:25:31,100
Russian army. 
Limp away Napoleon remarked to 

2789
02:25:31,100 --> 02:25:33,300
his Marshals with pride 
gentlemen. 

2790
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,600
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life. 

2791
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:41,400
Indeed, austerlitz served as the
crowning achievement of his 

2792
02:25:41,400 --> 02:25:44,800
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

2793
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:46,700
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

2794
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,000
The Holy Roman Emperor, 
abdicated his ancient title 

2795
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:53,900
shortly after effectively ending
the Holy Roman Empire in 

2796
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:57,700
gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil Dost, 

2797
02:25:57,700 --> 02:26:01,300
the son of austerlitz, a symbol 
of the glory, he had brought 

2798
02:26:01,300 --> 02:26:06,000
them with Austria cowd Napoleon 
turned on pressure in 1806, when

2799
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:09,300
that Kingdom relatedly an 
unwisely challenged French 

2800
02:26:09,300 --> 02:26:12,900
dominance The empress response 
was Swift and devastating. 

2801
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:16,700
In October 1806. 
He crushed the proud Prussian 

2802
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:20,900
Army in a twin battle on the 
same day Jenna and our shed 

2803
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,000
outside. 
Jana Napoleon's forces routed, 

2804
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:27,600
oppression Army while on a 
nearby Field Marshal davout with

2805
02:26:27,600 --> 02:26:30,500
a smaller French Court defeated,
the main Prussian Army at our 

2806
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:34,300
state Frederick the Great's myth
of Prussian military, prowess 

2807
02:26:34,300 --> 02:26:38,100
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

2808
02:26:38,100 --> 02:26:41,000
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

2809
02:26:41,000 --> 02:26:43,500
remarking. 
If he were alive, we wouldn't be

2810
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,800
here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

2811
02:26:46,800 --> 02:26:48,700
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

2812
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:51,400
the greater Z. 
He ordered that the Fallen 

2813
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:53,100
Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

2814
02:26:53,100 --> 02:26:56,400
Despite the trophy, the 
peninsula War as the conflict. 

2815
02:26:56,400 --> 02:26:59,500
In Spain, came to be known 
became a vicious years-long. 

2816
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,900
Guerrilla struggle that Napoleon
later referred to as the Spanish

2817
02:27:03,900 --> 02:27:06,600
ulcer. 
Draining his resources. 

2818
02:27:07,700 --> 02:27:09,500
It was the first major crack in 
his Empire. 

2819
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:13,100
The mighty French arm designed 
for set-piece battles. 

2820
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:16,700
Found itself bleeding in a 
symmetric war of ambushes and 

2821
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:21,000
reprisals in the Spanish Hills. 
Napoleon himself traveled to 

2822
02:27:21,008 --> 02:27:25,100
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the
resisting Spanish armies and did

2823
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:27,400
win conventional battles with 
typical Brilliance. 

2824
02:27:27,400 --> 02:27:30,700
But he could not pacify the 
proud and hostile populace in 

2825
02:27:30,708 --> 02:27:35,000
definitely The British seized 
the chance and landed forces 

2826
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:38,300
under Arthur Wellesley the 
future Duke of Wellington to 

2827
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:40,100
support the Spaniards and 
Portuguese. 

2828
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:44,000
For the first time in Napoleon's
Aura of invincibility was under 

2829
02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:47,300
Threat by an Insurrection, and a
foreign Expedition on his flank.

2830
02:27:48,100 --> 02:27:50,700
Still at the Empire's height, 
these troubles seemed minor 

2831
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:53,100
compared to the Grand canvas of 
Napoleon's dominance. 

2832
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:57,700
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 
French difficulties in Spain. 

2833
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,700
Dared to challenge Napoleon once
more, the emperor responded with

2834
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:05,400
swift Fury though, the Austrian 
surprised him and handed him. 

2835
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,800
His first personal defeat in a 
pitched battle at Aspen essling 

2836
02:28:08,800 --> 02:28:12,400
just outside Vienna. 
Where in May 1809 Archduke, 

2837
02:28:12,400 --> 02:28:15,400
Charles inflicted heavy losses 
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 

2838
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:18,200
the Danube was repelled, the 
French regrouped. 

2839
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:22,300
In July, Napoleon spearheaded a 
significant attack during the 

2840
02:28:22,300 --> 02:28:24,900
Battle of Wagram. 
The two-day intense battle on 

2841
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,300
the plains close to Vienna. 
It was a grim attritional battle

2842
02:28:28,300 --> 02:28:31,800
lacking, the elegant maneuvers 
of Australis but Napoleon's 

2843
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,100
larger reserve of men and 
artillery prevailed. 

2844
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:38,100
Austria sued for peace again, 
after wagon as part of the 

2845
02:28:38,108 --> 02:28:40,800
settlement. 
And to solidify, the new Franko 

2846
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:44,600
Austrian Amity Napoleon took the
dramatic step of divorcing 

2847
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:47,900
Josephine. 
His beloved, but now 46 year old

2848
02:28:47,900 --> 02:28:51,200
Empress who would give him no 
children and marrying Arts 

2849
02:28:51,200 --> 02:28:55,300
Dutchess Mary Louise of Austria.
Act was a profound personal 

2850
02:28:55,300 --> 02:28:58,900
sacrifice for him, both he and 
Josephine wept bitterly at their

2851
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:02,500
formal party, despite passed in 
fidelities, on both sides. 

2852
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:06,100
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 
about power. 

2853
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,900
Knew the Bonaparte Legacy needed
an air of his own blood and an 

2854
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:12,300
Austrian princess would bring 
legitimacy in the eyes of 

2855
02:29:12,300 --> 02:29:15,900
Europe. 
In 1811 Marie Louise bore him a 

2856
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:18,800
son who Napoleon grandly titled,
the king of Rome. 

2857
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:22,900
At 42, the emperor had a healthy
male, Heir, that year marked the

2858
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:24,600
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 
confidence. 

2859
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:28,200
He spoke a founding a dynasty 
that would last 100 years. 

2860
02:29:29,100 --> 02:29:31,400
One evening, holding the infant 
prints in his arms. 

2861
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:32,900
Beneath the glow of chandelier 
light. 

2862
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:37,000
He said to have murmured, you 
will be my living trophy, you 

2863
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,300
will inherit all I have made 
amidst, these triumphs 

2864
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:44,600
Napoleon's influence went beyond
Warfare and politics leaving an 

2865
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:48,000
imprint on society and even 
distant continents, he spread 

2866
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:49,600
the Napoleonic Code to the 
lands. 

2867
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:53,200
He conquered laying foundation 
for legal systems from Italy to 

2868
02:29:53,200 --> 02:29:56,800
the Rhineland systems that 
emphasized clear laws and the 

2869
02:29:56,800 --> 02:30:00,300
end of feudal practices, he 
abolished surfed him in Poland 

2870
02:30:00,300 --> 02:30:03,300
and introduced religious 
toleration and secular education

2871
02:30:03,300 --> 02:30:05,100
in many backward corners of 
Europe. 

2872
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:08,300
In the German State and 
elsewhere, his rule 

2873
02:30:08,300 --> 02:30:11,800
inadvertently sparked feeling of
nationalism subject. 

2874
02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:14,600
People's even as they resented 
French domination. 

2875
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:18,700
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 
French Revolution that Napoleon 

2876
02:30:18,700 --> 02:30:22,700
carried with his armies. 
A young German or Italian in 

2877
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:25,700
1810 at once. 
Hate Napoleon's, oppressive 

2878
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,600
taxes, and conscription yet be 
inspired by the new concepts of 

2879
02:30:29,600 --> 02:30:31,500
Liberty and nationhood that came
in his wake. 

2880
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:34,700
The consequences of his Reign 
also rippled across the 

2881
02:30:34,700 --> 02:30:38,600
Atlantic. 
In 1803 needing funds for war 

2882
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:41,100
and sensing that holding 
territory in America was 

2883
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:44,600
untenable after losing Haiti to 
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 

2884
02:30:44,600 --> 02:30:47,600
sold, the vast Louisiana, 
territory to the United States. 

2885
02:30:47,600 --> 02:30:50,900
An act that doubled the size of 
the young American Republic and 

2886
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:54,600
reshaped, Global geopolitics 
equipped that this sale would 

2887
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:57,300
forever thwart, British 
Ambitions in the new world and 

2888
02:30:57,300 --> 02:30:59,700
ensure an American power that 
could rival England. 

2889
02:31:00,500 --> 02:31:03,300
In a way, he was crafting the 
future Beyond his own Empire. 

2890
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:07,300
Similarly his toppling of the 
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 

2891
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:10,200
colonies in Latin. 
America leaders like Simon 

2892
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:12,800
believer would soon take 
advantage of the chaos to fight 

2893
02:31:12,800 --> 02:31:15,400
for independence. 
Indirectly influenced by 

2894
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:18,500
Napoleonic upheaval. 
However, at the beginning of the

2895
02:31:18,500 --> 02:31:22,500
1810 Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

2896
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:26,600
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

2897
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:29,300
that dominated Europe in a 
manner, not seen since Roman 

2898
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:32,700
times flanked by his Marshals at
Grand Victory parades. 

2899
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:36,400
The emperor would stand on a 
reviewing platform in his iconic

2900
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:39,500
bicorne hat, and simple green 
uniform of the Imperial Guard 

2901
02:31:39,500 --> 02:31:42,500
while thousands of troops passed
in martial splendor. 

2902
02:31:43,300 --> 02:31:46,800
Bands played LA marseillaise and
other patriotic hymns that once 

2903
02:31:46,800 --> 02:31:50,000
belonged to the revolution, but 
were Now co-opted to celebrate 

2904
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:52,700
an emperor. 
To observe as in London or 

2905
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:56,300
Vienna, it might have looked as 
if Europe was lost in a chance 

2906
02:31:56,300 --> 02:32:00,100
of Napoleonic Glory. 
And indeed, many of the common 

2907
02:32:00,100 --> 02:32:02,700
folk in France and a satellite 
States revered. 

2908
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:05,900
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 
him with delivering efficient 

2909
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:08,200
government. 
National pride and victory after

2910
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,200
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 
Tight Circle. 

2911
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:13,900
There were those who sensed the 
dangers of hubris creeping in 

2912
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,100
Talia. 
His Wily foreign minister till 

2913
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:20,600
Napoleon dismissed him once. 
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 

2914
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:24,600
downfall would be his inability 
to stop himself ill, Nepal 

2915
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:27,500
delimits, he wander colleague. 
The man knows no limits. 

2916
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:30,700
Fouche, the police Minister kept
secret. 

2917
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,500
Dozier's mapping discontent and 
conspiracies aware that not all 

2918
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:37,600
hearts with the emperor. 
Even some Marshals grumbled 

2919
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:40,900
about the endless Wars and their
human costs mothers across 

2920
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:42,200
France. 
Quite leaked. 

2921
02:32:42,200 --> 02:32:44,900
The Emperor who took their sons 
year off to year for his 

2922
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:47,800
granddaughter Army. 
The empire was powerful, but 

2923
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:51,300
brittle in places Reliant 
entirely on one man's Brilliance

2924
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,700
and Charisma in 1812 at the 
height of his control. 

2925
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:57,800
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

2926
02:32:57,800 --> 02:33:01,300
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains LED 

2927
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:03,700
them Eastwood in a campaign that
he believed would secure his 

2928
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:07,500
dominance once and for all. 
The target, his former Ally, the

2929
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,600
Russian Tsar who had drifted out
of the continental system and 

2930
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:14,300
defied French influence 
confident in his Destiny and a 

2931
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:16,200
custom to Rapid victories 
Napoleon. 

2932
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:18,600
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

2933
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:23,800
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan
host of Frenchmen Italians 

2934
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:28,500
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

2935
02:33:28,500 --> 02:33:32,600
and a summer Skies, it was the 
apogee of Napoleon's hubris an 

2936
02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:34,200
emperor at the peak of his 
power. 

2937
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:37,400
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

2938
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:39,300
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

2939
02:33:40,200 --> 02:33:42,900
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

2940
02:33:44,400 --> 02:33:47,100
As the column snake. 
Deezed drummers tapping out, the

2941
02:33:47,100 --> 02:33:50,200
Cadence on Dusty roads and 
Eagles glinting in the sun. 

2942
02:33:50,200 --> 02:33:53,600
None could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

2943
02:33:53,600 --> 02:33:55,500
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

2944
02:33:55,500 --> 02:33:59,100
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

2945
02:33:59,100 --> 02:34:02,200
sun in the minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

2946
02:34:02,200 --> 02:34:05,700
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

2947
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:08,400
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

2948
02:34:08,408 --> 02:34:11,300
the emperor of the French. 
However, at the beginning of the

2949
02:34:11,300 --> 02:34:15,300
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

2950
02:34:15,300 --> 02:34:19,400
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

2951
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:22,500
that dominated Europe in a man 
and not seen since Roman times 

2952
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:25,100
flanked by his Marshals at Grand
Victory. 

2953
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,600
Parades the emperor's Pier would
stand on a reviewing platform in

2954
02:34:28,600 --> 02:34:31,500
his iconic by Korn hat. 
And simple green uniform of the 

2955
02:34:31,508 --> 02:34:34,800
Imperial Guard while thousands 
of troops passed in martial 

2956
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,900
splendor. 
Bands played Lamar's and other 

2957
02:34:37,900 --> 02:34:41,200
patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

2958
02:34:41,200 --> 02:34:43,300
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

2959
02:34:44,100 --> 02:34:47,300
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

2960
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:50,200
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

2961
02:34:51,000 --> 02:34:54,700
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and a satellite 

2962
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,600
States revered. 
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 

2963
02:34:57,600 --> 02:34:58,900
him with delivering efficient 
government. 

2964
02:34:58,900 --> 02:35:03,200
National pride and victory after
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 

2965
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:05,200
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sent the 

2966
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:09,200
dangers of hubris creeping in 
tally, Ral his Wily foreign 

2967
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,800
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

2968
02:35:11,800 --> 02:35:14,700
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 
downfall would be his inability.

2969
02:35:14,700 --> 02:35:18,700
To stop himself ill, napala 
limits, he warned a colleague. 

2970
02:35:18,700 --> 02:35:23,300
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

2971
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:25,100
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

2972
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:28,400
conspiracies aware that not all 
Hearts were with the emperor. 

2973
02:35:28,400 --> 02:35:31,700
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

2974
02:35:31,700 --> 02:35:35,100
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

2975
02:35:35,108 --> 02:35:38,100
Emperor who took their sons year
after year for his granddaughter

2976
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:42,400
May The empire was powerful but 
brittle in places Reliant 

2977
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:46,700
entirely on one man's brilliant 
and Charisma in 1812 at the 

2978
02:35:46,700 --> 02:35:49,100
height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

2979
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:52,000
army Europe had ever seen over 
half a million men drawn from 

2980
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:55,200
every corner of his domains. 
LED them Eastward in a campaign 

2981
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:57,200
that he believed would secure 
his dominance once. 

2982
02:35:57,200 --> 02:36:01,000
And for all the target, his 
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 

2983
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:03,800
who had drifted out of the 
continental system and defied 

2984
02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:07,200
French influence confident, in 
his Destiny, in a custom to 

2985
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:10,400
Rapid victories Napoleon. 
Wagered everything on one more 

2986
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:14,400
lightning War. 
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 

2987
02:36:14,400 --> 02:36:19,600
host of Frenchmen Italians 
Germans polls and others marched

2988
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:21,400
off with singing and high 
morale. 

2989
02:36:21,400 --> 02:36:25,300
And a summer Skies, it was the 
apogee of Napoleon's hubris an 

2990
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:27,100
emperor at the peak of his 
power. 

2991
02:36:27,100 --> 02:36:30,100
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

2992
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:32,200
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

2993
02:36:33,000 --> 02:36:35,800
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

2994
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:39,900
As the column snake. 
Deeds drummers tapping out, the 

2995
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:43,000
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes, an 
eagle's glinting in the sun, 

2996
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:46,300
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

2997
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:48,200
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

2998
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,900
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

2999
02:36:51,900 --> 02:36:54,900
sun in the minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

3000
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:58,400
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

3001
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,200
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

3002
02:37:01,208 --> 02:37:04,200
the emperor of the French, the 
ACT left thousands on the far 

3003
02:37:04,200 --> 02:37:06,300
Bank, who shouted as the 
remaining Escape path. 

3004
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:09,300
Burned, early December saw the 
grand amay. 

3005
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:13,000
Possibly 20,000 ragged 
frostbitten survivors from 

3006
02:37:13,000 --> 02:37:16,300
600,000 stagger into Poland and 
Prussia. 

3007
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:19,800
Napoleon side with satisfaction 
when he entered friendly 

3008
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:23,300
territory after narrowly 
escaping arrest multiple times 

3009
02:37:23,300 --> 02:37:26,300
during the retreat. 
The cost was nearly unfathomable

3010
02:37:26,300 --> 02:37:30,200
the Russian winter attacks and 
starvation reduced the 

3011
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:34,100
overwhelming fall centering, 
Russia, less than 10% survived 

3012
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:36,400
snow shattered. 
Napoleon's European 

3013
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:40,400
invincibility Paris, rumors 
about the disaster for shadowed.

3014
02:37:40,400 --> 02:37:44,200
His return Napoleon, abandoned 
the remaining troops and Rhoda 

3015
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:47,500
sled back to France and Cognito 
and quickly in December 1812. 

3016
02:37:48,600 --> 02:37:52,100
He left, martial nae nae and 
others to oversee the terrible 

3017
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:54,900
retreat. 
Poland left his forces to 

3018
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:58,500
averted domestic coup a general 
named melaye had launched a 

3019
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:01,900
strange coup in Paris falsely 
announcing Napoleon's death 

3020
02:38:01,900 --> 02:38:07,100
illustrating how delicate things
were Napoleon crossed blizzards 

3021
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,200
day and night to Paris. 
Before the year's end, made the 

3022
02:38:10,200 --> 02:38:13,400
country, believe everything was 
fine masking the devastation. 

3023
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:17,600
Short lived for sard, after 
Russia, won Europe's rulers, 

3024
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:19,800
formed a coalition to destroy 
the weaker Empire. 

3025
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:24,900
Crusher joined Russia, against 
France in early 1813 Austria 

3026
02:38:24,900 --> 02:38:28,200
prepared to jump in Napoleon 
quickly, recruited youngsters 

3027
02:38:28,200 --> 02:38:30,600
and Last Resort reserves to 
replace his veterans. 

3028
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,700
As before he examined maps and 
made massive plans to defeat the

3029
02:38:34,700 --> 02:38:39,100
Allies, he was still alive, but 
reality was looming his Marshals

3030
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:41,200
feared, he could win an 
interminable War because the 

3031
02:38:41,200 --> 02:38:45,000
French were exhausted. 
Napoleon returned triumphantly 

3032
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:49,700
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 

3033
02:38:49,700 --> 02:38:52,400
Army at Lutsen and bouts and 
with hardly trained conscripts 

3034
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:54,600
demonstrating his operational 
competence. 

3035
02:38:55,300 --> 02:38:58,400
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 
again, too many odds were 

3036
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:02,600
against him, October 1813 saw 
the Battle of Leipzig later, 

3037
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:06,400
renamed, the Battle of nations 
in Saxony three days of fierce 

3038
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,000
fighting between Napoleon's, 
Marshals and guard and a 

3039
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,600
combined Russian Austrian and 
Swedish army. 

3040
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:16,200
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly
two to one attrition and hostile

3041
02:39:16,200 --> 02:39:17,900
teamwork. 
Defeated him despite his 

3042
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:22,000
expertise and bravery. 
Scared French officer blew up a 

3043
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:25,000
crucial bridge to early trapping
a rear guard on the wrong side 

3044
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:28,200
of the river to be captured. 
Napoleon lost the biggest battle

3045
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:31,700
in European history. 
In French in Germany, many of 

3046
02:39:31,700 --> 02:39:35,100
Napoleon's German allies to 
affected the Rhine Confederation

3047
02:39:35,100 --> 02:39:38,900
fell while retreating over the 
elster river, his beloved polish

3048
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:43,800
hero, martial, Pontius drowned 
Napoleon retreated France with 

3049
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:46,900
his 70,000 defeated soldiers, 
resolved to fight. 

3050
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:50,800
In early 1814, the Allies 
invaded France, expecting a 

3051
02:39:50,800 --> 02:39:54,000
quick march to Paris. 
Napoleon's little Force, 

3052
02:39:54,000 --> 02:39:57,100
defeated elements of the bigger 
Allied soldiers in the six days 

3053
02:39:57,100 --> 02:40:00,800
campaign in February. 1814 one 
of his most successful defensive

3054
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:04,700
campaigns often overlooked. 
His youthful mobility and skills

3055
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:08,400
surprised his opponents at 
Champa, bear Monty and Montero. 

3056
02:40:09,100 --> 02:40:11,800
Seeing the emperor Sprint. 
Like a firefighter gave French 

3057
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:13,800
peasants. 
Hope math told him. 

3058
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:17,600
He was two outnumbered to win. 
Despite his few victories the 

3059
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:21,700
Allies reached Paris by late 
March 1814 after Marshall's 

3060
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:25,800
marmor and Morty left to defend 
Paris concluded resistance was 

3061
02:40:25,800 --> 02:40:28,000
pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

3062
02:40:28,000 --> 02:40:31,700
practically and peace After 
centuries without foreign rule. 

3063
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:35,300
The Victorious, Tsar Alexander, 
King Frederick, William of 

3064
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:38,300
Prussia and other dignitaries 
entered Paris on March, 31st 

3065
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:42,900
1814 Parisians flocked to the 
pool of Arts in despair or 

3066
02:40:42,900 --> 02:40:44,800
relief as Napoleon's epic 
adventure ended. 

3067
02:40:45,700 --> 02:40:48,400
Napoleon was outraged and 
unhappy in Fontainebleau 

3068
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:51,700
following paris's loss. 
Pondered marching his remaining 

3069
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:54,800
men to seize the city, his 
Marshals, confronted him 

3070
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:59,100
exhausted and honest for the 
first time, Marshalls nay, odeno

3071
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:01,300
and LeFevre who had followed him
across Europe. 

3072
02:41:01,300 --> 02:41:05,000
Advised him to reason they 
claimed France was defeated and 

3073
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:08,900
resistance would be fatal 
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 

3074
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,200
them of cowardice and betrayal. 
He faced a reality alone in 

3075
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:14,800
Fontainebleau at night. 
The Allies sought his 

3076
02:41:14,800 --> 02:41:18,600
unconditional surrender, even 
his stepson and Brother Joseph, 

3077
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:20,300
persuaded him to submit for the 
nation. 

3078
02:41:21,100 --> 02:41:24,700
Marshals Nyan McDonald issued a 
stunning ultimate on April 4th 

3079
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:28,700
1814 Philippe must abdicate. 
Before the Army could march on 

3080
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:32,500
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 
his son, expecting an Allied 

3081
02:41:32,500 --> 02:41:35,700
Regency, when rejected, he 
realized the game was over 

3082
02:41:35,700 --> 02:41:40,600
Napoleon abdicated on April 
11th, 1814 relinquishing, French

3083
02:41:40,600 --> 02:41:44,000
Regal rights, he received an 
annual stipend and a modest 

3084
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:46,700
guard on Elba. 
A small Italian Island from the 

3085
02:41:46,708 --> 02:41:51,200
Allies, a beautiful prison, for 
a Fallen King, Napoleon said, 

3086
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:54,100
goodbye to his old guard in 
Fontaine, blows Courtyard on 

3087
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:57,600
April 20th 1814. 
France would remember a touching

3088
02:41:57,608 --> 02:42:01,000
scene Napoleon continued 
speaking with a steady 

3089
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:04,600
impassioned voice saying to the 
soldiers of my old? 

3090
02:42:04,600 --> 02:42:08,800
God, I bid you farewell You've 
been my constant companion on 

3091
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:13,000
the path to honor and glory for 
20 years do not mourn my fate. 

3092
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,500
I want to document our wonderful
Deeds. 

3093
02:42:15,500 --> 02:42:20,200
Sweet kids. 
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 

3094
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:24,400
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried
the emperor, kissed the Imperial

3095
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:27,900
Eagle flag one last time and 
hugged General Petty who was 

3096
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:32,100
holding the regimental Eagle. 
He said goodbye kids raising his

3097
02:42:32,100 --> 02:42:35,400
hand in salutation. 
Napoleon despite his best 

3098
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:39,000
efforts jumped into a carriage 
crying that night, many jaded 

3099
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,900
soldiers, lay under the stars 
unsure of France's or their 

3100
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:44,400
future without Lumpur, a veteran
mermaid. 

3101
02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:47,200
It's over a wonderful person 
left. 

3102
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:51,100
An imaginary Kingdom held 
European ruler. 

3103
02:42:51,100 --> 02:42:55,900
Napoleon Bonaparte captive. 
He arrived at Elba 190 square 

3104
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,000
miles of rugged terrain and 
Vineyards in Tuscany in late, 

3105
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:03,900
April 1814 He was rarely 
self-pitying, keeping the title 

3106
02:43:03,900 --> 02:43:06,500
Emperor, the Allies, gave him 
the name as a polite fiction. 

3107
02:43:06,500 --> 02:43:10,600
He established a small Court in 
Port of ferrarios, elba's, main 

3108
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:12,800
town and rained like France in 
miniature. 

3109
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:17,100
Napoleon was Restless on Elba 
for nine months, he studied 

3110
02:43:17,100 --> 02:43:20,800
lilacs iron mines and quarries 
planned to modernize Agriculture

3111
02:43:20,800 --> 02:43:24,300
and designed a flag. 
A diagonal band of white with 

3112
02:43:24,300 --> 02:43:27,300
red and bees symbolizing 
industriousness, and potentially

3113
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:31,100
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 
He formed a small Navy and army 

3114
02:43:31,100 --> 02:43:33,900
with a few ships and hundreds of
people including a loyal Old 

3115
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:37,200
Guard Detachment. 
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 

3116
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:38,800
Olive, Orchards and talked to 
Port. 

3117
02:43:38,800 --> 02:43:42,700
Fisherman, villagers said his 
micromanagement improved roads, 

3118
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:45,900
built a small hospital and 
accelerated tax collection 

3119
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:50,500
elba's, people were amazed and 
perplexed that this powerful man

3120
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:54,200
cared about their humble life. 
A friendly Elven Elder joked. 

3121
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:56,200
He thinks he's still ruling, the
world. 

3122
02:43:57,900 --> 02:44:00,300
Poland's Vigor overmeld elbows 
as a delicate appearance, 

3123
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:03,400
connections and newspapers kept 
him, abreast of French and 

3124
02:44:03,400 --> 02:44:05,500
European happenings this 
information. 

3125
02:44:05,500 --> 02:44:09,600
Ordered him the restored bourbon
monarchy, the 18th was unpopular

3126
02:44:09,600 --> 02:44:11,600
in France. 
The Arrogant Return of the old 

3127
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:14,800
aristocracy led to dismissal of 
many Napoleon Affiliated French 

3128
02:44:14,800 --> 02:44:18,600
officers, and bureaucrats rumors
of royalist Revenge and economic

3129
02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:21,100
recession. 
Circulated peasants, feared, the

3130
02:44:21,108 --> 02:44:23,700
Bourbons would retake their 
gains after Napoleon's reign. 

3131
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:27,400
During a Congress of the great 
countries in Vienna to redraw 

3132
02:44:27,400 --> 02:44:29,300
Europe's map often Napoleon's 
fall. 

3133
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:32,400
The British may send Napoleon to
a remote Atlantic Rock. 

3134
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:35,700
If he becomes too difficult in 
Elba the island felt like a 

3135
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:38,000
gilded prison. 
The Bonaparte family was 

3136
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,300
Infamous for their inviting and 
Napoleon's mother and sister 

3137
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:44,500
clashed off him Napoleon's. 
Busy mind was bored. 

3138
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:46,800
He was sad. 
Looking at the sea via a 

3139
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:49,100
telescope from elba's Cliffs in 
early 1815. 

3140
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,600
I live like a sleeping volcano. 
Read one letter. 

3141
02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:55,900
He could not bear the world 
going on without him his 

3142
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:57,800
insatiable ambition and Fate 
One. 

3143
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:01,900
In late February 1815, Napoleon 
returned to France to reclaim 

3144
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:03,300
his crown. 
After hearing, the Congress of 

3145
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:06,300
Vienna was in disorder and 
France is anger with Louis, the 

3146
02:45:06,300 --> 02:45:08,900
18th was growing. 
It appeared impossible. 

3147
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:12,200
And expelled Emperor. 
Escorted by Allied ships, trying

3148
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:15,200
to incite a civilian 
Insurrection to overthrow a 

3149
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:18,600
constituted monarchy, Napoleon 
had the ability to bring dreams 

3150
02:45:18,600 --> 02:45:22,600
to life. 
Napoleon fled Elba on February 

3151
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:27,100
26th, 1815 under loose guards. 
He traveled to France with 

3152
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:29,600
several hundred. 
Loyal Warriors, aboard the ship 

3153
02:45:29,600 --> 02:45:32,500
in constant and on numerous 
smaller vessels to evade British

3154
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:35,400
surveillance. 
He escaped cap on the voyage by 

3155
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:39,700
chance and daring, Napoleon 
stared at the prowl with a 

3156
02:45:39,700 --> 02:45:42,200
familiar fire as the coach does 
Europe appeared. 

3157
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:46,100
France is ours. 
He informed his troops Bonaparte

3158
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:47,600
believed. 
Louis, the 18th France would 

3159
02:45:47,600 --> 02:45:51,800
fail on March 1st 1815, the 
French Riviera witnessed an 

3160
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:54,600
astonishing sight. 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

3161
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:58,100
The exiled Emperor landed near 
can with a tiny force and 

3162
02:45:58,100 --> 02:45:59,700
unfurled his tricolor flag once 
more. 

3163
02:46:00,500 --> 02:46:03,100
Dressed in his trademark grey 
coat and cocked hat. 

3164
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:04,900
He stepped ashore and 
proclaimed. 

3165
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:09,700
I have come to save France. 
Thus began the episode known as 

3166
02:46:09,700 --> 02:46:13,400
the 100 days a final blaze of 
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 

3167
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:17,800
He marched northward voiding the
royalist stronghold of Provence,

3168
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:20,300
choosing the Alpine route 
through the dolphin. 

3169
02:46:20,300 --> 02:46:24,200
A His band was small barely a 
thousand men but as they 

3170
02:46:24,200 --> 02:46:28,100
Advanced Napoleon's Charisma and
France is simmering discontent 

3171
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:32,000
began to work miracles, the town
after town locals, especially 

3172
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,600
veterans and peasants turned out
with curiosity and growing 

3173
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:38,500
enthusiasm. 
To many, the news of his return 

3174
02:46:38,500 --> 02:46:40,600
felt like a long-lost family 
member coming home. 

3175
02:46:40,600 --> 02:46:44,300
A pivotal moment, came on March,
7th near the mountain town of 

3176
02:46:44,308 --> 02:46:47,600
loughrey, Royal troops of the 
5th, regiment and orders to 

3177
02:46:47,608 --> 02:46:51,000
arrest the user per confronted, 
Napoleon on the road, the two 

3178
02:46:51,000 --> 02:46:54,300
forces faced each other nervous 
and Silent Napoleon. 

3179
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:57,600
Fearless Strode forward. 
Alone flung open his coat to 

3180
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:00,400
bear his chest and shouted to 
the soldiers, arrayed against 

3181
02:47:00,408 --> 02:47:03,100
him soldiers. 
If there is one among you, who 

3182
02:47:03,100 --> 02:47:05,300
wants to kill his General, his 
Emperor here. 

3183
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:09,600
I am for a tense heartbeat, no 
one moved then in an emotional 

3184
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:11,400
Rush, the Royal troops erupted 
in. 

3185
02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:14,900
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 
threw down. 

3186
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:17,500
Their white Bourbon cockades and
searched toward Napoleon. 

3187
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:20,700
The men of the 5th, joined 
Napoleon's ranks in unison. 

3188
02:47:21,100 --> 02:47:23,600
Eyewitnesses saw veterans, 
crying and laughing as they 

3189
02:47:23,600 --> 02:47:27,100
embraced, their former leader. 
Word quickly spread throughout 

3190
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:30,700
the countryside, Napoleon had 
returned, and the Army was 

3191
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:34,600
uniting behind him. 
King Louis the 18th attempts to 

3192
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,600
muster resistance. 
Faltered as one regiment after 

3193
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:41,000
another, either went over to 
Bonaparte or melted away through

3194
02:47:41,000 --> 02:47:44,200
nay, once Napoleon's, trusted 
bravest of the Brave had 

3195
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:46,400
initially promised. 
The king he would bring Napoleon

3196
02:47:46,400 --> 02:47:49,300
back in an iron cage but 
confronted with the fur of his 

3197
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:53,200
troops for the emperor, nay too 
defected overwhelmed by old 

3198
02:47:53,200 --> 02:47:56,100
loyalties and perhaps the 
irresistible tide of sentiment. 

3199
02:47:57,000 --> 02:47:59,400
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 
Paris. 

3200
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:03,700
Louis the 18th had already fled 
into Exile supposedly leaving so

3201
02:48:03,700 --> 02:48:07,000
hastily that, he lost a shoe, 
thus, giving a touch of fast to 

3202
02:48:07,000 --> 02:48:10,900
the bourbon, King's second 
departure, That night Napoleon 

3203
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:14,000
entered the Wheeler's to the 
ecstatic Roar of parisians. 

3204
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:17,300
Who just weeks earlier, had been
murmuring against him as the 

3205
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:20,500
ogre public opinion had. 
Once again, whiplashed 

3206
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:25,000
remarkably in a matter of 20 
days without a single shot fired

3207
02:48:25,000 --> 02:48:27,500
in Anger. 
Napoleon had rigor regained his 

3208
02:48:27,500 --> 02:48:29,500
throne. 
It was one of the most dramatic 

3209
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:33,400
political The Comebacks in 
history servers are Testament to

3210
02:48:33,400 --> 02:48:36,800
his unequaled, ability to 
inspire or intimidate and they 

3211
02:48:36,800 --> 02:48:39,700
also reflect the French people's
ambivalence about the restored 

3212
02:48:39,700 --> 02:48:43,900
monarchy The tricolor flew once 
more from public buildings in 

3213
02:48:43,900 --> 02:48:46,300
the streets people sang llamas 
and lip. 

3214
02:48:46,300 --> 02:48:50,000
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 
to consolidate this unexpected. 

3215
02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:53,500
Second chance he sent letters 
professing peaceful intentions 

3216
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:56,600
and offering new alliances. 
He even adopted a more liberal 

3217
02:48:56,600 --> 02:48:58,700
tone, promulgating a revised 
Constitution. 

3218
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:02,000
The additional act that granted 
a free oppress, and a 

3219
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:03,500
constitutional monarchy style 
government. 

3220
02:49:03,500 --> 02:49:07,100
An olive branch to liberals and 
moderates in France, who wanted 

3221
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:09,300
reform. 
The emperor claimed he had 

3222
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:12,400
learned from Exile and now 
desire to be a benign ruler of a

3223
02:49:12,400 --> 02:49:15,000
free people. 
Many were skeptical of this late

3224
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:17,500
hour conversion to liberalism 
that they preferred him to the 

3225
02:49:17,508 --> 02:49:20,800
Bourbons regardless. 
However, Napoleon's escape and 

3226
02:49:20,800 --> 02:49:23,800
restoration shook Europe. 
The crowned heads at the 

3227
02:49:23,800 --> 02:49:26,100
Congress of Vienna were aged and
Furious. 

3228
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:30,000
Coalition of practically every 
other European power, Britain 

3229
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,300
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 
others immediately formed 

3230
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:35,800
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 
and enemy of World Peace. 

3231
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:39,900
The devil has been Unchained so 
the Austrian foreign minister 

3232
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:42,900
metallic in capsule. 
The shocked outrage of the 

3233
02:49:42,900 --> 02:49:46,500
aristocracies the aristocracies 
quickly mobilize their Idol 

3234
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:48,400
armies to decisively Crush. 
Napoleon. 

3235
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:51,100
Napoleon aware that diplomacy 
was hopeless? 

3236
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:53,600
The Allies refused anything 
short of his second abdication 

3237
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:57,700
prepared for war with a mix of 
urgency in confidence yet, 

3238
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:01,100
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 
regular army, immediately, it 

3239
02:50:01,100 --> 02:50:02,900
and plus volunteers. 
Swelling. 

3240
02:50:02,900 --> 02:50:06,300
The ranks daily Both veterans 
and new recruits were present, 

3241
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:10,100
many driven by a patriotic Zeal 
to ensure that foreign monarchs 

3242
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:13,300
would not dictate to France. 
He also reconstituted the 

3243
02:50:13,300 --> 02:50:17,000
formidable Imperial Guard Still 
facing him would soon be several

3244
02:50:17,000 --> 02:50:20,800
massive Allied armies converging
from all sides, potentially over

3245
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,200
half a million men. 
Napoleon strategic Instinct 

3246
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:26,800
guided him to swiftly and 
forcefully attack the closest 

3247
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:29,100
adversaries before the Coalition
could fully unite. 

3248
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,600
He famously said, to his 
Marshals, we must make a 

3249
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:35,700
campaign that is prompt and 
energetic as in the days of our 

3250
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:39,000
youth. 
In June 1815, he marched into. 

3251
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:41,600
What is now Belgium then part of
the United Kingdom of the 

3252
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:45,100
Netherlands, to preempt the 
anglo-dutch Army under the Duke 

3253
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:47,700
of Wellington and the Russian 
army under martial, blucher, 

3254
02:50:47,700 --> 02:50:53,600
hoping to defeat in turn On 
June, the 16th, 1815 Napoleon's 

3255
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:56,900
are made in Nord clashed with 
the prussians at Linney and the 

3256
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:02,500
Anglo Allied Forces at Napoleon.
Defeated blue marking it as his 

3257
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:04,900
last victory. 
However, it was not a route 

3258
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:08,600
since blue Heroes with Drew in 
good order bruised but not 

3259
02:51:08,600 --> 02:51:11,800
broken. 
Marshal's fight at Bragg against

3260
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:13,500
Wellington's. 
Forces was inconclusive 

3261
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:16,700
neighbors unable to prevent 
Wellington from later. 

3262
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:18,900
Pulling back to a defensive 
position near the village of 

3263
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:22,900
Waterloo. 
Two days later on June 1815, 

3264
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:26,308
Napoleon faced Wellington's. 
British-led Allied Army on the 

3265
02:51:26,316 --> 02:51:29,200
rolling plateau of min-sang, 
Jean just south of Waterloo. 

3266
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:32,300
The ground had been soaked by 
heavy rains, the night before 

3267
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:34,600
delaying. 
Napoleon's attack, until late 

3268
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:37,400
morning. 
While it dried Napoleon's fate 

3269
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:39,800
would be decided on a field of 
clover and Rye. 

3270
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:43,700
One mile long and three miles 
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 

3271
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:46,900
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 
flags, array to get against the 

3272
02:51:46,900 --> 02:51:51,200
tri-color standards of France. 
Wellington experienced 

3273
02:51:51,200 --> 02:51:55,000
defensive, General had a raid, 
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 

3274
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:58,100
ridges and in strong points, 
like the farm of lahaye Saint 

3275
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:01,400
and he anxiously awaited the 
arrival of blue cars prussians 

3276
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:05,800
to bolster him. 
Napoleon had around 72,000 

3277
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:09,400
troops, including the rodeo in 
Imperial Guard, but he too was 

3278
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:11,900
looking over his shoulder for 
the prussians, hoping his 

3279
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:14,100
subordinate Marshal grouchy, 
would keep them at Bay. 

3280
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:18,200
There's Battle of Waterloo was 
fierce and unrelenting a true 

3281
02:52:18,208 --> 02:52:20,300
end game between the year as 
great as Commanders. 

3282
02:52:21,200 --> 02:52:24,100
Napoleon launched a midday 
assault with a grand, battery of

3283
02:52:24,100 --> 02:52:27,500
artillery and a main attack 
against the Allied Center while 

3284
02:52:27,500 --> 02:52:30,500
they lead, Cavalry Charges that 
thundered against Wellington's. 

3285
02:52:30,500 --> 02:52:34,100
Infantry Square's, The British 
and their allies held firm on 

3286
02:52:34,108 --> 02:52:35,800
the ridge despite horrific 
losses. 

3287
02:52:36,700 --> 02:52:39,500
By late afternoon, Nei 
misunderstanding an enemy 

3288
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:42,100
movement mistakenly believed. 
The Anglo Allied line was 

3289
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:44,500
faltering and led one of 
military history's. 

3290
02:52:44,500 --> 02:52:48,300
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 
Charges dozens of squadrons with

3291
02:52:48,300 --> 02:52:51,000
glittering, queyras and Penance 
thundering over the ridge 

3292
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:52,600
without infantry or artillery 
support. 

3293
02:52:53,400 --> 02:52:55,700
They were met by the Resolute. 
Infantry squares. 

3294
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:59,000
Wellington soldiers in silent 
rows behind bayonets. 

3295
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:02,400
Endured repeated waves of French
Horseman swirling around their 

3296
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:04,600
bristling squares unable to 
break them. 

3297
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:08,800
Days Valor was undeniable, his 
horse was shot from under him 

3298
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:11,400
five times that day, but the 
Chargers game, nothing. 

3299
02:53:11,400 --> 02:53:13,000
But heaps of dead men and 
horses. 

3300
02:53:13,000 --> 02:53:17,000
Napoleon watched this spectacle 
and reportedly exclaimed, that 

3301
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:20,700
he had gone mad. 
As the afternoon wore on news 

3302
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:23,200
reached Napoleon, that to 
Prussian forces were approaching

3303
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:25,300
from the East. 
Buick was coming fulfilling his 

3304
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:28,300
promise to Wellington. 
For the love of God, come as 

3305
02:53:28,308 --> 02:53:30,700
fast as you can, will fight to 
the last man. 

3306
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:35,000
Indeed by early evening, 
Prussian Advanced units under 

3307
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,800
Bobo attack the French right 
flank of the village of Plank 

3308
02:53:38,800 --> 02:53:42,300
and wah forcing Napoleon to 
divert troops, including part of

3309
02:53:42,308 --> 02:53:45,700
the young guard, to hold them 
off the iron Vice was closing. 

3310
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:49,700
With time dwindling Napoleon 
took a final risk, he committed 

3311
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:53,500
his Imperial Guard, his most 
loyal and Elite battalions in a 

3312
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,000
final bid to break Wellington 
center before the prussians 

3313
02:53:56,000 --> 02:53:57,300
could fully Unite with the 
allies. 

3314
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,100
These battle-hardened veterans 
short, but tall in reputation 

3315
02:54:01,100 --> 02:54:05,000
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns drums, beating the pasta

3316
02:54:05,000 --> 02:54:08,300
charge Vivian. 
They cried as Napoleon, watched 

3317
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:12,200
them go, he's men who had never 
tasted defeat, the Allied line 

3318
02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:15,000
buckled under the initial 
impact, but Wellington had kept 

3319
02:54:15,000 --> 02:54:17,200
some units in reserve lying down
behind the ridge. 

3320
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:20,600
At his command, the British 
guards and other units. 

3321
02:54:20,600 --> 02:54:23,100
Stood up close range, and 
poured, volleys into the flanks 

3322
02:54:23,100 --> 02:54:27,300
of the advancing guard columns, 
A brutal firefight ensued near 

3323
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,500
the summit of the ridge. 
And a hail storms of musket 

3324
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,500
balls and great shot for the 
first time in memory, the 

3325
02:54:33,500 --> 02:54:36,800
Imperial Guard recoiled. 
The cry went up among the Allied

3326
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:40,900
troops lagard which means regard
is falling back. 

3327
02:54:41,900 --> 02:54:44,600
Shock Ripple through the French 
lines, disbelief turned to 

3328
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:46,500
panic, as the guards Retreat 
became General. 

3329
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:51,100
Wellington seized the moment, 
waving his hat and ordering a 

3330
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:53,300
general Advance all along the 
line Blue's. 

3331
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:56,200
Prussians now, arriving in force
sashed into the French, right? 

3332
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:59,600
Napoleon's Army exhausted. 
And with its morale shattered, 

3333
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:02,000
began to disintegrate on a 
gentle slope. 

3334
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:04,500
A square of the Old Guard, 
formed to act as a rear guard 

3335
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:07,500
for the fleeing Army. 
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 

3336
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:09,300
They were given a chance to 
surrender. 

3337
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:14,300
One apocryphal version tells 
that when called to yield a 

3338
02:55:14,300 --> 02:55:16,900
Guard general perhaps, come on, 
retorted. 

3339
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:21,900
Legarde Mehran PA. 
The guard dies but does not 

3340
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:24,800
surrender. 
Followed by a defiant mad. 

3341
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:29,000
When eventually overwhelmed, 
many of these steadfast 

3342
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:32,100
grenadiers indeed died where 
they stood rather than 

3343
02:55:32,100 --> 02:55:37,100
capitulate among the chaos 
Napoleon who had remained on the

3344
02:55:37,100 --> 02:55:41,200
field until the guards repulsed,
almost fell into enemy hands, as

3345
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:45,600
all seemed lost his Marshals, 
persuaded him to depart He fled 

3346
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:48,700
the field in a carriage. 
As Darkness fell racing back 

3347
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:52,900
toward Paris, his dream of 
renewed Glory shattered, the 

3348
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:55,100
Battle of Waterloo was over 
Napoleon's. 

3349
02:55:55,100 --> 02:56:00,800
Final gambled Napoleon. 
Reportedly said cifani or it's 

3350
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:05,900
finished then as he left, Back 
in Paris, Napoleon attempted to 

3351
02:56:05,900 --> 02:56:07,700
Rally support for continuing 
resistance. 

3352
02:56:08,800 --> 02:56:12,300
But the political will was gone 
the legend of turned against him

3353
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:14,500
and even the ever-loyal martial 
name. 

3354
02:56:14,500 --> 02:56:17,600
Now, urged abdication, saying 
another, round of Civil War 

3355
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:22,000
would Rouen France. 
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 

3356
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:24,900
abdicated for the second time 
and in favor of his young son, 

3357
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:27,700
Napoleon the second though, the 
Allies ignored this and restore 

3358
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:30,900
Louis the 18th again. 
He then made his way to the 

3359
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:34,500
Atlantic coast, initially hoping
to escape the United States. 

3360
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:37,800
For weeks, he lingered at 
rochefort with two British 

3361
02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:39,800
warships, blocking any attempt 
to sail. 

3362
02:56:40,500 --> 02:56:43,600
Finally, realizing he could not 
elude the global reach of 

3363
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,300
British Sea power, Napoleon 
surrendered himself to the 

3364
02:56:46,308 --> 02:56:51,100
British captain Maitland of HMS 
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 

3365
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:55,200
He would be treated as a former 
head of state and allowed 

3366
02:56:55,200 --> 02:56:56,700
retirement in Britain or 
elsewhere. 

3367
02:56:56,700 --> 02:57:00,500
Instead the British driven by 
their government's resolve that 

3368
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:03,000
he never traveled. 
The world again, decided to send

3369
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:05,500
him to the remote, South 
Atlantic island of Saint Helena 

3370
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:11,000
far from any European Shore. 
In October 1815, Napoleon 

3371
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:15,200
arrived at this Stark, volcanic 
island, roughly 1200 miles from 

3372
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:18,300
the coast of Africa. 
Thus began his second final 

3373
02:57:18,300 --> 02:57:21,300
Exile on a speck of land. 
That was essentially an open-air

3374
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:24,800
prison. 
He was 46 years old, the climate

3375
02:57:24,800 --> 02:57:28,300
was dammed the terrain rugged 
but confined there would be no 

3376
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,400
dramatic Escape or return from 
this place, the British 

3377
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:34,800
government so Hudson Lowe was 
due to and watchful restricting,

3378
02:57:34,800 --> 02:57:37,500
Napoleon's movements, to prevent
any chance of rescue. 

3379
02:57:37,500 --> 02:57:41,500
Napoleon was given a residence 
Longwood house which was damp 

3380
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,000
Windswept, and hardly 
comfortable by Imperial 

3381
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:46,500
standards. 
He passed the next almost six 

3382
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:50,500
years and strange half-life A 
small cohort of loyal followers 

3383
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:53,500
voluntarily accompanied him 
General's, Bertrand and 

3384
02:57:53,500 --> 02:57:57,100
month-long counter Locka, says 
and his valet Marshawn among 

3385
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:59,200
others. 
And if they formed a tiny Court 

3386
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,400
in Exile, Napoleon established a
daily routine. 

3387
02:58:02,400 --> 02:58:05,300
Dictating his Memoirs and 
thoughts to his companions. 

3388
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:08,700
Specially less cases, who 
recorded his conversations in, 

3389
02:58:08,700 --> 02:58:11,900
what would become the memorial 
of Saint Helena. tending, a 

3390
02:58:11,900 --> 02:58:14,800
small garden, reading, 
voraciously history, and 

3391
02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:17,600
literature, and the newspapers 
when he could get them and 

3392
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:20,100
taking the occasional ride or 
walk, when his health allowed, 

3393
02:58:20,800 --> 02:58:23,400
Over time his robust 
Constitution began to fail. 

3394
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:27,300
He grew to Stout from lack of 
exercise and rich food, they 

3395
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:29,200
still dined formerly each night 
on Silver Plate. 

3396
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:31,700
Maintaining pretenses of an 
imperial household. 

3397
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:34,900
He suffered from what appeared 
to be a stomach ailment. 

3398
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:37,700
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 
stomach cancer. 

3399
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:39,800
His father had died of stomach, 
cancer 2. 

3400
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:44,100
Some speculated he was being 
slowly poisoned indeed, Arsenal 

3401
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:45,500
was later. 
Found in hairstyle samples 

3402
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,400
though, modern historians, 
leaned towards natural illness, 

3403
02:58:48,400 --> 02:58:51,600
exacerbated by the conditions 
and possibly the Arsenic present

3404
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:53,800
in things like the wallpaper 
die. 

3405
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:58,000
Emotionally and intellectually 
Napoleon oscillated between 

3406
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,700
border bitterness and reflective
car. 

3407
02:59:00,700 --> 02:59:04,600
He would spend hours mapping out
alternative histories what he 

3408
02:59:04,608 --> 02:59:07,500
should have done at Waterloo or 
regretting not crushing the 

3409
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:10,700
crush's more decisively early or
lamenting the Folly of the 

3410
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:13,700
Russian campaign. 
But other times he would delve 

3411
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,000
into philosophical discussions 
about fate in the future 

3412
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,300
Generations. 
He once stated they wanted me to

3413
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:22,200
be another Washington referring 
to how Britain might have 

3414
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:25,500
expected him to quietly retire 
and farm, but they will not find

3415
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:29,700
another Washington in me. 
As months turned to years, 

3416
02:59:29,700 --> 02:59:34,100
Napoleon became preoccupied with
shaping his legacy in dictation 

3417
02:59:34,100 --> 02:59:35,700
sessions. 
He portrayed himself as the 

3418
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:38,800
champion of the people's rights 
against reactionary monarchs and

3419
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:42,900
as a soldier philosopher, who 
spread revolutionary ideals He 

3420
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:45,100
insisted that his True Glory was
not the 40 battles. 

3421
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:47,500
He won for defeat at Waterloo, 
overshadowed them. 

3422
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:51,300
But what will live forever is my
civil code, the administrative 

3423
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:54,800
reforms, the memory of a Nation.
I transformed, he described the 

3424
02:59:54,808 --> 02:59:58,100
Grande Army as a Band of 
Brothers who achieved The 

3425
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:01,500
Impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

3426
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:04,600
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

3427
03:00:04,600 --> 03:00:08,300
at times sitting on the porch. 
At Longwood gazing at the 

3428
03:00:08,308 --> 03:00:10,100
Atlantic rollers under a gray 
sky. 

3429
03:00:10,100 --> 03:00:14,000
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

3430
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:16,600
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

3431
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:19,900
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

3432
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:22,800
with Petty regulations or refuse
him, the title of Emperor and 

3433
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:25,300
correspondence that British 
addressed him as general 

3434
03:00:25,300 --> 03:00:27,900
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 
bristle with anger. 

3435
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:30,900
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

3436
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:34,300
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

3437
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,800
loyal, sharing in these 
indignities in 1818. 

3438
03:00:37,800 --> 03:00:41,600
Las cases was deported by Lisa, 
milieu for allegedly, trying to 

3439
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:45,600
smuggle, let Us to Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged but he 

3440
03:00:45,608 --> 03:00:49,500
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

3441
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:51,800
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

3442
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:55,300
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

3443
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:59,600
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

3444
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:02,900
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

3445
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:05,700
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he 

3446
03:01:05,700 --> 03:01:08,900
sensed the end was near and made
a will famously asking to be 

3447
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:12,300
buried on the banks of the sin, 
among the French people who may 

3448
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:16,300
have loved so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

3449
03:01:16,300 --> 03:01:20,000
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 
His last words murmured in 

3450
03:01:20,000 --> 03:01:23,200
Delirium were recorded by those 
at his bedside as France, 

3451
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:28,300
jewelry Army. 
Tech dummy, Josephine. 

3452
03:01:30,300 --> 03:01:32,000
France. 
The army. 

3453
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:35,300
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

3454
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:40,200
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

3455
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:44,200
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

3456
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:47,900
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

3457
03:01:47,900 --> 03:01:50,500
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

3458
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:54,000
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wear of 

3459
03:01:54,000 --> 03:01:57,600
any symbol left at nameless. 
But death, only magnified the 

3460
03:01:57,600 --> 03:02:01,100
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

3461
03:02:01,100 --> 03:02:04,400
Helena spread, across Europe, 
painting Napoleon is a romantic 

3462
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:08,500
hero and Martyr of of sorts. 
The great man by fate and the 

3463
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:12,000
malice of lesser men, The term 
Napoleon complex would come to 

3464
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:14,800
describe, not psychological 
height issues but the complexity

3465
03:02:14,800 --> 03:02:18,900
of his historical image Tyrant 
or enlightened ruler military 

3466
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:23,300
genius or Reckless conqueror. 
In 1840, as political Tides 

3467
03:02:23,300 --> 03:02:26,400
changed in France, King Louis 
Philippe obtained permission to 

3468
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:30,000
bring Napoleon's remains home. 
The grand State ceremony, 

3469
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:33,800
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well preserved,

3470
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:37,900
and transported to Paris lined 
by hundreds of thousands of 

3471
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:41,100
Silent onlookers, his coffin 
passed under the Arctic Tree on 

3472
03:02:41,108 --> 03:02:43,700
that Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

3473
03:02:43,708 --> 03:02:46,900
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors. 

3474
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:50,300
In a red, poor furry sarcophagus
at the lead France. 

3475
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:52,000
Thus symbolically reconciled 
with her. 

3476
03:02:52,000 --> 03:02:55,300
Prodigal son. 
He described the grand amay as a

3477
03:02:55,300 --> 03:02:58,500
Band of Brothers who achieve the
impossible out of love for 

3478
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:02,000
France, even expressed some 
remorse or at least sadness over

3479
03:03:02,000 --> 03:03:06,000
the human cost of his Ambitions 
at times sitting on the portrait

3480
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:09,100
Longwood gazing at the Atlantic 
rollers under a gray sky. 

3481
03:03:09,100 --> 03:03:13,100
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

3482
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:15,600
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

3483
03:03:15,600 --> 03:03:19,000
certain pride in combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

3484
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:20,900
with Petty or regulations or 
refusing. 

3485
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:22,600
Title of Emperor and 
correspondence. 

3486
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,700
The British addressed him as 
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 

3487
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:28,700
would bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

3488
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,300
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

3489
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,600
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

3490
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:38,200
indignities. 
In 1818, less cases was deported

3491
03:03:38,200 --> 03:03:41,600
by Latin milieu for allegedly, 
trying to smuggle letters to 

3492
03:03:41,600 --> 03:03:44,600
Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged, but he 

3493
03:03:44,608 --> 03:03:48,300
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

3494
03:03:48,300 --> 03:03:50,800
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

3495
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:54,400
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

3496
03:03:54,400 --> 03:03:58,600
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

3497
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:01,800
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

3498
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:04,600
weakening. 
He took to bed in April. 

3499
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:07,700
He said the end was near and 
made a will famously asking to 

3500
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:11,000
be buried on the banks of the 
same among the French people who

3501
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:15,600
may have loved so much on May 
the 5th 1821 during a ferocious 

3502
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:16,900
storm. 
Napoleon died. 

3503
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:20,300
His last words murmured in 
Delirium were recorded by those 

3504
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:23,900
at his bedside as France. 
Schoolway Army. 

3505
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:29,600
Tech army Josephine. 
France. 

3506
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:33,000
The army. 
Head of the army. 

3507
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:37,600
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

3508
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:41,300
mind clung to what he cherished,
his country, his soldiers, his 

3509
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:44,500
glory and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

3510
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:48,500
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

3511
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:51,000
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

3512
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,500
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left it nameless. 

3513
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:58,900
But death, only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

3514
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,300
like the memorial of Saint 
Helena spread across Europe, 

3515
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:05,500
painting Napoleon as a romantic 
hero, and Martyr of sorts the 

3516
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:08,300
great, man and done by fate and 
the malice of lesser men. 

3517
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:12,800
Term Napoleon complex would come
to describe not cycle issues, 

3518
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:16,300
but the complexity of his 
historical image Tyrant or 

3519
03:05:16,300 --> 03:05:19,400
enlightened ruler military 
genius, or Reckless conqueror. 

3520
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:24,000
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

3521
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:27,900
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home in

3522
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,000
a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

3523
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:35,600
found remarkably well preserved,
and transported to Paris lined 

3524
03:05:35,600 --> 03:05:38,900
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent onlookers, his coffin 

3525
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:41,300
passed under the Arctic Tree on 
that Monument. 

3526
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:44,300
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

3527
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:47,600
laid to rest with full honors in
a red, poor furry, sarcophagus 

3528
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:51,500
at France, thus symbolically 
reconciled with her, Prodigal 

3529
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:59,100
Son? 
Have you ever experienced the 

3530
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:02,000
sensation of your genes being 
slightly too tight after the 

3531
03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:05,100
holidays? 
Imagine if the designer of every

3532
03:06:05,100 --> 03:06:07,300
piece of clothing you owned 
held. 

3533
03:06:07,300 --> 03:06:09,400
The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

3534
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:13,500
Welcome to Victorian fashion 
where Comfort became Obsolete. 

3535
03:06:13,500 --> 03:06:16,500
And Common Sense took a long 
Hiatus picture. 

3536
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:20,300
This it's 1850 and you're a 
well-to-do lady preparing for 

3537
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,300
your day. 
First, you need to put on 

3538
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:25,300
approximately 17 different 
garments. 

3539
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:27,700
Each one more bewildering than 
the last. 

3540
03:06:28,600 --> 03:06:30,400
Your morning routine, doesn't 
start with coffee. 

3541
03:06:30,400 --> 03:06:33,600
It starts with an engineering 
degree in the patience of a 

3542
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,600
saint. 
The victorians had this peculiar

3543
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:40,300
relationship with human 4. 
They believed that nature had 

3544
03:06:40,300 --> 03:06:43,500
created significant designed for
laws and they were determined to

3545
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:46,400
rectify these floors using 
materials such as whalebone 

3546
03:06:46,400 --> 03:06:48,900
steal and unwavering 
determination. 

3547
03:06:50,500 --> 03:06:53,000
There was like, they looked at 
the human body and said, you 

3548
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:56,300
know what, this individual needs
or geometric shapes and less 

3549
03:06:56,300 --> 03:06:59,200
ability to breathe. 
But here's the thing that makes 

3550
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,000
Victorian fashion so 
fascinatingly absurd. 

3551
03:07:02,000 --> 03:07:04,200
None of these changes happened 
overnight. 

3552
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:07,800
It wasn't like someone woke up 
one morning in 1837 and declared

3553
03:07:07,800 --> 03:07:11,000
from now on women's waist shall 
be the circumference of a coffee

3554
03:07:11,000 --> 03:07:13,600
mug. 
Know, the outcome was a gradual 

3555
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:17,300
slide into sartorial Madness 
that took decades to perfect. 

3556
03:07:18,200 --> 03:07:21,200
Truly surprising aspect is that 
people at the time believed they

3557
03:07:21,208 --> 03:07:22,900
were acting completely 
rationally. 

3558
03:07:23,600 --> 03:07:25,700
They had elaborate 
justifications for every 

3559
03:07:25,700 --> 03:07:30,100
ridiculous element, tight 
corsets needless to say, they 

3560
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:33,300
were beneficial for the posture 
and the skirts so wide that they

3561
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:36,900
can't fit through doorways. 
Undoubtedly, they are essential 

3562
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:39,900
for maintaining modesty to 
sleeves need their own unique, 

3563
03:07:39,900 --> 03:07:42,300
zip code, simply fashionable, 
darling. 

3564
03:07:42,300 --> 03:07:44,600
You have to admire the 
dedication, really. 

3565
03:07:44,600 --> 03:07:48,300
These were people who have 
committed to anything when 

3566
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:50,400
Victoria's decided to complicate
fashion. 

3567
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:53,500
It went all in like they were 
trying to win an Olympic medal 

3568
03:07:53,500 --> 03:07:55,800
in most impractical clothing 
design. 

3569
03:07:56,700 --> 03:07:59,400
They approached fashion the way 
modern people approach extreme 

3570
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:02,500
sports with enthusiasm that 
bordered on the Reckless. 

3571
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:05,800
Men were not exempt from this 
madness though. 

3572
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:07,700
Their version was more subtly 
ridiculous. 

3573
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:10,300
While women were being 
transformed into human, 

3574
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,500
geometric shapes men were busy 
perfecting the art of looking 

3575
03:08:13,500 --> 03:08:16,600
like very serious Penguins. 
They were top hats, that 

3576
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:20,400
accentuated their height coats 
with useless tales and enough 

3577
03:08:20,400 --> 03:08:22,800
starch in their collars to 
construct a miniature boat. 

3578
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,500
Fascinating thing is how this 
all started with genuine 

3579
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:29,300
intentions. 
The early victorians weren't 

3580
03:08:29,300 --> 03:08:32,200
trying to create a fashion 
nightmare, they were responding 

3581
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:34,200
to real social and economic 
changes. 

3582
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:38,300
The industrial revolution had 
created New Wealth, new social 

3583
03:08:38,300 --> 03:08:42,100
classes and new anxieties about 
respectability fashion. 

3584
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:44,900
Became a language a way to 
communicate your place in this 

3585
03:08:44,900 --> 03:08:48,800
rapidly changing world. 
But somewhere along the way that

3586
03:08:48,800 --> 03:08:52,600
language became increasingly 
complex, like a secret code that

3587
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:55,900
only the initiated could 
understand what started as 

3588
03:08:55,900 --> 03:08:59,300
dressed nicely to show your 
respectable evolved into 

3589
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:02,500
transform yourself into a 
walking architectural. 

3590
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:06,700
Marvel risk, social Extinction, 
the irony is delicious when you 

3591
03:09:06,708 --> 03:09:10,800
contemplate it, Here was an era 
of obsessed with moral virtue 

3592
03:09:10,800 --> 03:09:13,600
and proper behavior. 
Yet they created clothing that 

3593
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:16,500
made simple human activities 
like sitting walking or 

3594
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:20,300
breathing into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

3595
03:09:20,300 --> 03:09:23,200
believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

3596
03:09:23,200 --> 03:09:27,400
but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

3597
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:31,900
imagine the Russell of silk, the
creaking of whale bone and the 

3598
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:34,700
gentle chaos of an era when 
getting dressed was an adventure

3599
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:37,700
and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

3600
03:09:38,800 --> 03:09:42,300
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

3601
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:44,500
one of them. 
Let's talk about the corset, 

3602
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:46,900
shall we? 
If Victorian fashion were a 

3603
03:09:46,900 --> 03:09:48,300
movie, The corset would be the 
villain. 

3604
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:52,000
Everyone loves to hate. 
Simultaneously fascinating and 

3605
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:55,400
horrifying like a beautifully 
crafted instrument of torture 

3606
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:57,700
that someone decided to wear to 
afternoon tea. 

3607
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:00,200
You've probably heard the 
stories about women fainting 

3608
03:10:00,200 --> 03:10:03,500
left and right their organs 
rearranged like Furniture in a 

3609
03:10:03,500 --> 03:10:06,600
studio apartment. 
However, the truth about corset 

3610
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:09,100
wearing was not as dramatic as 
the legend portray. 

3611
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:13,000
It's like that friend, who tells
fish stories, the basic facts 

3612
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:15,500
are there, but they've grown 
considerably in the telling 

3613
03:10:17,000 --> 03:10:20,000
Let's first tackle the issue of 
the 18-inch waste in The Parlor.

3614
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:23,700
Do you notice the remarkably 
small waists and fashion plates 

3615
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:26,400
and photos? 
Many of them were about as real,

3616
03:10:26,400 --> 03:10:30,000
as a unicorn wearing a tutu, 
Victoria photographers, and 

3617
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:32,900
illustrators were just as fond 
of creative editing, as modern 

3618
03:10:32,900 --> 03:10:36,000
Instagram, users. 
They pinch in wastes in Hearts 

3619
03:10:36,000 --> 03:10:39,300
curves and generally, present an
idealized version that was 

3620
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:41,600
achievable as becoming, a 
professional mermaid. 

3621
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:45,000
But that doesn't mean corsets 
were just gentle supportive 

3622
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:47,700
garments either. 
These were indeed serious 

3623
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:49,800
business. 
A well-made Victorian. 

3624
03:10:49,800 --> 03:10:52,400
Corset was like wearing an 
architectural support system 

3625
03:10:52,400 --> 03:10:55,400
designed by someone. 
Who'd never actually met a human

3626
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:57,700
spine. 
They were marvels of engineering

3627
03:10:57,700 --> 03:11:01,400
really dozens of pieces of 
whalebone or steel carefully 

3628
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:03,700
shaped and sewn into what was 
essentially aware of. 

3629
03:11:03,700 --> 03:11:07,400
Okay, the thing is most women 
didn't tight lace to the extreme

3630
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:09,700
degrees. 
You might imagine your average, 

3631
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,100
Victorian lady laced, her 
corsets snugly indeed. 

3632
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:15,000
But, not to the extent that she 
required smelling salts each 

3633
03:11:15,000 --> 03:11:18,900
time she sent her to staircase. 
Fainting epidemic was more about

3634
03:11:18,900 --> 03:11:22,400
the combination of tight lacing,
heavy clothing, overheated 

3635
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:24,500
rooms. 
And the Victorian ladies 

3636
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:27,500
delicate Constitution which was 
often more performed, in 

3637
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:31,200
January, think of it this way. 
If women were really fainting on

3638
03:11:31,200 --> 03:11:34,000
Mass from their undergarments, 
the Victorian era would have 

3639
03:11:34,000 --> 03:11:38,800
been remarkably unproductive. 
Yet somehow the same corseted 

3640
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:42,600
women managed to run households 
raised children engage in social

3641
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:44,800
causes and even work in 
factories. 

3642
03:11:45,600 --> 03:11:48,700
They weren't delicate flowers. 
They were surprisingly Hardy 

3643
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:50,900
individuals who happened to 
dress like they were preparing 

3644
03:11:50,900 --> 03:11:54,400
for battle with their bodies. 
The corset also served purposes 

3645
03:11:54,400 --> 03:11:57,300
beyond the aesthetic. 
In an era before brass were 

3646
03:11:57,300 --> 03:11:59,400
invented. 
It provided necessary support 

3647
03:11:59,400 --> 03:12:02,200
for women's busts. 
It also helped distribute the 

3648
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:04,400
weight of those massive skirts. 
We'll talk about shortly. 

3649
03:12:05,300 --> 03:12:08,000
Imagine carrying a small tent 
around your waist all day. 

3650
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:10,100
You'd want some structural 
support too. 

3651
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:13,500
But here's where the corset 
story gets really interesting. 

3652
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:17,300
It became a symbol of women's 
oppression and Liberation 

3653
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:21,700
simultaneously. 
Critics argued that tight lacing

3654
03:12:21,700 --> 03:12:24,400
represented societies. 
Control over women's bodies. 

3655
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:27,000
Forcing them into unnatural 
shapes to please. 

3656
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:30,300
Male ideals of beauty 
supporters, countered that the 

3657
03:12:30,300 --> 03:12:32,300
course it gave women, an 
hourglass figure that 

3658
03:12:32,300 --> 03:12:35,900
emphasized, their femininity and
Power, The medical establishment

3659
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:38,500
never want to miss an 
opportunity to have opinions 

3660
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:42,200
about women's bodies in with 
dial warning about the dangers 

3661
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:45,300
of tight lacing. 
Doctors wrote lengthy, Treasures

3662
03:12:45,300 --> 03:12:49,100
about corset liver and Corset 
lung conditions. 

3663
03:12:49,100 --> 03:12:51,400
That sound like they were 
invented by someone who never 

3664
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:54,700
actually examined a corseted 
woman but had profound feeling 

3665
03:12:54,700 --> 03:12:57,100
about fashion. 
Meanwhile, the women actually 

3666
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,300
wearing these garments have more
nuanced views, many found their 

3667
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:01,900
corsets comfortable and 
supportive. 

3668
03:13:01,900 --> 03:13:05,300
When properly fitted others 
endured silent suffering from 

3669
03:13:05,300 --> 03:13:08,600
the sake of fashion, some 
rebelled entirely and joined the

3670
03:13:08,608 --> 03:13:11,700
dress Reform movement, which 
sounds much more exciting than 

3671
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:15,200
it actually was. 
Imagine a group of various women

3672
03:13:15,200 --> 03:13:17,900
campaigning for the right to 
wear clothing, that didn't 

3673
03:13:17,900 --> 03:13:21,600
require an engineering degree to
put on The corset industry 

3674
03:13:21,600 --> 03:13:24,000
itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

3675
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:27,200
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end corsetieres, who 

3676
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:30,500
created custom pieces that fit 
like a second skin to 

3677
03:13:30,500 --> 03:13:32,400
mass-market. 
Producers who churned out 

3678
03:13:32,400 --> 03:13:35,600
ready-made versions for the 
growing middle class, getting a 

3679
03:13:35,600 --> 03:13:37,800
corset properly. 
Fitted was like visiting a very 

3680
03:13:37,808 --> 03:13:40,600
specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

3681
03:13:40,600 --> 03:13:43,500
modification. 
As you settle deeper into your 

3682
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:45,600
comfortable and corseted 
evening. 

3683
03:13:45,600 --> 03:13:49,100
Remember that for Victorian 
women, this daily ritual of 

3684
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:51,300
lacing and lacing was simply 
part of life. 

3685
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:54,900
He adapted to their constraints 
with remarkable Ingenuity 

3686
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:59,000
developing techniques for 
movement, breathing and even 

3687
03:13:59,008 --> 03:14:01,800
danceing while wearing, what was
essentially a fabric covered 

3688
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,800
cage? 
Human capacity for adaptation is

3689
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:07,700
truly remarkable. 
Even when adapting to something,

3690
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:10,900
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 
here while you adjust your 

3691
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:13,700
position on the couch something.
Victorian women couldn't do 

3692
03:14:13,700 --> 03:14:17,400
quite so easily. 
If corsets were the foundation 

3693
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:20,800
of Victorian fashion Madness, 
then skirts with a magnificent 

3694
03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:25,200
in Practical superstructure on 
top We're talking about garments

3695
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:27,700
that required their own 
transportation planning, and had

3696
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:30,100
a carbon footprint larger than 
some small countries. 

3697
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:33,100
Picture yourself. 
Getting ready for a simple trip 

3698
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:36,300
to the market. 
In 1860 first, you need to 

3699
03:14:36,308 --> 03:14:40,500
consider your skirts diameter. 
Typically anywhere from 6 to 12 

3700
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:44,100
feet across that's not a typo. 
We're talking about wearing a 

3701
03:14:44,108 --> 03:14:46,100
fabric tent that could house a 
small family. 

3702
03:14:46,100 --> 03:14:48,000
You couldn't just walk out the 
door. 

3703
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:51,100
You had to strategize your exit,
like you were launching a space 

3704
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:55,400
mission. the evolution of the 
Victorian skirt can be compared 

3705
03:14:55,400 --> 03:14:59,000
to a person gradually, losing 
their sense of reality, albeit 

3706
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:03,000
in a methodical manner, It 
started reasonably enough in the

3707
03:15:03,000 --> 03:15:05,300
1840s full skirts. 
Yes. 

3708
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:08,100
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

3709
03:15:08,100 --> 03:15:11,300
Then something happened, maybe 
it was competition. 

3710
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:14,800
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

3711
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,100
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

3712
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,400
intervened by the 1850s. 
The crinoline had become 

3713
03:15:20,400 --> 03:15:24,300
ubiquitous and irreversible, the
crinoline was essentially a cage

3714
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:27,600
you wore under your skirt. 
Whoops of steel or whale bone 

3715
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:29,200
that created a bell-shaped 
Foundation. 

3716
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:33,000
It was like wearing a personal 
tent frame except the tent was 

3717
03:15:33,000 --> 03:15:35,400
made of silk and you were 
expected to walk in it. 

3718
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:39,900
The logistics of crinoline life 
was staggering doorways, became 

3719
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:43,300
navigation, challenges sitting 
required, careful calculation 

3720
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:45,200
and preferably a chair without 
arms. 

3721
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:48,500
Getting into a carriage was like
solving a three-dimensional 

3722
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:50,400
puzzle while wearing a small 
building. 

3723
03:15:50,400 --> 03:15:54,200
Victorian women of skills that 
would have made NASA Engineers 

3724
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:57,100
weep with admiration and yet 
they made it look. 

3725
03:15:57,100 --> 03:16:00,800
Effortless photos from the era 
show women gliding around in 

3726
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:03,200
these massive skirts as if they 
were Perfectly Natural. 

3727
03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:06,900
However a complex science 
underlay, the management of 

3728
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:10,100
quinlan's women learned to 
compress their skirts, by 

3729
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:13,400
pressing down on the Hoops, to 
navigate stairs, by lifting the 

3730
03:16:13,400 --> 03:16:16,000
front of their skirts. 
Just so, and to sit by 

3731
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:19,800
effortlessly collapsing, their 
criminals The really magnificent

3732
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:22,500
part was how the fashion 
industry supported this madness,

3733
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:26,200
crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles. 

3734
03:16:26,200 --> 03:16:30,000
Some criminals had collapsible 
sections for sitting others 

3735
03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:32,500
featured graduated Hoops that 
created the perfect. 

3736
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:36,100
Bell-shaped the advertisements 
read like technical manuals for 

3737
03:16:36,100 --> 03:16:40,000
personal Transportation devices.
Crinolines have their dangers 

3738
03:16:40,000 --> 03:16:43,100
and not just the obvious ones 
like getting stuck in doorways 

3739
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:47,100
or accidentally sweeping objects
off tables fire was a genuine 

3740
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:49,800
Hazard. 
All that fabric often treated 

3741
03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:53,900
with flammable starches and dies
combined with open Flames for 

3742
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:57,100
lighting and Heating. 
Victoria newspapers are full of 

3743
03:16:57,108 --> 03:17:00,800
tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

3744
03:17:00,800 --> 03:17:03,200
of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

3745
03:17:03,200 --> 03:17:05,800
Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

3746
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:10,100
related challenges when turned a
crane in into a sale, which 

3747
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:12,400
sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant, women could be 

3748
03:17:12,400 --> 03:17:14,400
literally blown off. 
Course, during their daily 

3749
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,000
walks. 
Rain was particularly 

3750
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:20,200
problematic, imagine trying to 
dry a tent that you'd been 

3751
03:17:20,200 --> 03:17:23,400
wearing all day, the social 
implications were equally 

3752
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:26,600
complex, a wide. 
Crinoline was a status symbol 

3753
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:29,000
proof that you could afford not 
just the Garment itself. 

3754
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:32,400
But the lifestyle that 
accommodated it If you could 

3755
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:35,700
wear a six foot wide skirt, you 
didn't need to work cook clean 

3756
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:37,700
or engage in any practical 
activity. 

3757
03:17:37,700 --> 03:17:41,200
It was conspicuous consumption 
in its most literal form. 

3758
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:43,900
You were conspicuously consuming
space. 

3759
03:17:44,900 --> 03:17:46,500
But here's what makes the 
crinoline error. 

3760
03:17:46,500 --> 03:17:49,700
So endearing in retrospect 
Victorian, women took these 

3761
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:52,000
absurd constraints and somehow 
made them work. 

3762
03:17:52,700 --> 03:17:55,200
They developed elaborate 
etiquettes for criminal in 

3763
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:58,700
navigation techniques for 
managing their skirts in various

3764
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:02,000
social situations and even 
Sports modified for women 

3765
03:18:02,000 --> 03:18:05,400
wearing personal tents. 
Croquet became popular partly 

3766
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:08,200
because it was one of the few 
activities were a criminal. 

3767
03:18:08,200 --> 03:18:10,700
In wasn't a complete impediment 
dancing. 

3768
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,300
Required choreography. 
That accounted for each 

3769
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:15,600
partner's. 
Circumference, even something. 

3770
03:18:15,600 --> 03:18:18,300
As simple as walking with a 
friend became an exercise and 

3771
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:22,200
spatial coordination, The 
crinoline reached its peak 

3772
03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:27,000
absurdity in the 1860s when 
skirts, achieve their maximum 

3773
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:30,300
circumference, it was as if 
Victorian fashion had been 

3774
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:33,600
steadily expanding, like a 
balloon and everyone was waiting

3775
03:18:33,600 --> 03:18:36,100
to see, who would be brave 
enough to suggest that maybe, 

3776
03:18:36,100 --> 03:18:39,600
just, maybe this was getting a 
bit ridiculous. 

3777
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:42,800
Little did they know the next 
chapter? 

3778
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:45,700
Would involve bustles because 
apparently making skirts 

3779
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:47,600
impossibly wide wasn't quite 
enough. 

3780
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:50,200
Victorians were just getting 
warmed up. 

3781
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:52,900
Just when you think the 
victorians, couldn't possibly 

3782
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:55,300
make clothing. 
More complicated Along Came the 

3783
03:18:55,308 --> 03:18:58,400
bustle era to prove that human 
Ingenuity and the service of 

3784
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:01,900
impracticality knows no bounds. 
If the crinoline was like 

3785
03:19:01,900 --> 03:19:05,300
wearing a bell, the bustle was 
like strapping a small shelf to 

3786
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:07,400
your posterior and pretending 
your posture was perfectly 

3787
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,600
normal. 
The transition from crinoline to

3788
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:12,900
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 
gradual. 

3789
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:16,600
It was like watching a balloon 
deflate and then re-inflate in a

3790
03:19:16,600 --> 03:19:19,600
completely different shape. 
One day, women were navigating 

3791
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:22,600
doorways sideways because of 
their width and the next they 

3792
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:25,400
were backing into rooms because 
their skirts projected three 

3793
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:28,300
feet behind them. 
It was as if Victorian fashion 

3794
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:30,800
designers had gotten bored with 
horizontal challenges and 

3795
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:33,100
decided to explore vertical 
possibilities. 

3796
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:36,900
The bustle itself was a Marvel 
of engineering that would have 

3797
03:19:36,908 --> 03:19:38,200
made Bridge. 
Builders jealous. 

3798
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:41,800
Early bussells were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

3799
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:43,900
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

3800
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:46,900
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate. 

3801
03:19:46,900 --> 03:19:50,000
Some had Spring's. 
Others featured adjustable 

3802
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:53,500
Frameworks in the most advanced 
models included collapsible 

3803
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:57,400
sections for sitting Imagine 
attempting to sit down while 

3804
03:19:57,400 --> 03:19:59,900
wearing a bustle. 
There wasn't just a matter of 

3805
03:19:59,900 --> 03:20:02,400
bending at the waist. 
The required, a carefully 

3806
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,400
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

3807
03:20:05,400 --> 03:20:08,200
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

3808
03:20:08,200 --> 03:20:10,100
it. 
Lower yourself carefully while 

3809
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:13,600
managing several layers of skirt
and then somehow a range all 

3810
03:20:13,608 --> 03:20:15,200
that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

3811
03:20:15,208 --> 03:20:16,600
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

3812
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:20,200
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

3813
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:23,100
crinoline management. 
At least with the crinoline. 

3814
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:25,700
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

3815
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:28,300
You never know what's going on 
behind you, and there's a 

3816
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:30,600
bustle. 
Victorian women developed a kind

3817
03:20:30,600 --> 03:20:33,200
of spatial awareness, that 
modern people can't imagine. 

3818
03:20:33,200 --> 03:20:36,500
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

3819
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:38,600
required and navigate 
accordingly. 

3820
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:43,900
Doorways remain challenging, but
in new ways instead of squeezing

3821
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:47,200
through sideways bustled women 
had to judge, angles carefully. 

3822
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:50,900
If your approach was too steep, 
your skirt, might snag on the 

3823
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:53,300
door frame. 
If the approach was too shallow,

3824
03:20:53,300 --> 03:20:56,500
you wouldn't be able to pass. 
It was like parking a car, 

3825
03:20:56,500 --> 03:21:00,500
except the car was attached to 
your body, and made of silk, The

3826
03:21:00,500 --> 03:21:04,800
bustle created intriguing, 
social dynamics conversations 

3827
03:21:04,800 --> 03:21:08,200
became exercises in Geometry. 
How close could you stand to 

3828
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:10,500
someone when you were both 
wearing rear projections? 

3829
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:14,000
Answering required new 
techniques and something as 

3830
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:16,300
simple as walking arm and arm 
with a friend, became a 

3831
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,000
coordination challenge, worthy 
of synchronized swimmers. 

3832
03:21:19,800 --> 03:21:22,600
Perhaps the most remarkable 
thing about the bustle era was 

3833
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,800
how it demonstrated Victorian 
society's ability to adapt to 

3834
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:28,800
absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

3835
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:31,000
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles. 

3836
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:34,300
Architecture started accounting 
for the extra space, women 

3837
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:37,100
required. 
SoCal Customs evolved to handle 

3838
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,300
the new spatial requirements of 
female fashion. 

3839
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:41,300
The fashion plates of the era 
show. 

3840
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:43,900
Women looking perfectly composed
in their bottled gowns. 

3841
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:47,200
But the reality behind the 
scenes was a constant comedy of 

3842
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:50,800
spatial miscalculation. 
Torreon literature is full of 

3843
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:53,300
subtle references to the 
challenges of bustled life, 

3844
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,300
women getting stuck in 
carriages, skirts, caught 

3845
03:21:56,300 --> 03:21:59,400
indoors and the general chaos of
trying to live normally while 

3846
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:01,700
wearing architectural elements 
yet. 

3847
03:22:01,700 --> 03:22:05,500
Somehow Victorian women made it 
work they developed techniques 

3848
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:07,700
for Bustleton. 
Maintenance strategies for 

3849
03:22:07,700 --> 03:22:11,100
navigation, even created new 
forms of social interaction, 

3850
03:22:11,100 --> 03:22:14,900
that accommodated their 
enhancements silhouette Human 

3851
03:22:14,900 --> 03:22:17,600
ability to normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

3852
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:21,700
The bustle went through several 
iterations, during its Reign the

3853
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:24,000
first bus area. 
Featured, relatively modest 

3854
03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:27,100
projections, consider it to be 
training wheels for posterior 

3855
03:22:27,100 --> 03:22:30,400
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

3856
03:22:30,400 --> 03:22:33,300
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined, like likely 

3857
03:22:33,300 --> 03:22:35,000
bringing a sense of relief to 
everyone. 

3858
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:38,100
But Victorian fashion wasn't 
done yet. 

3859
03:22:38,900 --> 03:22:42,700
Second bustle era beginning in 
the mid-1880s brought 

3860
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:45,300
projections that defied. 
Not just Comfort, but basic 

3861
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:47,700
physics. 
These weren't just bustles. 

3862
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:50,600
They were engineering Marvels, 
that critic silhouette. 

3863
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:53,900
So extreme, they look like 
costume designs for a play about

3864
03:22:53,900 --> 03:22:57,100
furniture. 
Final bustle designs were so 

3865
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,100
elaborate, they came with their 
instruction manuals, some 

3866
03:23:00,100 --> 03:23:03,200
featured multiple tiers. 
Others have adjustable angles, 

3867
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:06,700
and the most advanced models 
included patented mechanisms for

3868
03:23:06,700 --> 03:23:10,000
collapse and expansion. 
It was as if Victorian women 

3869
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:13,600
were wearing Transformer robots.
Except instead of turning into 

3870
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:17,600
cars, they turned into chairs As
we move through this fashion 

3871
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:21,000
timeline, remember that each of 
these Trends lasted for years. 

3872
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,500
This wasn't a brief moment of 
collective Madness, entire 

3873
03:23:25,500 --> 03:23:27,600
generation of women live, their 
daily lives. 

3874
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:30,900
In these Contraptions adapting 
with remarkable Grace to 

3875
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:33,100
constraints that seemed 
impossible from our modern 

3876
03:23:33,100 --> 03:23:35,300
perspective. 
If you thought, Victorian 

3877
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:37,500
fashion was done. 
Surprise us after corsets 

3878
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:40,800
crinolines and bustles. 
You clearly underestimated their

3879
03:23:40,800 --> 03:23:43,200
commitment to making every part 
of the human body and 

3880
03:23:43,200 --> 03:23:47,100
engineering challenge. 
Enter the 1890 sleeve also known

3881
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:49,500
as the leg of mutton sleeve 
though. 

3882
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:52,100
That name doesn't quite capture.
The full of absurdity of 

3883
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:54,700
wearing, what amounted to small,
hot air, balloons attached to 

3884
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:57,000
your shoulders. 
Early. 

3885
03:23:57,000 --> 03:24:00,000
Victorian sleeves were snug 
practical Affairs that allowed 

3886
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:03,200
for actual arm movement. 
However, as the century 

3887
03:24:03,200 --> 03:24:07,100
progressed sleeves began to 
expand as if they were competing

3888
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,300
with skirts for the title of 
most impractical garment 

3889
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:14,200
component. 
By the 1890s sleeves had 

3890
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,000
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

3891
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:18,300
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

3892
03:24:18,300 --> 03:24:21,700
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time, but because 

3893
03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:25,600
their shoulders had effectively 
doubled in width, These garments

3894
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:26,900
were not. 
Merely sleeves. 

3895
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:29,900
They resembled fabric 
architecture with arms hidden 

3896
03:24:29,900 --> 03:24:33,000
inside them. 
The construction of a proper leg

3897
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:35,700
of mutton, sleeve was an 
engineering Marvel, that 

3898
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,300
required more planning than most
modern home renovations. 

3899
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:42,600
Sleeve had to be supported from 
within using various Frameworks 

3900
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:46,200
wire, whalebone or even cotton 
padding arranged in precise 

3901
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:49,400
configurations to maintain the 
proper shape, getting dressed 

3902
03:24:49,400 --> 03:24:51,000
involved. 
Not just putting on clothing, 

3903
03:24:51,000 --> 03:24:53,300
but assembling a complex 
structural system. 

3904
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:57,300
Imagine trying to eat dinner 
while wearing sleeves that 

3905
03:24:57,300 --> 03:24:59,100
extended. 
Well beyond your actual arms 

3906
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:02,400
band, Victorian women developed,
eating techniques, that would 

3907
03:25:02,400 --> 03:25:05,300
have impressed contortionists, 
they learned to approach their 

3908
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:08,500
plate at specific angles to cut 
food using carefully. 

3909
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,700
Calculated our movements and to 
drink tea without completely 

3910
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:14,100
obscuring, their faces behind 
walls of fabric. 

3911
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:16,700
The Practical challenges were 
endless. 

3912
03:25:16,700 --> 03:25:20,700
Embracing someone required 
strategic planning, getting into

3913
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:22,500
a carriage. 
Meant compressing, your sleeves 

3914
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,200
like a kordians. 
Even something as simple as 

3915
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:28,300
reaching for an object on a 
shelf, became an exercise in 

3916
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:31,600
spatial mathematics. 
Victorian. 

3917
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:33,900
Women lived in a world where 
their clothing had a larger 

3918
03:25:33,900 --> 03:25:35,400
footprint than their actual 
bodies. 

3919
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,100
That the sleeves were just 
large, they were elaborately 

3920
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:42,600
decorated, puffed, pleated, 
gathered. 

3921
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:46,000
And trimmed with every 
conceivable ornament they were 

3922
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:49,100
like, wearing two small rooms 
complete with their interior 

3923
03:25:49,100 --> 03:25:52,700
design schemes, some sleeves 
featured, multiple tiers of 

3924
03:25:52,708 --> 03:25:56,300
fabric creating layered 
architectural effects, that 

3925
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,500
would have made wedding cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy the 

3926
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:01,200
maintenance requirements was 
staggering. 

3927
03:26:01,200 --> 03:26:04,400
He sleeves needed to be pressed 
into shape regularly. 

3928
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:07,600
Their internal structures are 
just adjusted and repairs and 

3929
03:26:07,600 --> 03:26:09,600
their elaborate decorations kept
pristine. 

3930
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:14,100
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours and 

3931
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:16,000
sells maintaining their sleeve 
architecture. 

3932
03:26:16,000 --> 03:26:19,400
It was like owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

3933
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:22,000
social events. 
Then there were the seasonal 

3934
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:24,700
challenges. 
Summer sleeves in heavy, Fabrics

3935
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:28,600
created portable saunas. 
Around women's arms Winter mint.

3936
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:30,400
Adding even more layers to 
already Monumental 

3937
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:33,600
constructions. 
Rain posed, a significant 

3938
03:26:33,600 --> 03:26:37,200
challenge, imagine attempting to
dry two fabric Pavilions, 

3939
03:26:37,200 --> 03:26:40,800
fastened, to your shoulders, the
social implications of extreme 

3940
03:26:40,800 --> 03:26:43,900
sleeves were fascinating. 
They were clear indicators of 

3941
03:26:43,900 --> 03:26:46,600
Leisure Class status. 
If you could wear sleeves that 

3942
03:26:46,608 --> 03:26:49,800
made practical work impossible, 
you obviously didn't need to 

3943
03:26:49,800 --> 03:26:53,100
engage in any, they were an 
extreme form of conspicuous 

3944
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,000
consumption demonstrating that 
one could afford to be 

3945
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:59,600
completely impractical. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

3946
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:03,200
finished with extremities yet 
hats during this era became 

3947
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:06,500
increasingly elaborate often 
featuring entire Gardens of 

3948
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:10,100
artificial flowers, preserved, 
birds, and decorative elements. 

3949
03:27:10,100 --> 03:27:11,900
That would have been impressive 
on a parade float. 

3950
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:15,800
These worked hacks. 
They were portable ecosystems 

3951
03:27:15,800 --> 03:27:17,500
that happened to sit on people's
heads. 

3952
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:21,700
The millenary Arts reached new 
heights of complexity during the

3953
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:24,500
Victorian era. 
Hat construction involved. 

3954
03:27:24,500 --> 03:27:27,600
Multiple Specialists one person,
might create the basic 

3955
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:29,400
structure. 
Another would handle the 

3956
03:27:29,400 --> 03:27:32,300
flowers, and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

3957
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:34,600
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

3958
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:36,900
their own Structural 
Engineering, consultations 

3959
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,600
gloves, 2 became exercises in 
extremity enhancement. 

3960
03:27:41,600 --> 03:27:44,300
Victorian gloves were often so 
long they disappeared entirely 

3961
03:27:44,300 --> 03:27:47,100
under those enormous sleeves. 
Creating the impression that 

3962
03:27:47,100 --> 03:27:49,800
women's arms simply ended in 
fabric somewhere around the 

3963
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,600
elbow. 
The longest gloves extended past

3964
03:27:52,600 --> 03:27:56,000
the elbow requiring complex 
systems of buttons and hooks for

3965
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:59,400
removal even shoes. 
Join the extremity enhancement 

3966
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:03,400
project Victorian boots, often 
featured dozens of tiny buttons 

3967
03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:06,900
or an elaborate lacing system 
that required special tools to 

3968
03:28:06,900 --> 03:28:09,800
fasten. 
Getting dressed from head to toe

3969
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,700
could take hours and often 
required assistance from 

3970
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:16,300
servants or family members. 
The cumulative effect of all 

3971
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:19,600
these extremity enhancements was
that Victorian, women became 

3972
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:22,500
walking demonstrations of their 
societies relationship with 

3973
03:28:22,500 --> 03:28:26,300
practicality, which was to say, 
they'd broken up entirely and 

3974
03:28:26,300 --> 03:28:29,300
weren't on speaking terms. 
Now, settle in, for this part of

3975
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:32,400
our story, because we're about 
to explore how Victorian fashion

3976
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,900
became more complex than quantum
physics, but with more rules 

3977
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,500
about appropriate neckline. 
Behind all this sartorial 

3978
03:28:39,500 --> 03:28:42,400
Madness was a scientific 
approach to respectability that 

3979
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:45,500
would have impressed laboratory 
researchers, the victorians 

3980
03:28:45,500 --> 03:28:48,900
didn't just randomly decide to 
make clothing complicated, they 

3981
03:28:48,900 --> 03:28:51,900
developed, elaborate systems of 
social communication through 

3982
03:28:51,900 --> 03:28:56,000
fabric, creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

3983
03:28:56,000 --> 03:28:59,600
are still trying to code it. 
Victorian dress code wasn't just

3984
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:02,200
about looking nice. 
There was about broadcasting, 

3985
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:06,400
your moral character, social 
status economic situation 

3986
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,800
marital availability and 
probably your opinion on the 

3987
03:29:09,800 --> 03:29:11,300
weather. 
All through carefully, 

3988
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:14,600
calculated costume choices. 
It was like, wearing a social 

3989
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:19,000
media profile, except in posting
updates, you change your outfit 

3990
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:23,100
morning, dress afternoon, dress 
evening dress, calling dress, 

3991
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:26,100
walking dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

3992
03:29:26,100 --> 03:29:28,500
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

3993
03:29:28,500 --> 03:29:32,100
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

3994
03:29:32,100 --> 03:29:35,500
a incredibly elaborate play 
where the costumes changed every

3995
03:29:35,500 --> 03:29:38,700
few hours and forgetting your 
lines meant social death. 

3996
03:29:39,800 --> 03:29:42,300
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

3997
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:45,500
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

3998
03:29:45,500 --> 03:29:48,800
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

3999
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:52,300
occasions and exact sleeve links
that communicated whether you 

4000
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:56,600
were available for courtship or 
properly chaperone Getting it 

4001
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:58,800
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 
floppa. 

4002
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,800
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

4003
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,900
reputation for Generations. 
Take more mourning dress for 

4004
03:30:04,900 --> 03:30:07,600
example. 
Victorian society had developed 

4005
03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:10,500
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

4006
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:13,100
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

4007
03:30:13,100 --> 03:30:15,500
production. 
Full morning, required, 

4008
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,400
completely black clothing, with 
no ornamentation for the first 

4009
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:21,100
year. 
Then came half morning, which 

4010
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:23,900
allowed for touches of white, 
gray or purple. 

4011
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:27,300
The gradations were so specific.
That there were etiquette books 

4012
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:30,900
devoted entirely to appropriate 
mourning attire, the fabric 

4013
03:30:30,900 --> 03:30:33,800
choices alone were a science. 
So certain materials were 

4014
03:30:33,800 --> 03:30:36,800
appropriate for certain Seasons 
social classes and life stages. 

4015
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,900
Silk was appropriate for formal 
occasions cotton for everyday 

4016
03:30:40,900 --> 03:30:43,900
wear wool for winter and linen 
for summer. 

4017
03:30:43,900 --> 03:30:48,800
But not just any type of silk, 
cotton, wool or linen. 

4018
03:30:49,500 --> 03:30:52,700
There were dozens of varieties 
of each and choosing the wrong 

4019
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:55,400
type, could broadcast ignorance 
of social codes, more 

4020
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:58,200
effectively than wearing a sign.
Color. 

4021
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:01,200
Symbolism reached levels of 
complexity that would have 

4022
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:05,000
challenged medieval Scholars, 
white, symbolizes, Purity and 

4023
03:31:05,000 --> 03:31:07,400
youth. 
But this symbolism is limited to

4024
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:10,100
unmarried. 
Women specific fabrics and 

4025
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:13,700
specific Seasons black 
signifies, respectability and 

4026
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:17,200
Authority yet its significance. 
Fairies based on factors such as

4027
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:22,400
age marital status and the 
particular shade of black Purple

4028
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:25,700
was morning, but also royalty 
the dangerous. 

4029
03:31:25,700 --> 03:31:29,000
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

4030
03:31:29,008 --> 03:31:32,600
decoration systems were equally.
Elaborate ribbons lace 

4031
03:31:32,600 --> 03:31:35,500
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

4032
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:37,700
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

4033
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:40,400
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

4034
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:43,800
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

4035
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:46,900
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns,

4036
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:50,200
even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

4037
03:31:50,200 --> 03:31:54,100
system, the right courses, 
shamise drawers, and petticoats 

4038
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:55,900
weren't just about creating the 
proper silhouette. 

4039
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:58,700
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

4040
03:31:58,700 --> 03:32:01,500
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

4041
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:04,900
culture. 
The economic implications were 

4042
03:32:04,900 --> 03:32:08,300
staggering. a proper, Victorian 
ladies wardrobe, required, a 

4043
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:11,800
fortune, not just to acquire, 
but to maintain Cleaning 

4044
03:32:11,800 --> 03:32:15,300
pressing mending and updating 
needed to keep Pace with fashion

4045
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:17,600
changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

4046
03:32:17,608 --> 03:32:20,700
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

4047
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:24,700
budgets Dressmakers became 
crucial figures and Victorian 

4048
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:27,100
society, not just as crafts 
people. 

4049
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:31,700
But as cultural interpreters, A 
competent dressmaker didn't just

4050
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:35,500
so she guided her clients 
through the complex social codes

4051
03:32:35,500 --> 03:32:39,700
in bedded, in fashion choices. 
She was part counselor, parties,

4052
03:32:39,700 --> 03:32:43,400
part social strategist and part 
structural engineer. 

4053
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:48,000
The seasonal transitions were 
particularly complex spring 

4054
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:49,600
cleaning wasn't just about 
houses. 

4055
03:32:49,600 --> 03:32:52,300
It was about wardrobes summer 
and winter. 

4056
03:32:52,300 --> 03:32:55,500
Wardrobes were stored separately
with elaborate systems for 

4057
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:59,000
preservation moth prevention and
maintaining the shapes of 

4058
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:02,800
complex garments during storage.
Fashion magazines became 

4059
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:05,800
essential reading, not for 
inspiration, but for survival. 

4060
03:33:06,600 --> 03:33:09,600
They provided the constantly 
updated information necessary to

4061
03:33:09,600 --> 03:33:12,000
navigate the changing rules of 
appropriate address. 

4062
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:15,500
Reading goes ladies book or 
Peterson's. 

4063
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:18,800
Magazine wasn't leisure. 
Was continuing education in the 

4064
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:22,600
science of social acceptability,
the really remarkable thing is. 

4065
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:25,600
How Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

4066
03:33:25,600 --> 03:33:28,200
while making their complex, 
fashion choices, appear, 

4067
03:33:28,200 --> 03:33:31,300
effortless and natural behind 
every graceful. 

4068
03:33:31,300 --> 03:33:33,900
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

4069
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:36,400
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

4070
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:39,600
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

4071
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:42,700
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

4072
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:44,600
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

4073
03:33:44,600 --> 03:33:47,600
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

4074
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:51,100
basic human functions like 
breathing sitting and moving 

4075
03:33:51,100 --> 03:33:54,000
one's arms. 
Though it took several decades 

4076
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:57,300
for this revolutionary concept 
to gain traction, women's 

4077
03:33:57,300 --> 03:34:00,300
freedom to move was a 
significant Catalyst for change.

4078
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,700
The dress reform movement had 
been percolating throughout the 

4079
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:07,400
Victorian era. 
Led by brave, souls who dared to

4080
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:09,700
suggest that perhaps women's 
clothing shouldn't require 

4081
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:13,300
engineering degrees to operate 
these fashion Rebels, proposed 

4082
03:34:13,300 --> 03:34:16,600
radical ideas, like, skirts that
didn't require their own ZIP 

4083
03:34:16,600 --> 03:34:19,500
codes and sleeves that 
acknowledge the existence of 

4084
03:34:19,500 --> 03:34:23,100
human arms. 
To Gustav Jaeger introduced the 

4085
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:26,100
world to Woolen undergarments 
that prioritized health over 

4086
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:29,400
silhouette manipulation. 
The rational dress movement 

4087
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:32,100
promoted clothing that allowed 
for actual physical activity. 

4088
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:35,800
As casual clothing, that valued 
Comfort over structural 

4089
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:38,400
soundness tie gowns gained 
popularity. 

4090
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:41,200
There was like watching 
civilization slowly. 

4091
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:44,200
Remember that humans had bodies 
underneath all that 

4092
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:48,700
architectural clothing? 
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 

4093
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,200
delivered, a particularly 
effective blow to impractical 

4094
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:53,800
fashion. 
He simply cannot ride a bicycle 

4095
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:56,600
while wearing a bustle and 
Victorian, women were not about 

4096
03:34:56,600 --> 03:34:59,500
to give up this exciting new 
form of transportation just to 

4097
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:03,700
maintain their rear projections.
Cycling costumes, featured a 

4098
03:35:03,700 --> 03:35:07,000
revolutionary concept, divided 
skirts, that allowed women to 

4099
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:08,800
actually move their legs in 
dependently. 

4100
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:12,800
Sports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

4101
03:35:12,800 --> 03:35:16,700
prioritized function over form. 
Tennis required clothing that 

4102
03:35:16,700 --> 03:35:19,800
allowed arm movement, golf 
needed skirts, that didn't 

4103
03:35:19,800 --> 03:35:23,900
interfere with swing mechanics 
even croquet that most Victorian

4104
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:26,400
of games worked better. 
When players could actually see 

4105
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:29,300
their feet and move without 
strategic planning. 

4106
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:33,000
The influence of artistic 
movements cannot be understated.

4107
03:35:33,000 --> 03:35:38,200
The aesthetic movement promoted,
artistic dress, that prioritized

4108
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:42,200
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

4109
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:44,500
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

4110
03:35:44,500 --> 03:35:47,500
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

4111
03:35:47,500 --> 03:35:49,300
imposing geometric shapes upon 
it. 

4112
03:35:49,308 --> 03:35:52,800
It was as if artists were 
reminding Society, what people 

4113
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:55,300
actually looked like under all 
that Structural Engineering, 

4114
03:35:56,300 --> 03:35:59,300
World War one would ultimately 
bring an end to the excesses of 

4115
03:35:59,308 --> 03:36:03,500
Victorian fashion but by 1900 
the seeds of change had already 

4116
03:36:03,508 --> 03:36:06,100
begun to emerge. 
Women were entering the 

4117
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:10,000
workforce in increasing numbers 
pursuing, higher education, and 

4118
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:13,800
engaging in social causes that 
required practical clothing, you

4119
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:16,500
can't effectively advocate for 
social change, while wearing a 

4120
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:18,600
garment. 
That requires two people and a 

4121
03:36:18,600 --> 03:36:21,700
manual to put on. 
The corset began its long, slow 

4122
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:25,300
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 
The s-curve silhouette of the 

4123
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:28,200
early 1900s while still 
involving serious. 

4124
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,000
Foundation garments allowed for 
a more natural. 

4125
03:36:31,000 --> 03:36:35,100
Waste placement skirts began to 
narrow sleeves returned to more 

4126
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:38,100
reasonable proportions and hats 
stopped, requiring their own 

4127
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:40,800
postal codes. 
Fashion magazines, began 

4128
03:36:40,800 --> 03:36:44,100
featuring articles about 
healthful dress and rational 

4129
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:47,500
clothing choices. 
Doctors who had warned for 

4130
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,200
decades about the dangers of 
tight lacing were finally 

4131
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,200
receiving attention. 
Social pressure for impossible 

4132
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:55,400
Silhouettes, was beginning to 
give away to the medical 

4133
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:58,100
establishments concerned about 
corset liver and compressed 

4134
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:00,700
organs. 
Perhaps most importantly, women 

4135
03:37:00,700 --> 03:37:03,700
themselves were beginning to 
question, why their clothing 

4136
03:37:03,700 --> 03:37:05,800
should be more complex than 
their education. 

4137
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:11,100
The new woman of the 1890s and 
early 1900s wanted clothing, 

4138
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:13,300
that matched her expanded role 
in society. 

4139
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:17,100
Practical enough for work 
comfortable enough for an active

4140
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:19,900
lifestyle and sensible enough to
allow for the full range of 

4141
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:23,600
human activities. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

4142
03:37:23,600 --> 03:37:26,300
or complete. 
Many Victorian fashion elements 

4143
03:37:26,300 --> 03:37:29,900
persisted well into the 20th 
century and some never entirely 

4144
03:37:29,900 --> 03:37:34,000
disappeared. 
But by 1910, the era of truly 

4145
03:37:34,000 --> 03:37:36,300
extreme fashion, construction 
was winding down. 

4146
03:37:37,400 --> 03:37:40,200
Women were beginning to dress 
like human beings rather than 

4147
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:43,400
walking demonstrations of their 
families economic status and 

4148
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:45,000
their tolerance for physical 
discomfort. 

4149
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:48,100
Looking back at Victorian 
fashion from our comfortable, 

4150
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:50,900
modern perspective. 
It's easy to laugh at the 

4151
03:37:50,900 --> 03:37:54,300
absurdity of it all, but there's
something admirable about the 

4152
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:57,700
sheer human adaptability at 
represented Victorian. 

4153
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:00,600
Women took clothing that seems 
impossible to live in and 

4154
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:02,600
somehow build entire lives 
around it. 

4155
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:06,900
They developed skills techniques
and social systems that allowed 

4156
03:38:06,900 --> 03:38:09,400
them to function despite wearing
architectural elements. 

4157
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:13,100
The Victorian fashion area 
teaches a something important 

4158
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:16,300
about human nature. 
We can adapt to almost anything 

4159
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:18,300
for that. 
Doesn't mean we should have to 

4160
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:21,500
admitting that. 
Something widely accepted is 

4161
03:38:21,500 --> 03:38:24,000
actually ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

4162
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:26,700
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

4163
03:38:27,500 --> 03:38:29,800
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep in 

4164
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:31,600
your practical breathable 
pajamas. 

4165
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:34,700
Spare, a thought for those 
Victorian women who managed to 

4166
03:38:34,700 --> 03:38:38,300
build Rich complex lives while 
wearing clothing that defied 

4167
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:41,200
both physics and Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

4168
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,700
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

4169
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,400
And with that we can conclude 
one of history's. 

4170
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:49,600
Most intricate attempts to 
overly complicate daily life 

4171
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:53,100
through fashion. 
Sweet dreams and be grateful for

4172
03:38:53,100 --> 03:39:01,500
elastic, waistbands. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

4173
03:39:01,500 --> 03:39:03,800
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

4174
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:06,000
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

4175
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:08,800
American history. 
Perhaps you and your parents 

4176
03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:12,200
hummed, the Disney song About 
Davy Crockett the frontier hero 

4177
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:16,100
with the coonskin cap. 
Stead of starting with bear 

4178
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:19,600
wrestling or political speeches,
the true tale of David Crockett 

4179
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:22,300
begins with a Restless lad who 
couldn't settle into anything, 

4180
03:39:22,300 --> 03:39:25,100
and he was far more fascinating 
than any myth. 

4181
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,600
David sometimes known as Davey 
until the politicians had their 

4182
03:39:29,608 --> 03:39:33,300
hands on him was born in 1786 in
to a nomadic family. 

4183
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:35,900
In a one-room cabin in. 
What is now Eastern? 

4184
03:39:35,900 --> 03:39:39,400
Tennessee. 
John his father was the type of 

4185
03:39:39,408 --> 03:39:42,000
man who would constantly look to
the adjacent Valley for 

4186
03:39:42,000 --> 03:39:44,400
brighter. 
Prospects, young David likely 

4187
03:39:44,400 --> 03:39:47,000
assumed that having a permanent 
address was something that only 

4188
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:49,400
other people experience because 
the Crockett's packed up and 

4189
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:52,300
moved. 
So frequently, now it's easy to 

4190
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:55,400
picture rugged outdoorsy kids 
growing up on the frontier, but 

4191
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:57,300
David was really quite The 
Eccentric. 

4192
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:01,500
Unlike his peers, David appeared
to have an aversion to sitting 

4193
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:03,900
still, even though they were 
learning to plow fields, and 

4194
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:07,500
tend to livestock school is new.
It seemed to snug as a pair of 

4195
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:10,800
pine box shoes, and his thoughts
ran a muck like a free chicken. 

4196
03:40:11,700 --> 03:40:13,200
Formal educational wasn't for 
him. 

4197
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:16,700
After only four days of class, 
this decision would come back to

4198
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:19,800
haunt him years later when he 
struggled to sound adult in 

4199
03:40:19,800 --> 03:40:24,600
letters to his wife. 
At the tender age of 13, David's

4200
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:27,900
father, likely destroyed rented.
Him out to a cattle drive 

4201
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:32,100
Envision yourself as a 13 year 
old, who is unexpectedly tasked 

4202
03:40:32,100 --> 03:40:35,200
with transporting, hundreds of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

4203
03:40:35,200 --> 03:40:38,300
land. 
David learned that cows had 0 

4204
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:42,000
regardless person's time table 
or dignity as he trudged through

4205
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:44,200
muck for months while sleeping 
under the stars. 

4206
03:40:45,300 --> 03:40:47,500
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

4207
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,200
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

4208
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:54,600
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

4209
03:40:54,600 --> 03:40:57,800
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

4210
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:00,800
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on, and 

4211
03:41:00,800 --> 03:41:03,200
had grown three inches. 
By the time he reached home, 

4212
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:07,500
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

4213
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:09,100
where everyone could write their
names. 

4214
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,100
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

4215
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:13,500
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

4216
03:41:14,500 --> 03:41:16,100
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. 

4217
03:41:16,900 --> 03:41:18,400
And pay off the family's 
obligations. 

4218
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,600
If he could go back to school. 
Imagine a classroom full of 

4219
03:41:21,608 --> 03:41:25,600
seven year olds with 15 year old
David crammed in his knees. 

4220
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:29,000
Banging the small desk trying to
learn his letters at a time when

4221
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:31,600
other boys is age or already 
planning marriage and starting 

4222
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,000
families. 
Although it must have been 

4223
03:41:34,000 --> 03:41:36,900
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

4224
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:39,400
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

4225
03:41:39,400 --> 03:41:42,100
necessary, the complex life that
lay ahead. 

4226
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,400
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

4227
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:50,000
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready at the age of 16. 

4228
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:53,300
He had found a job with a nearby
farmer where he could support 

4229
03:41:53,300 --> 03:41:56,700
his family and begin to shape 
his future even when things 

4230
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:58,900
became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

4231
03:41:58,900 --> 03:42:01,900
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

4232
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:04,600
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

4233
03:42:04,600 --> 03:42:08,200
or the toughest worker, but he 
had something else in those 

4234
03:42:08,200 --> 03:42:11,100
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

4235
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:14,100
towering lanky boy with enormous
hands and a wicked grin. 

4236
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:15,900
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

4237
03:42:15,900 --> 03:42:19,600
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

4238
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:23,100
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

4239
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:26,700
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned from tears, 

4240
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:30,700
but he had all the makings of an
outlaw, an innate desire to 

4241
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,000
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

4242
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:35,800
way out might not be the best 
choice. 

4243
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:38,500
Delving, further into our 
narrative. 

4244
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:41,900
Let us discuss how a young, 
David discovered, a profound 

4245
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,500
truth. 
The ability to bring joy to 

4246
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,800
another person's life is nearly 
as valuable as their material 

4247
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:51,200
needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

4248
03:42:51,200 --> 03:42:53,400
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finney.

4249
03:42:53,400 --> 03:42:56,700
When he was 19 years old, Holly 
the daughter of a fairly 

4250
03:42:56,700 --> 03:42:58,900
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgiving about this 

4251
03:42:58,900 --> 03:43:01,700
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

4252
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,600
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

4253
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:09,900
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

4254
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:12,400
tactic. 
David would attend social events

4255
03:43:12,400 --> 03:43:14,500
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

4256
03:43:14,500 --> 03:43:17,400
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

4257
03:43:17,400 --> 03:43:19,100
developing practical 
capabilities. 

4258
03:43:20,100 --> 03:43:22,900
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

4259
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:25,000
to you. 
This may not appear significant 

4260
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:29,100
but in 1805 Tennessee a guy who 
failed to strike his Target was 

4261
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:31,000
as valuable as a chocolate 
teapot. 

4262
03:43:31,900 --> 03:43:33,600
David realized he was in over 
his head. 

4263
03:43:33,600 --> 03:43:35,700
When Polly's, father proposed 
they go hunting together. 

4264
03:43:35,700 --> 03:43:39,000
It was a test of David 
suitability as a possible son in

4265
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:42,000
law thereafter. 
He did what any reasonable young

4266
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:45,100
man in love with. 
Do, he practiced until his ears,

4267
03:43:45,100 --> 03:43:48,400
rang Non-Stop and his shoulder 
turned purple from overuse 

4268
03:43:48,400 --> 03:43:51,900
whenever he had a spare moment. 
He would borrow rifles beg for 

4269
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:54,800
ammunition and shoot at anything
that would remain still long 

4270
03:43:54,800 --> 03:43:57,100
enough. 
David transformed, the entire 

4271
03:43:57,100 --> 03:43:59,900
County in to his own, private 
range by using objects, such as 

4272
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:02,500
tin cans, fence, posts, and 
trees. 

4273
03:44:02,500 --> 03:44:05,900
He was able to thread, a 50-yard
musket, ball needle by the 

4274
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:09,700
timing, wedge poly in 1806. 
A testament to his perseverance.

4275
03:44:09,700 --> 03:44:12,800
I mean, not exactly, but it's 
near enough. 

4276
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:16,700
Marriage was both a blessing and
a curse for David though. 

4277
03:44:16,700 --> 03:44:20,700
She brought stability introduced
expectations to his Restless 

4278
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:23,200
temperament. 
No one should live in a tent 

4279
03:44:23,200 --> 03:44:25,500
with a wife. 
It wasn't enough to just eat 

4280
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:28,600
whatever the kids caught or 
forage, they required regular 

4281
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:31,100
meals. 
The age-old conundrum of how to 

4282
03:44:31,108 --> 03:44:34,500
reconcile risk-taking with one's
responsibility was before David.

4283
03:44:34,500 --> 03:44:37,500
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

4284
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:41,200
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

4285
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:44,900
with a bounty of wild turkey 
bear and deer that would feed 

4286
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:48,500
the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

4287
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:52,700
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

4288
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:55,100
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

4289
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:59,100
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

4290
03:44:59,100 --> 03:45:02,100
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

4291
03:45:02,100 --> 03:45:05,200
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

4292
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:08,300
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

4293
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:11,900
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

4294
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:14,000
occasion, treat Polly to a 
store-bought dress. 

4295
03:45:15,500 --> 03:45:18,600
But David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

4296
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,800
tracking animals through dense 
forests and Crossing streams. 

4297
03:45:22,600 --> 03:45:26,200
He had an almost miraculous 
knack for reading the forest for

4298
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:29,100
seeing when and where animals 
would be and how they would act.

4299
03:45:30,200 --> 03:45:33,200
When David returned from hunting
trips with tails that were too 

4300
03:45:33,200 --> 03:45:35,800
fantastic to be true. 
His neighbor's started taking 

4301
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:38,300
note. 
Bears that he had pursued for 

4302
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:42,000
several days prior to obtaining,
the ideal photograph using, just

4303
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:44,000
his patients and knowledge of 
the deer's habits. 

4304
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:46,700
He had successfully brought them
within Arms, Reach. 

4305
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:50,300
He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

4306
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:52,900
turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

4307
03:45:52,908 --> 03:45:55,600
David's rise in profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

4308
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:58,200
others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well? 

4309
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:02,700
Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

4310
03:46:02,708 --> 03:46:05,200
summoned. 
Strange Footprints surrounding 

4311
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:07,100
the chicken coop, he'll take 
care of it. 

4312
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:10,500
Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest late at night. 

4313
03:46:10,500 --> 03:46:15,000
Hopefully my point is clear, the
ability to narrate stories was 

4314
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,200
what set David apart from other 
Adept Hunters along with the 

4315
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:20,100
meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

4316
03:46:20,100 --> 03:46:23,500
experiences even a mundane 
hunting trip would seem like an 

4317
03:46:23,500 --> 03:46:25,400
epic adventure when he was in 
his element. 

4318
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:27,700
What? 
With all the close calls flashes

4319
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:30,300
of Genius planning. 
And of course, the occasional 

4320
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:32,600
somewhat idiotic move that 
almost cost him his life. 

4321
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,400
David had a talent for making 
even old Tales sound, thrilling 

4322
03:46:36,400 --> 03:46:38,500
and new. 
So, even though pollywood roll 

4323
03:46:38,500 --> 03:46:40,000
her eyes, she would listen 
intently. 

4324
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:45,800
When David was in his mid-20s he
had settled into a routine hunt.

4325
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:50,500
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

4326
03:46:50,508 --> 03:46:53,600
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

4327
03:46:53,600 --> 03:46:56,000
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

4328
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:58,900
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

4329
03:46:58,900 --> 03:47:00,600
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

4330
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:02,500
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

4331
03:47:03,300 --> 03:47:06,100
David learned the hard way that 
not even his Fame hunting 

4332
03:47:06,100 --> 03:47:07,800
abilities. 
Could ensure Financial 

4333
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,700
stability, on the frontier as 
his family expanded Polly had 

4334
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:14,500
bestowed upon him. 
Two boys, John Wesley and Willie

4335
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:16,600
Williams. 
Modifications. 

4336
03:47:16,600 --> 03:47:19,700
That would radically all to 
David's life occurred in 1813. 

4337
03:47:19,700 --> 03:47:22,700
David joined. 
The Tennessee militia as a Scout

4338
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:26,300
during the creek War which broke
out in Alabama, along with many 

4339
03:47:26,300 --> 03:47:29,300
other young, men seeking 
excitement, stable employment 

4340
03:47:29,300 --> 03:47:31,700
and an opportunity to serve 
their Nation. 

4341
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,000
Unlike in the movies, this 
wasn't some idyllic military 

4342
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:39,100
Expedition. 
David devoted most of his time 

4343
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,200
to slogging through marshes 
searching for Creek, fighters, 

4344
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,400
who are more familiar with the 
area than he was and discovering

4345
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:48,200
that military food was 
infinitely worse than anything, 

4346
03:47:48,200 --> 03:47:52,100
he had ever prepared himself. 
However, David learned, an 

4347
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:55,300
important lesson during his time
in the military, he was born 

4348
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:58,700
with leadership skills. 
His fellow troops, relied on him

4349
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:02,000
for guidance confidence in his 
judgment in high stakes 

4350
03:48:02,000 --> 03:48:07,400
situations, and inspiration. 
When time seemed As a leader, he

4351
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:10,900
didn't believe in barking out 
commands and expecting followers

4352
03:48:10,900 --> 03:48:14,500
to follow suit, instead, he set 
a good example by treating 

4353
03:48:14,500 --> 03:48:18,500
everyone with the same laid back
respect, he'd learned to value 

4354
03:48:18,500 --> 03:48:21,500
in a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

4355
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:24,800
death. 
After serving his Country, David

4356
03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:28,100
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

4357
03:48:28,100 --> 03:48:30,700
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

4358
03:48:30,700 --> 03:48:33,500
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

4359
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:34,900
letting his humor get in the 
way. 

4360
03:48:34,908 --> 03:48:38,100
And someone who could handle 
himself in the risky situations,

4361
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,500
these traits would be crucial 
for David as he approached. 

4362
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:43,900
What he would later refer to as 
his bare period. 

4363
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,300
To make matters. 
Worse bears in early 19th 

4364
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:49,900
century. 
Tennessee, were enormous common 

4365
03:48:49,900 --> 03:48:52,900
and completely disrespectful of 
human property rights. 

4366
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:57,100
When bears came into towns in 
search of food, they would rip 

4367
03:48:57,100 --> 03:49:00,300
apart huts and generally make 
life difficult for the people 

4368
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:02,900
who would manage to establish a 
civilized society. 

4369
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:07,000
When confronted with a problem 
there, most people, either hope 

4370
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:09,900
it would go away or summoned, a 
more courageous friend or 

4371
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:14,100
relative for assistance. 
Another saw obstacles, David saw

4372
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:17,300
opportunity their hunting, he 
came to see may be more than 

4373
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:19,600
simply a hobby. 
It could be a full-fledged 

4374
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:24,200
Enterprise the meat from bears 
was highly prized their fat 

4375
03:49:24,200 --> 03:49:27,500
could be processed into oil for 
use in cooking and lighting and 

4376
03:49:27,500 --> 03:49:29,400
their fur was constantly sought 
after. 

4377
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:33,300
So when farms and municipalities
needed help with the bear 

4378
03:49:33,300 --> 03:49:36,100
problem, they would call David, 
who became something of a 

4379
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:39,700
specialist in the field. 
He was meticulous and to be 

4380
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:42,600
honest, slightly obsessed when 
it came to hunting bears. 

4381
03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:46,600
David would take on the role of 
a naturalist studying certain 

4382
03:49:46,600 --> 03:49:49,900
Bears, observing and studying 
their behaviors for several days

4383
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,100
or weeks before devising tactics
that were adapted to their 

4384
03:49:53,100 --> 03:49:56,400
unique personalities. 
Yes, the Bears personalities. 

4385
03:49:56,400 --> 03:49:59,800
David maintained that each one 
was unique with its own set of 

4386
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:02,500
peculiarities tastes and degrees
of brainpower. 

4387
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:06,800
The outcomes were remarkable 
David killed. 58 bears in one. 

4388
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:11,200
Very fruitful winter, Just one 
season, not cross a number of 

4389
03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:15,200
years, he was able to become so 
proficient at hunting bears that

4390
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:18,300
he could find kill and prepare 
one in a day or less before 

4391
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,200
moving onto the next. 
A title, that David felt 

4392
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:24,300
somewhat humiliating yet 
gratifying was bear hunter of 

4393
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,400
the district, a Monica, that his
neighbor's began to use about 

4394
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:29,700
him. 
However, there were unforeseen 

4395
03:50:29,700 --> 03:50:32,200
obstacles on the path to success
in the beer industry. 

4396
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:35,500
David's hunting trips became 
increasingly longer and more 

4397
03:50:35,500 --> 03:50:39,500
frequent often lasting weeks. 
It must have been incredibly 

4398
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:42,500
challenging for Polly to manage 
their household and raise their 

4399
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,000
children, all by herself, more 
muddy and wild smelling David 

4400
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:49,100
would come home after his bare 
exports, the more varied feeling

4401
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:53,700
would have During his time, 
spent hunting bears, David also 

4402
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:56,800
began to rise from the status of
Local Hero to that of legendary 

4403
03:50:56,800 --> 03:51:00,100
figure in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

4404
03:51:00,100 --> 03:51:03,200
amusing, amic's made him a 
popular speaker and people 

4405
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,100
started asking him to parties 
only to hear about his travels. 

4406
03:51:07,000 --> 03:51:09,600
When David realized, he could 
take his life's events and 

4407
03:51:09,600 --> 03:51:12,100
transformed them into stories. 
That could Captivate an 

4408
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:15,200
audience, he knew he had a great
aptitude for performing. 

4409
03:51:16,000 --> 03:51:18,200
David never felt the need to 
embellish his hunting 

4410
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:20,700
achievements, which is an 
intriguing aspect. 

4411
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:23,300
It was astonishing enough that 
it was true. 

4412
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:26,700
However, he did hone an ability 
to paint vivid pictures of 

4413
03:51:26,708 --> 03:51:30,300
everyday life bringing drama and
humor to what others might 

4414
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:34,600
perceive as dull happenings. 
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 

4415
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:37,600
into a Titanic, showdown between
humanity and the natural world. 

4416
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:39,700
Replete with terrifying, 
moments. 

4417
03:51:39,700 --> 03:51:43,300
Brilliant moments. 
And more often than not at least

4418
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:46,100
one instance of David's actions 
that were ingenious at the 

4419
03:51:46,108 --> 03:51:48,000
moment. 
Would almost cost him his life 

4420
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:50,500
as we wind down for the next 
chapter. 

4421
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:54,300
It's important to discuss how 
sometimes we have no choice but 

4422
03:51:54,300 --> 03:51:56,900
to start over regardless of how 
prepared we are. 

4423
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:00,400
While David was expecting to 
become famous in his hometown 

4424
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:03,700
for his bear hunting exploits, 
the unexpectedly gained a 

4425
03:52:03,700 --> 03:52:06,100
reputation as someone who could 
solve problems and get things 

4426
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:08,100
done. 
Because of his Stellar 

4427
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:10,900
reputation, his neighbor's 
elected him to the position of 

4428
03:52:10,900 --> 03:52:14,800
magistrate in 1817. 
And magistrate was effectively a

4429
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:17,100
municipal judge who presided 
over smaller cases and 

4430
03:52:17,100 --> 03:52:19,700
disagreements. 
Just to refresh your memory, 

4431
03:52:19,700 --> 03:52:23,200
David's official education was 
limited to a few months in a 

4432
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:26,400
one-room schoolhouse. 
So when he was suddenly tasked 

4433
03:52:26,400 --> 03:52:29,400
with interpreting laws and 
administering Justice, it was 

4434
03:52:29,408 --> 03:52:32,200
like expecting someone who had 
never piloted an airplane to 

4435
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:35,400
ride horses. 
However, David brought his usual

4436
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:37,400
mix of modesty and common sense 
to the task. 

4437
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:41,400
He had a really relaxed demeanor
in court fairness practical 

4438
03:52:41,400 --> 03:52:45,400
Solutions and David skill in 
mediating disputes amongst 

4439
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:46,900
squabbling. 
Neighbors were more important 

4440
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:50,500
than complicated procedures and 
legal, precedence, David would 

4441
03:52:50,500 --> 03:52:53,500
advise the disputing Farmers to 
go for a walk over the contested

4442
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,500
ground and try to come to an 
agreement when they were arguing

4443
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:57,200
over? 
Who owned? 

4444
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:00,000
What? 
David may substitute Community. 

4445
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:02,600
Work for a fine where the 
offender is unable to pay the 

4446
03:53:02,600 --> 03:53:05,100
original amount. 
His ruling were, mostly 

4447
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:08,200
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

4448
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,200
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

4449
03:53:11,200 --> 03:53:13,200
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

4450
03:53:13,200 --> 03:53:16,400
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

4451
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:22,100
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821 present in the 

4452
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:23,500
state. 
Capital was a man whose 

4453
03:53:23,500 --> 03:53:26,800
constituency was represented by 
someone who continued to 

4454
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:30,400
struggle with language and 
spelling However, David's 

4455
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:32,900
political ideology was 
surprisingly uncomplicated. 

4456
03:53:32,900 --> 03:53:35,900
The government had to assist 
common people in resolving 

4457
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,400
actual issues. 
Not add further burdens to their

4458
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:41,000
lives. 
His character was congruent with

4459
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:44,200
his approach to legislation. 
And contrast to his fellow 

4460
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:48,200
legislators, David spoke frankly
about the issues at hand rather 

4461
03:53:48,200 --> 03:53:50,600
than delivering lengthy 
ceremonial speeches. 

4462
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,400
Replete with allusions to 
classical figures and legalese 

4463
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,200
regardless of party pressure. 
He usually voted according to 

4464
03:53:57,208 --> 03:54:00,400
his conscience which included 
supporting legislation that 

4465
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:03,600
would help low-income households
purchase land and opposing 

4466
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:06,100
policies that appeared to 
benefit primarily the wealthy 

4467
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:11,600
However, everything changed when
a tragic event occurred, David 

4468
03:54:11,600 --> 03:54:14,400
was left to raise their three 
children alone after Polly 

4469
03:54:14,400 --> 03:54:18,100
passed away in 1815. 
A devastating loss befell him 

4470
03:54:18,100 --> 03:54:20,800
with Polly is his Rock. 
He was able to channel his 

4471
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:23,000
Restless Spirit while keeping 
the peace at home. 

4472
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:26,800
David felt completely 
disoriented without her and it 

4473
03:54:26,800 --> 03:54:29,600
had nothing to do with 
navigating the terrain hunting 

4474
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:32,800
farming, raising children and 
attending to his political 

4475
03:54:32,800 --> 03:54:35,600
responsibilities were. 
All things that David attempted 

4476
03:54:35,600 --> 03:54:36,900
to handle on his own for 
appeared. 

4477
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:40,800
It was a hopeless predicament. 
David sought assistance after 

4478
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:43,200
realizing, he couldn't give his 
children, the attention, they 

4479
03:54:43,200 --> 03:54:45,000
required due to his busy 
lifestyle. 

4480
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:48,600
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 
with two children when he wed 

4481
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:52,000
her in 1816. 
Elizabeth had the patient's 

4482
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:54,900
competence and practicality to 
manage, David's unorthodox, 

4483
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:58,600
professional trajectory. 
While the blended family Dynamic

4484
03:54:58,600 --> 03:55:01,300
was harmonious. 
David's aspirations for public 

4485
03:55:01,300 --> 03:55:04,200
office were intensifying. 
He became a United States 

4486
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:08,400
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 
who had spent his whole life in 

4487
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:11,100
the woods and small. 
Frontier towns, suddenly found 

4488
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,600
himself navigating the complex 
political landscape of the 

4489
03:55:14,600 --> 03:55:16,700
nation's capital when he was 
elected to the House of 

4490
03:55:16,708 --> 03:55:19,800
Representatives, which required 
him to leave Tennessee for 

4491
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:23,600
extended periods of time to 
serve in Washington DC, At 

4492
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,100
dinner parties this towering 
unassuming Congressman would 

4493
03:55:27,100 --> 03:55:29,900
tell tales about his bear hunts 
and appeared genuinely 

4494
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:33,100
bewildered by the complex, 
social conventions that dictated

4495
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:35,500
political life. 
The members of Washington 

4496
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:37,700
Society were at a lost to 
understand him. 

4497
03:55:38,500 --> 03:55:41,200
The folksy demeanor of David 
belied his acute intellect and 

4498
03:55:41,200 --> 03:55:43,900
strong ideals. 
His colleagues had assumed, he 

4499
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:46,400
was alive Frontiersman, who was 
easily influenced. 

4500
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:50,000
Land policy was the central 
political problem for David. 

4501
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:53,200
Poor households were having a 
hard time getting Farmland. 

4502
03:55:53,200 --> 03:55:56,100
He thought while Rich 
speculators were buying up large

4503
03:55:56,100 --> 03:56:00,000
tracks for investment people who
had been living on and improving

4504
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:03,800
land without legal title, known 
as squatters would be granted 

4505
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:06,400
the right to acquire that land 
at reasonable prices through the

4506
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:07,300
law. 
He suggested. 

4507
03:56:08,300 --> 03:56:11,700
Although David saw it as a 
matter of basic Justice, it 

4508
03:56:11,700 --> 03:56:14,400
pitted him against influential 
groups that favored the status 

4509
03:56:14,400 --> 03:56:17,300
quo. 
David won over voters, but 

4510
03:56:17,300 --> 03:56:20,100
alienated powerful politicians 
with his support for common 

4511
03:56:20,100 --> 03:56:22,500
settlers. 
David became more and more 

4512
03:56:22,508 --> 03:56:24,600
alienated within his own 
political party. 

4513
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,500
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

4514
03:56:27,500 --> 03:56:31,200
policies, especially the Indian 
Removal Act which he believed to

4515
03:56:31,208 --> 03:56:35,200
be morally, reprehensible, 
Ironically, David actually had 

4516
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:38,700
very complex political ideas 
despite how simple they appeared

4517
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:40,400
to him. 
Democracy. 

4518
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:44,600
He realized entails more than 
just majority rules it entailed 

4519
03:56:44,600 --> 03:56:47,400
defending, the rights of the 
defenseless, he thought the 

4520
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:50,000
government should look out for 
everyone's best interests, not 

4521
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:53,400
just the wealthy and Powerful. 
The politicians who favored 

4522
03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:56,500
easier Arrangements, they work 
novel, Notions but they were 

4523
03:56:56,500 --> 03:56:59,400
uncomfortable. 
Came to terms with the fact that

4524
03:56:59,400 --> 03:57:02,300
his time as Tennessee 
politician, was likely numbered 

4525
03:57:02,300 --> 03:57:06,200
by the early 1830s, he lost 
popularity due to his rejection 

4526
03:57:06,200 --> 03:57:09,400
of popular ideas and a master 
and army of foes, due to his 

4527
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:13,200
unwavering adherence to his 
principles adapting to political

4528
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:16,800
reality or forging, a new route 
entirely would shape the 

4529
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:20,900
remainder of his life. as you 
settle in, for this section of 

4530
03:57:20,908 --> 03:57:24,900
David's Journey, you'll find out
how at the same time, it can be 

4531
03:57:24,908 --> 03:57:28,300
freeing and terrible to stand up
for your beliefs, even if it 

4532
03:57:28,300 --> 03:57:32,200
means losing everything you've 
worked for David stay in the 

4533
03:57:32,208 --> 03:57:35,000
nation's capital was as 
entertaining as watching a fish 

4534
03:57:35,008 --> 03:57:37,700
scale, a tree. 
It was his job to represent his 

4535
03:57:37,700 --> 03:57:41,400
constituents vote on legislation
and serve on committees. 

4536
03:57:42,200 --> 03:57:44,500
But he felt like he was speaking
a different language when it 

4537
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:46,400
came to the culture of political
manipulation. 

4538
03:57:47,600 --> 03:57:50,800
David adamantly refused to let 
the political ramifications of 

4539
03:57:50,800 --> 03:57:52,800
his votes, influences 
decision-making. 

4540
03:57:52,800 --> 03:57:56,600
In contrast to his fellow 
lawmakers who established 

4541
03:57:56,600 --> 03:58:00,500
coalitions and traded votes like
poker chips. when David's 

4542
03:58:00,500 --> 03:58:03,400
beliefs were in line with public
opinion, this strategy was 

4543
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:06,300
affected, nevertheless, it 
proved Troublesome when they 

4544
03:58:06,300 --> 03:58:10,000
were not Most of his Tennessee 
constituents wanted Native, 

4545
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:12,500
American territories open for 
white colonization. 

4546
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:15,500
Therefore they supported the 
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 

4547
03:58:16,800 --> 03:58:19,400
Not because he was a specialty 
Progressive on racial Problems 

4548
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:22,600
by today's standards but because
David had met and respected, 

4549
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:25,500
Native American's individuals. 
He was a posed to it. 

4550
03:58:26,200 --> 03:58:28,600
He thought it was morally, 
reprehensible to forcefully, 

4551
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:31,300
uproot entire communities from 
their ancient homelands. 

4552
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:35,900
Classic David Crockett, 
passionate direct, and totally 

4553
03:58:35,900 --> 03:58:37,600
at variance with political 
Acumen. 

4554
03:58:37,600 --> 03:58:39,900
That was his opposition speech 
in Congress. 

4555
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:43,700
Concerning the distinction 
between what is legally required

4556
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,500
and what is morally acceptable. 
He spoke about Cherokee 

4557
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:49,200
families. 
He had known as well as 

4558
03:58:49,200 --> 03:58:51,200
Government dishonesty and broken
promises. 

4559
03:58:52,100 --> 03:58:55,700
Despite his colleagues courteous
listening, they ultimately voted

4560
03:58:55,700 --> 03:58:59,000
to have him removed from office 
even while David's vote, didn't 

4561
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:01,500
sway, the result. 
It did demonstrate that he was 

4562
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:04,000
unreliable when it came to 
supporting party policies. 

4563
03:59:04,000 --> 03:59:07,600
There were covid but effective 
efforts by the political Elite 

4564
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:10,700
to undermine David. 
More trustworthy party members 

4565
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:12,000
were giving committee 
assignments. 

4566
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:15,700
Important meeting. 
Invitations were misplaced his 

4567
03:59:15,700 --> 03:59:18,100
colleague's in Congress. 
No longer sought his advice on 

4568
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:21,400
proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

4569
03:59:21,400 --> 03:59:24,800
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

4570
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:26,300
removed from the political 
process. 

4571
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,100
David faced political 
persecution in his home state of

4572
03:59:30,100 --> 03:59:33,000
Tennessee due to his stance 
against Indian relocation. 

4573
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:36,700
His detractors said, he'd been 
in Tangled in the corruption of 

4574
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:39,900
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

4575
03:59:39,900 --> 03:59:42,500
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. 

4576
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:46,600
Although David had changed while
serving in Congress, it was not 

4577
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:49,900
in the man, his detractors had 
envisioned and this fact made 

4578
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:53,200
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

4579
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:56,100
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

4580
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,300
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

4581
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,000
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

4582
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,000
He has seen coworkers vote for 
initiatives, they were 

4583
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:06,800
personally against just because 
it suited their political 

4584
04:00:06,800 --> 04:00:09,300
agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

4585
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:12,700
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

4586
04:00:12,700 --> 04:00:16,700
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

4587
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:19,300
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

4588
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:22,500
important to him. 
As usual David remained 

4589
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:25,400
unyielding in the face of 
political pressure, he did not 

4590
04:00:25,408 --> 04:00:28,400
learn to moderate his views or 
compromise, more skillfully. 

4591
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:32,100
Rather, he got more vocal he 
started traveling around 

4592
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,100
Tennessee, giving talks in which
he details his voting record. 

4593
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,700
The reasons for his opposition 
to popular ideas and his 

4594
04:00:38,700 --> 04:00:40,900
Newfound, knowledge of the inner
workings of government. 

4595
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:44,900
Though, entertaining David had a
natural talent for storytelling.

4596
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:47,700
These remarks were political 
suicide. 

4597
04:00:48,700 --> 04:00:51,600
Campaigning for the 1833. 
Election was a bloodbath. 

4598
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:54,800
There was no shortage of 
ammunition for David's to track 

4599
04:00:54,800 --> 04:00:57,300
to his stance against popular 
initiative. 

4600
04:00:57,300 --> 04:01:01,200
His many trips out of Tennessee 
while in Congress and his ties 

4601
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:05,100
to controversial cause is For 
someone whose whole sense of 

4602
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,200
self was based on serving the 
people being portrayed as an 

4603
04:01:08,200 --> 04:01:10,300
alien who had become 
disconnected from everyday life 

4604
04:01:10,300 --> 04:01:14,600
must have been extremely hurtful
David retaliated with Candor and

4605
04:01:14,608 --> 04:01:17,500
humor which proved ineffective, 
against a well-organized, 

4606
04:01:17,500 --> 04:01:21,100
political enemy, no matter, the 
political Fallout, he pledged to

4607
04:01:21,100 --> 04:01:24,200
keep voting his conscience and 
told voters just how he felt 

4608
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:28,500
about a variety of subjects. 
It was Noble based on principles

4609
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:31,900
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

4610
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:33,800
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

4611
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:37,700
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

4612
04:01:37,700 --> 04:01:41,900
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

4613
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:43,800
young, nor too old to retire 
gracefully. 

4614
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:46,100
The two old to start over 
comfortably. 

4615
04:01:46,900 --> 04:01:49,300
David was aware that he needed 
to find his life's purpose 

4616
04:01:49,300 --> 04:01:52,100
while. 
Elizabeth remained patient 

4617
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:53,900
regarding their financial 
conditions. 

4618
04:01:53,900 --> 04:01:56,000
All though, David was 
disappointed. 

4619
04:01:56,000 --> 04:01:59,800
He was liberated from 
unattainable expectations as a 

4620
04:01:59,800 --> 04:02:02,700
result of his loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

4621
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:05,300
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

4622
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:07,800
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

4623
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:11,300
That had been years since he 
could do or say anything he 

4624
04:02:11,300 --> 04:02:14,200
wanted without worrying about 
how it might affect his chances 

4625
04:02:14,200 --> 04:02:17,400
of winning the next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

4626
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,300
Independence, was Financial 
instability public 

4627
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:23,200
disillusionment, and the 
realization that his time in 

4628
04:02:23,208 --> 04:02:27,500
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

4629
04:02:27,500 --> 04:02:30,700
opportunities. 
Texas that enormous Western 

4630
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:33,400
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

4631
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:37,200
started to play on David's mind.
To all appearances. 

4632
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,000
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

4633
04:02:40,000 --> 04:02:42,800
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

4634
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:46,700
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

4635
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:50,100
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

4636
04:02:50,100 --> 04:02:53,700
may pave the way for a new. 
And perhaps more significant 

4637
04:02:53,700 --> 04:02:56,700
one, David pondered his next 
move, for months. 

4638
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:59,800
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

4639
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:03,800
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

4640
04:03:03,800 --> 04:03:06,100
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

4641
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,000
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broken 

4642
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,600
releasing him but also leaving 
him with no idea where to go. 

4643
04:03:13,600 --> 04:03:16,900
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

4644
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:19,900
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him Elizabeth 

4645
04:03:19,900 --> 04:03:23,700
observed as Peter paste, around 
their cabin starting and then 

4646
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:27,200
abandoning projects. 
David usually came up with the 

4647
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:29,600
solution. 
Tennessee will wasn't interested

4648
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:31,400
in him. 
He'd look for another place. 

4649
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:34,800
That was When Americans were 
looking for a location to start 

4650
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:38,200
over where land was inexpensive 
and Prospects were endless. 

4651
04:03:38,200 --> 04:03:40,300
Many began to hear stories of 
Texas. 

4652
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:44,900
Mexican government was actively 
courting American settlers by 

4653
04:03:44,900 --> 04:03:47,700
Distributing large, tracts of 
land to those families who were 

4654
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,300
ready to uproot and go. 
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 

4655
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:54,200
beginnings for David who had 
lived his whole life seeking 

4656
04:03:54,200 --> 04:03:57,500
opportunity. 
It wasn't just personal reasons 

4657
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:00,800
that led David to Texas. 
Something major was about to 

4658
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:02,200
happen. 
According to his political 

4659
04:04:02,200 --> 04:04:04,900
instincts, and he had been 
keeping up with the news about 

4660
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:07,600
the escalating tensions, between
the Mexican Government and 

4661
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,900
American settlers. 
The settlers dissatisfaction 

4662
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:14,100
with Mexican policies. 
Such as those that limited local

4663
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:18,200
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 
among settlers and restricted 

4664
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:22,200
immigration was growing. 
Conflicts where regular people 

4665
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:24,700
were caught between their 
everyday demands and Far Away 

4666
04:04:24,700 --> 04:04:27,000
government policies. 
Were Echoes of those that have 

4667
04:04:27,000 --> 04:04:28,800
molded David's own political 
career. 

4668
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:34,300
He saw in late 1835, David set 
off for Texas on an exploratory 

4669
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:36,800
Mission. 
He intended to serve the area 

4670
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:40,400
perhaps purchased some land and 
then returned to Tennessee to 

4671
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:43,900
finalize his plans to move. 
nevertheless, he was also 

4672
04:04:43,900 --> 04:04:47,900
cognizant of the fact that 
regardless of his intentions, he

4673
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:50,800
might find himself, embroiled if
political events in Texas were 

4674
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,600
to escalate When faced with 
disagreements about right and 

4675
04:04:54,600 --> 04:04:57,400
wrong David and never been Adept
at maintaining objectivity. 

4676
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:00,900
By traveling through Arkansas 
and into Texas, with a small 

4677
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,700
band of followers, David was 
able to learn about the local 

4678
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,400
conditions and interact with 
American settlers on multiple 

4679
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:09,200
occasions. 
What he discovered was a people 

4680
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:12,500
who were both Mexican and 
American in their cultural and 

4681
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:15,100
practical identities. 
They were attempting to form 

4682
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:18,200
communities based on familiar 
Traditions, while also adjusting

4683
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:22,400
to new rules and expectations. 
Hardworking couples wanting a 

4684
04:05:22,400 --> 04:05:25,600
better life for their children. 
The settlers David met mirrored,

4685
04:05:25,600 --> 04:05:28,700
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 
They want Solitude to cultivate 

4686
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,700
land, engage in trade, and Rule 
themselves rationally. 

4687
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:35,700
However, Mexican policies that 
appeared more intent on 

4688
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:37,400
controlling them and helping 
them. 

4689
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:40,200
Grow were becoming more and more
frustrating for them. 

4690
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:44,700
David came away from his talks 
with these families with the 

4691
04:05:44,700 --> 04:05:47,700
conviction that the settlers 
would require Leaders with 

4692
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:51,300
expertise in both military 
strategy and political reality 

4693
04:05:51,300 --> 04:05:53,400
in the event of an impending 
battle. 

4694
04:05:54,400 --> 04:05:57,700
The timing of David's rival. 
In Texas was impeccable though, 

4695
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:01,100
he could not have predicted it. 
Tense situation had quickly 

4696
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:03,500
developed between the Mexican 
authorities and the settlers 

4697
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:07,300
dissolving, the Mexican Congress
and advancing for total control 

4698
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:11,300
General, Santa Anna jeopardize 
the minimal autonomy that had 

4699
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:13,100
initially attracted American 
Immigration. 

4700
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:17,400
The Texans who had just begun to
organize resistance, were in 

4701
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:19,600
need of prominent political and 
Military personalities. 

4702
04:06:19,600 --> 04:06:23,900
You might provide credibility to
their cause the scenario seemed 

4703
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:27,900
like an opportunity for David to
put his Political experience and

4704
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:30,700
knowledge to use for causes in 
which he truly believed. 

4705
04:06:31,300 --> 04:06:33,300
The Texas settlers weren't 
demanding much. 

4706
04:06:33,300 --> 04:06:36,600
They simply wanted to be able to
follow their own Traditions when

4707
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:39,600
it came to government freely 
practiced, their religion and 

4708
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:41,500
have a say in matters that 
directly touch them. 

4709
04:06:42,800 --> 04:06:46,100
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

4710
04:06:46,100 --> 04:06:48,400
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

4711
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:53,000
San Antonio was under seed when 
David arrived in February 1836 

4712
04:06:53,000 --> 04:06:57,200
as general, Santa Anna's Mexican
Army's closed in the small 

4713
04:06:57,200 --> 04:07:00,300
Garrison sought sanctuary in the
Alamo a former mission. 

4714
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:04,000
With only 200 Defenders up 
against thousands of Mexican 

4715
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:08,000
forces, the situation was Dire. 
However, David knew from his 

4716
04:07:08,000 --> 04:07:11,400
military experience that with 
persistence and cunning, even in

4717
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:14,400
the face of overwhelming odds, 
victory was possible. 

4718
04:07:15,300 --> 04:07:18,000
For David, staying in the Alamo 
wasn't a choice at all. 

4719
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:20,900
Everything he had ever done up 
to this point had been leading 

4720
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:23,600
up to this point. 
His years spent hunting alone 

4721
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:26,700
in, perilous Wilderness his 
lessons in leadership, under 

4722
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:29,800
duress, from military duty, and 
the lessons he had learned about

4723
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:33,000
the value of sticking up for 
beliefs, no matter the cost from

4724
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:36,800
his political career 50 years 
old, and still clinging to the 

4725
04:07:36,800 --> 04:07:39,200
belief that certain conflicts 
were worth fighting for. 

4726
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:43,700
He had a wife and children back 
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 

4727
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:46,400
Military significance of David's
Presence at the Alamo. 

4728
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:49,000
Cannot be overstated. 
He was willing to put his 

4729
04:07:49,000 --> 04:07:51,500
reputation on the line for 
Texas's Independence. 

4730
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:54,000
And he had served as a 
congressman in the United 

4731
04:07:54,000 --> 04:07:58,500
States, his ruling bolstered 
support for the Texas cause and 

4732
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:00,500
showed that the war was about 
National issues of 

4733
04:08:00,500 --> 04:08:03,800
self-governance and personal 
freedom, rather than Petty 

4734
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,800
Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood his

4735
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:09,800
chances of survival were limited
as the Mexican Army, and circle 

4736
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:13,300
the Alamo, but he was also wise 
enough to know that values. 

4737
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:17,100
Not survival are often more 
essential and that its better to

4738
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:20,700
lose a battle than to lose a 
life for a greater cause the 

4739
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:22,800
Restless youngster suddenly had 
something to stand for. 

4740
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:26,400
I'll link the evening together, 
as coming to a close and with 

4741
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:29,300
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

4742
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:32,500
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

4743
04:08:32,500 --> 04:08:35,600
became an enduring emblem of the
American bravery in Independence

4744
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:41,000
from February 23rd until March 
6th. 1836, the Alamo was 

4745
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:44,700
besieged for 13 days, a former 
Congressman seeking A New 

4746
04:08:44,708 --> 04:08:47,900
Beginning, David Crockett became
a symbol of Common People 

4747
04:08:47,900 --> 04:08:51,200
prepared to give their all for 
the idea of self-determination 

4748
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:55,100
during those two weeks. 
A complicated man who had spent 

4749
04:08:55,100 --> 04:08:58,100
50 years trying to balance 
practical demands with moral 

4750
04:08:58,100 --> 04:09:00,300
beliefs. 
The David who fought at the 

4751
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:02,800
Alamo was nothing like the 
legendary figure with the 

4752
04:09:02,800 --> 04:09:05,600
coonskin cap. 
Inside the Alamo. 

4753
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:09,000
David had a dual purpose 
bolstering morale and providing 

4754
04:09:09,000 --> 04:09:12,100
Military Support. 
His background as a scout in the

4755
04:09:12,100 --> 04:09:15,600
creek war made him an asset for 
planning and reconnaissance, but

4756
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,400
more significantly, his 
storytelling skills, lifted 

4757
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:21,500
morale in what everyone knew 
would be their last days. 

4758
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:24,300
Picture. 
This David was keeping his 

4759
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:26,700
fellow Defenders motivated, 
during these long hours of 

4760
04:09:26,700 --> 04:09:29,900
waiting for the last attack by 
telling stories about his bear 

4761
04:09:29,900 --> 04:09:33,900
hunts and political experiences.
In the Mayhem of the last 

4762
04:09:33,900 --> 04:09:37,700
conflict, precise circumstances 
of David's demise and murky at 

4763
04:09:37,708 --> 04:09:40,100
best. 
A generation of American was 

4764
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,400
inspired by his presence at the 
Alamo and considered his death 

4765
04:09:43,400 --> 04:09:47,300
as proof that Democratic ideas 
will worth dying for We also 

4766
04:09:47,300 --> 04:09:49,500
know that he died fighting and 
never surrendered. 

4767
04:09:49,500 --> 04:09:52,700
The defeated Congressman had 
figured out how to cast the most

4768
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:55,900
consequential vote of his life. 
Fascinatingly, though. 

4769
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:59,700
The real David Crockett started 
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 

4770
04:09:59,700 --> 04:10:03,100
after he passed away, and that 
is what truly defines his 

4771
04:10:03,100 --> 04:10:05,700
legacy. 
Newspapers began reporting 

4772
04:10:05,700 --> 04:10:08,800
greatly embellished accounts of 
his Frontier Adventures within a

4773
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:10,800
few months, in a matter of 
years. 

4774
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:14,300
He went from being portrayed as 
a mere mortal to a superhero who

4775
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:16,100
could drink the Mississippi 
River dry. 

4776
04:10:16,800 --> 04:10:18,900
And his weight and Wildcats and 
cheap novels. 

4777
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:22,800
Even though the real David, most
likely never sported, a coonskin

4778
04:10:22,800 --> 04:10:26,700
cat, it came to symbolize him. 
A meticulous and principled, 

4779
04:10:26,700 --> 04:10:28,900
politician became a naive 
Frontiersman. 

4780
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,100
What this change reveals about 
the way Americans have 

4781
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:34,300
historically treated their 
Heroes as significant. 

4782
04:10:35,100 --> 04:10:38,000
A Heroes should be simple and 
are symbols, should be obvious. 

4783
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:41,600
The complicated real life. 
David Crockett who had 

4784
04:10:41,608 --> 04:10:45,300
difficulty spelling but had 
strong moral convictions was an 

4785
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:46,800
accomplished Hunter and a 
brilliant. 

4786
04:10:46,800 --> 04:10:50,000
Political thinker was too 
complicated for simplistic 

4787
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:53,300
mythology. 
Because of this, he became a 

4788
04:10:53,308 --> 04:10:56,500
cartoon character in popular 
culture which oversimplified 

4789
04:10:56,500 --> 04:11:00,300
him, despite this a crucial 
aspect of the historical, David 

4790
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:03,800
managed to evade the myths 
regardless of the numerous urban

4791
04:11:03,800 --> 04:11:06,500
legends surrounding him. 
The fundamental truths that 

4792
04:11:06,508 --> 04:11:09,600
captivated audiences. 
The common people are capable of

4793
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:11,800
extraordinary Deeds that 
principles. 

4794
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:15,300
Take precedence over political 
expediency and that at times 

4795
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:18,500
during the right thing demands 
giving up everything remain 

4796
04:11:18,500 --> 04:11:21,600
powerful. 
The impact that David had on 

4797
04:11:21,600 --> 04:11:24,000
American society did not cease 
with his death. 

4798
04:11:24,000 --> 04:11:27,600
A regular guy thrown into 
extraordinary circumstances who 

4799
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:31,300
Rises to the occasion, he became
an archetype of the reluctant 

4800
04:11:31,300 --> 04:11:33,200
hero. 
Throughout American 

4801
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:36,300
storytelling, for over two 
centuries characters, like Jimmy

4802
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,100
Stewart from Frank, Capra, 
films, and contemporary 

4803
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:41,000
politicians. 
Who highlight their humble 

4804
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:43,400
Origins have repeated. 
David's example of honest 

4805
04:11:43,400 --> 04:11:45,800
leadership. 
The way, David dealt with the 

4806
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:48,700
conflict between pragmatic 
politics and moral convictions 

4807
04:11:48,700 --> 04:11:51,300
is what gives his story modern 
relevance? 

4808
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,500
Compromises inevitable in 
effectively to ship, but he was 

4809
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:58,100
also aware that there are 
certain beliefs that must never 

4810
04:11:58,100 --> 04:12:01,300
be compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

4811
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:03,700
for moral Integrity. 
In intricate, political 

4812
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:06,400
institutions are laid bare by 
his political career. 

4813
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:10,200
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

4814
04:12:10,200 --> 04:12:13,500
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

4815
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:16,000
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

4816
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:19,300
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

4817
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:22,700
the Alamo David by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

4818
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,700
of Texas, demonstrated that 
there are values higher than 

4819
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:28,400
political power. 
And the true citizens of a 

4820
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:31,600
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interests 

4821
04:12:31,600 --> 04:12:34,400
on the back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

4822
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:39,200
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

4823
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:40,800
icon. 
As you drift off to sleep 

4824
04:12:40,800 --> 04:12:44,800
tonight, he was never able to 
settle down become politically 

4825
04:12:44,800 --> 04:12:47,200
powerful or a mass substantial 
riches. 

4826
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:50,800
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

4827
04:12:50,800 --> 04:12:54,000
own moral compass that he had 
utilized his talents for causes 

4828
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:57,100
he believed in and that he had 
not backed down when faced with 

4829
04:12:57,108 --> 04:12:59,500
the final test was something 
more significant to him. 

4830
04:13:00,200 --> 04:13:02,900
Instead of being the heroic 
frontiersmen, portrayed in 

4831
04:13:02,908 --> 04:13:06,500
popular culture, the real David 
Crockett was a multi-faceted 

4832
04:13:06,500 --> 04:13:09,800
imperfect human being who 
demonstrated that regular 

4833
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,500
individuals are capable of 
remarkable acts of moral 

4834
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:15,400
bravery. 
Being heroic isn't about having 

4835
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:17,500
it all together. 
It's about having the courage to

4836
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:19,000
fight for what you think is, 
right? 

4837
04:13:19,000 --> 04:13:22,500
No matter the cost. 
His narrative serves as a 

4838
04:13:22,508 --> 04:13:25,200
reminder of this. 
As we wrap up our evening 

4839
04:13:25,200 --> 04:13:28,100
together, it's worth reflecting 
on how we all encounter 

4840
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:31,300
situations where we have to 
decide between doing what is 

4841
04:13:31,300 --> 04:13:32,100
easy. 
And what's, right? 

4842
04:13:32,100 --> 04:13:35,000
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

4843
04:13:35,800 --> 04:13:38,400
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

4844
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:42,100
Bedrock of our Democratic, and 
free society as David Crockett's

4845
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:45,700
account hints, rest, easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

4846
04:13:45,700 --> 04:13:48,200
being heroic does not 
necessitate to cool, skin cat. 

4847
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:50,900
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

4848
04:13:50,900 --> 04:13:59,400
your own moral compass. 
William Shakespeare was born in 

4849
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:03,500
the spring of 1564 in the small 
town of Stratford upon Avon 

4850
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:06,100
England. 
Though, the exact date of his 

4851
04:14:06,100 --> 04:14:10,000
birth is not known tradition, 
holds it, to be April 23rd. 

4852
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:14,300
The streets of Stratford were 
quiet lined with Timber framed 

4853
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:17,600
houses, their white plaster 
walls crisscrossed by dark. 

4854
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:21,100
Wooden beams. 
The gentle flow of the river 

4855
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:24,600
Avon at meandered, through the 
town, reflecting the sky in its 

4856
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:28,300
soft, Rippling Waters. 
William was the third child of 

4857
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:32,000
John Shakespeare, a glove maker 
and local merchants and Mary 

4858
04:14:32,000 --> 04:14:34,500
Ardent who came from a respected
farming family. 

4859
04:14:35,500 --> 04:14:39,100
Their home on Henley Street was 
modest but comfortable filled 

4860
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:41,400
with the sense of leather and 
parchment from his father's 

4861
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,700
work. 
In those early days, William's 

4862
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:48,600
world was shaped by the sound of
bustling markets, church bells 

4863
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:51,000
and the hum of conversation 
among townsfolk. 

4864
04:14:52,100 --> 04:14:54,800
The Aaron Stratford was filled 
with the rhythms of Every Day, 

4865
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:59,000
Life, the changing seasons and 
The Echoes of a world on the 

4866
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:03,700
brink of cultural Awakening. 
As a boy, William likely spent 

4867
04:15:03,700 --> 04:15:07,000
time exploring the fields and 
woods beyond the town where 

4868
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:10,400
wildflowers bloomed and the 
calls of birds filled the air. 

4869
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:15,000
He may have wondered along the 
banks of the Avon, his curious 

4870
04:15:15,000 --> 04:15:16,800
eyes taking in the flowing 
water. 

4871
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:20,600
Lifting light and the Small 
Wonders of Nature. 

4872
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:25,800
William attended, the King's new
school where he received a solid

4873
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:28,700
education in Reading Writing and
classical literature. 

4874
04:15:28,700 --> 04:15:32,500
He studied the works of Roman 
poets, like, Ovid and 

4875
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:36,000
playwrights like plutus and 
Seneca, these ancient stories of

4876
04:15:36,008 --> 04:15:39,600
gods Heroes and tragic. 
Fates, ignited his imagination 

4877
04:15:39,600 --> 04:15:42,700
giving him a foundation that 
would later blossom into his own

4878
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:45,800
masterpieces. 
The days at school were long 

4879
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:48,500
filled with the scratch of 
quills, on parchment. 

4880
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:52,700
The low hum of Latin recitations
and the occasional Creek of 

4881
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:56,000
wooden benches. 
William learned not only the 

4882
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:59,500
rules of language but also the 
power of Storytelling the 

4883
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:02,000
ability to capture The Human 
Experience in words. 

4884
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:06,200
When William was 18, he married 
Anne Hathaway, a farmer's 

4885
04:16:06,200 --> 04:16:09,000
daughter who lived in a small 
cottage outside of Stratford 

4886
04:16:09,800 --> 04:16:12,900
Their marriage was a quieter 
Fair held in the local church, 

4887
04:16:12,900 --> 04:16:15,000
surrounded by family and 
friends. 

4888
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:19,300
A year later, they welcome their
first child Susanna, followed by

4889
04:16:19,300 --> 04:16:23,200
Twin's Hamlet and Judith The 
small house they shared was 

4890
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,300
filled with the sounds of 
children's laughter and the 

4891
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:30,600
simple Comforts of family life. 
yet even as a young man with a 

4892
04:16:30,608 --> 04:16:34,200
family, Williams mind seemed to 
yearn for something more. 

4893
04:16:35,200 --> 04:16:38,500
Somewhere within him, the seeds 
of creativity were beginning to 

4894
04:16:38,500 --> 04:16:41,800
sprout. 
By the late 1580s or early 

4895
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:44,700
1590s. 
Shakespeare left Stratford and 

4896
04:16:44,700 --> 04:16:48,800
made his way to London, a city 
alive with energy opportunity 

4897
04:16:48,800 --> 04:16:53,300
and artistic expression. 
London in the 1590s was a place 

4898
04:16:53,308 --> 04:16:56,600
of contrasts cobblestone, 
streets, filled with carriages, 

4899
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,400
merchants selling their Wares 
and the hustle and bustle of a 

4900
04:17:00,408 --> 04:17:03,500
growing Metropolis. 
It was a city where theaters 

4901
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:06,400
were becoming centers of 
cultural life drawing, people 

4902
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:10,700
from all walks of society, 
Amidst this vibrant, chaos 

4903
04:17:10,700 --> 04:17:13,600
William Shakespeare found his 
place in the world of theater. 

4904
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,400
He began his career as an actor 
and playwright with a company 

4905
04:17:17,400 --> 04:17:20,000
called the Lord. 
Chamberlain's men, his early 

4906
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:22,800
plays were performed in small 
theater's where audience is 

4907
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:26,200
gathered in the dim light eager 
to be transported by stories of 

4908
04:17:26,200 --> 04:17:30,900
Love, betrayal and adventure. 
The center of burning Tallow 

4909
04:17:30,900 --> 04:17:34,200
candles filled the air mingling 
with the excited Whispers of the

4910
04:17:34,200 --> 04:17:36,800
crowd. 
Shakespeare's Talent quickly 

4911
04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:40,100
became evident and his Works 
began to Captivate London's 

4912
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:43,200
theater goers. 
His early successes included 

4913
04:17:43,200 --> 04:17:47,000
plays like Henry the 6th and 
Titus andronicus stories of War 

4914
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:50,200
revenge and political Intrigue 
each line. 

4915
04:17:50,200 --> 04:17:51,700
He wrote seemed to pulse with 
life. 

4916
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:55,200
Filled with the richness of 
human emotion and the beauty of 

4917
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:59,300
language. 
By the late 1590s, Shakespeare 

4918
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:01,400
had become a respected figure in
the theater world. 

4919
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:04,500
He purchased shares in the 
newly-built Globe, Theater. 

4920
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:07,500
A wooden structure that would 
become the heart of his creative

4921
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:10,400
endeavors. 
The globe, stood on the Southern

4922
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:13,600
Bank of the River Thames. 
Its thatched roof and open are 

4923
04:18:13,600 --> 04:18:15,400
staged, welcoming thousands of 
eager. 

4924
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:18,800
Spectators, it was here that 
some of his greatest plays, came

4925
04:18:18,800 --> 04:18:23,400
to life Romeo and Juliet A, 
Midsummer Night's Dream and The 

4926
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,600
Merchant of Venice. 
These stories of a young love 

4927
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:31,100
magical Realms and complex Human
Relationships resonated with 

4928
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:35,800
audiences who laughed wept and 
Marvel at the tails on folding 

4929
04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:38,400
before them. 
As his reputation grew. 

4930
04:18:38,400 --> 04:18:43,400
So did the depth of his work. 
In the early, 1600s Shakespeare 

4931
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:46,600
wrote some of his most profound 
and Powerful tragedies Hamlet, 

4932
04:18:46,600 --> 04:18:51,800
Othello King Lear and Macbeth. 
These plays explored, the darker

4933
04:18:51,800 --> 04:18:55,100
corners of the human soul. 
Delving into themes of ambition,

4934
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:59,900
jealousy, Madness, and fate. 
Imagine the dimly lit stage, the

4935
04:18:59,900 --> 04:19:03,300
flicker of Candlelight, the 
hushed anticipation of the crowd

4936
04:19:03,300 --> 04:19:06,500
as the curtain Rose. 
The words of Shakespeare filled 

4937
04:19:06,500 --> 04:19:10,500
the air weaving, a tapestry of 
emotion, drama, and insight that

4938
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:12,000
would echo through the 
centuries. 

4939
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:16,100
Even as he found success in 
London, Shakespeare never lost 

4940
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:17,800
his connection to Stratford upon
Avon. 

4941
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:21,800
He returned frequently to his 
home town, where he purchased 

4942
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:24,700
new place, one of the largest 
houses in the town. 

4943
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:29,700
It was a place of peace and 
reflection a retreat from the 

4944
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:33,600
bustling world of the theater. 
As he entered the later years of

4945
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,200
his life, his writing took on a 
gentler tone. 

4946
04:19:37,000 --> 04:19:38,900
Plays like the Tempest and the 
Winter's Tale. 

4947
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:42,200
Spoke of forgiveness, 
Redemption, and the passage of 

4948
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:45,400
time. 
These final Works reflected a 

4949
04:19:45,400 --> 04:19:48,900
man who had seen much of life's 
Beauty and sorrow and who sought

4950
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:54,100
peace and understanding. 
On April 23rd, 1616 at the age 

4951
04:19:54,100 --> 04:19:56,600
of 52. 
William Shakespeare passed away 

4952
04:19:56,600 --> 04:20:00,300
in his home town of Stratford 
upon His life had been a journey

4953
04:20:00,308 --> 04:20:04,800
of words stories and 
Imagination, a journey that left

4954
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:08,400
an indelible mark on the world. 
He was buried in the chance of 

4955
04:20:08,400 --> 04:20:11,400
Holy Trinity Church in where his
gravestone still rest today. 

4956
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:14,900
As you breathe deeply. 
Now, let the story of William 

4957
04:20:14,900 --> 04:20:18,800
Shakespeare settled gently into 
your mind. his legacy lives on 

4958
04:20:18,800 --> 04:20:23,000
in every play, every sonnet and 
every line that continues to 

4959
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:26,700
inspire Generations His words, 
remind us of the beauty of 

4960
04:20:26,700 --> 04:20:30,600
language, the complexity of The 
Human Experience and the power 

4961
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:34,000
of Storytelling. 
William Shakespeare's life was 

4962
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:37,400
one of continuous growth, 
creativity and exploration. 

4963
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,600
Even though he left the world 
far too early at the age of 52, 

4964
04:20:41,600 --> 04:20:44,900
his legacy continued to flourish
long after his death. 

4965
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:48,200
His Works were not confined to 
his own time. 

4966
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:52,300
They transcended Generations, 
cultures and continents shaping,

4967
04:20:52,300 --> 04:20:55,000
the world of literature theater 
and language in ways, no one 

4968
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,400
could have predicted. 
In the Years, following his 

4969
04:20:57,400 --> 04:21:00,100
passing. 
Shakespeare's fellow actors and 

4970
04:21:00,100 --> 04:21:03,600
Friends, John hemming, Jesus and
Henry Condell took on the task 

4971
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:07,600
of preserving his work. 
They compiled and published the 

4972
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:10,900
first folio in 1623 a 
collection. 

4973
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,500
That ensured his plays would be 
remembered and performed for 

4974
04:21:13,500 --> 04:21:17,300
centuries to come this. 
Remarkable volume can contain 36

4975
04:21:17,300 --> 04:21:22,600
of his plays plays including 
comedies, history, and tragedies

4976
04:21:22,600 --> 04:21:25,100
preserving works. 
That may otherwise have been 

4977
04:21:25,108 --> 04:21:27,600
lost. 
Without the dedication of these 

4978
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:31,100
friends, some of Shakespeare's 
most beloved works such as 

4979
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:33,300
Macbeth. 
And the Tempest might never have

4980
04:21:33,300 --> 04:21:37,500
reached us. 
Thanks to this labor of love his

4981
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:40,800
stories, endured spreading far 
beyond theaters of London, to 

4982
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:44,600
inspire future generations of 
readers, actors and writers. 

4983
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:48,000
Shakespeare's influence on the 
English language is 

4984
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:50,500
unparalleled. 
He coined or popularized 

4985
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:53,900
thousands of words and phrases 
many of which are still in use 

4986
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:58,500
today, expressions like break, 
the ice wild goose, chase and 

4987
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:00,500
Heart of Gold. 
Can all be traced back to his 

4988
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:03,100
plays. 
His ability to capture, human 

4989
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:06,900
emotion and experience in words,
gave the language a richness and

4990
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:09,800
expressiveness that endures. 
His Works. 

4991
04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:13,600
Reflected The Human Condition in
all its complexity, the joys, 

4992
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:16,800
the Sorrows, the triumphs, and 
the tragedies. 

4993
04:22:17,800 --> 04:22:21,000
Shakespeare's character's were 
not just figures on a stage but 

4994
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:23,300
living breathing reflections of 
humanity. 

4995
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:28,400
They spoke of Love ambition, 
betrayal and Redemption with a 

4996
04:22:28,408 --> 04:22:30,300
Clarity that resonated across 
time. 

4997
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:35,400
Imagine Romeo and Juliet young 
lovers torn apart by the feud of

4998
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:38,000
their families. 
Speaking words that Echo the 

4999
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:42,400
passion and heartbreaks of every
generation picture Hamlet, the 

5000
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,900
introspective prints grappling 
with questions of Life, Death 

5001
04:22:45,900 --> 04:22:49,700
and morality. 
Think of King Lear an old man 

5002
04:22:49,700 --> 04:22:53,300
facing the consequences of his 
pride and folly or Macbeth 

5003
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:55,500
driven to ruin by ambition and 
fate. 

5004
04:22:56,500 --> 04:22:59,500
These stories were not just 
meant to entertain, they were 

5005
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:02,700
designed to make audiences, 
think feel and understand 

5006
04:23:02,700 --> 04:23:04,400
themselves in the world around 
them. 

5007
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:08,500
In Shakespeare's time, the 
theater was a place where the 

5008
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:10,800
barriers of class and Status 
melted away. 

5009
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:14,400
With a common folk and the 
nobility could come together to 

5010
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:16,300
share in the experience of a 
story. 

5011
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,700
The Globe Theater with its 
thatched roof and wooden beams, 

5012
04:23:20,700 --> 04:23:24,600
echoed with the laughter tears 
and Applause of audiences who 

5013
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:26,400
saw their lives reflected on 
stage. 

5014
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:30,100
Shakespeare understood that 
stories had the power to unite 

5015
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:33,900
people to reveal truths and to 
inspire change. 

5016
04:23:35,500 --> 04:23:38,200
In his quieter moments, 
Shakespeare returned to 

5017
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:41,500
Stratford upon where he enjoyed 
the Peace of his family home 

5018
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:43,000
here. 
He could. 

5019
04:23:43,100 --> 04:23:45,800
Escape the noise of the city and
the demands of the theater. 

5020
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:48,900
He tended to his Affairs, as 
spent time with his family as 

5021
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:50,600
and walked the familiar streets 
of his hometown. 

5022
04:23:50,600 --> 04:23:54,000
But even in retirement, the 
creative spark never truly, left

5023
04:23:54,000 --> 04:23:56,500
him later years. 
He collaborated, with the 

5024
04:23:56,500 --> 04:23:59,200
younger playwrights and 
continued to refine his craft. 

5025
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:03,100
The serenity of Stratford 
offered him a chance to reflect 

5026
04:24:03,100 --> 04:24:06,300
on his life's work to find peace
in the knowledge that he had 

5027
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:08,700
given the world, something 
Timeless and extraordinary. 

5028
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,400
Though, his life ended on April,
23rd, 1616. 

5029
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:14,400
His impact was only just 
beginning. 

5030
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:17,800
Over the centuries. 
Shakespeare's Works were 

5031
04:24:17,808 --> 04:24:21,200
performed in countless theaters,
translated into every major 

5032
04:24:21,200 --> 04:24:25,300
language and adapted into 
countless forms. his stories 

5033
04:24:25,300 --> 04:24:28,600
found new life in operas films 
novels and modern 

5034
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:31,800
reinterpretations that brought 
his characters into new settings

5035
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:36,000
and contexts generations of 
actors from Humble players to 

5036
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:38,300
celebrated Stars, found their 
voices. 

5037
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:41,800
Through Shakespeare's words, 
directors re-imagined, his place

5038
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:46,200
in Endless ways, setting them in
modern cities, distant Futures 

5039
04:24:46,200 --> 04:24:50,600
and warn landscapes. 
Each interpretation shed new 

5040
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:54,000
light on his Timeless themes in 
schools and universities 

5041
04:24:54,000 --> 04:24:57,800
students continue to explore. 
His plays discovering the 

5042
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:01,600
brilliant, and depth of his 
writing his sonnets with their 

5043
04:25:01,600 --> 04:25:04,100
delicate, Beauty and insight 
into the nature of love and 

5044
04:25:04,108 --> 04:25:06,700
time. 
Continue to touch the hearts of 

5045
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:10,400
readers across the globe. 
Shakespeare's Legacy is not just

5046
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:13,400
in the pages of books or on the 
stages of theaters. 

5047
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:16,600
It lives in the way we use 
language, the way we tell 

5048
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:18,700
stories. 
And the way we understand 

5049
04:25:18,700 --> 04:25:23,000
ourselves, his genius lies in 
his ability to capture the full 

5050
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:26,600
spectrum of Human Experience 
from the lightest moments of 

5051
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:29,500
Comedy, to the darkest depths of
tragedy. 

5052
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:33,300
As you lie here, feeling the 
weight of sleep, gently pressing

5053
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:36,100
upon, you know, that 
Shakespeare's story is one of 

5054
04:25:36,100 --> 04:25:39,800
her inspiration, creativity and 
boundless imagination. 

5055
04:25:41,200 --> 04:25:43,500
He reminds us that even the 
simplest Beginnings. 

5056
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:45,300
Can lead to extraordinary 
Journeys. 

5057
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:47,500
That the world is full of 
stories. 

5058
04:25:47,500 --> 04:25:50,400
Waiting to be told. 
And that words have the power to

5059
04:25:50,400 --> 04:25:54,300
change hearts and Minds. 
Allow his life story to guide 

5060
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:57,500
you into a restful Slumber, 
where dreams unfold like the 

5061
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:01,400
scene of a play filled with 
wonder Beauty and endless 

5062
04:26:01,400 --> 04:26:05,000
possibility. 
Let the words of the past wrap 

5063
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,900
around, you like a soft blanket.
Comforting and timeless. 

5064
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:12,500
As we continue to reflect on The
Life and Legacy of William, 

5065
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:15,700
Shakespeare, his story weaves 
are rich, tapestry of 

5066
04:26:15,708 --> 04:26:19,300
creativity, resilience and 
timeless brilliantes. 

5067
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,800
Though the world around him 
changed, his Works remained 

5068
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:26,300
steadfast. 
A beacon of human expression 

5069
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:30,300
that endured across centuries. 
The years following his death, 

5070
04:26:30,300 --> 04:26:32,000
saw a gradual rise in 
recognition. 

5071
04:26:33,000 --> 04:26:36,900
Scholars actors and audiences 
began to understand the profound

5072
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:40,300
impact of his words. 
In the decades, after his 

5073
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:46,600
passing of the first folio 
published in 763 1,623 by his 

5074
04:26:46,600 --> 04:26:49,500
friends and fellow actors 
secured his place in history. 

5075
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,200
This collection ensured that 
plays like Macbeth The Tempest 

5076
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:57,100
12th night and Julius Caesar 
would be preserved and shared 

5077
04:26:57,100 --> 04:27:00,600
with future Generations. 
Each of these Works held a 

5078
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:04,000
mirror to society reflecting the
complexities of human nature 

5079
04:27:04,000 --> 04:27:09,000
politics and morality. 
As time went on Shakespeare's 

5080
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:12,200
work, spread beyond the shores 
of England, traveling troops of 

5081
04:27:12,200 --> 04:27:14,900
actors performed, his plays 
across Europe carrying his 

5082
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,400
stories to new audiences. 
By the 18th century. 

5083
04:27:18,400 --> 04:27:22,200
His influence had reached the 
Far Corners of the world with 

5084
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:24,900
translation's, bringing his 
words, to new languages and 

5085
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:27,900
cultures. 
The universality of his themes. 

5086
04:27:27,900 --> 04:27:33,200
Love, ambition, betrayal and 
Redemption resonated with people

5087
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:37,500
from all walks of life, His 
birthplace stratford-upon-avon 

5088
04:27:37,500 --> 04:27:40,300
slowly became a place of 
pilgrimage for lovers of 

5089
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,200
literature and theater. 
Visitors walked the same 

5090
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:47,100
cobblestone streets passed by 
the same Riverbanks and stood in

5091
04:27:47,100 --> 04:27:49,800
the same rooms where 
Shakespeare, once lived the 

5092
04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:53,300
small town grew into a symbol of
creativity and artistic Heritage

5093
04:27:53,300 --> 04:27:56,600
forever, linked to the legacy of
its most famous son. 

5094
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:01,300
As the centuries progressed 
Shakespeare's plays were studied

5095
04:28:01,300 --> 04:28:05,500
in schools performed in Grand 
Theaters and adapted for New 

5096
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:08,200
Media. 
Actors found endless 

5097
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:11,000
opportunities to breathe life 
into his character's. 

5098
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:13,700
From the tragic figures of 
Hamlet and King Lear. 

5099
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:17,600
Comedic Brilliance of Much Ado 
About Nothing and A Midsummer 

5100
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:20,800
Night's Dream. 
Directors reimagined his stories

5101
04:28:20,800 --> 04:28:24,900
in modern setting on 
battlefields in boardrooms and 

5102
04:28:24,900 --> 04:28:28,200
in far off Galaxy proving that 
his themes remained ever 

5103
04:28:28,200 --> 04:28:30,400
relevant. 
His influence on the Arts is 

5104
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:33,700
immeasurable painters depicted 
scenes from his plays in Rich 

5105
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:37,100
vibrant, canvases, composers, 
like, Felix Mendelssohn, and 

5106
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:40,500
Giuseppe Verdi turned his Works 
into operas and orchestral 

5107
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:43,800
pieces, poets, and writers Drew 
inspiration from his words 

5108
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:46,400
finding new ways to explore the 
Human Experience. 

5109
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:51,000
In the 19th century, 
Shakespearean festivals began to

5110
04:28:51,008 --> 04:28:55,500
emerge celebrating his works 
with performances, lectures and 

5111
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:58,000
readings. 
The Royal Shakespeare company. 

5112
04:28:58,000 --> 04:29:01,400
Founded in the 20th century 
became a beacon for the 

5113
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:04,500
continued performance and 
exploration of his plays. 

5114
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:07,900
The dedication to his work 
ensured that his stories 

5115
04:29:07,900 --> 04:29:10,400
remained alive. 
The evolving with each new 

5116
04:29:10,400 --> 04:29:14,200
interpretation and performance. 
Shakespeare's works also found a

5117
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,600
home in cinema with directors, 
like Laurence Olivier, Kenneth 

5118
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:20,800
Branagh and baz luhrman bringing
his place to the Silver Screen. 

5119
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:25,000
Films adapted, from his plays 
reached audiences around the 

5120
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,100
world, introducing his 
characters and stories to new 

5121
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:32,700
generations. power of Cinema 
allowed his words to take on New

5122
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:36,400
Dimensions with stunning visuals
and Powerful performance is 

5123
04:29:36,400 --> 04:29:40,300
amplifying their emotional depth
Even in the modern world, his 

5124
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:42,600
influence persists. 
Expressions. 

5125
04:29:42,600 --> 04:29:46,400
He penned over 400 years ago, a 
part of everyday language when 

5126
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,500
someone speaks of wearing their 
heart on their sleeve or 

5127
04:29:49,500 --> 04:29:52,700
describes a task as a wild 
goose, chase their, echoing 

5128
04:29:52,700 --> 04:29:56,000
Shakespeare's voice his ability 
to capture the human condition, 

5129
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:59,300
ensured that his words would 
forever be woven into the fabric

5130
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:02,100
of Our Lives. 
As you like comfortably 

5131
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:05,200
breathing gently, Imagine The 
Quiet streets of 

5132
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:08,800
stratford-upon-avon bathed in 
the soft glow of Twilight 

5133
04:30:08,800 --> 04:30:12,900
picture, the river Aven flowing 
peacefully, its surface 

5134
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:15,100
shimmering with the last rays of
the Setting Sun. 

5135
04:30:15,100 --> 04:30:19,000
The breeze carries the faint 
Center of blooming flowers and 

5136
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,900
the world slows to a tranquil 
hush Let the image of a young 

5137
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:25,000
William with eyes full of wonder
and curiosity. 

5138
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:27,700
Fill your mind. 
See him wandering the 

5139
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:29,400
countryside dreaming of the 
stories. 

5140
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,500
He would one day tell His 
journey reminds us the 

5141
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,500
creativity, passion, and 
perseverance can shape a legacy 

5142
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:38,700
that outlives us all. 
Allow these thoughts to soothe 

5143
04:30:38,700 --> 04:30:41,700
you like the gentle turning of 
pages in an old book. 

5144
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:45,300
The weight of history and the 
Timeless beauty of Shakespeare's

5145
04:30:45,300 --> 04:30:48,400
words settle around you. 
A comforting presence that 

5146
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:50,400
Whispers of endless 
possibilities. 

5147
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:54,600
A sleep draws, you deeper know 
that you are connected to a rich

5148
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:57,800
lineage of dreamers, thinkers 
and storytellers. 

5149
04:30:59,000 --> 04:31:01,700
The same story that moved 
audiences in Shakespeare's time 

5150
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:05,000
continued to resonate today, 
Bridging the Gap between past 

5151
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:13,000
and present. 
Cyrus the Great came into a 

5152
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:16,400
world teeming with Mythic haze 
around 600. 

5153
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:21,800
BCE in a corner of Southwestern.
Iran known as anshan later ages 

5154
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:24,700
wove Legends of how his Destiny 
was prophesied before birth. 

5155
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:29,100
Tradition says his mother 
mandane was the daughter of 

5156
04:31:29,100 --> 04:31:32,600
estia. 
Guz the median King alarmed by a

5157
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:35,700
dream suggesting her child would
topple him as Jiggies ordered 

5158
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:38,800
the infant Cyrus's death. 
Yet the official tasked with 

5159
04:31:38,808 --> 04:31:41,200
murder found the baby too. 
Innocent to slaughter. 

5160
04:31:42,000 --> 04:31:44,100
He handed him to a shepherd's 
family instead. 

5161
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:48,300
So The Story Goes ensuring, 
Cyrus survived, an obscurity. 

5162
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:52,300
Whether or not these details 
ring strictly true, they reveal.

5163
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:56,300
How from the start storytellers 
recognized an extraordinary 

5164
04:31:56,300 --> 04:31:59,900
quality in him someone rising 
from Peril to shape and Empire 

5165
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:04,700
In early, Boyhood it said, Cyrus
displayed remarkable empathy, 

5166
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:09,400
bridging differences among local
tribes, the South-Western Fringe

5167
04:32:09,400 --> 04:32:11,100
of the Zagros. 
Mountains was no, calm 

5168
04:32:11,100 --> 04:32:14,200
territory. 
Warlords vide over water 

5169
04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:16,700
sources, trade routes and 
farmland. 

5170
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:21,000
Yet Cyrus reputedly navigated 
these tensions with an uncanny 

5171
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,400
mix of kindness and resolve. 
Forging friendships among 

5172
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:27,200
Shepherds and minor Chiefs? 
Over time. 

5173
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:30,200
The local talk was less about a 
hidden, child saved from a 

5174
04:32:30,208 --> 04:32:32,500
king's wrath and more about a 
charismatic. 

5175
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:37,100
Youth unafraid to challenge 
older, men's assumptions Elders.

5176
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,400
The weary found him unexpectedly
persuasive. 

5177
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:45,500
When Cyrus reached adolescence. 
His lineage demanded, he connect

5178
04:32:45,500 --> 04:32:48,600
with the court in ancient. 
He discovered that his father 

5179
04:32:48,600 --> 04:32:51,200
kambis. 
The first was a vassal to the 

5180
04:32:51,208 --> 04:32:53,400
Meads. 
The median, suzerainty 

5181
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:57,500
overshadowed the region with a 
Stag's reigning ink Botana and 

5182
04:32:57,500 --> 04:33:00,800
older Metropolis perched, among 
mountains that overshadowing 

5183
04:33:00,800 --> 04:33:04,500
rankled, the once proud Kings of
anshan had accepted vassal 

5184
04:33:04,500 --> 04:33:07,900
status for decades, Cyrus 
cleaned quickly, that many in 

5185
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:11,400
the southwestern region, chafed 
under median taxes and arbitrary

5186
04:33:11,400 --> 04:33:14,800
demands observing. 
Resentments carefully, he 

5187
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:17,599
concluded that. 
If he ever Rose to power, he 

5188
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,099
might Galvanize these 
frustrations into a cohesive 

5189
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:23,099
front though. 
Overshadowed by the maids and 

5190
04:33:23,099 --> 04:33:25,400
shun maintained, a distinct 
cultural identity. 

5191
04:33:25,400 --> 04:33:28,099
The Realms. 
Traditions traced back to 

5192
04:33:28,099 --> 04:33:31,599
elimite and Persian routes 
forging a tapestry of customs. 

5193
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:35,800
Cyrus open to absorbing 
knowledge studied the Region's 

5194
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:39,700
older languages gleaning law. 
From Wise Men verse in our cake 

5195
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:42,500
myths. 
One result a worldview that 

5196
04:33:42,500 --> 04:33:45,400
placed bridging cultural divides
at the center of leadership. 

5197
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:49,300
He recognized that stable ruled 
demanded acknowledging local 

5198
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:51,900
Traditions rather than imposing 
a single rigid system. 

5199
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:54,800
This concept would later 
manifest in how he governed a 

5200
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:56,900
sprawling Empire with Myriad 
people's. 

5201
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:00,900
As a Young Man Cyrus served 
briefly in the median Army. 

5202
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:04,900
Perhaps under the watchful eye 
of a stage is accounts differ on

5203
04:34:04,908 --> 04:34:06,500
how cordial that relationship 
was. 

5204
04:34:07,300 --> 04:34:09,599
Some sources claim. 
The older King ironically found 

5205
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,300
Cyrus appealing. 
Only belatedly realizing the 

5206
04:34:12,300 --> 04:34:16,099
youths growing ambition. 
Others proposed that Aztecs kept

5207
04:34:16,099 --> 04:34:18,200
him close precisely to forestall
rebellion. 

5208
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,700
In either case Osiris saw the 
medes weaknesses from within. 

5209
04:34:21,700 --> 04:34:25,900
They boasted strong Cavalry and 
Fortress, but corruption and 

5210
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:28,700
complacency riddled, SRS is 
bureaucracy. 

5211
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:33,200
The king's courtiers squabbled 
indulging in luxurious feasts. 

5212
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:37,099
Meanwhile, lesson States seethed
under burdened some tribute. 

5213
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:40,599
The stage was set for a Revolt 
if sparked by the right figure. 

5214
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:44,800
Upon campuses. 
The first death Cyrus became the

5215
04:34:44,800 --> 04:34:48,000
nominal ruler of anshan. 
He faced immediate tension with 

5216
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:53,400
equator, sometime around 550 BC,
Cyrus launched an uprising, 

5217
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:58,400
unifying Persians under his 
Banner, The old stories depict 

5218
04:34:58,400 --> 04:34:59,700
him. 
Proclaiming that the time had 

5219
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:02,900
come to cast off median 
overlordship forging, a new 

5220
04:35:02,908 --> 04:35:04,900
order that recognized Persian 
leadership. 

5221
04:35:04,900 --> 04:35:09,200
He marched North leveraging 
alliances with other disaffected

5222
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:12,000
tribes. 
Osteocytes. 

5223
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:15,800
But discovered many loyal 
officers had turned coat enticed

5224
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:17,800
by Cyrus's promise of a fairer 
rule. 

5225
04:35:18,400 --> 04:35:20,900
In a surprising turn, Cyrus 
captured EK. 

5226
04:35:20,900 --> 04:35:24,500
Putana with minimal resistance, 
Cyrus seized as Jegs. 

5227
04:35:24,500 --> 04:35:28,700
Thereby ending his rule with the
meat scone subdued Cyrus did 

5228
04:35:28,700 --> 04:35:30,599
something unusual for a 
conqueror. 

5229
04:35:30,599 --> 04:35:34,700
He spared as the ages, his life 
absorbing the median, capital 

5230
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:36,400
and aristocracy without Mass 
Slaughter. 

5231
04:35:37,300 --> 04:35:39,900
This approach hinted at the 
Hallmark of his future Empire. 

5232
04:35:39,900 --> 04:35:43,500
Respect for local Elites 
provided they served under him 

5233
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:46,099
Some ancient kingdoms might have
sacked. 

5234
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:50,200
At permanently Cyrus recognized 
the value. 

5235
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:52,000
In co-opting, the existing 
Administration. 

5236
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:56,400
Forging a dual monarchy of 
sorts, median and Persian 

5237
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,900
Already onlookers noticed that 
Cyrus was no typical warlord 

5238
04:36:00,900 --> 04:36:04,200
driven solely by Conquest. 
He had a cunning sentence of 

5239
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:06,500
policy. 
The newly minted King of the 

5240
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:08,700
Persians and media's reigned 
from Egbert. 

5241
04:36:08,700 --> 04:36:12,300
Anna adopting median structures 
while weaving in Persian 

5242
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:16,300
influences, he reorganized the 
Army, combining median, heavy 

5243
04:36:16,300 --> 04:36:19,900
Cavalry with Persian infantry 
discipline, Within a few short 

5244
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:23,500
years news of a Verizon power, 
in the Iranian Plateau, spread 

5245
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:27,300
Westwood reaching Lydia in 
Anatolia and the edges of 

5246
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:30,300
Mesopotamia. 
Many scoffed that a newly 

5247
04:36:30,300 --> 04:36:31,599
minted. 
Persian Kingdom couldn't 

5248
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:33,900
overshadow. 
Establish powers like Lydia or 

5249
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:38,200
Babylon, Cyrus unperturbed 
busied himself, forging 

5250
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:42,099
alliances building supply lines 
and reinforcing Frontiers. 

5251
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:46,400
He sent that other Horizons, 
beckoned lands ruled by Kings 

5252
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:49,599
who viewed him as a mere 
upstart, the next chapter would 

5253
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:52,200
prove them wrong. 
The Cyrus is Unstoppable, 

5254
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:55,200
expansions would reshape the 
entire regions political map. 

5255
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:59,500
Securing the median, Throne was 
but a first step Cyrus turned, 

5256
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:04,300
his gaze West toward Lydia ruled
by the wealthy King krises famed

5257
04:37:04,300 --> 04:37:06,900
for controlling vast gold 
reserves and forging alliances 

5258
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:10,800
with Greek city states. croesus 
had observed, the Persian 

5259
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:14,300
takeover of media with alarm, He
reasoned that a swiftly. 

5260
04:37:14,300 --> 04:37:16,099
Rising. 
Cyrus might threaten Lydia's 

5261
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,500
eastern border. some Council 
suggested forging an alliance 

5262
04:37:19,508 --> 04:37:24,000
with the new Persian king, but 
Crowes riches and alliance's 

5263
04:37:24,000 --> 04:37:28,400
opted for confrontation The 
impetus came when Cyrus Advanced

5264
04:37:28,400 --> 04:37:32,000
from the Zagros region to the 
Harris River, boundary crisis, 

5265
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:34,000
marched out and participate 
participating. 

5266
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:36,200
The Swift campaign to impart a 
lesson to Persia. 

5267
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:40,500
However, after some inconclusive
battles, winter approached and 

5268
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:43,200
closest, retreated, believing 
Warfare would pause. 

5269
04:37:43,200 --> 04:37:46,200
He sent mercenaries home 
planning to resume hostilities 

5270
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:50,000
and spring. 
Cyrus defying, typical seasonal 

5271
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:53,000
Norms, pursued the lydians 
relentlessly during winter. 

5272
04:37:54,200 --> 04:37:58,300
This bold move caught, croesus 
unprepared, a swirl of smaller 

5273
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:01,000
engagements left. 
Lydia's, outposts reeling. 

5274
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:05,200
By the time Cruces scrambled. 
His allies again, Cyrus was at 

5275
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:08,400
Lydia's, doorstep, the 
culminating Siege of Sardis, 

5276
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,000
Lydia's Capital became 
legendary. 

5277
04:38:11,000 --> 04:38:15,599
The city's walls, perched on 
steep Cliffs Cyrus scanning. 

5278
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:19,200
The Fortress Found A seeming, 
weakness one Cliff face, that 

5279
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:23,400
looked unclimbable to Defenders,
thus less guarded under cover of

5280
04:38:23,400 --> 04:38:25,500
night. 
His men, scaled that near 

5281
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:29,900
vertical slope surprising the 
watch they gained entry opening 

5282
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:32,099
the gates for the main Persian 
Force. 

5283
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:36,900
Sardis fell and Chris's was 
captured tradition, says that 

5284
04:38:36,900 --> 04:38:39,500
Cyrus initially planned to 
execute creases on a funeral 

5285
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:42,900
pyre, but he changed his mind. 
Some say, it was after hearing 

5286
04:38:42,900 --> 04:38:45,300
increase as lament about the 
cruelty of Fortune. 

5287
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:49,000
Alternatively, an oracle or 
retainers counts or might have 

5288
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:52,099
Spurs Cyrus's Clemente, Chris 
was spared. 

5289
04:38:52,099 --> 04:38:55,300
However, and give an honorary 
position in his new government. 

5290
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:59,599
The gesture signaled. 
A pattern, Cyrus subdued Rivals 

5291
04:38:59,599 --> 04:39:01,000
yet. 
Frequently integrated them 

5292
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:04,200
preserve a local structures if 
they accepted his authority. 

5293
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:08,700
with Lydia subdued Cyrus 
effectively inherited, its 

5294
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,900
Anatolian possessions, including
Greek city-states along the 

5295
04:39:11,900 --> 04:39:16,500
Aegean Coast Those ionian Greeks
had treated with croesus, but 

5296
04:39:16,500 --> 04:39:18,200
were uncertain about Persian 
rule. 

5297
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:21,500
Some tried resisting. 
Cyrus assigned. 

5298
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,500
Local satraps Governors, who 
demanded tribute, but otherwise 

5299
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:28,599
left local Customs intact. 
Over time, his ionian 

5300
04:39:28,599 --> 04:39:30,500
city-states, realized Persian 
governance. 

5301
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,099
Could be quite hands off. 
If tributes were paid the 

5302
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:35,700
approached. 
Partially is tensions. 

5303
04:39:35,700 --> 04:39:39,500
Their pockets of Revolt remained
the Persians recognized that 

5304
04:39:39,500 --> 04:39:41,400
shipping was crucial for a giant
Commerce. 

5305
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:44,900
So Cyrus refrained from 
heavy-handed oppression, that 

5306
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:48,900
might stifle trade in effect. 
I only in City, State's found 

5307
04:39:48,900 --> 04:39:51,800
themselves, overshadowed by a 
mortar and conqueror than they 

5308
04:39:51,800 --> 04:39:55,500
might have feared then came the 
inevitable confrontation with 

5309
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:58,800
Babylon, the famed Empire 
controlling Mesopotamia. 

5310
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:02,200
Babylon's King. 
Number nidus was known for 

5311
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:05,700
eccentric, religious policies, 
alienating certain factions, 

5312
04:40:05,700 --> 04:40:08,800
within the city. 
Many priests of Marduk disliked 

5313
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:12,800
in a Bonnie's focus on the moon.
God sin, meanwhile outline 

5314
04:40:12,800 --> 04:40:16,700
province's of Babylon, grew 
restive, Cyrus aimed to exploit 

5315
04:40:16,700 --> 04:40:19,200
these Rifts. 
He maintained correspondents 

5316
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:21,900
with Babylonian dissidents 
presenting himself as a 

5317
04:40:21,908 --> 04:40:24,900
liberator who would restore 
worship of Marduk and rectifying

5318
04:40:24,900 --> 04:40:28,100
neglect from the monarchy. 
Propaganda tablets found 

5319
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:29,900
centuries. 
Later suggests that some 

5320
04:40:29,900 --> 04:40:35,800
Babylonian Elites welcomed him. 
By 539 BCE Cyrus marched to 

5321
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,400
Babylon defeating the main Army 
at Opus with minimal trouble. 

5322
04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:44,000
Then in an event overshadowed by
myth, the gates of Babylon 

5323
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:46,200
opened letting him enter 
peacefully. 

5324
04:40:46,200 --> 04:40:54,800
The city's inhabitants possibly 
fatigued by necessary. 

5325
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:56,700
Metropolis fell quietly to a new
Empire. 

5326
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:00,400
Cyrus formalized, these 
conquests into what we know as 

5327
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:03,400
the Akai Menard Empire. 
He proclaimed a policy of 

5328
04:41:03,408 --> 04:41:05,200
respecting local, religions and 
traditions. 

5329
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:08,900
Seeing in this approach, a key 
to stable governance across vast

5330
04:41:08,900 --> 04:41:11,600
distances. 
Most famous artifact of this 

5331
04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:15,000
dance, is the Cyrus cylinder. 
Discovered Millennia later 

5332
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:19,000
inscribed in Kenya Forum. 
It Praises Cyrus as chosen by 

5333
04:41:19,000 --> 04:41:21,200
Marduk to restore proper Worship
in Babylon. 

5334
04:41:21,200 --> 04:41:24,700
It also records how he 
repatriated displays people's 

5335
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:28,600
forging, an image of a tolerant,
or most benevolent conqueror. 

5336
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:33,000
Historians debate, the extent of
Tolerance noting that tribute 

5337
04:41:33,000 --> 04:41:36,700
demands still weighed heavy on 
subject people's however by the 

5338
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:39,200
standards of the era, his 
approach was more lenient to 

5339
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:41,600
than typical. 
He rarely burned cities or 

5340
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:45,500
enslaved entire populations. 
Rather he integrated local 

5341
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:48,200
Elites weaving them into such 
tropical structures. 

5342
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:52,800
This policy extended to the 
Hebrews exiled in Babylon, Cyrus

5343
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:55,100
famously permitted them to 
return to Jerusalem and rebuild 

5344
04:41:55,100 --> 04:41:58,500
their Temple Hebrew scriptures, 
Lord him as an anointed figure. 

5345
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:02,200
A foreign King recognized as an 
instrument of divine will. 

5346
04:42:03,100 --> 04:42:06,100
Uniqueness of a mess of potamia 
Empire that championed the 

5347
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,300
restoration of a local temple 
abroad was not lost on 

5348
04:42:09,300 --> 04:42:12,000
contemporary observers for 
Cyrus. 

5349
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:15,000
This meant forging loyalty 
across a mosaic of cultures. 

5350
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:17,800
He recognized that the Empire's 
call. 

5351
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:21,000
They not just infer of Persian 
arms, but in a sense of 

5352
04:42:21,000 --> 04:42:25,600
prosperity and religious freedom
under Persian oversight, By the 

5353
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:29,500
mid 530 BCE. 
The Empire sprawled from the 

5354
04:42:29,500 --> 04:42:33,000
fringes of Anatolia to the edge 
of the Iranian Plateau with 

5355
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,800
Babylon as a second capital. 
Cyrus oversaw the creation of 

5356
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:40,200
Roads, linking these domains 
encouraging Caravans to travel 

5357
04:42:40,200 --> 04:42:43,200
more securely. 
The new administrative pattern 

5358
04:42:43,200 --> 04:42:47,900
emerged each province satrapy 
had a satrap typically local 

5359
04:42:47,900 --> 04:42:51,800
nobility, loyal to the throne, 
balanced by a roving inspectors 

5360
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:53,500
and lines of communication 
director. 

5361
04:42:53,500 --> 04:42:57,100
Cyrus Freed from local Wars. 
Trade flourished. 

5362
04:42:57,700 --> 04:42:59,500
Western sources. 
Sometimes labeled him a 

5363
04:42:59,508 --> 04:43:02,000
law-giver though. 
He never compiled a code. 

5364
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:05,000
Akin to Hammurabi. 
Instead he simply refrained from

5365
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,800
supplanting local codes unless 
necessary letting them continue 

5366
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:12,600
under a broader Imperial. 
Canopy In forging, this Empire 

5367
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:15,900
Cyrus overshadowed, the older 
pattern of fractious City 

5368
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:19,500
Kingdom. 
Now, a single rule United Myriad

5369
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:23,900
tongues from ionian, Greek to 
Aramaic from lydian to elamite. 

5370
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:27,000
For the moment, all seemed 
Unstoppable. 

5371
04:43:28,100 --> 04:43:30,800
But an Empire. 
So vast inevitably brushed 

5372
04:43:30,800 --> 04:43:33,200
against fresh Frontiers 
boeckling. 

5373
04:43:33,200 --> 04:43:36,500
The next wave of expansion or 
would caution Council 

5374
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,400
consolidation, The man who 
ascended from rumored infancy in

5375
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:42,700
a shepherd's Hut to commanding, 
half the known region. 

5376
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:47,400
Now face, the question, Was the 
Empire's thirst for growth ever?

5377
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:50,000
Sated or did Destiny push him 
onward. 

5378
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:53,700
Risking new hazards. 
With Babylon integrated into his

5379
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:56,300
Empire. 
Cyrus contemplated the Eastern 

5380
04:43:56,300 --> 04:43:59,200
Frontier. 
The Iranian Plateau merged into 

5381
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:03,200
Central Asian steppes home to 
nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes 

5382
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:05,400
known for mobile Warfare 
Legends. 

5383
04:44:05,400 --> 04:44:08,200
Say, that Cyrus's father can buy
the First. 

5384
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:11,600
Once warned him that subduing. 
Such tribes required persistent 

5385
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:15,700
vigilance as they seldom 
recognized stable borders but 

5386
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:19,400
the new Empire needed to Anchor 
its eastern flank especially if 

5387
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:22,100
trade routes from the Indus 
Valley or bacteria. 

5388
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:25,300
This said, dear were to channel 
Goods across Persian heartlands,

5389
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:29,400
Cyrus recognized, the Dual 
impetus secure, those roots and 

5390
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:31,000
ensure. 
No flank vulnerability. 

5391
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,700
He dispatched, armies along the 
oxus river and mood Daria, 

5392
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,500
forging alliances with local 
Chief turns. 

5393
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:41,300
Some steppe tribes intrigued by 
the prospect of stable, trade 

5394
04:44:41,300 --> 04:44:44,700
and potential gifts from the 
great king cooperated others. 

5395
04:44:44,700 --> 04:44:48,900
Resisted leading to skirmishes 
in desert Canyon's Cyrus 

5396
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:51,300
accompanied part of the campaign
employing. 

5397
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,800
The same tolerance approach 
tribes that submitted maintained

5398
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:57,800
local leadership, paying 
tribute, but enjoying relative 

5399
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,900
autonomy that method 
overshadowed the old practice of

5400
04:45:00,900 --> 04:45:04,500
forced relocations or decimation
Yet his men found the 

5401
04:45:04,508 --> 04:45:07,600
environment harsh with 
punishing, Heat by day and 

5402
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:10,300
frigid nights Complicated by 
elusive tribal. 

5403
04:45:10,300 --> 04:45:12,900
Raiders Adept at ambushes in 
bactria. 

5404
04:45:12,900 --> 04:45:16,200
Cyrus encountered, a settled 
civilization, older than many 

5405
04:45:16,200 --> 04:45:18,700
realized. 
An area with fortresses 

5406
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:22,500
irrigation and a lineage of 
trade connections with India. 

5407
04:45:23,200 --> 04:45:26,400
He found skillful Artisans and 
wise men with knowledge of local

5408
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:30,400
religions, some worshiping who 
are Mazda And a variance of 

5409
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,700
zoroastrian practice. 
This encounter, possibly 

5410
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:36,500
reaffirmed his approach of 
letting each region keep its 

5411
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,900
faith. 
Indeed coins from that era show.

5412
04:45:39,900 --> 04:45:44,000
Local imagery mixed with Persian
inscription reflecting a Synergy

5413
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:47,400
rather than forced uniformity 
historian sea in this pattern. 

5414
04:45:47,400 --> 04:45:50,500
The seeds of an Empire tolerant 
enough to last for centuries 

5415
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:54,000
overshadowing, the ephemeral 
expansion of earlier conquerors,

5416
04:45:54,000 --> 04:45:57,900
who imposed uniform codes? 
Yet the East never fully bowed 

5417
04:45:57,900 --> 04:46:00,400
Cyrus soon. 
Realized that Beyond bacteria 

5418
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:04,300
lay more, formidable, tribes, 
Surviving inscriptions mention a

5419
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:07,700
feared group referred to as the 
master Getty dwelling across the

5420
04:46:07,700 --> 04:46:10,100
Jacksons River. 
They were skilled horse, 

5421
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:13,700
archers, famously led by a 
warrior Queen named tamiris. 

5422
04:46:14,300 --> 04:46:16,400
The problem was that direct 
conflict with the meant 

5423
04:46:16,400 --> 04:46:19,200
venturing into semi-desert lands
where supply lines collapsed. 

5424
04:46:19,700 --> 04:46:23,200
But Cyrus is ambition, will 
necessity drove him to attempt 

5425
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:27,200
an incursion around 5:30 BCE. 
Some sources. 

5426
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:28,800
Suggest he built a bridging 
strategy. 

5427
04:46:28,800 --> 04:46:32,100
Possibly, Bridging the Jacks 
arts or else, luring, the 

5428
04:46:32,100 --> 04:46:33,900
massager tie into friendly a 
Terrain. 

5429
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:37,700
The outcome was tragic for him. 
Herodotus claims a pitched 

5430
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:39,600
battle saw. 
The Persian forces eventually 

5431
04:46:39,600 --> 04:46:42,800
outmaneuvered, Cyrus himself, 
refusing retreat. 

5432
04:46:42,800 --> 04:46:45,200
Was either captured or killed in
the melee. 

5433
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:49,300
Legend has it Queen to Meijer 
dipped his severed head in a bag

5434
04:46:49,300 --> 04:46:52,200
of blood cursing. 
Him for devouring her people. 

5435
04:46:52,200 --> 04:46:56,300
We cannot confirm the dramatic 
details with absolute certainty.

5436
04:46:56,300 --> 04:47:00,400
Ancient accounts vary. 
Some say, Cyrus died from 

5437
04:47:00,400 --> 04:47:03,400
wounds, others claim an 
accident, in the swirling 

5438
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,000
desert. 
However, all accounts agree that

5439
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:08,100
his demise occurred on the 
Eastern Frontier. 

5440
04:47:08,900 --> 04:47:11,400
This abrupt end, overshadowed, 
the notion that he'd have 

5441
04:47:11,400 --> 04:47:14,400
Consolidated further expansion 
without him. 

5442
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:18,500
The Empire, defaulted to his son
by his the second who turned 

5443
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,700
attention to Egyptian campaigns.
If not for that, fatal Eastern 

5444
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,500
gamble. 
Cyrus might have had decades to 

5445
04:47:25,500 --> 04:47:29,000
refine governance bridging Asia,
Minor to the Indus under a 

5446
04:47:29,000 --> 04:47:32,900
carefully balanced rule fate. 
Intervened, the queening us only

5447
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:36,700
partial glimpses of what might 
have been Back in the heartlands

5448
04:47:36,700 --> 04:47:38,900
news of Cyrus's death Unleashed 
grief. 

5449
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:42,500
He had reigned for around three 
decades, forging, the largest 

5450
04:47:42,500 --> 04:47:46,100
Empire, the region had witnessed
Even many respondents felt 

5451
04:47:46,100 --> 04:47:49,800
useful sorrow in Babylon. 
Priests who previously lauded 

5452
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:52,300
him as Maddox chosen. 
Recognized that a new chapter 

5453
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:56,200
approached under can be sees his
shadow in Southwestern Persia 

5454
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:58,600
folktale, circulated praising 
father. 

5455
04:47:58,600 --> 04:48:02,700
Cyrus who delivered them from 
media and oppression ionian 

5456
04:48:02,700 --> 04:48:05,100
Greeks though. 
Not always content with Persian 

5457
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:07,100
rule. 
Ironically expressed more 

5458
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:10,500
respect for Cyrus than for 
subsequent Kings praising, his 

5459
04:48:10,500 --> 04:48:14,000
measured approach Cyrus's body. 
Presumably recovered from the 

5460
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,700
battlefield was laid in a tomb 
in Pasadena. 

5461
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:21,200
Travelers described it as a 
simple. 

5462
04:48:21,200 --> 04:48:25,800
Yet, dignified structure with a 
gabled roof, overshadowed by no 

5463
04:48:25,800 --> 04:48:29,100
elaborate Temple, but set him at
a garden in subsequent errors, 

5464
04:48:29,100 --> 04:48:32,300
every person, King revered that 
tomb, ensuring none. 

5465
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:35,300
Defiled it, Alexander the Great 
centuries. 

5466
04:48:35,300 --> 04:48:38,700
Later visited and reportedly 
found the tomb with a simple 

5467
04:48:38,700 --> 04:48:41,400
inscription, praising Cyrus as 
the founder of an Empire 

5468
04:48:41,400 --> 04:48:45,100
summoning, the reflection that 
every conqueror, no matter how 

5469
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:49,300
Grand meets mortality. 
That tomb, though, occasionally 

5470
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,200
looted or neglected endures in 
partial ruins. 

5471
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:54,600
A quiet Testament to a man's 
ephemeral. 

5472
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:58,100
Hold on a vast territory. 
His death unsettled the 

5473
04:48:58,100 --> 04:49:01,000
monarchies immediate stability. 
Can be seized the second. 

5474
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:02,900
Embarked on expansions into 
Egypt. 

5475
04:49:02,900 --> 04:49:07,400
Overshadowing, local satrap 
tensions. the memory of Cyrus 

5476
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,900
however never dissipated each 
subsequent Persian ruler from 

5477
04:49:10,900 --> 04:49:14,800
campuses to Darius traced 
legitimacy to Cyrus's lineage 

5478
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:18,100
They credited him with forging. 
A national identity that 

5479
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:22,200
encompassed diverse, languages, 
faiths, and social Customs under

5480
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:24,600
a unified. 
Administrative framework in 

5481
04:49:24,600 --> 04:49:28,100
every corner of the Empire, from
the ionian shore, to the Indus 

5482
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:30,300
Valley. 
The idea of the king of kings 

5483
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:32,600
who protected, local Traditions,
while demanding loyalty 

5484
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:34,600
remained, a Cornerstone of 
Imperial ideology. 

5485
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:38,800
Cyrus, Even In Absentia, 
overshadowed, the realm with his

5486
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:42,400
moral laced, approach to 
rulership the dynasty. 

5487
04:49:42,400 --> 04:49:44,400
That Cyrus initiated endured for
two. 

5488
04:49:44,400 --> 04:49:47,400
Centuries overshadowed, 
eventually by Alexander's 

5489
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:51,400
Conquest in the fourth Century 
BCE Yet even as Alexander 

5490
04:49:51,400 --> 04:49:52,800
marched across the Persian 
Empire. 

5491
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:56,500
Local memory of Cyrus spurred, a
measure of pride in unity. 

5492
04:49:57,300 --> 04:50:00,700
Some communities upon 
Alexander's, arrival recounted, 

5493
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:03,200
how Cyrus had first liberated 
them from repressive rule. 

5494
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:07,900
Alexander intrigued by these 
accounts visited Cyrus's tomb, 

5495
04:50:07,900 --> 04:50:13,000
pasargadae and 3:30 BCE And I 
witnessed described the tomb as 

5496
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:16,700
humble yet dignified with a 
stone chamber and the remains 

5497
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:20,000
resting on a golden beer. 
Alexander allegedly ordered 

5498
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:23,200
repairs after discovering the 
tomb rifled by unscrupulous 

5499
04:50:23,200 --> 04:50:25,900
soldiers. 
This gesture signified, How 

5500
04:50:25,900 --> 04:50:29,700
Deeply Cyrus's reputation for 
magnanimous leadership struck 

5501
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,900
even his Empire's eventual 
conqueror Greek sources. 

5502
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:36,800
Like xenophon Sarape, further 
Amplified, Cyrus's Legacy, 

5503
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:42,000
xenophon depicted him as an 
exemplary ruler wise, just and 

5504
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:44,200
beloved by Soldier and subject 
alike. 

5505
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:47,500
Scholars debate. 
How factual xenophon's portrayal

5506
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:51,100
is some seaters half moral 
treated, half historical novel 

5507
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:54,100
but the syrup pedia shaped 
Western ideas of King ship, 

5508
04:50:54,100 --> 04:50:57,400
overshadowing alternative 
narratives Roman thinkers like 

5509
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,600
Cicero or Machiavelli. 
Cited Cyrus as a model for Weis,

5510
04:51:00,600 --> 04:51:03,200
monarchy. 
Indeed, the phrase benevolent 

5511
04:51:03,200 --> 04:51:06,500
conqueror found perhaps its 
earliest champion and how Greeks

5512
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:09,400
were cast him. 
The reality of his campaigns 

5513
04:51:09,400 --> 04:51:13,200
like forcibly subduing, Lydia or
merciless battles in the East 

5514
04:51:13,200 --> 04:51:15,800
fell in the background in these 
moral sketches. 

5515
04:51:15,800 --> 04:51:20,100
Meanwhile in later Persian 
tradition Cyrus emerged, almost 

5516
04:51:20,100 --> 04:51:24,100
as a cultural hero overshadowing
even Darius in terms of moral 

5517
04:51:24,100 --> 04:51:28,000
reverence Some medieval Islamic 
scholars wrote of him as due. 

5518
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:31,700
Alkane the two horned one in 
certain interpretive Traditions,

5519
04:51:31,700 --> 04:51:35,400
linking him to a figure in the 
Quran who travelled widely and 

5520
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:37,700
overcame great challenges 
though. 

5521
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:40,800
Not universally accepted that 
Association underscored how 

5522
04:51:40,800 --> 04:51:42,900
widely His Image ranged and 
cultural memory. 

5523
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:46,500
People in West Asia recognized 
him as a champion of religious 

5524
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:49,700
tolerance referencing. 
The famed cylinder in which he 

5525
04:51:49,700 --> 04:51:53,400
declared marduk's blessing 
others found in him an early 

5526
04:51:53,408 --> 04:51:57,000
blueprint for Empire Building 
balance by moral codes during 

5527
04:51:57,000 --> 04:52:00,000
the Renaissance in Europe, 
renewed interest in classical 

5528
04:52:00,000 --> 04:52:02,000
texts to revived Cyrus's story 
again. 

5529
04:52:02,000 --> 04:52:05,600
Overshadowed, though, it was by 
more immediate local concerns 

5530
04:52:05,600 --> 04:52:09,500
princes, might glance at Zen's 
treated as an allegory for how 

5531
04:52:09,500 --> 04:52:13,900
to rule with both Justice and 
might in the 18th century in 

5532
04:52:13,900 --> 04:52:16,800
lightning and thinkers to 
reference to him, while 

5533
04:52:16,800 --> 04:52:19,400
discussing Universal monarchy or
the philosophy of Tolerance. 

5534
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:24,000
Voltaire, for instance, 
occasionally invoked Cyrus as an

5535
04:52:24,008 --> 04:52:27,300
example of a more enlightened 
conqueror compared to the brutal

5536
04:52:27,300 --> 04:52:29,500
expansion of certain European 
Empires. 

5537
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:34,300
Yet ironically the early logical
Revelations about Cyrus. 

5538
04:52:35,100 --> 04:52:38,100
Such as the unearthing of the 
Cyrus cylinder in 1879 

5539
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:41,900
reaffirmed, that the Persian 
kings of Tolerance weren't 

5540
04:52:41,900 --> 04:52:45,200
purely myth, that artifact 
discovered in the ruins of 

5541
04:52:45,200 --> 04:52:49,500
Babylon, inscribed in akkadian. 
Cuneiform outlines, how Cyrus 

5542
04:52:49,500 --> 04:52:52,700
restored shrines and returned 
people to their homelands. 

5543
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:56,200
The cylinder stands as one of 
History's earliest known 

5544
04:52:56,200 --> 04:52:57,900
Declarations of religious 
freedom. 

5545
04:52:57,900 --> 04:53:01,500
Overshadowing older examples 
that typically validated 

5546
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:04,900
conquests with deities, but 
rarely promised a pressed 

5547
04:53:04,900 --> 04:53:08,400
people's new liberties 
Historians debate, the precise 

5548
04:53:08,400 --> 04:53:11,900
context, maybe it was partly 
propaganda to legitimize his new

5549
04:53:11,900 --> 04:53:14,800
rule, but it remains a striking 
departure from the standard 

5550
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:16,800
Force to simulation typical of 
the era. 

5551
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:21,000
Modern Iranians viewers with a 
blend of national pride and 

5552
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:22,400
Fascination. 
Some. 

5553
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:24,800
See him as a unifying. 
Father figure of the Iranian 

5554
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:28,200
identity overshadowing, the 
fractiousness of medieval and 

5555
04:53:28,200 --> 04:53:31,000
modern periods. 
Even secular nationalists of the

5556
04:53:31,000 --> 04:53:34,000
20th century embraced him as a 
symbol of a culturally Rich 

5557
04:53:34,000 --> 04:53:38,100
tolerant heritage. 
For instance, the Shah of Iran 

5558
04:53:38,100 --> 04:53:42,100
in 1971, staged, a massive 
ceremonial event at the simply 

5559
04:53:42,100 --> 04:53:45,400
referencing Cyrus as the 
Empire's founder this 

5560
04:53:45,400 --> 04:53:48,600
Extravaganza ironically, 
overshadowed by a modern 

5561
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:51,300
discontent. 
Showed how deeply as memory 

5562
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:54,200
resonated. 
Revolutionaries later, disdain, 

5563
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:57,300
the monarchies appropriation of 
ancient glories but not 

5564
04:53:57,300 --> 04:54:00,200
necessarily disclaiming Cyrus's 
historical, significance. 

5565
04:54:00,200 --> 04:54:04,000
One under explored, angle is the
possibility that Cyrus's style 

5566
04:54:04,000 --> 04:54:06,100
of leadership strongly 
influenced, how subsequent 

5567
04:54:06,100 --> 04:54:07,700
Middle Eastern Powers approached
Empire. 

5568
04:54:08,800 --> 04:54:11,400
The notion that subjugated 
people's might keep their local 

5569
04:54:11,400 --> 04:54:15,100
laws worship and aristocracies 
and exchange for paying tribute 

5570
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:16,900
and remaining loyal established 
a precedent. 

5571
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:21,800
The Ottoman Empire centuries 
later had a millet system that 

5572
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:24,000
rang with Echoes of Cyrus's 
approach. 

5573
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:27,800
This overshadowing Legacy 
remains subtle yet persistent, 

5574
04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:32,500
thus, Cyrus's story flows across
epochs from a child rumored to 

5575
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:36,100
have escaped and execution order
to a cunning Statesman uniting 

5576
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:38,800
Persians and needs to a 
conqueror. 

5577
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:41,200
Forging, an Empire that 
overshadowed old Regional 

5578
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:44,500
politics culminating in a 
cultural hero for multiple 

5579
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:47,500
civilizations. 
Each hero re-interpret him. 

5580
04:54:47,500 --> 04:54:50,900
Some extolling him as the 
ultimate wise, King, others 

5581
04:54:50,900 --> 04:54:53,900
cautioning that the reality of 
Conquest, always bear a darker 

5582
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:56,300
side. 
But no matter how the narrative 

5583
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,300
shifts the essential thread is 
that of a man forging a novel 

5584
04:54:59,308 --> 04:55:03,400
Empire with broad tolerance, 
overshadowing the arcade tyranny

5585
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:06,100
or Petty squabbling, that 
proceeded him and leaving a 

5586
04:55:06,108 --> 04:55:09,200
blueprint that outlived the 
ephemeral politics of the day. 

5587
04:55:09,200 --> 04:55:12,800
When we examine how Sirus 
governed, the structure of his 

5588
04:55:12,800 --> 04:55:16,200
Empire stands out, instead of 
imposing Persian officials 

5589
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:20,000
everywhere, he created satra, 
Pollies, granting, local Elites,

5590
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:22,900
some autonomy, so long as they 
pledged Allegiance, and taxes to

5591
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:26,500
the great king, Each satrap 
managed, daily Affairs, 

5592
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:30,000
overshadowed only by the king's 
Authority, and roving inspectors

5593
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:32,500
called the eyes and ears of the 
king. 

5594
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,100
This system reduced Rebellion 
likelihood. 

5595
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:37,900
As local Customs, largely stayed
intact. 

5596
04:55:38,900 --> 04:55:42,400
The difference from older 
Empires, like the Assyrians, who

5597
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,700
often deported populations or 
used Terror tactics the 

5598
04:55:45,700 --> 04:55:48,600
Striking. 
People recognized a new brand of

5599
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:52,100
rule, where a simulation 
demanded fewer forced migrations

5600
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:54,100
and more recognition of local 
identity. 

5601
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,500
Cyrus is approached to Water 
Management tells a compelling 

5602
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:02,400
story of Certain arid provinces 
older feuds erupted over 

5603
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:05,900
irrigation, ditches, the Persian
Administration introduced 

5604
04:56:05,900 --> 04:56:09,100
consistent oversight. 
Ensuring Farmland disputes were 

5605
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:12,800
arbitrated by official judges. 
This reduced local Klan violence

5606
04:56:12,800 --> 04:56:17,100
boosting agricultural output. 
Some speculate that the reason 

5607
04:56:17,100 --> 04:56:20,800
the Empire thrived economically 
was precisely these micro level 

5608
04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:24,200
reforms overshadowing. 
The simpler older pattern of a 

5609
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:25,900
warlord. 
Merely collecting tribute 

5610
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:29,900
through intimidation 
diplomatically Cyrus engaged in 

5611
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:33,600
inter Empire marriages the 
melding of Persian and median. 

5612
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:37,400
Lines was the earliest example. 
But he also welcomed lydian 

5613
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:41,200
Aristocrats into his court 
forging alliances with families.

5614
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:45,500
Once loyal to croesus. 
In rare cases, a princess or 

5615
04:56:45,500 --> 04:56:48,300
daughter from a subdued region. 
Might join the Persian Court. 

5616
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:52,300
These events over shadowed, the 
typical scenario, forcibly 

5617
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,800
taking hostages instead, Cyrus 
wanted them to partake. 

5618
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:58,700
In the Empire's Splendor, 
weaving them into a social 

5619
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:02,500
fabric that dissuaded Rebellion.
The old hostage system became 

5620
04:57:02,500 --> 04:57:06,400
more subtle shading into an 
inclusive aristocracy, the local

5621
04:57:06,400 --> 04:57:09,400
leaders found new status as part
of the Arca Menards nobility. 

5622
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:13,300
Spiritually Cyrus's, personal 
faith remains debated. 

5623
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,700
Some Modern Iranians claimed him
as a zoroastrian, the direct 

5624
04:57:17,700 --> 04:57:20,900
evidence is scarce. 
The extant sources suggest he 

5625
04:57:20,900 --> 04:57:25,200
revealed ahura Mazda reflecting 
his influence but never force 

5626
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:29,300
that worship on diverse rails. 
The Cyrus cylinder emphasizes 

5627
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,700
marks acceptance and Babylon 
while Greek accounts mention 

5628
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:35,600
that among Persian Elites 
certain rights to the elements 

5629
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:39,300
like the sky and fire were 
honored over shadowed early 

5630
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:42,000
Warlords by not imposing a 
single religious identity 

5631
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:44,800
indeed. 
Many credit him with forging an 

5632
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:46,200
Empire that for centuries, 
maintained. 

5633
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:49,400
A measure of tolerance for local
temples, overshadowing, the 

5634
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:52,400
simpler approach of idol 
smashing or forced conversions. 

5635
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:55,100
Cyrus is Persona in the eyes of 
Greek. 

5636
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:58,200
Contemporaries varied some 
depicted him as a gentle Father 

5637
04:57:58,200 --> 04:58:02,000
Figure others found him cunning 
exploiting tolerance only to 

5638
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:05,900
keep rebellious Hearts subdued 
in ionian, Greek city-states, 

5639
04:58:05,900 --> 04:58:08,300
certain segments, admired him 
for toppling. 

5640
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:11,600
Lydia's creases who had 
overshadowed them, ironically 

5641
04:58:11,600 --> 04:58:15,400
forging a liberator narrative. 
But I only an elite soon 

5642
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:20,800
realized Persian Suzanne had its
demands tribute garrisons and 

5643
04:58:20,800 --> 04:58:23,400
complicated negotiations. 
If they wanted to maintain local

5644
04:58:23,400 --> 04:58:25,900
autonomy. 
Despite celebrating their 

5645
04:58:25,900 --> 04:58:29,600
commercial expansion. 
Under Persian rule ionian Elites

5646
04:58:29,600 --> 04:58:32,600
were vigilant for potential 
changes in the Imperial Stars. 

5647
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,500
Of the most surprising Dimension
is how Cyrus never crowned 

5648
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:38,400
himself with an elaborate New 
Riegel title. 

5649
04:58:38,400 --> 04:58:41,700
Akin to emperor of all lands. 
Instead. 

5650
04:58:41,700 --> 04:58:45,100
He used older Traditions, like 
king of anshan King of the 

5651
04:58:45,100 --> 04:58:48,500
meters and Persians, or king of 
Babylon in official 

5652
04:58:48,500 --> 04:58:50,900
inscriptions. 
Linking them in a chain that 

5653
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:54,700
overshadowed old rivalries each 
region saw him as successor to 

5654
04:58:54,700 --> 04:58:58,500
its last legitimate monarchy. 
This acceptance across diverse 

5655
04:58:58,500 --> 04:58:59,900
lands. 
Is a reasonably Empire 

5656
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:02,700
stabilized? 
Swiftly, overshadowing typical 

5657
04:59:02,700 --> 04:59:06,200
post Conquest chaos. 
The Synergy of recognized 

5658
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,400
kingship and practical policies.
Prevented many local revolts 

5659
04:59:09,400 --> 04:59:13,100
even in the Eastern, Frontiers 
only the fiercely independent, 

5660
04:59:13,100 --> 04:59:15,900
steppe tribes remained wholly 
Beyond easier. 

5661
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:18,600
Simulation modern 
archaeologists, rummaging 

5662
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:22,400
through sites like Pasad or 
equitana, Unearthed 

5663
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:25,500
inscriptions, attributing Grand 
titles and praising Cyrus's 

5664
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:28,600
benevolence. 
However they also find glimpses 

5665
04:59:28,600 --> 04:59:30,900
of force tribute or conscript 
labor. 

5666
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:34,000
Reminding us that no Empire 
extends without cost. 

5667
04:59:34,900 --> 04:59:37,800
The difference is that Cyrus 
balance, typical harshness with 

5668
04:59:37,800 --> 04:59:41,600
broader leniency, in stead of 
mass enslavement or forced 

5669
04:59:41,600 --> 04:59:43,800
relocations. 
He practiced strategic 

5670
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:47,400
generosity A city that 
surrendered might keep its local

5671
04:59:47,400 --> 04:59:50,500
Council paying only partial 
tributes for a time. 

5672
04:59:50,500 --> 04:59:55,100
A rebellious region once subdued
found him open to restitution if

5673
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:57,200
they accepted in Imperial, Susan
tea. 

5674
04:59:58,000 --> 05:00:01,800
This pattern repeated across 
Anatolia Mesopotamia and Beyond 

5675
05:00:01,800 --> 05:00:04,900
forging an Empire that outlived 
him by centuries. 

5676
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:08,500
One wonders how the world might 
have changed had Sirus not died 

5677
05:00:08,500 --> 05:00:11,700
in that Eastern campaign. 
Perhaps, he'd have established a

5678
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:14,600
definitive Capital, bridging 
Persian and Mesopotamian 

5679
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:17,700
Aesthetics, you might have 
expanded further into the 

5680
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:20,400
industry region. 
Overshadowing future expansions 

5681
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:23,100
by Darius The abruptness of his 
death left. 

5682
05:00:23,100 --> 05:00:26,700
Many of those what-ifs 
unresolved yet, his blueprint 

5683
05:00:26,700 --> 05:00:29,800
was so robust that successes 
like kambis Seasons to send or 

5684
05:00:29,800 --> 05:00:33,300
Darius with this built, upon it 
seamlessly, rarely discarding. 

5685
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,900
The system of satrapies or the 
approach to local autonomy, this

5686
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:39,900
continuity underscores, How 
Deeply Cyrus's approach was 

5687
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:43,800
woven into the Empire's bedrock.
his policies, akin to the 

5688
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:47,000
reformed water channels, 
permeated, the Imperial veins 

5689
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:49,900
surpassing the fleeting 
preferences of subsequent Kings,

5690
05:00:50,800 --> 05:00:54,400
In the centuries, following 
Cyrus's Empire wave after wave 

5691
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,500
of Conquest battered, West Asia 
Alexander's Invasion. 

5692
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:01,300
The solution Empire. 
The parthians and the sassanian 

5693
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:04,400
dynasty. 
Each new regime State claims 

5694
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:08,000
over the old heartlands yet 
repeated references to the old 

5695
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:12,300
ways of Cyrus appear in local 
Legends overshadowing short-term

5696
05:01:12,300 --> 05:01:14,600
rule. 
Cyrus's system became a 

5697
05:01:14,608 --> 05:01:16,700
benchmark from managing a 
multi-ethnic domain. 

5698
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:20,300
Even the story had House of 
centuries. 

5699
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:23,900
Later, argued, they recaptured 
the spirit of a km inid 

5700
05:01:23,900 --> 05:01:26,200
monarchy, their coinage or Rock 
relief. 

5701
05:01:26,200 --> 05:01:29,200
Sometimes, invoked motifs 
reminiscent of Cyrus's era 

5702
05:01:29,200 --> 05:01:32,000
overshadowed by a new version of
Persian identity. 

5703
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:36,400
That's cyclical pattern of 
referencing Cyrus indicates, he 

5704
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:38,600
was not just a fleeting 
conqueror, but a permanent 

5705
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:42,700
archetype. 
Outside the Middle East, Greek 

5706
05:01:42,700 --> 05:01:47,000
authors, transmitted a dated, an
idealized account culminating in

5707
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:50,500
xenophon's karuppaiya, which 
painted Cyrus as a paragon of 

5708
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:54,700
kingly virtue. 
Over the next two Millennia that

5709
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:57,600
text influence Statesman from 
Machiavelli to the founding 

5710
05:01:57,600 --> 05:02:01,100
fathers of the United States. 
The gleaned from it lessons on 

5711
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:05,200
balancing fear and love forging 
alliances and uniting diverse 

5712
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:08,900
people's ironically, the real 
Cyrus might have been more 

5713
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:12,000
pragmatic and occasionally 
ruthless, and xenophon's moral 

5714
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:15,900
hero, but the overshadowing 
effect of the text shaped Weston

5715
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:19,200
political thought Early. 
Modern Europe's fascination. 

5716
05:02:19,200 --> 05:02:22,500
With enlightened absolutism 
found in Cyrus a distant model. 

5717
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:25,900
Someone who overcame fractious 
Petty Lords by imposing a 

5718
05:02:25,908 --> 05:02:29,700
central Authority, tempered by 
tolerance. back in his homeland,

5719
05:02:29,700 --> 05:02:35,000
two-day, endured storms and 
conquests overshadowing a 

5720
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:40,300
femoral shrines when Alexander 
visited he left intact later, 

5721
05:02:40,300 --> 05:02:44,000
pathian, or Susan Kings though, 
not worshipers of Cyrus 

5722
05:02:44,000 --> 05:02:47,900
recognized the tomb significant 
as a link to an illustrious 

5723
05:02:47,900 --> 05:02:51,200
Iranian heritage Under the 
Muslim Conquest. 

5724
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:55,500
Centuries later, Legends 
persisted around the tomb some 

5725
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:59,600
calling it Kaaba airmada A 
Suleiman tomb of Solomon's 

5726
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:02,200
mother though. 
The local population likely kept

5727
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:04,900
the memory, that it was Cyrus's.
Final resting place. 

5728
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:08,800
Rare travelers from Venetian 
Merchants to ottoman, envoys 

5729
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:12,300
occasionally documented, a 
solitary tower-like structure in

5730
05:03:12,308 --> 05:03:15,300
the Iranian Plateau, 
overshadowed by know, massive 

5731
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:20,000
City inside, lay inscriptions or
faint, carvings referencing a 

5732
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:23,400
king who wants bestowed, the 
region like a Colossus in the 

5733
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,900
20th century as modern. 
Iranian nationalism, stirred 

5734
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:31,500
Cyrus's memory was rehabilitated
as an emblem of national unity 

5735
05:03:31,500 --> 05:03:36,800
and historical Grandeur. 
Razor sharp aziz's Staging 

5736
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:39,600
ceremony that overshadowed. 
The sights archaeological hush. 

5737
05:03:39,600 --> 05:03:42,700
The monarchy sought symbolic 
links to ancient lineage 

5738
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:46,800
championing Cyrus's cylinder as 
an early human rights Charter. 

5739
05:03:46,800 --> 05:03:50,300
This overshadowed complexities 
like the Imperial nature of his 

5740
05:03:50,308 --> 05:03:54,500
conquests but offered a rallying
point for Iranian identity, even

5741
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:58,000
post-revolutionary Iran, while 
re-interpreting, pre-islamic 

5742
05:03:58,000 --> 05:04:02,500
glories, cannot fully, disregard
Cyrus's significant, pilgrims 

5743
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:05,800
still come some quietly leaving 
Flowers by the tomb to honor. 

5744
05:04:05,800 --> 05:04:08,800
The father of the Persian realm 
overshadowing theological 

5745
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:11,600
differences, In the global 
sphere. 

5746
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:15,400
The Cyrus cylinder tools museums
sparking discussions on 

5747
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:17,600
religious tolerance. 
Good governance and The 

5748
05:04:17,600 --> 05:04:21,400
Narrative of enlightened Empire 
Some critics caution. 

5749
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:24,000
That while the cylinder reveals 
a progressive tone for its era, 

5750
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:27,400
we shouldn't anachronistically 
label Cyrus a modern Democrat. 

5751
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:32,100
He was after all an absolute 
monarch nonetheless the 

5752
05:04:32,100 --> 05:04:34,500
overshadowing message of 
leniency and returning Exiles 

5753
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:38,100
stands out in a time when many 
ancient conquerors pillaged and 

5754
05:04:38,100 --> 05:04:41,200
enslaved. 
Indeed, the notion of a state 

5755
05:04:41,200 --> 05:04:43,800
respecting, local gods and 
temples was Radical for the 

5756
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:48,300
period. yet, it's not as if 
Cyrus overcame all cruelty and 

5757
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:51,500
certain provinces that resisted 
The Persian armies could be 

5758
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:55,200
ruthless using Siege tactics to 
starve City population's. 

5759
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,900
But once victory was secured the
mercy or acceptance of local 

5760
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:02,800
practices, overshadowed total 
subjugation Scholars highlight 

5761
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,400
that such a measured approach. 
Likely, prevented constant 

5762
05:05:05,400 --> 05:05:09,000
revolts people under Persian 
rule, might pay taxes and serve 

5763
05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:12,600
in the army that they kept 
shrines, local councils, and a 

5764
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:15,900
measure of cultural autonomy. 
This delicate, interplay formed,

5765
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,100
the Empire's, core strength, 
overshadowing older Mesopotamian

5766
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:21,900
or Neo Assyrian methods reliant 
on sheer Terror. 

5767
05:05:22,800 --> 05:05:26,300
As we revisit Cyrus's life, in 
total, we see an interplay of 

5768
05:05:26,300 --> 05:05:29,000
Epic achievements. 
And ephemeral, mortality, he 

5769
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:31,900
rose from a rumored near 
infanticide to forging a realm 

5770
05:05:31,908 --> 05:05:36,000
from the Aegean to Eastern Iran 
overshadowing Kings who, once 

5771
05:05:36,000 --> 05:05:39,400
boasted unassailable might yet, 
he too succumb. 

5772
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,400
To the hazards of Frontier 
Warfare, the Grand Empire 

5773
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:45,600
remained Shaped by his 
administrative blueprint 

5774
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:50,100
overshadowing the ephemeral 
nature of any single mortal even

5775
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:52,100
in death. 
He overshadowed the typical 

5776
05:05:52,100 --> 05:05:55,300
memory of Warlords by becoming a
cherished Legend in multiple 

5777
05:05:55,300 --> 05:05:58,700
cultures. 
The cyclical references to Cyrus

5778
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:03,200
over Millennia by Greeks, Romans
Iranians, and modern Statesmen. 

5779
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,400
Affirm that the imprint he left 
on governance and tolerance was 

5780
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:09,100
never fully erased. 
Overshadowing with typical 

5781
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:13,100
ephemeral Conquest that vanish 
into dust reflecting on Cyrus 

5782
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:16,000
the Great's Journey. 
Picture emerges of a ruler who 

5783
05:06:16,000 --> 05:06:20,000
both embodies the archetype of 
ancient conqueror and subverts 

5784
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:22,700
it. 
His life, Bridging, the mid 6th 

5785
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:25,100
Century, BCE shaped an enduring 
Empire. 

5786
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:27,300
That overshadowed a femoral 
local kingdoms. 

5787
05:06:27,300 --> 05:06:32,000
He fused compassionate with 
power forging, a blueprint of 

5788
05:06:32,000 --> 05:06:35,700
rule that soared Beyond typical 
tyranny, used violence to 

5789
05:06:35,700 --> 05:06:37,900
conquer. 
And woven multi-ethnic fabric 

5790
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,400
under the banner in the swirl of
centuries. 

5791
05:06:41,400 --> 05:06:43,400
Intangible threads of his 
approach. 

5792
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,400
Satrapies cultural respect an 
integrated Administration, 

5793
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:51,600
surface repeatedly in later. 
State's governance, take for 

5794
05:06:51,600 --> 05:06:55,800
instance, the phenomenon of 
repatriating Exile, people's the

5795
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:58,500
Hebrew text, describing Cyrus's,
decree for the Jude and to 

5796
05:06:58,500 --> 05:07:01,000
rebuild their Temple 
highlighter, radical departure 

5797
05:07:01,000 --> 05:07:04,800
from Norms Empires often. 
Exile population to Quail, 

5798
05:07:04,800 --> 05:07:08,900
Rebellion, Cyrus reversed that 
policy overshadowing earlier 

5799
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:11,900
cruelty with the stance that 
returning XL groups might yield 

5800
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:16,000
gratitude, His perspective, 
resonates in modern dialogues 

5801
05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:19,500
about religious freedom. 
Indeed, some interpret, the 

5802
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:22,300
cylinders references to various 
shrines as an early Charter of 

5803
05:07:22,308 --> 05:07:24,500
Rights though. 
Historians caution about 

5804
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:26,900
overstating it as a universal 
human rights document. 

5805
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,700
The overshadowing principle 
remains for the 6th Century BCE.

5806
05:07:30,700 --> 05:07:32,300
It was remarkably 
forward-thinking. 

5807
05:07:33,700 --> 05:07:37,000
Consider also, the architecture 
of Pasadena Cyrus's Capital 

5808
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:40,400
known for its symmetrical 
Gardens and a design mixing 

5809
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:43,800
median elamite and local Persian
Styles. 

5810
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:47,100
It overshadowed simplistic 
Fortress cities of older times, 

5811
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:50,800
Greek visitors centuries later, 
founded distinctively Airy and 

5812
05:07:50,808 --> 05:07:54,400
open as if the City layout 
reflected Cyrus's, inclusive 

5813
05:07:54,400 --> 05:07:58,100
policies, the tomb there. 
So unpretentious yet dignified, 

5814
05:07:59,200 --> 05:08:01,300
Speaks volumes about how he 
conceptualized. 

5815
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:03,800
Rulership, not as an aloof god 
king. 

5816
05:08:03,800 --> 05:08:07,700
But As a caretaker, bridging 
Lambs, While subsequent palaces 

5817
05:08:07,700 --> 05:08:11,500
like persepolis overshadowed 
Pasadena's, scale the latter's 

5818
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:15,300
multi-ethnic decorative elements
reveal a microcosm of the entire

5819
05:08:15,300 --> 05:08:18,700
synergy. 
Final puzzle is whether we can 

5820
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:21,300
glean Cyrus's personal 
temperament behind the annals 

5821
05:08:21,300 --> 05:08:23,700
and legends. 
Greek sources painting. 

5822
05:08:23,700 --> 05:08:26,700
As kindly though, they were 
motivated to highlight the good 

5823
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:29,800
Oriental King. 
The Babylonian Chronicle calls 

5824
05:08:29,800 --> 05:08:33,200
him, the chosen of Marduk 
overshadowing older conquerors, 

5825
05:08:33,200 --> 05:08:36,100
who defiled? 
The city Persian lore emphasizes

5826
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:39,900
his cunning rise from near-death
infancy different perspectives, 

5827
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,900
idealize him likely. 
The real Cyrus was at times 

5828
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:47,300
ruthless at times merciful and 
always pragmatic. 

5829
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:51,200
He overrode Petty local Customs 
when they hindered stable rule 

5830
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:53,700
but mostly let communities 
maintain their identity. 

5831
05:08:54,800 --> 05:08:57,500
He believed that an Empire 
spanning from Lydia to Gandara 

5832
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:00,700
needed cohesive laws, that 
flexible local governance. 

5833
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:04,100
That strategic approach 
overshadowed, simpler warlord, 

5834
05:09:04,100 --> 05:09:07,100
tyranny in subsequent, Iranian 
National Consciousness. 

5835
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:11,000
He emerges as the father of the 
country, overshadowing the 

5836
05:09:11,000 --> 05:09:12,800
ephemeral Wars that battered the
region. 

5837
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:16,200
The cyclical invocation of his 
name in times of Crisis or 

5838
05:09:16,200 --> 05:09:19,900
reform underscores How Deeply he
impacted the Iranian sense of 

5839
05:09:19,900 --> 05:09:23,300
his historical continuity. 
Even diaspora communities 

5840
05:09:23,300 --> 05:09:26,200
scattered by centuries of 
migration, might refer to him as

5841
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:29,300
an emblem of tolerant. 
Monarchy rare in an age, 

5842
05:09:29,300 --> 05:09:30,600
typically remembered for 
desperate. 

5843
05:09:30,600 --> 05:09:34,100
Meanwhile, as the West 
rediscovered Antiquity outside 

5844
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:38,900
the region, Cyrus a Clips, many 
lesson known figures emerging In

5845
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:41,800
classical references as a 
conqueror who may maintained his

5846
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,100
moral integrity. 
From a modern Viewpoint, we 

5847
05:09:45,100 --> 05:09:47,100
might weigh whether his 
expansions cause moral, 

5848
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,600
dissonance can one hail a 
conqueror's great, who still 

5849
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:52,000
inflicted Bloodshed on 
resistors? 

5850
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:55,900
The question spiraled, the 
ancient world's Norms where Mike

5851
05:09:55,900 --> 05:09:59,500
typically equaled, right? 
The Hallmark of Cyrus was a 

5852
05:09:59,500 --> 05:10:02,500
partial departure from that Norm
applying might, but overlaying 

5853
05:10:02,500 --> 05:10:04,600
it with a veneer of diplomacy 
and local respect. 

5854
05:10:05,400 --> 05:10:08,900
That bridging stance singled him
out among his peers unlike the 

5855
05:10:08,900 --> 05:10:12,000
more brutal expansions of the 
Assyrians or the narrower 

5856
05:10:12,000 --> 05:10:13,700
religious Zeal of some later 
rulers. 

5857
05:10:15,100 --> 05:10:17,500
Perhaps the abiding lesson is 
that leadership emerges from 

5858
05:10:17,500 --> 05:10:20,600
forging alliances across 
boundaries respecting 

5859
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:22,500
differences. 
While forging common Kors. 

5860
05:10:22,500 --> 05:10:26,500
Cyrus is key achievements, 
unifying diverse, population's 

5861
05:10:26,500 --> 05:10:29,800
fostering trade routes and 
standardizing administration 

5862
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:33,900
didn't revolve solely Around 
Battlefield, triumphs They also 

5863
05:10:33,900 --> 05:10:37,800
hinged on compromise negotiation
and an awareness that towering 

5864
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,300
fractious divisions was 
essential to build an Empire 

5865
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:42,500
that endured Beyond his life 
time. 

5866
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:46,800
Indeed, though he died in a 
frontier Skirmish the Empire's 

5867
05:10:46,800 --> 05:10:48,700
scaffolding carried on for 
centuries. 

5868
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:53,500
The ephemeral nature of any 
single rulers lifespan and so as

5869
05:10:53,500 --> 05:10:57,200
we close the pages of Cyrus the 
Great, we clean an image of a 

5870
05:10:57,200 --> 05:11:00,600
man who both harnessed power and
recognized that an Empire's 

5871
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:04,600
heartbeat in a, bridging 
cultural mosaic He overcame the 

5872
05:11:04,600 --> 05:11:08,300
swirl of petty Wars and I caked 
tyrannies setting an example of 

5873
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,800
pragmatic tolerance. 
And the tapestry of world 

5874
05:11:11,800 --> 05:11:15,800
conquerors some Savage, some 
cunning he stands out for 

5875
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,100
weaving, the threads of 
compassion into Conquest. 

5876
05:11:19,000 --> 05:11:20,800
Showcasing a purely brutal 
approach. 

5877
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:24,800
The centuries that followed from
Alexander's or to Modern 

5878
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:28,900
retellings, a firm that his 
Memory Remains luminous an 

5879
05:11:28,900 --> 05:11:31,800
archetype of how Unstoppable 
ambition can be tempered by a 

5880
05:11:31,800 --> 05:11:34,200
genuine concern. 
For the governed, forging an 

5881
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:37,200
Empire that obliterated old 
patterns and set new standards 

5882
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:45,300
for rulership. 
When Emperor alexios, the first 

5883
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:47,600
Continental dispatched, his 
emissaries to Pope Urban. 

5884
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,400
The second in 1095, he hardly 
imagined his diplomatic 

5885
05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:53,100
Outreach. 
Would unleash two centuries of 

5886
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:56,100
Bloodshed across three 
continents. the bees and tine 

5887
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:58,800
rule of merely sought military 
assistance against the seljuk 

5888
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:02,100
Turks who had significant 
portion of Anatolia following 

5889
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:06,000
the Battle of manhatt What? 
Transpired in Stead was the 

5890
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:09,100
weaponization of religious fur 
on an unprecedented scale. 

5891
05:12:10,100 --> 05:12:12,700
Pope Urban the second response 
at the Council of Clairmont 

5892
05:12:12,700 --> 05:12:15,200
transcended mere strategic 
calculation. 

5893
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:19,100
The papacy having emerged from 
the investiture controversy with

5894
05:12:19,108 --> 05:12:21,700
its Authority. 
Diminished saw an opportunity 

5895
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:25,000
Urban speech. 
So often sanitized in modern 

5896
05:12:25,000 --> 05:12:28,900
retellings, was a masterclass in
medieval propaganda deploying 

5897
05:12:28,900 --> 05:12:32,300
fabricated, atrocity stories in 
a scatological fear-mongering. 

5898
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:36,100
He falsely claimed that Eastern 
Christians faced systematic 

5899
05:12:36,100 --> 05:12:39,100
extermination and that Muslim 
forces were desecrating. 

5900
05:12:39,100 --> 05:12:40,600
Christian. 
Holy sites in ways that 

5901
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:42,700
historical records simply do not
support. 

5902
05:12:44,100 --> 05:12:47,300
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.
Inspire you, the urban 

5903
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:51,200
proclaimed to the assembled 
nobility and clergy invoking, 

5904
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:54,600
not biblical compassion, but 
rather carolingian Conquest. 

5905
05:12:55,800 --> 05:12:58,300
The First Crusade was marketed 
not merely as a defensive 

5906
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:00,900
action, that is a path to 
spiritual and material 

5907
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:04,100
Redemption. 
Urban Innovation was profound, 

5908
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:07,600
he offered plenary indulgences 
complete Absolution from 

5909
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:10,900
temporal punishment for sins to 
those who took up arms. 

5910
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:14,400
His spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

5911
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:17,200
from a sin. 
Requiring Penance in to a means 

5912
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:20,300
of achieving it. 
What historians often overlooked

5913
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,500
is how the Crusades emerged 
precisely when Europe was 

5914
05:13:23,500 --> 05:13:26,100
experiencing its first 
sustained, period, of economic 

5915
05:13:26,100 --> 05:13:28,400
growth since the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire. 

5916
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:31,900
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

5917
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,500
creating population, pressures 
and Landscape, among the noble 

5918
05:13:35,500 --> 05:13:38,200
classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

5919
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:40,800
serve the interests of younger 
Sons, disinherited, by 

5920
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,200
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

5921
05:13:44,200 --> 05:13:47,000
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

5922
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:49,700
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

5923
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:53,000
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

5924
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:54,500
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

5925
05:13:54,500 --> 05:13:58,500
The hermit These popular 
movements largely written out of

5926
05:13:58,508 --> 05:14:01,700
triumphalist narratives 
conducted the first programs 

5927
05:14:01,700 --> 05:14:03,700
against Jewish communities 
across the Rhineland. 

5928
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:07,400
In cities, like, worms mites and
cologne. 

5929
05:14:07,400 --> 05:14:11,000
Thousands of Jews were 
slaughtered when they refused 

5930
05:14:11,000 --> 05:14:14,000
forced baptism. 
Bishop, Albert of mine's 

5931
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:18,000
eyewitness account notes that 
unless they chose baptism the 

5932
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:20,900
Crusaders, killed the women, as 
well as the men and nursing 

5933
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:23,700
infants. 
This violence wasn't an 

5934
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,600
apparition, but a logical 
extension of a worldview that 

5935
05:14:26,600 --> 05:14:29,100
regarded non-christians as 
legitimate targets. 

5936
05:14:29,900 --> 05:14:32,600
When these irregular forces 
reached bizantine territory, 

5937
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:36,000
they subjected Orthodox. 
Christian Community to pillaging

5938
05:14:36,000 --> 05:14:39,200
an assault revealing how quickly
religious justification could be

5939
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:41,000
abandoned when plunder was at 
stake. 

5940
05:14:42,000 --> 05:14:44,700
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 
supposed allies. 

5941
05:14:44,700 --> 05:14:48,600
Hastily transported, the cross 
the Bosphorus where most were 

5942
05:14:48,600 --> 05:14:52,300
promptly mustard by seljuk 
forces at silvertoe an episode 

5943
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:55,600
sympathetic Chronicles 
strategically minimized, the 

5944
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:58,300
military contingents that 
followed led by figures like 

5945
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:02,100
Godfrey of bouillon Raymond of 
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto

5946
05:15:02,100 --> 05:15:06,100
were hardly more disciplined. 
Extorted Provisions from 

5947
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,500
Byzantine cities and refused to 
swear the customary feudal, 

5948
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:12,900
Oaths to alexios exposing the 
political Ambitions that drove 

5949
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:16,000
many Crusade leaders. 
Their journey through Anatolia 

5950
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:20,000
was marked by tactical blunders 
an internal power struggles that

5951
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:23,000
somehow escaped the sanitized 
Chronicles produced by clerical 

5952
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:25,000
propagandists like culture of 
sharper. 

5953
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,800
What emerges from primary 
sources is not a Divine ordained

5954
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:32,300
Mission, but a chaotic military 
Expedition driven by competing 

5955
05:15:32,300 --> 05:15:36,400
interests logistical failures of
gears and strategic in 

5956
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,500
coherence. 
The Crusaders were unified by 

5957
05:15:39,500 --> 05:15:42,400
shared purpose so much as 
trapped in a mutual dependency 

5958
05:15:42,400 --> 05:15:45,500
of hostile territory. 
There are eventual success 

5959
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:49,800
against over odds at Antioch and
Jerusalem owed, more to factual 

5960
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:51,700
divisions among their Muslim 
opponents. 

5961
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:55,200
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 
and sheer desperation. 

5962
05:15:55,200 --> 05:15:58,500
Then to divine intervention or 
military brilliantes. 

5963
05:15:59,400 --> 05:16:03,000
The mythologizing began almost 
immediately transforming a 

5964
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:06,000
brutal campaign of Conquest in 
to a miraculous Triumph of 

5965
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:07,800
Faith. 
The fall of Jerusalem on July 

5966
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:12,200
the 15th, 1099 stands as perhaps
the single most notorious 

5967
05:16:12,200 --> 05:16:14,300
episode of the entire crusading 
era. 

5968
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,600
The typical narrative describes 
the conquest as exceptionally 

5969
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:20,600
brutal, even by medieval 
standards. 

5970
05:16:20,600 --> 05:16:23,600
But seldom examines the 
psychological mechanics that 

5971
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:26,700
enabled such violence or its 
broader implications for 

5972
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:30,100
Crusader governance. 
When the city's defenses, 

5973
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,400
finally buckled after a 
month-long Siege Crusader 

5974
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,800
forces, moved methodically 
through the streets Raymond of 

5975
05:16:36,800 --> 05:16:39,500
Aguilera and eyewitness 
described the scene at the 

5976
05:16:39,508 --> 05:16:42,300
Temple mount. 
Men Road in blood up to their 

5977
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:45,700
knees and bridle reins in the 
temple and portrait of Solomon. 

5978
05:16:45,700 --> 05:16:47,800
Men rode in blood up to their 
knees. 

5979
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:50,300
This was not the chaotic 
friends. 

5980
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:53,100
He often depicted in popular 
accounts archaeological, 

5981
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:56,100
evidence indicates a systematic 
execution of the city's 

5982
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:59,600
inhabitants, The Crusade as 
corralled civilians into 

5983
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:03,000
confined spaces, synagogues, 
mosques and Courtyards, where 

5984
05:17:03,000 --> 05:17:04,600
they could be efficiently 
despatched. 

5985
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:07,900
What's missing from many 
accounts is how this violence 

5986
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,600
was ritualized. 
Survivors, reported the 

5987
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:13,300
Crusaders singing, hymns and 
religious canticles during the 

5988
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:16,500
massacre, their Bloodshed wasn't
merely strategic, but 

5989
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:20,600
performative, a violent liturgy 
symbolizing, the purification of

5990
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:24,000
Sacred Space. 
When Godfrey of bouillon entered

5991
05:17:24,000 --> 05:17:27,100
the Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre, he did so forth and 

5992
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:30,900
impedance of his followers 
continued, their bloody work. 

5993
05:17:31,700 --> 05:17:34,300
This ritualized violence 
established a template, that 

5994
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:36,300
would be repeated throughout the
crusading, period. 

5995
05:17:36,300 --> 05:17:39,900
The immediate aftermath revealed
the contradictions inherent in 

5996
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:43,100
the Crusader project. 
Having secured Christianity's 

5997
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,800
holiest sites. 
Most Crusaders fulfilled, their 

5998
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:50,100
vows and returned to Europe. 
Only a small fraction remained 

5999
05:17:50,100 --> 05:17:53,000
to hold these conquests. 
The kingdom of Jerusalem that 

6000
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:56,300
emerged was a precarious entity 
and narrow Coastal strip, 

6001
05:17:56,300 --> 05:17:59,500
perpetually on the defensive, 
never possessing the demographic

6002
05:17:59,500 --> 05:18:02,900
depth to secure its existence 
without constant reinforcement 

6003
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:05,400
from Europe. 
The governance structures 

6004
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:08,300
established by the remaining 
Crusaders have been romanticized

6005
05:18:08,300 --> 05:18:12,200
as a model of feudal efficiency.
The reality was Far Messier. 

6006
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:14,300
The Frankish nobility that 
ruled. 

6007
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:16,800
The kingdom refused meaningful 
integration with the local 

6008
05:18:16,800 --> 05:18:19,300
population. 
While other conquerors 

6009
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:21,400
throughout history, had 
typically intermarried with 

6010
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:24,800
indigenous Elites to secure 
their rule, the Crusader States 

6011
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:28,000
maintained rigid social 
segregation even Eastern 

6012
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:31,100
Christians were relegated to 
secondary state of creating a 

6013
05:18:31,100 --> 05:18:33,400
two-tiered society that 
undermined the Kingdom's 

6014
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:37,000
legitimacy among its subjects. 
Perhaps, most revealing was the 

6015
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:39,300
Crusader State's economic 
Foundation. 

6016
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,200
Despite religious justification 
the kingdom of Jerusalem 

6017
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,200
quickly, demonstrated its 
fundamentally extractive nature,

6018
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:50,600
the Italian Maritime republics 
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 

6019
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:53,500
established, commercial 
quarters, and coastal cities, 

6020
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:56,000
turning holy war into profitable
Enterprise. 

6021
05:18:57,000 --> 05:18:59,800
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between East

6022
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:03,000
and West, transforming religious
pilgrimage into a commercial 

6023
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:05,800
activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

6024
05:19:05,800 --> 05:19:09,200
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

6025
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:12,800
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

6026
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,600
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

6027
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:18,300
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

6028
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:20,400
system that differed little from
serfdom. 

6029
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:23,700
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

6030
05:19:23,700 --> 05:19:28,700
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

6031
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,800
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

6032
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:34,600
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

6033
05:19:34,600 --> 05:19:36,800
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

6034
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,400
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and 

6035
05:19:40,400 --> 05:19:42,500
governance. 
Reality's widens with each 

6036
05:19:42,508 --> 05:19:45,100
passing decade. 
Most striking was the Kingdom's 

6037
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:48,800
diplomatic pragmatism despite 
their origins in the religious 

6038
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:51,100
Warfare. 
Crusader leaders regularly. 

6039
05:19:51,100 --> 05:19:53,500
Formed alliances with Muslim 
Powers against rival. 

6040
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:57,200
Christian factions, Baldwin 
Furs, negotiated with Fatimid 

6041
05:19:57,200 --> 05:20:00,400
Egypt against Damascus. 
The principality of Antioch 

6042
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:04,900
allied with a leppo against 
these expedient Arrangements 

6043
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:08,000
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

6044
05:20:08,000 --> 05:20:10,600
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

6045
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:14,100
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

6046
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:17,100
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist historiographies, 

6047
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:20,100
nor the passive, acceptance, 
suggested by Colonial, 

6048
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,700
narratives archaeological, 
evidence, reveals, creative 

6049
05:20:23,700 --> 05:20:25,500
forms of resistance and 
accommodation. 

6050
05:20:26,200 --> 05:20:29,000
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

6051
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:32,500
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

6052
05:20:32,500 --> 05:20:35,100
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

6053
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:38,700
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

6054
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:41,500
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

6055
05:20:41,500 --> 05:20:44,600
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

6056
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:47,700
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality, for Muslim 

6057
05:20:47,700 --> 05:20:49,100
population, throughout the 
region. 

6058
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,400
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

6059
05:20:52,400 --> 05:20:55,400
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

6060
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,000
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

6061
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:02,200
The cycle impact reverberated 
far, beyond the immediate 

6062
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:05,400
victims creating a narrative of 
existential threat, that would 

6063
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:07,700
fuel counter Crusades for 
generations to come. 

6064
05:21:07,700 --> 05:21:11,700
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

6065
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:15,100
their origins in the religious 
Warfare Crusader leaders 

6066
05:21:15,100 --> 05:21:17,100
regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

6067
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:19,700
Powers against rival. 
Christian factions Baldwin 

6068
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:22,700
first, negotiated with Fatimid 
Egypt against Damascus. 

6069
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:26,200
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

6070
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:29,300
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

6071
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:32,400
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

6072
05:21:32,400 --> 05:21:35,000
are supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

6073
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:38,500
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

6074
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,600
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist historiographies, 

6075
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:45,100
nor the passive, acceptance, 
suggested by Colonial narratives

6076
05:21:45,100 --> 05:21:49,300
archaeological evidence reveals,
creative forms of resistance and

6077
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,600
accommodation, local Christians.
Maintain their religious 

6078
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:56,400
practices while adapting to new 
political realities Muslim 

6079
05:21:56,400 --> 05:21:58,200
communities, preserve their 
identities. 

6080
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,800
Through parallel institutions 
Jewish communities, though, 

6081
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:04,500
devastated by the initial 
Conquest, eventually 

6082
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:06,800
re-established themselves, and 
peripheral areas. 

6083
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:10,400
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 
a lasting impact due to its 

6084
05:22:10,400 --> 05:22:12,800
brutality. 
For Muslim population's 

6085
05:22:12,800 --> 05:22:15,000
throughout the region. 
It represented not just a 

6086
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:18,400
military defeat of a profound 
betrayal of intercommunal. 

6087
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:21,600
Norms that are generally 
protected, civilian population's

6088
05:22:21,600 --> 05:22:24,400
during Warfare. 
The psychological impact 

6089
05:22:24,400 --> 05:22:28,000
reverberated far, beyond the 
immediate victims creating a 

6090
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,100
narrative of existential threat,
that would fuel counter Crusades

6091
05:22:31,100 --> 05:22:34,600
for generations to come pop in 
the third who had authorized The

6092
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:38,200
Crusade initially expressed 
shock but quickly, accepted the 

6093
05:22:38,200 --> 05:22:41,700
reality legitimizing, the 
conquest, as Divine judgment on 

6094
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:42,800
Greek. 
His Mattox. 

6095
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:46,200
This theological flexibility 
demonstrated how easily 

6096
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:49,600
crusading ideology could be 
retro-fitted to justify naked 

6097
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:53,400
aggression against fellow 
Christians. the Latin Empire 

6098
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,300
established in Constantinople 
would last less than six 

6099
05:22:56,300 --> 05:22:58,900
decades, but the breach between 
eastern and western 

6100
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:02,700
Christianity, proved permanent 
the Children's Crusade and 

6101
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,400
Fourth Crusade book ended a 
crucial transition. 

6102
05:23:05,400 --> 05:23:09,000
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

6103
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:12,100
for military assistance evolved 
into an Institutional framework.

6104
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:15,600
That could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

6105
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:18,000
properly sanctioned by 
authorities. 

6106
05:23:19,000 --> 05:23:20,700
The victims of crusading 
violence. 

6107
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:24,700
Now, included Eastern, 
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,

6108
05:23:24,700 --> 05:23:28,000
Christian Heretics and political
opponents of the papacy. 

6109
05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:32,300
Jerusalem had become almost 
incidental to a movement that 

6110
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:34,700
had developed its own. 
Internal logic of sacred 

6111
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:38,000
violence, the Islamic response 
to the Crusades challenges 

6112
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:39,900
simplistic narratives of 
religious polarization. 

6113
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:44,400
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed,
the First Crusade, not as an 

6114
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:47,800
existential religious threat, 
but as merely another Byzantine 

6115
05:23:47,800 --> 05:23:50,500
back to encouraging into a 
politically fragmented region. 

6116
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,000
The limited resources committed 
to resisting the initial 

6117
05:23:54,000 --> 05:23:56,300
Invasion. 
Reflected, this miscalculation 

6118
05:23:56,300 --> 05:24:00,900
only gradually did a coherent 
counter Crusade, ideology emerge

6119
05:24:00,900 --> 05:24:03,900
transforming, localized 
resistance into a pan, Islamic 

6120
05:24:03,900 --> 05:24:07,000
response. 
The early Muslim worlds disunity

6121
05:24:07,000 --> 05:24:12,000
was, its critical vulnerability.
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the

6122
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,200
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 
engaged in bitter rivalry with 

6123
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:17,500
the Abbasid caliphate centered 
in Baghdad. 

6124
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:21,400
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 
fragmenting into competing 

6125
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:23,800
Emirates. 
These divisions allowed the 

6126
05:24:23,800 --> 05:24:27,200
numerically inferior Crusaders 
to establish footholds and 

6127
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,000
territories that might otherwise
have been easily defended. 

6128
05:24:31,200 --> 05:24:33,900
The first systematic. 
Intellectual response came from 

6129
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:37,900
Alien to hear al-salami who 
composed the book of holy war 

6130
05:24:37,900 --> 05:24:42,600
around 11:05 Also salami 
interpreted the Crusader 

6131
05:24:42,600 --> 05:24:45,700
Invasion as Divine punishment, 
from Muslim disunity and more 

6132
05:24:45,700 --> 05:24:48,200
relaxed City. 
Particularly the abandonment of 

6133
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:52,100
jihad as a communal obligation. 
His work received limited 

6134
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,000
attention in his lifetime, but 
established conceptual 

6135
05:24:55,000 --> 05:24:57,700
Frameworks that later leaders 
would deploy more effectively. 

6136
05:24:58,700 --> 05:25:02,200
Imada Dean's, the Turkish after 
beg of mosul and Aleppo 

6137
05:25:02,200 --> 05:25:04,600
represented. 
The first phase of organized. 

6138
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:08,300
Counter Crusade. 
His recapture of a desert 1144 

6139
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:12,400
first major Crusader state to 
fall inspired a new 

6140
05:25:12,408 --> 05:25:15,300
Consciousness. 
Among the elites zennies 

6141
05:25:15,300 --> 05:25:17,600
propaganda. 
Portrayed him as a mujahid holy 

6142
05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:20,500
Warrior, rather than merely a 
territorial ruler. 

6143
05:25:21,400 --> 05:25:25,300
His assassination in 1146, 
prevented further advances, but 

6144
05:25:25,300 --> 05:25:27,100
his son. 
Noura, Dean continued, this 

6145
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:30,400
ideological project, Nora 
Dean's, Innovations, were 

6146
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:33,500
structural rather than merely 
rhetorical he systematically. 

6147
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:37,300
Redirected religious endowments 
Wok to fund military campaigns 

6148
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,400
against the Crusader states. 
He sponsored the construction of

6149
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:44,800
madrasas religious schools that 
promoted Jihad ideology while 

6150
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:48,200
commissioning architectural 
projects like the minbar pulpit 

6151
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:51,900
intended for Jerusalem's al-aksa
mosque after its recapture. 

6152
05:25:51,900 --> 05:25:56,200
This material culture of counter
Crusade created tangible symbols

6153
05:25:56,200 --> 05:25:58,000
around which resistance could 
coalesce. 

6154
05:25:58,000 --> 05:26:02,400
The Byzantine seljuk peace 
treaty of 1160 allowed Nora Dean

6155
05:26:02,400 --> 05:26:05,800
to focus exclusively on the 
Latin State's creating 

6156
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:07,900
unprecedented pressure on the 
kingdom of Jerusalem. 

6157
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:12,500
Where nurse forces intervened in
Fatimid succession, struggles 

6158
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:17,600
his Kurdish, General seller, a 
Dean Saladin eventually, emerged

6159
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:20,700
as ruler of each Egypt, creating
a united front against the 

6160
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:24,600
Crusader States for the first 
time saladin's, complex Legacy 

6161
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,900
has been distorted, by both 
Western Romanticism and modern 

6162
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:31,100
Arab nationalism contemporary 
evidence suggests. 

6163
05:26:31,100 --> 05:26:34,200
He was neither the Chevelle Rick
Paragon portrayed by Walter, 

6164
05:26:34,200 --> 05:26:38,200
Scott Nora, Proto nationalist, 
hero His initial campaigns 

6165
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:41,400
prioritized, eliminating Shear 
influence in Egypt and securing 

6166
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:45,600
his own dynastic interests only.
After consolidating power did, 

6167
05:26:45,600 --> 05:26:48,300
he fully Embrace counter Crusade
as his Central purpose? 

6168
05:26:48,300 --> 05:26:52,100
The Battle of hattin in 1187 
represented. 

6169
05:26:52,100 --> 05:26:54,900
The culmination of Decades of 
strategic preparation and 

6170
05:26:54,900 --> 05:26:58,600
ideological development 
Saladin's victory was not merely

6171
05:26:58,600 --> 05:27:02,000
military but psychological the 
capture of the True Cross, and 

6172
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,500
mass execution, of Templar and 
Hospital in Knights symbolically

6173
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:08,700
reversed the humiliation of 
Jerusalem's fall nearly a 

6174
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:11,600
century earlier. 
When Jerusalem surrendered later

6175
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:15,200
that year saladin's calculated 
clemency toward its Christian 

6176
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:18,100
inhabitants. 
Explicitly contrasted with the 

6177
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:22,400
1099 Massacre establishing moral
superiority within the conflicts

6178
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:26,000
narrative. 
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 

6179
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:29,500
1192 revealed, the change 
dynamics of the conflict. 

6180
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:33,900
Despite mobilizing the full 
resources of England, France, 

6181
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:37,900
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 
Expedition secured, only a 

6182
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:41,200
narrow Coastal strip, and 
negotiated access to Jerusalem 

6183
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:44,100
for pilgrims. 
This limited outcome, despite 

6184
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:46,800
unprecedented investment in 
Illustrated, the counter 

6185
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:50,000
Crusades effectiveness. 
The Muslim world had developed 

6186
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,100
institutional resilience against
external aggression, while 

6187
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:56,300
crusading had become a fiscally 
ruinous obligation for European 

6188
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,000
monarchs. 
Less acknowledged in traditional

6189
05:27:59,000 --> 05:28:01,900
narratives is how the counter 
Crusade transformed Islamic 

6190
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:05,400
institutions, the military 
dominance of slave Soldier, 

6191
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,900
mamluk units, accelerated during
this period, eventually 

6192
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:11,800
culminating in the mamluk 
sultanate that would deliver the

6193
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:14,400
final blow to Crusader presence 
in the Levant. 

6194
05:28:15,600 --> 05:28:18,100
Religious endowments were 
increasingly militarized, 

6195
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:20,100
diverting resources from civil 
development. 

6196
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:24,000
Political legitimacy became 
increasingly tied to Auntie, 

6197
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:27,500
Frankish credentials narrowing 
the space for pragmatic 

6198
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:30,900
co-existence. 
The ayuba dynasty established by

6199
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:34,300
Saladin initially maintained his
balance approach, but gradually 

6200
05:28:34,300 --> 05:28:37,900
succumb to internal rivalries. 
When are you bid rulers? 

6201
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:40,300
Negotiated the surrender of 
Jerusalem to Frederick the 

6202
05:28:40,300 --> 05:28:42,900
second during the sixth crusade 
in 1299. 

6203
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,500
They faced intense opposition 
from religious Scholars and the 

6204
05:28:46,500 --> 05:28:50,200
general population. 
The city was retaken by aw bid 

6205
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:54,400
forces and 1244 demonstrating 
how counter Crusade ideology had

6206
05:28:54,400 --> 05:28:58,200
become self-sustaining, able to 
override Elite diplomatic 

6207
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,300
calculations. 
The Mongol invasions of the 

6208
05:29:01,300 --> 05:29:04,000
mid-13th century initially 
appeared to Signal a new 

6209
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:06,200
Christian Muslim, alignment 
against a common threat. 

6210
05:29:07,100 --> 05:29:09,900
The Mongols destroyed, the 
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 

6211
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:13,200
creating a political vacuum that
transformed Regional Dynamics. 

6212
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:17,200
When Mongol forces entered 
Syria, they allied with 

6213
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:19,600
christian powers against the 
mamluks of Egypt who had 

6214
05:29:19,608 --> 05:29:24,400
overthrown the ayube the mamluk 
victory at Angelo in 1260 halted

6215
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:26,900
Mongol advancement. 
And paradoxical reinforced 

6216
05:29:26,900 --> 05:29:29,900
counter Crusade ideology by 
linking it to broader resistance

6217
05:29:29,900 --> 05:29:33,400
against foreign domination. 
The final stage of the counter 

6218
05:29:33,400 --> 05:29:36,400
Crusade culminated in the 
systematic dismantling of 

6219
05:29:36,400 --> 05:29:39,900
Crusader territory. 
And a man looks stall, Sultan 

6220
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:46,100
babar's and his successors. 
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli

6221
05:29:46,100 --> 05:29:52,400
1289 and finally a Cree 1291 
eliminated Latin presence in the

6222
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:54,900
Levant. 
These campaigns were marked by 

6223
05:29:54,900 --> 05:29:57,900
meticulous planning 
technological innovation, 

6224
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:01,600
particularly in Siege Warfare 
and strategic ruthlessness. 

6225
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,000
The centuries long in counter 
had transformed both his 

6226
05:30:05,000 --> 05:30:08,400
military organization and 
religious thought, creating new 

6227
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:11,300
paradigms that would influence 
Muslim societies for generations

6228
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:14,500
to come the brutality of the 
Crusades extended beyond the 

6229
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:16,700
battlefield into the realm of 
cultural Warfare. 

6230
05:30:17,800 --> 05:30:20,900
While physical violence, claimed
immediate victims, the crusading

6231
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:24,300
movements assault on cultural, 
identity, and knowledge produced

6232
05:30:24,300 --> 05:30:26,200
casualties that would never be 
counted. 

6233
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:30,300
This dimension of Crusader 
brutality remains under explored

6234
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:34,100
overshadows shadowed by more 
visually dramatic aspects of 

6235
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:36,700
military conflict. 
The library of Tripoli 

6236
05:30:36,700 --> 05:30:40,400
reportedly containing over 3, 
million volumes represented one 

6237
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:42,900
of the medieval world's greatest
repositories of knowledge, 

6238
05:30:43,800 --> 05:30:45,700
Crusaders systematically 
destroyed. 

6239
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:48,700
This Irreplaceable collection, 
then the captured the city in 

6240
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:53,000
1189 Raymond of agile who had 
earlier glorified, the 

6241
05:30:53,000 --> 05:30:55,000
bloodbath. 
That Jerusalem described the 

6242
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:58,300
destruction as necessary because
many texts contained The 

6243
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:00,300
Abominable teachings of 
Mohammed. 

6244
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,700
The specific targeting of 
library was not incidental but 

6245
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:07,000
ideological an attack on 
knowledge systems that challenge

6246
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:11,500
Latin Christian exclusivity 
Crusaders cultural program 

6247
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:13,200
extended to the built 
environment. 

6248
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:17,300
Upon capturing Jerusalem, they 
immediately converted the Dome 

6249
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:19,700
of the Rock in to a church 
called Temple and Dominique. 

6250
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:22,300
And I'll ask a mosque into 
temple in Solomon's. 

6251
05:31:23,300 --> 05:31:25,800
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

6252
05:31:25,800 --> 05:31:27,200
editions. 
That overlaid Christian 

6253
05:31:27,200 --> 05:31:30,800
symbolism onto Hispanic sacred 
spaces, art, historians have 

6254
05:31:30,808 --> 05:31:33,400
documented how Crusader 
modification is deliberately 

6255
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:36,800
obscured or defaced his 
inscriptions while preserving 

6256
05:31:36,800 --> 05:31:39,100
architectural elements, that 
could be incorporated into 

6257
05:31:39,100 --> 05:31:41,900
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence. 

6258
05:31:41,900 --> 05:31:44,200
Characterized the Crusaders 
States throughout their 

6259
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:47,000
existence. 
Despite ruling predominantly 

6260
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:49,200
arabic speaking. 
Populations for Generations, 

6261
05:31:49,200 --> 05:31:52,500
most Frankish Nobles never 
learned the language of their 

6262
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:55,000
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

6263
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:58,800
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

6264
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:02,900
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

6265
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:06,400
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

6266
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:10,100
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

6267
05:32:10,100 --> 05:32:12,100
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

6268
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:15,800
The Crusaders ideological 
impact, extended beyond the 

6269
05:32:15,808 --> 05:32:19,000
immediate conflict Zone. 
In Europe, the movement 

6270
05:32:19,000 --> 05:32:22,400
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

6271
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:24,800
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

6272
05:32:25,700 --> 05:32:28,400
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

6273
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,800
providing templates for 
persecuting, domestic minorities

6274
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:35,500
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

6275
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:39,300
the Cross of broad. 
The fourth lettering Council of 

6276
05:32:39,308 --> 05:32:43,800
1215 which formalised much 
crusading theology, mandated, 

6277
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,800
that Jews were distinctive 
clothing, institutionalizing 

6278
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:49,800
their otherness intellectual 
casualties included, the 

6279
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:52,800
severing of philosophical and 
scientific exchanges that have 

6280
05:32:52,808 --> 05:32:55,000
previously flourished across 
religious boundaries. 

6281
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:58,900
The translation movement 
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 

6282
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:02,200
which had transmitted critical 
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 

6283
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:04,600
commentaries faced increasing 
suspicion. 

6284
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,600
As crusading ideology, hardened 
boundaries, between Christian 

6285
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:10,100
and Muslim. 
Intellectual worlds 

6286
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:13,100
opportunities for cross 
fertilization diminished 

6287
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:16,300
delaying European access to 
crucial classical knowledge for 

6288
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:18,900
Generations. 
Even artistic production was 

6289
05:33:18,900 --> 05:33:22,300
militarized, the chance of 
Roland initially composed before

6290
05:33:22,300 --> 05:33:25,600
the first crusade was expanded 
and a modified to incorporate 

6291
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,000
crusading themes, transforming a
regional conflict into an 

6292
05:33:29,008 --> 05:33:31,500
existential struggle between 
Christianity and Islam. 

6293
05:33:32,700 --> 05:33:35,500
This literary weaponization 
created, cultural templates. 

6294
05:33:35,500 --> 05:33:38,100
That would influence European 
perceptions of Muslims for 

6295
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:41,400
centuries. 
Similar, similar Transformations

6296
05:33:41,400 --> 05:33:44,500
occurred in Visual Arts, where 
depictions of Muslims became 

6297
05:33:44,500 --> 05:33:47,400
increasingly, stereotyped, and 
dehumanized in manuscript 

6298
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:49,000
illumination and church, 
sculpture. 

6299
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,500
Women's experience as During the
crusading period revealed 

6300
05:33:52,500 --> 05:33:54,800
particularly complex, dimensions
of cultural violence. 

6301
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:59,600
Anaconda's Alexia documents. 
How female bizantine nobles were

6302
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:02,600
forced into marriages with 
Crusader leaders creating 

6303
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:04,400
Bloodlines to Eastern 
territories? 

6304
05:34:05,400 --> 05:34:07,400
In the Crusader State's 
policies, regarding 

6305
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:10,400
intermarriage shifted. 
According to demographic 

6306
05:34:10,400 --> 05:34:13,900
necessity, rather than 
principled acceptance, local 

6307
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:15,800
Christian families. 
Permitted temporary 

6308
05:34:15,800 --> 05:34:17,300
accommodation with Frankish 
women. 

6309
05:34:17,300 --> 05:34:19,900
When they were scared, these 
Arrangements remained 

6310
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,400
exceptional rather than 
normative The cultural Legacy of

6311
05:34:23,408 --> 05:34:26,800
Crusader brutality survived long
after the military complex ended

6312
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:31,200
the Portuguese and Spanish 
Voyages of Discovery explicitly 

6313
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,400
framed their Enterprise's 
extensions of crusading with 

6314
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:37,200
Columbus carrying a crusader 
Banner when he landed in the 

6315
05:34:37,208 --> 05:34:39,700
Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

6316
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:42,600
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews in Iberia following the

6317
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:45,200
Reconquista were directly 
transported to the Americas. 

6318
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:48,800
Informing Colonial practices 
toward indigenous populations. 

6319
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:52,400
The papal, bulls that divided 
the new world between European 

6320
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:56,500
powers, explicitly referenced 
crusading, precedence in the 

6321
05:34:56,508 --> 05:34:58,900
Muslim world. 
The cultural memory of Crusader 

6322
05:34:58,900 --> 05:35:00,800
aggression. 
Created in during suspicion 

6323
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:02,600
toward Western intellectual 
Traditions. 

6324
05:35:02,600 --> 05:35:06,600
The early openness toward Greek 
philosophical traditions which 

6325
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:09,600
had produced figures like 
avicenna and evierose facing 

6326
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:12,300
resistance within Muslim 
intellectual circles. 

6327
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:16,100
theological positions that 
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 

6328
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:19,300
identity gained prominence over 
those that had sought common 

6329
05:35:19,300 --> 05:35:23,100
philosophical ground with other 
traditions, This cultural 

6330
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:25,700
retrenchment represented a 
significant loss for 

6331
05:35:25,700 --> 05:35:29,000
intellectual exchange across 
civilizational boundaries. 

6332
05:35:29,000 --> 05:35:33,300
Perhaps most profoundly the 
Crusades transformed religious 

6333
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,800
violence from an incidental 
feature of political conflict 

6334
05:35:36,800 --> 05:35:38,600
into a central expression of 
devotion. 

6335
05:35:39,900 --> 05:35:42,800
By sanctifying Warfare through 
elaborate theological 

6336
05:35:42,800 --> 05:35:46,000
Frameworks, the movement created
templates for religious 

6337
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:49,900
militancy that transcended its 
immediate historical context. 

6338
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:53,800
These templates proved 
remarkably adaptable capable of 

6339
05:35:53,808 --> 05:35:56,700
being invoked in radically 
different circumstances across 

6340
05:35:56,700 --> 05:35:59,500
centuries. 
The cultural brutality of the 

6341
05:35:59,508 --> 05:36:02,500
Crusades thus extended far 
beyond the immediate violence of

6342
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:05,600
conquest and occupation 
reshaping how religious 

6343
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:07,800
communities understood 
themselves in relation to 

6344
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,200
others. 
When the Crusaders Rule people 

6345
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:12,900
had to deal with intimate forms 
of violence every day that are 

6346
05:36:12,900 --> 05:36:15,400
often left out of stories that 
are mostly about battles. 

6347
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:19,000
These daily acts of violence, 
which hurt, people's bodies, 

6348
05:36:19,000 --> 05:36:22,200
families, and spiritual lives, 
were part of life for 

6349
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:24,300
indigenous. 
People living on Crusader lands,

6350
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:27,900
evidence from archaeology court 
records and non-latin, 

6351
05:36:27,900 --> 05:36:30,700
Chronicles shows patterns of 
dominance that went beyond 

6352
05:36:30,700 --> 05:36:34,400
regular military operations. 
Movement itself became a tool of

6353
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:36,800
control. 
The Crusader States set up 

6354
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:40,000
complex networks of internal 
checkpoints that made it hard 

6355
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:42,500
for Palestinian Farmers to get 
to their farms and crops. 

6356
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:46,300
Toll booths made it costly for 
locals to travel between towns. 

6357
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:49,800
These limits, significantly 
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 

6358
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,700
routes transforming religious 
Journeys into periods of 

6359
05:36:52,708 --> 05:36:54,700
frequent harassment and 
financial demands. 

6360
05:36:55,500 --> 05:36:59,500
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 
moving through Crusader lands 

6361
05:36:59,500 --> 05:37:01,600
and wrote about how Muslim 
Travelers were detained. 

6362
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:04,400
Without a reason. 
Had their goods taken away and 

6363
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:06,400
were physically abused at these 
border areas. 

6364
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:09,900
Physical punishment and crusader
law systems. 

6365
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:14,200
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 
The Lira disa sees court records

6366
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:16,900
show that the sentences given to
francs and Native Christians 

6367
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:19,900
were very different and the 
sentences given to Muslims and 

6368
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:22,800
Jews were even tougher. 
Frankish people who broke 

6369
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:25,900
property laws were usually 
fined, but native people who 

6370
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:27,500
broke the law could be 
mutilated. 

6371
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:31,300
Written reports of different 
punishments are backed up by 

6372
05:37:31,300 --> 05:37:33,400
archaeological evidence from 
burial sites. 

6373
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,500
Skeletal remains show patterns 
of amputated, Limbs, and Trauma 

6374
05:37:37,500 --> 05:37:41,400
consistent with the judicial 
torture that are more common in 

6375
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:45,500
non-rich cemeteries. 
Under Crusader rule home's 

6376
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:49,200
turned into dangerous places 
Latin settlers were given more 

6377
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:50,500
property rights than native 
people. 

6378
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:54,000
And Native landowners were often
turned into tenants on land that

6379
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:55,400
their families had owned for 
Generations. 

6380
05:37:56,600 --> 05:37:59,900
In cities housing was separated 
with Muslims and Eastern 

6381
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:02,900
Christians, living in separate 
areas that got more crowded as 

6382
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:05,200
Latin settlers moved in and took
the best spots. 

6383
05:38:06,000 --> 05:38:09,400
Oh, logical digs in Accra and 
tired during the Crusader era 

6384
05:38:09,400 --> 05:38:12,100
show, the Stark difference 
between the large Frankish 

6385
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,000
compounds and the more crowded 
native areas. 

6386
05:38:14,700 --> 05:38:17,000
Getting to water which was 
important in the temperature of 

6387
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:19,400
the Levant became another way of
controlling people. 

6388
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:23,400
The Crusader government changed,
the flow of water to help Latin 

6389
05:38:23,400 --> 05:38:25,900
towns and military bases, which 
messed up, traditional 

6390
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,400
irrigation systems in Jerusalem,
systems were increasingly 

6391
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:33,000
reserved for Frankish, use these
restrictions meant this native, 

6392
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:34,800
people had to drive farther to 
get water. 

6393
05:38:34,800 --> 05:38:38,600
This hydraulic colonialism 
entirely changed, farming 

6394
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:41,800
methods, and Community habits 
that are developed over 100s of 

6395
05:38:41,808 --> 05:38:43,500
years to make the best use of 
water. 

6396
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:48,800
During the Crusades religious 
experience, changed in big ways,

6397
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:52,400
Muslims and Jews could practice 
their faiths, but there were 

6398
05:38:52,400 --> 05:38:54,600
many restrictions in many 
places. 

6399
05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:59,300
Going to the mosque was limited.
So Muslims from rural areas 

6400
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:02,200
often had to go to cities for 
Friday prayers where they could 

6401
05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:05,400
be watched more closely. 
And places where there were many

6402
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:08,400
Christians, the call to prayer 
at hand was not allowed. 

6403
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:12,300
The band stopped a key part of 
Muslim life. 

6404
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:15,800
Jewish community's had to deal 
with new rules about building 

6405
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:19,600
and fixing up synagogues. 
Hockey's logical evidence showed

6406
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:22,600
that Jewish religious buildings 
were purposely left out of urban

6407
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:26,100
makeover projects. 
There were many problems for 

6408
05:39:26,100 --> 05:39:29,500
Christian villages in the East, 
theoretically they shared the 

6409
05:39:29,500 --> 05:39:32,400
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,
their distinct religious 

6410
05:39:32,400 --> 05:39:35,000
beliefs, and liturgical 
practices were increasingly 

6411
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:38,200
undermining each other. 
The Latin, patriarchate 

6412
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:40,900
regularly replaced Orthodox, 
Bishops, with Latin appointed 

6413
05:39:40,900 --> 05:39:44,100
ones disrupting the historical 
lines of succession within the 

6414
05:39:44,100 --> 05:39:46,700
church. 
Latin power stepped in and took 

6415
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:50,300
away the religious freedom of 
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 

6416
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,600
Coptic Christians, their actions
caused divisions Within These 

6417
05:39:53,600 --> 05:39:56,200
Christian communities, that 
lasted longer than the Crusader 

6418
05:39:56,200 --> 05:39:59,600
States themselves, during the 
Crusades, it was challenging to 

6419
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:03,500
start a family and be sexual. 
When Latin men married, local 

6420
05:40:03,500 --> 05:40:07,400
christian, it caused complicated
legal questions about 

6421
05:40:07,400 --> 05:40:10,700
inheritance and Status these 
unions placed their children in 

6422
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:13,900
a challenging situation 
frequently facing abuse from 

6423
05:40:13,900 --> 05:40:17,100
both sides for Muslim. 
Women being Crusaders made the 

6424
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,700
more vulnerable Contemporary, 
Islamic legal, opinions, known 

6425
05:40:20,700 --> 05:40:23,500
as fatawa discussed the 
prevalence of abuse against 

6426
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:27,300
women by Crusader truths these 
papers demonstrate, the struggle

6427
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:29,400
of communities to maintain their
Unity amid. 

6428
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:33,600
Systematic dominance Under The 
Crusade, senior real system work

6429
05:40:33,600 --> 05:40:36,000
in. 
Agriculture changed Native 

6430
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:39,000
American farmers would give a 
new responsibilities such as 

6431
05:40:39,000 --> 05:40:42,300
working as Corby on. 
Crusader building projects to 

6432
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:43,800
meet the needs of European 
markets. 

6433
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:45,700
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

6434
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,500
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

6435
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:51,100
processing were given more 
attention. 

6436
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:54,600
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

6437
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:57,700
these changes had long-lasting 
effects on the environment such 

6438
05:40:57,700 --> 05:41:00,900
as more soil, erosion, and tree 
loss that changed the levantine 

6439
05:41:00,900 --> 05:41:04,000
landscape forever every day 
conversations were full of 

6440
05:41:04,000 --> 05:41:07,600
linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

6441
05:41:07,600 --> 05:41:10,600
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

6442
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:12,900
translators. 
More business contracts, 

6443
05:41:12,900 --> 05:41:16,300
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

6444
05:41:16,300 --> 05:41:18,400
business. 
Over Generations. 

6445
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:22,200
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

6446
05:41:22,200 --> 05:41:25,100
indigenous communities fought to
keep up their literary and 

6447
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:27,500
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

6448
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,000
programs. 
Medical Care showed, and 

6449
05:41:30,008 --> 05:41:33,800
strengthened the Order of Things
in society historical records. 

6450
05:41:33,800 --> 05:41:37,000
Praise the hospitals by the 
military orders but most of 

6451
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:40,000
their clients were pilgrims and 
settles from Latin America. 

6452
05:41:40,000 --> 05:41:43,400
Native people, relied on 
traditional networks of healing 

6453
05:41:43,400 --> 05:41:46,300
that had fewer means when the 
Crusaders were in charge, 

6454
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:50,000
Archaeological evidence from 
Cemetery, sights shows that 

6455
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:53,700
their health of native people. 
In those areas, got worse during

6456
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:57,200
the Crusader time Skeletal 
pathologies show that they were 

6457
05:41:57,200 --> 05:42:00,100
malnourished and sick more than 
people who lived there before 

6458
05:42:00,100 --> 05:42:03,200
the Crusaders, these kinds of 
personal violence were not just 

6459
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:07,100
a side effect of Crusader rule. 
They were what it was the 

6460
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:09,300
Crusader States. 
Didn't just keep their power by 

6461
05:42:09,300 --> 05:42:12,200
the winning battles. 
They also kept it by enforcing 

6462
05:42:12,200 --> 05:42:15,500
daily rules of body control, 
space, separation and spiritual 

6463
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,500
disturbance. 
And Saladin took back Jerusalem 

6464
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,200
in the 1187. 
He was just as important that he

6465
05:42:21,208 --> 05:42:24,200
lifted these daily restrictions 
on movement worship and property

6466
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:26,000
ownership. 
As it was that he won the war 

6467
05:42:26,000 --> 05:42:28,700
itself. 
Native people's support for his 

6468
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:30,400
troops. 
Wasn't based on some vague 

6469
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:32,900
theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

6470
05:42:32,908 --> 05:42:36,600
personal violence of crusade 
rule, the Crusades continued to 

6471
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,100
be violent. 
After 8, krefel in 1291 

6472
05:42:39,100 --> 05:42:42,700
diplomatic relations, religious 
discourse, and cultural memory 

6473
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:45,400
still echo. 
Its effects understanding the 

6474
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:48,300
crusading movements Legacy 
demands appreciating how its 

6475
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:50,900
violence altered institutions 
and mentalities throughout 

6476
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:54,100
civilizations generating 
patterns that remain today 

6477
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:56,700
diplomatic consequences, 
followed immediately. 

6478
05:42:58,200 --> 05:43:03,500
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, gazan 
Khan, pictures to European 

6479
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:07,000
nations, offering United action 
against the mamluks and creating

6480
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:09,900
distrust. 
Pope Boniface, the 8th wondered 

6481
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:13,100
if Islam had tainted. 
The Mongols Christianity, this 

6482
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:16,300
diplomatic setback showed how 
much crusading ideology has 

6483
05:43:16,300 --> 05:43:19,800
limited cross, civilizational, 
cooperation pragmatic. 

6484
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:21,900
Coalitions, were nearly 
unimaginable due to the 

6485
05:43:21,900 --> 05:43:25,000
religious Warfare Paradigm 
crusading violence. 

6486
05:43:25,000 --> 05:43:28,400
Set permanent precedence in 
European politics. special 

6487
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:31,700
levies for expeditions generated
new fiscal mechanisms that 

6488
05:43:31,700 --> 05:43:35,300
increased state power, Henry. 
The second of England, imposed 

6489
05:43:35,300 --> 05:43:39,300
the salad and tie in a 1188. 
One of the earliest systematic 

6490
05:43:39,300 --> 05:43:42,900
National taxes in medieval 
Europe, Financial advances out 

6491
05:43:42,900 --> 05:43:46,000
lasted, the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

6492
05:43:47,100 --> 05:43:50,200
Sternal cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

6493
05:43:50,200 --> 05:43:52,500
crusading. 
Laws, were assimilated in 

6494
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:56,000
European communities, domestic 
religious minorities, gradually 

6495
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:59,200
adopted forth, later in Council 
restrictions against enemies of 

6496
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:03,300
the Medieval Inquisition used 
existing methods to locate and 

6497
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:05,500
suppress Muslim resistance, and 
conquered regions. 

6498
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:08,400
Crusades were used against 
cathars and Southern France. 

6499
05:44:08,400 --> 05:44:12,200
Pagan people in North Eastern 
Europe and people opponents in 

6500
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:14,700
Italy. 
European Society is handled 

6501
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:17,700
internal diversity differently. 
Due to this procedural Legacy. 

6502
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:22,200
Colonial expansions after the 
15th century expressly cited, 

6503
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:25,300
Crusades Portuguese, armies 
deliberately continue the 

6504
05:44:25,308 --> 05:44:28,800
Crusades when they took Suter in
North Africa, in 1415. 

6505
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:32,600
Columbus thought his journeys 
would revive the possibility of 

6506
05:44:32,608 --> 05:44:36,100
freeing Jerusalem by a levoid 
Muslim, controlled territory. 

6507
05:44:37,500 --> 05:44:41,500
People bulls that directly cited
crusading Powers Justified the 

6508
05:44:41,500 --> 05:44:44,800
Spanish conquest of the Americas
by providing indigenous 

6509
05:44:44,800 --> 05:44:47,200
Americans. 
With foundations, for battle 

6510
05:44:47,200 --> 05:44:50,400
against Muslims, the memory of 
Crusader assault affected, 

6511
05:44:50,400 --> 05:44:53,800
ottoman institutions and 
diplomacy the Millet system 

6512
05:44:53,800 --> 05:44:56,000
which United religious 
minorities under their 

6513
05:44:56,000 --> 05:44:59,200
leadership with relative 
autonomy, was partially a 

6514
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:02,900
response to Crusader subjugation
of Eastern Christians, ottoman, 

6515
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:05,300
diplomatic correspondence, with 
European nations. 

6516
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:09,100
Sometimes invoke to Crusader 
atrocities, to frame current 

6517
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:12,900
dispute, the sultanate to Sacred
site contradicted. 

6518
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:16,000
The Crusader Narrative of 
Freedom, the Crusades called 

6519
05:45:16,000 --> 05:45:18,700
significant theological and 
institutional damage to Eastern 

6520
05:45:18,700 --> 05:45:21,800
Christians Eastern Christians, 
who acknowledged people 

6521
05:45:21,800 --> 05:45:24,100
Authority, while keeping their 
liturgical Customs. 

6522
05:45:24,100 --> 05:45:30,500
Formed United. 
The Maronite Church in Lebanon, 

6523
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:33,700
the Greek Catholic Church in 
Syria and Palestine and the 

6524
05:45:33,708 --> 05:45:36,200
Armenian Catholic Church of 
evolved from these difficult 

6525
05:45:36,200 --> 05:45:38,900
talks, between Eastern, 
Christians and Latin Authority. 

6526
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:42,800
Modern Middle Eastern. 
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by

6527
05:45:42,808 --> 05:45:46,300
these ecclesiastical divisions 
political identities, Jewish 

6528
05:45:46,300 --> 05:45:49,400
communities across Europe, saw 
the Crusades as a major break 

6529
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:52,500
with Christianity. 
The first Crusades targeted 

6530
05:45:52,500 --> 05:45:55,900
brutality against Rhineland 
Villages devastated, centuries 

6531
05:45:55,900 --> 05:45:58,600
old Jewish study centres and 
caused a steady Eastwood, 

6532
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:01,700
migration. 
Sacred, poetry put him 

6533
05:46:01,700 --> 05:46:04,600
commemorated. 
These massacres preserving their

6534
05:46:04,600 --> 05:46:07,000
memory. 
Theological links between 

6535
05:46:07,000 --> 05:46:10,400
crusading and anti-jewish 
violence, set precedence for 

6536
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:13,700
successive persecutions. 
Including expulsions, from 

6537
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:18,800
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 
Spain 1492. 

6538
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,900
Cultural Legacy created lasting 
symbols nationalist. 

6539
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:25,500
Colonial and religious groups 
used the Crusader cross for 

6540
05:46:25,500 --> 05:46:28,400
centuries. 
The Swedish flag used during the

6541
05:46:28,400 --> 05:46:31,400
northern Crusades and the 
International Red Cross flag, 

6542
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:35,900
Paradox, clear humanitarian, 
symbol Bare The Crusade across 

6543
05:46:35,900 --> 05:46:39,400
these visual continuity. 
Show How Deeply crusading 

6544
05:46:39,400 --> 05:46:41,300
iconography, shaped European 
culture. 

6545
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:43,700
Often without historical 
context. 

6546
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:46,700
Literary and artistic depiction 
skewed. 

6547
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:51,000
Stories medieval epic poems. 
Like the song of Roland made 

6548
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:54,100
Muslims into Monster's shaping 
European perceptions for 

6549
05:46:54,100 --> 05:46:57,200
Generations. 
Renaissance painting of Moors 

6550
05:46:57,200 --> 05:47:01,400
used Crusader iconography These 
cultural Productions actively 

6551
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:04,200
maintained differences between 
Christian Europe and the Muslim 

6552
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:06,900
world. 
Modern nationalism in the 19th 

6553
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:09,100
century, politicized crusading 
memory. 

6554
05:47:09,900 --> 05:47:12,600
European Colonial powers in the 
Middle East Justified their 

6555
05:47:12,600 --> 05:47:16,500
presence with Crusader Tales. 
Press coverage, purposely 

6556
05:47:16,500 --> 05:47:19,600
evoked, Crusader imagery when 
British general Allenby invaded 

6557
05:47:19,600 --> 05:47:23,300
Jerusalem in 1917. 
Syrian French mandate, 

6558
05:47:23,300 --> 05:47:25,800
authorities rebuilt. 
Crusader castles as proof of 

6559
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:27,900
their dominance Arab 
nationalist. 

6560
05:47:27,900 --> 05:47:30,500
Organizations, Define their 
struggle as continuing 

6561
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:33,000
saladin's, liberation of 
Jerusalem in response. 

6562
05:47:33,000 --> 05:47:36,200
To Colonial Appropriations 
political discourse about the 

6563
05:47:36,208 --> 05:47:38,200
Crusades shows their unfinished 
business. 

6564
05:47:39,000 --> 05:47:41,500
The immediate uproar, 
demonstrated the lasting impact 

6565
05:47:41,500 --> 05:47:43,800
of the term. 
When President George W, bush, 

6566
05:47:43,800 --> 05:47:47,300
referred to the war on terror, 
as a crusade in 2001. 

6567
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:50,500
Extremist movements in Western 
and Muslim countries, use 

6568
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:54,100
crusading iconography showing 
the conflicts enduring relevance

6569
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:57,400
to Modern Problems. 
Excavations continued to reveal 

6570
05:47:57,400 --> 05:47:59,400
Crusade of violence's material 
Legacy. 

6571
05:48:00,200 --> 05:48:03,800
Recent excavations at caesarea, 
maritima found Frankish, and 

6572
05:48:03,800 --> 05:48:08,300
Christian Mass Graves from 
baths, 1265 Conquest. the bone 

6573
05:48:08,300 --> 05:48:11,300
remains indicate hurried burial 
after systematic execution, 

6574
05:48:11,300 --> 05:48:15,100
echoing Crusader tactics at 
Jerusalem about two centuries 

6575
05:48:15,100 --> 05:48:18,800
before Popular culture 
romanticizes, but this 

6576
05:48:18,800 --> 05:48:20,600
archaeological record is 
sobering. 

6577
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:24,300
Many Eastern Mediterranean 
tourism economies whitewash, 

6578
05:48:24,300 --> 05:48:26,600
Crusader, Bloodshed by 
commodifying their past. 

6579
05:48:27,400 --> 05:48:31,300
Crusader Castle's like Cracker 
Valley in Syria and Belvoir in 

6580
05:48:31,300 --> 05:48:33,400
Israel. 
A portrayed as architectural 

6581
05:48:33,400 --> 05:48:35,700
Marvels rather than military 
weaponry. 

6582
05:48:36,500 --> 05:48:39,400
This limited commemoration 
shows, continued difficulties 

6583
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:42,500
and confronting Crusader 
brutality, and its effects on 

6584
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:46,000
Western Middle Eastern relations
epistemologically. 

6585
05:48:46,000 --> 05:48:49,300
The Crusades changed how 
different civilizations perceive

6586
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:52,300
themselves and others. 
This time, hardened religious 

6587
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:56,200
identities Associated territory 
with confession and Sanctified 

6588
05:48:56,200 --> 05:48:59,600
violence in defense of Faith, 
all of which continue to impact 

6589
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:03,500
contemporary conflicts. 
The Crusades changed the 

6590
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:05,900
conceptual terrain of 
international contexts. 

6591
05:49:06,600 --> 05:49:08,300
True revolutionary, historical 
events. 

6592
05:49:08,300 --> 05:49:11,300
Create new paradigms that last 
be on their immediate influence,

6593
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:14,900
By this metric, the Crusades 
violence was one of history's. 

6594
05:49:14,900 --> 05:49:19,000
Most significant events after 
nearly a millennium Urban. 

6595
05:49:19,000 --> 05:49:21,900
The second fatal sermon at 
Claremont continues to impact 

6596
05:49:21,900 --> 05:49:25,400
our world because it cuts to the
heart of how civilization's 

6597
05:49:25,400 --> 05:49:28,600
identify themselves. 
And others, crucifer, violets 

6598
05:49:28,600 --> 05:49:31,100
Hans, modern discourse as the 
Middle East struggles with 

6599
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:34,200
recurrent Wars in Europe, 
grapples with religious, and 

6600
05:49:34,200 --> 05:49:37,500
cultural identity. 
Addressing this history is 

6601
05:49:37,500 --> 05:49:39,000
enduring legacies. 
Requires understanding. 

6602
05:49:39,000 --> 05:49:42,100
Its complexity on triumphalist, 
narratives and simplistic 

6603
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:44,800
condemnations the Crusades 
cruelty. 

6604
05:49:44,800 --> 05:49:47,800
Was a revolutionary historical 
process with lasting effects.