How Hard Was Life for a Victorian Dressmaker? | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey there, my potatoes. 
Imagine this for a second. 

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You're spending most of your day
surrounded by fabric, needles 

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chalk lines and the quiet 
concentration of careful 

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stitching, right? 
Well, in Victorian times 

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dressmakers and tailors lived in
a world measured, not by hours, 

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but by seams fittings, and the 
steady rhythm of work, that 

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could stretch late into the 
evening. 

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So if slowed slightly boring 
history, helps your brain power 

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down, feel free to follow, drop 
a like and tell me where you're 

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listening from, and what time it
is, I always enjoy seeing where 

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everyone is drifting off from 
now. 

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Shift. 
Your shoulders, a little get 

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that pillow comfortable. 
Maybe let a fan or some soft 

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background noise run and let's 
slowly unwind. you're about to 

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step into the world of Victorian
clothing makers, where every 

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Stitch held meaning and every 
garment told a story, this is a 

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time when fashioned social 
standing when skilled hands 

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transformed fabric into wearable
art and when the rhythm of 

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needle and thread marked the 
passage of each working day, The

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Morning Light filters through 
tall. 

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Windows streaked with the 
residue of coal smoke and London

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Fog. 
You arrive at the workshop just 

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as the clock tower down the 
street Chimes 6 times your 

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fingers are already stiff from 
the Cold War through the 

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pre-dawn streets. 
The workshop sits on the second 

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floor of a narrow building 
wedged between a tobacconist and

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a print shop. 43, wooden stairs,
lead up to the main workroom. 

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You have counted them every 
morning for the past three 

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years, inside the familiar scent
of sizing starch and pressed 

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wool greets, you like an old 
friend. 

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The room stretches long and 
narrow. 

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With Windows along. 
One side, 12, cutting tables. 

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Stand in careful, Rose gas 
lamps, hang from the ceiling. 

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Their glass globes already 
yellowed from constant, use your

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workbench waits in its usual 
spot near the third window from 

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the front. 
The wood surface Bears, the 

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marks of thousands of pinpricks 
and the faint outlines of chalk 

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patterns that refused to wash 
away completely. 

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Small tin hold your personal 
collection of needles. 

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Each one filed to your preferred
sharpness. 

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The head seamstress Mrs, 
Blackwood nods. 

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As you take your place, she has 
held this position for 17 years 

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and can judge the quality of a 
seam from across the room. 

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Without her spectacles. 
Her gray hair sits in a tight 

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bun that never moves. 
Even when she leans over cutting

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tables to make Corrections other
workers filtering through the 

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door. 
Mary arrives with her 

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perpetually cheerful expression 
despite working here since she 

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was 11, Thomas the presser 
carries, his heavy flat irons in

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cloth to keep the heat locked in
young. 

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Alice stumbles through the 
doorway, still half asleep. 

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Her Apprentice apron already 
wrinkled, you settle onto your 

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stool and begin threading, your 
first needle of the day, the 

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action requires no thought, 
after years of practice, your 

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fingers, know the exact pressure
needed to coax the thread 

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through the eye without praying 
the ends. 

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On the cutting table, before you
sits a half, finished bodice in 

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deep plum. 
Silk, Fabric catches the morning

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light and throws it back in 
subtle waves. 

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You pick up the Garment and 
examine the work completed 

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yesterday. 
Each Stitch must be invisible 

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from the outside the thread 
tension perfectly even The 

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bodice belongs to a Merchant's 
wife who measures exactly 38 

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inches around the ribs and 24 
inches at the waist. 

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You know, these numbers by 
heart, you also know she tends 

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to gain weight in her upper arms
and requires extra ease in that 

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area. 
These Details Matter more than 

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most people realize you begin 
with the side seam, you needle 

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moving in the practice rhythm of
a backstitch push through loop 

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back Advance forward. 
The motion becomes meditative 

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after the first few minutes, 
your mind can wander while your 

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hands continue their precise 
work. 

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Through the window. 
You watch the street below 

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coming to life, a coal wagon, 
rumbles passed his wheels. 

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Clattering over cobblestones a 
woman Harry's by with a basket 

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of laundry balanced on her hip. 
Two Gentlemen in top hats, pause

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to examine the window display at
the Haberdashery across the way 

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the gas lamps, his softly 
overhead. 

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Mrs. Blackwood makes her first 
rounds of the morning inspecting

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work with her critical eye. 
She pauses at your bench and 

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examines your stitching without 
comment. 

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This counts as High, Praise when
she finds fault everyone in the 

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workshop knows about it. 
Immediately. 

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The rhythm of the workroom 
settles into its familiar 

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pattern, needles flash in the 
Lamplight. 

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Scissors snip through fabric 
with decisive clicks. 

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The pressing irons release small
puffs of steam, that smell of 

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hot metal and damp wool. 
Someone hums a music hall, tune 

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under their breath until Mrs. 
Blackwood shoots them, a 

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silencing glare. 
Your neck begins to ache from 

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bending over the work. 
This particular discomfort 

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announces itself around 7:00. 
Every morning without fail. 

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You roll your shoulders and 
continue stitching. 

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The bodice needs to be ready for
the first fitting to tomorrow 

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afternoon. 
The plum silk feels cool and 

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slippery between your fingers 
quality fabric. 

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Like this comes from the better 
warehouses down by the docks. 

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The merchants wife can afford 
the finest materials, some 

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customers arrive with, bargain 
cloth that phrase. 

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If you look at it too hard. 
Those garments require twice the

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work and half the satisfaction. 
You think about the woman who 

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will wear this bodice? 
You have never met her. 

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But, you know, her measurements 
and preferences, she favors 

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jewel tones and high necklines. 
She always requests an extra 

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hook and eye at the waist 
because she distrust the staying

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power of standard closures. 
You have built a mental portrait

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of her from these small details.
The backstitch continues your 

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thread runs out after completing
six inches of seam You tie off 

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the end with three tiny knots, 
and snip the excess, the new 

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length of thread gets waxed, by 
running it across a small block 

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of beeswax. 
This makes the thread stronger 

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and helps it glide through the 
silk without catching. 

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Morning progresses toward midday
the light through the windows, 

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shifts from pale gray to weak 
yellow, Mrs. Blackwood announces

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that the fitting room needs to 
be prepared. 

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Two customers. 
Have appointments this 

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afternoon. 
The fitting room occupies a 

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smaller space at the front of 
the workshop. 

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Heavy curtains can be drawn for 
privacy. 

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A large mirror stands against 
one wall. 

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Its surface slightly warped from
age, but still serviceable a 

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small platform, raises customers
up. 

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So hems can be marked at the 
proper length. 

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You can continue working on the 
plum bodice While others, 

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prepare the fitting room, the 
left side, seam joined the 

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right. 
The shoulder seams come next. 

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Requiring, careful. 
Attention to ensure both sides 

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matching. 
Exactly. 

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An uneven shoulder makes the 
entire garment, hang on your 

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stomach, growls, quietly. 
Breakfast. 

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Feels like a distant memory. 
Lunch break comes at 1:00 giving

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you another three hours to work.
You ate a piece of bread with 

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butter and jam before leaving 
home this morning, the jam came 

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from a street vendor who sold it
cheap because the berries were 

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passed their prime. 
It tasted faintly a 

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fermentation, the workshop. 
Grows warmer as the day advances

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body heat from 14 workers and 
the gas lamps combines to create

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a stuffy atmosphere. 
You would open a window but Mrs,

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Blackwood for bids it. 
She claims fresh air causes 

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consumption and rheumatism. 
The medical accuracy of this 

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belief seems questionable, but 
no one argues with her. 

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Young Alice drops the entire 
spool of thread. 

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It rolls Under The Cutting 
tables. 

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Unspooling as it goes, she 
crawls after it on hands and 

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knees her face red with 
embarrassment. 

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Thomas, the presser Chuckles. 
Quietly until Mrs. Blackwood 

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silences in with a look. 
You finish the shoulder seams 

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and Hold Up the Bodies to 
examine your work. 

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Shape begins to emerge from Flat
pieces of fabric, the curve of 

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the bust, the nip of the waist, 
the line of the shoulders all 

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become visible. 
This transformation never loses.

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Its small magic even after years
of creating it daily, the bodice

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needs. 
Its boning channels. 

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Next these narrow tubes of 
fabric will hold the rigid 

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strips of steel or whalebone 
that give the Garment its 

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structure. 
Marking the placement requires 

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Precision. 
The bones must sit. 

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Exactly. 
Right. 

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Or they will poke through the 
fabric or create uncomfortable 

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pressure points, use a piece of 
Tailor's chalk, to Mark the 

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lines, the chalk Glides across 
the silk leaving faint blue 

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Trails, each line must run. 
Perfectly parallel to the one 

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beside it. 
Mrs. Blackwood has rejected. 

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Entire bodices for boning 
channels that wandered even 

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slightly off true. 
The first channel gets sown with

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tiny running Stitches. 
The thread must be strong enough

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to contain the boning, but 
finally enough to remain 

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invisible from the outside. 
You selected a silk thread. 

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That matches the fabric exactly 
under the gas lamps, you can 

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barely distinguish. 
The thread from the plum silk 

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surrounding it Halfway through 
the second boning channel, the 

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clock strikes 12, the southern 
chiming makes you jump slightly.

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You'll needle skips and creates 
a stitch longer than the others.

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You pick it out, carefully, and 
redo the section. 

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Mrs. Blackwood notices 
everything. 

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One hour until lunch, your back.
Aches from hunching over the 

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work, your eyes feel strained 
from the clothes work in 

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imperfect light, your fingers, 
move automatically through the 

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familiar, motions, requiring, no
conscious Direction. 

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The workshop sounds create their
own peculiar Symphony, Snip of 

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shears, cutting through fabric, 
the thump of pressing irons 

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meeting padded boards. 
The creek of stools as work as 

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shift position, the occasional 
sigh or cleared throat Mrs. 

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Blackwood's footsteps. 
As she patrols the room. 

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You think about what a weights 
you during the lunch break a 

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small basket holds bread cheese 
and an apple you will eat 

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quickly and spend the remaining 
time resting your eyes, some 

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workers use the brake to gossip 
or play cards. 

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You prefer the quiet The third 
boning Channel joined the first 

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two, the bodice begins to feel 
substantially in your hands. 

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The structure emerges as each 
element adds to the whole by the

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end of the day, this will be a 
proper Foundation. 

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Garment ready for its first 
fitting Someone drops a pin, the

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tiny metallic sound of it. 
Hitting the floor. 

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Barely registers pins litter the
workshop floor, like mechanical 

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confetti. 
Mrs. Blackwood requires everyone

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to sweep their areas at the end 
of each day but pins have a way 

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of hiding in cracks and corners.
The fourth boning Channel 

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requires your full attention, it
sits near the side seam where 

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any imperfection will be 
visible. 

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When the Garment is worn your 
stitches. 

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March along in perfect 
formation. 

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Each one exactly 3 millimeters 
from the last Finally, the clock

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strikes. 
One the sound releases everyone 

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from their focused labors 
workers. 

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Set down their projects and 
reach for lunch baskets. 

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The room fills with quiet 
conversations and the rustle of 

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paper wrappings. 
You eat your bread and cheese 

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slowly savoring. 
Each bite the cheese taste sharp

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and slightly crumbly the bread 
has a good crust despite coming 

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from the cheaper Baker to 
streets. 

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Over the Apple provides a sweet 
finish though. 

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It has seen better days and 
sports a soft spot on one side, 

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Mary, settles beside you and 
Chatters about her younger 

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sister's upcoming wedding. 
The sister needs address but 

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00:10:58,100 --> 00:11:01,600
cannot afford Workshop, prices, 
Mary plans to make it herself 

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using leftover scraps and her 
free Sunday. 

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Afternoons, you not along only 
half-listening, letting your 

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mind rest. 
The 30-minute break passes to 

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quickly. 
Mrs. Blackwood claps, her hands 

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twice the signal to return to 
work. 

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Everyone takes their positions. 
Again, the afternoon, shift 

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begins, you pick up the Plumb 
bodice, and continue adding 

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boning channels, the repetitive 
work, allows your thoughts to 

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drift. 
You think about your own 

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apprenticeship years ago, when 
threading, a needle, required, 5

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attempts and your stitches 
wandered like drunken spiders 

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across fabric. 
Those early days felt 

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impossible, your fingers refused
to cooperate, the needle, seemed

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00:11:40,900 --> 00:11:44,600
determined to stab you, rather 
than the cloth thread Tangled 

231
00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:48,900
into hopeless knots. 
Is blackwood's predecessor a 

232
00:11:48,900 --> 00:11:52,000
fierce woman named Mrs, 
Thornhill, which shake her head 

233
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,200
and disappointment at least six 
times per day but slowly 

234
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:59,100
painfully your hands learned the
muscle memory developed. 

235
00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,700
Stitches grew smaller and more, 
even the needles stopped drawing

236
00:12:03,700 --> 00:12:04,900
blood. 
Quite so often. 

237
00:12:04,900 --> 00:12:07,900
After two years. 
Mrs. Thornhill stopped. 

238
00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:11,200
Sighing, when she examined your 
work after three years, she 

239
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,400
occasionally nodded in approval.
Now, you can create a French 

240
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:17,400
scene without thinking your 
buttonholes, sit, perfectly 

241
00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:20,800
parallel, and exactly the same 
size your hems, hang true and 

242
00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:22,600
invisible. 
The knowledge lives in your 

243
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:26,700
hands rather than your head. 
The afternoon light begins its 

244
00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:29,600
slow fade toward evening. 
The gas lamps. 

245
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:31,800
Grow more necessary As Natural 
Light diminishes. 

246
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:35,700
Your eyes 8:00 from the clothes 
work but you can continue The 

247
00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,500
bodice must be ready. 
The final boning channel gets 

248
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:42,200
completed just as the clock 
strikes for You hold up the 

249
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,100
Garment and examine it, 
critically the channels run 

250
00:12:45,100 --> 00:12:47,900
straight and even the seams lie 
flat. 

251
00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:51,100
The overall shape looks correct 
for the customers measurements. 

252
00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:55,000
Next comes the lining, a layer 
of Cotton's a teen in matching 

253
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,000
Plum, will cover the interior 
structure, this protects the 

254
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,000
customers chimes from the rough 
edges of seams and boning. 

255
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,800
It also adds a layer of luxury, 
running your fingers along a 

256
00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:07,000
smooth lining, feel 
substantially more pleasant than

257
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:10,600
touching raw seam allowances. 
You cut the lining pieces from 

258
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,800
the cotton sateen, using the 
original pattern piece is as 

259
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,400
guides. 
The fabric Whispers Softly As 

260
00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:20,400
the shears slice through it. 
Cotton sateen has a slight sheen

261
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:22,500
that catches the light 
differently than silk but 

262
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:24,700
complements it nicely. 
Pinning. 

263
00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:26,700
The lining into place requires 
patience. 

264
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:30,100
Each piece must align exactly 
with its corresponding silk 

265
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:32,600
section. 
The pins go in at right angles 

266
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:36,500
to the scene's, spaced evenly. 
Too few pins and the layers 

267
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:39,500
shift during sewing too many 
pins and you waste time, 

268
00:13:39,500 --> 00:13:42,500
removing them Thomas announces 
that he needs the bodice for 

269
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:44,300
pressing before the lining gets 
attached. 

270
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,600
The outer seams require pressing
open to reduce bulk. 

271
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:50,700
You hand over the Garment and 
watch as he positions it 

272
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:54,300
carefully on his padded board. 
The pressing iron hisses as it 

273
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:57,300
meets the silk. 
Steam rises in a small Cloud. 

274
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:01,200
Thomas works with practice 
efficiency sliding the iron 

275
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:02,900
along. 
Each seam just long enough to 

276
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:05,500
set the fabric, but not long 
enough to Scorch it. 

277
00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:09,900
The smell of hot silk fills your
corner of the workshop while 

278
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:11,200
waiting for the pressing to 
finish. 

279
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:12,800
You sort through your thread 
collection. 

280
00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:16,000
Several spools. 
Need replenishing, you make 

281
00:14:16,008 --> 00:14:19,100
mental notes of the colors, 
running low tomorrow, morning 

282
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:21,300
before work. 
You will stop at the notion shop

283
00:14:21,300 --> 00:14:24,000
and purchase Replacements. 
The thread shop near the 

284
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,600
workshop. 
Stocks hundreds of colors the 

285
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:28,200
walls, hold small, wooden 
Cubbies. 

286
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,200
Each one containing spools or 
organized by shade. 

287
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:36,000
The proprietor Mr. Chen knows 
every color by number and can 

288
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:37,900
locate any requested shade in 
second. 

289
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:41,500
His family has run the shop for 
three generations, Thomas 

290
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:45,000
Returns the pressed bodice the 
seams now live perfectly flat. 

291
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,700
You begin attaching the lining 
working from the top down the 

292
00:14:48,700 --> 00:14:51,100
stitches, must be small and 
invisible from the outside. 

293
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:54,700
Each Stitch catches just a few 
threads of the silk to avoid 

294
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:56,800
creating visible dimples on the 
outer surface. 

295
00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,500
The work requires intense 
concentration. 

296
00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:03,300
Your eyes, focus on the tiny 
space where needle meets fabric,

297
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:06,200
the rest of the workshop, Fades 
into background noise. 

298
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:09,600
Only the bodice exists in your 
hands moving across it in, 

299
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,300
careful increments. 
An hour passes in. 

300
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:15,600
What feels like minutes, the 
lining slowly becomes one with 

301
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,400
the outer shell. 
The two layers, merge into a 

302
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,600
single sophisticated. 
Garment the bulk of the boning 

303
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,500
channels disappears beneath, 
smooth cotton, sateen, Mrs. 

304
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:27,300
Blackwood appears at your elbow 
without warning. 

305
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:30,000
She picks up the bodice and 
examines it from multiple 

306
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,600
angles, her fingers, probe, the 
seams testing their strength, 

307
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:37,400
She holds the Garment up to the 
light searching for any 

308
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:38,800
irregularities in your 
stitching. 

309
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,700
After a long moment, she nods 
once and Returns the bodies to 

310
00:15:42,708 --> 00:15:44,800
your workspace, your shoulders 
relaxed. 

311
00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:49,600
Slightly the nod means approval.
No Corrections needed the bodice

312
00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,900
meets her exacting standards, 
you can continue attaching the 

313
00:15:52,900 --> 00:15:55,100
lining until only the bottom 
Edge remains open. 

314
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:58,200
This Edge will be finished after
the boning gets inserted. 

315
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,100
The steel bones. 
Wait in a small box Cut to 

316
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:03,900
precise lengths. 
Each bone has been tipped with 

317
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:07,200
narrow strips of cotton tape to.
Prevent the sharp edges from 

318
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,700
piercing through the fabric, the
bones slide into their channels 

319
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:13,200
one by one. 
They transform the bodice from 

320
00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:14,900
soft fabric into structured 
armor. 

321
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:18,000
The Garment becomes rigid and 
Powerful in your hands. 

322
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,200
This is what allows it to 
reshape the human form into the 

323
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:23,300
fashionable silhouette demanded 
by Society. 

324
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:26,600
The bottom Edge, gets closed 
with tiny slip stitches that 

325
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,800
disappear into the lining. 
Your fingers move quickly. 

326
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:33,500
Now racing against the fading 
daylight, the gas lamps, provide

327
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:36,800
adequate light, but natural 
daylight remains Superior for 

328
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,900
fine work. 
Finally, the bodice reaches 

329
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:44,400
completion every seam finished, 
every bone in place, the lining 

330
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,500
smooth and secure, the Garment 
holds its shape. 

331
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:50,700
Even when you set it down on the
cutting table, you stand and 

332
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,000
stretch feeling your spine, 
cracking three, distinct places.

333
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,300
The stool has become an 
instrument of torture after 10 

334
00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:00,500
hours of sitting your neck. 
Protests, as you roll it, from 

335
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:03,900
side to side, Mrs. Blackwood 
calls for attention. 

336
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:07,599
She announces the work schedule 
for tomorrow. 3 fittings in the 

337
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,800
morning, a new customer, 
arriving at 2:00 for initial 

338
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:13,200
measurements. 
A rush order for a gentleman's 

339
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:15,500
waist coat that must be 
completed by Frieda. 

340
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,300
The clock strike, six, the 
official end of the work day. 

341
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,099
Arrives workers. 
Begin tidying, their spaces, 

342
00:17:22,099 --> 00:17:24,900
sweeping up, thread, clipping 
and fabric scraps. 

343
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,600
You care the plumbus in clean 
muscle and place it in the 

344
00:17:28,608 --> 00:17:32,100
cabinet reserved for garments. 
Awaiting, fittings, your hands 

345
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:35,700
feel stiff as you gather, your 
belongings the cold walk home, 

346
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:39,300
awaits followed by a simple 
supper, and perhaps an hour by 

347
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,900
the fire before bed. 
Then the cycle begins again with

348
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:47,100
tomorrow's pre-dawn Rising, But 
first, you allow yourself a 

349
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,400
moment of satisfaction, the 
bodice represent hours of 

350
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,500
skilled labor. 
Hundreds of individual stitches,

351
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:57,200
countless small decisions about 
tension and placement and 

352
00:17:57,200 --> 00:17:59,800
technique. 
The merchants wife will wear it 

353
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,000
without ever knowing the work. 
It required, this knowledge 

354
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,800
doesn't bother you. 
The work itself provides its own

355
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,200
reward. 
The transformation of flat 

356
00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,600
fabric into three-dimensional 
garments, the problem solving 

357
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:15,000
required to fit diverse body. 
Shapes the quiet pride in work 

358
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,700
done. 
Well, you descend the 43 stairs 

359
00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:21,000
and emerge onto the darkening, 
Street, gas lamps flicker to 

360
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,600
Life along the pavement. the 
evening crowd flows past 

361
00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,400
everyone, hurrying home to their
own destination's tomorrow you 

362
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,300
will return and begin again 
another garment another set of 

363
00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,500
measurements another 
transformational fabric into 

364
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:40,500
whereabout The work continues 
day after day, stitch by careful

365
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:43,400
Stitch. 
The Saturday Morning Market 

366
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:47,200
sprawls across the square like a
textile Kaleidoscope you weave 

367
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:49,300
between stalls? 
Selling everything from ribbons 

368
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:51,100
to Wolf. 
Flannel your basket. 

369
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:54,300
Already containing two new 
packets of needles and a card of

370
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:57,500
jettons. 
The fabric Merchants, call out 

371
00:18:57,500 --> 00:18:59,100
their Wares and competing 
voices. 

372
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:05,200
Finest Egyptian cotton, pure 
Chinese silk Scottish wool in 20

373
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,000
shades of tartan. 
Each claim, sounds equally 

374
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:11,700
impressive and equally dubious. 
You have learned to judge fabric

375
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:15,000
by touch rather than 
salesmanship your fingers brush 

376
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,600
across a bolt of ivory satin. 
The fabric feels cool and dense 

377
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:21,800
The Weave tight enough to resist
snags the price. 

378
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:24,700
Seems reasonable for the quality
you can consider purchasing 

379
00:19:24,700 --> 00:19:27,900
three yards for your personal 
collection but decide against 

380
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:30,300
it. 
Money must stretch carefully 

381
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,800
until next week's wages arrive. 
The market provides a weekly 

382
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:37,000
education in textiles. 
You can identify fabric 

383
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,700
composition by feel determine 
thread count by holding cloth up

384
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,400
to sunlight spot. 
Inferior dies, that will bleed 

385
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,800
or fade. 
These skills developed over 

386
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,300
years of handling, thousands of 
yards of material in the 

387
00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,400
workshop. 
A vendor specializing in trims 

388
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:55,700
catches your attention, her 
stall, overflows with lace braid

389
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,500
Fringe and cord, in every 
conceivable color and pattern. 

390
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:02,300
You spot. 
A length of narrow Black Velvet 

391
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:05,300
Ribbon that would look stunning 
on a certain gray wall dress 

392
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:08,900
currently under construction, 
the vendor named her price. 

393
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,800
You counter with an offer 10% 
lower. 

394
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:15,200
She looks offended, but accepts 
after a moment of theatrical 

395
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:18,100
hesitation, the ribbon gets 
wrapped in brown paper and 

396
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,500
tucked into your basket shopping
for materials requires, both 

397
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:25,100
knowledge and nerve vendors, 
will absolutely charge whatever 

398
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:28,500
they think you will pay. 
First time buyers often leave 

399
00:20:28,500 --> 00:20:31,800
the market, having spent twice, 
what they should have developed 

400
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:34,400
a reputation among the regular 
Sellers as someone who knows her

401
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,900
business. 
The next stall displays buttons 

402
00:20:36,900 --> 00:20:41,600
in dazzling. 
Variety bone Horne jet mother of

403
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,900
pearl. 
Brass covered fabric carved 

404
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,300
wood. 
He could spend an hour examining

405
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:50,500
the options button seem like 
simple objects until you need to

406
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:52,700
select the perfect ones for a 
specific garment. 

407
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:56,400
You purchase a dozen small Pearl
buttons for a customer's summer.

408
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,400
Blouse the buttons feel smooth 
and cool in your palm. 

409
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:01,300
Each one catching the Morning 
Light. 

410
00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:04,500
They cost more than you would 
prefer, but the customer 

411
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:08,700
specifically requested real 
pearl rather than imitation your

412
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:10,200
basket. 
Grows heavier as the morning 

413
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:14,200
progresses thread, in six 
colors, a packet of pins, new 

414
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:17,700
Taylor's Chalk in white and 
blue, a length of stiff buckram 

415
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:20,700
for reinforcing collars, the 
weekly shopping expedition 

416
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:22,800
depletes a significant portion 
of your wages. 

417
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,400
But these supplies mean you can 
take private commissions, the 

418
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,900
private work happens in your 
small room during evening's and 

419
00:21:28,908 --> 00:21:31,200
Sundays. 
The extra income supplements, 

420
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,300
your Workshop salary and allows 
for occasional luxuries like 

421
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,500
butter and stead of lard or a 
mutton Chop on Sunday dinner. 

422
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,000
The work also provides practice 
on your own terms without Mrs. 

423
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,700
Blackwood's critical watching 
every Stitch You pause at a 

424
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:47,700
stall selling patterns, imported
from Paris. 

425
00:21:47,700 --> 00:21:51,500
The illustration show elaborate 
gowns with impossible sleeves 

426
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:55,100
and improbable trims, fashion 
plates, like these influence, 

427
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:57,800
what customers requests but 
often bear little resemblance to

428
00:21:57,800 --> 00:21:59,800
what actual human body's can 
wear comfortably. 

429
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:04,100
A young woman at the next stall 
examines dress fabric with 

430
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:07,000
obvious uncertainty. 
She holds up different bolts 

431
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,400
against her skin, trying to, 
determine which colors suit her 

432
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,800
complexion. 
The vendor looks bored and 

433
00:22:12,808 --> 00:22:15,100
unhelpful. 
You find yourself offering 

434
00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,700
advice without quite meaning to 
the blue-gray, brings out her 

435
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,900
eyes better than the pink. 
The heavier weight drapes more 

436
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:25,400
flattering than the thin muslin,
she listens greatly and makes 

437
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,100
her purchase with Newfound 
confidence. 

438
00:22:27,100 --> 00:22:31,200
This happens more often than you
intend your Professional 

439
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,100
Knowledge spills out in helpful,
suggestions to strangers, some 

440
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:39,100
people appreciate the guidance, 
others find it presumptuous you 

441
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:41,400
have learned to read faces 
quickly and keep quiet when 

442
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,500
you're input seems unwelcome, 
The Market Square, gradually. 

443
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:47,800
Empties as new approaches 
vendors begin packing away their

444
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:51,200
goods, you head toward home your
basket, now, substantially 

445
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,300
heavier, than when you arrived, 
the walk takes you through 

446
00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:56,600
neighborhoods that shift from 
commercial to residential. 

447
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,800
The building's changed from 
shops with living quarters above

448
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:03,400
to private homes with small 
gardens, Your room, occupies the

449
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,900
top floor of a boarding house 
run by Mrs. Pettigrew a widow 

450
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:09,700
who supplements her pension by 
renting to respectable working 

451
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:12,100
women. 
The Boarding House offers simple

452
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,600
but clean accommodation your 
room measures perhaps 10 feet by

453
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:19,600
12 and narrow bed. 
A small wardrobe a wash stand 

454
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,400
with Basin and pitcher. 
One chair positioned near the 

455
00:23:22,408 --> 00:23:25,500
window to catch the Light a 
shelf, holding your few books 

456
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:28,500
and personal Treasures. 
The real luxury lies in having 

457
00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:31,200
your own space. 
Many workers, share rooms with 

458
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,100
two or three. 
Others, privacy cost extra but 

459
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,200
you can consider it essential 
the Solitude allows you to work 

460
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:40,200
on private commissions. 
Without interruption you set 

461
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:42,400
down your basket and remove your
outer garments. 

462
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:46,000
The room feels cold despite the 
supposedly mild Spring weather. 

463
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,900
This is petty group provides 
coal for the downstairs common 

464
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:52,900
areas, but tenants must purchase
their own fuel for bedroom 

465
00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:55,100
fires. 
You wrap yourself in extra 

466
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:58,700
blankets last winter, rather 
than spend money on coal, the 

467
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:01,800
mornings purchases, get 
organized and stored, thread, 

468
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:03,500
spools. 
Line up in your sewing box. 

469
00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:06,700
According to color progression 
needles, slide into their 

470
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:09,900
protective felt holder. 
The new ribbon gets tucked away 

471
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:13,300
for the appropriate moment. 
Simple lunch waits in the 

472
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:17,700
cupboard, bread cheese, a 
slightly with an apple you eat 

473
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,000
while reviewing the work ahead, 
a skirt, requiring hemming. 

474
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,400
A shamees needing new lace 
insertion. 

475
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,200
A gentleman shirt with a torn 
cuff to be repaid. 

476
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,400
Invisibly The private 
commissions arrived, through 

477
00:24:29,408 --> 00:24:31,400
Word of Mouth. 
Someone's cousin. 

478
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:34,700
Needs alterations a neighbors, 
daughter requires a new dress 

479
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:37,800
for church, a gentleman's 
Valley, seeks, someone capable 

480
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:40,800
of expert mending. 
The work pays less than Workshop

481
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,200
rates, but you keep all the 
profit rather than a portion. 

482
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,200
You settle into your chair by 
the window and spread the skirt 

483
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,700
across your lap. 
The Hem needs turning up two 

484
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,300
inches. 
The customer grew hopeful about 

485
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:54,400
her height, and purchased a 
dress meant for someone taller. 

486
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,300
Now, reality requires 
adjustments, pinning. 

487
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,700
The Hem takes concentration. 
The fold must be even all the 

488
00:25:00,700 --> 00:25:03,200
way around. 
The finished length should clear

489
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,800
the floor by exactly half an 
inch when the customer stands 

490
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:09,300
normally, You have measured and 
re-measured to ensure accuracy 

491
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:11,900
the afternoon light Slants 
through the window. 

492
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:14,100
Illuminating dust, Motes 
floating in the air. 

493
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:17,100
Sounds from the street below 
drift up faintly. 

494
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,100
A cart rattling passed children 
playing some elaborate game 

495
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:24,900
involving much shouting a vendor
calling out his Wares in a sink 

496
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:27,100
voice. 
Your needle moves through the 

497
00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:29,600
fabric in the familiar. 
Rhythm of a blind hem. 

498
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,700
Stitch, the stitches must be 
invisible from the outside 

499
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:34,200
catching. 
Only a thread or two of the 

500
00:25:34,208 --> 00:25:37,600
outer fabric, while securing the
folded Edge, the work requires. 

501
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,300
No conscious thought leaving 
your mind, free to wander, you 

502
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:44,100
think about the workshop and the
hierarchy that governs every 

503
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:46,600
interaction. 
Mrs. Blackwood at the top. 

504
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:48,600
Absolute Authority in all 
matters. 

505
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:52,000
Senior seamstresses, like 
yourself in the middle trusted 

506
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,200
with complex, garments, Junior, 
workers, and apprentices at the 

507
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,800
bottom learning through 
observation, and frequent 

508
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,300
correction the system works well
enough. 

509
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:03,800
New workers arrived with raw, 
enthusiasm and minimal skill, 

510
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:08,500
They what they practice. 
They gradually improve some quit

511
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:11,400
after a few months, unable to 
tolerate the clothes work and 

512
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:13,900
long hours. 
Others, persist and developed 

513
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:16,400
genuine ability. 
You remember your own 

514
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:18,000
apprenticeship with mixed 
feelings? 

515
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,300
The constant criticism felt 
crushing at times, your hands 

516
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:25,900
seemed incapable of producing 
the fine work, demanded, but 

517
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:29,500
slowly almost imperceptibly 
competence arrived. 

518
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:33,500
The stitches grew smaller. 
The seams, ran straighter. 

519
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:35,500
The garments began to fit 
properly. 

520
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:39,100
Skirt hem, progresses steadily 
the first side. 

521
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:41,700
Completed the second side. 
Half finished. 

522
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:44,800
Your fingers, maintain their 
Rhythm while your thoughts 

523
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,100
continue wandering through 
memory the workshop, provided 

524
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:49,700
your entry into respectable 
employment. 

525
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:53,500
Without this trade, your options
would have been severely limited

526
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:57,700
domestic service perhaps with 
its long hours and complete lack

527
00:26:57,700 --> 00:27:02,300
of personal freedom. 
Factory work dangerous and soul 

528
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,700
crushing or Worse options, 
better left uncontradicted. 

529
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:09,700
The needle and thread offered a 
path to Independence, not well 

530
00:27:09,700 --> 00:27:13,400
certainly, but the ability to 
pay for your own room, your own 

531
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,900
meals, your own modest 
Pleasures, this matters more 

532
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:18,900
than people who have never 
experienced poverty. 

533
00:27:18,900 --> 00:27:22,000
Can understand the skirt hem 
reaches completion. 

534
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,600
Just as the afternoon light 
begins to fade, you hold up the 

535
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,400
Garment and examine your work. 
The Hem, hangs evenly, the 

536
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:32,300
stitches, remain invisible, the 
length looks correct. 

537
00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:34,800
Setting aside the completed 
skirt. 

538
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:37,800
You begin the chemist repair, 
the lace insertion of started. 

539
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:40,900
Pulling away from the fabric 
victim of two, vigorous washing 

540
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:44,200
the lace itself remains intact 
but needs to be reattached with 

541
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:47,600
more secure stitching. 
This repair requires delicate 

542
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:49,600
work. 
Fine cotton. 

543
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,200
Lawn of the chemise tears. 
Easily of handled roughly. 

544
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:55,900
The lace must be coaxed. 
Back into position and tacked 

545
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:58,100
down with stitches too small to 
be easily seen. 

546
00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:02,400
You work slowly taking care not 
to damage the fragile materials,

547
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:05,500
the chemise belongs to a woman 
who can barely afford your 

548
00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:08,900
modest fees, she needs this 
garment to last another year at 

549
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:11,100
minimum. 
Your work must be good enough to

550
00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:14,300
ensure its survival, the lace 
gradually reunites with the 

551
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:17,100
cotton lawn tiny. 
Whip stitches secure each 

552
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:19,900
scalloped Edge, the repair 
becomes nearly invisible. 

553
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:23,700
If you avoid looking too closely
The chemise will withstand 

554
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,300
several more washing before 
requiring attention again. 

555
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,700
Evening settles over the city, 
Delight through your window, 

556
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,100
Fades from great to Charcoal, 
you like your single candle 

557
00:28:34,100 --> 00:28:36,100
hoarding. 
The pressure illumination for as

558
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:39,800
long as the work requires it. 
The torn shirt, cuff comes next.

559
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:42,800
The gentleman, who owns the 
Garment works as a clerk 

560
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:44,200
somewhere in the financial 
district. 

561
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,200
He cannot afford new shirts but 
must maintain a respectable 

562
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:51,500
appearance, the torn cuff, 
undermined his professional 

563
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:55,400
image, the tier runs along the 
seam where cuff meets sleeve 

564
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,700
simple to repair. 
If done correctly impossible to 

565
00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:02,500
hide if rushed you unpick the 
damage stitching and realign the

566
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,000
fabric pieces. 
New Stitches must follow the 

567
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:06,600
exact line of the original 
scene. 

568
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:10,500
Your eyes strain in the 
candlelight, the white on white 

569
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,500
stitching, nearly disappears. 
Even in good light, Flickering 

570
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:18,400
candle flame, you must work more
by feel than sight, your fingers

571
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,300
guide, the needle by touch, 
sensing the proper path through 

572
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:25,100
the fabric, the repair takes 
nearly an hour when finished the

573
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,900
cuff shows, no sign of damage. 
The seam runs straight and 

574
00:29:28,900 --> 00:29:31,400
strong. 
The shirt will provide several 

575
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:34,700
more months of service before 
the next Crisis arrives, you set

576
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:37,100
down the completed work and 
stretch your cramped fingers. 

577
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:41,200
The candle has burned down to a 
stub, your eyes feel gritty from

578
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:44,700
the clothes work in poor light, 
but three garments stand, ready 

579
00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:47,800
for returned to their owners and
three small payments will arrive

580
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:50,200
in Consequence. 
The evening ritual, begins 

581
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,700
washing at the base and with 
cold water, and rough soap. 

582
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:57,100
Changing into your night, 
dressing out, your hair, and 

583
00:29:57,100 --> 00:30:00,100
rebating it for Sleep. 
The room is grown quite cold. 

584
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:04,100
Now, the walls radiating, chill,
despite being inside, you slip 

585
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:06,100
between the blankets and pull 
them up to your chin. 

586
00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:09,900
The bed feels hard and narrow, 
but for familiar tomorrow, 

587
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:12,400
brings Sunday your wonderful day
of rest. 

588
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:15,500
You will attend. 
Morning Services, then perhaps 

589
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,700
read or walk in the park, if 
weather permits. 

590
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:21,000
But for now sleep arrives with 
gratifying speed. 

591
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:24,300
The long days work pulls. 
You down into unconsciousness, 

592
00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:26,500
your hands, relax for the first 
time. 

593
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:29,700
In 14 hours. 
Tomorrow's concerns can wait 

594
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:32,800
until tomorrow arrives. 
Monday morning brings an 

595
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:36,900
unexpected crisis Blackwood 
announces that lady Ashford 

596
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,500
requires a complete Ensemble for
a garden party. 

597
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:43,000
Scheduled 10 days, hence, the 
order includes a dress jacket 

598
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:46,500
and matching parasol cover the 
timeline feels impossible, even 

599
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:48,600
before hearing the additional 
complications. 

600
00:30:49,900 --> 00:30:53,600
Lady Ashford measures, 62 inches
around the bust and 48 inches 

601
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,000
around the hips. 
These Dimensions require 

602
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,100
significantly more fabric than 
standard patterns, accommodate, 

603
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:02,000
every piece must be drafted. 
Specifically for her 

604
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,800
proportions, the work will 
consume hours just in 

605
00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,700
preparation. 
Mrs. Blackwood assigns you and 

606
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:11,100
Mary to the project together, 
two pairs of hands working in 

607
00:31:11,100 --> 00:31:13,700
coordination might accomplish 
what seems impossible alone. 

608
00:31:14,500 --> 00:31:17,900
You exchanged glances with Mary 
both, recognizing the challenge 

609
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:21,100
ahead. 
The morning begins with pattern 

610
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,500
drafting you spread large, 
sheets of brown paper cross the 

611
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:27,800
cutting table, and begin the 
complex geometry of transforming

612
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,600
flat paper into shape, that will
conform to Lady ashford's body. 

613
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,800
The measurement guide your lines
but experience informs the 

614
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:39,800
curves a bodice pattern starts 
with basic blocks for front and 

615
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:41,800
back. 
Then adjustments for the 

616
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,100
specific. 
Measurements adding ease for 

617
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,400
movement, calculating Dart 
placement to create shape, 

618
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:51,000
determining seam positions that 
will flatter rather than 

619
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,100
emphasize on flattering 
proportions. 

620
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,700
Mary works on the skirt pattern,
while you handle the bodice. 

621
00:31:57,300 --> 00:31:59,800
Skirt requires multiple panels 
to achieve the fashionable 

622
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,900
fullness without creating 
excessive bulk at the waist, 

623
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:06,600
each panel must be calculated. 
Precisely to ensure they join 

624
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,800
into a smooth circular shape. 
The mathematical Precision 

625
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:11,800
required for pattern drafting 
surprises. 

626
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:15,900
People unfamiliar with garment 
Construction Every curve must be

627
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:17,700
drawn with geometry and 
calculation. 

628
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:20,500
Guiding the pencil. 
A beautiful garment begins with 

629
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:24,400
accurate drafting poor patterns,
create poor clothes, regardless 

630
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,800
of sewing skill, two hours 
passed before the patterns reach

631
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:30,800
completion. 
Mrs. Blackwood examines them 

632
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:34,200
with her usual, critical eye. 
She points out a slight, a 

633
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:36,300
symmetry in the bodice back that
you somehow missed. 

634
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:39,600
You make the correction 
grateful, she caught it before, 

635
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:43,600
cutting into expensive fabric. 
The fabric for lady ashfords on 

636
00:32:43,608 --> 00:32:45,600
somber arrived. 
Yesterday, from the finest 

637
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:49,400
Warehouse, in London, Dove grey 
silk taffeta for the dress 

638
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:53,800
deeper, charcoal for the jacket,
the Fabrics cost more than your 

639
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:56,800
monthly wages. 
One mistaken, cutting would be 

640
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,000
catastrophic laying out the 
pattern pieces on the silk 

641
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,300
requires extreme care. 
The fabric has a directional 

642
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:05,700
Sheen that must run consistently
in One Direction. 

643
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,200
The pattern pieces must align 
perfectly with the grain of the 

644
00:33:09,208 --> 00:33:12,900
fabric, any deviation will cause
the finished garment to twist 

645
00:33:12,900 --> 00:33:15,300
and hang incorrectly you and 
Mary work. 

646
00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:18,600
Together pinning, the pattern 
pieces to the silk Mrs. 

647
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,200
Blackwood supervises offering 
occasional directions, the 

648
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,800
cutting table becomes a 
landscape of Grey, silk with 

649
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:26,700
brown paper island scattered 
across it. 

650
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:30,400
Finally, The Cutting Begins the 
shears. 

651
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:32,800
Slice through the silk with a 
distinctive Whispering sound, 

652
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,300
each cut must be confident and 
accurate. 

653
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:39,900
Hesitation creates Jagged edges,
overconfidence creates mistakes,

654
00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:43,400
the balance between these 
extremes defines skilled 

655
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:46,000
cutting. 
The bodice pieces emerge from 

656
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,600
the silk like puzzle parts or 
waiting assembly front, panels 

657
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,300
back panels side pieces sleeves.
Each piece gets marked with 

658
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:56,100
Taylor's taxed to indicate 
placement for darts and seams. 

659
00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,900
The tax will be removed later, 
but provide essential guides 

660
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:03,200
during construction. 
Mary begins cutting the skirt 

661
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:04,800
panels while you start on the 
jacket. 

662
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:07,300
The wool Cuts more easily than 
the silk. 

663
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:10,500
But requires equal, Precision, 
the jacket must fit over the 

664
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:12,600
dress without pulling or 
creating bulk. 

665
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,600
This means the measurements must
account for the layers beneath 

666
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,199
by lunchtime. 
All the major pieces have been 

667
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:22,100
cut the cutting tables, only 
scraps, the usable fabric. 

668
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,300
Now transformed into garment 
components, the real work can 

669
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:27,800
begin you. 
Eat lunch quickly, your mind 

670
00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:30,500
already planning the 
construction sequence, the 

671
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:33,199
bodice must be assembled first 
to ensure proper fit before 

672
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:36,199
completing the skirt. 
The jacket comes last. 

673
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:38,400
Fitted over the nearly complete 
dress. 

674
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:42,800
The afternoon begins with 
joining the bodice seams, the 

675
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,600
silk taffeta slides, under the 
needle with a delicate rustling.

676
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:49,699
Each Stitch must be tiny and 
even the fabric shows every 

677
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:53,500
imperfection with unforgiving 
clarity, Mary works on the 

678
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,600
skirt, panel's joining them in 
to the circular shape that will 

679
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:58,900
drape around lady Ashford 
substantial hips. 

680
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:02,600
The panel's must be eased 
together carefully to prevent 

681
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,600
puckering. 
The silk taffeta refuses to be 

682
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,700
forced into any position. 
It does not want to occupy the 

683
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:12,200
bodice takes shape, gradually 
the shoulder seams joined first.

684
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:16,500
Then the side seams, the Garment
becomes three-dimensional, the 

685
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:20,800
darts creating curves were flat 
fabric once lay You hold it up 

686
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:22,400
and examine the shape 
critically. 

687
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:25,500
It looks approximately correct, 
but will require fitting 

688
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:28,400
adjustments, Thomas prepares, 
his pressing equipment. 

689
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:30,200
For the constant stream of 
seams. 

690
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,700
Requiring attention, the silk 
must be pressed carefully at low

691
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:37,000
temperature to avoid scorching 
or creating shine marks. 

692
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,900
He works, methodically pressing 
each seam as soon as it gets 

693
00:35:40,900 --> 00:35:44,600
completed, by mid-afternoon the 
bodice reaches the stage of 

694
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:47,600
needing its internal structure 
boning channels. 

695
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:51,300
Get marked and sewn the rigid 
support, slide into position. 

696
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:55,200
The Garment transforms from soft
silk into an architectural 

697
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,700
framework capable of reshaping, 
the human form. 

698
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:01,600
Mrs, Blackwood announces that 
lady Ashford will arrive 

699
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,800
tomorrow for the first fitting. 
This news creates a ripple of 

700
00:36:04,808 --> 00:36:07,800
tension through the workshop. 
First fittings reveal, whether 

701
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:09,900
all the planning and calculation
has succeeded. 

702
00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:13,300
They also bring customers into 
direct contact with the people, 

703
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,500
creating their clothes, an 
interaction that can go wrong in

704
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:19,300
numerous ways. 
You can continue working on the 

705
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:22,700
bodice driven, by the deadline, 
the lining must be cut and 

706
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,500
attached the edges need 
finishing, the closure 

707
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:29,000
mechanisms require installation.
Each step depends on the 

708
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:30,600
previous step. 
Being completed correctly. 

709
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:35,100
Mary finishes, joining the skirt
panels and begins the process of

710
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:36,700
gathering. 
The waist to fit the bodice. 

711
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:41,200
The Gathering must be even and 
controlled creating soft folds 

712
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,300
rather than bunched fabric. 
She works with impressive 

713
00:36:44,300 --> 00:36:46,900
patients, easing the fullness 
into submission. 

714
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:51,100
The afternoon Fades into 
evening, Mrs. Blackwood allows 

715
00:36:51,100 --> 00:36:54,400
extra working hours, given the 
rush timeline, most workers, 

716
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,200
stay recognizing the importance 
of this Commission. 

717
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,200
Lady Ashford moves, in 
influential, Social Circles. 

718
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,100
A successful Ensemble could 
bring additional wealthy 

719
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:07,800
customers you work by Gaslight 
As Natural illumination fails, 

720
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:11,100
your eyes burn from the clothes 
work, but stopping means falling

721
00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:13,600
further. 
Behind The bodice lining 

722
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,100
attaches stitch by tiny Stitch 
your fingers, move automatically

723
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:20,200
through the familiar motion 
around 7:00. 

724
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:22,500
Misses Blackwood declares in 
North progress for today, 

725
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:26,200
everyone looks exhausted. 
You carefully fold the partially

726
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:28,200
completed bodice and places in 
the cabinet. 

727
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:30,600
Tomorrow will bring the fitting 
and inevitable. 

728
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,600
Last minute adjustments. 
The walk home feels longer than 

729
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,900
usual. 
Your back aches from hunching 

730
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,300
over the workbench, your fingers
feel stiff and slightly swollen.

731
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:44,000
But satisfaction mingles with 
the fatigue the bodice is well 

732
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,700
made and on scheduled despite 
the challenging timeline Tuesday

733
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:50,700
Morning arrives to quickly. 
You force yourself out of bed 

734
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:54,200
and through the pre-dawn streets
the workshop weights with its 

735
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:56,400
familiar mixture of opportunity 
and pressure. 

736
00:37:57,200 --> 00:37:59,300
Lady Ashford arrives promptly at
10:00. 

737
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:02,000
She sweeps into the fitting 
room, with the confidence of 

738
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,300
someone accustomed to being 
catered to Her ladies, maid 

739
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,500
follows carrying various 
accessories and looking vaguely 

740
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:11,700
disapproving of everything. 
Mrs. Blackwood handles the 

741
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:14,400
social niceties while you and 
Mary prepare the bodice for 

742
00:38:14,408 --> 00:38:17,000
fitting. 
The Garment must go on carefully

743
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,400
to avoid damaging any of the 
delicate work completed 

744
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,100
yesterday. 
Lady Ashford stands on the 

745
00:38:22,108 --> 00:38:25,500
fitting platform in Hershey's 
and petticoats, you help her 

746
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,100
into the bodice fastening, the 
long row of hooks while Mary 

747
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:31,200
adjust the positioning. 
The silk settles over lady, 

748
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,100
ashford's 4 and you step back to
assess the fit. 

749
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:38,000
The bodice fits reasonably well,
but requires adjustments, the 

750
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,200
bust area needs letting out 
slightly one shoulder sits 

751
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:43,500
higher than the other requiring 
a seam adjustment. 

752
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:46,900
The waist seems comfortable but 
could be taken in a quarter inch

753
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:49,100
from more fashionable 
silhouette, you mark. 

754
00:38:49,100 --> 00:38:51,400
The adjustments with pins 
working quickly. 

755
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:53,000
While lady Ashford stands 
motionless. 

756
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:57,100
She examined herself in the 
mirror with a critical eye, her 

757
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,400
lady's, maid offers unsolicited 
opinions about sleeve length and

758
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:03,300
neckline depth. 
Mrs, Blackwood intervene 

759
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:05,900
smoothly when the maid 
suggestions become too. 

760
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,000
Insistent the fitting concludes 
after 30 minutes. 

761
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:12,500
Lady Ashford seemed satisfied 
with the progress. 

762
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:17,100
She departs in a rustle of silk 
and expensive perfume, the real 

763
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:20,800
work begins immediately, you and
Mary returned to the workbench 

764
00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:23,500
with the pinned bodice. 
Every adjustment must be made, 

765
00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:26,800
precisely the fit. 
Must be perfect for the second 

766
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:28,400
fitting, scheduled in three 
days. 

767
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,800
Letting out the bust requires 
unpicking seams and reselling 

768
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,900
them with less seam allowance. 
The shoulder adjustment means 

769
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:39,300
taking apart the entire shoulder
and reassembling it with one 

770
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:42,200
side slightly lower. 
The waist adjustment, 

771
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:45,800
fortunately requires only minor 
seam changes, the alterations 

772
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,000
consume the entire day by 
evening. 

773
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:49,700
The bodice has been refitted to 
Lady. 

774
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:51,200
Ashford's body with what you 
hope is. 

775
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:54,500
Complete accuracy, the second 
fitting will reveal whether 

776
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:57,100
you've succeeded. 
Meanwhile, the skirt and jacket 

777
00:39:57,100 --> 00:40:01,000
demand equal attention. 
Mary has the skirt mostly 

778
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,300
assembled but needs help with 
the complex, waist band 

779
00:40:03,308 --> 00:40:05,300
Construction. 
You worked together. 

780
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:07,700
Combining efforts to move the 
project forward. 

781
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:10,700
The week comes a blur of focused
labor. 

782
00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:14,500
Every morning arrives to soon 
every evening ends with 

783
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:16,800
incomplete worker waiting, 
tomorrow's attention. 

784
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,600
The Ensemble slowly comes 
together through accumulated, 

785
00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:23,900
hours of concentrated effort. 
The jacket proves particularly 

786
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:26,500
challenging. 
It must fit over the dress 

787
00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:28,900
without pulling but cannot look 
loose or sloppy. 

788
00:40:29,700 --> 00:40:32,700
The shoulders require padding to
create the fashionable shape. 

789
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:35,100
The sleeves. 
Need careful setting to allow 

790
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:37,300
arm movement without disrupting 
the line. 

791
00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:41,600
The second fitting goes more 
smoothly than the first lady 

792
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:43,900
Ashford expresses satisfaction 
with the bodice fit. 

793
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:47,500
The skirt requires minor hemming
adjustments but otherwise meets 

794
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:49,900
approval. 
The jacket fitting reveals 

795
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:52,600
needed changes to the sleeve 
length and lapel width. 

796
00:40:53,100 --> 00:40:55,600
Back to the workbench for 
another round of alterations. 

797
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,400
Your fingers move through the 
familiar motions with mechanical

798
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:05,000
efficiency pin Stitch press, 
repeat the Rhythm becomes 

799
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:08,600
meditative despite the pressure,
the parasol cover presents its 

800
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,400
own unique challenges. 
The small scale means. 

801
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:15,200
Every detail, becomes magnified,
the silk must be stretched over 

802
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:18,500
the parasol frame without 
wrinkles or puckers the gathered

803
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:21,800
Edge must be perfectly. 
Even the decorative trim must be

804
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,400
applied with mathematical 
precision. 

805
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:27,400
Two days before the Garden 
Party, The Ensemble reaches 

806
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:29,700
completion, the dress hangs 
beautifully. 

807
00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:31,900
The bodice shape in lady. 
Ashford's figure into the 

808
00:41:31,900 --> 00:41:34,600
fashionable, silhouette. 
The jacket adds sophistication 

809
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:39,200
and covers any perceived flaws. 
The parasol cover coordinates 

810
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,600
perfectly. 
Final fitting brings lady, 

811
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,700
ashford's, genuine smile. 
She turns before the mirror 

812
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:49,400
examining herself from every 
angle, The Ensemble transforms 

813
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:51,500
her from a large woman into an 
elegant presence. 

814
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:55,100
This transformation represents 
the real magic of skilled 

815
00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:58,800
dressmaking, Lady Ashford, 
departs with her Ensemble. 

816
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:00,900
Carefully packed payment 
arrives. 

817
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:02,700
The following day along with a 
note. 

818
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:04,400
Requesting your services for her
daughter's. 

819
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,600
True. 
So Mrs. Blackwood looks pleased.

820
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:12,000
You and Mary exchange exhausted,
but satisfied glances the 

821
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,400
workshop returns to its normal 
Rhythm regular customers with 

822
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,000
ordinary requests, alterations 
and repairs. 

823
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,600
The steady flow of work that 
fills the days without requiring

824
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:24,700
heroic effort. 
But the memory of the rushed 

825
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:27,900
commission, lingers the 
satisfaction of meeting an 

826
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:31,000
impossible deadline. 
The pride in work that exceeded 

827
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,900
expectations, these moments make
the ordinary days more bearable.

828
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,200
The sowing machine sits in the 
corner of the workshop like a 

829
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:40,800
mechanical interloper. 
It arrived three months ago 

830
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:43,700
purchased by the workshops owner
after seeing similar machines in

831
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:47,000
other establishments, Mrs. 
Blackwood is it with deep 

832
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,600
suspicion, the machine operates 
with a foot pedal, that drives a

833
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:52,300
needle up and down at remarkable
speed. 

834
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:55,900
Spool of thread sits on top 
feeding continuously through a 

835
00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:57,900
series of guides and tension 
mechanisms. 

836
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:01,200
The whole Contraption makes an 
alarming rattling noise. 

837
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,400
During operation Thomas, has 
been designated the machines 

838
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,200
primary operator. 
He approaches this Duty with the

839
00:43:07,208 --> 00:43:10,600
enthusiasm of someone being 
asked to wrestle a particularly 

840
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:13,600
aggressive goat. 
The machine intimidates him 

841
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,100
despite his generally 
unflappable nature. 

842
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,000
You watch from your workbench as
Thomas attempts to thread the 

843
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:21,500
machine for the third time this 
morning. 

844
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:25,500
The thread tangles in the 
tension discs, he muttered 

845
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:27,700
something under his breath that 
Mrs. Blackwood pretends not to 

846
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,800
hear the machine promises to 
revolutionize, garment 

847
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,500
production long straight, seems 
that previously required. 30 

848
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:37,400
minutes of hand stitching can be
completed in three minutes by 

849
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:39,600
Machine. 
The implications for 

850
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,700
productivity seemed obvious the 
implications for traditional 

851
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:45,500
skills. 
Seem ominous some workers fear. 

852
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:48,900
The machine will eliminate jobs 
if one person with a machine can

853
00:43:48,900 --> 00:43:50,700
produce the work of five hand 
stitches. 

854
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:54,400
What happens to the other four, 
Mrs, Blackwood, share these 

855
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:56,800
concerns but cannot ignore the 
competitive pressure. 

856
00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:00,000
Other workshops already used 
machines extensively. 

857
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,700
You feel ambivalent about the 
mechanical Marvel, the speed 

858
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:07,300
impresses you the consistency of
the stitches seems admirable. 

859
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,700
But the machine cannot replicate
the subtle adjustments. 

860
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:13,000
That skilled hands make 
automatically. 

861
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,500
It cannot sense when fabric 
needs easing or when tension 

862
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:20,200
requires modification. 
Thomas finally gets the machine 

863
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,700
threaded successfully. 
He positions a length of scrap 

864
00:44:23,700 --> 00:44:26,600
fabric under the presser foot 
and begins pedaling the machine 

865
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:28,200
Roars to life with, its 
characteristic. 

866
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:31,900
Clatter, the needle flashes up 
and down creating a perfectly 

867
00:44:31,900 --> 00:44:35,300
straight line of stitches, the 
line runs completely off the 

868
00:44:35,308 --> 00:44:38,500
edge of the fabric halfway 
through Thomas stops pedaling 

869
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:42,100
and size controlling the machine
while feeding fabric requires 

870
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:43,700
coordination. 
That doesn't come naturally. 

871
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:47,100
His skills lie in pressing, not 
mechanical operation. 

872
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:50,600
Mrs. Blackwood approaches and 
examines the result. 

873
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:54,300
She points out that the tension 
seems too tight creating 

874
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,900
puckered fabric. 
She adjusts a small dial on the 

875
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,200
machine and instructs Thomas to 
try again. 

876
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:04,400
The second attempt produces 
better results, the stitches 

877
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,800
look even and the fabric remains
flat. 

878
00:45:07,700 --> 00:45:10,800
Thomas continues pedaling 
creating line after line of 

879
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:14,200
machine stitching on the scrap, 
fabric, his confidence, grows 

880
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:17,500
with each successful pass. 
You return your attention to 

881
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:20,000
your own work. 
A delicate blouse, requiring 

882
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:22,900
hand rolled hems. 
This technique involves rolling 

883
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:25,500
the edge of the fabric between 
your fingers and securing it 

884
00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:28,600
with tiny stitches. 
No machine can replicate this. 

885
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:30,900
Finish the thought provides some
comfort. 

886
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:34,800
By afternoon Thomas has achieved
basic competence with the 

887
00:45:34,808 --> 00:45:37,300
machine. 
Mrs. Blackwood assigned him. 

888
00:45:37,300 --> 00:45:40,100
Several long seams on petticoats
destined for the ready-made 

889
00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:42,400
Market. 
These garments don't require the

890
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:45,900
Finesse of custom work machine 
stitching, seems appropriate for

891
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:48,500
their purpose. 
The sound of the machine becomes

892
00:45:48,500 --> 00:45:51,800
part of the workshops acoustic 
landscape, the rhythmic clatter 

893
00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:54,500
blends with the snip of shears 
and the hiss of pressing iron 

894
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:58,700
arrives where the welcome door 
or not over the following weeks,

895
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:02,100
the machines present grows from 
novelty to normalcy, Thomas 

896
00:46:02,100 --> 00:46:05,700
developed genuine skill at 
operating, it straight seams, 

897
00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:08,700
get a sign to the machine. 
As a matter of course, hand 

898
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,600
stitching becomes reserved for 
work, requiring delicacy or 

899
00:46:11,608 --> 00:46:14,000
flexibility. 
You find yourself using the 

900
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:17,300
machine occasionally for 
appropriate tasks, long seams on

901
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:21,500
sturdy Fabrics, attaching waist 
bands to heavy skirts tasks, 

902
00:46:21,500 --> 00:46:23,500
were speed matters more than 
Artistry. 

903
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,000
The machine serves these 
purposes admirably but your 

904
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:29,400
finest work, still happens 
entirely by hand. 

905
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:33,700
The bodices that require perfect
To fit the silk blouses with 

906
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:36,500
their delicate details, the 
garments that Define your 

907
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:39,400
reputation. 
As a skilled Craftsman, these 

908
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,100
creations demand human judgment 
and human touch. 

909
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,500
Tension between tradition and 
progress, plays out daily in the

910
00:46:45,508 --> 00:46:47,700
workshop. 
Some workers embrace, the 

911
00:46:47,700 --> 00:46:51,000
machine enthusiastically, others
refused to approach it on 

912
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:53,400
principle. 
Most occupy, the middle ground 

913
00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:56,500
using the machine when 
practical, but relying on hand 

914
00:46:56,500 --> 00:46:59,700
skills, for quality work. 
Mrs. Blackwood's position 

915
00:46:59,700 --> 00:47:02,100
evolves from suspicion to 
grudging acceptance. 

916
00:47:02,100 --> 00:47:05,400
The machine increases 
productivity without eliminating

917
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:07,700
jobs. 
The workshop can accept more 

918
00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:09,300
commissions and complete them 
faster. 

919
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:13,800
This benefit everyone's wages 
but she maintains strict quality

920
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:16,000
standards regardless of 
construction method. 

921
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:20,700
Sloppy seems so by Machine 
receives the same criticism as a

922
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:23,700
sloppy seem. 
So by hand the result matters 

923
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:26,500
more than the means of achieving
it you develop your own 

924
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:29,700
relationship with the machine. 
It serves as a useful tool for 

925
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:32,800
appropriate application but 
never replaces the satisfaction 

926
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,000
of handwork. 
The meditative rhythm of needle 

927
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,700
and thread cannot be replicated 
by mechanical clattering. 

928
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:41,700
The machine also changes 
customer expectations. 

929
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:44,900
Some people specifically request
hand sewn. 

930
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,700
Garments willing to pay premium 
prices for traditional 

931
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:50,300
Construction. 
Others care only about 

932
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:54,000
appearance and timeline 
perfectly satisfied with machine

933
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:56,100
Zone, seems hidden inside their 
clothes. 

934
00:47:56,100 --> 00:47:58,600
This division creates two tiers 
of work. 

935
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:02,000
Within the workshop, high-end 
custom garments made primarily 

936
00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:06,000
by hand mid-range ready-made 
items constructed largely by 

937
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,100
Machine. 
Both categories, keep the 

938
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:11,200
workshop busy and profitable. 
You find yourself straddling, 

939
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:15,000
Both Worlds, your hand skills, 
remain your greatest asset, but 

940
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,500
you don't reject the machines 
utility this flexibility seems 

941
00:48:18,500 --> 00:48:21,800
like the wisest approach as the 
industry continues changing. 

942
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:25,800
Fashion itself evolves alongside
construction methods, the 

943
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,600
elaborate styles of earlier 
decades giveaway to somewhat 

944
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,600
simpler silhouette if you are 
layers of trim and decoration 

945
00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:35,400
clean aligns Stiles that lend 
the cells, more readily to 

946
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:37,500
machine production. 
Fashion. 

947
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:39,000
Still demands skill and 
Artistry. 

948
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:43,100
A simple dress poorly made looks
worse than an elaborate one 

949
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:46,200
skillfully constructed. 
The fundamentals of fit 

950
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:49,300
proportion and finish remain 
constant, regardless of 

951
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:52,500
stylistic trends. 
You sometimes wonder what the 

952
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:54,800
future holds will machines 
eventually. 

953
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,300
Replace human hands entirely. 
Will the craft of dressmaking, 

954
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,200
become obsolete? 
Will there always be room for 

955
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:02,800
skilled workers? 
Who can do what machines? 

956
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,700
Cannot these questions have no 
clear answers. 

957
00:49:05,700 --> 00:49:08,900
You focus instead on maintaining
your skills and adapting to 

958
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:12,200
changes as they arrived the 
ability to do both hand and 

959
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:14,200
machine work. 
Seems like the safest path 

960
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:17,200
forward. 
The machine rattles away in its 

961
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:19,900
Corner churning out straight 
seams with mechanical 

962
00:49:19,900 --> 00:49:22,600
efficiency. 
Your hands continue their 

963
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:26,100
precise work creating finishes 
and details that require human 

964
00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:28,700
judgment. 
The workshop contains both 

965
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:31,700
approaches moving forward into 
an uncertain future. 

966
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:35,500
Social hierarchy of Victorian 
fashion reveals itself. 

967
00:49:35,500 --> 00:49:38,200
Most clearly in the fitting 
room, you can determine 

968
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,500
someone's exact position in 
society by the quality of their 

969
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:44,100
undergarments even before their 
outer clothes. 

970
00:49:44,100 --> 00:49:49,200
Go on. lady Ashford, shimmies 
featured Han in monographs and 

971
00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:53,200
valenciano Lace insertions the 
merchants wife wears factory 

972
00:49:53,200 --> 00:49:56,700
made cotton with machine lace. 
The shopkeepers daughter arrives

973
00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:58,800
in plainly in with no decoration
whatsoever. 

974
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:03,100
These gradations speak volumes 
about income and Status fashion 

975
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:04,700
functions. 
As a visible language that 

976
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:07,500
everyone can read but not 
everyone can speak fluently. 

977
00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:12,300
The cut of a sleeve, the width 
of a lapel, the precise shade of

978
00:50:12,300 --> 00:50:15,500
a ribbon, all conveys specific 
messages about the wearer's, 

979
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:19,100
social position and aspirations.
Your work enables people to 

980
00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:20,700
participate in this visual 
conversation. 

981
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:24,700
A well-made dress allows a 
middle-class woman to appear in 

982
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:28,300
society without embarrassment. 
A perfectly fitted coat, lets a 

983
00:50:28,300 --> 00:50:29,700
Clark, maintain professional 
credibility. 

984
00:50:31,100 --> 00:50:33,800
These garments have purposes 
Beyond mere covering of the 

985
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:36,200
body. 
Pressure to dress appropriately.

986
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:39,300
Within one's means creates 
constant demand for your 

987
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:41,800
services. 
People will sacrifice other 

988
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:44,900
Comforts to afford clothing that
meets social expectations. 

989
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:47,900
A woman might eat less to save 
money for a new dress. 

990
00:50:48,700 --> 00:50:51,700
This priority seems absurd from 
some perspectives but makes 

991
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:53,800
perfect sense within Victorian 
social logic. 

992
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:57,300
You see the consequences when 
people misjudge the requirements

993
00:50:57,300 --> 00:51:00,700
a woman arriving at church in 
last year's style faces subtle 

994
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:05,000
but real social penalties a man 
wearing an unfashionable coat 

995
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:06,500
color finds professional 
advancement. 

996
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:10,200
Mysteriously blocked these 
unspoken rules governed daily 

997
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,400
life with surprising 4th the 
workshop participate in 

998
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,000
maintaining these hierarchies 
while also providing limited 

999
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:20,100
opportunities to navigate them. 
Skilled dressmaker can help a 

1000
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:22,600
customer address slightly above 
her station without obvious 

1001
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:25,000
pretension. 
The right fabric, choice and 

1002
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,900
construction quality can elevate
a modest budget into a 

1003
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:31,700
respectable appearance. 
But the limits remain, clear, no

1004
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:34,400
amount of skillful sewing can 
transform cheap fabric into 

1005
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:38,300
expensive material, the quality 
of trim enclosures immediately 

1006
00:51:38,300 --> 00:51:41,500
reveals the true cost of a 
garment people experience in 

1007
00:51:41,500 --> 00:51:43,600
Reading Fashions. 
Language cannot be fooled by 

1008
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:47,300
surface appearances alone. 
You sometimes feel complicit in 

1009
00:51:47,300 --> 00:51:49,400
a system that seems 
simultaneously necessary and 

1010
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:51,900
ridiculous. 
Why should the width of a ribbon

1011
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,500
or the placement of buttons 
matter so much? 

1012
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:57,400
Wider Society. 
Invest such meaning in these 

1013
00:51:57,400 --> 00:52:00,700
arbitrary distinctions. 
Yet you also recognize that 

1014
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,200
fashion provides. 
One of the few areas where 

1015
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,400
people can exercise some control
over their social presentation, 

1016
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,200
Person cannot change their birth
or background, but they can 

1017
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:13,900
manage their appearance within 
their means this limited agency 

1018
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,300
matters to people with few other
options, the workshop serves 

1019
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,700
customers across the social 
Spectrum, the concentrated in 

1020
00:52:20,700 --> 00:52:22,200
the middle, and upper middle 
classes. 

1021
00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:24,700
True. 
Aristocrats employ private 

1022
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:26,400
dressmakers who work in their 
homes. 

1023
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,700
The very poor make do with 
second-hand clothing from Market

1024
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:32,800
stalls, your customers occupy, 
the space between these 

1025
00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:35,400
extremes. 
Each customer arrives with 

1026
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:37,600
specific needs shaped by their 
social position. 

1027
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:41,200
The Vicar's wife needs 
conservative Styles and somber 

1028
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:42,900
colors. 
The young woman seeking 

1029
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,600
employment as a governess 
requires clothes that signal 

1030
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:47,400
respectability without 
frivolity. 

1031
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:50,600
The Widow needs mourning clothes
in the prescribed stages of 

1032
00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:52,300
black gray and eventually 
purple. 

1033
00:52:52,300 --> 00:52:55,300
These requirements create 
challenges and opportunities 

1034
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:58,700
following the rules and Shores 
customer satisfaction, but can 

1035
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:02,200
feel creatively limiting finding
ways to add subtle distinction 

1036
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:05,100
within the constraints 
demonstrates, real skill. 

1037
00:53:05,100 --> 00:53:07,800
You remember, a particular 
customer who arrived with a 

1038
00:53:07,808 --> 00:53:11,400
difficult request, She needed a 
dress suitable for her position 

1039
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:14,600
as a school teacher while also 
making her appear attractive to 

1040
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:18,100
potential suitors, the balance 
between propriety and appeal 

1041
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:21,200
required, careful consideration,
the solution involved, 

1042
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:25,300
impeccable fit flattering, but 
modest neckline and a color that

1043
00:53:25,300 --> 00:53:27,500
enhanced her complexion without 
being too bold. 

1044
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:31,500
The dress achieved its purpose, 
she became engaged within three 

1045
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:32,900
months and returned for her 
true. 

1046
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:36,100
So stories, like this remind you
that clothing carries real 

1047
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:39,700
Stakes for people, a garment is 
never just Fabric and thread. 

1048
00:53:39,700 --> 00:53:43,500
It represents hopes and 
Ambitions attempts to be seen 

1049
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:46,500
and valued. 
Your work helps people present 

1050
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:50,200
themselves as they wish to be 
perceived The responsibility, 

1051
00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:53,800
sometimes feels heavy. 
A poor fit or unfortunate color 

1052
00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:56,800
Choice can undermine someone's 
confidence a garment that 

1053
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:58,900
doesn't meet. 
Social standards can create 

1054
00:53:58,900 --> 00:54:01,900
embarrassment. 
Your skill directly impacts how 

1055
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,200
people experience their daily 
lives, but the power to help 

1056
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:09,100
people also bring satisfaction 
seeing a customers face when 

1057
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,200
they look in the mirror and feel
truly well-dressed knowing that 

1058
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:14,900
your work contributes to 
someone's success or happiness, 

1059
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,500
these moments justify the long 
hours and demanding labor. 

1060
00:54:19,300 --> 00:54:21,200
Fashion is important in 
Victorian society. 

1061
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:24,400
Also creates Economic 
Opportunity the demand for 

1062
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:26,500
clothing and alterations remains
constant. 

1063
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:30,800
Styles, change frequently enough
to ensure ongoing work, the 

1064
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:33,100
industry employs thousands of 
people in various capacities, 

1065
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:36,800
your position as a skilled 
Craftsman, provides relative 

1066
00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:40,100
security, good dressmakers, Find
Steady employment. 

1067
00:54:40,100 --> 00:54:44,300
The work requires years to learn
properly creating a barrier to 

1068
00:54:44,308 --> 00:54:47,600
entry that protects those 
already in the trade your 

1069
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:50,700
skills, represent genuine 
economic value, the social 

1070
00:54:50,700 --> 00:54:53,000
aspect of fashion. 
Also means constant learning. 

1071
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:58,200
Styles, evolved new Fabrics 
appear. construction techniques 

1072
00:54:58,200 --> 00:55:01,700
advanced Staying current 
requires attention to Fashion 

1073
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:04,700
plates, observation of 
well-dressed, customers, and 

1074
00:55:04,700 --> 00:55:07,000
willingness to experiment, with 
new approaches. 

1075
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:11,200
Mrs. Blackwood subscribes to 
several fashion periodicals from

1076
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:14,100
London and Paris. 
These Publications arrive 

1077
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:15,800
monthly and get passed around 
the workshop. 

1078
00:55:15,800 --> 00:55:19,100
Everyone studies the 
illustrations noting new sleeve 

1079
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:22,400
shapes and skirt constructions. 
The knowledge gained keeps the 

1080
00:55:22,408 --> 00:55:25,800
workshop competitive. 
You sometimes sketch adaptations

1081
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:29,400
of fashionable Styles, modifying
them for practicality or local 

1082
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:32,100
tastes not every Parisian 
fashion translates. 

1083
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:33,700
Well, to English provincial 
life. 

1084
00:55:33,700 --> 00:55:37,200
The art lies in capturing the 
essence of style while making it

1085
00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:40,600
wearable for real customers. 
In real situations, the 

1086
00:55:40,600 --> 00:55:44,300
interaction between fashion 
class and skilled labor creates 

1087
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,400
the world, you inhabit, you 
serve the system while also 

1088
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:50,600
benefiting from it. 
The contradictions don't escape 

1089
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:53,300
your notice but also don't 
prevent you from doing your 

1090
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,800
work. 
Well, each garment you create 

1091
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:58,600
participate in the larger social
choreography of Victoria and 

1092
00:55:58,608 --> 00:56:01,000
life. 
The Merchant's wife appears at 

1093
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:03,900
church in a respectable dress, 
that signals her husband's 

1094
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:06,700
success, the young Clark 
presents himself for job 

1095
00:56:06,700 --> 00:56:08,300
interviews in a properly fitted 
coat. 

1096
00:56:09,100 --> 00:56:11,600
The Widow observes morning 
conventions in appropriate 

1097
00:56:11,600 --> 00:56:14,900
clothing, these individual acts 
combined to maintain the social 

1098
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:17,200
order. 
Fashion doesn't just reflect, 

1099
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:20,700
hierarchy it actively creates 
and reinforces it through 

1100
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:24,300
visible daily markers, your 
needle and thread contribute to 

1101
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,600
this process, with every Stitch,
the knowledge sits uneasily 

1102
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,600
sometimes, but refusing to 
participate would mean 

1103
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,100
abandoning your livelihood and 
the skills. 

1104
00:56:33,100 --> 00:56:37,000
You spent years developing the 
system exists, whether you agree

1105
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:40,600
with it or not, you work within 
it as best you can finding 

1106
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:43,200
satisfaction in craft rather 
than etiology. 

1107
00:56:44,100 --> 00:56:47,600
The workshop continues its daily
Rhythm customers arrive with 

1108
00:56:47,600 --> 00:56:51,200
their needs and aspirations 
fabric gets transformed into 

1109
00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:53,000
garments that will carry social 
meaning. 

1110
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:57,400
The cycle perpetuates itself 
through accumulated, small acts 

1111
00:56:57,400 --> 00:57:00,700
of creation and commerce, your 
hands Remain the constant. 

1112
00:57:00,700 --> 00:57:03,300
They know how to create the 
stitches that hold everything 

1113
00:57:03,300 --> 00:57:06,600
together, they understand the 
techniques that transform flat 

1114
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:10,400
fabric into fitted clothes, they
execute the skilled labor that 

1115
00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:11,900
makes the entire system 
function. 

1116
00:57:11,900 --> 00:57:15,200
Tomorrow will bring new 
customers with new requirements.

1117
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:19,500
The fashion periodicals will 
suggest next season Styles, the 

1118
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:23,000
workshop will adapt and continue
and your hands will keep working

1119
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,300
stitch by careful Stitch, 
maintaining the skills that 

1120
00:57:26,300 --> 00:57:30,400
Define your place in the world. 
The winter months transformed 

1121
00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:32,000
the workshop into a test of 
endurance. 

1122
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:36,000
The tool windows that provide 
essential light, also leaked 

1123
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:40,000
cold air through every Gap and 
crack Your fingers, turn, stiff,

1124
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,000
and clumsy making fine. 
Work nearly impossible until 

1125
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:46,100
they warm up. 
Mrs. Blackwood permits a small 

1126
00:57:46,100 --> 00:57:49,300
Coal Fire in the corner but it's
heat barely reaches the 

1127
00:57:49,300 --> 00:57:52,600
workbenches near the windows you
work bundled in Shores and 

1128
00:57:52,608 --> 00:57:55,800
fingerless gloves the gloves 
help some what but expose 

1129
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:59,100
fingertips to the cold fully 
covered fingers would make 

1130
00:57:59,100 --> 00:58:02,300
needle work impossible. 
The fabric itself, becomes 

1131
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:04,700
difficult to handle and cold 
silt growth. 

1132
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:08,600
Slippery and contrary will feels
heavy and resistant, thread 

1133
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:10,400
breaks more easily and freezing 
temperatures. 

1134
00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:13,700
Every task requires extra effort
and concentration. 

1135
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:17,500
You arrive each morning to find 
Frost decorating the inside of 

1136
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:20,100
the windows in elaborate 
patterns, beautiful. 

1137
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:23,400
But unwelcome the patterns must 
be scraped away to permit, 

1138
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:27,200
sufficient light for working. 
Your hands go numb from contact 

1139
00:58:27,200 --> 00:58:30,600
with the Frozen glass, the gas 
lamps provides some warmth along

1140
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:34,000
with light workers position 
themselves as close to the lamps

1141
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:36,100
as possible without creating 
fire hazards. 

1142
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:40,400
Mrs. Blackwood monitors these 
Arrangements carefully a 

1143
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:42,500
workshop fire would mean 
disaster for everyone. 

1144
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:47,500
Despite the discomfort work 
continues without pause winter 

1145
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:50,700
brings increased demand for 
certain garments heavy, wool 

1146
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:53,200
dresses and coats, fur trimmed 
accessories. 

1147
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,500
Warm undergarments in thick 
flannel. 

1148
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:58,000
The cold weather that makes work
difficult. 

1149
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:01,300
Also creates more work. 
You spend a weak constructing, a

1150
00:59:01,300 --> 00:59:03,900
winter coat for a customer, who 
lives in a drafty Country House,

1151
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:06,600
the coat features. 
Multiple layers of fabric 

1152
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,500
interlining for warmth and a 
quilted lining. 

1153
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:12,800
The bulk makes it challenging to
handle, but the customers 

1154
00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:15,900
Comfort requirements, justify 
the effort, the coat takes 

1155
00:59:15,900 --> 00:59:19,600
shapes slowly, each layer must 
be carefully aligned and boosted

1156
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:22,600
before final stitching. 
A heavy fabric, resists the 

1157
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:26,300
needle, requiring extra Force to
push through your fingers, 

1158
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:28,200
develop new. 
Calluses from The increased 

1159
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:31,200
pressure. 
Mary works on a matching and fur

1160
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:32,600
collar, while you handle the 
coat. 

1161
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:37,200
The fur proves particularly 
difficult, the thick Pelt resist

1162
00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:40,900
every attempt at stitching. 
Special needles designed for 

1163
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:43,700
leather and fur help, but the 
work still progresses slowly. 

1164
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:47,500
Thomas keeps his pressing iron 
extra hot during winter. 

1165
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:51,400
The heat helps with pressing 
heavy fabrics and also provides 

1166
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:53,600
welcome warmth when he passes 
near your bench. 

1167
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:57,100
You sometimes hold your hands 
near the Hot Irons when they 

1168
00:59:57,100 --> 00:59:58,800
become too numb to work 
effectively. 

1169
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,000
Short winter days mean working 
entirely by Gaslight for much of

1170
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:05,800
the week. 
The artificial light strains, 

1171
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,000
your eyes more than natural 
daylight by evening, your 

1172
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:11,500
vision, blurs and headaches 
arrived with depressing 

1173
01:00:11,500 --> 01:00:14,800
regularity, but stopping means 
falling behind on work. 

1174
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:18,600
The workshops atmosphere, grows 
somber during winter months, the

1175
01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:22,300
cold and darkness affect. 
Everyone's mood conversations 

1176
01:00:22,300 --> 01:00:25,300
become shorter. 
And less frequent workers, focus

1177
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:27,900
grimly on their tasks. 
Finding warmth through 

1178
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:31,200
concentrated effort. 
You develop small rituals to 

1179
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:35,200
maintain morale a cup of hot tea
during the morning break, a 

1180
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,500
brief walk during lunch to 
restore circulation, mentally 

1181
01:00:38,500 --> 01:00:40,300
counting down the weeks until 
spring. 

1182
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:43,800
These tiny acts of self-care 
help endure the difficult 

1183
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:45,900
season. 
The winter also brings 

1184
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:48,100
respiratory illnesses, that 
sweep through the workshop. 

1185
01:00:48,100 --> 01:00:52,900
Someone always seems to be 
coughing or sniffling Mrs, 

1186
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:55,500
Blackwood insists that workers 
stay home when seriously ill. 

1187
01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:58,700
Though, Financial pressure 
means, people often work through

1188
01:00:58,700 --> 01:01:01,500
minor sickness. 
You catch a cold in January, 

1189
01:01:01,500 --> 01:01:03,700
that lingers for three weeks 
working. 

1190
01:01:03,700 --> 01:01:06,600
While ill feels miserable, but 
missing work means missing 

1191
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:09,300
wages. 
You dose yourself with various 

1192
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:12,000
patent medicines of dubious, 
Effectiveness, and continue. 

1193
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:15,200
Showing up the cold, makes your 
hands Shake slightly when trying

1194
01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:18,000
to thread needles. 
This simple task becomes 

1195
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:21,000
frustratingly difficult. 
You waste precious minutes, 

1196
01:01:21,000 --> 01:01:23,100
resting with thread and needle 
before. 

1197
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:27,100
Finally achieving success, the 
inefficiency adds to the general

1198
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:31,700
misery but winter brings certain
satisfactions, the challenge of 

1199
01:01:31,700 --> 01:01:33,000
working under difficult 
conditions. 

1200
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:38,000
The pride in maintaining quality
despite discomfort the quieter 

1201
01:01:38,000 --> 01:01:40,800
that develops among workers 
enduring shared hardship. 

1202
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:43,900
You finish the heavy winter coat
and present it to the customer. 

1203
01:01:43,900 --> 01:01:46,800
She expresses Delight with the 
warmth and fit. 

1204
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:50,000
She also mentioned that she 
barely leaves the house during 

1205
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:51,800
winter. 
Making, you wonder why she 

1206
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:55,800
needed such an elaborate coat. 
But customers decisions remain 

1207
01:01:55,800 --> 01:01:58,700
their own business. 
February arrives with slightly 

1208
01:01:58,700 --> 01:02:01,100
longer days. 
The worst of winter begins 

1209
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,900
loosening, its grip, the 
Morning, Light arrives, a few 

1210
01:02:03,908 --> 01:02:06,300
minutes. 
Earlier each week this gradual 

1211
01:02:06,300 --> 01:02:10,000
shifts everyone Spirits 
noticeably by March Springs. 

1212
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,600
Approach becomes undeniable The 
frost pattern stop appearing on 

1213
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:17,700
the windows, the gas lamps, get 
lit later in the afternoon, your

1214
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:20,600
fingers regain, their normal 
dexterity is warmth returns to 

1215
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,100
the workshop. 
The seasonal change brings 

1216
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:25,700
corresponding shifts and work 
heavy winter. 

1217
01:02:25,700 --> 01:02:29,200
Garments give way to lighter 
spring clothes, customers begin 

1218
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:31,100
ordering new wardrobes for the 
coming season. 

1219
01:02:31,100 --> 01:02:34,400
The fashion periodicals 
showcase, pastel colors and 

1220
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:37,100
flowing Fabrics. 
You welcome the transition with 

1221
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:39,800
genuine relief. 
Working with lightweight 

1222
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:42,500
Fabrics, in better light, feels 
like luxury after Winter's 

1223
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:45,900
hardships, your productivity 
increases as conditions improve.

1224
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:49,400
Mrs. Blackwood's mood. 
Brightens accordingly. 

1225
01:02:50,100 --> 01:02:52,200
Spring, all brings the annual 
ritual of cleaning. 

1226
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:55,500
The workshop thoroughly. 
Accumulated dust and fabric 

1227
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:59,200
scraps from months of work, get 
swept away, Windows, get washed 

1228
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:03,100
inside and out the space feels 
renewed and ready for the busy 

1229
01:03:03,100 --> 01:03:05,800
season ahead. 
The workshops Rhythm shifts with

1230
01:03:05,800 --> 01:03:07,700
the seasons. 
In ways, both subtle and 

1231
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:10,300
obvious, winter demands 
endurance, and Grim 

1232
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:13,900
determination spring allows for 
Renewed Energy and creative 

1233
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:17,300
enthusiasm, summer, brings its 
own challenges of heat and long 

1234
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:19,500
days. 
Autumn feels productive and 

1235
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:22,700
purposeful you have experienced 
this cycle enough times to 

1236
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,600
recognize its patterns. 
The knowledge helps maintain 

1237
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,700
perspective, during difficult 
periods, Winter's discomfort 

1238
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:32,200
will pass Spring's. 
Energy will return the work 

1239
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:34,600
continues through all seasons 
adapting, as needed. 

1240
01:03:34,600 --> 01:03:38,700
Your hands have learned to work 
in all conditions, cold fingers,

1241
01:03:38,700 --> 01:03:41,400
that initially fumbled, now, 
manage competence stitching, 

1242
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:46,100
even when numb, Experienced 
teachers, adaptation skills, 

1243
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:48,800
deepened through facing 
challenges rather than avoiding 

1244
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:52,100
them, the workshop, survives, 
another winter, everyone remains

1245
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:54,900
employed. 
No serious illnesses, struck the

1246
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:56,900
work got done. 
Despite difficult conditions 

1247
01:03:56,900 --> 01:04:00,200
these outcomes counter success 
by the modest standards that 

1248
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:03,100
govern your daily life. 
A spring establishes itself. 

1249
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:05,600
You allow yourself to feel 
quietly satisfied. 

1250
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:08,900
Another season. 
Endured another set of 

1251
01:04:08,908 --> 01:04:12,700
challenges met your skills. 
Remain sharp your position 

1252
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:17,000
remains secure the future holds,
no guarantees, but the present 

1253
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:20,500
feels reasonably stable, the 
workshop hums with Renewed 

1254
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,400
Energy is better. 
Weather arrives workers smile, 

1255
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:27,200
more frequently conversations 
pick up the oppressive 

1256
01:04:27,200 --> 01:04:29,900
atmosphere of winter lifts like 
fog burning away under 

1257
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:34,100
strengthening son You return 
your focus to the work at hand. 

1258
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:37,600
Spring dress, in pale green 
cotton, lightweight 

1259
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:39,500
construction, appropriate for 
warming weather. 

1260
01:04:40,400 --> 01:04:43,700
The fabric feels Pleasant after 
months of heavy wool, your 

1261
01:04:43,700 --> 01:04:47,000
needle moves easily through the 
thin material tomorrow will 

1262
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:51,400
bring you work new challenges, 
new small satisfactions, the 

1263
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:55,000
Eternal cycle of fabric and 
thread creation and completion, 

1264
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:58,900
your hands know this Rhythm 
deeply, they will continue their

1265
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,900
work through all seasons year 
after year until age or 

1266
01:05:01,900 --> 01:05:03,600
circumstance. 
Finally stops them. 

1267
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:08,100
But that day remains distant for
now, your hands remain capable 

1268
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,600
and your skills, sharp, the 
workshop provides steady 

1269
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:14,300
employment. 
Life continues in, its familiar 

1270
01:05:14,300 --> 01:05:16,400
patterns, and spring has 
arrived. 

1271
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:19,900
Once again, bringing light and 
warmth, after Winter's long 

1272
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:24,200
Darkness, Epilogue. 
The years, accumulate like 

1273
01:05:24,200 --> 01:05:27,600
layers of pressed fabric, your 
hands grow more skilled. 

1274
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:31,400
Even as they age the calluses 
deepen, the fingers. 

1275
01:05:31,400 --> 01:05:34,900
Develop slight permanent curves 
from holding needles, the 

1276
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:37,000
knuckles. 
Begin to achon damp mornings, 

1277
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:38,900
you have become one of the 
senior workers. 

1278
01:05:38,900 --> 01:05:42,400
Now, new apprentices arrive and 
you remember being exactly that 

1279
01:05:42,400 --> 01:05:46,400
uncertain Mrs. Blackwood has 
retired and her replacement Mrs.

1280
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:48,800
Hayes values, your experience 
and judgment. 

1281
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:52,000
The workshop has changed in 
small ways while remaining 

1282
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:55,100
fundamentally the same more 
sowing machines line. 

1283
01:05:55,100 --> 01:05:57,300
The walls. 
Electric lights have replaced, 

1284
01:05:57,300 --> 01:06:00,100
the gas lamps, the work 
continues, regardless of 

1285
01:06:00,100 --> 01:06:03,300
technological progress. 
You still find satisfaction in 

1286
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:06,300
the transformation of fabric 
into garments, the problem 

1287
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,100
solving of fit and construction.
Quiet. 

1288
01:06:09,100 --> 01:06:12,300
Pride in work done. 
Well, these fundamentals have 

1289
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:15,100
not changed despite everything 
else shifting around them. 

1290
01:06:15,900 --> 01:06:18,400
The customers change, but their 
needs remain constant. 

1291
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:21,600
People still want clothes that 
help them navigate their social 

1292
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:25,200
worlds, fashion still matters. 
Deeply to those seeking to be 

1293
01:06:25,208 --> 01:06:28,500
seen and valued your skills. 
Still serve an essential 

1294
01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:30,800
purpose. 
Your private commissions, have 

1295
01:06:30,800 --> 01:06:34,700
grown into a small Independent 
Business, evenings and Sundays, 

1296
01:06:34,700 --> 01:06:36,200
bring steady work from 
customers. 

1297
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:39,300
Who trust your abilities. 
The extra income has allowed for

1298
01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:41,100
small luxuries and increased 
security. 

1299
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:45,500
The room you rent has improved 
slightly better Furniture more 

1300
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:48,200
books on the Shelf. 
A second blanket for the bed. 

1301
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:53,000
These modest upgrades represent 
hard ones, stability, Your hands

1302
01:06:53,000 --> 01:06:54,100
created. 
The means for these 

1303
01:06:54,100 --> 01:06:56,700
improvements. 
Stitch by patients, Stitch 

1304
01:06:56,700 --> 01:06:59,800
looking back across the years. 
You see a path marked by 

1305
01:06:59,800 --> 01:07:03,700
accumulated small actions, each 
garment, sown each skill, 

1306
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:07,900
mastered each challenge met The 
individual moments, seemed 

1307
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:09,900
insignificant but together, they
build a life. 

1308
01:07:09,908 --> 01:07:11,900
The work hasn't always been 
Pleasant. 

1309
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:15,100
The long hours, the ice, train 
the hand cramps, the demanding 

1310
01:07:15,100 --> 01:07:19,000
customers, the inadequate wages,
But the work has been yours. 

1311
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:22,900
The skills you developed cannot 
be taken away, the independent 

1312
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:26,300
earned feels pressure. 
You sometimes wonder what your 

1313
01:07:26,308 --> 01:07:28,500
younger self would think of 
where you've arrived. 

1314
01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:32,700
The nervous, Apprentice fumbling
with thread and needle would she

1315
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:34,900
recognize herself in the 
confident Craftsman? 

1316
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:37,900
You've become, would she be 
satisfied with this outcome? 

1317
01:07:38,700 --> 01:07:42,100
The questions have no definitive
answers, you did the best you 

1318
01:07:42,100 --> 01:07:44,800
could with the options. 
Available, your hands, learn 

1319
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:48,800
their craft through years of 
practice your life, found its 

1320
01:07:48,800 --> 01:07:51,900
shape through accumulated 
choices and circumstances, the 

1321
01:07:51,900 --> 01:07:55,200
workshop continues around, you 
younger workers, bend over 

1322
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:58,000
their, benches learning the 
skills, that will carry them 

1323
01:07:58,000 --> 01:08:01,500
through their own Futures. 
The cycle perpetuates itself. 

1324
01:08:01,500 --> 01:08:04,900
Knowledge passes from 
experienced hands to new ones, 

1325
01:08:04,900 --> 01:08:07,900
Your Role has shifted from 
learner to teacher. 

1326
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:11,900
You show apprentices how to 
thread needles, efficiently, how

1327
01:08:11,900 --> 01:08:15,000
to achieve, even stitches, how 
to press seams without 

1328
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,600
scorching. 
The skills you fought to acquire

1329
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:20,899
now flow naturally from your 
hands to theirs. 

1330
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:23,700
This transmission of knowledge 
feels important. 

1331
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:27,899
The craft continues Beyond in 
individual practitioners, your 

1332
01:08:27,899 --> 01:08:30,800
work becomes part of a larger 
tradition, stretching backward 

1333
01:08:30,800 --> 01:08:33,399
through generations and forward 
into unknown Futures. 

1334
01:08:33,399 --> 01:08:37,800
The Victorian age itself has 
passed into history, fashion has

1335
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:40,899
moved through, countless 
Transformations, the specific 

1336
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:43,100
garments. 
You created of worn out or been 

1337
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:46,899
discarded but the skills remain 
alive in workers trained through

1338
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:50,399
this same process of patient 
instruction and Distant 

1339
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:53,200
practice, your hands will 
eventually slow and stop. 

1340
01:08:53,200 --> 01:08:56,600
Other hands will take up the 
needles and continue the work 

1341
01:08:56,600 --> 01:08:59,600
will go on without you as it 
went on before you arrived. 

1342
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:03,000
This continuity provides Comfort
rather than sadness. 

1343
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:07,200
For now your hands remain 
capable the needle still moves 

1344
01:09:07,200 --> 01:09:10,000
through Fabric in the practice 
Rhythm learned decades ago. 

1345
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:13,800
The stitches still come out even
and true the work. 

1346
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:16,100
Still demands attention and 
reward skill. 

1347
01:09:16,800 --> 01:09:19,300
Tomorrow, you will return to the
workshop and take up your 

1348
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:23,000
position at The Familiar. 
Bench, new fabric will await 

1349
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:25,700
transformation. 
Your hands will know what to do.

1350
01:09:25,700 --> 01:09:29,399
The ancient Alchemy of thread 
and cloth will work its small 

1351
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:33,500
magic once more and in The Quiet
Moments between stitches you 

1352
01:09:33,500 --> 01:09:36,000
will feel satisfied with the 
path, your life as taken. 

1353
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:39,700
Not Grand or a remarkable 
perhaps but honest and skillful 

1354
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:45,100
a Life by careful hands stitch 
by patient Stitch day by day. 

1355
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:49,500
Here after year the work 
continues your hands continue 

1356
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:57,300
and that is enough. 
Wake on a spring morning in the 

1357
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:00,600
year. 1162 somewhere on the 
Mongolian steppe near the online

1358
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:02,900
River, But this isn't your 
story. 

1359
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:06,700
Exactly your witnessing, the 
story of a boy named TAMU Jin, 

1360
01:10:06,700 --> 01:10:10,100
born, just days ago, in a felt 
tent much like the one you were 

1361
01:10:10,100 --> 01:10:14,800
inhabiting now. his father 
yesugei is a minor Chieftain of 

1362
01:10:14,808 --> 01:10:18,400
the borjigin clan and according 
to the midwives present at the 

1363
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:22,000
birth, The baby emerged, 
clutching a blood clot, the size

1364
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:23,700
of a knuckle bone in his tiny 
fist. 

1365
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:27,200
People will argue for years 
about what this Omen means. 

1366
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:31,100
Some say, it predicted, he'd be 
a great warrior, others claim it

1367
01:10:31,108 --> 01:10:33,100
for told that he'd spill rivers 
of blood. 

1368
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:38,200
Looking back from where we sit 
now, maybe both interpretations 

1369
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:41,300
were correct. 
Yes, we gave himself is an 

1370
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:43,600
interesting figure worth 
understanding because he shapes 

1371
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:46,800
his son's early world view. 
He skilled enough to survive in 

1372
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:49,900
the brutal world of Step 
politics, connected enough to 

1373
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:53,400
arrange advantageous marriages 
and violent enough to have 

1374
01:10:53,400 --> 01:10:57,800
kidnapped Thames mother, Holland
from a market tribesmen on her 

1375
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:01,400
wedding day. 
This act of bride theft is 

1376
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:05,000
fairly common on the step, but 
it creates a blood Feud that 

1377
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:09,400
will haunt the family for years.
To Early Childhood unfolded in 

1378
01:11:09,400 --> 01:11:11,200
the typical pattern of Step 
life. 

1379
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:15,300
He learns to ride almost before.
He can walk properly spending 

1380
01:11:15,300 --> 01:11:17,200
hours on Horseback until the 
saddle. 

1381
01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:20,600
Feels more natural than walking.
he learns which plants are 

1382
01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:24,400
edible, and which will make you 
violently ill while onions, 

1383
01:11:24,400 --> 01:11:28,300
Lily, Roots, berries and season 
and how to avoid the ones that 

1384
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:32,600
cause convulsions he learns to 
track Animals by studying bent 

1385
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,700
grass and Disturbed soil, 
reading the landscape, like 

1386
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:39,400
you'd read a book, He learns the
complex web of Clan 

1387
01:11:39,400 --> 01:11:43,200
relationships that Define his 
world who is family as allied 

1388
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:46,900
with, who their feuding with and
why these distinctions matter 

1389
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:51,100
more than almost anything else. 
The steps Society he grows up in

1390
01:11:51,100 --> 01:11:55,000
operates on principles that seem
harsh to Outsiders, but make 

1391
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:58,500
perfect sense in an environment 
where survival margins are thin.

1392
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:02,900
Your clan is your insurance 
policy, your military Alliance, 

1393
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:04,900
your social network and your 
identity. 

1394
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:09,600
All rolled in to one. 
Loyalty to family and Clan comes

1395
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:13,500
before almost everything else, 
honor and reputation matter 

1396
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:16,900
enormously because your word is 
often all the guarantee. 

1397
01:12:16,900 --> 01:12:21,200
You can offer in transactions, 
Hospitality to guests is sacred 

1398
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:23,200
because you never know when 
you'll be the one needing 

1399
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:25,900
shelter. 
Temujin has several siblings 

1400
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:31,000
Brothers, Haase, heroin and 
temuge born to hoe on plus half 

1401
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:35,400
Brothers, better and better from
yesterday's other wife. there's 

1402
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:39,400
also a sister tamelen this 
family structure with children 

1403
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:43,400
from multiple mothers is common 
among men of yesu Gaye's status 

1404
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,700
It creates both strength through
numbers and tension, through 

1405
01:12:46,700 --> 01:12:50,300
competing loyalties. 
When temujin is around, nine 

1406
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:53,900
years old, yesterday makes a 
crucial decision, he takes his 

1407
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:57,200
son to visit the ongar at tribe 
where Holland's family comes 

1408
01:12:57,200 --> 01:12:59,700
from hoping to arrange a 
marriage Alliance. 

1409
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:03,900
They meet a man named deshane 
who has a daughter named Berta, 

1410
01:13:03,900 --> 01:13:07,100
she slightly older than temujin 
which is fine. 

1411
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:10,400
Step, marriages are about 
alliances more than Romance. 

1412
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:14,000
De section agrees to the 
betrothal and according to 

1413
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,100
custom temujin stays with 
berta's family to get 

1414
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:19,000
acquainted. 
While yesu gave Begins the 

1415
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:21,900
journey home. 
This is where to move in his 

1416
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:25,500
childhood ends abruptly, yesu 
gay traveling back across. 

1417
01:13:25,500 --> 01:13:28,900
The steppe encounters a group of
tatars holding a feast. 

1418
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:33,700
The tatars along time enemies. 
They had poisoned yesu gays, own

1419
01:13:33,700 --> 01:13:36,700
relatives years before and he 
had raided them in retaliation. 

1420
01:13:38,500 --> 01:13:41,600
But step Customs require 
offering Hospitality to 

1421
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:45,700
Travelers and yesu gay is either
confident in his disguise or two

1422
01:13:45,700 --> 01:13:49,700
tied to avoid them. 
The tatars recognize him offer 

1423
01:13:49,700 --> 01:13:54,400
him food and drink laced, with 
poison and send him on his way. 

1424
01:13:55,500 --> 01:13:58,600
By the time yesterday realizes 
what's happening, the poison is 

1425
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:02,800
working through his system. 
He manages to send word to Tamu 

1426
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:06,500
gin to come home and the boy 
rushes back, but he arrives too 

1427
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:09,900
late. 
Yesterday dies within days and 

1428
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:14,000
temujin at age 9 watches, his 
father succumbed to a death, 

1429
01:14:14,000 --> 01:14:16,100
that's both agonizing and 
inevitable. 

1430
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,600
What happens next reveals? 
The brutal practicality of Step 

1431
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:24,300
politics. 
Yes, we gaze followers, the tie 

1432
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:25,600
Chute Clan who had supported 
him. 

1433
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,200
Hold a meeting to decide what to
do about his widow and children.

1434
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:33,600
The leading men calculate coldly
Holland and her children 

1435
01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:37,000
represent males to feed with no 
strong leader to Rally around. 

1436
01:14:38,000 --> 01:14:41,500
The boys are too young to fight 
effectively two young to lead 

1437
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:45,600
and two young to be useful. 
Supporting the means charity 

1438
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:48,500
with no return. 
So they abandoned the family, 

1439
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:52,500
they pack up their jurors round 
up their herds and moved to 

1440
01:14:52,508 --> 01:14:55,300
different pastures. 
Leaving Holland with seven 

1441
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:58,500
children minimal supplies and no
protection. 

1442
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:02,500
On the step. 
This is essentially a death 

1443
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:04,600
sentence. 
And there is coming. 

1444
01:15:04,600 --> 01:15:09,200
Resources are scarce and a woman
alone with children has almost 

1445
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:13,300
no chance of survival. 
But Holland refuses to accept 

1446
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,600
this fate. 
You grabs, the clan Banner, the 

1447
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:19,300
spirit Banner, that represents 
the family's identity and 

1448
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:22,400
continuity and rides after the 
departing Thai. 

1449
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:26,500
Chudes shaming, some of them 
into briefly returning, but most

1450
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:31,200
aegon and Helen finds herself, 
genuinely alone trying to keep 

1451
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:34,100
seven children alive through 
sheer, determination and 

1452
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:38,000
improvisation you watch this 
family struggled from a 

1453
01:15:38,000 --> 01:15:41,300
distance, maybe as a member of a
neighboring Clan who 

1454
01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:44,800
occasionally crosses paths with 
the Holyland teaches her 

1455
01:15:44,800 --> 01:15:46,800
children skills, that privileged
families. 

1456
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:50,100
Don't usually need. 
They learned to dig wild, garlic

1457
01:15:50,100 --> 01:15:53,400
and lily, bulbs from the ground 
backbreaking work that leaves 

1458
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,700
your hands Roar. 
They learned to trap marmots and

1459
01:15:56,700 --> 01:16:00,700
fish from streams supplementing,
their meager diet with whatever 

1460
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:03,500
they can catch. 
They learned to gather berries 

1461
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:07,200
and nuts and seasoned drying and
preserving everything they can 

1462
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:09,800
for winter. 
They learned to survive on what 

1463
01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:12,400
other families would consider, 
poverty, rationals. 

1464
01:16:13,200 --> 01:16:16,000
Holland herself become something
formidable during these years. 

1465
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:20,400
She's no longer just a chief 
turns wife, she's the Sole 

1466
01:16:20,400 --> 01:16:22,100
Provider and protective for her 
children. 

1467
01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:26,100
She teaches them to survive to 
fight and to stick together. 

1468
01:16:27,100 --> 01:16:29,200
But survival creates its own 
tensions. 

1469
01:16:29,200 --> 01:16:32,800
Especially among growing boys. 
Competing for limited resources 

1470
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:35,500
and testing their dominance 
against each other. 

1471
01:16:36,600 --> 01:16:40,000
The crisis comes when temujin 
and his full brother hassar. 

1472
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:42,100
Get into a dispute with their 
half-brother better. 

1473
01:16:42,100 --> 01:16:46,700
The sources describe it as a 
conflict over food, specifically

1474
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:50,100
better allegedly stole a 
fictional Arc that temujin and 

1475
01:16:50,100 --> 01:16:53,100
has sad Court. 
This might seem like a minor 

1476
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:56,200
dispute, but when you're 
subsisting on near starvation 

1477
01:16:56,200 --> 01:17:01,300
rations every bit of Food 
Matters, enormously temujin and 

1478
01:17:01,300 --> 01:17:03,200
hussar decide better as gone too
far. 

1479
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:06,900
They stalk him while he sitting 
on a hill watching the family's 

1480
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:09,900
9 horses, essentially their 
entire wealth. 

1481
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:13,200
They approached from different 
sides and shooting with arrows, 

1482
01:17:13,200 --> 01:17:16,100
better sees them coming. 
And according to some accounts 

1483
01:17:16,100 --> 01:17:20,200
sits calmly and asks only that, 
they spare to muga the youngest 

1484
01:17:20,200 --> 01:17:24,800
brother, then they kill him. 
Holland is horrified when she 

1485
01:17:24,800 --> 01:17:28,000
learns what her sons of done, 
she Compares them to wild 

1486
01:17:28,000 --> 01:17:30,800
animals, to predators that turn 
on their own kind. 

1487
01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:34,500
But the incident reveals 
something crucial about tens 

1488
01:17:34,500 --> 01:17:37,000
character that will Define his 
entire life. 

1489
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:40,700
He will not tolerate challenges 
to his authority, even from 

1490
01:17:40,700 --> 01:17:44,700
family, and he's willing to use 
lethal violence to establish and

1491
01:17:44,700 --> 01:17:48,600
maintain his position. 
The tie chudes hearing about 

1492
01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:52,200
this killing apparently, decide 
that TAMU gin is growing into a 

1493
01:17:52,200 --> 01:17:55,200
genuine threat rather than just 
an abandoned orphan. 

1494
01:17:55,900 --> 01:17:59,200
They raid hole and camp and 
capture the teenage to mujin. 

1495
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:02,000
Fitting him with a wooden collar
called a Kang way. 

1496
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:05,300
A heavy wooden frame that goes 
around the neck and wrists 

1497
01:18:05,300 --> 01:18:08,600
making it almost impossible to 
do anything for yourself. 

1498
01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:13,700
They plan to keep him as a 
slave, a warning to others and a

1499
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:15,100
permanent solution to the 
problem. 

1500
01:18:15,100 --> 01:18:18,300
He represents this turns out to 
be a serious. 

1501
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:22,900
Miscalculation temujin is 
probably 14 or 15 at this point 

1502
01:18:22,900 --> 01:18:27,300
old enough to be resourceful and
desperate enough to take Serious

1503
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:30,100
risks. 
During a celebration, when his 

1504
01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:34,300
guards are drunk and distracted.
He escapes the accounts describe

1505
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:36,400
him hiding in a river 
submerging. 

1506
01:18:36,400 --> 01:18:41,300
With just his face of water 
while Searchers passed by A man 

1507
01:18:41,300 --> 01:18:43,600
named Sorkin Shira from the 
family. 

1508
01:18:43,600 --> 01:18:47,300
That was guarding him finds him 
in but chooses to help him 

1509
01:18:47,300 --> 01:18:51,308
instead of recapturing him, He 
hides to mujin in a cart full of

1510
01:18:51,316 --> 01:18:55,100
wool, tells the Searchers he 
hasn't seen him and eventually 

1511
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:59,100
helps him Escape. 
This act of unexpected, kindness

1512
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:01,800
from a member of the enemy. 
Clan makes a deep impression on 

1513
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:04,600
TAMU gin. 
Years later when his powerful 

1514
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:07,500
he'll rewards Sorkin Shearer's 
family generously. 

1515
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:12,500
The lesson is clear individual 
character and specific actions 

1516
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:14,500
matter more than Clan 
affiliation alone. 

1517
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:19,900
These formative experiences his 
father's murder his family's 

1518
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:24,200
abandonment years of desperate 
poverty, his brothers killing 

1519
01:19:24,200 --> 01:19:29,100
his enslavement and Escape. 
shape everything to mu-jin Will 

1520
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,900
later become He learns that 
traditional Clan loyalties are 

1521
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:37,300
unreliable when times get hard. 
He learns that survival often, 

1522
01:19:37,300 --> 01:19:41,300
depends on individual capability
and determination rather than 

1523
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:45,300
inherited status. 
He learns to identify and reward

1524
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:47,300
loyalty regardless of its 
source. 

1525
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,600
He learns that violence used 
decisively at the right moment. 

1526
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,800
Can be more effective than 
endless, negotiation. 

1527
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:59,000
And he learns that talent and 
character can be found anywhere 

1528
01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:03,800
not just among the highborne. 
By the time you encountered 

1529
01:20:03,800 --> 01:20:06,700
temujin in his late teens, he's 
already working to build 

1530
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:08,900
something from the wreckage of 
his father's Legacy. 

1531
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:12,600
He survived the poverty years. 
He's proven, he won't be 

1532
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:15,500
enslaved and he's ready to start
reclaiming. 

1533
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:19,100
His Birthright. 
His first moves demonstrates 

1534
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:21,600
strategic intelligence Beyond 
his years. 

1535
01:20:22,500 --> 01:20:26,400
He seeks toggle Khan of the 
correct tribe who had been sworn

1536
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:30,300
Brothers under with TAMU Jin's 
father, yesu gay. 

1537
01:20:31,100 --> 01:20:33,300
He presents to rule with a black
Sable coat. 

1538
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:37,700
A valuable gift that shows 
respect and also demonstrates 

1539
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:41,800
that despite his poverty Tam 
understands the rituals of Step 

1540
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:45,000
diplomacy. 
He explicitly invokes, his 

1541
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,300
father's relationship with Tom 
Cruise and asks for help in 

1542
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:52,200
retrieving his betrothed wife 
barthe from the ongar at tribe. 

1543
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:56,100
To rule impressed by this young 
man's initiative encourage, 

1544
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:59,900
remembering his oath to yesu Gay
and perhaps seeing potential for

1545
01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:04,200
a useful Ally, a grease to help.
This begins a relationship that 

1546
01:21:04,200 --> 01:21:07,800
will last for years. 
To rule become a father figure 

1547
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,800
and political Mentor teaching to
me in the complex, art of 

1548
01:21:10,808 --> 01:21:14,600
stepped diplomacy. 
How to build a lion says when to

1549
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:17,900
fight and when to negotiate and 
how to balance competing 

1550
01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,800
loyalties and interests temujin 
also reconnects with a childhood

1551
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:24,900
friend named Jamaica. 
There being closest boys, 

1552
01:21:24,900 --> 01:21:27,400
playing together an apparently 
forming a deep bond. 

1553
01:21:28,400 --> 01:21:32,600
Now, as young men, they renew 
their friendship and formalize 

1554
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:37,200
it through the oath of Anda. 
Blood Brotherhood, the exchange 

1555
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:41,400
gifts, according to tradition 
Jamaica gives to mujin a knuckle

1556
01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:44,900
bone from a road deer and to 
mujin gives Jamaica a knuckle 

1557
01:21:44,900 --> 01:21:48,600
bone from a brass deer. 
The seemingly simple exchanges 

1558
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:52,900
carry enormous symbolic weight. 
They're swearing to be closer 

1559
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:56,000
than Brothers to share 
everything and to support each 

1560
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:59,400
other unconditionally. 
For a while, this friendship 

1561
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:02,900
seems genuine and unbreakable 
temujin and Jamaica hunt 

1562
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,400
together, fight together and 
share their dreams and plans. 

1563
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:10,200
Jamaica who comes from a more 
established background than to 

1564
01:22:10,200 --> 01:22:13,900
mujin has followers. 
And resources, Tim who has 

1565
01:22:13,900 --> 01:22:18,000
almost nothing benefits from 
this Association, they talked 

1566
01:22:18,000 --> 01:22:20,500
late into the night about how 
the step could be better 

1567
01:22:20,500 --> 01:22:24,000
organized about honor and 
loyalty and about their 

1568
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:28,200
Ambitions for the future. 
Tim managers to retrieve Berta 

1569
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:34,100
and they marry probably around 
1178 or 1179 He's been waiting 

1570
01:22:34,100 --> 01:22:37,400
for him for years, faithful to 
the Betrayal when they were 

1571
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:39,600
children. 
The marriage seems to be 

1572
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:43,200
genuinely affectionate. 
Not just a political arrangement

1573
01:22:43,200 --> 01:22:45,800
though. 
Temujin will later take other 

1574
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:50,200
wives as his status increases 
Berto will remain his principal 

1575
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:52,800
wife and trusted advisor 
throughout his life. 

1576
01:22:53,600 --> 01:22:56,800
Then disaster strikes in a form.
That's all too common on the 

1577
01:22:56,800 --> 01:23:00,000
step. 
The birketts seeking revenge for

1578
01:23:00,000 --> 01:23:04,300
yesu gaze, kidnapping of Holland
decades earlier raid, Thames, 

1579
01:23:04,300 --> 01:23:08,100
camp and kidnap birthday. 
This is blood Vengeance. 

1580
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:12,400
According to step Customs. 
Yes, or gay stole a Merced 

1581
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:14,600
bride. 
So the mercy steel is Sons 

1582
01:23:14,600 --> 01:23:17,600
bride. 
The logic is symmetrical and by 

1583
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,000
step standards perfectly 
reasonable. 

1584
01:23:21,100 --> 01:23:24,300
To response demonstrates, the 
Strategic thinking that will 

1585
01:23:24,300 --> 01:23:28,500
characterize his entire career. 
He doesn't rush off in a rage to

1586
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:32,100
attack the markets alone that 
would be suicide. 

1587
01:23:32,100 --> 01:23:35,100
Instead, he carefully builds a 
coalition. 

1588
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:39,000
He calls on to rule in the 
carats reminding them of their 

1589
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:41,800
obligations. 
He calls on Jamaica and his 

1590
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,100
followers invoking their under 
oath. 

1591
01:23:45,100 --> 01:23:47,700
He assembles a force strong 
enough to defeat the markets 

1592
01:23:47,700 --> 01:23:52,100
decisively The campaign 
succeeds, the Coalition attacks,

1593
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:56,300
the market caps Dawn, scatters 
their Warriors and rescues. 

1594
01:23:56,300 --> 01:24:00,300
Berta, she's pregnant when they 
recover her and the timing is 

1595
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:03,400
such that nobody can be entirely
uncertain, whether the child is 

1596
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:06,100
temujin or the result of her 
captivity. 

1597
01:24:07,000 --> 01:24:11,100
She gives birth to a son named 
Joshi and temujin accepts him as

1598
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:13,700
his own. 
Though the question of jochi's 

1599
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:16,800
paternity will haunt the family 
for decades and eventually 

1600
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:21,900
complicate succession planning. 
This campaign does far more than

1601
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:26,300
rescue Berta, it establishes to 
Moon's reputation as a capable 

1602
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:29,600
military leader, who can build 
coalitions and Achieve 

1603
01:24:29,600 --> 01:24:32,800
objectives. 
People start noticing this young

1604
01:24:32,800 --> 01:24:35,900
man, who combines personal 
capability, with strategic 

1605
01:24:35,900 --> 01:24:39,400
intelligence, who can fight 
effectively, but also think 

1606
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:43,400
politically and who honors his 
obligations and expects others 

1607
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:45,900
to honor. 
Theirs for several years, to 

1608
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,900
followers live under Jamaica's 
protection to move in, is still 

1609
01:24:49,900 --> 01:24:53,400
building his base of support, 
still, accumulating followers 

1610
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:56,100
and resources. 
Still learning the complex art 

1611
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:59,300
of Step leadership. 
But fundamental differences 

1612
01:24:59,300 --> 01:25:01,700
between him and jamuka are 
becoming apparent. 

1613
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:05,200
Jamaica represents the 
traditional aristocratic model. 

1614
01:25:05,200 --> 01:25:09,100
He's from a good family, he 
inherited followers and status, 

1615
01:25:09,100 --> 01:25:13,300
and he expects to be followed 
because of who he is, he treats 

1616
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:16,500
leadership as a Birthright and 
maintains the traditional 

1617
01:25:16,500 --> 01:25:20,300
clan-based hierarchies. 
His approach works fine for 

1618
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:23,700
maintaining existing power 
structures but it doesn't offer 

1619
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:27,200
much to talented people from 
minor Clans or to those who 

1620
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:31,100
weren't born into the right 
families temujin shaped by his 

1621
01:25:31,100 --> 01:25:34,100
years of poverty and abandonment
is developing something 

1622
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:36,800
different. 
He's building a meritocratic 

1623
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:40,200
approach where talent and 
loyalty matter more than lineage

1624
01:25:40,200 --> 01:25:43,800
he promotes capable people, 
regardless of their family 

1625
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:46,700
background. 
He rewards those who prove 

1626
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,000
themselves in battle or in 
administration. 

1627
01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:52,700
He treats followers as 
individuals who've chosen to 

1628
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:56,600
support him rather than as 
Inherited property, Bound by 

1629
01:25:56,600 --> 01:26:00,100
Clan obligations, this 
difference attracts people, to 

1630
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:03,400
Thames camp. 
Commoners who have no chance of 

1631
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:05,300
advancement under the 
traditional system. 

1632
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:09,000
See opportunities with this new 
leader younger, sons of 

1633
01:26:09,000 --> 01:26:12,000
nobility, who owned inherit 
positions, find that to move in 

1634
01:26:12,000 --> 01:26:15,100
judges them by their abilities, 
rather than their birth orders. 

1635
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:18,100
Talented individuals from minor 
Clans. 

1636
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:20,700
Discover that competence can 
overcome low status. 

1637
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:25,500
Flow of people from Jamaica's 
Camp, to Camp becomes 

1638
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:29,600
noticeable, then significant. 
the split when it comes around 

1639
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:35,500
1187 or 1188 is triggered by 
something relatively minor, A 

1640
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:38,700
dispute about where to set up 
camp, different preferences 

1641
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,600
about grazing, locations, or the
kind of disagreement, that 

1642
01:26:41,600 --> 01:26:45,700
normally gets negotiated easily.
But it reflects the deeper 

1643
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:49,000
tension between two incompatible
approaches to leadership and 

1644
01:26:49,000 --> 01:26:52,200
organization. 
According to the secret history 

1645
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:53,800
of the Mongols written years 
later. 

1646
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:58,400
Jamaica makes a cryptic comment 
about moving Camp, suggesting, 

1647
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:01,000
they separate to avoid conflict 
between their followers. 

1648
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:05,300
Temperatures mother, her alone. 
Reportedly advises him. 

1649
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:07,500
Not to break with Jamaica 
warning. 

1650
01:27:07,500 --> 01:27:11,400
That isolation is dangerous. 
But he decides to separate 

1651
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,500
anyway and significant number of
people choose to follow him 

1652
01:27:14,500 --> 01:27:19,300
rather than stay with Jamaica. 
This Choice by so many to follow

1653
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:23,000
to mu-jin over. 
Jamaica is itself a vote of no 

1654
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:26,500
confidence in the traditional 
system and an endorsement of 

1655
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:30,500
Tim's meritocratic approach? 
People are voting with their 

1656
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:33,000
feet. 
Choosing the leader who offers 

1657
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:35,300
the opportunities over the 
leader who offers them 

1658
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:38,900
inherited, hierarchy. 
The split becomes formalized 

1659
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,800
around 1189 when various Clan 
leaders, gather and Proclaim to 

1660
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:46,100
mujin as Khan. 
He's maybe 27 years, old 

1661
01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:49,600
leading, a coalition built, not 
on traditional Clan structures, 

1662
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:52,500
but on personal loyalty and 
merit-based organization. 

1663
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:56,800
Title itself is significant by 
calling him Khan. 

1664
01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:59,700
His supporters are claiming, he 
has the authority to lead 

1665
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:03,000
multiple Clans not just his own 
borjigin Clan. 

1666
01:28:03,800 --> 01:28:07,300
This infuriates Jamaica, who 
sees it as a betrayal of their 

1667
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:10,000
Brotherhood and a challenge to 
the traditional order? 

1668
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:14,700
He begins assembling a coalition
of tribes of teneues rise in 

1669
01:28:14,700 --> 01:28:18,000
power calling on traditional 
Clan loyalties and warning that 

1670
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,300
Tim's innovation's threaten the 
established way of doing things.

1671
01:28:22,300 --> 01:28:26,700
The next 15 years from roughly 
1190 to 12:05 consists of nearly

1672
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:29,000
constant Warfare Alliance 
building. 

1673
01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:32,100
Betrayals and the gradual 
consolidation of power. 

1674
01:28:32,900 --> 01:28:36,100
You witness this era as a 
warrior in tamu's, growing Army 

1675
01:28:36,100 --> 01:28:39,700
and what strikes you most is how
differently he operates compared

1676
01:28:39,700 --> 01:28:43,600
to traditional step leaders. 
The first major confrontation 

1677
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:46,700
comes at the Battle of dalan 
belso to round 1190. 

1678
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:51,300
Jamaica has assembled a 
coalition of 13 tribes, a 

1679
01:28:51,300 --> 01:28:54,100
significant Force representing 
much of the traditional step 

1680
01:28:54,100 --> 01:28:58,100
aristocracy who viewed temujin 
as an upstart threatening their 

1681
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:00,700
positions. 
The battle goes badly for 

1682
01:29:00,700 --> 01:29:04,000
temujin. 
His forces are outnumbered out 

1683
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:06,700
maneuvered and forced to retreat
into the mountains. 

1684
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:11,300
After the battle Jamaica commits
an atrocity, that will haunt him

1685
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:14,300
for years. 
He captures several dozen of 

1686
01:29:14,308 --> 01:29:18,900
temes followers and has them 
executed by boiling alive in 70 

1687
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:23,600
cauldrons This extreme cruelty 
is intended to terrorize to 

1688
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,800
supporters and demonstrate the 
cost of defying, traditional 

1689
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:30,900
Authority. 
Plan backfire, spectacularly. 

1690
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:36,200
Many of yours own followers 
discussed by such brutal 

1691
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,900
treatment of captured Warriors 
who fought honorably desert him.

1692
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:43,500
Some joined to move in directly 
others. 

1693
01:29:43,500 --> 01:29:48,200
Simply withdraw their support. 
Step Warfare can be vicious, but

1694
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:51,000
there are customary limits to 
how captured Warriors are 

1695
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,600
treated, especially those who 
fought bravely. 

1696
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:58,000
Jamaica's violation of these 
Norms cost him credibility and 

1697
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:00,300
support. 
Temujin. 

1698
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:03,400
Meanwhile is developing the 
military organization that will 

1699
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,200
eventually conquer much of 
Eurasia. 

1700
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:10,000
He divides his army into units 
of tens hundreds and thousands 

1701
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:14,600
the decimal system. 
This organizational structure 

1702
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:18,700
isn't entirely new similar 
systems existed among steppe 

1703
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:22,500
people's and in Chinese armies. 
But to move in applies, its 

1704
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:25,500
systematically and uses it to 
break down traditional 

1705
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:29,800
clan-based military formations. 
The Innovation is in how he 

1706
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:33,400
assigned people to these units 
in of keeping clan members 

1707
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:35,600
together. 
Which reinforces existing 

1708
01:30:35,600 --> 01:30:38,300
loyalties. 
He deliberately mixes Warriors 

1709
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:40,300
from different clams in the same
units. 

1710
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:44,000
A unit of 10 might include 
Warriors from five different 

1711
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:49,200
tribal backgrounds, creating 
loyalty to the unit and that 

1712
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:52,900
supersedes Clan loyalty. 
You experience this directly 

1713
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,200
when you're assigned to a unit 
with Warriors from Clans that 

1714
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:58,300
your family had feuded with for 
Generations. 

1715
01:30:59,500 --> 01:31:03,000
Initially, it feels wrong 
violation of natural order. 

1716
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:06,900
But you spend months training 
together, fighting together, 

1717
01:31:06,900 --> 01:31:10,700
sharing dangers, and victories, 
and something shifts. 

1718
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:15,300
You start to identify with this 
unit as strongly as you identify

1719
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,800
with your clan. 
Maybe more strongly because you 

1720
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,100
chose this affiliation through 
your decision to follow to mujin

1721
01:31:22,100 --> 01:31:23,800
rather than inheriting it at 
Birth. 

1722
01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:27,400
Promotion in this system is 
based purely on demonstrated 

1723
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:30,100
ability. 
Your commanding officer might be

1724
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:32,700
someone from a family or Clan 
never would have followed 

1725
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:34,800
traditionally. 
But he earned his position 

1726
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,300
through skill in battle and 
tactical intelligence. 

1727
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:42,500
This creates a military machine,
where Talent Rises naturally and

1728
01:31:42,500 --> 01:31:45,500
where soldiers know their 
commanders earn their positions 

1729
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:48,700
through competence not through 
accidents of birth. 

1730
01:31:50,300 --> 01:31:52,500
Temujin. 
Also, institutes strict 

1731
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,600
discipline soldiers. 
Who desert or disobey orders 

1732
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,900
face execution. 
Plundering before a campaign is 

1733
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:02,100
complete is forbidden. 
It disrupts military discipline 

1734
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,900
and creates chaos, but soldiers 
who fight bravely and loyally 

1735
01:32:05,900 --> 01:32:08,600
receive generous rewards from 
The Spoils of Conquest. 

1736
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:13,200
The system creates both 
accountability and incentive. 

1737
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:18,100
Around 1196 an opportunity, 
arises that demonstrates to 

1738
01:32:18,100 --> 01:32:21,700
muggins political intelligence. 
The Jinn Dennis D, which 

1739
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:24,800
controls northern China and 
demands tribute from the steppe 

1740
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:29,300
tribes his facing a rebellion 
from the tatars, the same group 

1741
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:33,500
that poisoned father. 
The Gin asked for step allies to

1742
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:36,900
help suppress the tatars 
offering rewards for assistance.

1743
01:32:36,900 --> 01:32:41,200
Timijan joins, the campaign 
fighting alongside the Gin 

1744
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:45,200
against his father's murderers. 
This serves multiple purposes, 

1745
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:49,300
it provides an opportunity to 
take revenge on the tatars. 

1746
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:52,700
It builds a relationship with 
the powerful Jin Dynasty. 

1747
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:56,800
It demonstrates that to Mugen 
can be a reliable Ally and 

1748
01:32:56,800 --> 01:33:01,900
yields spoils and recognition. 
The Gin Grant to mujin a minor 

1749
01:33:01,900 --> 01:33:05,000
title validating his status as a
legitimately leader. 

1750
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:08,800
But the relationships with his 
mentors and allies are becoming 

1751
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:12,800
complicated to rule the 
character who helped to move in 

1752
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:16,200
his early years is growing 
jealous of his proteges Rising 

1753
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:18,700
power. 
To rule, son, sangam, 

1754
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:21,200
particularly resents to mujin 
viewing him. 

1755
01:33:21,200 --> 01:33:24,000
As an ungrateful, upstart, whose
outgrown his proper place 

1756
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:28,800
around. 12:01 influenced by 
Rivals and his sons jealousy, 

1757
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:33,400
toggle turns against to mujin, 
they plot to Ambush him as a 

1758
01:33:33,408 --> 01:33:37,500
posse reconciliation feast. 
To move in gets warning of the 

1759
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:41,000
plot from two herdsmen, who 
overhear the planing and loyal 

1760
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:44,500
to Taman Gene rather than to 
their care at Clan rides through

1761
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:48,000
the night to warn him. 
To mujin escapes, the Trap and 

1762
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:51,500
withdraws to a region called 
Belgium taking only his most 

1763
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:53,900
loyal followers. 
They reduced to drinking. 

1764
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:57,100
Muddy water from the Belgian 
River and eating whatever game 

1765
01:33:57,100 --> 01:33:59,700
they can hunt. 
This is a low point. 

1766
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:03,600
Maybe the closest to mujin comes
to complete defeat since his 

1767
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:06,600
poverty years. 
But he uses this time to rebuild

1768
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,600
carefully, he gathers 
intelligence about great 

1769
01:34:09,600 --> 01:34:13,100
defenses and internal politics. 
He reaches out to potential 

1770
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:15,600
allies and to disaffected Crate 
leaders. 

1771
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:19,600
He waits for the right moment, 
when to rule is overconfident 

1772
01:34:19,600 --> 01:34:23,600
and unprepared the attack. 
When it comes, is Swift and 

1773
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:27,900
decisive, Tim's forces strike 
the carrot camp at night 

1774
01:34:27,900 --> 01:34:31,700
achieving complete surprise. 
The battle is fierce, but 

1775
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:35,700
relatively brief to rule, flees 
and his eventually killed by 

1776
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:37,800
nine and Border guards who don't
recognize him. 

1777
01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:40,700
Thank him escapes. 
But his later killed. 

1778
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:44,700
The current tribe, one of the 
most powerful on the step is 

1779
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:47,800
defeated and absorbed into 
growing Confederation. 

1780
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:51,100
This Victory is crucial for 
several reasons. 

1781
01:34:51,100 --> 01:34:54,500
It eliminates a major rival of 
Father Figure. 

1782
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:57,900
Forcing to move in to stand 
fully on his own authority 

1783
01:34:57,900 --> 01:35:01,100
rather than operating under 
Tuggle shadow. 

1784
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:05,600
It brings substantial resources 
and followers under TAMU Jin's 

1785
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:09,300
control and it demonstrates to 
other step leaders that temujin 

1786
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:11,600
is now a power that must be 
dealt with seriously. 

1787
01:35:12,700 --> 01:35:15,800
The naimans are powerful. 
Turkic-speaking Confederation 

1788
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:18,900
controlling the Western step, 
decide to resist. 

1789
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:23,400
To mujin Growing Power, their 
leader tie, and Khan influenced 

1790
01:35:23,400 --> 01:35:27,200
by his ambitious wife, gurbasu 
mocks Teemu Jin's followers, as 

1791
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:29,800
women of the East and prepares 
for war. 

1792
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:33,300
This turns out to be 
catastrophically, poor judgment.

1793
01:35:34,300 --> 01:35:38,300
In 1204, Tim meets the naimans 
in battle at Jack him out. 

1794
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:42,900
Fighting is intense lasting from
Sunset through the night until 

1795
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:46,500
dawn, but when's better 
organized and better disciplined

1796
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:48,300
forces. 
Gradually overwhelmed, the 

1797
01:35:48,308 --> 01:35:52,300
diamonds Taiwan is killed and 
his son Kutch. 

1798
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:56,600
Flees Westwood What significant 
about this Victory isn't just 

1799
01:35:56,600 --> 01:35:59,800
the military achievement but 
what Tam does with it. 

1800
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:04,600
Captures Tata Tonga, a Wego 
scribe who had served the 

1801
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:08,600
Neiman's instead of killing the 
foreign scholar temujin 

1802
01:36:08,600 --> 01:36:12,700
recognizes his value. 
Tata Tonga understands literacy 

1803
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:15,500
record-keeping and 
administration in ways that step

1804
01:36:15,500 --> 01:36:19,300
people's traditionally, don't 
emphasize Temujin makes a 

1805
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:23,300
crucial decision, he adopts the 
yogurt, for writing, Mongolian 

1806
01:36:23,300 --> 01:36:27,600
and tasks, Tata Tonga with 
teaching it to mangle princes 

1807
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,700
and administrators. 
This Begins the transition 

1808
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:34,800
toward a literate Administration
capable of maintaining records 

1809
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:38,800
sending written orders and 
conducting diplomacy through 

1810
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:42,800
formal correspondence rather 
than purely oral communication. 

1811
01:36:44,100 --> 01:36:47,000
You watch this transformation as
someone who grew up in a purely 

1812
01:36:47,008 --> 01:36:50,700
oral culture. 
Suddenly important decisions are

1813
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:54,600
being recorded treaties written 
down tax obligations of 

1814
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:58,400
documented messages can be sent 
that, say exactly what the 

1815
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:01,800
sender intended, without the 
Distortion that occur when 

1816
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:04,800
information passes through 
multiple oral Transmissions. 

1817
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,800
It feels strange at first seeing
words, captured on paper or 

1818
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:13,100
silk, but the Practical 
advantages become obvious 

1819
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:17,200
quickly Jamaica tens form of 
Blood Brother continues 

1820
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:21,600
resisting, but his increasingly 
isolated by 1205. 

1821
01:37:21,600 --> 01:37:25,300
His position is hopeless. 
His own followers tired. 

1822
01:37:25,300 --> 01:37:28,300
Of endless Warfare and 
diminishing prospects, capture 

1823
01:37:28,300 --> 01:37:32,700
him and deliver him to Tamu gin 
The confrontation between the 

1824
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:34,500
two. 
Former friends is poignant 

1825
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:37,900
according to the sources temujin
offers. 

1826
01:37:37,900 --> 01:37:41,200
Jamaica reconciliation, 
suggesting they restore their 

1827
01:37:41,208 --> 01:37:44,200
Brotherhood and that Jamaica 
take a position of Honor in the 

1828
01:37:44,208 --> 01:37:48,200
growing Mongol Confederation. 
It's hard to know if this offer 

1829
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:51,900
is genuine or political theater,
but it reflects the complex 

1830
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,400
feelings between them. 
They were genuinely close once 

1831
01:37:55,400 --> 01:37:59,600
before ambition and incompatible
vision of leadership, drove them

1832
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,000
apart. 
Jamaica refuses, he argues that 

1833
01:38:03,000 --> 01:38:08,500
they can only be one in the sky.
One of the Mongols, he requests 

1834
01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:12,200
an honorable death asking to be 
killed without spilling blood 

1835
01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:14,700
traditionally done by breaking 
the back. 

1836
01:38:15,600 --> 01:38:18,600
Temujin respecting this final 
request from his former and 

1837
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:22,100
Grant's it. 
Some sources suggest Jamaica's 

1838
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:24,600
body was buried honorably with 
temujin. 

1839
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:27,200
Reportedly mourning the loss of 
what their friendship might have

1840
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:30,200
been with Jamaica's death. 
The last major, internal 

1841
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:35,200
resistance to Tim's rule ends He
Now controls or has submitted 

1842
01:38:35,200 --> 01:38:37,700
most of the Mongol and turkic 
tribes of the eastern and 

1843
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:40,800
Central step. 
Fragmented tribal world. 

1844
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:44,600
He grew up in is being unified 
under single leadership for the 

1845
01:38:44,608 --> 01:38:48,600
first time in memory in 1206 
tribal leaders. 

1846
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:52,700
Gather, for a real tie, a great 
assembly near the source of the 

1847
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,300
Onion River in the sacred book 
and Chaldean, mountain region, 

1848
01:38:56,300 --> 01:39:01,400
where Tim had hidden and prayed 
during desperate time. you 

1849
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:03,900
attend this Gathering as a 
mid-level officer and temujin 

1850
01:39:03,900 --> 01:39:07,800
army one among thousands of 
Warriors leaders and 

1851
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:12,200
representatives from dozens of 
tribes The atmosphere combines 

1852
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:15,700
celebration with uncertainty. 
People understand their 

1853
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:19,300
participating in something, 
unprecedented the unification of

1854
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:22,800
the Mongol peoples, under a 
single Khan, but nobody quite 

1855
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:25,800
knows what this new political 
entity will become more how it 

1856
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:28,900
will function. 
The traditional tribal system is

1857
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,100
being superseded by something 
new and change. 

1858
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:35,500
Always creates anxiety, 
alongside hope the formal 

1859
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:37,500
proclamation of temujin as 
Genghis. 

1860
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:41,400
Khan the title's exact meaning 
remains debated among Scholars. 

1861
01:39:41,400 --> 01:39:47,700
It might mean universal ruler or
Oceanic ruler or Fierce ruler 

1862
01:39:47,700 --> 01:39:50,600
represents more than just a 
change of title. 

1863
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:53,400
It's the establishment of a new 
political order. 

1864
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:57,200
With explicit principles and 
structures Genghis, Khan 

1865
01:39:57,200 --> 01:40:00,400
addresses the assembly and his 
speeches characteristically, 

1866
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:04,200
practical rather than grandiose.
He doesn't claim divine right? 

1867
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:08,400
Or inherited Authority from 
ancient Emperors instead. 

1868
01:40:08,400 --> 01:40:12,100
He talks about organization 
about the importance of 

1869
01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:15,600
communication and coordination 
about treating people fairly 

1870
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:18,700
regardless of their origin and 
about building something that 

1871
01:40:18,700 --> 01:40:20,500
will Outlast any individual 
leader. 

1872
01:40:21,200 --> 01:40:24,800
He's establishing a system, not 
just claiming personal power, 

1873
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:29,300
the yassa, the legal code is 
proclaimed, its Provisions, 

1874
01:40:29,300 --> 01:40:32,100
cover both military organization
and civil Behavior. 

1875
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:36,000
Some key principles theft is 
severely punished. 

1876
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:39,600
Stealing livestock, which is 
both livelihood and wealth on 

1877
01:40:39,608 --> 01:40:43,900
the step can result in death. 
Even minor theft receives harsh 

1878
01:40:43,900 --> 01:40:47,100
penalties, The severity serves a
purpose. 

1879
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,700
It creates security of property 
that enables trade and 

1880
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:53,200
investment. 
When people know their 

1881
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:56,300
possessions are protected by law
rather than just by Family 

1882
01:40:56,300 --> 01:41:00,000
strengths, they can engage in 
economic activity with greater 

1883
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:02,600
confidence. 
Adultery is forbidden and 

1884
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,200
punished harshly. 
This isn't moralism. 

1885
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:08,600
It's about maintaining family 
stability and clear inheritance 

1886
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:11,100
lines. 
Both crucial for a society 

1887
01:41:11,100 --> 01:41:13,100
organized around kinship 
networks. 

1888
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:16,300
Even as those networks are being
supplemented by new 

1889
01:41:16,300 --> 01:41:21,600
organizational structures lying,
he in legal proceedings, carry 

1890
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,700
serious consequences Genghis. 
Khan has learned that Justice 

1891
01:41:25,700 --> 01:41:29,900
depends on truthful testimony 
and Witnesses who lie undermine 

1892
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:34,200
the entire legal system. 
The penalties for perjury are 

1893
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:37,200
severe enough to encourage 
honesty. but the truly 

1894
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:40,400
revolutionary aspect is that 
these laws apply to everyone 

1895
01:41:40,400 --> 01:41:44,600
equally a noble who steals faces
the same punishment as a 

1896
01:41:44,608 --> 01:41:48,900
commoner who steals A Khan's 
relative who commits adultery is

1897
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:50,300
punished the same as anyone 
else. 

1898
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:54,000
Even members of Genghis, Khan's 
own family must follow the same 

1899
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:57,600
rules as everyone else. 
This is radical for a society 

1900
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:00,700
where status traditionally 
provided immunity from 

1901
01:42:00,700 --> 01:42:03,800
consequences. 
Religious tolerance becomes 

1902
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:08,900
explicit formal policy. 
Genghis Khan proclaims that all 

1903
01:42:08,900 --> 01:42:12,100
religions are to be respected 
and that religious leaders are 

1904
01:42:12,100 --> 01:42:14,600
exempt from Taxation and 
military service. 

1905
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:20,800
Buddhist monks, Christian, 
priests Muslim imams, Towers 

1906
01:42:20,800 --> 01:42:24,900
sages and shamanic practitioners
all received the same, legal, 

1907
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:28,200
protection and privileges. 
You witnessed the policies 

1908
01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:30,900
implementation when various 
religious leaders present 

1909
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:34,400
themselves at court. 
And nestorian, Christian monk 

1910
01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:36,900
from Central. 
Asia offers prayers in his 

1911
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:39,600
tradition. 
Buddhist Lamar from Tibet, 

1912
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:43,500
performs rituals a Muslim 
scholar recites from the Quran, 

1913
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:47,500
a shamanistic Mongol ceremonies 
Genghis. 

1914
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:50,700
Khan observes all of them with a
parent interest but favors none.

1915
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:54,600
The message is clear, believe 
what ever you want worship? 

1916
01:42:54,600 --> 01:42:58,000
However you choose As Long as 
You Follow the Civil laws and 

1917
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:00,500
contribute to the Empire's 
defense and administration. 

1918
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:04,900
This tolerance isn't based on 
Modern philosophical principles 

1919
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,400
about religious freedom. 
Its pragmatic calculation. 

1920
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:11,400
Genghis. 
Khan recognizes that forcing 

1921
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:15,500
religious, uniformity creates 
conflict resentment and 

1922
01:43:15,500 --> 01:43:18,500
Rebellion. 
He's seen religious wars, 

1923
01:43:18,500 --> 01:43:22,300
devastates societies. 
He understands that talented 

1924
01:43:22,300 --> 01:43:25,800
people come from all religious 
backgrounds, an excluding them 

1925
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:30,100
based on belief would weaken his
administration Why limit 

1926
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,500
yourself to Mongol shamanic 
practitioners when you can 

1927
01:43:33,500 --> 01:43:36,400
recruit Christian 
administrators, Muslim, 

1928
01:43:36,400 --> 01:43:40,400
merchants Buddhist Scholars and 
Towers to advisors? 

1929
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:44,800
The military organization 
becomes formalized and extended.

1930
01:43:45,700 --> 01:43:50,500
The decimal system applies 
empire-wide units of 10 command 

1931
01:43:50,500 --> 01:43:56,400
by leaders of 10 units of 100 
command by leaders of 100 units 

1932
01:43:56,400 --> 01:44:01,700
of 1,000 commanded by leaders of
1,000 and two men units of 

1933
01:44:01,708 --> 01:44:06,300
10,000 commanded by the most 
capable and trusted generals. 

1934
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,100
Promotion through these ranks is
based purely on Merit. 

1935
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:16,000
A commoner can become a leader 
of 10 100 or even 1000 if they 

1936
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:19,900
excel in battle. 
Conversely, a noble who proves 

1937
01:44:19,900 --> 01:44:22,400
incompetent can be demoted or 
dismissed. 

1938
01:44:22,400 --> 01:44:27,000
This creates a meritocracy 
that's radical for its time and 

1939
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,700
that attracts talented 
individuals from across the 

1940
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:32,400
empire. 
The military code is strict 

1941
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:36,300
soldiers, who deserved face 
execution soldiers. 

1942
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:39,300
Who plunder before a campaign is
complete face. 

1943
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:42,500
Severe punishment? 
Soldiers, who fail to support 

1944
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:46,400
their comrades in battle can be 
executed. but soldiers, who 

1945
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:50,500
fight bravely, who show 
initiative, and intelligence and

1946
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:53,500
who achieve objectives if 
efficiently received generous 

1947
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:57,100
rewards from The Spoils of 
conquest and public recognition 

1948
01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:00,900
of their achievements, Genghis. 
Khan establishes. 

1949
01:45:00,900 --> 01:45:03,200
The case. 
Sheik and Imperial Guard of 

1950
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:07,000
10,000 Warriors who serve as 
both bodyguards and a training 

1951
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:10,500
ground for Future Leaders. 
Membership in the kitchen, is 

1952
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:12,400
highly prestigious and 
competitive. 

1953
01:45:12,400 --> 01:45:16,900
Even the son of a leader of 10 
in the kesher cats, ordinary 

1954
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:21,000
commanders of 1,000 creating 
incentive for ambitious, young 

1955
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,400
men to seek these positions. 
The keshik becomes a 

1956
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,100
meritocratic funnel for 
identifying and developing 

1957
01:45:27,100 --> 01:45:30,000
Talent. 
The treatment of conquered 

1958
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:33,100
peoples follows, clear patterns,
that Genghis Khan has developed 

1959
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,700
through experience. 
Cities and tribes that surrender

1960
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:39,700
peacefully are generally, 
spared, major violence and 

1961
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:42,800
incorporated into the Empire 
with their existing structures 

1962
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:45,100
largely intact. 
Leaders. 

1963
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:48,100
Who submit voluntarily often 
retain their positions under 

1964
01:45:48,100 --> 01:45:52,400
Mongol supervision populations, 
that surrender pay taxes and 

1965
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:56,200
provide soldiers but otherwise 
continue their lives relatively 

1966
01:45:56,200 --> 01:46:00,300
normally Cities that resist and 
are taken by force face. 

1967
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:04,500
Brutal consequences. 
The resistance is punished often

1968
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,900
through Mass execution of 
fighting age men and enslavement

1969
01:46:07,900 --> 01:46:12,400
or relocation of civilians. 
The brutality serves multiple 

1970
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:16,600
purposes, its revenge for the 
costs of resistance, it 

1971
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:20,100
eliminates potential future 
rebellions and it sends a 

1972
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:23,200
message to other cities that 
resistance is costly, while 

1973
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,900
surrender is relatively 
painless, but even in Conquest 

1974
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:31,700
Genghis, Khan is selective about
who suffers Artisan's Crafts. 

1975
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:36,800
People, Engineers Scholars, 
anyone with useful skills, a 

1976
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:40,300
deliberately spared and often 
relocated to where their talents

1977
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:44,000
are most needed. 
When a city is sacked, the 

1978
01:46:44,000 --> 01:46:47,100
Mongol commanders have orders to
identify and preserve people. 

1979
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:51,300
With valuable skills, a metal 
worker might be sent to Mongolia

1980
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:54,800
to improve weapon production. 
A scholar, might be sent to the 

1981
01:46:54,800 --> 01:46:56,700
Capitol to educate Mongol 
princes. 

1982
01:46:56,700 --> 01:47:00,800
An engineer might be assigned to
the Army to assist with Siege 

1983
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:04,100
Warfare. 
Starting around 12:09 Genghis, 

1984
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:06,800
Khan turns his full attention 
Southward toward the settled 

1985
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:10,200
kingdoms of China. 
This represents a significant 

1986
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:14,400
shift in Mongol strategy. 
Steppe tribes are now unified. 

1987
01:47:14,400 --> 01:47:17,800
The next phase is expanding 
beyond the traditional nomadic 

1988
01:47:17,800 --> 01:47:21,000
territories into the wealthy 
Agricultural. 

1989
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:24,200
And urban civilizations that the
Mongols have historically 

1990
01:47:24,200 --> 01:47:29,100
raided, but never conquered. 
The Western Sia a tangut 

1991
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:32,300
kingdom, controlling the Gantz 
who Corridor and The crucial 

1992
01:47:32,300 --> 01:47:35,700
trade routes connecting. 
China to Central, Asia becomes 

1993
01:47:35,700 --> 01:47:39,100
the first Target. 
The Westin Seer had previously 

1994
01:47:39,100 --> 01:47:40,800
treated. 
The Mongols dismissively 

1995
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,600
demanding tribute and acting as 
intermediaries between the 

1996
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,900
Mongols and the gender Dynasty. 
The Tanger powerful possessing, 

1997
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:53,000
strong fortifications and 
significant military forces but 

1998
01:47:53,000 --> 01:47:55,600
they make a critical error in 
underestimating Mongol 

1999
01:47:55,600 --> 01:47:59,100
capabilities, you participate in
these early campaigns as a 

2000
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:01,500
mid-level officer. 
And what strikes you immediately

2001
01:48:01,500 --> 01:48:04,100
is, how much the Mongol military
is evolving. 

2002
01:48:04,900 --> 01:48:07,500
The traditional step Warfare 
fast. 

2003
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:12,000
Cavalry raids feigned, Retreats,
and encirclement tactics 

2004
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:14,600
remained Central to Mongol 
strategy. 

2005
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,400
But Genghis Khan recognizes that
conquering fortified cities 

2006
01:48:19,400 --> 01:48:23,400
requires new capabilities. 
He systematically addresses, 

2007
01:48:23,400 --> 01:48:26,700
this weakness by recruiting 
Chinese engineers and Military 

2008
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:28,900
Specialists who understand Siege
Warfare. 

2009
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:32,800
These experts, teach the Mongols
to build and operate Siege 

2010
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:35,600
equipment. 
Trebuchets for hurling stones at

2011
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:40,700
walls, Siege towers for scaling 
fortifications, battering rams 

2012
01:48:40,700 --> 01:48:44,700
for breaking Gates and various 
other devices that step people's

2013
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:47,500
traditionally lacked. 
The combination proves 

2014
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:50,900
devastating Mongol. 
Armies can move with the speed 

2015
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:53,400
and flexibility of traditional 
nomadic forces. 

2016
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:57,000
Covering vast distances rapidly 
and appearing. 

2017
01:48:57,000 --> 01:49:00,300
Where enemies don't expect them.
But when they encounter 

2018
01:49:00,300 --> 01:49:03,900
fortified positions, they can 
also conduct sophisticated Siege

2019
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:07,300
operations, that eventually 
reduced even strong defense's. 

2020
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:11,400
The campaigns against Western 
Sierra demonstrate, the Mongol 

2021
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:15,400
military systems, affectiveness 
the Mongol Army, raids deep into

2022
01:49:15,400 --> 01:49:19,000
Tango territory destroys field. 
Armies that come out to fight 

2023
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:23,500
procedures key cities and 
gradually weakens Western shares

2024
01:49:23,500 --> 01:49:27,300
capacity for resistance. 
The Tango got super peace in 

2025
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:31,400
1210 agreeing to provide tribute
and Military Support and submit 

2026
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,700
to Mongol Susan tea. 
Genghis, Khan. 

2027
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:37,700
Accepts this submission. 
He's not yet interested. 

2028
01:49:37,700 --> 01:49:41,200
In directly governing these 
territories just in establishing

2029
01:49:41,200 --> 01:49:42,900
dominance and extracting 
resources. 

2030
01:49:44,700 --> 01:49:48,000
But the real prize is the Jinn 
Dynasty which controls northern 

2031
01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:52,100
China, possesses vast wealth. 
And population has sophisticated

2032
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:56,100
military forces and initially 
considers the Mongols and minor 

2033
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:57,900
nuisance rather than a serious 
threat. 

2034
01:49:57,900 --> 01:50:02,800
This miscalculation will prove 
catastrophic for the gin The Gin

2035
01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:05,000
Dynasty has a complicated 
history with the steppe 

2036
01:50:05,000 --> 01:50:07,100
people's. 
They had conquered Northern 

2037
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:10,600
China from the Song, Dynasty 
decades earlier establishing 

2038
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:14,000
themselves as a major power. 
They've traditionally dealt with

2039
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:16,600
steppe tribes through a 
combination of tribute payments,

2040
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:21,000
divided, and conquered diplomacy
and Military Expeditions when 

2041
01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:24,000
necessary. 
They view the Mongols as just 

2042
01:50:24,000 --> 01:50:27,000
another Troublesome step group 
that can be managed through 

2043
01:50:27,000 --> 01:50:30,600
traditional methods. 
Genghis, Khan Begins the Gin 

2044
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:33,700
campaign around 1211 with 
characteristic systematic 

2045
01:50:33,700 --> 01:50:36,200
planning. 
He doesn't attempt to conquer 

2046
01:50:36,200 --> 01:50:40,100
all of jyn territory immediately
that would overextend his forces

2047
01:50:40,100 --> 01:50:41,700
and create logistical 
nightmares. 

2048
01:50:41,700 --> 01:50:46,500
Instead he conduct carefully 
planned campaigns that gradually

2049
01:50:46,500 --> 01:50:49,100
weaken gin power. 
While building Mongol 

2050
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:53,300
capabilities for governing 
settled populations, The pattern

2051
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:57,500
repeats across multiple 
campaigns Mongol armies, raid, 

2052
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:01,300
gin territory, destroy field, 
armies that come out to fight 

2053
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:05,200
them besiege and capture 
strategic cities and then 

2054
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:08,800
withdraw with spoils and 
captives before gin forces can 

2055
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:10,500
mass for an effective 
Counterattack. 

2056
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:15,000
Each campaign leaves the Gin 
weaker less capable of mounting 

2057
01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:17,900
effective defense and more 
demoralized. 

2058
01:51:18,800 --> 01:51:21,700
You participate in one of these 
campaigns and witness the 

2059
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:25,700
evolution of Mongol Warfare. 
The Army moves with astonishing 

2060
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:30,300
speed Cavalry units covering 
perhaps 50 to 70 miles per day 

2061
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:33,900
were necessary. 
The Mongols travel with multiple

2062
01:51:33,900 --> 01:51:37,400
horses per Warrior rotating 
mounts, to maintain the pace 

2063
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:41,300
they carry minimal supplies, 
living off the land and off 

2064
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:45,000
captured Provisions, which keeps
the mobile while enemy armies 

2065
01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:49,900
bogged down with Supply trains. 
Intelligence gathering, a 

2066
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:53,500
systematic and sophisticated 
Genghis, Khan employs, extensive

2067
01:51:53,500 --> 01:51:57,700
networks of merchants Travelers 
and spies who gather information

2068
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:02,500
about enemy defenses, resources,
troop movements and internal 

2069
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:06,100
politics. 
Before attacking a city, the 

2070
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:09,100
Mongol commanders often. 
No details about its Garrison 

2071
01:52:09,100 --> 01:52:13,800
strength, Food, Supplies, water 
sources, leadership conflict, 

2072
01:52:13,800 --> 01:52:18,000
and defensive weaknesses. 
This intelligence Advantage 

2073
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,600
allows them to exploit 
vulnerabilities and avoid 

2074
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:24,100
unnecessary risks. 
Psychological warfare is 

2075
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:28,300
deliberate and effective. 
Stories of Mongol cruelty spread

2076
01:52:28,300 --> 01:52:31,900
through refugees and survivors 
often exaggerated in the 

2077
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:35,900
retelling. cities facing Mongol 
attack here, Tales of mass 

2078
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:41,300
execution of cities reduced to 
Rubble of populations and slaved

2079
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:45,800
or massacred This Terror 
sometimes encourages without 

2080
01:52:45,800 --> 01:52:49,200
fighting saving the Mongols, the
cost of Siege Warfare. 

2081
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:52,900
But when cities do surrender 
peacefully Genghis, Khan 

2082
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:55,000
generally keeps his word about 
moderate treatment. 

2083
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:58,600
He has learned that a reputation
for keeping promises to those 

2084
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:01,300
who surrender is militarily 
valuable. 

2085
01:53:01,300 --> 01:53:06,400
It encourages future surrenders 
City that submits peacefully, 

2086
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:08,500
typically pay substantial 
tribute. 

2087
01:53:09,200 --> 01:53:12,800
Provides hostages to guarantee 
future, cooperation and 

2088
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:14,700
supplies, Provisions to the 
Mongol Army. 

2089
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:19,500
But its population survives and 
its basic structures remain 

2090
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:22,500
intact. 
The siege of John Doe, modern 

2091
01:53:22,500 --> 01:53:26,400
Beijing and 1214 demonstrates 
Mongol capabilities at their 

2092
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:29,300
Peak. 
The city is enormous strongly 

2093
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:32,300
fortified and defended by large 
gin armies. 

2094
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:34,600
The Mongols can't storm it 
directly. 

2095
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:38,800
The defenses are too strong 
instead, they besiege it 

2096
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:42,900
systematically cutting supply 
lines preventing relief forces 

2097
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:46,200
from reaching it, and waiting 
for starvation and disease to do

2098
01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:48,600
the work that direct assault. 
Can't accomplish. 

2099
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:54,200
The Siege lasts months inside 
the city Food Supplies, dwindle 

2100
01:53:54,200 --> 01:53:57,000
disease, spreads and morale 
collapses. 

2101
01:53:58,000 --> 01:54:01,500
The Gin Emperor, abandoned the 
city and flee South to Chi Fung.

2102
01:54:02,300 --> 01:54:05,100
The remaining Defenders, 
leaderless and hopeless 

2103
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:09,900
eventually negotiates surrender.
The Mongols allow most of the 

2104
01:54:09,900 --> 01:54:12,500
population to survive, but 
thoroughly the city. 

2105
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:15,700
Extracting, an enormous quantity
of gold. 

2106
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:19,000
Silver silk and other valuable 
Goods. 

2107
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:23,100
What you notice during these 
campaigns is, how Genghis Khan 

2108
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:25,300
handles the administration of 
conquered territory. 

2109
01:54:26,100 --> 01:54:28,400
He doesn't try to govern 
everything directly through 

2110
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,500
Mongol administrators. 
Most Mongols don't understand, 

2111
01:54:31,500 --> 01:54:36,700
agricultural societies, taxation
systems or Urban Administration.

2112
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:40,600
Instead he appoints local 
leaders who submit to Mongol 

2113
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:43,500
Authority but who understand how
to actually govern these 

2114
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,200
populations. 
He also begins recruiting 

2115
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:49,500
Chinese administrators and 
bureaucrats who can manage the 

2116
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,700
complex systems required for 
governing settled agricultural 

2117
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,800
societies. 
These Chinese officials. 

2118
01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:59,100
Teach the Mongols about taxation
systems that don't simply 

2119
01:54:59,100 --> 01:55:01,900
plunder. 
Populations dry About 

2120
01:55:01,900 --> 01:55:05,200
agricultural management that 
maintained productivity and 

2121
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:07,900
about record keeping and 
bureaucracy that enables 

2122
01:55:07,900 --> 01:55:10,900
consistent governance across 
large territories. 

2123
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:15,100
The incorporation of Chinese 
administrative practices, begins

2124
01:55:15,100 --> 01:55:19,100
transforming, the Mongol state. 
Mongol leaders start, employing,

2125
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:23,100
scribes who maintain written 
records tax collection, becomes 

2126
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:24,900
more systematic and less 
arbitrary. 

2127
01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:29,800
Census taking begins crude 
first, but gradually improving. 

2128
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:33,300
Providing information about 
population and resources that 

2129
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:37,800
enables better planning. 
The Mongol Army itself of wolves

2130
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:41,400
during these campaigns, it 
incorporates Chinese Engineers 

2131
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:44,500
who can build increasingly 
sophisticated Siege equipment. 

2132
01:55:45,400 --> 01:55:48,200
It adds infantry units. 
Recruited from conquered 

2133
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:50,900
populations, to complement. 
The core Cavalry forces. 

2134
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:54,600
It develops more complex 
Logistics systems to supply. 

2135
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:58,700
Armor's campaigning far from the
step including Supply, Depots, 

2136
01:55:58,700 --> 01:56:02,600
transport networks and 
systematic foraging procedures. 

2137
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:06,900
The learning curve is steep paid
for in setbacks and failures. 

2138
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:11,000
But Genghis, Khan demonstrates. 
Remarkable flexibility in 

2139
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:15,300
adopting whatever methods work. 
when traditional step tactics 

2140
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:19,300
proven sufficient, he adapts 
when his commanders make 

2141
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:23,600
mistakes, he adjusts strategies 
when new technologies or 

2142
01:56:23,608 --> 01:56:28,900
techniques appear useful. 
He incorporates the adaptability

2143
01:56:28,900 --> 01:56:33,100
as much as military prowess 
explains Mongol success. 

2144
01:56:34,200 --> 01:56:37,700
The year 1218, brings a crisis 
that will redirect Mongol 

2145
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:42,600
expansion and ultimately 
devastate Central Asia Trade 

2146
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:45,100
Caravan sent by Genghis Khan to 
the kwara. 

2147
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:49,500
Powerful Muslim State 
controlling much of Central Asia

2148
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,700
Persia. 
And Afghanistan is attacked at 

2149
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:56,800
the border city of otra. 
The governor inch accuses, the 

2150
01:56:56,800 --> 01:57:00,300
merchants of being spies and has
them executed along with 

2151
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:02,200
confiscating, their valuable 
Goods. 

2152
01:57:02,200 --> 01:57:05,600
Genghis, Khan sent ambassadors 
demanding, restitution 

2153
01:57:05,600 --> 01:57:09,200
punishment of vinyl Chuke and 
Assurance is this won't happen 

2154
01:57:09,200 --> 01:57:11,900
again. 
This is standard diplomatic 

2155
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:14,500
procedure, following an incident
affecting Merchants under 

2156
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:17,000
Imperial protection. 
Sharma, Muhammad. 

2157
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:26,000
The second. 
The Apologizing, and punishing 

2158
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:30,600
in ultsh Shah Muhammad executes,
the lead Mongol, Ambassador and 

2159
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:33,000
sends the others back with their
beard, shaved. 

2160
01:57:33,600 --> 01:57:36,500
A grave insult in both Mongol 
and Muslim cultures. 

2161
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:40,600
This is essentially a 
declaration that the Quarry and 

2162
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,600
Empire doesn't fear the Mongols 
and won't submit to their 

2163
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:46,500
demands. 
You watch Genghis Khan's 

2164
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:49,700
reaction and its chilling in its
controlled Fury. 

2165
01:57:50,500 --> 01:57:52,700
He doesn't Rage or make 
immediate threats. 

2166
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,400
Instead, he withdraws for 
several days to the mountains to

2167
01:57:56,400 --> 01:58:00,100
pray and contemplate. 
When he returned, he has made 

2168
01:58:00,108 --> 01:58:04,300
his decision, these me and 
Empire will be destroyed as an 

2169
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,300
object lesson that attacking 
Mongol merchants and killing 

2170
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:09,800
Mongol ambassadors, carries 
consequences. 

2171
01:58:09,800 --> 01:58:14,200
That no amount of distance or 
fortification can prevent the 

2172
01:58:14,208 --> 01:58:17,200
preparation for this campaign is
methodical and extensive 

2173
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:21,000
Genghis. 
Khan assembles perhaps 150,000 

2174
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:25,100
to 200,000 troops. 
The exact numbers are debated, 

2175
01:58:25,100 --> 01:58:28,400
but it's clearly the largest 
forces ever commanded. 

2176
01:58:29,500 --> 01:58:33,300
He brings his best generals, 
most experienced troops, and 

2177
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:35,400
most sophisticated Siege 
equipment. 

2178
01:58:36,400 --> 01:58:40,900
He gathers intelligence about 
kwara and defenses resources and

2179
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,200
internal politics. 
He plans the campaign with the 

2180
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,300
care of someone, who knows, this
will be different from anything.

2181
01:58:47,300 --> 01:58:49,000
The Mongols have attempted 
before. 

2182
01:58:49,800 --> 01:58:54,900
The kwara is wealthy urbanized 
and militarily Powerful. 

2183
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:59,100
Sharma, hammered commands, arm 
is numbering in the hundreds of 

2184
01:58:59,108 --> 01:59:01,800
thousands. 
His Empire includes some of the 

2185
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:03,600
greatest cities in the Islamic 
World. 

2186
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:09,400
Bukhara samachan Merv herat and 
many others. 

2187
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:13,400
The fortifications are strong, 
the garrisons are substantial 

2188
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:17,200
and the territory as vast. 
But Sharma Muhammad makes 

2189
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:20,000
critical strategic error that 
Dooms is Empire. 

2190
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,700
Instead of concentrating, his 
forces to meet the Mongols in 

2191
01:59:23,700 --> 01:59:27,600
decisive battle, he disperses 
the in Garrison Duty across his 

2192
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:31,000
numerous cities. 
This defensive strategy seems 

2193
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:35,200
logical, protect the value of 
urban centers but it allows 

2194
01:59:35,200 --> 01:59:38,800
Genghis Khan to defeat the 
krasny enforces piecemeal 

2195
01:59:38,800 --> 01:59:41,300
preventing them from combining 
this strength. 

2196
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:47,400
In 1219 the Mongol invasion 
begins Genghis, Khan divides his

2197
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:51,000
forces into multiple armies that
can operate independently while 

2198
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:54,200
maintaining coordination through
the sophisticated messenger 

2199
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:56,900
system. 
This allows him to threaten 

2200
01:59:56,900 --> 01:59:58,600
multiple objectives 
simultaneously. 

2201
01:59:58,600 --> 02:00:03,500
Forcing Sharma Hamid to guess 
which targets a primary and 

2202
02:00:03,500 --> 02:00:08,000
which are faints You're part of 
the main Army that Genghis, Khan

2203
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:11,700
personally commands and the 
campaign scale dwarfs anything. 

2204
02:00:11,700 --> 02:00:15,400
You've experienced the Mongol 
Army moves across the Sierra 

2205
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:19,000
River and penetrates deep into 
quarries on territory. 

2206
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:22,800
The speed of advanced catchers 
Defenders unprepared. 

2207
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:26,700
They expect the Mongols to move 
more slowly to follow 

2208
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:30,700
conventional Invasion routes and
to pause and consolidate off. 

2209
02:00:30,700 --> 02:00:34,600
After initial Victory is the 
city of otra where the merchants

2210
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:36,800
were killed, received special 
attention. 

2211
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:40,200
Genghis Khan assigned, one Army 
to besiege it. 

2212
02:00:40,200 --> 02:00:45,400
While the main forces continued,
advancing The Siege lasts five 

2213
02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:50,000
months before October. 
The governor responsible for 

2214
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:52,100
killing. 
The merchants is captured and 

2215
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:56,300
reportedly executed by having 
molten silver poured into his 

2216
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,500
eyes and ears. 
A punishment that symbolically 

2217
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:01,800
connects to his Greed for the 
merchants Goods. 

2218
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:05,900
Buhara one of the great centers 
of Islamic learning and culture 

2219
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:08,700
is next. 
The Mongol Army appears before 

2220
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:12,700
the city in 1220, having crossed
distances that the Defenders 

2221
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:16,300
thought provided safety. 
The Garrison attempts to break 

2222
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:20,700
out and Escape rather than 
Endura Siege but the Mongols 

2223
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:24,000
slaughter them in the field. 
City leadership left without 

2224
02:01:24,000 --> 02:01:27,700
military protection, surrenders 
What happens? 

2225
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:31,000
Next becomes one of the most 
famous incidents of the conquest

2226
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:33,800
Genghis. 
Khan reportedly entered bahara 

2227
02:01:33,800 --> 02:01:37,100
goes to the main mosque and 
addresses the assembled 

2228
02:01:37,100 --> 02:01:40,200
population. 
According to Persian historians 

2229
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:43,800
writing later, he climbs the 
pulpit and announces that he is 

2230
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:47,700
the punishment of God sent to 
chastise them for their sins. 

2231
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:51,300
That if they had not committed, 
great sins, God would not have 

2232
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,700
sent a punishment like him. 
Whether he actually said this, 

2233
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:57,100
or whether it's later, 
embellishment is debatable. 

2234
02:01:57,100 --> 02:02:01,300
Genghis Khan wasn't fluent in 
Persian and the story appears in

2235
02:02:01,308 --> 02:02:05,400
sources written decades later. 
But the narrative captures 

2236
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:08,400
something psychologically 
important about how the conquest

2237
02:02:08,400 --> 02:02:12,900
was experienced and remembered 
as a Divine punishment, an 

2238
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:15,900
apocalyptic judgment that 
destroyed the normal order of 

2239
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:19,800
things, the Mongol 
systematically loot bahara. 

2240
02:02:19,800 --> 02:02:22,000
They spare most of the 
population. 

2241
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:25,700
But conscript, many for labor, 
and military service, they 

2242
02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:29,600
execute the Garrison and anyone 
identified, as having resisted 

2243
02:02:29,600 --> 02:02:34,100
they burn parts of the city, 
destroy fortifications and leave

2244
02:02:34,100 --> 02:02:37,700
it permanently weakened. the 
destruction serves both 

2245
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:42,200
practical purposes, eliminating 
potential resistance, and 

2246
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:46,100
strategic ones, encouraging, 
other cities to surrender, 

2247
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:50,500
rather than face, similar Fates 
summer camps, the greatest City 

2248
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:54,900
in Central Asia, proves more 
difficult, The city is enormous 

2249
02:02:54,900 --> 02:03:00,200
strongly fortified and defended 
by a Garrison of Pratt's, 60,000

2250
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:05,500
to 100,000 soldiers. 
Again, numbers are disputed The 

2251
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:09,800
Mongols surround it with perhaps
150,000 troops and begin. 

2252
02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:13,900
Systematic, sea drops. 
The Siege demonstrates. 

2253
02:03:13,900 --> 02:03:16,900
The sophisticated military 
capabilities, the Mongols of 

2254
02:03:16,900 --> 02:03:19,600
developed. 
The employee Chinese Siege 

2255
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:23,200
engines to bombard the walls, 
they build Siege Towers to scale

2256
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:26,900
fortifications, they divert 
Water Supplies, they use 

2257
02:03:26,908 --> 02:03:30,000
prisoners as human Shields to 
discourage Defenders from 

2258
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,200
fighting. 
They negotiate with city leaders

2259
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:37,100
offering terms for surrender 
while simultaneously preparing 

2260
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,900
for assault. 
After about a week of Siege, a 

2261
02:03:40,900 --> 02:03:44,300
relatively brief time, for a 
city of this size Sama cans 

2262
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:48,100
leadership, surrenders, The 
Garrison is executed Craftsman, 

2263
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:51,700
and skilled workers, are 
conscripted and relocated much 

2264
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:54,100
of the population is temporarily
expelled. 

2265
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,500
While the city is looted, and 
among all Governor is installed,

2266
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:02,100
Famous structures and libraries 
that made some Mark and a center

2267
02:04:02,108 --> 02:04:04,500
of learning or either destroyed 
or gutted. 

2268
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:08,200
The destruction of these great 
cities creates trauma that 

2269
02:04:08,200 --> 02:04:11,200
Echoes through Islamic 
civilization for Generations. 

2270
02:04:12,300 --> 02:04:15,000
Later Persian historians, 
writing decades. 

2271
02:04:15,000 --> 02:04:18,800
After the events record death 
tolls, that seemed impossible 

2272
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:21,900
hundreds of thousands or even 
Millions. 

2273
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:26,400
Killed in individual cities. 
Modern historians are skeptical 

2274
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,700
of these numbers noting that 
there often rounded figures that

2275
02:04:29,700 --> 02:04:33,600
probably represent the entire 
Regional population rather than 

2276
02:04:33,600 --> 02:04:37,400
actual deaths and the sources 
had incentive to exaggerate 

2277
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:40,500
Mongol brutality. 
But even accounting for 

2278
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:44,000
exaggeration, the destruction 
was real and substantial. 

2279
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:48,400
Urban culture in Central, Asia 
suffered devastating blows 

2280
02:04:48,400 --> 02:04:52,100
irrigation systems that took 
centuries to build were 

2281
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,400
destroyed. 
Libraries and schools were 

2282
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:57,600
burned Craftsmen were killed or 
relocated. 

2283
02:04:58,400 --> 02:05:00,300
Economic networks were 
disrupted. 

2284
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:04,900
The region took generations to 
recover and some areas never 

2285
02:05:04,900 --> 02:05:06,900
fully regain their former 
prosperity. 

2286
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:12,600
Meanwhile, Shah Muhammad flees 
Westwood pursued by two of 

2287
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:17,600
Genghis, Khan's best generals 
subutai, and jebe leading backs.

2288
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:21,500
20,000 cavalry. 
This Pursuit becomes almost 

2289
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:25,100
absurd in its scope. 
The Mongol armies Chase Sharma 

2290
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:28,400
across Persia, through the 
caucuses mountains around the 

2291
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:32,600
Caspian Sea and finally to an 
island in the Caspian where he 

2292
02:05:32,600 --> 02:05:37,600
dies probably from distant tree,
or pluribus broken defeated and 

2293
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:41,900
abandoned even by his remaining 
followers but Super Tire in JB. 

2294
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:44,600
Don't stop. 
They continue Westwood on what 

2295
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:48,000
becomes a reconnaissance 
Expedition, probing territories 

2296
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:51,300
that have never encountered 
Mongol forces they raid through 

2297
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,200
Azerbaijan. 
Penetrating to Georgia. 

2298
02:05:54,200 --> 02:05:57,900
Cross the Caucasus Mountains in 
to the steps north of the Black 

2299
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:01,000
Sea. 
Defeat a combined force of 

2300
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:04,100
Russian princes, and kipchak 
warriors at the kalka. 

2301
02:06:04,100 --> 02:06:08,700
River in 1223, then loop back, 
Eastward to rejoin, Genghis 

2302
02:06:08,700 --> 02:06:11,800
Khan. 
This Expedition covering paps, 

2303
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:14,000
8,000 miles. 
In three years. 

2304
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,400
Demonstrates Mongol capabilities
at their Peak. 

2305
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:21,900
A relatively small Force, 
operates independently deep in 

2306
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:26,300
enemy territory, defeats every 
enemy, it encounters gathers 

2307
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:29,400
intelligence about regions. 
The Mongols might later conquer 

2308
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:34,400
and returns with minimal losses.
It's a preview of campaigns that

2309
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,000
will devastate Eastern Europe to
decades later. 

2310
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:42,000
By the early 12th 20s Genghis? 
Khan controls territory 

2311
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:46,300
stretching from the Pacific 
Ocean to the Caspian Sea from 

2312
02:06:46,300 --> 02:06:49,500
Siberian forests to the Persian 
Gulf approaches. 

2313
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:53,300
Managing, this Empire requires 
Innovation and communication, 

2314
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:57,600
trade and administration equal 
his military achievements. 

2315
02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:02,000
Your working in the Imperial 
Administration now, helping 

2316
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:04,200
establish and maintain the yam 
system. 

2317
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:08,300
A postal relay Network. 
That becomes one of the Mongol 

2318
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:12,000
Empires most impressive and 
consequential achievements. 

2319
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,100
The system Builds on existing 
relay networks used by previous 

2320
02:07:16,100 --> 02:07:19,300
Empires. 
The Persians Chinese and others 

2321
02:07:19,300 --> 02:07:23,500
had similar systems but the 
Mongols extend and systematize 

2322
02:07:23,500 --> 02:07:27,200
it on an unprecedented scale. 
Stations are built along, all 

2323
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:32,100
major routes spaced, roughly a 
day's hard ride apart perhaps 25

2324
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:35,500
to 30 miles. 
Each station maintains Fresh 

2325
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:40,100
Horses, supplies, food, and 
Riders, ready to carry messages 

2326
02:07:40,100 --> 02:07:43,400
or transport officials, the 
stations are stocked. 

2327
02:07:43,400 --> 02:07:47,600
Systematically managed by 
appointed officials and subject 

2328
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:50,800
to regular inspection to ensure 
their maintained properly. 

2329
02:07:51,600 --> 02:07:55,600
The system operates with 
remarkable efficiency, an Urgent

2330
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:58,100
Message can travel, from one end
of the Empire to the other 

2331
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:02,500
impacts, two to three weeks and 
astonishing speed for the era. 

2332
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,500
by comparison European kingdoms,
might take months to coordinate 

2333
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:13,100
actions between distant regions 
Officials carrying the pieces, a

2334
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:16,100
tablet made of gold, silver or 
wood, depending on rank. 

2335
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:20,700
Identifying them as Imperial 
Messengers receive priority 

2336
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:24,200
treatment at all stations and 
can requisition horses, food 

2337
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:26,100
shelter and assistance as 
needed. 

2338
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:30,800
This communication Network makes
Imperial Administration possible

2339
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:35,000
across vast distances Genghis. 
Khan can send orders to distant 

2340
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:38,300
Governors and receive compliance
within weeks rather than months.

2341
02:08:39,100 --> 02:08:41,800
He can receive intelligent 
reports about threats or 

2342
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:44,400
opportunities and responded. 
Before situations, develop 

2343
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:47,300
beyond control. 
He can coordinate military 

2344
02:08:47,300 --> 02:08:50,500
campaigns across multiple 
fronts, separated by thousands 

2345
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:54,400
of miles. the amp system 
transforms how Empires can 

2346
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:58,100
function enabling centralized 
control over territories, that 

2347
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,700
previous rulers could only 
govern loosely The economic 

2348
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:03,600
implications proved equally 
important. 

2349
02:09:03,600 --> 02:09:07,100
The security Genghis Khan 
provides along trade routes 

2350
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:10,500
combined with the communication 
infrastructure that supports 

2351
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:14,200
Commerce encourages trade on an 
unprecedented scale. 

2352
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:18,300
Silk Road, which had always 
existed in fragments controlled 

2353
02:09:18,300 --> 02:09:21,700
by different powers demanding 
tolls, and offering varying 

2354
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:25,200
levels of security becomes for 
the first time in history. 

2355
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:28,700
A relatively unified system 
under single management. 

2356
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,100
You see the results in daily 
life as you help administer 

2357
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:36,800
trade routes Merchants traveling
from China, to Persia no longer 

2358
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:39,400
need to negotiate with dozens of
different powers. 

2359
02:09:39,400 --> 02:09:44,100
Pay arbitrary tolls at every 
border, hire armed guards, to 

2360
02:09:44,100 --> 02:09:47,300
protect against Bandits or 
navigate complex and 

2361
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:52,200
contradictory legal systems. 
They pay standardized taxes to 

2362
02:09:52,200 --> 02:09:56,000
Mongol authorities, receive 
protection under Imperial law, 

2363
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,300
and can conduct business with 
reasonable confidence. 

2364
02:09:59,300 --> 02:10:02,200
That contracts will be enforced.
And property will be protected 

2365
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:05,900
this creates wealth that flows 
into the Empire's coffers 

2366
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,100
through taxation. 
But more importantly, it creates

2367
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:12,000
economic integration and 
cultural Exchange. 

2368
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:16,600
Silk moves, Westwood in vast 
quantities, enriching Chinese 

2369
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:20,000
producers and Central Asian 
Merchants while providing luxury

2370
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,200
goods to Persian and eventually 
European markets. 

2371
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:27,600
Silver flows, Eastwood driven by
Chinese demand for precious 

2372
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,600
metals. 
Spices travel from south to 

2373
02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:33,300
North Furs, move from north to 
south. 

2374
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:37,200
Each trade route becomes a 
conduit not just for goods, but 

2375
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:40,400
for ideas Technologies and 
cultural practices. 

2376
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:44,400
The religious tolerance that 
Genghis Khan established becomes

2377
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:47,900
even more evident in important 
during the era of expanded trade

2378
02:10:47,900 --> 02:10:51,800
and contact. you encounter 
extraordinary diversity in any 

2379
02:10:51,800 --> 02:10:55,800
major city along the trade 
routes Nestorian Christians from

2380
02:10:55,800 --> 02:10:59,500
Central, Asia working alongside 
Buddhist monks from China 

2381
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:04,200
Muslim, merchants from Persia 
trading with shamaness Mongols, 

2382
02:11:04,200 --> 02:11:08,800
Taoist sages Consulting with 
mannequin, Scholars and Jewish 

2383
02:11:08,800 --> 02:11:11,800
Traders conducting business with
Hindu Craftsmen. 

2384
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:14,400
And nobody finds this 
particularly remarkable. 

2385
02:11:14,400 --> 02:11:19,400
The Empire's policy is clear and
consistently, enforced believe 

2386
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:23,100
whatever you want worship. 
However, you choose follow 

2387
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:26,400
whatever dietary restrictions, 
your religion requires, and 

2388
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:29,500
observe whatever, holy days. 
You prefer, As Long as You 

2389
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:33,300
Follow the Civil laws, pay your 
taxes and contribute to the 

2390
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,300
Empire's defense. 
When required Genghis, Khan 

2391
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:39,900
actively encourages this diverse
teeth through explicit policy, 

2392
02:11:40,700 --> 02:11:45,200
He granted tax exemptions to all
religious institutions Moss 

2393
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:48,700
churches. 
Monasteries temples and 

2394
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:51,600
synagogues. 
He protects places of worship 

2395
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:55,300
from desecration or destruction.
He prohibits religious 

2396
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:57,600
discrimination in Commerce or 
Administration. 

2397
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,800
He employs talented individuals 
regardless of their religion, 

2398
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:05,600
Muslim administrators managing 
taxation systems. 

2399
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:10,500
Christian scribes maintaining 
records Buddhist advisors 

2400
02:12:10,500 --> 02:12:14,600
providing Council on governance 
and Tower sages offering wisdom 

2401
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:19,300
of our Health and Longevity. 
This isn't altruism or 

2402
02:12:19,300 --> 02:12:21,200
philosophical commitment to 
Religious Freedom. 

2403
02:12:21,200 --> 02:12:25,000
In any, modern sense, its 
practical recognition that 

2404
02:12:25,000 --> 02:12:27,700
diverse sources of talent and 
knowledge, make the Empire 

2405
02:12:27,700 --> 02:12:30,900
stronger. 
Why limit yourself to Mongol 

2406
02:12:30,900 --> 02:12:34,700
Shaman recruit the 
administrative expertise of 

2407
02:12:34,700 --> 02:12:38,800
Chinese Confucian bureaucrats? 
The commercial networks of 

2408
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:42,200
Muslim merchants the scholarly 
traditions of Christian 

2409
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:45,200
monasteries and the scientific 
knowledge of Persian 

2410
02:12:45,200 --> 02:12:47,800
astronomers. 
Cultural and technological 

2411
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:51,300
exchange facilitated by this 
integrated Trade Network 

2412
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:54,300
transform societies, across your
Asia. 

2413
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:59,500
Chinese Technologies, spread 
Westwood gunpowder, which will 

2414
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:03,400
revolutionize Warfare. 
Printing which will democratize 

2415
02:13:03,400 --> 02:13:07,600
knowledge, the compass, which 
enables navigation and paper 

2416
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:10,100
currently, which facilitates 
Commerce. 

2417
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:14,800
Islamic scientific knowledge 
spreads, Eastwood advanced 

2418
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:19,200
mathematics including algebra 
sophisticated astronomy enabling

2419
02:13:19,200 --> 02:13:22,500
accurate calendars. 
Medical knowledge accumulated 

2420
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:27,000
from Greek, Persian an Indian 
sources, an architectural 

2421
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:30,300
technique for building, large 
domes and complex structures. 

2422
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:35,000
European goods and ideas. 
Begin reaching East Asia in 

2423
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:37,100
significant quantities for the 
first time. 

2424
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:41,200
Mongol rule creates for a brief 
historical moment. 

2425
02:13:41,200 --> 02:13:45,900
Something approaching a unified 
Eurasian economy enabling 

2426
02:13:45,900 --> 02:13:49,200
exchanges that wouldn't occur 
again at this scale until the 

2427
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:52,600
modern era you witness some of 
this exchange directly. 

2428
02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:56,100
A Chinese engineer arrives at 
mongol military Camp. 

2429
02:13:56,100 --> 02:13:58,300
Bringing designs for improved 
Siege weapons. 

2430
02:13:59,200 --> 02:14:02,600
A person astronomer sets up an 
observatory teaching Mongol 

2431
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:04,300
princes about Celestial 
mechanics. 

2432
02:14:05,500 --> 02:14:08,700
The European Merchants brings 
samples of glass and cloth 

2433
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:12,900
trading them for silk and 
porcelain. a Buddhist missionary

2434
02:14:12,900 --> 02:14:16,900
from Tibet discusses philosophy 
with the nestorian monk while a 

2435
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:20,300
Muslim scholar, observes and 
comments, The intellectual and 

2436
02:14:20,300 --> 02:14:22,500
cultural firmament. 
This is unprecedented. 

2437
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,900
The administrative 
sophistication continues 

2438
02:14:25,900 --> 02:14:29,300
developing the Empire. 
Conducts censuses to better 

2439
02:14:29,300 --> 02:14:31,300
understand its population and 
resources. 

2440
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:34,800
Initially crude counts, but 
gradually becoming more 

2441
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:38,200
systematic. 
Tax records are maintained with 

2442
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:42,100
increasing care, using written 
documentation that allows for 

2443
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:45,600
planning and forecasting rather 
than just ad hoc extraction. 

2444
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:51,200
Postal records track message. 
Traffic enabling administrators 

2445
02:14:51,200 --> 02:14:54,500
to identify problems in the 
system and optimize routes. 

2446
02:14:55,100 --> 02:14:57,500
Legal Administration becomes 
more formalized. 

2447
02:14:58,200 --> 02:15:01,400
Judges applying the assault 
accumulate precedent and 

2448
02:15:01,400 --> 02:15:04,200
interpretations that, add Nuance
to the original principles. 

2449
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:07,200
The fundamental rules. 
Remain constant. 

2450
02:15:08,000 --> 02:15:10,400
Equality before law protection 
of property. 

2451
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:15,700
Religious tolerance, merit-based
advancement but the applications

2452
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:19,100
become more sophisticated as the
Empire governs increasingly 

2453
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:25,100
diverse population with varying 
customs and Expectations by 1226

2454
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:27,800
Genghis. 
Khan is in his mid-60s and 

2455
02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:30,800
impressive age for someone who 
spent his entire adult life in 

2456
02:15:30,800 --> 02:15:34,000
Warfare outdoor living and 
constant travel. 

2457
02:15:34,900 --> 02:15:39,300
His body shows, the accumulated 
damage of decades Old Wounds, 

2458
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:43,600
that achan cold weather joints 
stiffened by countless hours on 

2459
02:15:43,600 --> 02:15:46,300
Horseback. 
And the general erosion that 

2460
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:51,600
active, life brings But his mind
remained sharp his strategic 

2461
02:15:51,600 --> 02:15:55,400
thinking, undermined and his 
determination unwanted. 

2462
02:15:56,400 --> 02:15:59,600
The Western sheer. 
First campaigned against years 

2463
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:01,600
earlier. 
And which had submitted to 

2464
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:05,500
Mongols or anti Has refused to 
provide military support for 

2465
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:07,700
campaigns against the quadrants 
Empire. 

2466
02:16:09,100 --> 02:16:12,900
The refusal comes with insulting
language suggesting that. 

2467
02:16:12,900 --> 02:16:15,200
If Genghis, Khan cannot fight 
his own battles. 

2468
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:19,200
He shouldn't be Khan. 
This combination of Disobedience

2469
02:16:19,200 --> 02:16:23,100
and insult is intolerable. 
Despite his age and declining 

2470
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:26,200
Health Genghis. 
Khan personally leads one final 

2471
02:16:26,200 --> 02:16:30,000
campaign against Western Sierra.
Your part of this Expedition 

2472
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:33,700
now, an older officer yourself, 
and it's clear that Genghis, 

2473
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:36,600
Khan is driving himself Beyond 
his physical limits. 

2474
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:41,200
He's determined to complete this
campaign to punish the Tango's 

2475
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:45,100
for their Disobedience and to 
establish definitively that 

2476
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:48,700
submission to Mongol Authority 
must be complete and permanent. 

2477
02:16:50,000 --> 02:16:53,500
During the campaign Genghis, 
Khan suffers an accident while 

2478
02:16:53,500 --> 02:16:56,700
hunting. 
Either a fall from his horse or 

2479
02:16:56,700 --> 02:16:59,000
possibly being thrown when his 
horses startled. 

2480
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:03,700
He's injured possibly internally
and never fully recovers. 

2481
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:07,900
He develops fever and weakness, 
but refuses to abandon the 

2482
02:17:07,900 --> 02:17:11,299
campaign. 
The Mongol Army continues, its 

2483
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:14,100
systematic destruction of 
Western Shia's capacity for 

2484
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:18,500
resistance, the sieging, cities 
accepting surrenders and 

2485
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:20,000
gradually crushing all 
opposition. 

2486
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:24,900
In August of 1227 Genghis, Khan 
dies. 

2487
02:17:25,600 --> 02:17:28,000
The exact circumstances remain 
unclear. 

2488
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:31,500
Some sources suggest 
complications from his hunting 

2489
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:34,600
injury. 
Others mention illness possibly 

2490
02:17:34,600 --> 02:17:37,200
typhoid or dysentery and still 
others. 

2491
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:40,400
Hint of violence though. 
This seems less likely give them

2492
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:45,400
the sources and circumstances. 
What certain is that he dies 

2493
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:48,400
during the Western Sierra 
campaign and according to some 

2494
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:51,500
accounts, his final order's 
demand that the Western 

2495
02:17:51,500 --> 02:17:55,200
shearling family be exterminated
as punishment for causing him to

2496
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:59,100
campaign in his final years. 
His death is kept secret 

2497
02:17:59,100 --> 02:18:01,799
initially. 
The Mongol Army is deep in enemy

2498
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:05,200
territory and announcing the 
Khan's, death might encourage 

2499
02:18:05,200 --> 02:18:08,799
resistance or enable enemies to 
attack during the vulnerable 

2500
02:18:08,799 --> 02:18:12,400
transition period. 
The body is transported back to 

2501
02:18:12,400 --> 02:18:15,700
Mongolia in secrecy. 
According to tradition, 

2502
02:18:15,700 --> 02:18:18,500
everyone. 
The funeral Cortez in counters, 

2503
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:22,100
is killed to preserve the secret
of his burial location and to 

2504
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:26,100
provide the deceased Khan with 
servants in the afterlife, The 

2505
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:28,700
exact burial site remains 
unknown to this day. 

2506
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:33,200
Tradition holds that he's buried
somewhere in the sacred burkhan 

2507
02:18:33,200 --> 02:18:36,400
kaldun mountain region, where he
had hidden and prayed during 

2508
02:18:36,400 --> 02:18:40,400
desperate times in his youth. 
The site is deliberately left 

2509
02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:44,100
unmarked protected by 
prohibitions against disturbing,

2510
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:48,799
the area and lost to history. 
Modern attempts to locate the 

2511
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:51,799
tomb using various Technologies 
of so far failed. 

2512
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:56,200
But Genghis Khan had planned for
succession understanding that 

2513
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:58,400
his death, shouldn't plunged. 
The empire into chaos. 

2514
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:03,400
He designated his third son 
urged day as his principal are 

2515
02:19:04,400 --> 02:19:08,000
not his eldest son Yoshi. 
Whose paternity had always been 

2516
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:10,700
questioned and who had died 
early anyway. 

2517
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:14,900
Not his second son, chagatai, 
who was too quarrelsome and 

2518
02:19:14,907 --> 02:19:19,200
rigid in his thinking. not his 
youngest son, tolui, who was 

2519
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:22,200
talented, but perhaps, two 
young, and who held the 

2520
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:25,299
traditional role of inheriting, 
the father's herds and Homeland 

2521
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:30,700
Ugadi competent, and diplomatic 
capable of building consensus 

2522
02:19:30,700 --> 02:19:33,299
and managing the competing 
interests of relatives. 

2523
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:35,900
And Generals would continue his 
father's work. 

2524
02:19:36,700 --> 02:19:39,500
The succession proceeds 
remarkably smoothly. 

2525
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:42,200
Estimate to the institutional 
structures. 

2526
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:48,299
Genghis, Khan built Chiral is 
held in 1229 and ogre day is 

2527
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:50,600
formally proclaimed as great 
Khan. 

2528
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:54,800
The Empire doesn't fragment into
warring factions, the 

2529
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,700
administrative systems, continue
functioning the postal Network 

2530
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:03,100
keeps operating the laws remain 
enforce, the military maintains 

2531
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:07,000
its organization and discipline,
the transition demonstrates that

2532
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:10,800
the empires become larger than 
any individual even its founder.

2533
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:14,900
Your older now working in civil 
Administration rather than 

2534
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:19,200
fighting new witness the 
Empire's expansion Underwood's, 

2535
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:22,400
rule. 
In many ways he could die proves

2536
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:26,300
an ideal successor. 
He lacks his father's Charisma 

2537
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:30,100
and strategic genius, but 
possesses strong administrative 

2538
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:33,500
skills and the political wisdom 
to work effectively with the 

2539
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,300
powerful, generals and Prince's 
inherited. 

2540
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:40,800
Okkadai completes the conquest 
of the jinny that his father 

2541
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:43,900
began. 
The final Jean Emperor dies in 

2542
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:48,600
1234 ending a dynasty that had 
ruled Northern China for over a 

2543
02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:51,400
century. 
The conquer territories are 

2544
02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:54,300
incorporated into the Mongol 
Empire though. 

2545
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:57,600
Administration remains 
challenging governing settled. 

2546
02:20:57,600 --> 02:21:00,500
Agricultural, populations 
requires different skills than 

2547
02:21:00,500 --> 02:21:03,800
ruling nomadic tribes, and the 
Mongols are still learning. 

2548
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:07,400
Okayed also continues expansion 
Westward. 

2549
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:10,700
He sends armies into Eastern 
Europe under the command of 

2550
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:13,000
battle. 
Khan Genghis, Khan's grandson 

2551
02:21:13,000 --> 02:21:18,400
through Yoshi and the brilliant 
General subutai. from 12:37 

2552
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:23,200
through 12:41 Mongol, forces, 
sweep through Russia, Poland and

2553
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:26,700
Hungary Defeating every Army 
that opposes them. 

2554
02:21:27,800 --> 02:21:30,200
The European campaigns 
demonstrate Mongol, military 

2555
02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:33,900
capabilities at their Peak. 
At the Battle of lieutenants. 

2556
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:38,500
In 1241 Mongol forces defeat a 
combined polish, German Army 

2557
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:43,200
using sophisticated tactics, 
including feigned, Retreats and 

2558
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:45,700
coordinated charges from 
multiple directions. 

2559
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:51,300
At the Battle of mohi in 
Hungary, the same year, they 

2560
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:54,300
annihilate, a large Hungarian 
Army through Superior, 

2561
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:57,500
reconnaissance coordination, and
tactical flexibility. 

2562
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:02,900
European Christian is terrified.
The Mongol seemed Invincible 

2563
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:06,900
appearing and disappearing with 
Supernatural, speed defeating, 

2564
02:22:06,900 --> 02:22:10,100
every Force sent against them, 
and using tactics and 

2565
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:13,400
coordination, that European 
commanders can't counter. 

2566
02:22:14,400 --> 02:22:17,500
Chronicles described them as 
God's punishment for Christian 

2567
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,700
sins. 
Or as demonic forces Pros, aging

2568
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:24,500
the Apocalypse The rapid Mongol 
Advanced seems Unstoppable. 

2569
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:27,800
But then abruptly, the Mongols 
withdraw. 

2570
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:32,800
Ogre day dies in December 1241 
possibly, from alcoholism. 

2571
02:22:32,800 --> 02:22:36,400
Possibly from other causes and 
the Mongol commanders in Europe,

2572
02:22:36,400 --> 02:22:39,400
receive word and return for the 
succession career tie. 

2573
02:22:40,500 --> 02:22:43,600
The invasion of Western Europe, 
never resumes though. 

2574
02:22:43,600 --> 02:22:45,300
The reasons are debated by 
historians. 

2575
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:48,100
The immediate cause is ogre's 
death. 

2576
02:22:48,900 --> 02:22:51,700
But deeper factors include the 
marginal value of European 

2577
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:54,900
territories compared to 
Richlands in the Middle Eastern,

2578
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:58,500
China, and the logistical 
difficulties of campaigning so 

2579
02:22:58,500 --> 02:23:02,100
far from the Mongol Heartland. 
But what's really developing 

2580
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:05,500
during the period, is the full 
flowering of systems Genghis. 

2581
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:09,200
Khan created, the Empire isn't 
just a collection of conquered 

2582
02:23:09,200 --> 02:23:11,500
territories. 
It's becoming an integrated 

2583
02:23:11,500 --> 02:23:15,700
political economic, and cultural
entity with sophisticated 

2584
02:23:15,700 --> 02:23:19,200
institutions. 
The legal system continues 

2585
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:22,000
evolving maintaining Corps 
principles while developing 

2586
02:23:22,000 --> 02:23:25,500
nuanced and precedent. the 
Yasser Remains the fundamental 

2587
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:29,200
law, but judges accumulate 
experience in applying it to 

2588
02:23:29,208 --> 02:23:33,300
diverse situations mixed 
tribunals sometimes include 

2589
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:36,100
judges from different 
backgrounds, to ensure fairness 

2590
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:40,500
when disputes cross-cultural 
lines Legal decisions are 

2591
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:43,800
increasingly documented, 
creating a body of case, law 

2592
02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:47,500
that guides future judgments. 
The economic integration 

2593
02:23:47,500 --> 02:23:51,800
accelerates dramatically the 
Silk Road reaches its historical

2594
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:56,600
Zenith under Mongol protection. 
Merchants can travel from Korea 

2595
02:23:56,600 --> 02:23:59,900
to Hungary under single 
management, protected by Mongol 

2596
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:02,900
law using standardized 
currencies and weights, 

2597
02:24:02,900 --> 02:24:05,500
confident. 
Their contracts will be enforced

2598
02:24:05,500 --> 02:24:09,000
and their goods protected. 
This creates Prosperity, that 

2599
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:12,800
benefits the Empire through 
taxation and participating 

2600
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,700
regions through increased trade.
You help manage segments of this

2601
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:19,000
Trade Network and witness its 
sophistication. 

2602
02:24:20,000 --> 02:24:25,900
Caravan Sarasota, long trade 
routes, providing secure 

2603
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:29,200
lodging, fresh animals, supplies
and banking services. 

2604
02:24:29,200 --> 02:24:33,200
Merchants can deposit money in 
one city and withdraw it in 

2605
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,200
another through sophisticated 
bills of Exchange. 

2606
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:40,200
Avoiding the risk of carrying 
large amounts of coin or 

2607
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,900
precious metals commercial 
contracts are enforced by 

2608
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:47,500
Imperial courts, that understand
Trade Practices and can 

2609
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:52,000
adjudicate disputes efficiently.
The cultural exchange becomes 

2610
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:54,800
truly remarkable. 
You attend gatherings in the 

2611
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:58,000
imperial capital where Scholars 
from across the Empire exchange.

2612
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,400
Knowledge, Chinese Engineers, 
demonstrate new Siege 

2613
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,400
Technologies, Persian 
astronomers, share observations,

2614
02:25:04,400 --> 02:25:08,600
and calculations. 
Indian mathematicians explained 

2615
02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:12,500
Advanced numerical systems 
including the concept of zero. 

2616
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,300
European Merchants describe 
their trade networks and 

2617
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:19,200
political systems. 
The Mongol Court becomes 

2618
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:23,000
genuinely Cosmopolitan, 
employing administrators and 

2619
02:25:23,000 --> 02:25:25,300
advisors from dozens of 
different backgrounds. 

2620
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:29,500
Religious debates occur where 
Buddhist Christian Muslim and 

2621
02:25:29,500 --> 02:25:32,800
Taoist representatives are argue
their positions before the Khan 

2622
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:35,900
and his court. 
Not to determine which religion 

2623
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:38,700
is correct. 
The Empire maintains its policy 

2624
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:41,700
of Tolerance but as an 
intellectual exercise and 

2625
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:45,600
entertainment, This cultural 
mixing creates Innovation and 

2626
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:48,800
synthesis. 
Chinese medicine incorporates 

2627
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:52,900
ideas from Persian and Indian 
traditions, Islamic astronomy 

2628
02:25:52,900 --> 02:25:54,800
benefits from Chinese 
observations. 

2629
02:25:55,500 --> 02:25:58,900
Mongol military tactics 
integrate Siege Technologies 

2630
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:02,100
from multiple sources, Artistic 
Styles. 

2631
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:06,400
Blend creating hybrid forms that
draw from multiple Traditions. 

2632
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:09,600
The administrative 
sophistication, increases 

2633
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:13,500
steadily census taking become 
more systematic and regular 

2634
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:16,900
providing detailed information 
about population distribution, 

2635
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:20,300
economic resources and Military 
capacity. 

2636
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:25,000
Tax collection becomes more 
rationalized with rates based on

2637
02:26:25,008 --> 02:26:28,900
productivity and ability to pay 
rather than arbitrary 

2638
02:26:28,900 --> 02:26:31,800
extraction. 
The bureaucracy, grows, more 

2639
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:35,400
professional with specialized 
departments handling different 

2640
02:26:35,400 --> 02:26:38,700
aspects of governance. 
The Empire establishes a postal 

2641
02:26:38,700 --> 02:26:42,100
system that handles not just 
official messages, but also 

2642
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:44,700
begins enabling private 
correspondence and Commercial 

2643
02:26:44,700 --> 02:26:48,600
Communications. 
The yam stations originally 

2644
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:50,800
billed for military and 
administrative purposes. 

2645
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:54,100
Become nodes in a broader 
communication Network, that 

2646
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:57,800
facilitates Commerce and 
cultural exchange looking back 

2647
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:02,100
from the 1240s and 1250 you can 
assess what Genghis, Khan and 

2648
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:04,500
his immediate successors, 
actually accomplished. 

2649
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:08,600
The territorial Conquest is 
obvious and unprecedented. 

2650
02:27:08,600 --> 02:27:13,000
The Mongol Empire at its height,
controls more territory than any

2651
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,800
Empire in history stretching 
from Korea to Hungary from 

2652
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:21,500
Siberia to the Persian Gulf. 
But the conquest alone doesn't 

2653
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:24,200
explain why the Empire 
functioned as effectively as it 

2654
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:27,300
did or why it's influenced 
persisted long after its 

2655
02:27:27,300 --> 02:27:31,000
political Unity dissolved. 
The real achievements were 

2656
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:33,400
organizational, institutional, 
and cultural. 

2657
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:38,500
The Pax mongolica, the Mongol, 
peace, enables trade and travel 

2658
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,900
across Eurasia on an 
unprecedented scale. 

2659
02:27:42,000 --> 02:27:45,300
For perhaps a century, Merchants
can travel from China to Europe 

2660
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:50,000
with reasonable security, paying
standardized tolls operating 

2661
02:27:50,000 --> 02:27:53,300
under consistently legal 
systems, and moving Goods in 

2662
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:55,100
quantities. 
That would have been impossible 

2663
02:27:55,100 --> 02:27:58,500
during periods of fragmentation 
and chronic Warfare. 

2664
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:03,100
This economic integration 
creates wealth and facilitates 

2665
02:28:03,100 --> 02:28:05,100
exchanges that wouldn't occur. 
Otherwise. 

2666
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:09,100
Technologies and ideas that 
might have remained localized 

2667
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:13,100
rapidly across the empire. 
Chinese invention's, reach 

2668
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:15,900
Europe. 
Islamic science reaches China 

2669
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,500
and European Goods, reach East, 
Asia. 

2670
02:28:19,700 --> 02:28:23,800
The Mongol Empire functions as a
massive Network for exchanging, 

2671
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:28,100
not just Commodities, but also 
knowledge techniques and 

2672
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:32,000
cultural practices. 
The meritocratic principles 

2673
02:28:32,000 --> 02:28:35,100
Genghis, Khan established 
however, in perfectly realized 

2674
02:28:35,100 --> 02:28:38,500
demonstrate that Talent can be 
recognized and rewarded 

2675
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:42,700
regardless of birth. 
This isn't democracy or equality

2676
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:45,700
in any modern sense. 
The Empire remains higher 

2677
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:49,400
archaeal and often brutal, but 
it represents movement towards 

2678
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:51,600
systems. 
That value contribution over 

2679
02:28:51,600 --> 02:28:55,800
inherited status. 
Talented administrator from a 

2680
02:28:55,808 --> 02:28:58,100
conquered. 
People can reach positions of 

2681
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:00,900
real Authority. 
A brave Warrior from a minor 

2682
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:05,600
Clan can become a general Birth 
still matters but competence 

2683
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:09,300
matters more than it had before.
The religious tolerance in 

2684
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:12,400
enables governance of diverse 
populations without the 

2685
02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:15,000
constant. 
Sectarian conflicts that plague,

2686
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:18,200
many other Empires. 
People of different faiths 

2687
02:29:18,200 --> 02:29:21,200
coexist and cooperate, under 
common civil law. 

2688
02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:25,200
This creates a model. 
However, temporarily sustained 

2689
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:28,200
for how multi-religious Society 
might function. 

2690
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:32,200
The principle that people can 
worship differently, while 

2691
02:29:32,200 --> 02:29:35,800
cooperating politically and 
economically influences, how 

2692
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:38,200
later societies. 
Think about religious diversity.

2693
02:29:39,400 --> 02:29:42,800
The legal system, emphasizing 
consistent application, 

2694
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:47,200
regardless of social status 
creates a sense of fairness that

2695
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:50,800
generates loyalty and enables 
economic activity. 

2696
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:55,400
When people know rules will be 
applied, predictably, they can 

2697
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:59,100
plan invest and engage in 
long-term projects with greater 

2698
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:03,000
confidence. 
The yassa isn't perfect, no 

2699
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:07,100
human legal system ever is, but 
it's remarkably functional for 

2700
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:10,500
its time and scale. 
The communication and 

2701
02:30:10,500 --> 02:30:13,100
transportation infrastructure 
enables Administration and 

2702
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:17,600
commerce across unprecedented 
distances, the yam system allows

2703
02:30:17,600 --> 02:30:20,900
information to flow rapidly, 
enabling coordination and 

2704
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:22,200
control. 
That would otherwise be 

2705
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:24,600
impossible. 
The protected trade routes. 

2706
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:26,800
Create economic benefits that 
make the Empire. 

2707
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:29,000
Wealthy beyond what Conquest 
alone could have. 

2708
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:33,600
A systematic incorporation of 
Concord Elites and populations 

2709
02:30:33,600 --> 02:30:38,100
rather than they Universal 
extermination preserves talent 

2710
02:30:38,100 --> 02:30:43,300
and knowledge Chinese Engineers.
Persian administrators Turkish 

2711
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:48,000
Craftsman, Russian artists and 
European Merchants all 

2712
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:50,900
contribute their skills to the 
Empire instead of being 

2713
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:54,200
destroyed by it. 
This isn't Mercy in any 

2714
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:57,400
emotional sense, but practical 
recognition that killing 

2715
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:00,900
talented people is wasteful. 
And that governing conquered 

2716
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,500
territories, requires 
understanding, local conditions 

2717
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:08,200
and customs. the Mongol Empire 
eventually fragments as all 

2718
02:31:08,200 --> 02:31:12,000
Empires do Ooga day successes 
quarrel over succession. 

2719
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:16,000
The Empire splits into separate 
Canada is that gradually develop

2720
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:19,600
independent identities, the 
golden horde in Russia and 

2721
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:22,600
Eastern Europe. 
The ilka nut in Persia and the 

2722
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:27,100
Middle East, the chagatai kanae 
in Central, Asia and the Yuan 

2723
02:31:27,100 --> 02:31:30,800
dynasty in China. 
The successor States, maintain 

2724
02:31:30,800 --> 02:31:34,500
varying degrees of coordination 
and shared identity but the 

2725
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:37,800
unified empire that Genghis, 
Khan created and good day, 

2726
02:31:37,800 --> 02:31:41,300
maintained, doesn't survive into
the late 13th century as a 

2727
02:31:41,300 --> 02:31:46,000
single political entity. 
The unity in China is overthrown

2728
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:50,500
in 1368 by the Ming Danish tea. 
The other Carnes gradually 

2729
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:54,300
weakened a conquered by Rising 
powers or transform into 

2730
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:58,700
different political entities. by
the 15th century, the unified 

2731
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:02,800
Mongol Empire exists only in 
memory Yet Genghis, Khan's 

2732
02:32:02,800 --> 02:32:05,900
Legacy, persists and ways that 
transcend political boundaries 

2733
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:09,800
and Outlast specific 
institutions, the systems. 

2734
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:13,900
He created the principality 
established and the connections,

2735
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,900
he forged between East and West 
had permanent effects on human 

2736
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:21,500
civilization. the trade 
networks, Genghis, Khan 

2737
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:25,100
protected and expanded created 
economic and cultural 

2738
02:32:25,100 --> 02:32:29,300
integration that persisted long 
after Mongol, political control 

2739
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:34,200
ended The Silk Road having 
reached its peak under Mongol 

2740
02:32:34,200 --> 02:32:37,800
protection continued functioning
even as the Empire fragmented. 

2741
02:32:38,900 --> 02:32:42,800
The commercial practices banking
methods and trade routes 

2742
02:32:42,800 --> 02:32:46,300
established during the Mongol 
period influenced how later 

2743
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:49,400
Empires and eventually modern 
Global Commerce developed. 

2744
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:52,700
The religious tolerance, 
demonstrated, that diverse. 

2745
02:32:52,700 --> 02:32:56,700
Faiths could coexist under 
common political Authority. this

2746
02:32:56,700 --> 02:33:00,600
wasn't perfectly maintained, 
human institutions, rarely 

2747
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:03,900
achieve Perfection, but the 
principal was established in 

2748
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:08,300
demonstrated at a massive scale 
later rule as facing religious 

2749
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:11,400
diversity, could look to the 
Mongol example and see that 

2750
02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:15,900
tolerance was possible and often
advantageous the administrative 

2751
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:19,200
Innovations, postal systems 
census, taking systematic, 

2752
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:23,300
Taxation, and professional 
bureaucracy provided models that

2753
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:25,300
later. 
Empire studied and adapted. 

2754
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,500
The Ming Dynasty, which 
overthrew the Mongols in China. 

2755
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:31,800
Nevertheless. 
Maintained many Mongol 

2756
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:36,300
administrative practices because
they worked The Ottoman safavid 

2757
02:33:36,300 --> 02:33:40,000
and Mughal empires all studied 
Mongol governance, methods and 

2758
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,800
Incorporated, useful elements. 
The military innovations 

2759
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:47,300
influence Warfare for centuries.
The emphasis on Mobility 

2760
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:51,500
coordination intelligence 
gathering Logistics and 

2761
02:33:51,500 --> 02:33:54,800
adaptability became standard 
elements of military thinking. 

2762
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:57,900
The Mongol armies. 
Effectiveness came not from 

2763
02:33:57,900 --> 02:34:01,400
Superior technology or 
overwhelming numbers but from 

2764
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,200
Superior organization, 
discipline and systematic 

2765
02:34:05,200 --> 02:34:07,700
planning. 
Lessons that military 

2766
02:34:07,700 --> 02:34:09,500
strategists can continue 
studying. 

2767
02:34:10,600 --> 02:34:13,600
The concept of meritocratic 
advancement however, in 

2768
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:17,600
perfectly realized entered 
political Consciousness and 

2769
02:34:17,600 --> 02:34:20,100
influenced how late is 
societies, thought about social 

2770
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:24,400
mobility and opportunity. 
The idea that Talent deserves 

2771
02:34:24,400 --> 02:34:28,400
recognition regardless of birth,
that competent people should be 

2772
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:31,700
promoted based on capability 
rather than connections. 

2773
02:34:31,700 --> 02:34:34,900
And that system should reward 
contribution rather than 

2774
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:39,900
inherited status. 
These principles demonstrated at

2775
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:43,300
scale in the Mongol Empire 
became part of how humans think 

2776
02:34:43,300 --> 02:34:47,400
about organizing societies. 
Returning to Genghis. 

2777
02:34:47,400 --> 02:34:50,800
Khan himself, what kind of 
person emerges from the 

2778
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:53,900
historical sources despite their
biases and limitations? 

2779
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:58,900
The sources are problematic. 
Written by people with various 

2780
02:34:58,900 --> 02:35:02,200
agendas often Generations after 
the events. 

2781
02:35:02,200 --> 02:35:05,100
Filtered through cultural 
assumptions, and political 

2782
02:35:05,100 --> 02:35:07,900
needs. 
Some patterns emerge, 

2783
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:11,200
consistently. 
He was clearly intelligent and 

2784
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:12,900
capable of learning 
continuously. 

2785
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:17,400
He started as a skilled tribal 
leader and evolved into an 

2786
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:20,700
imperial administrator learning 
from every campaign, 

2787
02:35:20,700 --> 02:35:24,800
incorporating ideas from 
defeated enemies, and adapting 

2788
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:28,400
methods based on results rather 
than rigid at tradition. 

2789
02:35:29,400 --> 02:35:33,100
He recognized talent in others 
and promoted it, regardless of 

2790
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:35,700
background. 
Suggesting both confidence in 

2791
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,300
his own position and pragmatic. 
Understanding that capable 

2792
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:41,400
subordinates. 
Make organizations function 

2793
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:45,600
better He was ruthless when he 
judged ruthlessness necessary, 

2794
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:49,100
but not gratuitously cruel, the 
distinction matters, 

2795
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:51,300
historically, and morally 
cities. 

2796
02:35:51,300 --> 02:35:55,000
That surrendered were generally,
spared major violence cities 

2797
02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:56,600
that resisted were punished 
severely. 

2798
02:35:57,500 --> 02:36:01,000
Enemies who demonstrated loyalty
after defeat were Incorporated 

2799
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:04,800
and sometimes promoted those who
continue to resisting were 

2800
02:36:04,800 --> 02:36:09,300
eliminated. 
This was calculated brutality in

2801
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:13,700
service of strategic goals, 
encouraging future, surrenders 

2802
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:18,200
eliminating potential 
rebellions, rather than sadism 

2803
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:21,800
for its own sake. 
He valued loyalty, intensely 

2804
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:25,500
probably reflecting his early 
experience of betrayal and 

2805
02:36:25,500 --> 02:36:28,600
abandonment. 
People who proved their loyalty 

2806
02:36:28,600 --> 02:36:31,800
received rewards protection and 
advancement. 

2807
02:36:32,700 --> 02:36:36,400
People who betrayed his trust 
faced severe consequences. 

2808
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:41,300
The Asus codified, this loyalty 
to the Khan and the empire was 

2809
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,500
the highest obligation 
superseding Clan ties or 

2810
02:36:44,500 --> 02:36:48,800
personal relationships. 
He showed remarkable flexibility

2811
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:51,800
and adopting useful, 
Innovations, regardless of their

2812
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:54,600
source. 
He learned Siege Warfare from 

2813
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:58,600
Chinese Engineers adopted 
literacy from yoga scribed 

2814
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:01,900
employed. 
Persian administrators recruited

2815
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,600
religious advisors from multiple
traditions, an incorporated 

2816
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:10,000
military tactics from defeated 
enemies He wasn't constrained by

2817
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,400
cultural chauvinism or 
assumptions that Mongols were 

2818
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:15,100
inherently Superior to all 
others. 

2819
02:37:15,100 --> 02:37:19,400
He demonstrated long-term 
strategic thinking unusual for 

2820
02:37:19,400 --> 02:37:23,000
his era. 
The postal system legal code 

2821
02:37:23,000 --> 02:37:26,700
administrative structures and 
religious tolerance policies. 

2822
02:37:26,700 --> 02:37:30,500
These weren't necessary for 
immediate Conquest but were 

2823
02:37:30,500 --> 02:37:31,700
essential for long-term 
governance. 

2824
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:35,900
He was building sustainable 
institutions not just 

2825
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:38,100
accumulating territory through 
raids. 

2826
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:41,900
He maintained personal 
discipline and expected it from 

2827
02:37:41,900 --> 02:37:45,400
his followers, the Yasser 
included regulations about 

2828
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:49,500
military, conduct personal 
behavior, and ethical standards.

2829
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:53,100
Whether he always lived up to 
the standards himself is 

2830
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:56,400
debatable, but he at least 
acknowledged that rulers should 

2831
02:37:56,400 --> 02:38:00,100
be bound by law. 
An unusual admission, in an age 

2832
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:03,100
of arbitrary autography, Your 
very old. 

2833
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:05,100
Now approaching the end of your 
life. 

2834
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:07,800
Having witnessed the 
transformation of the Mongol 

2835
02:38:07,800 --> 02:38:11,900
people from fragmented tribes to
rulers of histories largest 

2836
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:16,200
contiguous Empire. 
New tem before we became Genghis

2837
02:38:16,200 --> 02:38:20,000
Khan, you served him during his 
rise, you watched him build an 

2838
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:23,700
Empire, and you've seen that 
Empire continued evolving after 

2839
02:38:23,700 --> 02:38:26,000
his death? 
What did it all mean? 

2840
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:30,300
The question demands on it, 
Reckoning with both achievement 

2841
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:35,000
and cost, the conquest caused 
tremendous suffering cities. 

2842
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:40,000
Destroyed populations killed or 
displaced cultures disrupted 

2843
02:38:40,000 --> 02:38:45,200
irrigation systems demolished 
libraries burned and centuries 

2844
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:49,000
of accumulated knowledge lost 
The death toll from Mongol 

2845
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,800
conquest, probably numbered in 
the millions exact figures are 

2846
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:56,500
impossible to determine, but the
scale of Destruction was 

2847
02:38:56,500 --> 02:39:00,000
enormous. 
This suffering was real and 

2848
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:01,800
shouldn't be minimized or 
excused. 

2849
02:39:01,800 --> 02:39:05,100
By pointing to later benefits. 
The terror campaigns were 

2850
02:39:05,100 --> 02:39:07,800
deliberate. 
Stories of mass execution, 

2851
02:39:07,800 --> 02:39:12,600
wholesale, Slaughter and cities 
reduced to Rubble, many were 

2852
02:39:12,600 --> 02:39:16,800
exaggerated, but many were true.
The psychological warfare was 

2853
02:39:16,800 --> 02:39:20,000
calculated to encourage 
surrender, but it created 

2854
02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:22,400
genuine trauma that persisted 
for Generations. 

2855
02:39:23,600 --> 02:39:27,300
Persian sources describe the 
Mongol invasions as apocalyptic 

2856
02:39:27,300 --> 02:39:30,200
testes that destroyed an entire 
civilization. 

2857
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,600
The environmental damage was 
substantial in some regions 

2858
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:38,200
irrigation systems destroyed in 
Central Asia, and the Middle 

2859
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:42,200
East took generations to rebuild
some were never fully restored. 

2860
02:39:42,900 --> 02:39:45,800
Agricultural land that had been 
productive for centuries was 

2861
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:50,300
abandoned the disruption to 
settled life in many regions set

2862
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:53,000
back. 
Development for decades yet, the

2863
02:39:53,008 --> 02:39:56,600
conquests also created 
unprecedented connections. 

2864
02:39:56,600 --> 02:40:01,700
The Silk Road reached its 
historical Peak knowledge flowed

2865
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:03,400
between East and West at 
volumes. 

2866
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:07,400
Not seen again until the modern 
era Technologies and ideas. 

2867
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:09,700
That might have remained 
localized rapidly. 

2868
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:14,300
Chinese inventions reached 
Europe, Islamic science reached 

2869
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:18,000
China and Commercial practices 
developed in one region 

2870
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:22,500
influenced practices everywhere.
The Empire demonstrated that 

2871
02:40:22,500 --> 02:40:25,400
diverse people's could co-exist 
under common governance, 

2872
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:30,200
religious tolerance, legal 
consistency, and meritocratic 

2873
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:34,200
advancement these principles. 
However, in perfectly 

2874
02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:37,300
implemented, showed 
possibilities for organizing 

2875
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:42,000
multi-ethnic multi-religious, 
societies, the model wasn't 

2876
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:44,800
perfect, but it worked better 
than many alternatives. 

2877
02:40:46,000 --> 02:40:49,100
The administrative Innovations 
created templates for later 

2878
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:52,400
Empires. 
Postal systems enabling rapid 

2879
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:55,500
communication, professional 
bureaucracy is managing, 

2880
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:59,000
complex, territories, 
systematic, taxation supporting 

2881
02:40:59,000 --> 02:41:03,300
State functions and Census Data,
informing policy, these 

2882
02:41:03,300 --> 02:41:05,600
Mongolian Innovations, 
influenced governments for 

2883
02:41:05,600 --> 02:41:09,000
centuries. 
The economic integration created

2884
02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:12,900
prosperity and opportunity. 
Protected trade routes enabled, 

2885
02:41:12,900 --> 02:41:14,800
Commerce, on an unprecedented 
scale. 

2886
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,700
Standardized laws and currencies
reduce transaction costs. 

2887
02:41:19,400 --> 02:41:22,800
Security from banditry and 
arbitrary tolls encouraged 

2888
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:26,800
long-distance trade merchants 
and Craftsmen found markets for 

2889
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:30,900
their goods across Eurasia. 
Genghis Khan himself transformed

2890
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:35,100
from an abandoned child digging 
roots for survival into a ruler.

2891
02:41:35,100 --> 02:41:39,600
Who United, the Mongol tribes 
conquered much of Eurasia and 

2892
02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:42,700
established systems that 
outlasted him by centuries. 

2893
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:46,600
His personal Journey from 
poverty to power, demonstrated 

2894
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:49,500
possibilities that inspired 
others across cultures and 

2895
02:41:49,500 --> 02:41:52,900
generations. 
His emphasis on Merit over birth

2896
02:41:52,900 --> 02:41:56,100
created opportunities for 
talented individuals, regardless

2897
02:41:56,100 --> 02:41:59,600
of their Origins. 
Skilled Warrior from a minor 

2898
02:41:59,600 --> 02:42:03,700
Clan could become a general. 
Capable administrator from a 

2899
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:05,300
conquered. 
People could reach high office. 

2900
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,400
and intelligent advisor, 
regardless of religion could 

2901
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:13,800
influence policy, the principle 
that Talent deserves recognition

2902
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:17,600
became embedded in the Empire's 
functioning His religious 

2903
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:21,600
tolerance, pragmatic rather than
philosophical enabled. 

2904
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:24,400
Governance of diverse 
populations without constant, 

2905
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:28,700
sectarian Warfare. 
Muslims Christians, Buddhists 

2906
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:32,700
taoists. 
Shamanistic, coexisted and 

2907
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:35,300
cooperated under common civil 
law. 

2908
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,400
The model demonstrated that 
religious diversity, needn't 

2909
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:43,100
mean, Perpetual conflict. 
His systematic approach to 

2910
02:42:43,108 --> 02:42:45,500
organization showed that 
structure and administration 

2911
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:47,700
matter as much as military 
force. 

2912
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:52,900
The decimal military system, 
postal Network, legal code, and 

2913
02:42:52,900 --> 02:42:56,700
administrative procedures. 
These enabled governance at an 

2914
02:42:56,700 --> 02:42:59,900
unprecedented scale and 
influenced how later Empires 

2915
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:03,700
organized themselves. 
The legacy is genuinely mixed 

2916
02:43:03,700 --> 02:43:06,800
enormous destruction. 
Alongside significant 

2917
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:11,200
achievement, Brutal Conquest, 
alongside Innovative Governor's 

2918
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:16,100
Mass death, alongside economic 
Prosperity, religious tolerance,

2919
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:20,200
alongside cultural disruption. 
Staracle judgment, must 

2920
02:43:20,200 --> 02:43:23,900
acknowledge both the costs, and 
the benefits, the suffering, and

2921
02:43:23,900 --> 02:43:27,200
the achievements in the 
brutality, and the brilliance. 

2922
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:31,300
Genghis Khan's name of Oaks 
different responses across 

2923
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:34,600
cultures in Mongolia. 
He's the founder of the nation, 

2924
02:43:34,600 --> 02:43:38,500
the greatest leader in history 
and a source of immense Pride. 

2925
02:43:39,300 --> 02:43:43,000
In China, the evaluation is 
complex, respect for his 

2926
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:45,800
achievements, mixed with bitter 
memories of Conquest. 

2927
02:43:46,900 --> 02:43:48,500
In the Middle East and Central, 
Asia. 

2928
02:43:48,500 --> 02:43:51,400
He's often remembered primarily 
as a destroyer. 

2929
02:43:52,400 --> 02:43:55,600
Catastrophe that devastated 
Islamic civilization. 

2930
02:43:56,600 --> 02:43:59,100
In Russia. 
He's the founder of centuries of

2931
02:43:59,108 --> 02:44:03,200
Mongol domination in Europe. 
He barely registers despite 

2932
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:07,200
coming close to conquering it. 
But assessed by impact, rather 

2933
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:11,600
than, by any single cultural 
perspective, Genghis, Khan ranks

2934
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:13,800
among history is most 
consequential individuals. 

2935
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:17,600
He unified the Mongol tribes 
through a combination of 

2936
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:20,600
military skill, an 
organizational genius. 

2937
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:24,800
Created an Empire larger than 
any before or since in 

2938
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:27,900
contiguous territory. 
He established systems of 

2939
02:44:27,908 --> 02:44:31,200
governance that functioned 
across unprecedented distances 

2940
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:35,100
and diverse populations. 
He facilitated economic and 

2941
02:44:35,100 --> 02:44:39,400
cultural exchange that connected
Eurasia in ways not seen again 

2942
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:42,800
for centuries. 
He demonstrated that Merit could

2943
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:46,300
matter more than birth, That 
religious diversity, could be 

2944
02:44:46,308 --> 02:44:49,300
managed through tolerance that 
legal systems. 

2945
02:44:49,300 --> 02:44:53,100
Could apply consistently 
regardless of status and the 

2946
02:44:53,100 --> 02:44:56,500
communication and administration
enabled governance at a vast 

2947
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:59,600
scale. 
These demonstrations influenced,

2948
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:03,100
how late a societies, organize 
themselves, providing both 

2949
02:45:03,100 --> 02:45:07,200
positive examples to emulate and
cautionary tales about the costs

2950
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,100
of Conquest. 
You drift off to sleep for, 

2951
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,900
perhaps the final time thinking 
about that boy, born with blood 

2952
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:17,100
in his fists, who survived 
abandonment to unite. 

2953
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:21,100
The step who learned from every 
enemy, he defeated who built 

2954
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:25,100
systems that outlasted him whose
name became synonymous, with 

2955
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:28,500
both destruction and 
organization and whose Legacy 

2956
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:32,200
includes tremendous suffering 
and remarkable achievement. 

2957
02:45:33,300 --> 02:45:36,400
This step wins still blow across
the grasslands, where he was 

2958
02:45:36,400 --> 02:45:39,700
born, where he learned to 
survive and where he built his 

2959
02:45:39,700 --> 02:45:42,600
Empire. 
Those winds carry stories about 

2960
02:45:42,600 --> 02:45:44,900
the man who was to move in and 
became Genghis. 

2961
02:45:44,900 --> 02:45:48,000
Khan the man who changed the 
world through conquest and 

2962
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:52,100
organization, through brutality 
and systemic governance and 

2963
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:56,500
through destroying the old order
and building something new His 

2964
02:45:56,500 --> 02:46:01,400
life was a fully human life. 
Limited flawed shaped by 

2965
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:05,400
circumstances and choices, 
containing both cruelty and 

2966
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:07,500
vision, both violence and 
innovation. 

2967
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:12,800
His legacy is a human Legacy. 
Contested interpreted 

2968
02:46:12,800 --> 02:46:15,200
differently across, cultures 
containing darkness and 

2969
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:17,000
achievement, and separately. 
Mixed. 

2970
02:46:17,700 --> 02:46:19,500
But it was undeniably 
significant. 

2971
02:46:20,300 --> 02:46:23,200
The boy with blood in his fist, 
grew into a man who shaped the 

2972
02:46:23,200 --> 02:46:25,800
course of history and ways that 
Echo to our present day. 

2973
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:31,000
The Grass, Grows the horses 
graze and somewhere in an 

2974
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:32,800
unmarked. 
Grave in the sacred mountains, 

2975
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:36,700
the greatest, Khan sleeps, his 
Empire dissolved, but his 

2976
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:40,000
influence, persistent his name 
remembered differently across 

2977
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:42,900
cultures. 
But universally recognized as 

2978
02:46:42,900 --> 02:46:46,000
someone who mattered, who 
changed the world, who 

2979
02:46:46,000 --> 02:46:49,200
demonstrated human capability 
for both extraordinary, 

2980
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:52,800
destruction and extraordinary 
organizational achievement. 

2981
02:46:53,800 --> 02:47:02,800
Sweet dreams. 
The afternoon light has that 

2982
02:47:02,800 --> 02:47:06,100
particular Amber quality that 
makes dust Motes visible in 

2983
02:47:06,100 --> 02:47:08,800
still air. 
You've been aware of the 

2984
02:47:08,800 --> 02:47:12,300
approaching dinner hour since 
about 4:00 when the households 

2985
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:14,500
Rhythm shifted. 
Almost imperceptibly. 

2986
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:18,400
The Parlor maid appeared with 
fresh coals for the drawing room

2987
02:47:18,400 --> 02:47:21,000
fire. 
The kitchen below stairs, grew, 

2988
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:25,100
louder with purposeful activity.
Even the house itself seemed to 

2989
02:47:25,108 --> 02:47:27,700
straighten. 
Its posture, your upstairs, and 

2990
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:30,300
your dressing room now, and the 
act of changing for dinner. 

2991
02:47:30,300 --> 02:47:33,900
Feels less like vanity and more,
like, suiting up for a 

2992
02:47:33,900 --> 02:47:37,100
performance. 
Your day clothes, perfectly 

2993
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:40,200
respectable for receiving 
morning, callers or writing, 

2994
02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:42,500
correspondents won't do for the 
evening meal. 

2995
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:45,300
That's simply not how things 
work. 

2996
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:49,300
The woman who helps you dress 
three times daily is already 

2997
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:51,400
laying out your dinner attire 
with a practice. 

2998
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:55,100
Efficiency of someone who could 
do this blindfolded, the fabric 

2999
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:57,700
she selected feels heavier than 
your afternoon dress. 

3000
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:02,100
Darker too. 
There's a practicality to this, 

3001
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:06,400
that nobody discusses openly 
evening clothes, hide stains, 

3002
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:09,000
better under Gaslight and the 
Richer colors. 

3003
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:11,100
Photograph. 
Well, if someone important drops

3004
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:14,700
by with a new camera, but mostly
the weight of the fabric itself,

3005
02:48:14,700 --> 02:48:19,400
reminds you to move differently.
Slower more deliberately You 

3006
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,200
become a slightly different 
version of yourself and dinner 

3007
02:48:22,200 --> 02:48:24,400
clubs. 
Your corset gets tightened 

3008
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:26,500
again, though. 
Not as severely as it would be 

3009
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:28,900
for a ball. 
You need to breathe well enough 

3010
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:31,300
to eat multiple courses without 
looking distressed. 

3011
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,400
There's an art to this. 
Tight enough to create the 

3012
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:38,200
fashionable silhouette loose 
enough that you won't need 

3013
02:48:38,200 --> 02:48:41,300
smelling salts before. 
The fish course, the woman 

3014
02:48:41,300 --> 02:48:43,400
dressing. 
You knows exactly where that 

3015
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:45,700
line Falls. 
She's been doing this long 

3016
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:48,000
enough to recognize the 
difference between your sharp 

3017
02:48:48,000 --> 02:48:50,500
inhale of discomfort and your 
sharp. 

3018
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:53,700
Inhale of I actually cannot 
breathe the house, smells 

3019
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:57,300
different now than it, did two 
hours ago, cooking odors are 

3020
02:48:57,300 --> 02:48:59,900
rising through the floorboards. 
Despite everyone's best efforts 

3021
02:48:59,900 --> 02:49:04,300
to contain them, you can detect 
roasting meat, something sweet 

3022
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:07,800
and caramelized bread warming 
and Underneath It. 

3023
02:49:07,800 --> 02:49:09,700
All the ever-present, cold 
smoke. 

3024
02:49:09,700 --> 02:49:13,100
That defines London are. 
These smells don't offend you 

3025
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:15,400
the way they might, if they 
appeared in the drawing room 

3026
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:19,300
here in the private process of 
dressing, there are almost 

3027
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:21,900
comforting They mean dinner is 
happening. 

3028
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:25,200
The household is functioning as 
it should, your hands. 

3029
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:28,400
Get special attention. 
They'll be visible all evening 

3030
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,700
holding utensils lifting glasses
and gesturing politely during 

3031
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:34,500
conversation. 
The woman helping you dress 

3032
02:49:34,500 --> 02:49:37,900
produces a small dish of almond,
paste mixed with honey and Rose 

3033
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:40,500
Water. 
You work it into your palms 

3034
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:44,000
while she fastens the seemingly 
infinite row of buttons up your 

3035
02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:46,500
back. 
Your nails have been cleaned 

3036
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:50,300
with a small brush any ink 
stains from letter writing have 

3037
02:49:50,300 --> 02:49:54,100
been scrubbed away your hands 
now look like they've never done

3038
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:56,200
anything more strenuous than 
needlework. 

3039
02:49:56,200 --> 02:50:00,800
The jewelry you wear tonight is 
real but not ostentatious a 

3040
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:04,400
simple gold brooch at your 
collar small earrings your 

3041
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:07,400
wedding ring if you're married 
or perhaps a family ring if 

3042
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:09,900
you're not. 
The massive Jewels stay locked 

3043
02:50:09,900 --> 02:50:12,800
away for actual social events 
dinner at home. 

3044
02:50:12,800 --> 02:50:16,300
Even a formal dinner at home 
doesn't call for anything that 

3045
02:50:16,300 --> 02:50:17,900
might be mistaken for showing 
off. 

3046
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:21,700
That would be vulgar. 
The victorians have very 

3047
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:25,500
specific ideas about vulgarity 
and they're more than happy to 

3048
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,000
discuss them at length behind 
closed doors. 

3049
02:50:28,000 --> 02:50:31,300
Your hair has been dressed since
this afternoon, but it gets 

3050
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:35,100
refreshed. 
Now a few pins repositioned any 

3051
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:39,300
loose strands tucked back. 
The style itself is elaborate 

3052
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:42,600
enough to show you've made an 
effort but not so elaborate that

3053
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:44,600
it looks like you're trying to 
impress your own family. 

3054
02:50:46,200 --> 02:50:50,000
There's a sweet spot here too 
and finding it requires the kind

3055
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:53,400
of social mathematics that 
everyone pretends doesn't exist.

3056
02:50:54,300 --> 02:50:58,000
But everyone absolutely 
practices from somewhere below 

3057
02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:02,100
you hear the dining room door 
open and close the butler is 

3058
02:51:02,100 --> 02:51:05,500
doing his final inspection. 
He'll be checking that every 

3059
02:51:05,500 --> 02:51:09,900
glass is spotless every Fork 
aligned and every candle trimmed

3060
02:51:09,900 --> 02:51:12,900
to the proper height. 
He approaches this task with the

3061
02:51:12,908 --> 02:51:16,000
gravity of a general inspecting 
troops before battle. 

3062
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:20,500
In his mind, he probably is 
preparing for battle against 

3063
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:24,600
disorder against impropriety 
against anything that might 

3064
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:27,600
suggest this household is less 
than perfectly managed. 

3065
02:51:28,400 --> 02:51:30,800
In here, your husband in his 
dressing room across the hall. 

3066
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:35,900
The sounds of male dressing are 
different sharper, quicker, less

3067
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:38,500
fabric rustling, more draw 
closing. 

3068
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:41,500
He's probably struggling with 
his collar, studs. 

3069
02:51:41,500 --> 02:51:45,900
He struggles with them every 
evening, and every evening, he 

3070
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:47,900
refuses to admit, he finds them 
annoying. 

3071
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,500
Men's Formal Wear in this area 
seems designed specifically to 

3072
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:56,300
test patients. 
The high starched collars, the 

3073
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:59,100
multiple waistcoat buttons and 
the cufflinks that never want to

3074
02:51:59,100 --> 02:52:01,400
cooperate. 
But he'll emerge looking 

3075
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:05,000
effortlessly dignified as though
these clothes assembled 

3076
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,500
themselves, the clock on your 
mantle shows half past six 

3077
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:11,800
dinner is at 7. 
This gives you just enough time 

3078
02:52:11,800 --> 02:52:14,900
to finish dressing compose 
yourself and descend to the 

3079
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:17,400
drawing room where you'll wait 
the final minutes before the 

3080
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:20,000
meal. 
Nobody arrives in the dining 

3081
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,100
room, early that would suggest 
your two eager to eat, which 

3082
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,000
would suggest you're not quite 
in control of your appetites. 

3083
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:28,900
Self-control is everything in 
this world. 

3084
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:33,900
Your dress is finally fastened. 
You stand and feel its weight 

3085
02:52:33,900 --> 02:52:37,300
settle around you. 
The skirt is heavy enough that 

3086
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:40,200
you'll need to think about 
doorways and Furniture Corners. 

3087
02:52:40,200 --> 02:52:43,900
The bustle at your back creates 
a silhouette that photographs 

3088
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:47,100
beautifully. 
But sits awkwardly you've long 

3089
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:51,400
since stopped noticing this is 
simply how clothes work a last 

3090
02:52:51,408 --> 02:52:53,800
look in the mirror shows you 
transformed from your off to 

3091
02:52:53,808 --> 02:52:55,600
noon, self into your evening. 
Self. 

3092
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:59,800
Same face, different 
presentation, your expression is

3093
02:52:59,800 --> 02:53:01,800
changed too. 
Though, you have not consciously

3094
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:06,300
adjusted it, you look more 
composed now, more formal, ready

3095
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:07,400
for the small theater 
production. 

3096
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:09,000
That is a proper Victorian 
dinner. 

3097
02:53:09,000 --> 02:53:11,500
The drawing room serves as a 
staging area. 

3098
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:14,700
You're here now with your 
husband, waiting for the butler 

3099
02:53:14,700 --> 02:53:16,200
to announce that dinner is 
served. 

3100
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:20,900
Neither of you has much to say 
this isn't uncomfortable silence

3101
02:53:20,900 --> 02:53:25,200
its expectant silence. 
You're both mentally preparing 

3102
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:28,200
for the performance ahead. 
The drawing room fire has been 

3103
02:53:28,208 --> 02:53:31,100
built up to combat, the Autumn 
chill settling over London. 

3104
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:36,200
Outside your windows, the street
is growing dark lamplighters are

3105
02:53:36,200 --> 02:53:38,900
making their rounds. 
You can hear their footsteps on 

3106
02:53:38,900 --> 02:53:42,200
the pavement and the small 
whoosh of each Gaslamp igniting.

3107
02:53:42,900 --> 02:53:45,500
In a few minutes your street 
will glow with that. 

3108
02:53:45,500 --> 02:53:47,700
Particular yellowish light. 
That makes everything look 

3109
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:50,400
slightly unreal. 
Your husband is pretending to 

3110
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:53,300
read the evening newspaper, but 
he's really just holding it. 

3111
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,300
You're pretending to examine 
some needlework, but you're 

3112
02:53:57,300 --> 02:54:00,500
really just holding that too. 
These are the props of waiting. 

3113
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:04,300
Everyone knows you're both 
simply marking time until the 

3114
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:06,200
formal part of the evening 
Begins. 

3115
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:09,300
The butler appears in the 
doorway with perfect timing. 

3116
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:12,400
He doesn't speak, he simply 
stands there with a slight 

3117
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:16,100
incline of his head, this is the
signal you set down your 

3118
02:54:16,100 --> 02:54:19,800
needlework. 
Your husband fold his new paper 

3119
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:23,200
with audible crispness together.
You process. 

3120
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,500
The 12 feet from drawing room to
dining room with the solemnity 

3121
02:54:26,500 --> 02:54:28,800
of a wedding March. 
The dining room hits. 

3122
02:54:28,800 --> 02:54:31,900
You first with temperature. 
It's warmer than the drawing 

3123
02:54:31,900 --> 02:54:34,100
room, warmer than anywhere else.
In the house. 

3124
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:38,400
The fire here has been burning 
longer and the kitchen below is 

3125
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:40,300
radiating, heat through the 
floorboards. 

3126
02:54:41,200 --> 02:54:44,700
But it's not uncomfortably warm.
It's the kind of warmth that 

3127
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:47,400
makes you relaxed like slightly 
loosening muscles. 

3128
02:54:47,400 --> 02:54:50,500
You didn't realize you'd tents 
then comes the light. 

3129
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:55,400
The dining room is dimmer than 
you'd expect let primarily by 

3130
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:57,900
candles on the table and in wall
sconces. 

3131
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:01,100
There's Gaslight too but it's 
been turned down low. 

3132
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,300
The victorians have discovered 
that dimmer light is more 

3133
02:55:04,308 --> 02:55:08,700
flattering, more mysterious, and
more forgiving of imperfect 

3134
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:11,700
household maintenance. 
In this light, the silver 

3135
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:15,700
gleams, the crystal catches and 
multiplies flame. 

3136
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:19,800
Even the wallpaper looks richer 
the table dominates the room, 

3137
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:23,200
like an altar dominates a 
church, it's not a large table, 

3138
02:55:23,200 --> 02:55:26,800
you're not hosting tonight, just
dining on for meal, but it's 

3139
02:55:26,800 --> 02:55:29,000
been set with the full formal 
service. 

3140
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:31,400
Anyway, this is how things are 
done. 

3141
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:34,500
The white tablecloth is so 
heavily starched, it could 

3142
02:55:34,508 --> 02:55:38,000
practically stand up by itself. 
Later in the evening. 

3143
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:40,900
If you accidentally brush 
against it, you'll hear the 

3144
02:55:40,900 --> 02:55:43,500
fabric. 
Crackle, your place settings are

3145
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:47,400
elaborate enough to confuse a 
modern person, multiple Forks on

3146
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:51,500
the left, multiple knives, and 
spoons on the right and glasses 

3147
02:55:51,500 --> 02:55:54,100
arranged above the knives in a 
specific pattern. 

3148
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:57,400
There's a logic to the 
arrangement but it's not 

3149
02:55:57,400 --> 02:56:00,100
immediately obvious. 
You start with the outermost 

3150
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:02,800
utensils and work inward as the 
courses progress. 

3151
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:07,400
Everyone knows this just like 
everyone knows you don't discuss

3152
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:10,100
knowing this. 
The rules are meant to appear 

3153
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:13,100
natural. 
Not learned the China is your 

3154
02:56:13,100 --> 02:56:16,900
second best set. 
The actual best set only appears

3155
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:19,600
when you're entertaining guests,
who might notice the quality. 

3156
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:23,700
Tonight's pieces are still 
lovely white with a delicate 

3157
02:56:23,700 --> 02:56:26,600
floral border. 
But they're meant for regular. 

3158
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:30,300
Use regular, use in. 
This context means formal 

3159
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:33,100
family. 
Dinners, the plates are warmed. 

3160
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:36,400
You'll discover this. 
When you first touch one, the 

3161
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:39,400
victorians hate cold food with a
passion that borders on 

3162
02:56:39,400 --> 02:56:42,700
irrational, Crystal Water 
goblets, standard attention 

3163
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:45,800
above each knife, they'll remain
largely decorative. 

3164
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:49,700
You'll drink from the sparing 
for tall, wine glasses, wait 

3165
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:52,200
nearby different shapes for 
different wines. 

3166
02:56:53,400 --> 02:56:55,500
The red wine glass has around a 
bowl. 

3167
02:56:55,500 --> 02:56:58,300
The white wine glass is taller 
and narrower. 

3168
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:00,800
The Sherry glass is the 
smallest. 

3169
02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:04,500
There's a science to glassware 
that people study seriously. 

3170
02:57:05,700 --> 02:57:09,500
The shape apparently affects how
the wine tastes the use of 

3171
02:57:09,508 --> 02:57:11,900
specked, its mostly about having
the right equipment to 

3172
02:57:11,900 --> 02:57:13,500
demonstrate. 
You know what, the right 

3173
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:17,400
equipment is the centerpiece is 
a modest arrangement of autumn 

3174
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:21,800
flowers, chrysanthemums and some
Greenery Nothing too tall. 

3175
02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:24,200
Nothing too fragrant. 
Tall. 

3176
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:26,500
Centerpieces block conversation 
across the table. 

3177
02:57:27,300 --> 02:57:29,700
Fragrant ones compete with food 
smells. 

3178
02:57:29,700 --> 02:57:33,400
This Arrangement, is exactly 
tall enough to be decorative and

3179
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:37,300
exactly neutral enough. 
To offend, no one, it probably 

3180
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:40,100
took the Parlor, maid 15 minutes
to arrange it this morning 

3181
02:57:40,100 --> 02:57:43,600
adjusting and readjusting and it
achieved perfect. 

3182
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:47,200
Mediocrity, silver, salt Cellars
sit at intervals along the 

3183
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:49,800
table. 
Tiny spoons, rest in them, 

3184
02:57:49,800 --> 02:57:53,100
you'll use these to transfer 
salt to the edge of your plate. 

3185
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:55,900
Then pinch the salt from there 
to season your food. 

3186
02:57:56,900 --> 02:57:59,900
Shaking salt directly onto food 
from a seller would be crude. 

3187
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:03,000
These are the kinds of 
distinctions that separate your 

3188
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:04,800
class from the ones below and 
above you. 

3189
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:08,900
The rooms will paper is dark red
with a subtle pattern in 

3190
02:58:08,900 --> 02:58:10,800
Candlelight. 
It looks almost burgundy. 

3191
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:14,600
The victorians favored dark 
colors in dining rooms because 

3192
02:58:14,600 --> 02:58:17,900
they don't show Suits stains 
from candles and they created an

3193
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:21,500
intimate atmosphere. 
The wall seem to absorb sound 

3194
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:23,700
too, making the room feel 
hushed. 

3195
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:27,300
Even when conversation flows, 
you could whisper here and be 

3196
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:31,300
heard clearly across the table 
heavy curtains, the windows 

3197
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:35,100
already drawn against the night 
they're made from the same deep 

3198
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:37,200
red fabric as the wallpapers 
base color. 

3199
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,000
During the day, these curtains 
stay open to show the street 

3200
02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:45,000
that this is a respectable 
household. during dinner, they 

3201
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:47,400
closed to keep the private 
theater of dining away from 

3202
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:50,800
public eyes, the sideboard 
against one wall, holds the 

3203
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,700
evening Supporting Cast of 
serving pieces, Covered dishes, 

3204
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:58,700
weight there, keeping food, 
warm, a crystal decanter of wine

3205
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:02,800
extra napkins and case of 
spills, the butler will move 

3206
02:59:02,800 --> 02:59:05,200
between table and sideboard 
throughout the meal with 

3207
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:08,200
choreographed Precision. 
The fire in the dining room, 

3208
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,600
fireplace burns with a different
quality than drawing room fires.

3209
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:16,000
It's more purposeful more 
utilitarian it's not trying to 

3210
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,200
be cozy it's trying to keep the 
room at the proper temperature 

3211
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:22,400
for digestion. 
The victorians have theories 

3212
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,500
about digestion and temperature,
most of these theories are 

3213
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:28,500
completely wrong, but everyone 
believes them with absolute 

3214
02:59:28,500 --> 02:59:31,100
confidence. 
Your chair Waits behind you. 

3215
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:34,700
It's a heavy piece of furniture 
with the arms and a padded seat.

3216
02:59:34,700 --> 02:59:38,100
It doesn't slide these on the 
carpet, which is intentional. 

3217
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:42,200
Furniture, that's difficult to 
move appears more permanent more

3218
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:45,100
established. 
Light furniture that shifts 

3219
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:48,200
around suggest you might leave 
at any moment which suggests in 

3220
02:59:48,208 --> 02:59:50,600
stability. 
The butler, stands ready to 

3221
02:59:50,608 --> 02:59:53,600
assist with seating. 
This is a choreographed moment 

3222
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:57,000
that happens the same way every 
evening your husband will be 

3223
02:59:57,000 --> 02:59:59,300
seated. 
First, at the head of the table,

3224
02:59:59,300 --> 03:00:01,000
you'll take your place at the 
foot. 

3225
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:04,800
Even though you're only two 
people, you'll sit at opposite 

3226
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:06,900
ends of this table. 
As though, commanding a dinner 

3227
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:10,000
party of 12, the distance 
between you and your husband, 

3228
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:13,400
probably eight feet is standard 
for formal dining. 

3229
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:16,300
It allows servants to move 
freely around the table. 

3230
03:00:16,300 --> 03:00:19,300
It creates proper space for food
presentation. 

3231
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:23,000
It also makes conversation 
slightly difficult, which is 

3232
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:25,700
either a feature or a bug 
depending on how you feel about 

3233
03:00:25,700 --> 03:00:27,200
your spouse on any given 
evening. 

3234
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:29,200
The butler. 
Pulls out your chair. 

3235
03:00:30,100 --> 03:00:34,500
The sound of woods on carpet is 
muffled, but substantial you 

3236
03:00:34,500 --> 03:00:38,700
approach, from the left side, 
always the left and wait until 

3237
03:00:38,700 --> 03:00:42,100
the chair is positioned 
correctly before sitting then 

3238
03:00:42,100 --> 03:00:45,800
you sit in one smooth motion. 
While the butler pushes the 

3239
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:48,300
chair forward. 
It's a small dance. 

3240
03:00:48,300 --> 03:00:52,300
You've done hundreds of time's. 
Sometimes you wonder what would 

3241
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,000
happen if you just pulled out 
your own chair and sat down like

3242
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:57,600
a normal person. 
But you know what would happen? 

3243
03:00:58,700 --> 03:01:02,300
Butler would be quietly. 
Horrified, entire household 

3244
03:01:02,300 --> 03:01:05,900
would sense the disruption. 
The evening would feel slightly 

3245
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:08,200
off like a picture frame 
hanging. 

3246
03:01:08,200 --> 03:01:11,200
Crooked your napkin sits folded 
on your plate. 

3247
03:01:11,200 --> 03:01:15,300
In a laboratory shape. 
A Bishop's hat may be or a fan. 

3248
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:19,400
The Parlor maid, spent actual 
time folding these this 

3249
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,700
afternoon, you pick it up and 
unfold it in your lap with 

3250
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:26,500
deliberate movements. 
The napkin is enormous large 

3251
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:28,200
enough to protect your entire 
dress front. 

3252
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:31,700
If necessary is also starch, 
just enough to stay where you 

3253
03:01:31,708 --> 03:01:34,900
place it across the table. 
Your husband is performing the 

3254
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:39,000
same napkin ritual. 
His napkin is identical to yours

3255
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:41,900
because equality and napkin size
is apparently important. 

3256
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:45,400
You catch his eye and he gives 
you a small smile. 

3257
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:49,000
This is the moment you both 
acknowledge the absurdity of 

3258
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,500
sitting so far, apart, while 
dining alone, but acknowledging,

3259
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:55,700
it doesn't mean changing it, the
ritual matters more than the 

3260
03:01:55,700 --> 03:01:58,400
efficiency. 
The first thing you notice after

3261
03:01:58,400 --> 03:02:00,900
sitting is how different, the 
room looks from the position. 

3262
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:04,200
The centerpiece now blocks your 
direct view of your husband. 

3263
03:02:04,200 --> 03:02:07,800
You can see him around the 
flowers, but you have to make 

3264
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:10,500
the effort. 
Every conversation across this 

3265
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:13,300
table will require you to lean 
slightly to one side or the 

3266
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:15,500
other. 
Your hands rest naturally on the

3267
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,300
table Edge but not too far 
forward elbows. 

3268
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:20,700
Never touch the table. 
Everyone knows this. 

3269
03:02:21,600 --> 03:02:24,600
But hands can rest lightly on 
the table cloth between courses.

3270
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:27,700
Your posture is straight with 
without being rigid. 

3271
03:02:28,400 --> 03:02:32,300
Comfortable, but not casual. 
You'll maintain this posture 

3272
03:02:32,300 --> 03:02:35,000
through seven courses and 
roughly 90 minutes of dining. 

3273
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,900
The Butlers taken his position 
near the sideboard standing at 

3274
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:41,300
attention. 
He's not exactly watching you, 

3275
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:43,100
but he's aware of your every 
movement. 

3276
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:46,100
He'll know, the instant, you're 
ready for the next course. 

3277
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:48,800
He'll notice. 
If you need water, he's 

3278
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:52,100
developed a sixth sense for 
anticipating needs before their 

3279
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:55,100
expressed. 
This is what makes him excellent

3280
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:57,800
at his job and probably 
exhausting to live with the 

3281
03:02:57,800 --> 03:02:59,300
room. 
Settles into its dining 

3282
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:03,800
configuration. 
Fire pops, softly candle Flames 

3283
03:03:03,800 --> 03:03:07,800
wave in some invisible draft. 
You can hear kitchen sounds from

3284
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:11,500
below muffled clattering and 
voice giving instructions. 

3285
03:03:11,500 --> 03:03:14,500
These sounds don't disturb the 
dining room atmosphere. 

3286
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:16,900
There are evidence that 
everything's working, as it 

3287
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:21,000
should, your husband clears. 
His throat gently, this is The 

3288
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:25,600
Unofficial signal that dinner. 
May begin The butler responds by

3289
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:29,100
moving towards the sideboard to 
collect the first course. until 

3290
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:34,400
this moment, everyone has been 
in position, but Frozen, Now, 

3291
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:38,400
the evening can actually start 
you adjust your seating slightly

3292
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:41,000
settling in for the long 
performance ahead. 

3293
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:44,600
Your corset presses against your
ribs at this angle. 

3294
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:48,200
You breathe carefully? 
Finding the Rhythm that will 

3295
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:49,800
work for the next hour and a 
half. 

3296
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:54,200
Shallow breaths but steady you 
learned this years ago? 

3297
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:58,300
Fight the corset and you'll be 
miserable work with it. 

3298
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:00,400
And you barely notice, it's 
there. 

3299
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,800
The chairs arms, provide a 
place, to rest your risk between

3300
03:04:03,808 --> 03:04:07,000
courses, you'll use these 
strategically throughout the 

3301
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:09,900
meal, arms provide stability for
cutting meat. 

3302
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:14,100
They offer a resting place when 
conversation pauses, they're 

3303
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:17,500
possibly the most useful part of
dining room furniture though. 

3304
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:21,200
Nobody ever mentions this, your 
feet touch the floor, solidly, 

3305
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:24,000
Dining chairs are lower than 
drawing room. 

3306
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:26,500
Chairs and the table. 
Height is calibrated. 

3307
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:29,500
Exactly. 
Your arms can rest comfortably 

3308
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:33,700
on the table Edge, your plate, 
when it arrives will sit at the 

3309
03:04:33,700 --> 03:04:36,300
perfect distance for eating 
without hunching forward. 

3310
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:40,500
Someone calculated these 
measurements decades ago and 

3311
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:43,000
everyone since a simply 
replicated them with without 

3312
03:04:43,000 --> 03:04:47,200
question, the temperature at 
table level is perfect, too 

3313
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,500
high. 
And you'd feel stuffy too low, 

3314
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:51,000
in the food would call too 
quickly. 

3315
03:04:52,300 --> 03:04:55,200
The victorians of worked out, 
the thermodynamics of dining 

3316
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:57,700
rooms. 
Wait Engineers, work out Bridge 

3317
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:01,400
construction. 
There's an ideal temperature 

3318
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:03,800
zone and considerable effort 
goes into. 

3319
03:05:03,800 --> 03:05:05,600
Maintaining it from your 
position. 

3320
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:09,300
You can see the fire directly. 
It's been built in layers. 

3321
03:05:09,300 --> 03:05:12,800
Coal on the bottom producing 
heat with some wood on top 

3322
03:05:12,808 --> 03:05:15,600
producing Ambience, the Flames 
are energetic. 

3323
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:19,000
But contained later in the 
evening, someone will add more 

3324
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:20,900
coal. 
You'll barely notice when this 

3325
03:05:20,900 --> 03:05:24,800
happens the servants are ghosts 
when they want to be the butler 

3326
03:05:24,800 --> 03:05:27,700
returns from the sideboard, 
carrying a covered silver dish. 

3327
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,000
He moves with the deliberate 
pace of someone carrying 

3328
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,800
something valuable. 
His footsteps on the carpet, a 

3329
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:39,600
silent, he could be floating for
all the noisy makes this is the 

3330
03:05:39,600 --> 03:05:42,200
beginning. 
Everything before this moment 

3331
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:46,300
was preparation, now you're 
actually dining the butler, 

3332
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:49,100
place is a small plate before 
you with practice precision. 

3333
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:53,300
The plate is warm noticeably 
warm heated in the kitchen 

3334
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:56,000
before food touched it. 
On the plate. 

3335
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:58,200
Sit, something that looks 
delicate and carefully 

3336
03:05:58,200 --> 03:06:01,500
constructed. 
It's the first course, and first

3337
03:06:01,500 --> 03:06:04,300
courses are always about 
restraint, they announced that 

3338
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:07,300
this will be a civilized meal, 
not a Feeding Frenzy. 

3339
03:06:07,300 --> 03:06:09,900
Tonight's first course, is 
oysters. 

3340
03:06:09,900 --> 03:06:13,600
Six of them arranged on the 
plate with geometric precision. 

3341
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,200
They're sitting in their half 
shells, already opened in the 

3342
03:06:17,200 --> 03:06:19,400
kitchen. 
Small Fork. 

3343
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:22,200
Rest beside the plate. 
This wasn't part of your 

3344
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:25,000
original place. 
Setting it appeared with the 

3345
03:06:25,000 --> 03:06:28,600
oysters as if by Magic, the 
oysters glistening in the 

3346
03:06:28,608 --> 03:06:30,300
candlelight like they're made of
pewter. 

3347
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:35,200
And silk, each one is different 
slightly different size slightly

3348
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,400
different shape, but they've 
been arranged to look uniform. 

3349
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:42,600
Someone in the kitchen spent 
time selecting these making sure

3350
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:44,400
none were too large or too 
small. 

3351
03:06:44,400 --> 03:06:48,400
The first course sets the tone 
nobody wants to set the tone 

3352
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:52,400
with a massive frightening. 
Oyster thin slices of lemon sit 

3353
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:55,500
between the shells. 
A tiny dish of mignonette sauce 

3354
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:59,000
vinegar shallots and pepper 
appears at your plates Edge. 

3355
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:04,100
Smell reaching you as mostly 
brine that distinct ocean scent.

3356
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:05,600
That means the oysters are 
fresh. 

3357
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:10,400
Not yesterday, fresh today, 
fresh possibly. 

3358
03:07:10,400 --> 03:07:14,200
This afternoon, fresh to noon. 
You pick up the small fork and 

3359
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:15,600
look across the table at your 
husband. 

3360
03:07:15,600 --> 03:07:19,700
He's examining his own oyster 
plate with the expression of a 

3361
03:07:19,700 --> 03:07:21,200
man who would rather be eating 
beef. 

3362
03:07:22,000 --> 03:07:23,800
He doesn't dislike oysters. 
Exactly. 

3363
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:27,300
He dislikes. 
That oysters are fashionable, he

3364
03:07:27,300 --> 03:07:30,100
dislikes, that fashionable 
things must be eaten even when 

3365
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:33,200
you'd prefer something else. 
But Elite them because that's 

3366
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:36,500
what the first course is the 
technique for eating oysters has

3367
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,600
been explained to you many times
though. 

3368
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,500
You learned it so long ago that 
the explanations feel like 

3369
03:07:41,500 --> 03:07:45,400
something you were born knowing 
You use the small Fork to detach

3370
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:48,500
the oyster from its shell, 
cutting the muscle that holds it

3371
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:51,100
in place. 
Then you're supposed to lift the

3372
03:07:51,100 --> 03:07:53,100
shell and let the oyster slide 
into your mouth. 

3373
03:07:53,900 --> 03:07:55,700
You're definitely not supposed 
to chew it. 

3374
03:07:55,700 --> 03:07:59,300
Let it rest on your tongue. 
Maybe compress it slightly 

3375
03:07:59,300 --> 03:08:03,600
against your palate, then 
swallow Chewing oysters is what 

3376
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,800
people in restaurants. 
Do proper people simply receive 

3377
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:08,900
oysters. 
You squeeze, lemon over the 

3378
03:08:08,900 --> 03:08:11,500
first one. 
The juice runs down into the 

3379
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:14,500
shells curve mixing with the 
oysters, natural liquid. 

3380
03:08:15,500 --> 03:08:18,900
Smell intense. 
If more citrus now cutting 

3381
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:22,300
through the brine, You add a 
tiny amount of mignonette sauce 

3382
03:08:22,300 --> 03:08:24,700
with the miniature spoon 
provided for the purpose. 

3383
03:08:24,700 --> 03:08:28,200
The victorians have specific 
utensils for everything. 

3384
03:08:29,100 --> 03:08:32,000
Somewhere in London, there's 
probably a factory employing 

3385
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:35,100
dozens of people to make nothing
but tiny spoons for minion 

3386
03:08:35,100 --> 03:08:37,500
netsource. 
The shell is rough against your 

3387
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:40,800
lips, cold from the oyster, 
slightly sharp along the edge, 

3388
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:44,000
then the oyster itself, slides 
into your mouth, and you 

3389
03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:46,600
understand why people either 
love these or hate them. 

3390
03:08:47,700 --> 03:08:49,400
The texture is like nothing 
else. 

3391
03:08:50,300 --> 03:08:55,100
Silky and firm at the same time.
The Taste is intensely ocean, 

3392
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:58,100
not fishy, but definitely from 
water. 

3393
03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:01,300
Salt. 
Yes, but also something mineral.

3394
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,800
Something that reminds you of 
rocks and Tides you, let it rest

3395
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:09,200
on your tongue for a moment. 
The lemon brightens everything. 

3396
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:13,000
The minion adds a sharp vinegar 
note that cuts through the 

3397
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:17,500
richness, then you swallow and 
the oyster is gone leaving 

3398
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:20,800
behind just flavor and a faint 
memory of texture. 

3399
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:23,900
Your husband has eaten his first
oyster while you were 

3400
03:09:23,900 --> 03:09:26,800
contemplating yours. 
He's reaching for a second. 

3401
03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:30,100
The meal has officially begun 
your both eating. 

3402
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:32,400
Now both committed to the 
evenings progression. 

3403
03:09:32,400 --> 03:09:36,100
The second oyster is slightly 
larger than the first more 

3404
03:09:36,100 --> 03:09:38,100
lemon, this time. 
Less Source. 

3405
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:41,100
The third one. 
You eat without any additions at

3406
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:42,700
all. 
Just to taste the oyster itself.

3407
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:47,800
Hit sweet underneath, the brine 
almost buttery these are good 

3408
03:09:47,808 --> 03:09:50,200
oysters. 
Someone at the fishmonger did 

3409
03:09:50,200 --> 03:09:52,900
their job. 
Well, eating oysters creates a 

3410
03:09:52,900 --> 03:09:55,800
rhythm detached lift receive 
swallow. 

3411
03:09:56,600 --> 03:10:01,600
Detach lift received swallow, 
its meditative in its way. 

3412
03:10:01,600 --> 03:10:04,800
Your mind can wander while your 
hands perform. 

3413
03:10:04,800 --> 03:10:07,700
This simple sequence. 
You think about the oysters 

3414
03:10:07,700 --> 03:10:10,900
journey to this table harvested 
somewhere on the coast. 

3415
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:14,900
Probably this morning. 
Denies transported by train to 

3416
03:10:14,900 --> 03:10:17,700
London. 
Sold at Market, carried to your 

3417
03:10:17,708 --> 03:10:20,900
kitchen and opened by someone 
whose hands are probably cut 

3418
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:25,500
from years of oyster shells. 
All this effort to produce six 

3419
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:29,000
small bites of food, that take 
maybe three minutes to eat, the 

3420
03:10:29,000 --> 03:10:30,900
butler appears silently to 
refill. 

3421
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:34,200
Your water glass, you didn't 
notice it was low, he noticed. 

3422
03:10:35,000 --> 03:10:39,100
This is his gift noticing things
before anyone else realizes they

3423
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:43,100
need noticing fourth oyster. 
The Rhythm continues. 

3424
03:10:43,100 --> 03:10:46,100
You're eating slowly but not too
slowly. 

3425
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:49,700
There's a paste to First courses
that everyone understands 

3426
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:52,700
without discussing. 
Fast enough to show. 

3427
03:10:52,700 --> 03:10:55,700
You're not afraid of food. 
Slow enough to demonstrate. 

3428
03:10:55,700 --> 03:10:59,200
You're not desperately hungry. 
The performance of eating is 

3429
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:01,400
sometimes more important than 
the eating itself. 

3430
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:05,200
Your husband finishes his 
oysters before you finish yours.

3431
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:08,800
He sets down his fork, with a 
soft, click against his plate 

3432
03:11:08,800 --> 03:11:11,700
and waits. 
He could start a conversation 

3433
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:15,800
now, but he doesn't He'll still 
eating talking. 

3434
03:11:15,800 --> 03:11:18,800
While someone is eating oysters 
would be poor form or oysters 

3435
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:21,800
demand, a certain amount of 
concentration, fifth oyster. 

3436
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:25,800
Your developing favorites. 
Now, This one is particularly 

3437
03:11:25,800 --> 03:11:29,300
Briny and particularly firm, the
lemon juice. 

3438
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:31,300
You add seems to make it Sparkle
somehow. 

3439
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,000
Chemistry, you don't understand 
is happening on this shell. 

3440
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:38,700
The sixth and final oyster feels
almost disappointing. 

3441
03:11:39,600 --> 03:11:41,500
First, of course, is always end 
too quickly. 

3442
03:11:41,500 --> 03:11:44,900
You barely settled into the 
meals Rhythm and already the 

3443
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:48,600
opening act is over. 
You eat this last oyster slowly 

3444
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:53,500
trying to extend the experience 
more, lemon, more sauce. 

3445
03:11:53,500 --> 03:11:57,500
Hold it in your mouth, a moment 
longer, let the flavors develop 

3446
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:01,300
fully before, swallowing your 
plate is now decorated with six,

3447
03:12:01,300 --> 03:12:03,800
empty shells arranged in a 
circle around the edge. 

3448
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:06,900
The center is clean white 
porcelain. 

3449
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:09,700
The visual effect is 
surprisingly pleasing. 

3450
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:13,700
These organic irregular shells 
against the perfect manufactured

3451
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:15,900
plate. 
It looks like an art 

3452
03:12:15,900 --> 03:12:17,800
installation. 
You'd see in a gallery if 

3453
03:12:17,800 --> 03:12:21,100
galleries existed for dinner 
courses, the butler has been 

3454
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:24,000
waiting for this moment. 
The instant you set down your 

3455
03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:25,800
fork. 
He moves forward to collect your

3456
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,500
plate. 
Your husband's plate is lifted 

3457
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:31,500
at the same time, both plates, 
disappeared toward the 

3458
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:36,500
sideboard, the oyster Forks, 
vanished, too intense, all 

3459
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:39,400
evidence of the first course is 
gone except the taste lingering 

3460
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:42,800
in your mouth. 
Pause now, maybe two minutes of 

3461
03:12:42,800 --> 03:12:44,800
nothing. 
This is intentional. 

3462
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:49,000
The break between courses gives 
your stomach time to register 

3463
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:52,900
that food has arrived. 
It lets conversation resume if 

3464
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:56,400
anyone has something to say. 
It builds anticipation for the 

3465
03:12:56,408 --> 03:12:59,300
next course. 
The victorians understand that 

3466
03:12:59,300 --> 03:13:03,100
eating is about timing as much 
as taste the butler returns 

3467
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:05,700
carrying two plates that are 
noticeably larger than the first

3468
03:13:05,700 --> 03:13:08,600
course plates. 
These are dinner plates proper 

3469
03:13:08,600 --> 03:13:11,100
dinner plates the kind that 
could hold a reasonable amount 

3470
03:13:11,100 --> 03:13:14,000
of food, and they do hold a 
reasonable amount of food 

3471
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:16,400
arranged. 
Of course with the Precision of 

3472
03:13:16,400 --> 03:13:21,200
a military formation your plate 
arrives first on it sits a 

3473
03:13:21,200 --> 03:13:24,500
portion of a roasted lamb sliced
thin and arranged in an 

3474
03:13:24,500 --> 03:13:27,500
overlapping pattern. 
The side the lamb a small 

3475
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:31,000
roasted potatoes their skins 
crisped and gleaming with 

3476
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:33,800
butter. 
Green beans run alongside the 

3477
03:13:33,800 --> 03:13:38,800
potatoes arranged in a parallel 
line a small pool of gravy sits 

3478
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:40,900
in the Plate's curved dark and 
glossy. 

3479
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:45,700
Everything is positioned with 
geometric intentionality, the 

3480
03:13:45,700 --> 03:13:48,300
smell hits you before, you've 
even registered all the visual 

3481
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:51,500
details. 
Roasted meat rosemary, garlic 

3482
03:13:51,500 --> 03:13:55,500
butter and the Deep Savory 
Center of gravy made from pan 

3483
03:13:55,500 --> 03:13:57,600
drippings. 
This is the smell that makes 

3484
03:13:57,600 --> 03:13:59,700
your stomach. 
Suddenly remember, it's hungry. 

3485
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:03,600
The oysters were interesting. 
This is food your husband 

3486
03:14:03,600 --> 03:14:05,100
receives his plates 
simultaneously. 

3487
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:10,100
His portion is noticeably larger
than yours about half again as 

3488
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:14,500
much meat more potatoes. 
Nobody mentions this discrepancy

3489
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:18,600
because the discrepancy is 
expected men, get larger 

3490
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:21,800
portions women. 
Get portion size for their 

3491
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:26,400
supposedly smaller appetites and
definitely smaller stomachs 

3492
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:28,900
compressed. 
Buy corsets Whether you're 

3493
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:32,100
actually less hungry than your 
husband is irrelevant new 

3494
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:34,100
utensils have appeared beside 
your plate. 

3495
03:14:34,900 --> 03:14:37,400
A proper deny knife and fork, 
larger, and heavier than 

3496
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,800
anything used in the first 
course, the knife has real 

3497
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:44,000
weight to it. 
Fork, tines a sharp. 

3498
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:47,500
These are serious eating 
implements, you arrange your 

3499
03:14:47,500 --> 03:14:50,800
napkin slightly making sure it's
positioned to catch any 

3500
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:53,700
potential. 
Drips gravy has a way of finding

3501
03:14:53,700 --> 03:14:56,600
shirts and dress bodices through
some kind of malicious 

3502
03:14:56,600 --> 03:14:59,100
navigation system. 
The napkin is your primary 

3503
03:14:59,100 --> 03:15:01,100
defense. 
The lamb has been cooked 

3504
03:15:01,100 --> 03:15:04,100
properly pink in the middle gray
at the Edge's. 

3505
03:15:04,100 --> 03:15:08,300
You can see this in the slice 
portion on your plate, The 

3506
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:12,700
outside has that desirable crust
where herbs and heat combined to

3507
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:15,200
create something more delicious 
than the sum of its parts. 

3508
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:17,900
You select a piece from the 
middle of the arrangement and 

3509
03:15:17,900 --> 03:15:20,900
cut it carefully. 
The knife slides through with 

3510
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:23,900
just the right amount of 
resistance, two, easy would mean

3511
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:26,200
the meters overcooked, too 
difficult. 

3512
03:15:26,200 --> 03:15:29,000
Would mean, it's tough. 
This is exactly right. 

3513
03:15:29,000 --> 03:15:32,600
The first bike. 
Combines lamb gravy and a small 

3514
03:15:32,608 --> 03:15:35,600
piece of potato. 
You've learned that food tastes 

3515
03:15:35,600 --> 03:15:37,700
better in combinations than in 
isolation. 

3516
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:42,600
The lamb is tender and Rich with
the distinctive slightly gamey 

3517
03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:44,200
flavor. 
That separates it from beef. 

3518
03:15:45,000 --> 03:15:49,100
The gravy adds salt and depth. 
The potato provides textural 

3519
03:15:49,100 --> 03:15:52,400
contrast and soaks up the gravy 
like an edible spunge. 

3520
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:56,300
Your mouth is suddenly very 
happy across the table. 

3521
03:15:56,300 --> 03:15:58,700
Your husband is cutting his meat
with the focused. 

3522
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,400
Attention of someone performing 
surgery, men are taught to cut 

3523
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,700
meat, decisively one firm, 
motion per cup. 

3524
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,900
Women are taught to cut more 
delicately with multiple small 

3525
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:11,700
soaring motion. 
If necessary. 

3526
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:16,200
These gendered cutting 
techniques are important enough 

3527
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:19,200
that people write etiquette 
books, explaining them, the 

3528
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:22,200
green beans are still slightly, 
crisp, dressed with butter and 

3529
03:16:22,200 --> 03:16:25,600
possibly a touch of arm and you 
want to expecting the Almond. 

3530
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:29,400
That's a nice surprise. 
The beans taste green and fresh 

3531
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:32,700
despite being cooked. someone in
the kitchen understands 

3532
03:16:32,700 --> 03:16:35,800
vegetables, you eat methodically
working your way around the 

3533
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:41,000
plate, a bite of lamb, a potato,
some beans, another bite of lamb

3534
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:43,200
with gravy Pattern, doesn't 
matter. 

3535
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:45,500
Exactly. 
But having some pattern to your 

3536
03:16:45,500 --> 03:16:47,900
eating looks better than 
randomly attacking whatever 

3537
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:50,900
appears closest. 
Even eating alone with your 

3538
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:54,900
husband appearances, matter the 
potatoes have been roasted in 

3539
03:16:54,900 --> 03:16:57,500
duck fat. 
If your palette is correct, They

3540
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:00,100
have that particular richness 
that butter alone doesn't 

3541
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:02,800
provide? 
They're outside's a crispy. 

3542
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:06,200
They're insights fluffy. 
They're possibly the best thing 

3543
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:08,800
on the plate though. 
You'd never say this out loud. 

3544
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:11,800
Admitting you prefer potatoes to
lamb. 

3545
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:13,600
Would suggest your priorities 
are wrong. 

3546
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:16,800
Your husband speaks for the 
first time since the main course

3547
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:19,500
arrived. 
The lamb is very good tonight. 

3548
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,300
You agree that the lamb is very 
good tonight. 

3549
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:26,600
This exchange covers all 
necessary conversation about the

3550
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:29,800
food going into more detail. 
Would suggest, your overly 

3551
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:32,400
focused on eating, not 
commenting at all. 

3552
03:17:32,408 --> 03:17:36,000
Would suggest your ungrateful. 
This brief acknowledgment is The

3553
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:39,000
Sweet Spot you're about halfway 
through your portion. 

3554
03:17:39,000 --> 03:17:42,600
When you realize your eating too
quickly, First course, is should

3555
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:45,900
be eaten at a leisurely Pace. 
Main course is, should be eaten 

3556
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:47,600
at a pace. 
Suggesting, you're enjoying the 

3557
03:17:47,600 --> 03:17:51,300
food, but not obsessed with it. 
You deliberately slow down 

3558
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:54,600
setting your knife and fork on 
your plate between bites. 

3559
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:58,900
This is the proper resting 
position knife and fork in an 

3560
03:17:58,900 --> 03:18:01,700
expat on the plate. 
Setting them parallel with 

3561
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:04,600
signal your finished and you're 
definitely not finished. 

3562
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:08,500
The wine glasses have been 
filled red wine for the main 

3563
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:11,200
course you didn't notice whether
this happened. 

3564
03:18:11,200 --> 03:18:13,600
The butler is a magician when he
wants to be. 

3565
03:18:13,600 --> 03:18:17,200
The wine is a burgundy. 
You think or possibly a Claret? 

3566
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:21,200
The victorians aren't as fussy 
about wine as the French, but 

3567
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:23,900
they do understand that red wine
goes with red meat. 

3568
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:28,600
You take a small sip, the wine 
is dry and slightly tannic with 

3569
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:30,500
fruit notes. 
That complement the Lambs 

3570
03:18:30,500 --> 03:18:32,700
richness. 
Your husband is eating more 

3571
03:18:32,700 --> 03:18:34,700
quickly than you but not 
rapidly. 

3572
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:38,900
His larger portion requires more
efficient, eating to finish in a

3573
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:42,200
reasonable time frame. 
He is about 3/4 through when 

3574
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:44,200
you're still navigating your 
halfway point. 

3575
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:47,300
This is normal. 
These proportional timing 

3576
03:18:47,300 --> 03:18:50,200
differences work out naturally. 
If everyone eats at their proper

3577
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:52,100
Pace. 
The gravy is becoming more 

3578
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:53,700
important as the meal 
progresses. 

3579
03:18:53,700 --> 03:18:57,900
It started as an accent and has 
now become the element that ties

3580
03:18:57,900 --> 03:19:00,800
everything together. 
You find yourself deliberately 

3581
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:04,500
saving some for the final bites 
running out of gravy before 

3582
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:06,100
finishing. 
Your meat would be a small 

3583
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:08,200
tragedy. 
The rooms temperature is 

3584
03:19:08,200 --> 03:19:11,200
increased slightly from the hot 
plate and the continuing fire 

3585
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:15,200
your warm now, but not 
uncomfortable, the wine helps. 

3586
03:19:15,200 --> 03:19:18,200
Everything is slightly blurred 
at the edges in that Pleasant 

3587
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:21,800
way that good food and 
low-light, create a small piece 

3588
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:23,200
of lamb. 
Resists your knife. 

3589
03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:27,200
You have to sort it slightly 
more than elegantly these 

3590
03:19:27,200 --> 03:19:30,500
moments happen. 
Nobody has invented meet that 

3591
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:32,500
cuts perfectly every single 
time. 

3592
03:19:32,500 --> 03:19:36,200
You managed to separate the 
piece without anything, sliding 

3593
03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:39,600
off your plate, or making 
dramatic knife, screeching 

3594
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:43,300
sounds small victories. 
The potatoes are gone. 

3595
03:19:43,308 --> 03:19:46,400
You ate them, strategically 
spreading them throughout the 

3596
03:19:46,400 --> 03:19:48,700
meal instead of consuming them 
all at once. 

3597
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:52,800
Now, you miss them, the plate 
looks emptier without their 

3598
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:55,700
golden presents. 
Your husband sets down his 

3599
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:57,300
utensils in the finished 
position. 

3600
03:19:57,300 --> 03:20:00,000
Parallel across his plate. 
He's done. 

3601
03:20:00,000 --> 03:20:02,400
You're not quite done, but close
enough. 

3602
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,700
That finishing won't take long. 
You work through your final few 

3603
03:20:05,700 --> 03:20:08,400
bites with the knowledge that 
the butler is probably preparing

3604
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:11,600
to clear plates. 
The last bite of lamb swirls 

3605
03:20:11,600 --> 03:20:14,800
through remaining gravy 
accompanied by a single green 

3606
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:17,700
bean. 
You choose slowly tasting 

3607
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:18,800
everything. 
One last time. 

3608
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:22,400
Then it's gone. 
Your plate is clean except for 

3609
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:26,000
smears of gravy and butter. 
Your Ranger knife and fork in 

3610
03:20:26,008 --> 03:20:30,200
the finish position, the Butler 
materializes Beside You both 

3611
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:32,000
plates are lifted 
simultaneously. 

3612
03:20:32,000 --> 03:20:36,000
Your wine glasses, remain wine 
carries through multiple 

3613
03:20:36,000 --> 03:20:38,700
courses. 
The empty plates vanished toward

3614
03:20:38,700 --> 03:20:41,600
the sideboard, Another pause 
now. 

3615
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:45,300
Longer this time, you've eaten, 
the substantial part of the 

3616
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,300
evening's meal. 
What comes next is supplementary

3617
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:50,300
the break. 
After the main course. 

3618
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:52,300
Feels different from the break 
after oysters. 

3619
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,200
Your stomach is genuinely 
satisfied. 

3620
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:59,900
Now, the slightly frantic Edge 
that hunger creates as vanished 

3621
03:21:00,700 --> 03:21:02,100
You're in that comfortable 
state? 

3622
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:04,700
Where more food sounds pleasant 
but not necessary. 

3623
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:07,500
Your husband adjusts his 
position in his chair. 

3624
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:11,000
Settling back slightly. 
This is as casual as he'll get 

3625
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:13,300
during dinner. 
He's not sprawling or anything 

3626
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,000
undignified. 
He still upright, still proper. 

3627
03:21:16,000 --> 03:21:18,400
But the ramrod posture is 
softened. 

3628
03:21:18,400 --> 03:21:22,200
You do the same, nobody 
mentioned this shift but you 

3629
03:21:22,208 --> 03:21:25,100
both felt it happened. 
The wine gets attention, now 

3630
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:26,900
that food isn't competing for 
your focus. 

3631
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:31,300
You lift your glass and really 
look at the wine examining its 

3632
03:21:31,300 --> 03:21:35,200
color in the candlelight. 
It's a deep red almost purple at

3633
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,500
the edges. 
The victorians have opinions 

3634
03:21:38,500 --> 03:21:41,200
about wine appreciation that 
they've absorbed from French 

3635
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:44,900
culture holding wine up to the 
light and contemplating its 

3636
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:48,000
seriously as part of the 
performance, you take a sip. 

3637
03:21:48,000 --> 03:21:52,400
The wine is opened up since you 
first tasted it, whatever towns 

3638
03:21:52,400 --> 03:21:55,300
were sharp before of mellowed, 
the fruit flavors are more 

3639
03:21:55,300 --> 03:21:59,400
prominent You're not a wine 
expert by any stretch but you 

3640
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:03,500
can tell this is decent Wine, 
Not spectacular, but certainly 

3641
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:06,400
good enough for a family dinner,
your husband is looking at you 

3642
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:09,400
with the expression that means 
he's about to start an actual 

3643
03:22:09,400 --> 03:22:12,600
conversation. 
The earlier comment about lamb 

3644
03:22:12,600 --> 03:22:14,700
was ritual. 
This will be real. 

3645
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:18,800
I spoke with Matthews today 
about the property Matthews is 

3646
03:22:18,800 --> 03:22:21,700
your solicitor. 
Property is a small house. 

3647
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:23,500
You're considering purchasing as
an investment. 

3648
03:22:24,400 --> 03:22:27,300
This is the kind of discussion 
that happens during the post 

3649
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:30,400
main course lull. 
Business talk is acceptable. 

3650
03:22:30,400 --> 03:22:33,500
Now, it wouldn't have been 
during oysters and it won't be 

3651
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,500
during Desert. 
But right now in this break, 

3652
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:41,200
practical matters can emerge. 
You ask what Matthew said, Your 

3653
03:22:41,200 --> 03:22:44,400
husband explained some detail 
about deeds and surveys and 

3654
03:22:44,400 --> 03:22:47,600
structural assessments. 
You're listening, but also 

3655
03:22:47,600 --> 03:22:50,200
thinking about how strange it 
is, that major financial 

3656
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:54,500
decisions get discussed across 
eight feet of dining table over,

3657
03:22:54,500 --> 03:22:58,700
dirty plates and wine glasses. 
But this is when husbands, and 

3658
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:02,400
wives often have uninterrupted 
time together, The dining room 

3659
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:05,900
becomes an office by default. 
The conversation continues for 

3660
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:08,600
several minutes. 
You offer opinions about the 

3661
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:11,900
properties location. 
Your husband mentioned concerned

3662
03:23:11,900 --> 03:23:15,700
about drainage You both agree 
that Matthews should proceed 

3663
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:18,900
with the structural assessment. 
Before any offer is made, this 

3664
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:22,200
is partnership in Victorian 
marriage, collaborative, 

3665
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,000
decision-making, conducted with 
formal politeness. 

3666
03:23:25,000 --> 03:23:27,600
The butler is waiting somewhere 
in the periphery. 

3667
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:31,800
He can hear every word of this 
conversation servants, always, 

3668
03:23:31,800 --> 03:23:36,300
can everyone pretends they 
can't, but they absolutely can. 

3669
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,600
Your private discussions about 
property and money are being 

3670
03:23:39,608 --> 03:23:42,400
absorbed by a man who will 
repeat nothing, but remember, 

3671
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:44,400
everything. 
You can sure why. 

3672
03:23:45,200 --> 03:23:47,400
The butler appears instantly to 
refill the glass. 

3673
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:49,700
This timing can't be 
coincidence. 

3674
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:52,200
He's been watching without 
appearing to watch. 

3675
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:56,300
Your glass is never empty. 
Your husband's glass is never 

3676
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:58,700
empty. 
This is the standard, the 

3677
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:02,100
household, maintains the 
conversation, shifts to social 

3678
03:24:02,100 --> 03:24:04,800
obligations. 
There's a dinner party next week

3679
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:07,300
at the Hendersons, you're 
expected to attend. 

3680
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:11,100
Neither of you is particularly 
enthused about this but 

3681
03:24:11,100 --> 03:24:14,300
attendance is mandatory, the 
Hendersons are connected to 

3682
03:24:14,300 --> 03:24:17,300
people who matter not attending 
would be noticed. 

3683
03:24:17,300 --> 03:24:19,800
Being noticed for absence is 
never good. 

3684
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,200
Your husband mentioned that 
Henderson son is apparently 

3685
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,400
courting, the Thompson girl. 
This is Gossip which is 

3686
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:29,700
technically beneath formal 
dinner conversation, but you're 

3687
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:31,700
only two people and nobody's 
keeping score. 

3688
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:35,900
The Thompson girl is perfectly 
nice but not well connected. 

3689
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:40,400
The Hendersons can do better. 
You both agree on this without 

3690
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,700
saying it directly. 
The victorians have perfected, 

3691
03:24:43,700 --> 03:24:47,000
the art of Judge, mental 
implication, more wine appears 

3692
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,000
in your glass, your surprised to
realize you've finished the 

3693
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,400
previous serving already. 
The wine is working its way 

3694
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:56,900
through your system, creating a 
pleasant warmth that has nothing

3695
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:00,400
to do with the fire. 
Everything is slightly softer 

3696
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:04,100
now, the candlelight seems 
warmer your husband's face 

3697
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:06,100
across the table looks younger 
somehow. 

3698
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:10,100
The discussion meanders to 
household matters, the carpets 

3699
03:25:10,100 --> 03:25:11,600
in the morning, room need 
replacing. 

3700
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:14,800
There's a persistent draft in 
the upstairs hallway that nobody

3701
03:25:14,800 --> 03:25:17,500
can locate. 
The cold delivery man has 

3702
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:19,800
started arriving at inconvenient
times. 

3703
03:25:19,800 --> 03:25:23,300
These are the mundane details 
that fill actual marriages 

3704
03:25:23,300 --> 03:25:26,700
behind all the formality. 
You're not just discussing 

3705
03:25:26,700 --> 03:25:29,000
property Investments and social 
obligations. 

3706
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:33,000
Your figuring out how to keep a 
household running, your husband 

3707
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:35,000
Smiles at something. 
You said about the cold 

3708
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:38,300
delivery, man. 
A real smile, not the plight in 

3709
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:40,700
a smile. 
These moments of genuine 

3710
03:25:40,700 --> 03:25:43,700
connection happen in the space 
is between formal Behavior. 

3711
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:47,300
Your performing dinner but 
you're also just two people 

3712
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:50,900
talking about your lives, the 
butler shifts position slightly.

3713
03:25:50,900 --> 03:25:54,200
This is the signal that the 
kitchen is ready for the next 

3714
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:58,400
course, the social interlude is 
ending you feel it without 

3715
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:01,300
anyone announcing it. 
The evenings rhythm is. 

3716
03:26:01,300 --> 03:26:04,000
Pulling you forward. 
You straighten slightly in your 

3717
03:26:04,000 --> 03:26:06,900
chair, your husband notices and 
does the same. 

3718
03:26:06,900 --> 03:26:11,600
The brief relaxation is over 
desert is coming and desert 

3719
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:13,500
requires. 
Its own form of attention. 

3720
03:26:13,500 --> 03:26:16,200
The butler approaches with two 
smaller plates. 

3721
03:26:16,200 --> 03:26:20,100
Dessert has arrived with the 
formality of a diplomatic Envoy.

3722
03:26:20,100 --> 03:26:23,700
The plates are clean white, 
porcelain different from any 

3723
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:25,000
use. 
So far this evening. 

3724
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:28,200
The victorians believed that 
courses deserve their own 

3725
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:30,800
dishes. 
Using the same plate for 

3726
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:33,600
multiple courses, would be like 
wearing the same shoes to a 

3727
03:26:33,600 --> 03:26:36,500
wedding and a funeral, tonight's
desert is trifle. 

3728
03:26:36,500 --> 03:26:40,800
You can see it constructed in a 
small Crystal Bowl layers of 

3729
03:26:40,800 --> 03:26:44,500
sponge cake, soaked in Sherry 
custard jam and whipped cream. 

3730
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:47,900
The bowl itself is possibly more
valuable than the food. 

3731
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,400
Inside it. 
The cream on top has been 

3732
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:52,300
smoothed with the flat edge of a
knife. 

3733
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,000
Creating a pristine White 
surface. 

3734
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,500
A single candied, Violet sits in
the center. 

3735
03:26:58,500 --> 03:27:02,600
Purple and delicate. 
A dessert spoon appears beside 

3736
03:27:02,600 --> 03:27:06,000
the bowl, small, and elegant 
with a rounded Bowl instead of 

3737
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:09,500
the oval shape of soup Spoons. 
The victorians have different 

3738
03:27:09,500 --> 03:27:11,900
spoons for every possible eating
scenario. 

3739
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,600
There's probably a specific 
spoon for eating trifle. 

3740
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:18,900
That's distinct from the spoon 
for eating custard directly 

3741
03:27:18,900 --> 03:27:20,700
though. 
You can't imagine what the 

3742
03:27:20,708 --> 03:27:23,400
difference would be. 
You lift the spoon and break 

3743
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:24,900
through the whipped cream 
surface. 

3744
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:29,000
The layers reveal themselves, as
you dig down, the custard is 

3745
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,600
pale, yellow. 
And the jam is dark red possibly

3746
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:35,600
raspberry. 
The cake at the bottom, has 

3747
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:38,900
absorbed Sherry and turned 
slightly in exactly. 

3748
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:40,800
The way trifle is supposed to be
soggy. 

3749
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,900
The first bite is intensely 
sweet. 

3750
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:48,200
After the Savory lamb and 
mineral oysters, the sweetness 

3751
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:51,900
is almost shocking, your palate.
Needs a moment to recalibrate 

3752
03:27:51,900 --> 03:27:54,300
then the flavors sort themselves
out. 

3753
03:27:54,300 --> 03:27:57,100
The cream is Rich and barely 
sweet. 

3754
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:01,700
The custard is vanilla heavy. 
The jam provides tart fruit 

3755
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:05,100
notes and the Sherry soaked, 
cake and boozy depth. 

3756
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:09,800
This is not subtle food. 
This is a celebration in a bowl.

3757
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,900
Your husband is eating his 
trifle with the focused 

3758
03:28:12,900 --> 03:28:15,800
attention of someone who 
genuinely enjoys desert. 

3759
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:18,100
He's not performing for 
enjoyment. 

3760
03:28:18,100 --> 03:28:22,200
He actually likes this. 
You can tell by how carefully 

3761
03:28:22,200 --> 03:28:26,000
he's constructing each spoonful,
making sure to get some of every

3762
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:28,400
layer. 
The candied Violet, on top of 

3763
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:30,800
your trifle, turns out to be 
completely edible. 

3764
03:28:31,500 --> 03:28:34,000
You expected it to be 
decorative, but when you taste 

3765
03:28:34,000 --> 03:28:38,300
it cautiously, it's actually 
quite nice floral without being 

3766
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:41,400
perfume, like slightly crunchy 
from the sugar coating. 

3767
03:28:41,400 --> 03:28:44,400
You eat it, slowly letting it 
dissolve on your tongue. 

3768
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:48,500
Eating trifle creates a kind of 
archaeological dig in Reverse, 

3769
03:28:48,500 --> 03:28:51,300
your deconstructing the layers 
with each spoonful. 

3770
03:28:51,300 --> 03:28:55,500
Working your way down through 
cream and custard and jam until 

3771
03:28:55,500 --> 03:28:58,000
you reach the foundation of 
Sherry soaked cake. 

3772
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,300
The cake is almost putting like 
now, barely holding its 

3773
03:29:02,300 --> 03:29:04,500
structure. 
It dissolves in your mouth, more

3774
03:29:04,500 --> 03:29:07,600
than being chewed. 
This cherry flavor becomes more 

3775
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:11,100
prominent as you go deeper. 
Someone in the kitchen was not 

3776
03:29:11,100 --> 03:29:14,100
shy with the bottle. 
This trifle could probably get 

3777
03:29:14,100 --> 03:29:16,200
you slightly Tipsy if you ate 
enough of it. 

3778
03:29:17,000 --> 03:29:19,200
Combined with the wine you've 
been drinking all evening, 

3779
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:22,300
you're definitely feeling warmer
and more relaxed than you were 

3780
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:24,700
at the meals. 
Beginning, your husband finishes

3781
03:29:24,700 --> 03:29:26,800
his trifle before you finish 
yours. 

3782
03:29:26,800 --> 03:29:31,200
This is becoming a pattern. 
He sets his spoon in the empty 

3783
03:29:31,200 --> 03:29:34,400
bowl with a satisfied 
expression, you'll still working

3784
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,700
through your bottom layers, 
savoring, the last few bites. 

3785
03:29:37,700 --> 03:29:40,600
The dining room feels Cozier now
than it did earlier. 

3786
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:44,300
The candles have burned down 
slightly, creating softer light.

3787
03:29:45,100 --> 03:29:48,500
Fire has settled into steady 
warmth, rather than active Heat.

3788
03:29:49,600 --> 03:29:52,600
Outside the curtained windows, 
London is fully dark. 

3789
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:56,000
Your isolated in this warm 
bubble of food and Light. 

3790
03:29:56,600 --> 03:30:00,100
The final spoonful of trifle is 
mostly just soaked cake and jam.

3791
03:30:00,800 --> 03:30:02,300
The cream and custard a long 
gone. 

3792
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,700
You eat it. 
Slowly knowing that finishing 

3793
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:06,600
this bite marks, the end of the 
formal meal. 

3794
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:10,500
Once the desert is gone, dinner 
is officially over. 

3795
03:30:11,400 --> 03:30:14,200
What comes next is a different 
part of the evening entirely. 

3796
03:30:14,200 --> 03:30:16,500
You set your spoon in the empty 
bowl. 

3797
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:20,700
The butler has been waiting for 
this moment. both dessert bowls 

3798
03:30:20,700 --> 03:30:25,300
are cleared, the wine glasses, 
remain still half full The table

3799
03:30:25,300 --> 03:30:28,300
is now clear except for these 
glasses and the centerpiece that

3800
03:30:28,308 --> 03:30:31,000
has been presiding over the 
meal, like a small floral 

3801
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,700
dignitary, your husband stands 
first. 

3802
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:36,700
This is the signal that dinner 
has concluded. 

3803
03:30:37,500 --> 03:30:40,300
You stand as well. 
Carefully navigating the weight 

3804
03:30:40,300 --> 03:30:44,100
of your skirts and the slight 
whining induced unsteadiness in 

3805
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:46,600
your legs. 
You've been sitting for nearly 

3806
03:30:46,600 --> 03:30:49,500
90 minutes. 
Standing feels strange. 

3807
03:30:49,500 --> 03:30:53,300
The butler has already moved to 
the door ready to open it for 

3808
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:56,100
your exit. 
Nobody says the meal is over. 

3809
03:30:56,100 --> 03:31:00,200
The meal is simply over because 
people are standing and moving 

3810
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:02,800
towards the door. 
The butler understands this 

3811
03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:06,200
language perfectly, you process 
out of the dining room with your

3812
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,400
husband returning to the drawing
room, where the evening began. 

3813
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:11,900
Fire. 
Here has been maintained during 

3814
03:31:11,900 --> 03:31:14,400
dinner. 
Someone came in while you're 

3815
03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:16,100
eating and added coal and 
adjusted. 

3816
03:31:16,100 --> 03:31:20,100
The logs, the room is warm and 
inviting this is the hour for 

3817
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:22,100
coffee. 
And after dinner drinks, the 

3818
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:25,300
drawing room has been set for 
this purpose, a coffee service, 

3819
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:30,700
on a side table, small cups and 
saucers sugar, and cream, a 

3820
03:31:30,700 --> 03:31:34,100
decanter of ports, its nearby if
your husband, Brandy too, 

3821
03:31:34,100 --> 03:31:37,700
probably though you can't see it
from where your standing, you 

3822
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:39,400
settle in to a chair near the 
fire. 

3823
03:31:39,400 --> 03:31:41,100
A different chair than before 
dinner. 

3824
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:45,000
That chair was for waiting. 
This chair is for digesting. 

3825
03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:49,000
The distinction feels important,
even if you can't explain 

3826
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:52,500
exactly why the Parlor. 
Maid appears with coffee, she 

3827
03:31:52,500 --> 03:31:55,400
pauses silently and add sugar 
and cream, according to your 

3828
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:59,200
preferences without asking. 
Everyone in the household knows 

3829
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:03,000
how you take coffee. 
This information is filed away 

3830
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:05,700
and servant, memory banks and 
retrieved whenever necessary, 

3831
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:09,100
the coffee is strong and hot 
just below scolding. 

3832
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:12,200
You hold the cup carefully, 
letting the heat, warm your 

3833
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:14,600
hands. 
The coffee's bitterness cuts, 

3834
03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:16,900
through the residual. 
Sweetness from the trifle. 

3835
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:20,300
Your palate is resetting 
preparing for the evening's next

3836
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:23,600
phase, your husband takes his 
port to a chair across from you.

3837
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:26,100
Port is what gentleman drink 
after dinner? 

3838
03:32:27,200 --> 03:32:30,600
We can fortified and probably 
completely unnecessary after 

3839
03:32:30,600 --> 03:32:34,200
wine and Sherry soak trifle but 
tradition demands, it? 

3840
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:36,800
He'll sip it slowly for the next
half. 

3841
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:39,500
Hour, possibly reading the 
newspaper again, or simply 

3842
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:43,200
staring into the fire. 
This post dinnertime is quieter 

3843
03:32:43,200 --> 03:32:45,900
than the meal itself. 
Four months pressure. 

3844
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:49,800
ZZ you fulfilled the days formal
dining obligation. 

3845
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:53,100
What you do now is more 
flexible, you might do 

3846
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:57,600
needlework read, write letters, 
have actual conversation. 

3847
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:02,500
Or simply sit in companionable 
silence, digesting and thinking 

3848
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:05,700
about nothing in particular, the
house is settling into its 

3849
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:09,200
evening routine around you. 
You can hear distant sails, 

3850
03:33:09,200 --> 03:33:12,300
servants clearing the dining 
room washing dishes in the 

3851
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:15,200
skullery and preparing 
tomorrow's breakfast items. 

3852
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:20,000
The household runs on a schedule
that never stops while you're 

3853
03:33:20,000 --> 03:33:21,400
resting. 
Other people are working. 

3854
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:23,400
This is simply how things 
function. 

3855
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:26,000
Your corset is noticeably 
uncomfortable. 

3856
03:33:26,000 --> 03:33:28,900
Now, it was fine during dinner 
fine. 

3857
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:31,600
Even during Desert, but now that
you're sitting quietly, it's 

3858
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:33,200
pressing against your full 
stomach. 

3859
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:36,900
You shift position carefully 
trying to find an angle that 

3860
03:33:36,900 --> 03:33:39,100
provides relief without looking 
like you're squirming. 

3861
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:42,000
This is the price of fashionable
Silhouettes. 

3862
03:33:42,000 --> 03:33:45,300
The coffee cup is empty. 
You can consider a second cup 

3863
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:47,500
but decide against it too much 
coffee. 

3864
03:33:47,500 --> 03:33:51,000
This late will keep you awake. 
You have that slightly over full

3865
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:52,700
feeling that comes from eating a
proper. 

3866
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:55,800
Multi-course meal, not 
uncomfortable, exactly. 

3867
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:58,600
But definitely aware that. 
Your stomach is occupied. 

3868
03:33:58,600 --> 03:34:01,900
Your husband is set aside his 
Port glass and picked up a book.

3869
03:34:01,900 --> 03:34:05,800
He's not really reading it. 
He's just open to a random page 

3870
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:07,900
and is staring at word without 
absorbing them. 

3871
03:34:07,900 --> 03:34:12,200
This is his version of winding 
down let the food settle. 

3872
03:34:12,200 --> 03:34:17,100
Let the wine metabolize. 
Transition slowly from the 

3873
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:19,200
formal evening to actual night 
time. 

3874
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:22,200
The clock on the mantle shows 
half past 8:00. 

3875
03:34:22,700 --> 03:34:25,000
Two hours ago, you are upstairs 
dressing for dinner. 

3876
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:28,800
Now, dinner is over and the 
evening is settling into its 

3877
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:31,900
final phase. 
In another hour, you'll begin 

3878
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:35,200
preparing for bed. 
The days formal activities are 

3879
03:34:35,200 --> 03:34:37,500
complete. 
You Close Your Eyes from a 

3880
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:39,700
moment, listening to the fire 
crackle and the house. 

3881
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:43,700
Breathe The evening has been 
exactly what every evening is. 

3882
03:34:43,700 --> 03:34:46,900
A careful performance of 
propriety and routine. 

3883
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:50,900
Nothing, exciting happened. 
Nothing was supposed to happen. 

3884
03:34:50,900 --> 03:34:54,700
The success of the evening lies,
precisely, and how ordinary it 

3885
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:56,000
was. 
The drawing room. 

3886
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:59,400
Fire is dying down to Embers. 
The room has taken on that. 

3887
03:34:59,400 --> 03:35:02,400
Late evening Stillness, where 
even movement feels like it 

3888
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,700
should be slow and deliberate 
Your husband has closed his 

3889
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:08,100
book, you've set aside your 
needlework. 

3890
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:11,200
The evening is winding down 
through mutual unspoken 

3891
03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:13,700
agreement. 
This is the time when the formal

3892
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:15,300
parts of your personas Fall 
Away. 

3893
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:19,700
Your both tired from the day 
comfortable from the meal and 

3894
03:35:19,700 --> 03:35:23,600
slightly fuzzy from the wine. 
The need to maintain perfect to 

3895
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:26,500
his faded. 
You can slout slightly in your 

3896
03:35:26,508 --> 03:35:28,900
chair, he can loosen his college
just a bit. 

3897
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:31,600
Nobody's watching any more 
except each other. 

3898
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:34,800
And you've seen each other at 
far less dignified moments than 

3899
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:37,100
this. 
The house is quieter. 

3900
03:35:37,100 --> 03:35:41,000
Now, the kitchen sound of ceased
the Servants of finished, their 

3901
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:43,500
dinner service duties and moved 
on to their own evening 

3902
03:35:43,500 --> 03:35:46,300
routines. 
Soon, the down stairs will be 

3903
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,200
locked up for the night. 
The routine is so established 

3904
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:52,200
that it happens without anyone 
needing to coordinate it. 

3905
03:35:52,200 --> 03:35:55,900
You think about the meal in 
retrospect the oysters that 

3906
03:35:55,900 --> 03:35:58,800
started everything. 
The lamb that formed the heart 

3907
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:03,400
of it, Trifle that concluded it,
the wine that accompanied it all

3908
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:07,400
this same pattern repeats, most 
evenings with variations 

3909
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,200
different first courses, 
different Meats, different 

3910
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:14,300
desserts but the structure 
remains constant, the ritual 

3911
03:36:14,300 --> 03:36:18,000
doesn't change just because the 
specific foods do, your husband 

3912
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:22,100
stands and stretches slightly. 
This is his signal that he's 

3913
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:25,800
ready to retire for the evening,
you stand as well, feeling the 

3914
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:28,500
full weight of your dinner, 
pressing against your corset. 

3915
03:36:29,200 --> 03:36:31,200
Tomorrow, you'll face these same
rituals again. 

3916
03:36:32,000 --> 03:36:34,500
Dressing for dinner, the 
procession to the dining room. 

3917
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:36,600
The careful choreography of 
eating. 

3918
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:39,900
It's exhausting and it's way all
this performance. 

3919
03:36:39,900 --> 03:36:44,300
But there's also comfort in it 
You know exactly what to expect,

3920
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:48,600
the boundaries are clear, the 
rules are established, you don't

3921
03:36:48,600 --> 03:36:52,400
have to wonder what comes next 
or how to behave the script is 

3922
03:36:52,400 --> 03:36:54,300
written. 
You just have to follow it 

3923
03:36:54,300 --> 03:36:56,300
together. 
You leave the drawing room and 

3924
03:36:56,300 --> 03:36:58,400
climb the stairs to your 
respective dressing rooms 

3925
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:00,200
tomorrow night. 
You'll do this again. 

3926
03:37:00,900 --> 03:37:02,900
And the night after that, and 
the night. 

3927
03:37:02,900 --> 03:37:06,300
After that. 
Dinner at 7:00 multiple courses.

3928
03:37:06,300 --> 03:37:09,300
Proper utensils. 
Perfect posture. 

3929
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:12,000
This is life in a Victorian 
household. 

3930
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:16,100
This is what dinner really feels
like the gaslights in the 

3931
03:37:16,108 --> 03:37:20,400
hallway cost Long Shadows as you
walk your footsteps are muffled 

3932
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:23,200
by carpet. 
The house is preparing for sleep

3933
03:37:23,200 --> 03:37:27,200
and so are you behind you, the 
dining room stands, empty the 

3934
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:30,700
table already cleared and reset 
for tomorrow's breakfast, the 

3935
03:37:30,700 --> 03:37:34,200
cycle, never stops the 
performance, simply pauses until

3936
03:37:34,200 --> 03:37:37,500
the next meal, you reach your 
dressing room and the woman who 

3937
03:37:37,500 --> 03:37:39,600
dressed you for dinner appears 
to help you undress. 

3938
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:42,600
The buttons get unfastened in 
reverse order. 

3939
03:37:43,500 --> 03:37:45,500
The heavy evening dress is 
lifted away. 

3940
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:48,600
The corset loosens with blessed 
relief. 

3941
03:37:49,300 --> 03:37:52,300
Your breathing deepens 
immediately you put on your 

3942
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:55,300
night dress, soft cotton, 
comfortable completely 

3943
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:57,700
unpresentable. 
This is who you are when 

3944
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:00,700
nobody's watching in bed, 
finally, the days formal 

3945
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:04,000
activities received. 
The Dinner becomes just another 

3946
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:05,900
dinner in an endless series of 
dinners. 

3947
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:09,300
But while you were in it, while 
you were sitting at that table, 

3948
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:12,700
with Candlelight and warm plates
and wine, it was the entire 

3949
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:15,300
world. 
That's the strange thing about 

3950
03:38:15,300 --> 03:38:18,000
routine. 
Each iteration feels both 

3951
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:22,000
insignificant and somehow 
important you close your eyes 

3952
03:38:22,000 --> 03:38:24,600
and let the evening fade 
tomorrow will bring the same 

3953
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:28,400
patterns, dressing, dining 
performing being the proper. 

3954
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:31,700
Victorian person, you're 
supposed to be But for now 

3955
03:38:31,708 --> 03:38:33,900
you're just tired and full and 
ready for sleep. 

3956
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:38,200
The house settles into complete 
quiet, even the servants are 

3957
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:41,100
still now. 
Outside London continues, its 

3958
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:44,800
noisy existence but in here 
everything has stopped The 

3959
03:38:44,800 --> 03:38:47,100
dining room, waits in darkness 
for tomorrow's breakfast. 

3960
03:38:47,100 --> 03:38:50,600
The drawing room, fire burns 
down to Ash. 

3961
03:38:50,600 --> 03:38:54,600
The whole, elaborate structure 
of Victorian, Domesticity pauses

3962
03:38:54,600 --> 03:38:57,600
to catch its breath. 
This is what dinner, really felt

3963
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:01,700
like, not just the food though, 
the food mattered, not just the 

3964
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:05,200
wine, though, the wine helped, 
it was the weight of 

3965
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:08,700
expectation. 
The comfort of ritual, a 

3966
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,300
performance of propriety and 
Underneath It All the simple 

3967
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:14,100
human need to eat and beat 
together. 

3968
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:18,900
Dinner was theater and necessity
combined, it was exhausting and 

3969
03:39:18,900 --> 03:39:22,600
reassuring in equal measure and 
tomorrow evening at 7:00. 

3970
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:34,400
You'll do it all again. 
Paul Revere's name, of Oaks 

3971
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:38,000
images of a midnight ride, 
urgent calls for malicious and 

3972
03:39:38,000 --> 03:39:41,600
the onset of the American 
Revolution, Yet few realized the

3973
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:44,100
full scope of The Man Behind 
that iconic alarm. 

3974
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:49,200
He was a silver myth engraver, 
early industrialists, and a 

3975
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:52,100
shrewd networker who navigated 
Boston Circles of our towns 

3976
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:54,800
merchants and political 
agitators. 

3977
03:39:55,600 --> 03:40:00,900
Born on January the 1st, 1735 
old style to Apollo's rivoire, a

3978
03:40:00,900 --> 03:40:04,200
French huguenots, immigrant and 
Deborah, hitchbot. 

3979
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:07,300
And Native Revere was destined 
to bridge cultures and 

3980
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,700
communities at a time when 
colonial society seized with 

3981
03:40:10,708 --> 03:40:14,100
discontent, under British rule, 
Apollos revoir. 

3982
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:16,800
Who soon anglicized? 
His name to Paul Revere taught 

3983
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:20,400
his son, the art of civil work. 
This trade anchored, the younger

3984
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:23,000
pulls fortunes. 
He grew up in Boston's North 

3985
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:25,900
End. 
Surrounded by Wolves taverns and

3986
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:29,100
religious meeting houses 
absorbing The rhythms of a busy 

3987
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:31,500
Port City while modern 
retellings. 

3988
03:40:31,500 --> 03:40:33,000
Jumped straight to his 
patriotic. 

3989
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:36,600
Escapade his formative years 
shaped his Destiny and more 

3990
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:41,000
subtle Ways by age, 15, the 
death of his father thrust into 

3991
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:44,400
the role of family provider. 
The teenager Apprentice had to 

3992
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:48,200
complete his training managed, 
the family's Affairs and Forge 

3993
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:50,700
connections, with established 
silversmiths and Merchants 

3994
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:55,200
during the 1750s. 
Reverse served briefly in the 

3995
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:57,200
provincial Army, in the French 
and Indian War. 

3996
03:40:58,400 --> 03:41:01,300
An experience that gave him a 
glimpse of Britain's broader. 

3997
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:04,100
Colonial entanglements Upon 
returning to Boston. 

3998
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:06,900
He embraced the trade of 
silversmithing, wholeheartedly 

3999
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:10,000
creating not just decorative 
pieces, but also practical 

4000
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:11,700
items, like buckles and 
utensils. 

4001
03:41:11,700 --> 03:41:15,000
He prided himself on detail 
marketing. 

4002
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:18,100
His Wares to a clientele that. 
Spanned from Modest Craftsmen to

4003
03:41:18,100 --> 03:41:21,400
the colonies, Rising middle 
class, invoices preserved from 

4004
03:41:21,408 --> 03:41:25,000
this period revealed that 
Revere, offered credit Advanced 

4005
03:41:25,000 --> 03:41:28,700
new designs and constantly 
hustled for commissions that 

4006
03:41:28,700 --> 03:41:31,900
brand of entrepreneurial Spirit 
would later fuel his ability to 

4007
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:34,100
mobilize networks for 
revolutionary purposes. 

4008
03:41:35,100 --> 03:41:38,100
By the early 1760s tensions 
simmered throughout 

4009
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:42,200
Massachusetts, the Sugar Act, 
the Stamp Act and subsequent 

4010
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:43,700
taxes. 
Outraged merchants and 

4011
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:47,000
tradespeople alike. 
Revere found himself among a 

4012
03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:49,800
group of Boston artists who 
gather at local taverns to vent 

4013
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:52,700
frustrations. 
These enclaves brewed that early

4014
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:55,800
as forms of organized protests. 
Reverse soon. 

4015
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:58,700
Discovered he possessed a knack 
for articulating grievances 

4016
03:41:58,700 --> 03:42:01,600
through his engraving. 
It was not only an art form but 

4017
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,900
also a political tool. 
effectively, circulating ideas 

4018
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:07,700
and stocking public sentiment 
against perceived British 

4019
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:12,700
overreach, his iconic engraving 
of the, Boston Massacre de 

4020
03:42:12,700 --> 03:42:16,900
helped, radicalize many 
colonists Apart from engraving, 

4021
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:20,000
Revere proved versatile and 
forging social bonds. 

4022
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:23,000
He was active in the Masonic 
Lodge of Saint Andrew, where he 

4023
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:25,300
crossed paths with influential 
figures, like Joseph Warren. 

4024
03:42:26,100 --> 03:42:30,000
He joined local fire clubs and a
Central Community fixture at a 

4025
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:32,400
time when in wooden buildings, 
pose constant, fire hazards. 

4026
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:35,500
The same network that help, keep
Boston, safe from Flames. 

4027
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:38,600
All so functioned as a 
communication Hub, when secrecy 

4028
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:42,600
was Paramount reverse 
involvement in such clubs, honed

4029
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,100
his skills at organizing 
committees and planning 

4030
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:48,200
contingencies. 
Revere witnessed the growing 

4031
03:42:48,200 --> 03:42:50,500
tension between the British 
authorities and Colonial 

4032
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:52,300
protesters. 
As the decade progressed. 

4033
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:56,100
He witnessed the formation of 
the Sons of Liberty, Loosely 

4034
03:42:56,100 --> 03:42:59,000
Nick group bent on resisting 
British policy through boycotts 

4035
03:42:59,000 --> 03:43:02,900
demonstrations and occasionally 
more aggressive tactics, while 

4036
03:43:02,900 --> 03:43:05,300
Samuel Adams and John Hancock on
the spotlight. 

4037
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:10,000
Revere operated just beneath it 
linking Tradesman printers and 

4038
03:43:10,000 --> 03:43:13,300
Mariners to the, cause he 
carried messages across town 

4039
03:43:13,300 --> 03:43:16,400
utilized, his Network to 
fundraise for boycotts and 

4040
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:20,100
orchestrated covert. 
Gatherings in summary, the man 

4041
03:43:20,108 --> 03:43:23,100
played a significant role in the
turbulent events that preceded 

4042
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:26,200
the revolution. 
His silver shot bustled by day 

4043
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:29,400
forging items for well to do 
Patron's while by night. 

4044
03:43:29,400 --> 03:43:32,700
He frequently huddled with 
Patriot's, in backrooms this 

4045
03:43:32,700 --> 03:43:35,700
dual existence. 
Both an honest Craftsman in 

4046
03:43:35,700 --> 03:43:39,200
broad daylight in a clandestine 
activists in the Twilight gave. 

4047
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:41,100
Revere an uncommon advantage 
point. 

4048
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:44,800
He understood the Grievances of 
merchants taxed by Parliament 

4049
03:43:44,800 --> 03:43:47,600
and the resentments of sailors 
harassed by British Naval 

4050
03:43:47,600 --> 03:43:50,300
patrols. 
He also grasped the precarious, 

4051
03:43:50,300 --> 03:43:52,800
existence of apprentices who 
found themselves. 

4052
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:58,100
Jobless whenever tensions flared
In the early 1770s Revere faced 

4053
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:01,400
a crucial decision, he could 
either maintain his status as a 

4054
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:04,200
respected Craftsman and avoid 
radical elements or he could 

4055
03:44:04,208 --> 03:44:06,700
fully dedicate himself to the 
resistance that was forming 

4056
03:44:06,700 --> 03:44:09,300
around him. 
That choice would Define his 

4057
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,400
role in the uncertain months 
ahead, as Britain tightened, its

4058
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:16,000
grip, and Boston, braced for 
confrontation, his decision to 

4059
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:18,100
lean into activism. 
Would soon thrust him into 

4060
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:19,600
history. 
His pages though. 

4061
03:44:19,600 --> 03:44:21,900
He never guessed that. 
A single midnight ride would 

4062
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:24,200
overshadow Decades of other 
contributions. 

4063
03:44:25,400 --> 03:44:28,100
As Britain stepped up, the 
enforcement of colonial policies

4064
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:30,300
Revere in his compatriots 
adapted. 

4065
03:44:31,100 --> 03:44:35,000
No single figure commanded the 
burgeoning movement instead it 

4066
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:38,400
operated through committees 
correspondences and Loosely 

4067
03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:42,400
Affiliated networks of Tradesmen
small merchants and outspoken 

4068
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:45,500
Patriots. 
Revere proved instrumental in 

4069
03:44:45,500 --> 03:44:48,200
Bridging the circles. 
He was neither the wealthiest 

4070
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,800
Merchants, nor the most fiery 
orator, but his profound 

4071
03:44:51,800 --> 03:44:54,800
knowledge of Boston's geography,
and his wide array of personal 

4072
03:44:54,800 --> 03:44:56,700
relationships made him 
indispensable. 

4073
03:44:57,400 --> 03:44:59,500
He played a key role in the 
intelligence game, that 

4074
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:03,200
developed as tensions, Rose the 
British, suspecting the colonies

4075
03:45:03,200 --> 03:45:07,000
of seditious intent, planted 
informants and seized letters. 

4076
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:10,000
Meanwhile Patriot leaders, 
formed Committees of 

4077
03:45:10,000 --> 03:45:12,900
Correspondence in every town, 
forging a parallel Information 

4078
03:45:12,900 --> 03:45:14,800
Network that bypassed Royal 
officials. 

4079
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:18,800
Revere often served as a courier
riding to distant towns. 

4080
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:22,300
Worcester Salem, even Portsmouth
to update them on the latest 

4081
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:24,400
developments. 
These Journeys were not 

4082
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:27,700
glamorous winter roads, were 
treacherous lodgings minimal. 

4083
03:45:28,300 --> 03:45:31,500
But reverse Skillet traveling, 
in cognito, changing routes, 

4084
03:45:31,500 --> 03:45:34,800
unpredictably and winning. 
Trust at local, taverns, kept 

4085
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:37,900
the chain of communication 
robust Beyond his career. 

4086
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,800
Work continued engraving 
political cartoons, his 

4087
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:45,200
depiction of the Boston Tea 
Party, for instance, circulated 

4088
03:45:45,200 --> 03:45:48,900
widely, capturing the moment 
when Patriot's dumped British 

4089
03:45:48,900 --> 03:45:52,600
tea into the harbor, The 
incident itself was more chaotic

4090
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:56,600
than reverse engraving suggested
presented at home today. 

4091
03:45:56,600 --> 03:46:01,000
As a unified discipline act, an 
image that bolstered the Patriot

4092
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:04,600
of moral High Ground. 
He also contributed subtly 

4093
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:07,700
altered, Prince of the governor 
or British officers turning them

4094
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:10,100
into caricatures for 
distribution among sympathizers.

4095
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:13,800
These images pinned up in print 
shops or posted in meeting 

4096
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:16,300
Halls, served a rallying 
symbols. 

4097
03:46:17,500 --> 03:46:20,400
One lesser known chapter in 
Revere's life involved. 

4098
03:46:20,400 --> 03:46:25,400
The Suffolk resolves, drafted in
1774 by Boston leaders, these 

4099
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:27,900
resolutions rejected the 
coercive acts and called for 

4100
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,000
civil disobedience. 
Rivera was entrusted with 

4101
03:46:31,000 --> 03:46:33,300
delivering a copy to the First 
Continental Congress. 

4102
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:37,000
In Philadelphia, the journey 
South exposed him to a broader 

4103
03:46:37,000 --> 03:46:39,500
Colonial landscape, forging 
connections with the leather 

4104
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:42,600
lures from other colonies. 
He returned more convinced than 

4105
03:46:42,608 --> 03:46:45,200
ever that Massachusetts was not 
alone in protesting. 

4106
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:49,000
Meanwhile his reliability as a 
messenger sword in the eyes of 

4107
03:46:49,000 --> 03:46:51,400
figures. 
Like John Adams, yet Revere was 

4108
03:46:51,408 --> 03:46:53,100
not purely a political 
operative. 

4109
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:57,000
He had a family. 
His first wife, Sarah orne and 

4110
03:46:57,000 --> 03:47:00,300
born him several children before
passing away in 1773. 

4111
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:04,000
And he later married, Rachel 
Walker, who all became part of 

4112
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,000
the extended. 
Revere Clan balancing domestic 

4113
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:10,200
life with clandestine Patriot 
activity, proved stressful. 

4114
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,800
Friends recalled that reverse 
silver shop sometimes functioned

4115
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:17,800
as an unofficial meeting site. 
though it remained primarily a 

4116
03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:22,300
commercial Venture, he might sit
at his workbench forging spoon 

4117
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:26,200
or teapots well Patriots 
gathered in a small side room to

4118
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:31,400
whisper about British treatments
By 1775 British authorities 

4119
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,700
began to suspect that Boston's 
Artisans played a larger role in

4120
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:38,000
the unrest than previously 
assumed regular army officers 

4121
03:47:38,000 --> 03:47:40,400
roamed. 
The city searching for hidden 

4122
03:47:40,400 --> 03:47:44,400
arms, Depots rumors swirled of 
British plans, to arrest key, 

4123
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:47,700
Rebel leaders, particularly John
Hancock and Samuel Adams who had

4124
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:49,900
left Boston for the relative 
safety in Lexington. 

4125
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:53,300
And Concord, meanwhile, 
Massachusetts Patriots, had 

4126
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:56,900
stored, gunpowder in Concord, a 
small town, west of Boston and 

4127
03:47:56,900 --> 03:48:00,800
anticipating a confrontation. 
As both sides prepared for the 

4128
03:48:00,800 --> 03:48:03,500
potential next move, tensions 
escalated. 

4129
03:48:04,500 --> 03:48:07,600
During this turbulent period, 
the Patriot leadership developed

4130
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:10,800
a signal system, should the 
British launcher Southern strike

4131
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:13,600
Watchers at the old. 
North Church would hang lanterns

4132
03:48:13,600 --> 03:48:16,800
to indicate whether the troops 
moved by land or by boat across 

4133
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,700
the Charles River. 
Revere was part of the group 

4134
03:48:19,700 --> 03:48:23,500
that set this plan in motion, 
but to reduce risk, it was a 

4135
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,700
friend Robert Newman, who would 
hang the lanterns. 

4136
03:48:26,700 --> 03:48:30,000
Revere himself, would undertake 
the Hazardous ride to warn 

4137
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:32,900
Hancock and Adams and Rouse the 
militias along the Route. 

4138
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:38,100
In the days leading to that 
famous night, reverse sled. 

4139
03:48:39,700 --> 03:48:41,500
He conferred with Dr. Joseph 
Warren. 

4140
03:48:42,200 --> 03:48:44,700
Who was privy to Fresh 
intelligence, suggesting British

4141
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,200
movements were imminent. 
The plan was bold. 

4142
03:48:47,200 --> 03:48:50,100
The stakes enormous. 
If the British discovered it, 

4143
03:48:50,100 --> 03:48:52,400
Revere faced, imprisonment or 
worse. 

4144
03:48:53,200 --> 03:48:56,300
But he recognized that a swift 
warning might unify thousands of

4145
03:48:56,308 --> 03:48:58,000
militiamen before the Royal 
troops. 

4146
03:48:58,000 --> 03:48:59,800
Could seize arms or arrest 
leaders. 

4147
03:48:59,800 --> 03:49:02,800
No, single Courier. 
Could accomplish the entire job 

4148
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,300
alone. 
Others, like William doors. 

4149
03:49:05,300 --> 03:49:09,500
Shared the load still reverse 
role would become legendary 

4150
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:13,100
overshadowing. 
The fact that a network, not one

4151
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:18,200
man fuel that night alert. 
Hence as April 1775 dawned 

4152
03:49:18,200 --> 03:49:22,400
reverse stood on a precipice, 
all the clandestine work, the 

4153
03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:25,200
rides to scattered towns and the
coded signals at church. 

4154
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:29,200
Steeples led to this junker. 
The next house would test his 

4155
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:32,800
resourcefulness bravery and 
knack for quiet coordination 

4156
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:36,500
traits honed over years. 
Now, culminating in a midnight 

4157
03:49:36,500 --> 03:49:40,000
Dash that would echo through 
American law on the evening of 

4158
03:49:40,000 --> 03:49:44,200
April 18th, 1775 Paul Revere 
prepared to leave. 

4159
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:47,400
Boston British officers had 
become conspicuous near the 

4160
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:51,800
docks though, many bostonians, 
loyalists included believe the 

4161
03:49:51,800 --> 03:49:55,300
troops would attempt to show 
Force the next day, Revere. 

4162
03:49:55,300 --> 03:50:00,000
However, suspected otherwise. 
He navigated through doc streets

4163
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:03,600
to the Charles River's Edge, 
where a small boat awaited two 

4164
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,800
friends, rode him quietly across
muffling, allocs with cloth to 

4165
03:50:06,808 --> 03:50:09,500
avoid drawing the attention of 
the British warship anchored to 

4166
03:50:09,508 --> 03:50:12,100
nearby. 
Revere reached the Charles Town 

4167
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:14,000
side and found a borrowed horse 
waiting. 

4168
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:17,300
Simultaneously Robert Newman 
stood at the old. 

4169
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:19,600
North Church Tower prepared to 
hoist. 

4170
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:22,100
Two lanterns in the event of 
British troops, launching from 

4171
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:24,500
the water. 
Those signals would inform 

4172
03:50:24,500 --> 03:50:27,300
watches in Charles Town, who 
would then spread the Alarm by 

4173
03:50:27,300 --> 03:50:30,300
alternative route. 
Revere's task was to ride 

4174
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:32,200
directly to Lexington, 
heralding. 

4175
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:35,800
The countryside as he went 
Another ride, William Dawes 

4176
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:38,200
would take a separate path in 
Turing. 

4177
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:40,600
That if one was stopped the 
other might succeed. 

4178
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:44,500
Mounting his horse. 
Revere began the journey at 

4179
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:48,200
first, the roads lay eerily 
quiet, it only By Moonlight or 

4180
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:49,600
the occasional Lantern in a 
window. 

4181
03:50:49,608 --> 03:50:52,900
He knocked on Farmhouse doors, 
calling to sleeping Patriots. 

4182
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:56,700
The regulars are on the move or 
words to that effect, he never 

4183
03:50:56,700 --> 03:50:59,200
actually shouted. 
The British are coming since 

4184
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:03,000
many colonists, still considered
themselves British instead, he 

4185
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:06,700
typically used phrases like the 
regulars are out to alert local,

4186
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:10,600
militias families, woke groggy 
but recognized Revere by name or

4187
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:13,600
from prior visits, swiftly, they
dressed collected. 

4188
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:16,100
Muskets began passing word to 
neighbors. 

4189
03:51:16,100 --> 03:51:19,700
Further, Inland the ride was not
free of peril at one point. 

4190
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:23,000
Reverse spotted, two, British 
officers on Horseback fearing 

4191
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,600
capture. 
He evaded them by dashing off on

4192
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,200
their side path. 
Relying on his memory of the 

4193
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:30,500
terrain. 
The nearing counter height in 

4194
03:51:30,508 --> 03:51:33,500
his urgency. 
If we mimic counted, if the 

4195
03:51:33,500 --> 03:51:36,500
British marched swiftly, they 
could seize the arms in Concord 

4196
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,800
or intercept Hancock and Adams 
before local militias mustard, 

4197
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,800
Arriving in Lexington around 
midnight, Revere found Hancock 

4198
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:48,000
and Adams lodging at the home of
Reverend Jonas Clark. 

4199
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:51,800
He delivered his News, British 
forces would soon move to 

4200
03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:54,800
confiscate Colonial weapons and 
possibly arrest Patriot leaders,

4201
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:58,400
the two men hesitated and 
certain whether the threat was 

4202
03:51:58,400 --> 03:52:01,100
immediate, meanwhile locals 
debated. 

4203
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:03,800
The best course having done his 
duty of warning them. 

4204
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:07,100
Revere prepared to continue on 
to conquer to spread the alarm 

4205
03:52:07,100 --> 03:52:10,500
further by coincidence. 
Doors arrived in Lexington. 

4206
03:52:10,500 --> 03:52:13,700
Shortly after Revere having 
navigated a separate route. 

4207
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:17,600
They connected with another 
Rider to Samuel Prescott who 

4208
03:52:17,600 --> 03:52:20,500
agreed to guide them to Concord 
being intimately familiar with 

4209
03:52:20,500 --> 03:52:23,600
the area the trio set off to 
determined to alert. 

4210
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:27,300
The entire region not far along 
a British Patrol in weight. 

4211
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:30,900
The Red Coats tried to block 
them on an arrow Road doors. 

4212
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:33,700
Managed to slip away though. 
He lost his horse soon after 

4213
03:52:33,700 --> 03:52:37,900
Prescott and agile, Rider Volta 
defense, into the woods and 

4214
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:40,900
escaped captivity successfully, 
reaching Concord. 

4215
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:45,900
Revere however was detained. 
The officers interrogated. 

4216
03:52:45,900 --> 03:52:48,400
Revere suspecting he carried 
vital intelligence. 

4217
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:51,800
He admitted British troops were 
heading to Concord but did not 

4218
03:52:51,808 --> 03:52:53,600
conceal that. 
The militia had been forewarned.

4219
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:57,100
Stunned by his Candor, the 
officers tried to hustle him 

4220
03:52:57,100 --> 03:52:59,400
along to figure out the scope of
the Patriot plan. 

4221
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:03,200
They soon heard gunfire in the 
distant, the sound of militia 

4222
03:53:03,200 --> 03:53:05,800
men already, mobilizing alarm 
that their mission was 

4223
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:07,500
compromised. 
The officers. 

4224
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:09,900
Let Revere go. 
He found his way back to 

4225
03:53:09,900 --> 03:53:13,100
Lexington on foot arriving. 
Just in time to witness the 

4226
03:53:13,100 --> 03:53:16,400
earliest skirmishes on 
Lexington, Green at dawn, thus, 

4227
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:20,000
ended Revere's ride and thus 
began open conflict in the war. 

4228
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:23,100
That would shape a nation. 
The malicious converged as 

4229
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:26,500
intended though, the British 
pressed onto Concord, then 

4230
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:29,800
counted, a growing throng of 
armed colonists, the day ended 

4231
03:53:29,800 --> 03:53:31,600
in a chaotic Retreat. 
For the Red Coats. 

4232
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,100
An event that echoed far beyond 
Massachusetts news of this 

4233
03:53:35,100 --> 03:53:37,700
standoff would spark the 
colonies transformation from 

4234
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:40,200
scattered protests into a full 
blown Revolution. 

4235
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:43,600
Paul Revere's role on that 
pivotal night was merely one 

4236
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:47,400
component of a larger chain, 
others doors Prescott local, 

4237
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:50,200
Watchers played equally critical
roles yet. 

4238
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:53,500
Over time, popular mythology. 
Spotlighted Revere as the Lone 

4239
03:53:53,500 --> 03:53:57,200
Hero Galloping through the 
countryside decades, later 

4240
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:00,400
Henry, Wadsworth longfellow's 
poem, which condense the story 

4241
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:04,200
into a stirring to Arms, greatly
contributed to reverse Fame. 

4242
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:08,400
In reality Revere's Ride was, 
but one expression of a complex 

4243
03:54:08,400 --> 03:54:11,600
strategy, however, it was 
sufficient to permanently 

4244
03:54:11,600 --> 03:54:13,800
inscribe him in America's 
Collective Consciousness. 

4245
03:54:13,800 --> 03:54:17,400
As the individual who raised the
alarm, thereby altering the 

4246
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:20,500
course of history. 
Once the battles at Lexington 

4247
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:25,200
and Concord ignited Warfare. 
Paul Revere's story did not 

4248
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:28,900
pause, he continued serving the 
Revolutionary cause in Myriad 

4249
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:33,400
ways some unsung others 
overshadowed by the flash of his

4250
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:37,600
midnight ride in the following 
months, Boston became a hotbed 

4251
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:39,800
of tension. 
The British held the city while 

4252
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:43,400
Colonial forces in circled. 
It Revere worked on intelligence

4253
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:47,600
and logistical tasks using his 
expertise in messaging and crowd

4254
03:54:47,600 --> 03:54:49,600
coordination to keep Patriots, 
informed. 

4255
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:53,700
One key project saw him turning 
from Silver to metal of another 

4256
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:57,300
kind. 
Massachusetts needed Canon shot 

4257
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,700
another who other Munitions as a
skilled Artisan. 

4258
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:04,400
Revere adapted his workshop for 
manufacturing though. 

4259
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,800
Not a large scale operation. 
His Foundry, contributed metal 

4260
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:09,400
fittings and Small Arms 
components. 

4261
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:12,900
He tinkered with the ways to 
produce gunpowder though that 

4262
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:14,800
challenge required specialized 
Mills. 

4263
03:55:14,800 --> 03:55:18,300
Meanwhile, Revere participated 
in local committees that govern 

4264
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:21,800
the region in the absence of 
ritual Authority in daily life. 

4265
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:27,700
Continued amid chaos amid these 
labors tragedy struck Dr. Joseph

4266
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:32,800
Warren reavers friend and fellow
Patriot was killed in June 1775 

4267
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:36,800
at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 
Warren's death, hit Revere hard,

4268
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:40,300
the two had collaborated closely
in Booking the earliest 

4269
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,100
resistance. 
And Warren's medical skill had 

4270
03:55:43,100 --> 03:55:46,500
saved, countless lives in Prior 
skirmishes, the Heartbreak, 

4271
03:55:46,500 --> 03:55:49,700
sharp and Revere's resolved. 
The cost of Independence was 

4272
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:52,900
high, yet men like Warren 
believed in it, passionately. 

4273
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:57,100
Revere channel that sorrow into 
further commitments, traveling 

4274
03:55:57,100 --> 03:56:00,000
frequently between revolutionary
committees and Cambridge and 

4275
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:02,900
outlying towns. 
The British finally evacuated 

4276
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:07,600
Boston in March, 1776, a turning
point that caused Jubilation 

4277
03:56:07,600 --> 03:56:10,500
among the Patriots. 
Revere moved back into the city 

4278
03:56:10,500 --> 03:56:13,400
reclaiming, his silver shop. 
But founded in disarray, after 

4279
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:16,200
months, of occupation repairs 
were needed before. 

4280
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:19,500
Normal business could resume, 
however, normal business had 

4281
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,800
become a distant memory by that 
point, the Warhead shifted to 

4282
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:25,800
other colonies and reverse 
skill, set remained valuable. 

4283
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:28,900
You volunteered for malicious 
service and was appointed a 

4284
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:31,400
lieutenant colonel of artillery.
In the Massachusetts militia 

4285
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:34,200
this role combined 
administrative oversight, 

4286
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:37,700
ensuring troops had supplies and
equipment with strategic input 

4287
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:40,200
drawing on his knowledge of 
local fortifications. 

4288
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:44,200
In 1778. 
Revere, participated in the 

4289
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:47,800
ill-fated Penobscot Expedition, 
an attempt by the Massachusetts 

4290
03:56:47,800 --> 03:56:50,900
militia to oust British forces 
in present-day, Maine. 

4291
03:56:51,600 --> 03:56:55,600
The Expedition ended in disaster
with the colonial Fleet scuttled

4292
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:57,600
and troops forced to Retreat 
through the wilderness. 

4293
03:56:58,500 --> 03:57:02,100
Revere faced criticism for his 
actions there especially 

4294
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:04,300
regarding disputes over the 
chain of command. 

4295
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:08,000
A court, martial ensued 
questioning whether he had 

4296
03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:11,000
disobeyed orders or abandoned 
his post while eventually 

4297
03:57:11,000 --> 03:57:14,400
exonerated the incident left, a 
sour note in his military 

4298
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:18,100
career, contrasting sharply with
the heroic Aura of his early 

4299
03:57:18,100 --> 03:57:21,100
ride. 
Undeterred, he continued 

4300
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,400
assisting in local defenses, 
forging, new connections with 

4301
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:27,500
revolutionary leaders in the 
final years of the war. 

4302
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:31,200
Revere balanced militia duties 
with attempts to stabilize his 

4303
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:34,400
personal livelihood. 
The prolonged conflict had 

4304
03:57:34,400 --> 03:57:37,200
disrupted, normal Commerce, and 
Craftsmen across the colonies 

4305
03:57:37,200 --> 03:57:40,300
struggled, reverse adaptability,
Sean wants more. 

4306
03:57:40,300 --> 03:57:43,900
He introduced new techniques 
such as rolling, copper sheets 

4307
03:57:43,908 --> 03:57:47,000
for Naval, use precursor to his 
later, achievements in 

4308
03:57:47,000 --> 03:57:48,800
metalworking. 
That would flourish post war. 

4309
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:52,500
Throughout these years. 
Revere also engaged in the 

4310
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:54,300
social fabric of the budding 
Republic. 

4311
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:57,700
He joins societies discussing 
ways to structure the new 

4312
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:00,100
nations governance. 
He was active in the movement 

4313
03:58:00,100 --> 03:58:02,700
that eventually produced the 
Massachusetts Constitution. 

4314
03:58:03,800 --> 03:58:06,500
Among his lesson known efforts 
was involvement with the local 

4315
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:10,500
intelligence apparatus to verify
rumors of British Espionage or 

4316
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:13,200
infiltration. 
He was not a central spymaster 

4317
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:16,100
but he knew the city intimately 
and could trace suspicious 

4318
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:18,600
activity. 
The same street smarts that 

4319
03:58:18,608 --> 03:58:21,600
fueled his 1775 ride. 
Aided him once again. 

4320
03:58:22,500 --> 03:58:25,100
When the Treaty of Paris finally
ended the Revolutionary War in, 

4321
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:30,300
1783 Revere was aching 50. 
He had served as Craftsmen 

4322
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:32,800
Courier militia officer and 
Community. 

4323
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:36,600
Organizer Rolls overshadowed by 
that single night's Gallop into 

4324
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:39,300
Legend. 
Yet he emerged from the war with

4325
03:58:39,300 --> 03:58:42,600
a moderate standing, his 
Workshop battered but not 

4326
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,900
ruined. 
Boston's economy was in flux but

4327
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:49,500
reverse or opportunities ahead. 
He recognized that the new 

4328
03:58:49,500 --> 03:58:53,500
United States short on domestic.
Manufacturing would need local 

4329
03:58:53,500 --> 03:58:56,000
Industries to replace Imports 
once applied by Britain. 

4330
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:01,000
Thus as the guns fell silent 
Revere pivoted from the chaos of

4331
03:59:01,008 --> 03:59:04,400
War to the prospect of Peace. 
He had learned about 

4332
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:06,600
large-scale, metal work from 
wartime demands. 

4333
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:09,600
Now he sought to Parlay that 
knowledge into a business 

4334
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:12,500
Advantage. 
He opened new Ventures, such as 

4335
03:59:12,508 --> 03:59:15,500
a hardware store and a Foundry 
capable of casting bells and 

4336
03:59:15,508 --> 03:59:18,000
cannons. 
This transformation signaled. 

4337
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:21,100
His next chapter, a shift from 
revolutionary operative to 

4338
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:25,000
pioneering industrialist despite
everything he held onto the 

4339
03:59:25,008 --> 03:59:27,100
memory of Bunker Hill lost 
friends. 

4340
03:59:27,100 --> 03:59:30,100
And that ride on a moonlit 
night, which shaped him into a 

4341
03:59:30,100 --> 03:59:33,700
man determined to help Forge a 
stable prosperous future for the

4342
03:59:33,700 --> 03:59:36,700
Republic. 
He helped birth in the post-war 

4343
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:38,300
era. 
Paul Revere harnessed, his 

4344
03:59:38,300 --> 03:59:40,900
entrepreneurial Spirit to 
elevate Boston's manufacturing 

4345
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:44,300
capabilities, while many 
Americans clung to small-scale 

4346
03:59:44,300 --> 03:59:48,000
artisanal methods, he envisioned
something grander, an industrial

4347
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:50,800
growth that could rival, 
Europe's established foundries, 

4348
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:54,700
His experiences rolling copper 
for Naval uses and casting small

4349
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,000
cannons. 
During the war primed him for 

4350
03:59:57,000 --> 03:59:59,900
expansion through determined 
trial and error. 

4351
03:59:59,900 --> 04:00:03,700
Revere built a thriving, 
copperworks Enterprises, it 

4352
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:07,300
began with smaller tasks 
producing copper bolts Spike's 

4353
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:09,100
and fittings for local 
shipyards. 

4354
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:12,800
Boston, a bus sling Maritime 
Hub, offered a ready Market. 

4355
04:00:13,700 --> 04:00:16,500
Over time Revere realized the 
potential for roofing large 

4356
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:19,800
buildings with copper sheets. 
A technique popular in European 

4357
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:22,100
Cathedrals but rare in the young
United States. 

4358
04:00:22,100 --> 04:00:24,900
He also recognized the 
possibility of sheathing. 

4359
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:27,900
The hulls of Wooden Ships with 
copper to prevent wood-boring. 

4360
04:00:27,900 --> 04:00:32,300
Pests and reduce Marine growth 
If widely adopted, copper 

4361
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:33,900
sheathing. 
Could dramatically enhance a 

4362
04:00:33,900 --> 04:00:37,100
vessels speed and lifespan. 
Improving profitability for 

4363
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:41,600
shipping companies yet Capital 
was scarce, reverse searched for

4364
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:46,400
partners or backers, but often 
found skepticism most believed 

4365
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:50,700
large-scale work, too risky, 
unfazed, reveal used. 

4366
04:00:50,708 --> 04:00:54,300
His personal savings accumulated
from Decades of silver work 

4367
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:56,300
taking on loans at high 
interest. 

4368
04:00:56,300 --> 04:01:00,000
He arranged shipments of raw 
Copper from mines and kinetic or

4369
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:03,600
further afield. 
By the late 1780s, the operated 

4370
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:05,800
a modest Rolling Mill though. 
It struggled to match the 

4371
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:10,000
consistency of British Imports 
undeterred, he labored to refine

4372
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:12,900
techniques tinkering with 
furnace temperatures and rolling

4373
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:17,400
Machinery designs alongside 
forging a copper Empire Revere 

4374
04:01:17,400 --> 04:01:20,300
remained active in Civic life. 
He joined the Massachusetts 

4375
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:23,700
charitable mechanical 
Association which championed 

4376
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:26,200
tradesmen's rights and Advanced 
Mechanical Innovations. 

4377
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:29,100
In addition. 
He oversaw Community initiatives

4378
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:32,200
aimed at improving 
infrastructure, Boston's roads, 

4379
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:35,700
Bridges and fire services. 
This Synergy of public service 

4380
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:38,400
and private Enterprise mirrored.
The developing ethos of the new 

4381
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:41,500
Republic her personal success 
and Collective, well-being 

4382
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:45,100
intertwined. 
His family also expanded father 

4383
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:48,900
to a large brood Revere. 
Expected his children to learn a

4384
04:01:48,900 --> 04:01:52,200
trade or assist in the family. 
Businesses Sons began, helping 

4385
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:55,100
in The Foundry, learning 
practical skills from their 

4386
04:01:55,100 --> 04:01:58,500
father daughter's were often 
educated enough to maintain 

4387
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:01,300
household finance's and even 
dabble in commercial. 

4388
04:02:01,500 --> 04:02:03,700
Tasks. 
The Revere Clan became a 

4389
04:02:03,700 --> 04:02:06,200
microcosm of the emergent middle
class part tradition. 

4390
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:10,500
Bound part 4 looking at times. 
Dinner discussions like Lee, 

4391
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:12,800
encompassed everything from 
forging technique to local 

4392
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:15,800
politics during this period. 
The new federal government 

4393
04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:20,000
sought to strengthen America's 
Naval capacity, threats loomed 

4394
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,300
off the Barbary Coast where 
Pirates, seized Merchant ships. 

4395
04:02:23,300 --> 04:02:27,200
The US Navy, needed warships and
reverse, or his chance. 

4396
04:02:28,000 --> 04:02:31,100
He pitched his copper sheathing 
to the government arguing, that 

4397
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:33,700
adopting homegrown manufacturing
would reduce dependence on 

4398
04:02:33,708 --> 04:02:36,000
foreign supplies, despite 
initial. 

4399
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:38,800
Reservations officials, 
recognize the Strategic 

4400
04:02:38,800 --> 04:02:42,600
Advantage by the mid-1790s 
Revere's. 

4401
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:46,300
Copper found its way onto the 
USS Constitution nicknamed Old 

4402
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:50,400
Ironsides a famed frigate. 
Built in Boston. this success 

4403
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:53,800
was huge, it demonstrated that 
domestic production could match 

4404
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:56,700
or exceed British quality, With 
pride. 

4405
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:59,700
Revere marched his workers to 
the Charlestown Navy. 

4406
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:02,700
Yard to see the Constitution, 
outfitted the event. 

4407
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:04,700
Symbolized. 
The Synergy of industrial 

4408
04:03:04,700 --> 04:03:08,500
progress in National Defense. 
In an era when many still saw 

4409
04:03:08,500 --> 04:03:11,600
the us as an agrarian 
Confederation Revere's. 

4410
04:03:11,600 --> 04:03:14,000
Pursuits hinted at a more 
industrial future. 

4411
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:16,800
He began receiving more orders 
for Bell. 

4412
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:20,100
Casting too churches. 
Across New England wanted bells 

4413
04:03:20,100 --> 04:03:23,600
that combined pleasing acoustics
with durability, Revere's 

4414
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,200
Foundry, delivered. 
Some of these bells still ring 

4415
04:03:26,200 --> 04:03:28,800
today. 
Even as Revere's renowned grew 

4416
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:31,100
in manufacturing circles, he 
remained. 

4417
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:33,700
Surprisingly modest about the 
famous midnight ride. 

4418
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:37,700
He occasionally recounted it for
new acquaintances specially if 

4419
04:03:37,700 --> 04:03:41,300
they recognized his name from 
rumors, But he never wrote a 

4420
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:42,900
grand Memoir or boasted 
publicly. 

4421
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,700
He seemed more captivated by 
forging new Wares and is 

4422
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,600
improving his foundries output. 
The ride that would define him 

4423
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:53,800
for posterity was just one 
chapter in his own eyes by the 

4424
04:03:53,800 --> 04:03:57,000
early 1800s. 
Paul Revere was recognized as a 

4425
04:03:57,008 --> 04:03:59,000
leading industrial innovator in 
Massachusetts. 

4426
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:02,900
The Aging Patriot was no longer 
the lean Courier bounding off 

4427
04:04:02,900 --> 04:04:05,600
into the night. 
Instead he was a solid figure 

4428
04:04:05,600 --> 04:04:08,800
with graying hair strolling 
through a noisy Foundry. 

4429
04:04:08,800 --> 04:04:12,100
Checking the quality of molten 
copper and guiding younger 

4430
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:14,600
Craftsman. 
He remaining engaged in local 

4431
04:04:14,600 --> 04:04:17,500
politics advocating for a 
balanced approach to Camaros. 

4432
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:20,900
Occasionally, he accepted 
invitations to speak at 

4433
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:23,800
association's of mechanics, or 
Veteran's groups, though. 

4434
04:04:23,800 --> 04:04:26,600
These gatherings rarely match 
the Grandeur of modern Rally's. 

4435
04:04:27,300 --> 04:04:29,800
Kept the focus on practical 
improvements and communal 

4436
04:04:29,800 --> 04:04:32,900
responsibilities values. 
Forged in a life that bridge 

4437
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:35,500
Revolution and the forging of a 
new economic order. 

4438
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:39,800
Thus Paul Revere Advanced from 
revolutionary Messenger to full 

4439
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:43,400
fledged industrial Pioneer where
once he had hammered silver, the

4440
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:45,400
teapots. 
He now, the nation's Naval 

4441
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:48,500
Knight the drive for 
Independence which once 

4442
04:04:48,500 --> 04:04:51,900
motivated him to ride overnight.
Now fueled, an economic vision 

4443
04:04:51,900 --> 04:04:56,100
for a stable, self-reliant to 
America and ambition that amply 

4444
04:04:56,100 --> 04:04:58,300
demonstrated, the Synergy 
between Enterprise and 

4445
04:04:58,300 --> 04:05:00,800
patriotism. 
Paul Revere's. 

4446
04:05:00,800 --> 04:05:03,900
Final decades saw him celebrated
in local circles as an 

4447
04:05:03,900 --> 04:05:07,100
accomplished businessman and 
Stallworth in civic affairs. 

4448
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:10,300
Yet. 
Ironically, his renowned as a 

4449
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:12,800
revolutionary hero was 
comparatively subdued during his

4450
04:05:12,800 --> 04:05:15,500
lifetime. 
Public commemorations of the 

4451
04:05:15,500 --> 04:05:17,200
war. 
Typically highlighted generals 

4452
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:19,600
like Washington or statesmanlike
Franklin. 

4453
04:05:20,400 --> 04:05:23,100
The intricacies of Revere's, 
midnight ride were known amongst

4454
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:26,700
certain bostonians, but no 
single poem, or widely 

4455
04:05:26,700 --> 04:05:30,000
circulated account. 
Yet enshrined his role As the 

4456
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:32,800
19th century. 
Dawned River watched Boston 

4457
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:37,200
transform the City's population,
swelled new commercial 

4458
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:39,200
opportunities arose, along the 
waterfront. 

4459
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:43,000
He kept pace with these changes 
updating his foundries 

4460
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:45,400
techniques and occasionally 
patenting Innovations. 

4461
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:49,900
He also mentored Young Artists 
passing along the same ethos of 

4462
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:52,100
diligence and 
community-mindedness that guided

4463
04:05:52,100 --> 04:05:54,900
him. 
In Quiet Moments, he reflected 

4464
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,400
on Friends lost or scattered by 
War on how an unassuming 

4465
04:05:58,400 --> 04:06:02,100
silversmith like him once walked
a perilous line between colonial

4466
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:05,900
law and Rebellion, his personal 
life remained anchored in family

4467
04:06:05,900 --> 04:06:09,600
by now, multiple children 
assisted in The Foundry. 

4468
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:14,100
Grandchildren scampered through 
the workshop yard, occasionally,

4469
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:18,800
mesmerized by glowing furnaces, 
Revere the stern, about safety 

4470
04:06:18,800 --> 04:06:21,000
allowed them. 
Glimpses of the molten copper 

4471
04:06:21,000 --> 04:06:25,600
hoping to spark curiosity rather
than fear letters from this 

4472
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:29,000
period reveal a man juggling 
paternal Pride Financial 

4473
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:32,700
concerns and deep gratitude for 
living to see an independent 

4474
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:34,900
republic. 
Flourish, he occasionally 

4475
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:36,800
traveled to observe new 
industrial sites. 

4476
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:40,600
One visit to Philadelphia's 
Ironworks fascinated him. 

4477
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:44,900
He swapped notes with other 
entrepreneurs about scale costs 

4478
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:47,300
and workforce management 
everywhere. 

4479
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:51,100
He went people recognized him as
that Boston craftsmen who had 

4480
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:53,100
helped found an American 
manufacturing base. 

4481
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:55,500
A dinners or tavaughn 
Gatherings. 

4482
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:58,800
He sometimes heard Recollections
of the Revolution with others. 

4483
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:02,800
Praising famous generals, while 
Revere, politely listened If 

4484
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:08,000
asked directly about April 18th 
1775, he shared details, but 

4485
04:07:08,000 --> 04:07:11,500
mostly he avoided embellishment.
He never sought to overshadow. 

4486
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:14,400
The memory of the many patriots 
who fought and fell after that 

4487
04:07:14,400 --> 04:07:18,600
fateful night. 
In 1811 Revere decided to retire

4488
04:07:18,600 --> 04:07:20,000
officially from daily 
management. 

4489
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:23,100
Handing control of The Foundry 
to his sons and other trusted 

4490
04:07:23,100 --> 04:07:26,400
Associates by that point. 
His name carried, waiting 

4491
04:07:26,400 --> 04:07:30,300
commercial contracts, the Revere
brand as it were gave Assurance 

4492
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,000
of quality Freed From The Grind 
of business. 

4493
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:35,900
He spent more time reflecting on
the young nation's political 

4494
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:39,200
evolution, The War of 1812 
erupted soon. 

4495
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:43,200
After pitting, the US again 
against Britain from his Vantage

4496
04:07:43,200 --> 04:07:45,900
Revere, found it both 
disheartening and validating 

4497
04:07:45,900 --> 04:07:49,500
disheartening that conflict 
re-emerged yet validating 

4498
04:07:49,500 --> 04:07:52,200
because it underscored the 
importance of domestic industry 

4499
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:56,300
in times of strife. 
Despite his Advanced age Revere,

4500
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:58,400
occasionally wrote letters of 
encouragement to militia 

4501
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,000
officers, reminding them of the 
vital role. 

4502
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:03,400
Local defense played during the 
early Revolution. 

4503
04:08:04,300 --> 04:08:07,000
He also supported volunteer 
committees raising funds for 

4504
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,500
fortifications, not being active
on the front lines, he 

4505
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:14,600
remembered the lessons of 1775. 
Local preparedness could 

4506
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:16,300
significantly influence the 
outcome. 

4507
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:18,900
Some historians know that behind
the scenes. 

4508
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,300
Reverse Foundry, contributed 
Canon parts, for the war effort 

4509
04:08:22,300 --> 04:08:24,100
though, on a smaller scale than 
before. 

4510
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:30,600
Paul Revere died on May the 10th
1818 at the age of 83 obituaries

4511
04:08:30,600 --> 04:08:33,100
in Boston newspapers. 
Praised him as a master 

4512
04:08:33,100 --> 04:08:36,800
silversmith, an industrious 
founder and a patriot of the 

4513
04:08:36,800 --> 04:08:39,700
Revolution that they offered 
only cursory mention of his 

4514
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:41,900
midnight ride instead of 
mourning. 

4515
04:08:41,900 --> 04:08:45,200
A legendary figure, the city 
mourned a respected, Community 

4516
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,700
pillar indeed. 
Reverse funeral was a modest 

4517
04:08:48,700 --> 04:08:52,800
Affair attended by family 
friends and fellow artists to 

4518
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:55,400
them. 
He was old Mr. Revere wise in 

4519
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:58,800
Council unwavering and 
principles Over the ensuing 

4520
04:08:58,800 --> 04:09:01,900
decades, memories of the 
Revolution Consolidated into a 

4521
04:09:01,908 --> 04:09:05,200
national myth. 
Monumental events, overshadowed 

4522
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:07,800
the gritty day-to-day 
contributions of ordinary 

4523
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:11,200
Patriots. 
Then in 1860 Henry, Wadsworth 

4524
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:15,100
Longfellow published Paul 
Revere's Ride, immortalizing 

4525
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:17,400
Revere as the Lone Hero, who 
raised the alarm. 

4526
04:09:18,100 --> 04:09:21,600
The poem whilst stirring took 
Liberties omitting the network 

4527
04:09:21,600 --> 04:09:24,600
of compatriots and crediting 
Revere with Feats shared among 

4528
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:27,800
multiple Riders. 
Its dramatic lines though. 

4529
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:31,600
Historically imprecise resonated
with Americans on the brink of 

4530
04:09:31,600 --> 04:09:35,600
Civil War, reminding them of the
unity once forged in crisis. 

4531
04:09:35,600 --> 04:09:40,100
Thus ironically Revere's, 
posthumous Fame soared to 

4532
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,600
Heights, he never experienced 
while alive statues, Rose 

4533
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:46,400
textbooks proclaimed him. 
The prime instigator of the 

4534
04:09:46,408 --> 04:09:50,300
revolution's opening, Salvo the 
complexities of his broader 

4535
04:09:50,300 --> 04:09:52,100
life. 
His industrial Ventures. 

4536
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:55,700
His engraving, his lesson known 
military Fiasco's. 

4537
04:09:55,700 --> 04:10:00,000
Often faded behind the single 
story of a midnight dash yet. 

4538
04:10:00,000 --> 04:10:02,900
Reverse life exemplifies, more 
than an iconic ride. 

4539
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:07,400
It reflects the Synergy of 
Kraft, Commerce activism and 

4540
04:10:07,400 --> 04:10:11,600
civic responsibility, in shaping
a fledgling Nation. that Synergy

4541
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:14,200
perhaps is the greatest 
Testament to the man who ended 

4542
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:18,900
As an unassuming elderly 
industrialist yet endures in 

4543
04:10:18,900 --> 04:10:22,200
Collective memory astride, a 
galloping horse long after Paul 

4544
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:25,600
Revere's passing historians 
pieced together a fuller 

4545
04:10:25,600 --> 04:10:27,400
portrait of his life. 
Transcending. 

4546
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:31,800
The narrow lens of that famous 
ride, documents emerged shop, 

4547
04:10:31,800 --> 04:10:34,800
Ledges personal letters Court. 
Martial records from the 

4548
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:37,900
Penobscot Expedition. 
Showcasing a man constantly 

4549
04:10:37,900 --> 04:10:41,300
evolving with the times. 
Such evidence clarified, that 

4550
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,500
reverse significance. 
Lay not in one heroic Knight but

4551
04:10:44,500 --> 04:10:48,100
in a sustained commitment of 
building Community ties, forging

4552
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:52,500
new Industries and championing a
cause he believed just In modern

4553
04:10:52,500 --> 04:10:56,600
Boston tourists throng the 
Freedom Trail winding pass sites

4554
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,400
like the old North Church where 
do Saints recount the signal 

4555
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:03,100
lanterns Revere's. 
House, painstakingly preserved 

4556
04:11:03,100 --> 04:11:07,400
Stan's an example of 17th 
century architecture adapted by 

4557
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:11,500
an 18th century Craftsman. 
Visitors, Marvel at the cramped 

4558
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:13,700
rooms where children must have 
crowded together. 

4559
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:17,000
And at the workshop. 
Space out back where Revere 

4560
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,300
chased creative ideas, that 
shape silver into everything 

4561
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:24,700
from teapots to intricate 
Buckles in the yard one can 

4562
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:27,700
almost imagine him confirming 
with secret committees or 

4563
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:30,600
stepping out at dusk for a quiet
conversation with a fellow Sons 

4564
04:11:30,600 --> 04:11:33,700
of Liberty member. 
Reverse industrial Legacy. 

4565
04:11:33,700 --> 04:11:38,400
Also lingers the copper, clad 
USS Constitution still floats. 

4566
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:41,800
In the Charlestown Navy Yard a 
testament to his metallurgical 

4567
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:44,600
foresight. 
Bells cast in his Foundry 

4568
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:46,700
continued to ring in churches, 
across New England. 

4569
04:11:46,700 --> 04:11:51,000
These artifacts speak to a 
principal Revere championed that

4570
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:53,200
self-sufficiency and local 
craftsmanship. 

4571
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,300
Buttress, freedom in a young 
Republic uncertain of its 

4572
04:11:56,308 --> 04:11:59,100
future. 
He demonstrated that made in 

4573
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:01,800
America was not a pipe dream but
a workable reality. 

4574
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:04,100
Given enough Ingenuity and 
perseverance. 

4575
04:12:06,000 --> 04:12:08,600
Academic discourse is also. 
Refined Revere's place in 

4576
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:11,400
Revolutionary history. 
While Longfellows poem 

4577
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,400
romanticized Alone Rider 
scholarship highlights. 

4578
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:17,700
A broader Network known as the 
intelligence and alarm system 

4579
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:21,300
dozens of riders, Watchers and 
committee members, made that 

4580
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:25,900
April 1775 to success Revere's 
role was crucial, but not 

4581
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:29,200
singular, even. 
So the poems popularity stuck, 

4582
04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:31,800
capturing the hearts of 
generations who found 

4583
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:35,400
inspiration in the notion that 
one person fueled by conviction,

4584
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:39,100
might Rouse a people to defend 
Liberty, some argue that the 

4585
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:40,800
Legends. 
Simplicity overshadowed the 

4586
04:12:40,808 --> 04:12:44,100
truth of collective action, 
While others contend it provided

4587
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:47,200
a rallying cymbal more powerful 
than any purely factual account.

4588
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:50,900
Contemporary portrayals whether 
in children's books or 

4589
04:12:50,908 --> 04:12:54,500
historical dramas, balance the 
factual Paul Revere, with the 

4590
04:12:54,508 --> 04:12:58,000
Mythic figure, they mention his 
silver shop, his involvement in 

4591
04:12:58,000 --> 04:13:01,100
the Boston Tea Party, and his 
lesson known Feats beyond the 

4592
04:13:01,100 --> 04:13:03,600
famed ride. 
They note how he bridged 

4593
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:07,900
multiple roles Artisan, father 
activist Soldier, an 

4594
04:13:07,900 --> 04:13:10,800
entrepreneur Teachers use his 
story to illustrate how 

4595
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,200
revolutions depend on every day.
Citizens stepping forward not 

4596
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:18,200
just charismatic, generals In 
this sense, Revere embodies the 

4597
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:22,400
idea that significant changes 
fueled by many hands each 

4598
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:26,100
contributing specialized talents
reverse transformation into a 

4599
04:13:26,108 --> 04:13:29,300
national icon, carries lessons 
about how history and memory 

4600
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:33,200
intercept, he left behind. 
No bombastic, Diaries rather, 

4601
04:13:33,200 --> 04:13:36,200
his records were pragmatic 
receipts for silver items. 

4602
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,400
Letters about shipments of 
copper, brief notes on local, 

4603
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:42,500
militia tasks, the shift from 
Modest business documents to 

4604
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:45,400
Mythic status suggests that once
a narrative, resonates with 

4605
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:49,600
national sentiment, it acquires 
a life of its own Paul Revere, 

4606
04:13:49,600 --> 04:13:53,500
the stands as both a historical 
figure verifiable multifaceted 

4607
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:57,400
and a cultural emblem Shake by 
poetry public monuments and 

4608
04:13:57,400 --> 04:13:59,200
retelling. 
The emphasized drama over 

4609
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:01,600
nuance. 
For people reflecting on the 

4610
04:14:01,600 --> 04:14:04,000
Revere's life. 
Today he offers a model of 

4611
04:14:04,000 --> 04:14:07,600
adaptability he was not locked 
into a single path facing 

4612
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,700
challenges where the paternal 
loss in adolescence British 

4613
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:12,900
crackdowns or post-war economic 
chaos. 

4614
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:17,200
He recalibrated that 
adaptability underscores. 

4615
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:20,600
A universal truth. 
The capacity to Pivot in crises 

4616
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:24,200
Foster's resilience. whether in 
the forging of a new nation or 

4617
04:14:24,200 --> 04:14:27,900
impersonal, life transitions, 
Ultimately, the Paul Revere 

4618
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:29,700
story is more than an evening 
Dash. 

4619
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:32,000
It's a tapestry of 
craftsmanship. 

4620
04:14:32,700 --> 04:14:35,600
Activism community building and 
Industrial ambition. 

4621
04:14:35,600 --> 04:14:39,100
Each thread adds depth to the 
Revolutionary narrative. 

4622
04:14:40,100 --> 04:14:43,500
And while the phrase one, if by 
land two, if by Sea Rings 

4623
04:14:43,500 --> 04:14:46,900
Through the Ages The Reel. 
Revere thrived on forging 

4624
04:14:46,900 --> 04:14:50,600
alliances and relentlessly 
solving problems his memory in 

4625
04:14:50,600 --> 04:14:54,400
dues in hammered silver in The 
Echoes of church bells and in 

4626
04:14:54,400 --> 04:14:55,800
the forging of a collective 
identity. 

4627
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,200
That transcends, any single 
heroic moment. 

4628
04:14:59,100 --> 04:15:03,300
In that sense, reverse life 
exemplifies how a determined 

4629
04:15:03,300 --> 04:15:06,900
citizen can indeed shape 
history, quite Lee weaving 

4630
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,000
purpose into every role. 
He fills leaving behind an 

4631
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:12,500
imprint that resonates well 
beyond the midnight calls of 

4632
04:15:12,508 --> 04:15:23,800
War. in the late, 17th and early
18th centuries, France was a 

4633
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:28,500
land of contrasts By candlelight
in a grande chateau's garden, a 

4634
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:30,700
curious, noblewoman, listens as 
a witty philosopher. 

4635
04:15:30,700 --> 04:15:33,300
Describes the stars above, he 
explains that. 

4636
04:15:33,300 --> 04:15:36,900
Those stars are Sons, like our 
own each perhaps circled, by the

4637
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:40,500
worlds of their own a radical 
idea in an age, when questioning

4638
04:15:40,500 --> 04:15:44,000
the heavens could be dangerous. 
The scene could be lifted from 

4639
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:46,800
Bernard de fontanel's 
conversations on the plurality 

4640
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:51,300
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 
where a lady and a scientist 

4641
04:15:51,300 --> 04:15:54,200
stroll nightly under the sky 
discussing copernicus's son, 

4642
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,500
centered universe. 
Fontanel's Charming Pros made 

4643
04:15:57,500 --> 04:16:00,000
the latest scientific 
discoveries accessible to the 

4644
04:16:00,000 --> 04:16:02,400
layperson planting seeds of 
curiosity. 

4645
04:16:02,400 --> 04:16:07,200
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 
rule, cast, Long Shadows, his 

4646
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:09,800
ideas along with those of fellow
think of Pierre. 

4647
04:16:09,800 --> 04:16:12,700
Baal formed a foundation for 
what would soon be called The 

4648
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:16,400
Enlightenment at the turn of the
18th century official. 

4649
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,000
France was still firmly 
absolutist and devoutly 

4650
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:21,900
Catholic. 
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had

4651
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:23,900
revoked, the Edict of Nantes in 
1685. 

4652
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:27,200
Driving Protestants like Bailey 
into exile? 

4653
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:31,400
It even as the king insisted on 
religious unity, dissenting 

4654
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,000
ideas. 
Quietly took root in his Safe. 

4655
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:36,700
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 
skeptical historical and 

4656
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:40,900
critical dictionary, 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

4657
04:16:40,900 --> 04:16:44,300
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

4658
04:16:44,300 --> 04:16:47,100
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

4659
04:16:47,100 --> 04:16:48,900
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

4660
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,800
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leon. 

4661
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:55,800
A tradition was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

4662
04:16:55,800 --> 04:16:58,900
easily extinguished. 
Bailey is called for a society 

4663
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:02,200
of pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

4664
04:17:02,200 --> 04:17:05,500
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

4665
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:07,500
but growing circle of French 
Minds. 

4666
04:17:08,300 --> 04:17:11,100
Quietly. 
The suburb Monopoly of church 

4667
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:14,000
and crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

4668
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:18,500
letters passed to hand. 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

4669
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:22,500
1715, the atmosphere in France, 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

4670
04:17:22,500 --> 04:17:26,700
early Sparks to flare up in 
Paris coffeehouses and literary 

4671
04:17:26,700 --> 04:17:28,900
clubs with torque. 
One. 

4672
04:17:28,900 --> 04:17:31,900
Towering figure of this, early 
Enlightenment was Baron de 

4673
04:17:31,900 --> 04:17:35,400
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

4674
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:38,900
insight. 
In 1721 Montesquieu published 

4675
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:41,900
the Persian letters a playful 
novel of letters in which two, 

4676
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:44,600
fictional personal Travelers 
Lampoon French Customs. 

4677
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:48,200
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 
Parisian High Society. 

4678
04:17:48,200 --> 04:17:51,700
The potentials of the king's 
court, the absurdities of the 

4679
04:17:51,700 --> 04:17:53,900
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

4680
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:56,900
Gentle ridicule through these 
eyes of outside US. 

4681
04:17:57,600 --> 04:18:01,100
Readers were amused and 
intrigued beneath the satire, a 

4682
04:18:01,100 --> 04:18:03,700
serious critiques of absolutism 
and religious hypocrisy. 

4683
04:18:03,700 --> 04:18:07,200
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

4684
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,700
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in amused. 

4685
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:13,700
Whispers France's own 
institutions were being examined

4686
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:17,100
as if under a foreign lens and 
many found them wanting 

4687
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:21,100
Montesquieu success in bold and 
others soon. 

4688
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:24,400
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

4689
04:18:24,400 --> 04:18:27,800
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

4690
04:18:27,800 --> 04:18:30,800
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

4691
04:18:30,800 --> 04:18:34,800
philosophy was coming into use. 
Not quite the same as 

4692
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,500
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

4693
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:40,600
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

4694
04:18:41,600 --> 04:18:44,400
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

4695
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:46,700
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

4696
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:49,800
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

4697
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:53,100
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

4698
04:18:53,108 --> 04:18:54,600
circulating in French 
translation. 

4699
04:18:55,800 --> 04:18:58,400
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

4700
04:18:58,400 --> 04:19:01,700
traveled to England and 
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 

4701
04:19:01,700 --> 04:19:05,500
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 
and the English Spirit of free 

4702
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:09,000
debate. 
He set about spreading both with

4703
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:12,100
his vivacious lover. 
Emily Duchess of a brilliant 

4704
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,400
mathematician Voltaire, explain,
Newton's finding in French and 

4705
04:19:15,400 --> 04:19:18,000
praise England. 
As relatively liberal Society in

4706
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:20,800
his letters on the English. 
Though the French authorities 

4707
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:23,700
condemned his book and briefly 
imprisoned its author for it. 

4708
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:27,400
The ideas could not be unread 
the taste of intellectual 

4709
04:19:27,400 --> 04:19:30,800
Freedom abroad only sharpened 
French appetites for more thus 

4710
04:19:30,800 --> 04:19:33,700
in the decades before the 
Revolution the early stirrings 

4711
04:19:33,700 --> 04:19:37,200
of Enlightenment thought took 
hold a handful of bold voices. 

4712
04:19:37,200 --> 04:19:40,700
Fontanelle with his Popular 
Science Baal with his skeptical 

4713
04:19:40,700 --> 04:19:44,300
area Edition want to skew with 
his satire and Voltaire with his

4714
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:48,700
sharp pain prepared the ground. 
There writing circulated in 

4715
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:52,200
manuscript and in Contraband 
print fertilizing Minds from 

4716
04:19:52,200 --> 04:19:56,000
Paris to the provinces over 
supper tables and University 

4717
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:58,100
Halls people began asking new 
questions. 

4718
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:02,500
Could Reason Not tradition guide
human Affairs must religious 

4719
04:20:02,500 --> 04:20:05,200
uniformity Trump initial 
conscience could a king's 

4720
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:08,300
Authority have limit set by 
natural law these questions. 

4721
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:12,100
So in the early 1700s would 
Sprout dramatically as the 

4722
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:14,700
century progressed. 
For now, they were still 

4723
04:20:14,700 --> 04:20:17,000
whispered. 
But the enlightenment in France 

4724
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:20,600
had begun Adorn of new thinking 
that promised to chase away 

4725
04:20:20,600 --> 04:20:23,500
medieval shadows in the mid-18th
century. 

4726
04:20:23,500 --> 04:20:26,900
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

4727
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:29,900
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

4728
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:32,900
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was a unique 

4729
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:36,000
Institution. 
Parts Social Club part 

4730
04:20:36,000 --> 04:20:39,600
intellectual seminar typically 
hosted by a wealthy or 

4731
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:42,900
aristocratic woman the salon 
near these gatherings brought 

4732
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:46,500
together writers philosophers 
artists and Statesmen under one 

4733
04:20:46,500 --> 04:20:49,700
Chandelier on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

4734
04:20:49,700 --> 04:20:54,000
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

4735
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:57,100
Shirley unveiling his latest 
essay to a circle of curious 

4736
04:20:57,100 --> 04:21:01,400
marquises salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet. 

4737
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:03,300
They became engines of public 
discourse. 

4738
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:07,600
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

4739
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:11,800
atmosphere rare for the time 
time Noble's bourgeoisie. 

4740
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:15,300
And even an occasional Artisan 
or foreign Savant mingled 

4741
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:18,600
politely United by a love of wit
and ideas. 

4742
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,700
Here in lightning month thought 
took on a human face as diverse 

4743
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:26,700
guests debated Arts science and 
politics late Into the Night. 

4744
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:30,300
The women who ran these salons 
wielded subtle power in a 

4745
04:21:30,308 --> 04:21:33,000
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer. 

4746
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:38,200
Take Madame Jehovah, for example
Born Mary Terrace Rodriguez by 

4747
04:21:38,200 --> 04:21:40,900
the 1740s. 
She had established herself as 

4748
04:21:40,900 --> 04:21:44,700
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, her well-appointed

4749
04:21:44,700 --> 04:21:47,800
home on the roof Sant Honore. 
Welcome the leading writers and 

4750
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:50,500
philosopher. 
Wednesdays were reserved for 

4751
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:53,000
artists with motherly charm 
Madame. 

4752
04:21:53,000 --> 04:21:56,200
Jofran presided over the 
conversation tactfully steering 

4753
04:21:56,200 --> 04:21:58,200
away from overly explosive 
topics. 

4754
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:01,500
So as to keep the Gathering 
convivial, he even provided 

4755
04:22:01,500 --> 04:22:04,700
financial support to struggling 
men of letters quietly paying 

4756
04:22:04,700 --> 04:22:07,200
debts or buying paintings from 
her artist guests. 

4757
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:10,300
The respect, she commanded was 
such that even the Crusty 

4758
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,000
Voltaire deferred to her in her 
Salon. 

4759
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:16,700
One had to follow certain rules,
which was appreciated, but 

4760
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:20,700
vulgarity was not lively debate 
was welcome but shouting and 

4761
04:22:20,700 --> 04:22:24,100
personal attacks were frowned 
upon Under her Guidance, the 

4762
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:28,500
tone remained, civil clever and 
in lightning, a model of the 

4763
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:31,800
refinement of manners and speech
that salons originally aimed 

4764
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:34,700
for. 
Other ones adopted different 

4765
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:38,100
styles Madame de due to defend 
and older contemporary of 

4766
04:22:38,108 --> 04:22:41,000
Jeffrey. 
Hosted, Gatherings from 1745 

4767
04:22:41,000 --> 04:22:44,100
onward, but famously disdained, 
the more radical philosopher 

4768
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:49,300
Voltaire whom she adored Her 
Salon favored, High Society 

4769
04:22:49,300 --> 04:22:51,800
gossip and classical. 
Letters over bold, new 

4770
04:22:51,800 --> 04:22:54,900
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty 

4771
04:22:54,900 --> 04:22:57,800
Mademoiselle, Julie de lesbianas
ran a more freewheeling Salon in

4772
04:22:57,808 --> 04:23:01,900
the 1770s, Julie had been 
tutored in the art by Madame du 

4773
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:05,600
de fond until a falling out. 
And with a small stipend from 

4774
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:07,500
Madame jafra struck out on her 
own. 

4775
04:23:07,500 --> 04:23:11,000
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

4776
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:14,500
select but Mixed Company, young 
intellectuals, older Statesman 

4777
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:17,800
and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

4778
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:20,400
nothing lavish but the talk 
flowed. 

4779
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:24,600
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean, Francois Marmont Hotel 

4780
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:27,900
Marvel at Julia's ability to 
inspire Frank discussion. 

4781
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:32,000
He described her as an 
astonishing compound of reason 

4782
04:23:32,000 --> 04:23:35,400
and wisdom with the liveliest 
mind and most Ardent soul. 

4783
04:23:36,900 --> 04:23:40,200
Under her edifice philosopher's 
from diverse, generation's 

4784
04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:43,500
convened and exchanged ideas. 
While even the poorest Scholars 

4785
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:45,100
were welcome to express their 
thoughts. 

4786
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:48,700
Such inclusion was unusual in 
many salons. 

4787
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:52,500
Once ranked in a tire still 
mattered but Juliet proved that 

4788
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:56,600
intellectual passion. 
Could Trump pedigree typical on 

4789
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,600
evening, might unfold like this 
as dusk fell. 

4790
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:02,700
A liveried footman. 
Admitted, guest to a candlelit 

4791
04:24:02,700 --> 04:24:06,200
parlor decorated with art. 
Gentle music, played in the Next

4792
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:10,200
Room, elegant women, in silks, 
and embroidered, coats form, 

4793
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:12,900
small clusters, exchanging news 
and balls. 

4794
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:15,800
Mods a Hostess circulated 
deathly. 

4795
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:18,900
Introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

4796
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:21,500
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

4797
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:27,000
conversation, was the main event
a Good Salon guests had 

4798
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:29,800
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

4799
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:33,000
Whitten, elegant, French. 
Arising dramatist. 

4800
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:36,200
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

4801
04:24:36,200 --> 04:24:39,600
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

4802
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:43,000
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

4803
04:24:43,000 --> 04:24:46,700
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

4804
04:24:46,700 --> 04:24:49,600
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Russo's eccentric 

4805
04:24:49,600 --> 04:24:53,000
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

4806
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:55,900
drowned on too long, the hostess
would smoothly change the 

4807
04:24:55,900 --> 04:24:59,600
subject or propose, a diversion,
perhaps a brief chamber, music 

4808
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:03,700
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

4809
04:25:03,700 --> 04:25:07,100
ludic and learned. 
By evening, Zen and ideas that 

4810
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:09,700
might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

4811
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:12,800
safely in the salon by 
flightless and mutual respect 

4812
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:16,000
the salon thus served as an 
incubator for Enlightenment 

4813
04:25:16,000 --> 04:25:18,400
ideas. 
It connected thinkers to 

4814
04:25:18,400 --> 04:25:22,100
Patron's many, an author found a
publisher or financier through 

4815
04:25:22,100 --> 04:25:24,200
Salon contacts. 
It allowed women. 

4816
04:25:24,200 --> 04:25:27,600
A rare opportunity to engage in 
intellectual life will be as 

4817
04:25:27,600 --> 04:25:30,500
conveners rather than professors
with notable exceptions. 

4818
04:25:30,500 --> 04:25:33,200
Like Emily duchesse who though 
not to sell on. 

4819
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:35,200
Are proved women could match men
in science. 

4820
04:25:36,200 --> 04:25:40,700
Salons also helped erode, class 
barriers if only slightly some 

4821
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,700
hostesses pride of themselves on
Gathering a potpourri of talents

4822
04:25:44,700 --> 04:25:47,500
regardless of noble birth. 
There were limits, of course, 

4823
04:25:47,500 --> 04:25:51,300
peasants, and laborers, did not 
stroll into these parlors the 

4824
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:54,700
salons primarily catered to the 
elite who were open to new 

4825
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:57,100
talent and ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

4826
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:00,500
their lineage. 
In these candle at Rooms, the 

4827
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:02,100
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

4828
04:26:03,100 --> 04:26:06,000
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

4829
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:09,800
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

4830
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:13,200
were training grounds for reason
debate. they fostered, what one 

4831
04:26:13,200 --> 04:26:16,600
historian later called the 
Republic of letters, a community

4832
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:19,100
of Minds that transcended, 
social ranks, and National 

4833
04:26:19,100 --> 04:26:23,100
borders, Foreigners, like the 
Scottish historian, David Hume. 

4834
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:27,000
All the Italian economist cesare
beccaria were featured at Paris 

4835
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:30,500
salons when they visited in turn
French philosophers, built, 

4836
04:26:30,500 --> 04:26:33,900
networks of correspondence with 
thinkers abroad, The 

4837
04:26:33,900 --> 04:26:37,400
Cosmopolitan chatter in Madame. 
Jofran sallow had echoes in 

4838
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:42,200
London Geneva or Berlin as ideas
spread by the 1770s and 1780s 

4839
04:26:42,200 --> 04:26:45,500
even as economic troubles and 
political conflict loomed in 

4840
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:49,300
France one could still find On 
Any Given evening a salon in 

4841
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:52,800
full swing a microcosm of an 
ideal Enlightenment Society 

4842
04:26:52,800 --> 04:26:56,600
where conversation flowed freely
differences were bridge by 

4843
04:26:56,600 --> 04:27:00,300
Civility and a new rational 
France was imagined in talk long

4844
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:02,900
before it existed. 
In fact by the middle of the 

4845
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:05,400
18th century. 
The written word in France was 

4846
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:08,400
undergoing an explosive 
proliferation in bustling 

4847
04:27:08,400 --> 04:27:11,600
Parisian Prince shops in in 
secret presses hidden in attics 

4848
04:27:11,600 --> 04:27:14,700
or across the border printers 
turned out mountains of paper 

4849
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:19,500
books pamphlets journals, 
broadside and insatiable reading

4850
04:27:19,500 --> 04:27:23,200
public had Arisen hungry for 
everything from scandalous verse

4851
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:25,200
to Serious treatises on 
philosophy. 

4852
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:30,000
The statistics tell part of the 
story by the 1780s literacy had 

4853
04:27:30,000 --> 04:27:33,600
risen markedly roughly half of 
French men and a quarter of 

4854
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,500
women could read almost double 
the rates from a century 

4855
04:27:36,500 --> 04:27:38,800
earlier. 
More people reading meant more 

4856
04:27:38,800 --> 04:27:41,600
demand for reading material 
whether the state or the church 

4857
04:27:41,600 --> 04:27:44,400
try to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

4858
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,800
Publishers found ways to supply 
it regardless a veritable 

4859
04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:50,600
underground, press emerged and 
with it a new kind of 

4860
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:53,900
intellectual Warrior the hack 
writer and the clandestine 

4861
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:56,600
Bookseller. 
Together they would spread 

4862
04:27:56,600 --> 04:27:59,400
enlightenment ideas to every 
corner of France even as 

4863
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:01,400
authorities scrambled to stem 
the tide. 

4864
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:05,700
Officially the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship all

4865
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:08,500
books were supposed to be 
approved by Royal sensors and 

4866
04:28:08,500 --> 04:28:12,600
carry the sensors name hundreds 
of titles were outright banned 

4867
04:28:12,600 --> 04:28:15,400
the Catholic Church through the 
sorbonne faculty and the 

4868
04:28:15,408 --> 04:28:19,000
infamous index librarian 
prohibitorum index of prohibited

4869
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:22,500
books all canned Works deemed 
heretical or immoral. 

4870
04:28:23,200 --> 04:28:26,200
Punishments for legal printing 
could be severe fines 

4871
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:29,800
imprisonment even The Gallows 
for repeater fenders, but by the

4872
04:28:29,800 --> 04:28:33,200
1770s enforcement was 
increasingly, like plugging 

4873
04:28:33,200 --> 04:28:36,700
holes in a sieve the appetite 
for new ideas was too strong and

4874
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:39,400
the profits to be made from 
satisfying it to tempting. 

4875
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:43,000
Smugglers carried forbidden 
books in France By The Crate 

4876
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:46,800
stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

4877
04:28:46,800 --> 04:28:49,600
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

4878
04:28:49,600 --> 04:28:53,500
Frontier towns nearly every 
Customs officer could be bribed.

4879
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:58,700
Meanwhile within France pirate 
printers secretly duplicated 

4880
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:00,100
popular Works without 
permission. 

4881
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:03,800
One way or another what was 
officially banned off in ended 

4882
04:29:03,800 --> 04:29:06,800
up widely read? 
A few examples illustrate, the 

4883
04:29:06,808 --> 04:29:10,200
cat and mouse game of publishing
in 1759. 

4884
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:13,500
The Monumental project of the 
encyclopedie, the great 

4885
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:17,300
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 
and trades edited by Denny 

4886
04:29:17,300 --> 04:29:19,200
diderot was banned by King 
Louis. 

4887
04:29:19,200 --> 04:29:22,500
The 15th, after the first seven 
volumes under pressure from 

4888
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:26,300
church authorities who found its
articles to Empires, but Dido 

4889
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:29,400
did not abandon it. 
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders 

4890
04:29:29,400 --> 04:29:31,000
not least the enlightened 
sensor. 

4891
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:34,800
Male sharaba diderot continued, 
the work in secret finishing 10,

4892
04:29:34,800 --> 04:29:37,800
more volumes of Articles and 
plates under a false imprint in 

4893
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:40,800
Switzerland. 
Officially the encyclopedia was 

4894
04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:43,700
suppressed in reality 
subscribers received, the 

4895
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:48,100
remaining volumes clandestine by
1765 as one contemporary quit, 

4896
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:51,100
the authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

4897
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,400
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

4898
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:56,600
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

4899
04:29:56,600 --> 04:29:58,700
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

4900
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:04,100
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice tip of the 

4901
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:06,100
later, old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

4902
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:12,600
By 1780 rows and cyclops East 
stood complete, 35, volume, and 

4903
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:14,900
astonishing Trove of 
Enlightenment knowledge made 

4904
04:30:14,900 --> 04:30:19,000
available to the public despite 
all edicts to the contrary, in 

4905
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:23,200
addition to the encyclopedie 
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the

4906
04:30:23,200 --> 04:30:25,000
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. 

4907
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:29,400
Scholars believe that around 600
prohibited books, circulated in 

4908
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,800
France, before the Revolution. 
These included philosophical 

4909
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:35,900
books, Scarlett's political 
pamphlets and censored novels. 

4910
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:39,600
According to historian, Robert 
Danton several were forbidden 

4911
04:30:39,600 --> 04:30:42,900
bestsellers books to Filthy or 
seditious for the sensors. 

4912
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:47,400
But eagerly read by everyone who
could Russo's Emil on education 

4913
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:51,900
and the social contract were 
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 

4914
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:53,600
volumes spread and made him 
famous. 

4915
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:57,500
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 
the Royal Family's morals and 

4916
04:30:57,500 --> 04:31:00,400
crazy stories about the king's 
ministers, while other 

4917
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:04,200
underground, bestsellers grub 
Street, writers, hack authors 

4918
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:06,400
living hand to mouth in Paris 
who wrote, Whatever sold 

4919
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:10,400
specialized in LaBelle's 
liberalist, pamphlets to get 

4920
04:31:10,408 --> 04:31:13,200
money, such writers, might mock 
the king's mistress, one week 

4921
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:16,800
composing natural rights 
tracked, the next, and spy for 

4922
04:31:16,800 --> 04:31:19,400
the police. 
The next Voltaire Indira mock 

4923
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:22,500
this literary underworld 
Voltaire called hackers things. 

4924
04:31:22,500 --> 04:31:26,000
Ironically, radical ideas. 
Sometimes spread through these 

4925
04:31:26,000 --> 04:31:29,600
less recognized venues the 
hackers hungry and alienated 

4926
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:32,600
from the previous regime, hated 
Authority and fuel the 

4927
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:35,500
revolution. 
Print circulation is immense. 

4928
04:31:36,300 --> 04:31:39,100
A recent police, inventory of a 
seized bookstore or the 

4929
04:31:39,108 --> 04:31:42,300
Bastille's confiscated shipment,
documents shows, thousands of 

4930
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:45,200
illegal books. 
Popular illegal titles have been

4931
04:31:45,208 --> 04:31:49,400
Republican many times in the 
70s, the Swiss underground. 

4932
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,200
Publisher Societe typographic 
Dena. 

4933
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:55,400
Chateau transported, tens of 
thousands of volumes into France

4934
04:31:55,400 --> 04:32:00,300
from voltaire's philosophical 
fables to prohibited novels By 1

4935
04:32:00,308 --> 04:32:11,600
7 9, 6 2 0. 
History of the two Indies which 

4936
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:14,700
boldly denounced slavery, in 
tyranny, was banned by the 

4937
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:18,000
French government and exiled, 
while the clergy despised him as

4938
04:32:18,008 --> 04:32:20,700
one of the most seditious 
writers, which only peaked 

4939
04:32:20,700 --> 04:32:24,300
readers interest. 
Despite the Embargo, the book 

4940
04:32:24,300 --> 04:32:27,500
was a best-seller and influenced
American colonists with its 

4941
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:30,900
human rights advocacy. 
The Paradox of French 

4942
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:33,600
Enlightenment publishing was 
that repression often increase 

4943
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:34,700
the works. 
Fame and audience. 

4944
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,900
Reading revolution spread 
outside the capitol provincial 

4945
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,600
cities developed lending, 
libraries and reading societies 

4946
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:44,400
where members pulled funds to 
buy books and newspapers. 

4947
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,100
Under the watchful eye of a 
suspicious bishop or magistrate 

4948
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:50,500
literature was available to many
residents and Artisans by the 

4949
04:32:50,508 --> 04:32:54,100
1780s. 
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 

4950
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:57,300
Book simplified Enlightenment 
ideals, fairy tales, and 

4951
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:00,100
practical information. 
Peddlers sold chat. 

4952
04:33:00,100 --> 04:33:04,000
Books in local marketplaces 
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.

4953
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:07,599
A peasant may hear a hot story 
about the king's mistress or a 

4954
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:09,099
Voltaire joke. 
Of course not. 

4955
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,700
Everyone liked this print Deluge
conservative voices, argued. 

4956
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:15,400
That excessive reading 
especially forbidden materials 

4957
04:33:15,400 --> 04:33:19,300
was corrupting Ordinary People 
one booklet at a time. 

4958
04:33:19,300 --> 04:33:22,300
Some worry that Authority was 
losing respect, they were 

4959
04:33:22,300 --> 04:33:26,099
partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

4960
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:27,500
affected for French public 
opinion. 

4961
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:30,800
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 
public opinion after 

4962
04:33:30,800 --> 04:33:34,200
high-profile scandals or trials 
like the diamond necklace 

4963
04:33:34,200 --> 04:33:38,400
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 
Marie Antoinette in 

4964
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:40,800
Enlightenment authors and form 
an influence, public opinion, 

4965
04:33:40,800 --> 04:33:43,800
they thought education and 
critical thinking could improve 

4966
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:46,700
Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

4967
04:33:46,700 --> 04:33:49,099
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

4968
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:53,000
A prison kiosk sold a cheap 
Rousseau leaflet, on the eve of 

4969
04:33:53,008 --> 04:33:56,300
the Revolution, stating man is 
Born Free and everywhere he is 

4970
04:33:56,300 --> 04:34:00,099
in Chains, a body song, mocking 
the fat Archbishop or a 

4971
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:02,599
broadsheet, celebrating 
America's successful Uprising 

4972
04:34:02,599 --> 04:34:06,200
against its ruler of available 
rights, Liberty and equality 

4973
04:34:06,200 --> 04:34:09,300
formally discussed in salons, 
have permeated common 

4974
04:34:09,300 --> 04:34:12,500
consciousness. 
The future was printed on legal 

4975
04:34:12,500 --> 04:34:15,500
and unlawful presses. 
Despite their efforts, the old 

4976
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:17,500
orders Guardians could not 
unprinted. 

4977
04:34:18,500 --> 04:34:20,800
The clatter of the printers type
and the rustle of secretly, 

4978
04:34:20,800 --> 04:34:24,400
turned Pages shook a changing 
France in a modest Paris 

4979
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:27,500
apartment in the 1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

4980
04:34:27,500 --> 04:34:31,099
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

4981
04:34:31,099 --> 04:34:35,000
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

4982
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:39,300
most famous wit of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane 

4983
04:34:39,300 --> 04:34:44,099
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

4984
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:49,200
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Intensely Earnest Ilona who 

4985
04:34:49,200 --> 04:34:51,500
distrust the very Society 
Voltaire. 

4986
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:55,000
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

4987
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:58,200
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

4988
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:00,800
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

4989
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:04,000
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

4990
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:06,900
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it. 

4991
04:35:06,900 --> 04:35:09,500
Voltaire writes with biting 
sarcasm. 

4992
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:13,200
No one has ever employed. 
So much intelligence to make us 

4993
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:16,000
all stupid. 
Reading your book, inspires, a 

4994
04:35:16,000 --> 04:35:19,400
strong desire to take action, 
his words, drip, with mock, 

4995
04:35:19,400 --> 04:35:23,000
praise Russo's idealization of 
primitive, man. 

4996
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:26,200
Voltaire implies is absurd, 
civilization. 

4997
04:35:26,200 --> 04:35:28,700
May be flawed, but it's far 
better than the Savage. 

4998
04:35:28,700 --> 04:35:31,500
Life Russo. 
Extols, this famous quip, that 

4999
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:34,900
Russo's philosophy is To make a 
man want to become a beast, 

5000
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:39,400
epitomizes the clash between two
towering Enlightenment thinkers,

5001
04:35:39,400 --> 04:35:43,099
whose visions of human nature 
and Society were Worlds Apart, 

5002
04:35:43,099 --> 04:35:46,700
the enlightenment was not a 
singular entity, rather it 

5003
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:50,300
represented a multitude of 
diverse perspectives frequently 

5004
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:54,500
engaged in intense debate. 
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 

5005
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:58,599
as legendary Voltaire championed
reason science and a certain 

5006
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:01,900
Cosmopolitan elitism. 
He believed in lightened 

5007
04:36:01,900 --> 04:36:04,800
monarchs ideally, advised by 
philosophers, like himself, 

5008
04:36:04,800 --> 04:36:09,400
could gradually improve Society.
Religion to Voltaire was useful 

5009
04:36:09,400 --> 04:36:13,300
as a social glue but needed 
purging of superstition, a 

5010
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:16,599
crusade land, fam crushed. 
The infamous thing of 

5011
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:20,099
fanaticism, he would famously 
declare of the church's abuses 

5012
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:22,900
Russo. 
By contrast distrusted, the 

5013
04:36:22,900 --> 04:36:26,400
pretensions of polite Society. 
He thought civilization had 

5014
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:30,200
corrupted man's originally, good
nature in works like discourse 

5015
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,200
on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

5016
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:36,099
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

5017
04:36:37,000 --> 04:36:40,300
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

5018
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:42,099
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

5019
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:44,400
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

5020
04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:47,800
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

5021
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:52,300
idea, sounded naive best 
dangerous at worst, their 

5022
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:53,900
correspondence started 
courteously. 

5023
04:36:53,900 --> 04:36:58,200
But sourd over time, After the 
devastating Lisbon earthquake of

5024
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:02,000
1755 Voltaire wrote a poem 
questioning Providence. 

5025
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:06,099
How could a just God Slaughter 
innocence Russo. 

5026
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:09,300
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

5027
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:13,200
plan, and that if men didn't 
live packed in cities, The Quake

5028
04:37:13,207 --> 04:37:16,500
would do less harm. 
Voltaire privately scoffed that 

5029
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:18,500
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

5030
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:22,599
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours, he jeered,

5031
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:26,300
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

5032
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,099
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

5033
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:31,900
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

5034
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:35,000
By the 70s. 
Their relationship had fractured

5035
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:38,800
complete Russo, even refused 
voltaire's offer of Refuge when 

5036
04:37:38,800 --> 04:37:42,200
Rousseau was fleeing arrest, the
Voltaire Rousseau split was not 

5037
04:37:42,200 --> 04:37:44,300
just personal. 
It's symbolized a deeper 

5038
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:46,000
Divergence in Enlightenment 
thought. 

5039
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:50,099
Voltaire stood for the party of 
Reason progressed through 

5040
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:54,400
enlightened Authority and sharp.
Criticism of traditional Russo 

5041
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:57,500
became the voice of the party of
feeling valuing, emotional 

5042
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:00,700
authenticity, and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

5043
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:04,000
salon sophistic to create your 
quarrel highlighted 

5044
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:06,500
contradictions. 
The enlightenment celebrated 

5045
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:09,900
reason yet Rousseau accused 
reasons Apostles of being cold 

5046
04:38:09,900 --> 04:38:13,400
and elitist it preached, a 
quality Voltaire, privately 

5047
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:16,500
disdained the uneducated masses 
and preferred benevolent 

5048
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:20,099
despacito to democracy. 
In their ways, each was 

5049
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:23,800
prophetic Volta of the liberal 
secular values that would shape 

5050
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:27,200
modern Europe Rousseau of the 
Romantic Democratic and even 

5051
04:38:27,200 --> 04:38:29,300
revolutionary currents that 
would soon erupt. 

5052
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:32,900
Its fitting that both men died 
in 1778. 

5053
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:36,900
A decade before the Revolution 
almost as if fate meant to clear

5054
04:38:36,900 --> 04:38:39,300
the stage for the drama to come 
Beyond this. 

5055
04:38:39,300 --> 04:38:42,099
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 
was Rife with intellectual 

5056
04:38:42,099 --> 04:38:45,599
rivalries and collaborations 
diderot and Dalembert co-editors

5057
04:38:45,599 --> 04:38:49,300
of the encyclopedie had their 
share of squabbles dalomba quit 

5058
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:53,400
the project in frustration in 
1759 leaving Dido to slog 

5059
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:55,300
through the remaining volumes 
largely alone. 

5060
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:59,200
Did hero also fell out bitterly 
with Rousseau who had once been 

5061
04:38:59,200 --> 04:39:03,200
his close friend. 
Dear and Barren holbach welcomed

5062
04:39:03,200 --> 04:39:05,400
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 
the 1740s. 

5063
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:09,500
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

5064
04:39:09,508 --> 04:39:12,300
believe, did hero had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

5065
04:39:12,300 --> 04:39:14,700
play. 
Their friendship collapsed 

5066
04:39:14,700 --> 04:39:17,500
illustrating, how personal 
slights could fracture even 

5067
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:19,300
those working for the same. 
Broad Kors. 

5068
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:23,700
Meanwhile, Baron holbach, host 
of a famously irreverence Salon 

5069
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:28,300
of atheists published the system
of nature 1770 a book denying, 

5070
04:39:28,300 --> 04:39:32,700
the existence of God outright 
This extreme materialism alarmed

5071
04:39:32,700 --> 04:39:35,400
even Voltaire who attacked 
holbox atheism. 

5072
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:39,000
As fanatical in its own way, 
Voltaire believed Society needed

5073
04:39:39,000 --> 04:39:42,000
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

5074
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:44,800
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

5075
04:39:45,400 --> 04:39:48,100
Holbach and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

5076
04:39:48,100 --> 04:39:52,200
voltaire's deism as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

5077
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:55,500
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

5078
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:58,400
Phyllis Hoffs United against the
church's tyranny. 

5079
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:00,800
There were deep fractures about 
religions role. 

5080
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:05,000
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

5081
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:09,200
political Theory montesquieu's, 
the spirit of the laws. 1748 

5082
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:12,900
argued for a balanced 
Constitution, like Britain's 

5083
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:17,700
with powers separated among King
Parliament, and quartz a 

5084
04:40:17,700 --> 04:40:19,300
moderate Vision to prevent 
despotism. 

5085
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:25,000
Russo's social contract 1762 
dismissed montesquieu's model as

5086
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,800
two aristocratic instead 
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 

5087
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:32,600
So egalitarian that in theory 
everyone would obey laws they 

5088
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:36,800
themselves willed Voltaire found
Russo's political ideas as 

5089
04:40:36,800 --> 04:40:40,800
impractical as his primitivism. 
He quit that Russo's ideal 

5090
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:44,800
Republic was a city of ghosts. 
An indeed Rousseau's notion that

5091
04:40:44,800 --> 04:40:48,700
citizens be forced to be free. 
If they violate the general will

5092
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:51,200
would trouble critics for his 
potential for tyranny. 

5093
04:40:52,100 --> 04:40:54,500
Yeah, these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

5094
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:57,400
rather, they enrich the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

5095
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:00,500
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

5096
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,200
draw upon In the salons and 
imprint. 

5097
04:41:03,200 --> 04:41:06,100
I have a philosophy might 
Lampoon each other, but they 

5098
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:09,700
also all contributed to the to a
broader movement questioning, 

5099
04:41:09,700 --> 04:41:14,000
the status quo Occasionally, the
debates, got personal and nasty 

5100
04:41:14,000 --> 04:41:16,000
pamphlets full of character, 
assassination. 

5101
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,100
Flew about. 
Voltaire was a master of The 

5102
04:41:19,108 --> 04:41:21,300
Artful insult, When A pompous 
critic. 

5103
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:24,800
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 
him Voltaire retaliated by 

5104
04:41:24,800 --> 04:41:27,300
portraying death ones as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

5105
04:41:27,300 --> 04:41:29,600
satire. 
Effectively, destroying the 

5106
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:33,700
man's reputation Rousseau two 
lashed out in his late years. 

5107
04:41:34,800 --> 04:41:37,100
He wrote withering letters, 
accusing former friends of 

5108
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:39,700
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

5109
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:42,800
larger consequences. 
The sharp exchanges clarified, 

5110
04:41:42,800 --> 04:41:45,300
different seasons, and thought 
what was the best form of 

5111
04:41:45,308 --> 04:41:47,700
government. 
The true foundation of morality 

5112
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,800
what is the role of religion? 
Through argument the philosophy,

5113
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:54,100
refined their positions by the 
70s. 

5114
04:41:54,100 --> 04:41:57,000
A new generation was emerging 
too figures. 

5115
04:41:57,000 --> 04:41:59,600
Like Condor, say, a 
mathematician and protege of 

5116
04:41:59,608 --> 04:42:02,800
delamere admired, both Voltaire 
and Rousseau trying to 

5117
04:42:02,800 --> 04:42:06,800
synthesize Enlightenment ideals 
with practical reforms condo, 

5118
04:42:06,800 --> 04:42:09,300
set, would advocate for the 
abolition of slavery and women's

5119
04:42:09,300 --> 04:42:11,600
rights. 
Pushing the enlightenment for 

5120
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:14,000
Gallatin logic further than his 
predecessors dead. 

5121
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:17,900
Meanwhile the Rifts among the 
older philosophers Prestige 

5122
04:42:17,900 --> 04:42:21,300
splits in the coming Revolution.
Aristocratic liberals vs, 

5123
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:26,000
radical Democrats deists vs 
atheists and pragmatists vs 

5124
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:28,600
idealists. 
The enlightenment was not one 

5125
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:32,000
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

5126
04:42:32,000 --> 04:42:33,900
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

5127
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:37,500
Their clashes bitter though they
were gave the era much of its 

5128
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:40,600
dynamism. 
Salon gossip about Voltaire 

5129
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:42,900
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual, Europe. 

5130
04:42:42,900 --> 04:42:46,000
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

5131
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:50,200
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

5132
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:53,700
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

5133
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:57,300
Revolution would enshrine them 
by entering both their ashes in 

5134
04:42:57,300 --> 04:43:01,900
the panteon in Paris Voltaire. 
And 1791, Rousseau and 94. 

5135
04:43:01,900 --> 04:43:05,100
Symbolically reconciling the two
in the Republic of posterity. 

5136
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:07,800
France. 
It turned out would need both 

5137
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:10,900
volta's razor wit and Russo's 
passionate for Freedom, as it 

5138
04:43:10,900 --> 04:43:13,900
hurtled toward a new age. 
The Palace of Versailles caught 

5139
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:18,200
yard was packed on a sunny 
September afternoon in 1783 with

5140
04:43:18,200 --> 04:43:20,800
eyes. 
Fixed on the sky to provincial 

5141
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:22,700
Brothers. 
The montgolfier brothers were 

5142
04:43:22,700 --> 04:43:25,500
ready to attempt the first hot 
air balloon flight by the living

5143
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:28,700
creatures in front of King 
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 

5144
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:31,900
Antoinette. 
A sheep duck and rooster were 

5145
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:34,500
placed into a wicker basket 
under a tougher balloon at the 

5146
04:43:34,508 --> 04:43:36,500
sound of a cannon. 
A second cannon. 

5147
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,200
Fire announced release. 
As the balloon gracefully 

5148
04:43:40,200 --> 04:43:43,600
climbed 600 meters, tens of 
thousands of people gasped. 

5149
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:46,500
It carried its Barnyard, 
aeronauts through the heavens 

5150
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:49,300
for eight minutes. 
Royal biologists quickly, 

5151
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:53,300
examined the animals which were 
alive and eating hay after it 

5152
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:56,500
softly landed, a few kilometers 
away, the audience applauded, 

5153
04:43:56,500 --> 04:43:59,500
the King was thrilled or be at 
the inventors. 

5154
04:43:59,500 --> 04:44:02,800
Deftly avoided his suggestion to
use convicted felons as test 

5155
04:44:02,800 --> 04:44:06,900
passengers more than Amusement, 
this balloon flight symbolized. 

5156
04:44:06,900 --> 04:44:10,300
The enlightenment's faith in 
science and reason to expand the

5157
04:44:10,300 --> 04:44:14,600
conceivable that moment even the
ancient dream of flight seem 

5158
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:17,800
possible Ingenuity and 
experimentation had turned 

5159
04:44:17,800 --> 04:44:21,400
imagination into reality before 
the French public French 

5160
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:24,600
Enlightenment Science, pervaded,
Daily Life and great politics 

5161
04:44:24,600 --> 04:44:27,700
savant's. 
Learned men and a few women who 

5162
04:44:27,700 --> 04:44:30,900
passionately studied, nature 
Rose in the 18th century. 

5163
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:35,000
They studied chemistry anatomy, 
botany astronomy, and electrical

5164
04:44:35,000 --> 04:44:38,500
importantly, they sought 
practical social reforms. 

5165
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:41,900
The former Royal Academy of 
Sciences in Paris was full of 

5166
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:45,800
experiments and one of waza-air,
a rich prison tax officer who 

5167
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:49,800
loved chemistry discovered 
Oxygen's role in combustion and 

5168
04:44:49,800 --> 04:44:51,900
established the idea of mass 
conservation. 

5169
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:56,200
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who
illustrated and took notes 

5170
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,500
measured gases and metals with 
astonishing Precision in their 

5171
04:44:59,500 --> 04:45:03,100
home laboratory, he proved that 
rusting metal gains weight by 

5172
04:45:03,100 --> 04:45:07,400
mixing with Airborne oxygen 
disproving the phlogiston idea. 

5173
04:45:08,200 --> 04:45:11,900
Such work paved the way for 
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier was a

5174
04:45:11,908 --> 04:45:14,000
systematic empirical 
Enlightenment. 

5175
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:16,400
Servente, who felt knowledge 
should Advance Humanity. 

5176
04:45:17,200 --> 04:45:20,100
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

5177
04:45:20,100 --> 04:45:23,100
helping the military, an 
agricultural research to boost 

5178
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:25,600
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

5179
04:45:25,600 --> 04:45:28,900
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

5180
04:45:28,900 --> 04:45:32,100
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo episode, a 

5181
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:33,700
century earlier, the church was 
cautious. 

5182
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:37,900
Jesuit instructors, in France, 
adjusted Cartesian a Newtonian 

5183
04:45:37,900 --> 04:45:43,600
principles, Still tensions, grew
in the 1770s, The Continuous 

5184
04:45:43,600 --> 04:45:46,500
form, the king's naturalist 
proposed that the world may be 

5185
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:48,700
far older than the Bible 6,000 
years. 

5186
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:51,600
Paris's faculty of theology 
forced him. 

5187
04:45:51,600 --> 04:45:54,700
To include a Pious disclaimer in
his book in Enlightenment 

5188
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:57,900
science favored, natural, 
explanation of magical ones, 

5189
04:45:57,900 --> 04:46:02,000
contrary to traditional beliefs.
Many devout Christians or 

5190
04:46:02,000 --> 04:46:05,700
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine and public 

5191
04:46:05,700 --> 04:46:07,900
health were West science and 
belief intersected. 

5192
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:12,100
Most The introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

5193
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,600
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy, Millions, including 

5194
04:46:15,600 --> 04:46:18,500
royalty bindues or scarred by 
smallpox. 

5195
04:46:19,500 --> 04:46:23,100
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

5196
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:27,500
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

5197
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:31,200
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

5198
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:34,100
Antoinette, supported it 
Parisian, milliners, produced, 

5199
04:46:34,100 --> 04:46:37,800
the poof Ellyn, ocular a hairdo 
with cymbals of medicine and 

5200
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:40,800
Victory. 
A serpent entwined Rod arising 

5201
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:44,000
Sun for the king and an olive 
branch for piece to commemorate,

5202
04:46:44,000 --> 04:46:48,300
the Royal inoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

5203
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:52,000
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

5204
04:46:52,800 --> 04:46:55,500
After the monarchies high 
profile sponsorship, what many 

5205
04:46:55,500 --> 04:46:59,900
considered a dubious possibly 
impose activity deliberately 

5206
04:46:59,900 --> 04:47:02,000
infecting someone gained 
legitimacy? 

5207
04:47:03,100 --> 04:47:06,900
It was the moment when empirical
knowledge inoculation success in

5208
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:11,100
England and the Ottoman Empire 
Triumph Superstition people's 

5209
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:13,500
veins were filled with that in 
Enlightenment notion 

5210
04:47:13,500 --> 04:47:17,100
Enlightenment science 
influenced, common devices and 

5211
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:19,900
advances, the elite enjoyed 
mechanical and scientific 

5212
04:47:19,900 --> 04:47:23,700
exhibitions salons had the 
electrical machines with 

5213
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:27,100
spinning glass globes that 
generated static electricity 

5214
04:47:27,100 --> 04:47:31,600
sparking and raising arm hair. 
These machines were novelty, but

5215
04:47:31,600 --> 04:47:34,900
important research tools. 
When American scientists, 

5216
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:37,500
Benjamin, Franklin showed 
lightning was electrical by 

5217
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:40,600
harnessing it with a kite Europe
was enthralled. 

5218
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:44,800
France, copied the experiment, 
Franklin was a star in Paris as 

5219
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:47,900
a revolutionary Diplomat in 
scientist, in his lightning rod 

5220
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:50,200
creation, was praised as a 
reason to fence against nature. 

5221
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:54,100
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

5222
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,400
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

5223
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:00,200
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

5224
04:48:00,200 --> 04:48:02,600
them believing that it was 
Blasphemous to meddle with the 

5225
04:48:02,600 --> 04:48:05,500
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenged. 

5226
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:08,300
The idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

5227
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:11,300
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

5228
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:13,800
the philosophers to probe in 
lightning thinkers. 

5229
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:16,700
Compared doctors discussion 
about the hearts to a state's 

5230
04:48:16,700 --> 04:48:19,900
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

5231
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:22,900
classified, human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

5232
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:26,800
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

5233
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:29,200
from anatomical. 
Diagrams to win Mill, 

5234
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:32,300
Improvement, designs aiming to 
gather and disseminate a central

5235
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:34,900
knowledge. 
To catalog and communicate. 

5236
04:48:34,900 --> 04:48:38,800
Practical information was an 
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 

5237
04:48:38,800 --> 04:48:41,800
should not be hidden or Guild 
bound, but shared for the common

5238
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:44,800
good. 
Diderot published on Metallurgy 

5239
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,000
music theory and other subjects 
because he believed nature and 

5240
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:51,700
art might liberate minds and 
enhance life. during this era, 

5241
04:48:51,700 --> 04:48:54,200
the state often linked 
scientific development to its 

5242
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:59,200
goals fostering a culture of 
enlightened absolutism Louis XII

5243
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:02,100
and his ministers, wanted to use
science to improve armaments, 

5244
04:49:02,100 --> 04:49:05,700
maps, and agriculture in the 
1760s. 

5245
04:49:06,700 --> 04:49:09,700
The French government supported 
the enormous Meridian voyages to

5246
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:12,400
estimate the Earth's form, 
reflecting Enlightenment 

5247
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:16,500
curiosity and State pride. 
The Academy of Science is 

5248
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:19,600
researched ways to enhance 
navigation, and chronometers, 

5249
04:49:19,600 --> 04:49:23,200
and gave prizes for practical 
answers, nutritionists like 

5250
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:26,500
polmanteer staged meals 
featuring potato dishes to 

5251
04:49:26,500 --> 04:49:29,000
convince aristocracy, it could 
prevent starvation. 

5252
04:49:30,400 --> 04:49:33,400
To promote potatoes. 
Polmanteer had a field guarded 

5253
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:35,700
by troops, but let peasants 
steal from it at night. 

5254
04:49:36,500 --> 04:49:38,900
In urban living, the 
enlightenment provided new 

5255
04:49:38,900 --> 04:49:41,900
convenience's paris's nightly 
Street illumination. 

5256
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:45,600
Improved bringing Enlightenment,
public places like the Jada, 

5257
04:49:45,600 --> 04:49:51,300
plant offered Botanical Gardens 
and a small Zoo representing. 

5258
04:49:51,300 --> 04:49:54,400
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

5259
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:58,000
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

5260
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:00,600
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

5261
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:05,100
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

5262
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,700
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

5263
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:12,500
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
in clubs men debated, the ideas 

5264
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:16,300
of Newton and Descartes while 
aristocratic women wore small, 

5265
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:19,500
lightning rods as jewelry. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

5266
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:23,000
rationally, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

5267
04:50:23,000 --> 04:50:26,400
inspiration from science. 
A scientist sought natural 

5268
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:29,000
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws. 

5269
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,400
Scientists skill in describing 
the world, encourage them to 

5270
04:50:32,400 --> 04:50:35,200
question whether social 
structures like the monarchy 

5271
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:38,100
church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

5272
04:50:38,100 --> 04:50:41,000
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

5273
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:44,200
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

5274
04:50:45,000 --> 04:50:47,900
Some Enlightenment Vons face 
persecution and challenges 

5275
04:50:47,900 --> 04:50:51,200
revolutionaries denounced 
Lavoisier for being a tax 

5276
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,800
collector in 1794 despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

5277
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,000
advances. 
Despite his scientific 

5278
04:50:57,000 --> 04:50:59,400
credentials. 
Leisie, a face execution. 

5279
04:50:59,400 --> 04:51:02,600
When the public turned against 
experts with links to the onion 

5280
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:05,500
regime, the Republic has no need
of scientists. 

5281
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:09,900
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, the 

5282
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:12,900
new Administration returned live
was things to his widow with a 

5283
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:15,600
note to the Widow of Love 
waza-air, who was falsely 

5284
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:19,200
convicted a year after his 
execution acknowledging, his 

5285
04:51:19,200 --> 04:51:22,300
innocence and genius 
mathematical LaGrange mourned. 

5286
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:26,200
It took them only an instant to 
cut off that head and 100 years 

5287
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:28,100
may not suffice to produce 
another like it. 

5288
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:31,800
The convergence of Enlightenment
science and revolutionary 

5289
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,600
politics was fragile. 
Science, permitted Salons State 

5290
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:38,000
policies and Street culture and 
Enlightenment France. 

5291
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:41,400
It offered control over nature 
and reflected Society. 

5292
04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:45,200
People cooked healed traveled, 
and illuminated their homes 

5293
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:47,300
differently. 
It also influenced their 

5294
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:49,700
Thinking by encouraging them to 
believe that empirical 

5295
04:51:49,700 --> 04:51:52,400
observation and reason could 
explain and improve the natural 

5296
04:51:52,400 --> 04:51:55,400
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

5297
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:57,500
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

5298
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:02,100
The montgolfier, balloon soaring
to Cheers of the Sai showed how 

5299
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:07,400
knowledge May lift Humanity. 
Once a place of gods and mystery

5300
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:10,800
the sky today hosted, human 
achievement everything appeared 

5301
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,400
possible currently and a social.
And political revolution was 

5302
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:17,700
about to happen spurred in part 
by Enlightenment Sciences 

5303
04:52:17,700 --> 04:52:21,000
confidence, and inquisitive 
attitude to lose experience to 

5304
04:52:21,000 --> 04:52:22,900
horrible scene. 
That exemplified the 

5305
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:27,200
enlightenment's fighting against
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

5306
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:30,800
wheel, punishments sentence to 
Protestant Merchant, Jean death,

5307
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:33,800
for the murder of his son, who 
was reportedly converting to 

5308
04:52:33,800 --> 04:52:37,700
Catholicism. 
Kalis claimed in essence, but 

5309
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:39,900
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate. 

5310
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:43,100
He suffered and maintained his 
innocence until death. 

5311
04:52:44,000 --> 04:52:46,500
Volta learned about this 
Injustice, it is Fernie house. 

5312
04:52:47,500 --> 04:52:49,500
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

5313
04:52:50,200 --> 04:52:52,400
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

5314
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:56,400
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

5315
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,300
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

5316
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,400
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

5317
04:53:03,400 --> 04:53:05,800
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

5318
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:09,900
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

5319
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:11,500
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

5320
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:17,000
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the

5321
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:20,300
king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

5322
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:23,500
and exonerated. 
Him postly, this victory of 

5323
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:26,300
Reason over bias was applauded 
by Europe in the age of 

5324
04:53:26,308 --> 04:53:28,700
Voltaire. 
The kalas Scandal proved that 

5325
04:53:28,708 --> 04:53:32,100
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and Vance, 

5326
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:35,100
singing Enlightenment religious 
tolerance and legislative change

5327
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,000
voltaire's, a crazy line, fam 
crushed. 

5328
04:53:38,000 --> 04:53:41,100
The infamous thing inspired the 
Philosopher's Legacy 

5329
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:45,800
Superstition and Priests misuse 
of Authority or his concerns not

5330
04:53:45,800 --> 04:53:49,200
religion itself, numerous 
examples, in Rage, the 

5331
04:53:49,200 --> 04:53:53,300
philosophy 1766, saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

5332
04:53:53,308 --> 04:53:57,300
Aristocrat. 
Chevrolet for not removing his 

5333
04:53:57,300 --> 04:54:00,200
hat during a religious 
procession and defacing a 

5334
04:54:00,200 --> 04:54:03,700
crucifix, the authorities. 
Fastened, volta's philosophical 

5335
04:54:03,700 --> 04:54:05,400
dictionary. 
To labar's Burning. 

5336
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,100
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenage 

5337
04:54:08,100 --> 04:54:12,100
irreverence. 
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 

5338
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:15,200
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

5339
04:54:15,200 --> 04:54:18,600
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

5340
04:54:18,600 --> 04:54:22,100
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility, as 

5341
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:25,500
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 
held the monarchy and religion 

5342
04:54:25,500 --> 04:54:28,700
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

5343
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:33,700
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

5344
04:54:33,700 --> 04:54:37,200
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

5345
04:54:37,200 --> 04:54:40,200
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

5346
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:42,300
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

5347
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:47,600
Some went further, Russo's, 
social contracts 1762 opens with

5348
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:51,400
the Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere.

5349
04:54:51,400 --> 04:54:56,100
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

5350
04:54:56,100 --> 04:54:59,600
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

5351
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:03,100
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

5352
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:05,900
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

5353
04:55:05,900 --> 04:55:08,400
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

5354
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:12,600
In later works Deidre focused on
colonialism and slavery and 

5355
04:55:12,600 --> 04:55:14,600
suggested that oppress people 
should rise up. 

5356
04:55:15,300 --> 04:55:17,800
Rhino and diderot's popular 
history of the two Indies 

5357
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,700
predicts a slave Insurrection 
and the fall of European 

5358
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:24,800
Authority overseas that 
conversation exploded, the 

5359
04:55:24,800 --> 04:55:28,100
French Crown spam does census. 
Tried to crush it but they 

5360
04:55:28,100 --> 04:55:30,900
merely pushed it underground 
where it became more appealing. 

5361
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:34,600
Not all Enlightenment Figures 
were radicals, many favored, 

5362
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,300
enlightened despotism. 
Which held that a wise and 

5363
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:39,300
sensible King could reform from 
Power. 

5364
04:55:40,200 --> 04:55:43,000
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the
great of Prussia and praised 

5365
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:44,800
Emperor. 
Joseph, the second of Austria 

5366
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:48,700
for religious toleration of surf
and reform in lightning, 

5367
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:51,600
influenced French, ministers, 
and nobility included turgut. 

5368
04:55:51,600 --> 04:55:55,000
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor, 

5369
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:59,500
and the Marketo who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

5370
04:55:59,500 --> 04:56:03,300
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

5371
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:08,600
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

5372
04:56:08,600 --> 04:56:11,400
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

5373
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:14,100
interrogation. 
Inspired by kesari. 

5374
04:56:14,100 --> 04:56:17,900
Bakery in lightning, and essay 
on crimes and punishments by 

5375
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:20,600
providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787. 

5376
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:23,500
He advocated immunization and 
religious tolerance. 

5377
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:27,300
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

5378
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:31,700
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

5379
04:56:31,700 --> 04:56:34,200
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

5380
04:56:35,000 --> 04:56:37,700
The French Catholic Church was a
key Enlightenment Target. 

5381
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:40,900
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

5382
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:44,500
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly 

5383
04:56:44,500 --> 04:56:47,500
deists or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

5384
04:56:48,500 --> 04:56:52,100
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like the kala Scandal to Humble 

5385
04:56:52,100 --> 04:56:55,300
the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

5386
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:57,900
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

5387
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:01,700
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked European 

5388
04:57:01,700 --> 04:57:05,000
religious communion by comparing
Pacific Islander Customs to 

5389
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:08,900
European religious communion. 
Barron holback system of nature 

5390
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:11,900
atheism, depicts priests, as 
deceptive characters, who use 

5391
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:14,900
hell to subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

5392
04:57:14,900 --> 04:57:17,500
Toulouse. 
Experience to horrible scene. 

5393
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:19,700
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fighting against

5394
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:24,400
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishments sentenced 

5395
04:57:24,400 --> 04:57:27,200
Protestant Merchant Jean Calista
death, for the murder of his 

5396
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:29,800
son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

5397
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:34,600
Kalis claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

5398
04:57:34,600 --> 04:57:37,900
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

5399
04:57:37,900 --> 04:57:40,700
until death. 
Volta learned about this 

5400
04:57:40,700 --> 04:57:44,200
Injustice, it is Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

5401
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:46,900
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

5402
04:57:46,900 --> 04:57:49,600
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

5403
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:53,800
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

5404
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:57,300
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

5405
04:57:57,300 --> 04:57:59,900
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

5406
04:57:59,900 --> 04:58:02,600
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

5407
04:58:02,608 --> 04:58:06,700
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

5408
04:58:06,700 --> 04:58:09,200
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

5409
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:13,900
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the
king's Council in Paris, 

5410
04:58:13,900 --> 04:58:16,700
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated. 

5411
04:58:16,700 --> 04:58:20,900
Him posthumously this victory of
Reason, over bias was applauded 

5412
04:58:20,900 --> 04:58:22,400
by Europe and the age of 
Voltaire. 

5413
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:26,100
The Scandal proved that the 
monarchs could be swayed to 

5414
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:28,800
write a wrong advancing, 
Enlightenment religious 

5415
04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:32,400
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's ecclissi. 

5416
04:58:32,400 --> 04:58:35,400
Lane fam, crushed the infamous 
thing, inspired the 

5417
04:58:35,408 --> 04:58:39,300
Philosopher's Legacy 
Superstition and Priests misuse 

5418
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:42,300
of authority where his concerns 
not religion itself. 

5419
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:47,400
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

5420
04:58:47,408 --> 04:58:51,400
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat, shovel Valley for 

5421
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:53,900
entirety for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

5422
04:58:53,900 --> 04:58:56,100
procession and defacing a 
crucifix. 

5423
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:59,300
The Authority's fastened 
voltaire's philosophical 

5424
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:02,300
dictionary to labar's, Burning, 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

5425
04:59:02,300 --> 04:59:04,200
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

5426
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:09,100
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 
execution, wrote harshly about 

5427
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:12,900
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

5428
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:16,000
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

5429
04:59:16,000 --> 04:59:19,800
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

5430
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:23,200
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

5431
04:59:23,200 --> 04:59:27,600
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

5432
04:59:27,600 --> 04:59:30,600
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

5433
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,100
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

5434
04:59:34,100 --> 04:59:37,300
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

5435
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:40,600
equilibrium. 
Some went further Russo's social

5436
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:44,200
contracts 1762 opens with the 
Bold claim. 

5437
04:59:44,200 --> 04:59:49,300
Man is Born Free and everywhere 
he is in Chains attacking Royal 

5438
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:53,000
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

5439
04:59:53,000 --> 04:59:57,300
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

5440
04:59:57,300 --> 04:59:59,300
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical. 

5441
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:03,100
Secret copies of the band and 
destroyed book disseminated its 

5442
05:00:03,100 --> 05:00:06,400
ideas quickly. 
In later works Dedra focused on 

5443
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,500
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

5444
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,400
should rise up. 
Rhino and dear Rose popular 

5445
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:15,000
history of the two Indies 
predicts a slave Insurrection 

5446
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:18,300
and the fall of European 
Authority overseas that 

5447
05:00:18,300 --> 05:00:22,300
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown spam does census. 

5448
05:00:22,300 --> 05:00:25,100
Tried to crush it but they 
merely pushed it underground 

5449
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:28,500
where it became more appealing. 
Not all Enlightenment Figures 

5450
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:31,400
were radicals, many favored, 
enlightened despotism. 

5451
05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:34,500
Which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

5452
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:37,200
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

5453
05:00:37,200 --> 05:00:39,000
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

5454
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:42,000
Joseph, the second of Austria 
for religious toleration and 

5455
05:00:42,000 --> 05:00:45,600
Surf and reform in lightning, 
influenced French, ministers, 

5456
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:48,900
and nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

5457
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:53,300
trade in abolish, forced labor, 
and the Marketo who promoted 

5458
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:56,300
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

5459
05:00:56,300 --> 05:01:01,700
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

5460
05:01:01,700 --> 05:01:07,000
system reform in 1780 Mildred. 
Louis the 16th Pro taught in 

5461
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:11,300
interrogation inspired by kesari
Becker's in lightning and essay 

5462
05:01:11,300 --> 05:01:14,900
on crime and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

5463
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:18,400
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

5464
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:21,600
religious tolerance, the 
monarchy often fail to face 

5465
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:25,400
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

5466
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:28,600
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

5467
05:01:28,600 --> 05:01:32,400
opposed privileged reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

5468
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,200
Enlightenment Target. 
The church had long ruled 

5469
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:38,000
education literature and 
dissenters were immense great 

5470
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:42,400
riches philosopher mostly deists
or agnostics denounce Church 

5471
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:45,600
persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

5472
05:01:45,600 --> 05:01:50,500
like the kala Scandal to Humble 
the church Candide his satirical

5473
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:53,500
tale attacked religious 
hypocrisy and other flaws. 

5474
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:57,600
In cannibals d'idro subtly 
mocked European religious 

5475
05:01:57,600 --> 05:02:01,000
communion by comparing Pacific 
Islander Customs to European 

5476
05:02:01,000 --> 05:02:04,500
religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

5477
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,500
atheism depicts priests as 
deceptive characters who use 

5478
05:02:07,500 --> 05:02:11,300
hell to subjugate people the 
words were provocative the 

5479
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:14,100
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal. 

5480
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:19,100
Nobleman Marquee died in a 
dismal burial jail in August of 

5481
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:22,000
1794. 
He fled from the extremists 

5482
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:24,800
jacket regime that called him a 
traitor Condor say who 

5483
05:02:24,808 --> 05:02:28,300
championed human rights slavery 
abolition and women's suffrage 

5484
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:32,600
almost alone among his peers was
now a victim of the Revolution. 

5485
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:36,500
He supported his lifeless body 
was uncovered by guards. 

5486
05:02:36,500 --> 05:02:39,900
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison he 

5487
05:02:39,900 --> 05:02:42,700
hid when the guillotine 
approached the terrorists Gloom 

5488
05:02:42,700 --> 05:02:45,000
killed one of the 
enlightenment's brightest lights

5489
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:49,000
his demise of the tragic irony 
that Belle many Enlightenment 

5490
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:51,200
luminaries during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

5491
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:55,000
Their promised progress had 
turned on them. as previously 

5492
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:58,200
mentioned Lavoisier faced 
execution, despite his claims 

5493
05:02:58,200 --> 05:03:01,700
that his scientific efforts 
benefited, the nation, Madame 

5494
05:03:01,700 --> 05:03:03,800
jofran daughter? 
Saw her Salon acquaintances 

5495
05:03:03,800 --> 05:03:07,700
scattered some executed as 
Gentile reform conversations 

5496
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:11,500
gave way to mobs. 
Even after their deaths in 1793 

5497
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:15,000
Voltaire and Rousseau were 
disputed by revolutionaries with

5498
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:16,600
radicals. 
Favoring Rousseau's 

5499
05:03:16,600 --> 05:03:19,600
egalitarianism and moderates 
voltaire's tolerance, the 

5500
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:22,600
enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

5501
05:03:22,600 --> 05:03:26,700
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

5502
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:30,600
lightning values on one hand. 
It formalized, many philosophers

5503
05:03:30,600 --> 05:03:34,200
essential ideas based on 
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 

5504
05:03:34,200 --> 05:03:36,400
and Locke. 
The Declaration of the rights of

5505
05:03:36,400 --> 05:03:40,500
man and citizens 1789 had 
vacated freedom of speech and 

5506
05:03:40,500 --> 05:03:44,100
religion equality before the law
and the right to resist 

5507
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,500
Injustice. 
The philosophers dream of a 

5508
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:51,100
meritocratic society was 
realized on August 1789 when 

5509
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:53,800
feudal privileges and tithes 
were abolished in one night. 

5510
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:57,900
The constitution of 1791 
established a constitutional 

5511
05:03:57,900 --> 05:04:00,700
monarchy with a Montesquieu like
division of powers. 

5512
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:04,300
The revolution fulfilled 
voltaire's calls for Toleration 

5513
05:04:04,300 --> 05:04:07,700
by seizing Church property in 
1790 and awarding full 

5514
05:04:07,700 --> 05:04:10,500
citizenship to Protestants and 
Jews and 1791. 

5515
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:15,700
When Louis, the 16th was 
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 

5516
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:19,100
vision of popular sovereignty, 
the people's will above Divine, 

5517
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:20,500
Right? 
Kingship was most clearly 

5518
05:04:20,500 --> 05:04:24,100
confirmed However, the 
revolutions violent illiberal 

5519
05:04:24,100 --> 05:04:26,900
turned troubled. 
Many The enlightenment sought to

5520
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:30,700
replace tyranny with reasoned 
conversation not crowd or one 

5521
05:04:30,700 --> 05:04:33,000
party power. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

5522
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:35,900
murdered thousands of enemies of
the Revolution during the reign 

5523
05:04:35,900 --> 05:04:39,800
of terror 1793 to 4. 
A terrible, inversion of 

5524
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:43,900
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 
way to another frenzy under 

5525
05:04:43,900 --> 05:04:46,900
Robespierre, the revolutionaries
formed, a municipal religion of 

5526
05:04:46,900 --> 05:04:50,400
the Supreme Being and held 
deistic festivals, a guillotine,

5527
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:54,400
enforced version of Rousseau's 
civil religion, people executed 

5528
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:58,200
under the guise of reason for 
being Aristocrats or moderate. 

5529
05:04:58,200 --> 05:05:02,000
Republicans would have horrified
Voltaire The terror exposed in 

5530
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:05,500
Enlightenment contradiction the 
confidence in a single truth 

5531
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,200
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

5532
05:05:09,400 --> 05:05:12,900
Philosophers like the whole back
and helvetius were as intolerant

5533
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:15,800
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

5534
05:05:15,800 --> 05:05:18,500
showed how abstract and 
lightning may become dogmatism, 

5535
05:05:18,500 --> 05:05:21,900
no one shall spread Darkness on 
pain of death. 

5536
05:05:21,900 --> 05:05:25,300
Many unlike thinkers did not 
want democracy. 

5537
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,400
Voltaire favored. 
An enlightened Monarch over an 

5538
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:31,100
uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

5539
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:33,700
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

5540
05:05:33,700 --> 05:05:35,600
right about the Canela. 
Rappel. 

5541
05:05:36,800 --> 05:05:41,800
Before his 1784 death d'idro had
become pessimistic arguing. 

5542
05:05:41,800 --> 05:05:45,400
That despotism might only cease 
when the last Monarch was 

5543
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:48,900
strangled with the last present,
Trails, a dismal hyperbole the 

5544
05:05:48,900 --> 05:05:52,400
Revolutionary half-jokingly. 
Repeated Dido probably wouldn't 

5545
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:55,000
have celebrated. 
The 1793 masculinity. 

5546
05:05:56,000 --> 05:05:59,000
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

5547
05:05:59,000 --> 05:06:02,000
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

5548
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:06,500
In Enlightenment supporters, 
face social contradictions few 

5549
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:09,000
addressed women's condition 
directly although they promised 

5550
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:11,900
a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

5551
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:14,800
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

5552
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:19,200
please men and stay at home 
country to Orlando SE who 

5553
05:06:19,200 --> 05:06:22,600
authored an essay in 1790 
advocating for women's political

5554
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:25,300
rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

5555
05:06:25,300 --> 05:06:27,700
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority 

5556
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:30,800
Guillotine DA's the 
enlightenment fraternity had 

5557
05:06:30,800 --> 05:06:33,100
excluded their systems from 
Universal rights. 

5558
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:35,800
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

5559
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:38,700
slavery. 
Some like Dido and Condor say 

5560
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:43,100
strongly criticized slavery, as 
against natural law, the 1788 

5561
05:06:43,100 --> 05:06:45,900
Society of Friends of the 
blacks, founded by Enlightenment

5562
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:49,800
influence men, sort of malicious
others, like Voltaire 

5563
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:53,000
criticized, the slave trade in 
the abstract Burton made racist 

5564
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:55,200
statements and invested in 
colonial corporation's 

5565
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:58,900
Enlightenment. 
Universal human nature, battled 

5566
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:02,600
with suda scientific racism. 
Ironically, a consequence of 

5567
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:06,100
species classification The 
revolution of abolished slavery 

5568
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:09,800
in 1794 after a massive slave 
Insurrection in sound emongg, 

5569
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:14,800
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,
it ideal and reality differed 

5570
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:17,800
relationship between intellect 
and emotion, was another 

5571
05:07:17,800 --> 05:07:20,600
tension. 
Rousseau noted that humans are 

5572
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:23,100
not rational but the 
enlightenment praised reason, 

5573
05:07:23,100 --> 05:07:27,100
the revolution showed that 
passions anger at Injustice is 

5574
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:30,200
desire for vengeance. 
Hope for Glory Drive events, 

5575
05:07:30,200 --> 05:07:34,700
more than academic treatises 
Romanticism, a 19th century. 

5576
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:37,400
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding 

5577
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:41,200
the heart, tradition and faith, 
Edmund Burke in England and 

5578
05:07:41,200 --> 05:07:44,900
Joseph mace in France, held the 
Philosopher's unfairly 

5579
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:47,500
responsible for the 
revolution's, Bloodshed by 

5580
05:07:47,500 --> 05:07:51,200
unmooring Society from 
traditional institutions, They 

5581
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:53,300
said that the enlightenment's 
abstract, reasoning had 

5582
05:07:53,300 --> 05:07:58,100
dissolved Authority and led to 
chaos and Napoleon's rule. while

5583
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,700
this view is debatable by the 
early 1800s, the enlightenment 

5584
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:04,100
was held for the Declaration of 
Rights and scientific 

5585
05:08:04,100 --> 05:08:08,900
advancement, but also accused of
revolution, Long-term the French

5586
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:11,400
and Enlightenment left a deep 
and mostly good influence. 

5587
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:15,100
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence movements

5588
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:18,000
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

5589
05:08:18,000 --> 05:08:20,900
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

5590
05:08:20,908 --> 05:08:25,600
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 

5591
05:08:25,600 --> 05:08:29,300
the spread of public education. 
The rise of secular States and 

5592
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:32,100
the reduction of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

5593
05:08:32,100 --> 05:08:35,700
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

5594
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:40,000
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

5595
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:43,100
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

5596
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:46,700
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience, 

5597
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:49,600
freedom. 
Government site, Montesquieu and

5598
05:08:49,600 --> 05:08:52,500
creating checks and balances 
when protesters invoke. 

5599
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,000
The will of the people Rousseau 
is followed, however, the 

5600
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:57,900
enlightenment left more 
uncertain. 

5601
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:00,800
Legacies, the Scientific 
Revolution and industrial 

5602
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:04,700
society were fueled by reason, 
but romantic and later, 

5603
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:08,200
existentialists criticized it 
for promoting technocracy, and 

5604
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:12,200
soulless, rationality westerners
defended imperialism as bringing

5605
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:15,700
civilization. 
An attitude, oddly at conflict 

5606
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:19,900
with the enlightenment empathy 
but facilitated by its aim in 

5607
05:09:19,900 --> 05:09:23,400
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

5608
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:26,600
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

5609
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:30,300
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

5610
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:32,700
the better. 
Often Napoleon's. 

5611
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:35,900
Collapse in 1815. 
France's monarchy re-established

5612
05:09:35,900 --> 05:09:38,300
Church dominance and 
conservative Tendencies. 

5613
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:42,600
Intellectual life had changed. 
Thus, the genie could not be put

5614
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:45,200
back. 
French politics, alternated 

5615
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:48,500
between liberal and conservative
in the mid-19th century. 

5616
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:52,700
But in Enlightenment ideas set 
the standard even conservatives 

5617
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:55,600
had to justify themselves in 
terms of logical, government and

5618
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:58,100
National interest, not Divine 
Authority. 

5619
05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:02,300
France will officially divorce 
church and state in 1905, 

5620
05:10:02,300 --> 05:10:06,000
fulfilling the philosophies as 
aim of a secular Republic based 

5621
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:10,500
on Liberty fraternity, 
Enlightenment principles, 

5622
05:10:10,500 --> 05:10:13,900
filtered through revolutionary 
experience The French 

5623
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:16,800
Enlightenment did not finish 
neatly in 1789. 

5624
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,500
The Revolution was chaotic and 
its aftermath complicated. 

5625
05:10:20,500 --> 05:10:24,600
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 
Enlightenment lessen, the 

5626
05:10:24,600 --> 05:10:27,600
movement always understood that 
human Affairs are imperfect and 

5627
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,500
progressed zigzags. 
Did Rob observed. 

5628
05:10:31,500 --> 05:10:34,800
Shush are the only orders that 
always persuade conceding. 

5629
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:36,700
That reason doesn't control the 
world. 

5630
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,000
Later in life Voltaire, tempered
his mockery with appeals for 

5631
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:45,800
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 
even radical Russo caution, that

5632
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:48,200
abrupt upheaval could lead to 
harsher despotism. 

5633
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:51,800
Many Enlightenment thinkers 
realized, that Enlightenment 

5634
05:10:51,800 --> 05:10:53,500
would be a long-term tense 
project. 

5635
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:57,400
Thus, the enlightenment Twilight
transformed rather than ended. 

5636
05:10:58,100 --> 05:11:01,400
People called themselves 
ideologues or intellectuals 

5637
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:06,000
instead of philosoph in the 19th
century, but they inherited the 

5638
05:11:06,000 --> 05:11:09,100
enlightenment's realm 
questioning Authority, demanding

5639
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,900
reasoned answers, and claiming 
individual dignity became 

5640
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:13,300
entrenched in western 
civilization. 

5641
05:11:14,600 --> 05:11:17,800
When we read voltaire's, witty 
courageous, writings Rousseau's 

5642
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:22,000
profound challenges, did Rose 
encyclopedic labors or condor 

5643
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:24,700
sets prescient humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

5644
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:26,200
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

5645
05:11:26,200 --> 05:11:29,200
Salon gathering's and 
clandestine pamphlets, 

5646
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:33,400
friendships and feuds and people
risking prison for a pamphlet or

5647
05:11:33,400 --> 05:11:37,000
exile for a principal ideas. 
Could overthrow thrown in that 

5648
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:39,600
age. 
Its Legacy lives on every time, 

5649
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:41,700
an informed public holds a 
tyrant accountable. 

5650
05:11:41,700 --> 05:11:44,500
A youngster is taught science 
with out Superstition. 

5651
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:47,700
Various individuals sit down to 
talk and debate rather than 

5652
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:50,000
fight and we choose light over 
Darkness. 

5653
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:53,300
The French Enlightenment was 
truly a turning point in human 

5654
05:11:53,300 --> 05:12:01,800
history. 
Check this out. 

5655
05:12:01,800 --> 05:12:04,800
I'm about to take you on the 
most comfortable ghost tour. 

5656
05:12:04,800 --> 05:12:07,900
You've ever experienced. 
No creaking floorboards under 

5657
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:10,400
your feet. 
Tonight, just the gentle rustle 

5658
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:13,300
of turning pages in history's, 
most intriguing chapters. 

5659
05:12:14,100 --> 05:12:16,400
You won't need a flashlight or 
courage for this journey, 

5660
05:12:16,400 --> 05:12:18,100
though. 
You might want to pull that 

5661
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:19,900
blanket a little closer as we 
explore. 

5662
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,700
Why Europe's castles earn their 
spooky reputations, you know, 

5663
05:12:23,700 --> 05:12:25,300
how some houses just feel 
different. 

5664
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:26,700
The moment you walk through the 
front door. 

5665
05:12:26,700 --> 05:12:30,000
Well European castles are like 
that house in your neighborhood.

5666
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:32,700
The one with the overgrown 
garden and the windows that 

5667
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:35,100
seemed to watch you. 
Except these places have been 

5668
05:12:35,108 --> 05:12:38,100
collecting stories for 1,000 
years and of just a few decades.

5669
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:42,600
Take Edinburgh Castle perched on
its volcanic rock like a stone 

5670
05:12:42,600 --> 05:12:44,500
crown that forgot to come down 
from the heights. 

5671
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:46,500
You've probably seen it in 
movies. 

5672
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:49,400
Looking all Majestic and 
mysterious against the Scottish 

5673
05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:51,200
sky. 
But here's what Hollywood 

5674
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:54,000
doesn't tell you. 
This place has been continuously

5675
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:56,400
occupied longer than most 
countries have existed. 

5676
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:00,600
Imagine if your house would be 
lived in by Viking's medieval 

5677
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:04,900
kings Renaissance, courtiers and
Georgian soldiers, all leaving 

5678
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:08,300
behind their hopes fears and 
probably a few unfinished 

5679
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:11,200
arguments. 
The thing about calling castles 

5680
05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:15,000
haunted is that it's a bit like 
calling your grandmother's attic

5681
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:18,100
mysterious. 
Sure, there are strange sounds 

5682
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:20,800
and unexplained Shadows, but 
mostly there's just an 

5683
05:13:20,800 --> 05:13:23,500
overwhelming amount of History 
crammed into every corner. 

5684
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,100
When you've got centuries of 
human drama playing out in the 

5685
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:30,200
same Stone rooms things are 
bound to feel a little crowded 

5686
05:13:30,200 --> 05:13:33,800
with memories. edinburgh's 
famous Grey Lady for instance 

5687
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:38,100
supposedly wanders the Castle's 
corridors Now before you start 

5688
05:13:38,100 --> 05:13:41,600
imagining some aetherial figure 
in flowing robes consider this 

5689
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:45,000
the castle employed dozens of 
women over the centuries as 

5690
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:48,900
servants cooks and caretakers. 
These women knew every secret 

5691
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:53,100
passage every hidden stare and 
every shortcut through the Maze 

5692
05:13:53,100 --> 05:13:56,200
of stone corridors. 
If you were a practical woman 

5693
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:59,100
who'd spent 40 Years Learning 
the most efficient way to 

5694
05:13:59,100 --> 05:14:01,900
navigate those Halls wouldn't 
you keep using your preferred 

5695
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:04,500
routes? 
Even after retirement The Grey 

5696
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:07,800
Lady might just be history is 
most dedicated employee still 

5697
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:09,700
showing up for work out of pure 
habit. 

5698
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:12,700
But let's be honest about why we
love these stories. 

5699
05:14:12,700 --> 05:14:16,100
There's something deliciously 
cozy about being scared in a 

5700
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:18,700
completely safe way. 
It's like watching a 

5701
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:21,900
thunderstorm from inside a warm 
house all the drama and 

5702
05:14:21,900 --> 05:14:23,900
excitement with none of the 
actual Danger. 

5703
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:27,500
Medieval castles were designed 
to be intimidating after all 

5704
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:31,200
their Builders wanted visitors 
to feel small and impressed to 

5705
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:33,000
Crane their necks at Soaring 
walls. 

5706
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:35,100
And wonder at the power of 
whoever lived there. 

5707
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:38,400
The Architects of these places 
were essentially medieval 

5708
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:41,600
special effects artists. 
They knew exactly how to use 

5709
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:45,900
Shadows, Echoes and unexpected 
spaces to create atmosphere. 

5710
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:49,500
Are they spiral staircases that 
appear to never end? 

5711
05:14:49,500 --> 05:14:53,000
They were designed to disorient 
attackers but they work just as 

5712
05:14:53,000 --> 05:14:55,500
well on Modern. 
Visitors does your flashlight 

5713
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:59,200
fail to properly illuminate. 
Those deep dark corners it is 

5714
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:02,200
perfect for storing grain but it
is also perfect for your 

5715
05:15:02,208 --> 05:15:06,100
imagination to run wild What's 
really happening in these horned

5716
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,700
castles is a kind of time travel
that doesn't require any special

5717
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:12,000
equipment. 
You're walking through rooms 

5718
05:15:12,000 --> 05:15:15,400
where real people lived, loved 
schemed and died. 

5719
05:15:15,400 --> 05:15:19,700
Their stories of soak the stones
like on a tablecloth leaving 

5720
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:22,400
permanent stains that change 
color depending on the light. 

5721
05:15:23,300 --> 05:15:25,900
The Tower of London, for 
example, has hosted more drama 

5722
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:29,400
than a season of your favorite 
soap opera King's Queen's. 

5723
05:15:29,400 --> 05:15:32,600
Traitors and Saints, have all 
spent time within the walls of 

5724
05:15:32,600 --> 05:15:36,600
this place often not by choice. 
When you visit today, and feel 

5725
05:15:36,600 --> 05:15:38,900
that Peculiar Children in the 
bloody Tower, you're not 

5726
05:15:38,908 --> 05:15:42,600
necessarily sensing Supernatural
activity, your sensing history 

5727
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:47,300
itself, thick and heavy, as 
London Fog, So as we begin this 

5728
05:15:47,300 --> 05:15:50,000
journey together through 
Europe's Most storied castles. 

5729
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:53,500
Remember that every ghost story 
starts with a human story. 

5730
05:15:53,500 --> 05:15:56,900
Every mysterious footstep, once 
belonged to someone who was 

5731
05:15:56,900 --> 05:16:00,900
simply trying to get from one 
room to another every cold spot 

5732
05:16:00,900 --> 05:16:04,400
marks a place where someone once
stood perhaps looking out a 

5733
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:06,800
window at a world that was 
changing faster than they could 

5734
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,700
understand. 
The real magic of these places 

5735
05:16:09,700 --> 05:16:12,900
isn't in their ghosts. 
It's in their ability to make 

5736
05:16:12,900 --> 05:16:16,700
the past, feel present to 
collapse centuries into moments 

5737
05:16:16,700 --> 05:16:19,700
and to let you feel the weight 
of all the lives that came 

5738
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:21,700
before. 
Yours now that you're 

5739
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:23,100
comfortable. 
Let's talk about why these 

5740
05:16:23,100 --> 05:16:25,100
castles feel so naturally 
spooky. 

5741
05:16:25,900 --> 05:16:27,800
Starting with the very practical
reasons. 

5742
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:29,900
Medieval people built them to be
unsettling. 

5743
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:33,200
You need to realize that 
intimidation was intentionally 

5744
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:34,800
included in the architectural 
plan. 

5745
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,100
These were just homes for rich 
people. 

5746
05:16:37,100 --> 05:16:40,100
They were cycleogical Warfare 
made of stone and mortar 

5747
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:42,500
medieval castle. 
Builders were master 

5748
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:45,900
manipulators of human emotion 
and they didn't even need a 

5749
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:47,300
degree in Psychology to pull it 
off. 

5750
05:16:48,300 --> 05:16:50,600
They understood instinctively 
that if you wanted to keep 

5751
05:16:50,600 --> 05:16:53,100
people in line, you made your 
home look like something that 

5752
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:56,400
could swallow them whole. 
Are those walls impossibly High?

5753
05:16:57,100 --> 05:17:00,100
They want just for defense, they
were Billboards, advertising 

5754
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:04,100
power visible from Miles Away. 
Making sure everyone knew 

5755
05:17:04,100 --> 05:17:07,300
exactly who was in charge. 
Take Warwick Castle in England 

5756
05:17:07,300 --> 05:17:10,900
when you approach it today, even
knowing you're just a tourist 

5757
05:17:10,900 --> 05:17:13,500
with a perfectly lovely car 
waiting in the parking lot. 

5758
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,800
Something Primal kicks in. 
As you walk toward those Towers,

5759
05:17:16,800 --> 05:17:19,800
it's the same feeling your 
ancestors would have had When 

5760
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:22,600
approaching the local Lord's 
stronghold, except they were 

5761
05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:25,600
probably carrying a complaint 
about their neighbor's goat and 

5762
05:17:25,600 --> 05:17:28,000
hoping not to be thrown in the 
dungeon for their trouble. 

5763
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:31,400
The Genius of medieval castle 
design was in the details that 

5764
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:33,300
most visitors never consciously 
noticed. 

5765
05:17:33,900 --> 05:17:36,800
Do those narrow Windows appear, 
so picturesque and photographs. 

5766
05:17:37,500 --> 05:17:40,300
They were specifically designed 
to be too small for attackers to

5767
05:17:40,300 --> 05:17:43,400
climb through but also too small
to let in much cheerful 

5768
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:46,400
sunlight. 
The result is interior lighting 

5769
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:48,800
that would make a horror movie 
to weep With Envy. 

5770
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:52,500
Always just dim enough to leave.
Your peripheral vision uncertain

5771
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:54,300
about what might be lurking in 
the corners. 

5772
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:57,500
And speaking of Corners medieval
Architects had a particular 

5773
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:00,300
talent for creating spaces that 
felt slightly off. 

5774
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:04,000
Rooms weren't quite Square. 
Corridors didn't quite run 

5775
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:07,200
straight and stares spiraled in 
ways that left you feeling 

5776
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:10,000
vaguely dizzy. 
This wasn't poor craftsmanship, 

5777
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:14,200
it was deliberate when you're 
defending a castle, you want to 

5778
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:16,200
attack us to feel disoriented 
and uncomfortable. 

5779
05:18:17,000 --> 05:18:19,700
The fact that these same design 
tricks work on Modern, tourists 

5780
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:22,900
is just a delightful bonus. 
Consider the psychological 

5781
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:24,600
effect of living in one of these
places. 

5782
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:28,900
If you were say a servant in the
14th century, you'd Wake Up 

5783
05:18:28,900 --> 05:18:32,900
Before Dawn in a small cold 
room, navigate Stone corridors 

5784
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:35,000
lit. 
Only by flickering torches and 

5785
05:18:35,000 --> 05:18:38,300
spend your day in vast Halls 
where your footsteps echoed like

5786
05:18:38,300 --> 05:18:41,700
Whispers from the grave. 
Is it surprising that the castle

5787
05:18:41,700 --> 05:18:43,600
staff? 
Cultivated, a rich tradition of 

5788
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:46,300
ghost stories? 
When you're already living in a 

5789
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:49,000
place designed to make you feel 
small and nervous, every 

5790
05:18:49,000 --> 05:18:51,200
unexplained sound becomes 
significant. 

5791
05:18:52,300 --> 05:18:55,500
Heating system or lack thereof 
added another layer to the 

5792
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:57,400
atmosphere. 
Medieval castles. 

5793
05:18:57,400 --> 05:19:01,100
Were chronically cold despite 
massive fireplaces that consumed

5794
05:19:01,100 --> 05:19:04,600
entire trees worth of wood. 
You've probably noticed how your

5795
05:19:04,600 --> 05:19:06,400
mood changes on dreary winter 
days? 

5796
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:08,000
When the house just won't warm 
up properly? 

5797
05:19:08,800 --> 05:19:12,100
Now, imagine living in a stone 
building where warm was a 

5798
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:15,300
relative concept and cozy was 
something that happened to other

5799
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:17,800
people in other places. 
This constant, chill. 

5800
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:21,000
Meant that everyone who lived in
these castles became experts in 

5801
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:23,200
reading the subtle variations in
coldness. 

5802
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:27,300
A sudden drop in temperature, 
the kind that makes modern Ghost

5803
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:29,400
Hunters. 
Reach for their thermometers was

5804
05:19:29,400 --> 05:19:31,400
just Tuesday afternoon near the 
north wall. 

5805
05:19:32,300 --> 05:19:35,100
But it also meant that people 
became incredibly sensitive to 

5806
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:38,300
atmospheric changes. 
Primed to notice when something 

5807
05:19:38,300 --> 05:19:41,500
felt different from the usual 
catalog of discomforts, the 

5808
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:44,000
social dynamics added. 
Another layer of psychological 

5809
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:48,200
pressure, these castles housed. 
Intricate hierarchies were 

5810
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:50,900
understanding one's position 
could literally determine one's 

5811
05:19:50,900 --> 05:19:53,600
fate. 
Servants, learn to move quietly 

5812
05:19:53,600 --> 05:19:56,400
to appear and disappear without 
drawing attention. 

5813
05:19:56,400 --> 05:20:00,700
And to navigate the Halls like 
Shadows After centuries of 

5814
05:20:00,708 --> 05:20:03,400
people perfecting the art of 
moving unseen through these 

5815
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,200
corridors, is it really 
surprising that later, 

5816
05:20:06,200 --> 05:20:08,600
generations started seeing 
mysterious figures in the 

5817
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,700
periphery of their vision. 
Food storage in medieval 

5818
05:20:11,700 --> 05:20:14,600
Castle's created its own. 
Share of mysterious sounds. 

5819
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:17,900
Those deep Cellars and 
underground Chambers were just 

5820
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:19,600
convenient for keeping wine. 
Cool. 

5821
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:23,200
They were essential for storing 
enough, Provisions to survive, a

5822
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:27,600
sea, but grain settling barrels,
creaking and small animals. 

5823
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:30,400
Getting into the stores. 
Created, a constant Symphony of 

5824
05:20:30,408 --> 05:20:33,200
unexplained noises echoing up 
through the floors. 

5825
05:20:34,000 --> 05:20:36,800
If you were lying in bed, in the
dead of night already on edge 

5826
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,100
from living in, what was 
essentially a beautiful stone 

5827
05:20:39,100 --> 05:20:41,800
bunker. 
Those sounds could easily become

5828
05:20:41,800 --> 05:20:44,200
something much more Sinister in 
your imagination. 

5829
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,500
The medieval mind shaped by a 
world where the supernatural was

5830
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:51,500
considered perfectly. 
Normal was already primed to 

5831
05:20:51,500 --> 05:20:54,400
interpret unusual experiences as
ghostly encounters. 

5832
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,400
When your daily reality included
believing in Miracles, demons 

5833
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:02,400
and divine intervention, a cold 
spot in the corridor or a door 

5834
05:21:02,400 --> 05:21:04,600
that creaked open. 
By itself wasn't necessarily 

5835
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:08,600
evidence of poor maintenance, it
was evidence of the spirit world

5836
05:21:08,600 --> 05:21:11,800
intersecting with your own. 
Let's get comfortable with some 

5837
05:21:11,800 --> 05:21:14,200
of history's. 
Most famous Royal residents, who

5838
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,200
apparently never got the memo 
about checking out. 

5839
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:18,900
You'd think being dead would 
come with some kind of 

5840
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:22,200
forwarding address service, but 
Europe's Noble ghosts, seem to 

5841
05:21:22,200 --> 05:21:24,700
have a remarkable attachment to 
their Earthly real estate. 

5842
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:28,000
Considering the property values.
It's understandable why they 

5843
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,600
would feel that way. 
The Tower of London. 

5844
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:33,500
Deserves special attention here 
because it's essentially a 

5845
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:37,200
five-star Resort for famous 
ghosts and Berlin that 

5846
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:40,000
unfortunate Queen who lost her 
head in more ways than one. 

5847
05:21:40,000 --> 05:21:43,100
Supposedly makes regular 
appearances around the grounds. 

5848
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:46,400
Now, before you start picturing 
a headless figure dramatically 

5849
05:21:46,400 --> 05:21:50,300
swooping around the battlements.
Consider and actual personality 

5850
05:21:50,300 --> 05:21:53,200
historical records show. 
She was intelligent 

5851
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,200
strong-willed and had a flair 
for making memorable entrances. 

5852
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,800
If you were going to haunt a 
location, wouldn't you prefer a 

5853
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:02,000
place where you had already made
a significant impression? 

5854
05:22:03,200 --> 05:22:05,800
The thing about Anne boleyn's 
ghost story is that it perfectly

5855
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:07,600
captures her historical 
character? 

5856
05:22:08,400 --> 05:22:11,100
She was never one to fade 
quietly into the background when

5857
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:13,500
she was alive. 
So, why would Death change her 

5858
05:22:13,500 --> 05:22:16,600
approach? 
Visitors report seeing a figure 

5859
05:22:16,600 --> 05:22:20,000
in Tudor dress walking the 
grounds sometimes carrying her 

5860
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:22,600
head under her arm like a 
particularly morbid handbag. 

5861
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:27,100
It's theatrical it's impossible 
to ignore and it's exactly the 

5862
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,200
kind of dramatic statement and 
would have appreciated, but 

5863
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:32,700
here's where it gets intriguing.
From a historical perspective. 

5864
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:35,800
The Tower of London has been a 
tourist attraction for 

5865
05:22:35,800 --> 05:22:40,700
centuries, not just decades, 
even in the 1800s individuals 

5866
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:43,200
travel to specifically with the 
hope of witnessing, something 

5867
05:22:43,200 --> 05:22:45,900
Supernatural. 
When you've got generations of 

5868
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:48,500
visitors showing up with ghost 
stories already in their heads 

5869
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:51,100
and tour guides, whose 
livelihood depends on keeping 

5870
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:53,700
those stories alive. 
The line between historical fact

5871
05:22:53,700 --> 05:22:56,400
and entertaining fiction gets 
charmingly blurry. 

5872
05:22:57,500 --> 05:23:00,500
Moving cross the channel. 
Let's visit shuttle buses in 

5873
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:03,400
front of our Valley, where the 
green lady has been making 

5874
05:23:03,400 --> 05:23:07,000
herself at home for centuries 
unlike and Berlin's dramatic 

5875
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:09,700
appearances. 
The green lady seems to prefer a

5876
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:11,000
more domestic approach to 
haunting. 

5877
05:23:11,000 --> 05:23:13,100
She's been spotted in the tower 
room. 

5878
05:23:13,100 --> 05:23:16,000
Apparently, just going about her
business, as if she still lives.

5879
05:23:16,000 --> 05:23:19,100
There guests have reported 
waking up to find her standing 

5880
05:23:19,100 --> 05:23:22,400
in their room, not menacingly, 
but almost as if she is checking

5881
05:23:22,408 --> 05:23:24,600
to make sure they have 
everything they need for a 

5882
05:23:24,600 --> 05:23:28,400
comfortable stay. 
The current Duke of ressac whose

5883
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:30,900
family has owned the shadow. 
For centuries talks about the 

5884
05:23:30,900 --> 05:23:34,100
green lady, the way you might 
discuss a long time neighbor who

5885
05:23:34,100 --> 05:23:37,800
has a key to your house. 
She's part of the family now, a 

5886
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:39,600
presence that's more familiar 
than frightening. 

5887
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:42,100
This casual acceptance says 
something. 

5888
05:23:42,100 --> 05:23:45,000
Fascinating about how European 
aristocracy has learned to live 

5889
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:48,500
with their history? 
Literally What's particularly 

5890
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:51,300
Charming about Royal ghosts is 
how they seem to maintain their 

5891
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:53,200
social protocols, even after 
death. 

5892
05:23:53,800 --> 05:23:57,300
They appear in the finest rooms 
where their best clothes and 

5893
05:23:57,300 --> 05:24:00,000
generally conduct themselves 
with the dignity befitting their

5894
05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:02,800
station. 
You don't hear stories about 

5895
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,500
Royal ghosts, hanging around the
kitchens or the servants 

5896
05:24:05,500 --> 05:24:08,700
quarters, even in death. 
Apparently one must maintain 

5897
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:12,600
proper standards Glamis castle. 
In Scotland childhood home of 

5898
05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:15,800
the Queen Mother hosts, several 
ghostly Nobles, who seem to have

5899
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:19,600
turned haunting into a social 
activity The Grey Lady, the 

5900
05:24:19,600 --> 05:24:22,400
white lady and various other 
colorfully named Spirits. 

5901
05:24:22,400 --> 05:24:25,100
Apparently share the Castle's 
corridors like a supernatural 

5902
05:24:25,100 --> 05:24:27,100
house party. 
That's been going on for 

5903
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,100
centuries. 
The current residents of these 

5904
05:24:30,100 --> 05:24:33,200
ghosts with the kind of fond 
tolerance, usually reserved for 

5905
05:24:33,208 --> 05:24:35,900
elderly, relatives who tell the 
same stories, every family 

5906
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:38,500
gathering. 
There's something deeply human 

5907
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:40,400
about our fascination with royal
ghosts. 

5908
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:43,600
These people, live such 
extraordinary lives that they 

5909
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:45,300
could have been fairy tale 
characters. 

5910
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:49,000
Their ghosts allow us to imagine
them as real people with real 

5911
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:50,400
problems. 
Real regrets. 

5912
05:24:50,400 --> 05:24:53,300
And real attachments to the 
places they called home. 

5913
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:55,800
The Persistence of Royal ghost 
stories. 

5914
05:24:55,800 --> 05:24:59,000
Also reflect something profound 
about how we process historical.

5915
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:01,700
Trauma. 
Many of these Noble Spirits died

5916
05:25:01,700 --> 05:25:06,300
violently or tragically executed
for treason poisoned by rivals 

5917
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:08,600
or simply crushed under the 
weight of impossible 

5918
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:11,900
expectations. 
Their ghost stories become a way

5919
05:25:11,900 --> 05:25:14,800
of acknowledging that suffering 
of saying that these were just 

5920
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:17,900
names in history books. 
But real people whose pain 

5921
05:25:17,900 --> 05:25:21,200
Echoes through the centuries. 
When you visit these castles 

5922
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:23,700
today and feel that familiar, 
chill, you're not just 

5923
05:25:23,700 --> 05:25:27,000
experiencing atmospheric 
theatrics, your standing in 

5924
05:25:27,000 --> 05:25:29,900
places where the most dramatic 
moments in European history. 

5925
05:25:29,900 --> 05:25:33,900
Played out Where decisions that 
shape nation's were made and 

5926
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:36,100
where real people face 
impossible choices with 

5927
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:38,400
consequences that rippled 
through generations. 

5928
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:41,300
The Royal ghosts of Europe's 
Castle's aren't just 

5929
05:25:41,300 --> 05:25:43,600
entertainment. 
There are way of keeping faith 

5930
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:46,700
with the past of ensuring that 
the human stories behind the 

5931
05:25:46,700 --> 05:25:48,700
grand historical. 
Narratives, never fade, 

5932
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,000
completely from memory. 
Settle back with your tea 

5933
05:25:52,000 --> 05:25:54,500
because we're about to explore 
how the everyday reality of 

5934
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:56,500
medieval castle. 
Life created, the perfect 

5935
05:25:56,500 --> 05:26:00,000
conditions for ghost stories to 
flourish like mushrooms in a 

5936
05:26:00,000 --> 05:26:02,700
damp cellar. 
The truth is, if you designed a 

5937
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:05,200
building specifically to 
generate Supernatural Legends, 

5938
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:08,200
you'd probably end up with 
something, remarkably similar to

5939
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,000
a medieval castle. 
Let's start with the most 

5940
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,400
practical consideration, 
medieval Plumbing or more 

5941
05:26:14,400 --> 05:26:16,200
accurately the complete absence 
thereof. 

5942
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:20,800
Those romantic looking guards, 
medieval toilets, built into the

5943
05:26:20,800 --> 05:26:24,100
castle walls were essentially 
stoned seats with holes that 

5944
05:26:24,100 --> 05:26:27,000
dropped waste directly into the 
moat or Castle Courtyard. 

5945
05:26:27,800 --> 05:26:30,700
The smell alone was enough to 
make people avoid certain areas 

5946
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:34,200
of the castle, creating haunted 
zones that were really just 

5947
05:26:34,200 --> 05:26:36,900
uninhabitable due to Medieval 
sanitation practices. 

5948
05:26:36,900 --> 05:26:40,300
But odors weren't the only 
atmospheric challenge, the 

5949
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:42,900
acoustic properties of stone 
Castle's meant that every 

5950
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:46,700
footstep every closing door, and
every conversation echoed and 

5951
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:51,200
traveled in unexpected ways. 
Sound could bounce around stone 

5952
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:54,300
corridors for what felt like 
miles appearing to come from 

5953
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:57,300
empty rooms. 
All Vanishing into walls if you 

5954
05:26:57,308 --> 05:27:01,100
were a medieval person trying to
sleep, the constant unexplained 

5955
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:02,900
noises would have made you very 
creative. 

5956
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:07,200
Consider the daily rhythm of 
Castle life most activities 

5957
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:10,000
happen during daylight hours 
because candles and torches were

5958
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:13,700
expensive and dangerous. 
Once Darkness fell the castle, 

5959
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:16,700
transformed into a maze of 
Shadows and uncertain spaces. 

5960
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:20,300
People learn to navigate by 
memory and feel, which meant 

5961
05:27:20,300 --> 05:27:22,600
that anyone moving through the 
Halls after dark, would 

5962
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,700
naturally, move quietly and 
cautiously exactly the way 

5963
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:28,500
modern people imagine ghosts 
would move the servants 

5964
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:30,600
quarters. 
Tell their story Castle. 

5965
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,800
Staff often lived in tiny rooms,
tucked into walls under 

5966
05:27:33,800 --> 05:27:36,600
staircases or in converted 
storage spaces. 

5967
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:40,000
They appeared and disappeared 
through hidden passages and back

5968
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:42,000
stairs, going about their 
duties. 

5969
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:44,600
While remaining largely 
invisible to the noble families.

5970
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:48,300
That generations of servants 
knew how to move through the 

5971
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:51,100
castle on scene. 
Is it any wonder that people 

5972
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:54,300
began to see mysterious figures 
in the corridors food? 

5973
05:27:54,300 --> 05:27:57,000
Preparation added another layer 
of mysterious activity. 

5974
05:27:57,800 --> 05:28:01,500
Castle kitchens operated almost 
around the clock with staff 

5975
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:04,900
starting bread Before Dawn, and 
banking fires, late Into the 

5976
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:07,800
Night. 
The combination of heat, smoke 

5977
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:11,300
Steam, and the constant movement
of people carrying supplies 

5978
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:13,900
through service, corridors 
created, an atmosphere thick 

5979
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:15,900
with shadows and unexpected 
sounds. 

5980
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:19,900
Modern visitors experiencing 
these lingering effects often 

5981
05:28:19,900 --> 05:28:22,500
interpret them as Supernatural 
rather than the ghost of 

5982
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:25,600
medieval meal prep. 
The sheer number of people who 

5983
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:27,900
lived and worked in these 
castles over the centuries 

5984
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:30,400
creates. 
What you might call historical 

5985
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:35,000
density, A successful Castle 
might house. 50 to 200 people at

5986
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:37,400
any given time. 
Over 500 years. 

5987
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:40,000
That's tens of thousands of 
individuals who called these 

5988
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:42,700
stone walls home. 
Each person brought their 

5989
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:46,200
habits, superstitions and 
stories, the mathematical 

5990
05:28:46,200 --> 05:28:48,800
probability of strange 
experience is starts looking 

5991
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:51,200
pretty favorable when you 
multiply Human Nature by that 

5992
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:52,800
many people across that much 
time. 

5993
05:28:53,600 --> 05:28:56,200
Medieval medicine deserves 
special mention in our ghost 

5994
05:28:56,200 --> 05:29:00,100
tour, people died frequently and
often mysteriously, simply 

5995
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:02,900
because medical knowledge was 
limited and life expectancy was 

5996
05:29:02,900 --> 05:29:05,400
short. 
In a world where sudden death 

5997
05:29:05,400 --> 05:29:08,500
was common, the boundary between
the living and the dead felt 

5998
05:29:08,500 --> 05:29:12,000
much thinner than it does today.
People were already primed to 

5999
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:14,400
believe that those who died 
might stick around to finish 

6000
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:17,600
unfinished business. 
The medieval calendar was packed

6001
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:20,700
with religious observances. 
Many of which involved honoring 

6002
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:24,600
the dead or contemplating the 
afterlife All Saints, Day, All 

6003
05:29:24,600 --> 05:29:28,300
Souls day, and various feast 
days, dedicated to Marta's kept 

6004
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:31,200
death and the spiritual world at
the Forefront of daily 

6005
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:34,600
consciousness. 
In that context, seeing a ghost,

6006
05:29:34,608 --> 05:29:36,700
wasn't a shocking Supernatural 
event. 

6007
05:29:36,700 --> 05:29:39,100
It was practically a religious 
experience. 

6008
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:43,100
Castle construction itself, 
contributed to the mysterious 

6009
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:45,700
atmosphere and evil. 
Builders worked with the 

6010
05:29:45,708 --> 05:29:48,300
materials and techniques 
available, which meant that 

6011
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:52,400
walls settled, Foundation, 
shifted and Joints, creaked as 

6012
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:55,900
the buildings aged Doors that 
had hung perfectly straight for 

6013
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:57,900
decades. 
Might suddenly start swinging, 

6014
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:02,300
open due to structural settling.
Windows that once fit snugly 

6015
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:04,200
might be begin. 
Rattling in their frames. 

6016
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:07,300
These perfectly normal signs of 
an aging building became 

6017
05:30:07,300 --> 05:30:09,600
evidence of Supernatural 
activity to people who were 

6018
05:30:09,600 --> 05:30:13,300
already expecting such things. 
The isolation of many Castle's 

6019
05:30:13,300 --> 05:30:15,300
Amplified every mysterious 
experience. 

6020
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,800
When your nearest neighbors 
might be miles, away and winter.

6021
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:22,200
Travel was nearly impossible. 
Your Castle became a closed 

6022
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:25,400
world where every unexplained 
event took on outside 

6023
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:29,700
significant, there was no one to
compare notes with no outside 

6024
05:30:29,700 --> 05:30:31,700
perspective to provide rational 
explanations. 

6025
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:34,800
Three people in the castle saw 
something. 

6026
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:39,300
Strange, it became fact rather 
than shared imagination where 

6027
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:41,900
the patterns around Castle's 
often created their own special 

6028
05:30:41,900 --> 05:30:44,500
effects. 
The tall, stone structures 

6029
05:30:44,500 --> 05:30:47,500
affected, local air, currents 
creating sudden temperature, 

6030
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:50,700
changes, unexpected, drafts, and
localized. 

6031
05:30:50,700 --> 05:30:52,900
Fog that could appear and 
disappear without warning. 

6032
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:56,600
These natural phenomena filtered
through, medieval understanding 

6033
05:30:56,600 --> 05:31:00,000
of the world became evidence of 
other worldly presents. 

6034
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,500
Pour yourself another cup of tea
because the Renaissance brought 

6035
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,400
some fascinating changes to 
Castle haunting though. 

6036
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:08,100
Perhaps not. 
In the ways you might expect. 

6037
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:11,900
While the rest of Europe, was 
discovering perspective, in art 

6038
05:31:11,900 --> 05:31:15,400
and revolution in science 
Castle, ghosts were getting a 

6039
05:31:15,400 --> 05:31:17,500
major upgrade in sophistication 
and style. 

6040
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:21,900
The Renaissance mind was caught 
in a delightful contradiction on

6041
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,900
one hand, humanist, Scholars 
were promoting rational thinking

6042
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:28,400
and scientific observation. 
On the other hand, this period 

6043
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,000
was also characterized by 
elaborate Court ceremonies 

6044
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:34,800
theatrical drama and artistic 
expression that celebrated the 

6045
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,600
mysterious and Sublime 
Renaissance goes. 

6046
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:41,200
It seems decided to embrace both
Trends simultaneously. 

6047
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:44,700
Take the haunting of Bran Castle
in Romania. 

6048
05:31:44,700 --> 05:31:49,000
Yes Dracula's supposed stomping 
grounds over Vlad, the Impala 

6049
05:31:49,000 --> 05:31:50,600
probably never actually lived 
there. 

6050
05:31:51,500 --> 05:31:54,400
During the Renaissance period, 
this Castle became a customs 

6051
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:57,300
post between wallachia and 
Transylvania which meant it 

6052
05:31:57,300 --> 05:32:00,600
hosted a constant stream of 
merchants diplomats and 

6053
05:32:00,600 --> 05:32:03,400
travelers. 
Each visitor brought their 

6054
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,700
stories superstitions and 
cultural interpretations of what

6055
05:32:06,700 --> 05:32:09,400
they experienced in. 
Those ancient walls, the 

6056
05:32:09,400 --> 05:32:11,900
Renaissance was when ghost 
stories became more literary, 

6057
05:32:11,900 --> 05:32:14,300
more detailed and frankly, more 
entertaining. 

6058
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:17,800
Medieval ghost accounts tend to 
be brief and practical. 

6059
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:20,400
Brother. 
Thomas saw the deceased Abbott 

6060
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:21,600
Walking The Cloister at 
midnight. 

6061
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:25,600
Renaissance ghost stories. 
Read like short novels complete 

6062
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:28,600
with atmospheric details, 
character development, and 

6063
05:32:28,600 --> 05:32:31,800
dramatic plot twists. 
This shift happened, partly 

6064
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,900
because more people could read 
and write, but also because the 

6065
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:37,400
Renaissance celebrated 
storytelling as an art form 

6066
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:41,200
Castle residents, were no longer
content with simple appearances,

6067
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:45,100
by the deceased, their ghost 
needed to have style motivation 

6068
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:47,800
and preferably a tragic 
backstory, that would make for 

6069
05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:51,300
enjoyable dinner party 
conversation, the Chateau in, 

6070
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:54,000
France's Valley, exemplifies 
Renaissance, ghost 

6071
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:57,300
sophistication, chambourne, 
originally built by Francis. 

6072
05:32:57,300 --> 05:33:00,600
The first as a hunting lodge 
accidentally became one of the 

6073
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,100
most architecturally complex 
buildings in Europe, designed to

6074
05:33:04,100 --> 05:33:07,800
impress and confuse in equal 
measure, its famous double 

6075
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:10,600
spiral staircase means that two 
people can climb to the same 

6076
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:13,900
floor without ever meeting. 
Perfect for mysterious 

6077
05:33:13,900 --> 05:33:16,500
encounters that leave Witnesses 
questioning what they actually 

6078
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,500
saw. 
Renaissance Castle goes also 

6079
05:33:19,500 --> 05:33:22,500
became more interactive instead 
of Simply appearing and 

6080
05:33:22,500 --> 05:33:24,700
disappearing. 
They began leaving signs of 

6081
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:29,200
their presence, rearranged 
Furniture, mysterious music and 

6082
05:33:29,200 --> 05:33:31,300
doors that opened significant 
moments. 

6083
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:34,700
This wasn't just medieval drafts
and settling foundations. 

6084
05:33:34,700 --> 05:33:38,200
These were ghosts with a sense 
of timing and Theatrical Flair. 

6085
05:33:39,000 --> 05:33:41,900
The periods fascination with 
Alchemy and natural philosophy. 

6086
05:33:41,900 --> 05:33:44,400
Created. 
A new category of castles Spirit

6087
05:33:44,400 --> 05:33:48,300
the scholarly ghost. 
Libraries in Renaissance, 

6088
05:33:48,300 --> 05:33:51,400
Castle's started reporting 
mysterious research activities. 

6089
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:54,900
Books found open to specific 
passages quill pens. 

6090
05:33:54,900 --> 05:33:58,200
Discovered still wet with ink 
and candles burning in studies, 

6091
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:01,000
that should have been empty. 
These were not your typical 

6092
05:34:01,000 --> 05:34:04,000
chain rattling specters. 
These were intellectual ghosts 

6093
05:34:04,000 --> 05:34:06,100
pursuing, post-mortem continuing
education. 

6094
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:10,000
What's particularly intriguing 
is how Renaissance ghost stories

6095
05:34:10,000 --> 05:34:12,200
reflected the periods, political
uncertainties. 

6096
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:16,400
This was nearer of religious 
Reformation shifting alliance's 

6097
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:20,200
and social upheaval. 
Many Renaissance Castle, ghosts 

6098
05:34:20,200 --> 05:34:23,200
were set to appear during times 
of political crisis, as if the 

6099
05:34:23,200 --> 05:34:25,500
spirits of the past were 
commenting on contemporary 

6100
05:34:25,500 --> 05:34:28,300
events. 
Nostradamus would have loved the

6101
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:31,500
job security. 
The Renaissance also brought us 

6102
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:33,200
the concept of the Romantic 
ghost. 

6103
05:34:34,100 --> 05:34:36,600
Medieval Spirits were usually 
either benevolent religious 

6104
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:38,800
figures or dangerous entities to
be avoided. 

6105
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:42,400
Renaissance ghosts introduced, 
the idea of tragic lovers, 

6106
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:46,900
Noble, Spirit Seeking Justice 
and beautiful specters, whose 

6107
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:49,400
stories inspired poetry rather 
than prayers for production. 

6108
05:34:50,300 --> 05:34:53,000
These ghosts had backstories 
that would make modern romance. 

6109
05:34:53,000 --> 05:34:56,500
Novelists take notes. 
Italian Renaissance Castle's 

6110
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:59,800
developed their own particular 
flavor of Haunting the Costello 

6111
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:02,900
defense in the Oscar Valley. 
Reports of appearances by a lady

6112
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:05,900
in white who was supposedly 
walled up alive for adultery, 

6113
05:35:05,900 --> 05:35:09,000
the story that perfectly 
captures Renaissance themes of 

6114
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:11,900
passion, betrayal and dramatic 
Justice. 

6115
05:35:11,900 --> 05:35:15,700
Unlike medieval ghost stories 
that focused on moral lessons, 

6116
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:20,600
haunting explored complex, human
emotions and motivations the 

6117
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:23,200
periods, artistic sensibilities,
influenced how people 

6118
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:27,100
interpreted Supernatural 
experience's, Renaissance Castle

6119
05:35:27,100 --> 05:35:30,700
residents were trained to 
appreciate Beauty, symbolism and

6120
05:35:30,700 --> 05:35:33,400
dramatic effect. 
When they saw something 

6121
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:35,400
unexplained, they didn't just 
record it. 

6122
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:39,100
They analyzed its aesthetic 
qualities, its symbolic meaning,

6123
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:43,200
and its artistic Merit. 
This led to much more detailed 

6124
05:35:43,200 --> 05:35:46,200
and colorful ghost stories, 
Technical Innovations. 

6125
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:49,200
Also change the ghost game. 
Better glass making meant 

6126
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:52,300
clearer Windows, which meant 
better visibility for mysterious

6127
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:55,400
appearances. 
Improved, Metallurgy, created 

6128
05:35:55,400 --> 05:35:58,700
doors and hinges that moved more
smoothly, allowing for more 

6129
05:35:58,708 --> 05:36:02,400
subtle Supernatural effects. 
Even the ghost benefited from 

6130
05:36:02,400 --> 05:36:06,000
technological progress, the 
Renaissance of commissioning 

6131
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:08,600
detailed, portraits of family 
members created a new 

6132
05:36:08,608 --> 05:36:12,500
phenomenon, People started 
recognizing their ghosts in 

6133
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:14,600
stead of vague figures in 
outdated clothing. 

6134
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:17,000
Castle residents. 
Could now identify specific 

6135
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,200
ancestors based on their 
painted, like likenesses. 

6136
05:36:20,100 --> 05:36:21,600
Oh, that's just great. 
Aunt. 

6137
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,300
Margarita in the blue dress from
her portrait in the main hall 

6138
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:26,800
became a perfectly. 
Reasonable explanation for 

6139
05:36:26,800 --> 05:36:30,300
Supernatural Encounters, this 
period established, many of the 

6140
05:36:30,300 --> 05:36:32,800
ghost story conventions. 
We still recognize today. 

6141
05:36:33,700 --> 05:36:36,900
Tragic lover, the warning 
Spirit, The Unfinished Business 

6142
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,200
theme, and the idea that ghosts 
have distinct personalities, and

6143
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:43,300
motivations rather than being 
generic spooky phenomena. 

6144
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:46,500
Now, we're getting to the 
dramatic chapter of our Castle 

6145
05:36:46,500 --> 05:36:49,400
stories where European history 
provided enough. 

6146
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:51,200
Real life horror to make any 
ghost. 

6147
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:53,200
Story seemed like a gentle bed 
time, Tale. 

6148
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,600
Wrap that blanket a little 
tighter because we're about to 

6149
05:36:56,600 --> 05:36:58,600
explore. 
How centuries of warfare and 

6150
05:36:58,600 --> 05:37:01,000
disease created the perfect 
conditions for Supernatural 

6151
05:37:01,000 --> 05:37:04,500
Legends to flourish. 
The black death of the 14th, 

6152
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:07,200
century deserves special 
attention in our ghost tour. 

6153
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:10,100
Not just because it killed 
roughly 1/3 of Europe's 

6154
05:37:10,100 --> 05:37:13,000
population. 
But because of how it 

6155
05:37:13,000 --> 05:37:15,600
transformed, the relationship 
between the living and the dead 

6156
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,700
in Castle communities. 
When plague struck a castle 

6157
05:37:18,700 --> 05:37:21,000
death, wasn't a rare solemn 
occasion. 

6158
05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:24,100
It was a daily reality that 
could claim anyone from the 

6159
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:25,800
lowliest servant to the Lord 
himself. 

6160
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:29,700
Carefully Castle in Wales. 
Experienced multiple plague 

6161
05:37:29,700 --> 05:37:32,800
outbreaks over the centuries and
each one left, its mark on the 

6162
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:36,600
castle Supernatural reputation 
during play Year's normal, 

6163
05:37:36,600 --> 05:37:38,300
burial practices became 
impossible. 

6164
05:37:39,100 --> 05:37:41,500
Body's were often interred 
quickly and unmarked Graves, 

6165
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:45,200
within the castle grounds, or in
nearby Fields, Sentry's later, 

6166
05:37:45,200 --> 05:37:49,300
visitors report, cold spots, and
unexplained sensation in areas 

6167
05:37:49,300 --> 05:37:52,400
that archaeological surveys have
revealed contained, forgotten 

6168
05:37:52,400 --> 05:37:55,400
plague burials. 
The cycle impact of living 

6169
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:57,900
through a plague outbreak 
created ideal conditions for 

6170
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:01,200
ghost stories to develop. 
Survivors were traumatized 

6171
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:04,300
grieving and Hyper vigilant for 
signs of continued Danger. 

6172
05:38:05,400 --> 05:38:09,600
In this heightened emotional 
state, every unexplained sound 

6173
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:13,500
every shadow in peripheral 
vision and every cold draft 

6174
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:17,300
became potentially significant. 
People who had watched friends 

6175
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:20,100
and family die, suddenly were 
primed to believe that the dead 

6176
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:22,900
might return. 
Wartime added its own layer of 

6177
05:38:22,908 --> 05:38:24,900
Supernatural activity to Castle 
life. 

6178
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,900
The seige of Carcassonne, during
the albigensian Crusade lasted 

6179
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:32,200
for months with attackers, and 
Defenders locked in a brutal 

6180
05:38:32,200 --> 05:38:34,700
standoff. 
Modern visitors to this 

6181
05:38:34,700 --> 05:38:37,700
remarkably preserved medieval 
city report hearing Phantom 

6182
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:41,800
sounds of combat. 
Clash of metal on metal shouts 

6183
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:44,100
in languages. 
They don't recognize and the 

6184
05:38:44,100 --> 05:38:46,100
Thunder of horses, hooves on 
stones. 

6185
05:38:47,100 --> 05:38:49,500
But here's what makes these War 
related hauntings particularly 

6186
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,200
interesting. 
Many of the reported for nominal

6187
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:55,100
match historical accounts of 
medieval Siege Warfare. 

6188
05:38:55,900 --> 05:38:57,600
The mysterious sounds visitors 
here. 

6189
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:00,900
Aren't random ghostly noises. 
There are acoustically 

6190
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:04,000
consistent with the specific 
weapons and tactics used during 

6191
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:07,900
documented, historical battles. 
It's as if the stones themselves

6192
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:10,700
recorded the events and 
occasionally play them back for 

6193
05:39:10,700 --> 05:39:13,300
modern audiences Castle. 
Dungeons deserve their own 

6194
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:17,100
chapter in any respectable Ghost
Story, collection, places like 

6195
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:19,000
the Tower of London and Chateau 
de. 

6196
05:39:19,008 --> 05:39:22,900
Valsen housed, political 
prisoners for centuries, many of

6197
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:25,200
whom died in captivity under 
less than Pleasant 

6198
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:28,000
circumstances. 
These underground Chambers were 

6199
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,300
designed to be psychologically 
oppressive with minimal light, 

6200
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:35,700
poor ventilation and Acoustics 
that Amplified every sound into 

6201
05:39:35,700 --> 05:39:37,400
an echoing reminder of 
isolation. 

6202
05:39:38,400 --> 05:39:41,300
Fascinating thing about dungeon 
haunting is how they reflect the

6203
05:39:41,300 --> 05:39:43,700
specific fears of different 
historical periods. 

6204
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:46,900
Medieval prisoners worried about
eternal damnation. 

6205
05:39:46,900 --> 05:39:50,100
So dungeon ghosts from this 
period often appear seeking 

6206
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:53,500
religious absolution Renaissance
prisoners, feared political 

6207
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:56,300
disgrace. 
So their Spirits seem concerned 

6208
05:39:56,300 --> 05:39:59,500
with clearing their family 
names, More recent political 

6209
05:39:59,500 --> 05:40:02,100
prisoners were often 
intellectuals and their ghost 

6210
05:40:02,100 --> 05:40:04,500
reportedly engaged in more 
sophisticated haunting 

6211
05:40:04,500 --> 05:40:08,700
activities rearranging books, 
leaving written Messengers or 

6212
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:11,400
appearing in libraries rather 
than just rattling chains. 

6213
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,500
Plague and warfare also created 
a phenomenon unique to Castle. 

6214
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:18,600
Community's Collective trauma 
that lasted for Generations. 

6215
05:40:18,600 --> 05:40:22,400
Unlike Villages that might be 
abandoned after a disaster. 

6216
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:26,600
Castle's were two valuable to 
abandon completely. new 

6217
05:40:26,600 --> 05:40:29,100
residents moved into spaces 
where terrible things had 

6218
05:40:29,100 --> 05:40:31,900
happened, inheriting not just 
the buildings, but also the 

6219
05:40:31,900 --> 05:40:36,600
psychological atmosphere created
by previous tragedies Matilda 

6220
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:38,100
Breeze. 
In France's Louis Valley 

6221
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:41,300
illustrates this beautifully 
built on the site of earlier 

6222
05:40:41,300 --> 05:40:43,500
fortifications, that were 
destroyed during various 

6223
05:40:43,500 --> 05:40:46,200
conflicts. 
The current Castle incorporates 

6224
05:40:46,200 --> 05:40:49,200
stones from buildings where 
people lived fought and died 

6225
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:53,000
over more than 1,000 years. 
Modern visitors report a sense 

6226
05:40:53,000 --> 05:40:56,100
of layered history. 
Not just one ghost story, but 

6227
05:40:56,100 --> 05:40:58,000
multiple eras of Human 
Experience. 

6228
05:40:58,000 --> 05:41:01,600
Compressed into a single 
location, Battlefield castles 

6229
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:04,900
developed, their own special 
category of Haunting Edinburgh. 

6230
05:41:04,900 --> 05:41:08,200
Castle built on a strategic 
military position that has been 

6231
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:12,000
fortified for over 1,000 years, 
reportedly host, ghostly 

6232
05:41:12,000 --> 05:41:14,000
reenactments of battles, from 
different eras. 

6233
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:17,500
Visitors described seeing 
Phantom soldiers in our armor 

6234
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:20,700
from various historical periods 
as if different conflicts have 

6235
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:22,500
left their mark on the same 
piece of ground. 

6236
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,800
The Great Fire of London in 1666
affected, several castle-like 

6237
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:30,700
structures in the city, and the 
rebuilding process created 

6238
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:32,500
opportunities for new ghost 
stories. 

6239
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:34,900
To develop. 
When you're constructing new 

6240
05:41:34,900 --> 05:41:37,500
buildings on foundations, where 
people died in traumatic 

6241
05:41:37,500 --> 05:41:39,900
circumstances, you're 
essentially creating a 

6242
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:43,300
supernatural Time Capsule, the 
new structures, inherit the 

6243
05:41:43,308 --> 05:41:45,100
emotional Resonance of what came
before? 

6244
05:41:45,100 --> 05:41:47,500
Medical practices of earlier 
eras. 

6245
05:41:47,500 --> 05:41:51,000
Also contributed to Castle 
hauntings, medieval and 

6246
05:41:51,000 --> 05:41:53,500
Renaissance medicine, often 
involved procedures that were 

6247
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:57,700
essentially torture by modern 
standards. castle infirmaries 

6248
05:41:57,700 --> 05:41:59,800
and Chambers where medical 
treatment took place became 

6249
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:02,900
associated with Supernatural 
activity, not because of 

6250
05:42:02,900 --> 05:42:06,600
malevolent spirits, but because 
of the intense human suffering 

6251
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:10,500
that occurred in these spaces, 
As we reached the end of our 

6252
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:14,100
cozy journey through haunted, 
castle history, let's explore 

6253
05:42:14,100 --> 05:42:18,100
how these ancient Stones can 
continue to mystify and enchant 

6254
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,700
visitors in our modern world. 
Pour the last of your tea 

6255
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:24,300
because we're about to discover 
that the boundary between 

6256
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:26,900
history and mystery has only 
gotten more intriguing with 

6257
05:42:26,900 --> 05:42:29,300
time. 
The Advent of Photography in the

6258
05:42:29,308 --> 05:42:32,800
19th century created an entirely
new dimension to Castle ghost 

6259
05:42:32,800 --> 05:42:35,300
stories. 
Suddenly people could document 

6260
05:42:35,300 --> 05:42:38,600
their Supernatural experience is
leading to the famous ghost 

6261
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:40,600
photographs that still circulate
today. 

6262
05:42:41,300 --> 05:42:44,800
Of course, Victorian photography
was particularly susceptible to 

6263
05:42:44,800 --> 05:42:48,600
double exposures lightly and 
other technical issues that 

6264
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:50,500
could create mysterious figures 
in images. 

6265
05:42:51,400 --> 05:42:54,300
But here's the Charming part, 
many of these photographic 

6266
05:42:54,300 --> 05:42:57,900
Spirits appeared in exactly the 
locations where oral Traditions 

6267
05:42:57,900 --> 05:42:59,900
had been reporting ghosts for 
centuries. 

6268
05:43:00,900 --> 05:43:04,400
Modern technology has brought 
new tools to Old Mysteries that 

6269
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:06,400
the results are fascinatingly 
contradictory. 

6270
05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:10,600
Electromagnetic field detectors,
register unusual readings and 

6271
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:13,600
Castle Chambers where people 
have reported Supernatural 

6272
05:43:13,600 --> 05:43:17,500
activity for Generations thermal
cameras capture cold spots that 

6273
05:43:17,500 --> 05:43:20,800
correspond to traditional ghost.
Sightings digital voice 

6274
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,400
recorders pick up unexplained 
sound in empty. 

6275
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:25,600
Corridors. 
Yet none of this, modern 

6276
05:43:25,600 --> 05:43:28,700
equipment can definitively prove
or disprove the presence of 

6277
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,000
Supernatural activity. 
It just adds new layers to the 

6278
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,400
mystery. what's particularly 
interesting is how different 

6279
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:38,200
generations of visitors 
interpret the same phenomena 

6280
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:41,200
Your grandparents might have 
attributed mysterious 

6281
05:43:41,200 --> 05:43:44,000
experiences to family Spirits 
watching over the castle. 

6282
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:47,500
Your parents might have looked 
for psychological explanations 

6283
05:43:47,500 --> 05:43:49,600
involving suggestion and 
atmospheric pressure. 

6284
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:53,500
Today's visitors often approach 
Castle Mysteries with a mixture 

6285
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:57,400
of scientific skepticism. 
And hopeful curiosity armed with

6286
05:43:57,400 --> 05:43:59,700
smartphone cameras and a 
willingness to believe that 

6287
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:01,900
reality might be more complex 
than we understand. 

6288
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:06,200
Tourism has transformed these 
castles into stages where 

6289
05:44:06,200 --> 05:44:08,700
history and mystery perform 
together for modern audiences 

6290
05:44:08,700 --> 05:44:12,600
guides places like Warwick 
Castle or the Tower of London, 

6291
05:44:12,600 --> 05:44:15,500
have become skilled 
storytellers, who can weave 

6292
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:18,200
historical facts and legendary 
ghosts into narratives that 

6293
05:44:18,200 --> 05:44:20,200
satisfy both Skeptics and 
believers. 

6294
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:23,800
They've discovered that the most
effective ghost stories aren't 

6295
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:25,400
just about supernatural 
encounters. 

6296
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:27,900
There are about human 
connections across time. 

6297
05:44:27,900 --> 05:44:30,900
Conservation efforts have 
revealed fascinating new 

6298
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:33,300
information about how these 
castles were actually used. 

6299
05:44:33,300 --> 05:44:36,800
Which often contradicts romantic
Notions about medieval life 

6300
05:44:36,800 --> 05:44:39,400
ground. 
Penetrating radar has discovered

6301
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:42,600
hidden rooms sealed, passages 
and forgotten burial sites. 

6302
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:46,200
Each archaeological Discovery 
adds new chapters to the castle 

6303
05:44:46,200 --> 05:44:49,500
story and sometimes provides 
rational explanations for 

6304
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:51,600
Mysteries that have puzzled 
people for centuries. 

6305
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:55,500
But here's what remains 
beautifully, unexplained the 

6306
05:44:55,500 --> 05:44:58,000
emotional impact these places 
have on Modern visitors. 

6307
05:44:58,000 --> 05:45:01,000
You can understand the 
architectural techniques that 

6308
05:45:01,000 --> 05:45:04,300
create dramatic Acoustics. 
The historical reasons for 

6309
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:07,800
intimidating designs and the 
psychological factors that make 

6310
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:10,300
people susceptible to 
Supernatural interpretation. 

6311
05:45:11,300 --> 05:45:13,800
Yet, none of that knowledge. 
Diminishes the feeling you get? 

6312
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,200
When you walk through a medieval
Great Hall or climb a spiral 

6313
05:45:17,200 --> 05:45:19,800
staircase that has been warned, 
Smooth by centuries of 

6314
05:45:19,800 --> 05:45:24,100
footsteps, contemporary Castle 
residents, the family's careers 

6315
05:45:24,100 --> 05:45:27,300
and staff who actually live and 
work in these places offer, 

6316
05:45:27,300 --> 05:45:29,400
perhaps the most balanced 
perspective on their 

6317
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,900
Supernatural reputation. 
They've learned to coexist with 

6318
05:45:32,900 --> 05:45:36,200
both the history and the Mystery
treating unusual experiences as 

6319
05:45:36,200 --> 05:45:39,100
just another aspect of daily 
life in an unusual setting. 

6320
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:42,100
They're neither dismissive 
Skeptics nor credulous 

6321
05:45:42,100 --> 05:45:44,400
Believers. 
They're simply people who found 

6322
05:45:44,400 --> 05:45:46,200
practical ways to live with the 
inexplicable. 

6323
05:45:47,000 --> 05:45:49,700
The real magic of Europe's 
haunted castles isn't in their 

6324
05:45:49,700 --> 05:45:52,000
ghost stories. 
It's in their ability to 

6325
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,000
collapse time, to make the past,
feel immediately present. 

6326
05:45:55,000 --> 05:45:57,700
And to remind us that we're part
of a human story. 

6327
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,100
That stretches back centuries 
when you stand in a medieval 

6328
05:46:01,100 --> 05:46:04,200
chamber and feel that familiar 
chill, you're not necessarily 

6329
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:06,300
encountering. 
The supernatural your 

6330
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:09,100
encountering, the accumulated 
weight of Human Experience. 

6331
05:46:09,100 --> 05:46:12,400
The emotional residue of all the
lives that have touched that 

6332
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:16,000
space. these castles servers 
Bridges between our world and 

6333
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:18,900
the worlds of our ancestors 
places where the modern and the 

6334
05:46:18,900 --> 05:46:22,600
ancient coexist with remarkable 
Grace, whether you leave 

6335
05:46:22,600 --> 05:46:25,400
believing in ghosts or simply in
the power of History to move. 

6336
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:29,400
And Inspire, you've participated
in a traditional wonder that 

6337
05:46:29,400 --> 05:46:32,700
connects you to every other 
person who has ever looked up at

6338
05:46:32,700 --> 05:46:36,000
those ancient walls and felt the
presence of something larger 

6339
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:38,500
than themselves. 
So as you settle down to sleep 

6340
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:41,600
tonight, remember that the real 
haunting power of Europe's? 

6341
05:46:41,600 --> 05:46:45,300
Castles lies not in their 
Supernatural residents but in 

6342
05:46:45,308 --> 05:46:48,400
their ability to keep human 
stories alive across centuries. 

6343
05:46:48,400 --> 05:46:51,300
They remind us that we are all 
temporary residents in the 

6344
05:46:51,308 --> 05:46:54,000
ground cast of History. 
Each adding our own small 

6345
05:46:54,000 --> 05:46:56,800
chapter to stories that will 
continue long after we're gone. 

6346
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:01,100
Sweet dreams fellow traveler may
your own Adventures, be filled 

6347
05:47:01,100 --> 05:47:04,200
with just the right amount of 
mystery and just enough Solid. 

6348
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:07,500
Ground beneath your feet to keep
you safe, while you explore the 

6349
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:18,500
beautiful unknown. 
Alexander Graham Bell was born 

6350
05:47:18,500 --> 05:47:23,100
into a world of silence and 
sound on March 3rd. 1847 in 

6351
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:26,500
Edinburgh Scotland, while 
history remembers in primarily 

6352
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:27,800
as the inventor of the 
telephone. 

6353
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,400
Bells relationship with sound 
began long before his famous 

6354
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,700
invention, shaped by a family 
Legacy that would set him on an 

6355
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:37,100
unexpected path. 
His father. 

6356
05:47:37,100 --> 05:47:40,800
Alexander Melville Bell was no 
ordinary man. 

6357
05:47:40,800 --> 05:47:43,100
A Pioneer in elocution and 
speech. 

6358
05:47:43,100 --> 05:47:45,900
Correction the Elder belted 
visible speech. 

6359
05:47:46,700 --> 05:47:49,400
A revolutionary system of 
phonetic symbols representing 

6360
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:53,200
the position of the throat 
tongue and lips during speech. 

6361
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:56,500
This ingenious method allowed 
the death to learn spoken 

6362
05:47:56,500 --> 05:47:59,600
language by mimicking. 
These positions, the Bell 

6363
05:47:59,600 --> 05:48:02,700
household wasn't just a home. 
It was a laboratory of human 

6364
05:48:02,700 --> 05:48:06,400
expression, the conversations 
about valve formations and 

6365
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:09,000
consonant articulation. 
Whereas, common as discussion 

6366
05:48:09,000 --> 05:48:13,200
about the weather, what's really
discussed is how young Alex as 

6367
05:48:13,200 --> 05:48:16,300
he was called. 
Didn't initially share his 

6368
05:48:16,300 --> 05:48:18,900
father's fascination with 
speech, his early, passion 

6369
05:48:18,900 --> 05:48:22,600
centered on music and botany 
spending hours collecting and 

6370
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:25,200
classifying plants around 
Edinburgh at 12. 

6371
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:27,100
While wandering through the 
wheat fields near his 

6372
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:30,400
grandparents home. 
He invented a simple dehusking 

6373
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:33,800
machine using rotating paddles. 
His first invention came not 

6374
05:48:33,800 --> 05:48:37,700
from sound but from Plants 
Bell's mother Eliza Grace 

6375
05:48:37,700 --> 05:48:41,600
Simon's was progressively death,
yet she possessed remarkable 

6376
05:48:41,600 --> 05:48:45,400
musical Talent. 
This Paradox a woman unable to 

6377
05:48:45,408 --> 05:48:49,000
fully hear who could still play 
piano beautifully created Bells,

6378
05:48:49,000 --> 05:48:52,100
first understanding that sound 
existed beyond the ears alone. 

6379
05:48:52,100 --> 05:48:55,600
He discovered, he could 
communicate with her by speaking

6380
05:48:55,600 --> 05:48:59,700
in low clear tones Close to her 
forehead allowing her to feel 

6381
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:03,300
the vibration of his voice. 
An intimate form of 

6382
05:49:03,300 --> 05:49:06,300
communication that taught him 
sound was as much physical as 

6383
05:49:06,300 --> 05:49:09,000
auditory. 
The households connection to 

6384
05:49:09,000 --> 05:49:11,900
deafness deepened. 
When bells two brothers died of 

6385
05:49:11,900 --> 05:49:15,200
tuberculosis leaving him, The 
Souls of surviving son. 

6386
05:49:16,400 --> 05:49:20,300
Few historians acknowledge the 
shadow this tragedy caste Belle.

6387
05:49:20,300 --> 05:49:22,200
Developed an almost 
superstitious belief that his 

6388
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:25,500
work with the deaf was somehow 
protective believing that by 

6389
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:27,900
dedicating himself to helping 
those without hearing. 

6390
05:49:27,900 --> 05:49:31,000
He might Escape the Fate to his 
brothers. 

6391
05:49:32,000 --> 05:49:35,500
That's 16, Bell began teaching 
music and elocution at Western 

6392
05:49:35,500 --> 05:49:39,400
House Academy in Elgin Scotland 
trading lessons for board while 

6393
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:42,900
continuing his education. 
Here he encountered James Bell, 

6394
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:47,000
no relation who introduced him 
to electrical science Their 

6395
05:49:47,000 --> 05:49:49,500
experiments with a homemade 
battery, and Telegraph sparked 

6396
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,000
young, Bells, interest in 
electricity, though. 

6397
05:49:52,000 --> 05:49:55,200
He wouldn't connect it to sound 
for years to come, What's 

6398
05:49:55,200 --> 05:49:58,400
particularly fascinating, is how
Bell's early experiments weren't

6399
05:49:58,400 --> 05:50:01,200
aimed at distance communication,
but at something far more 

6400
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:04,100
fanciful, he and his brother 
Melville created. 

6401
05:50:04,100 --> 05:50:07,100
A speaking Automotive, 
essentially, a tempting to build

6402
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:09,100
a machine that could produce 
human speech. 

6403
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:12,600
Sounds they managed to make 
their creation speak by using 

6404
05:50:12,600 --> 05:50:15,900
Bellows for lungs. 
A crude larynx made from Reed 

6405
05:50:15,900 --> 05:50:19,500
and a flexible leather mouth 
with movable lips and tongue. 

6406
05:50:20,200 --> 05:50:22,700
Simple sounds and even not a 
phrases like Mama. 

6407
05:50:23,800 --> 05:50:27,000
This forgotten experiment 
reveals initial Fascination was 

6408
05:50:27,000 --> 05:50:30,300
not with transmitting human 
voices, but manufacturing them 

6409
05:50:30,300 --> 05:50:34,900
are fishy. 
In 1863 belt turned 16 and took 

6410
05:50:34,900 --> 05:50:38,700
a position as a pupil teacher of
elocution and music at Western 

6411
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:43,000
House Academy in Elgin Scotland.
While their Bell, read the work 

6412
05:50:43,000 --> 05:50:45,900
of German physicist. 
Hermann Von helmholtz who had 

6413
05:50:45,900 --> 05:50:48,500
conducted experiments 
demonstrating that electrical 

6414
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:51,600
currents could be used to 
simulate sound Bell. 

6415
05:50:51,600 --> 05:50:54,100
Couldn't read German and 
misinterpreted helmholtz's work 

6416
05:50:54,100 --> 05:50:57,700
believing the scientists had 
successfully transmitted vowel 

6417
05:50:57,700 --> 05:51:00,900
sounds over wire using 
electricity this productive 

6418
05:51:00,900 --> 05:51:03,800
misunderstanding planted to see 
that would eventually grow into 

6419
05:51:03,800 --> 05:51:07,300
the telephone after his brothers
deaths Bells. 

6420
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:10,200
Parents sought healthier, 
surroundings eventually settling

6421
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:13,600
on Canada. 
In 1870, the family made the 

6422
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:15,900
Atlantic Crossing. 
After Edward his second brother 

6423
05:51:15,900 --> 05:51:19,800
died from tuberculosis, this 
transition period is rarely 

6424
05:51:19,800 --> 05:51:23,200
highlighted yet. 
It was pivotal Bell was leaving 

6425
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:27,000
behind, not just a country, but 
an identity on the ship Crossing

6426
05:51:27,000 --> 05:51:29,100
to Canada. 
He grew a beard to look older 

6427
05:51:29,100 --> 05:51:31,800
attempting to reinvent himself 
in this new world. 

6428
05:51:32,100 --> 05:51:35,000
The man who arrived in North 
America was determined to 

6429
05:51:35,000 --> 05:51:38,500
escape, not just the tubercular 
area of Scotland, but also the 

6430
05:51:38,500 --> 05:51:43,700
shadow of family tragedy. 
In 1871 Alexander, Graham Bell 

6431
05:51:43,700 --> 05:51:46,600
arrived in Boston. 
Not as The Confident, inventor 

6432
05:51:46,600 --> 05:51:49,700
history, often portrays. 
But as a man desperate for work,

6433
05:51:49,700 --> 05:51:53,400
his reputation as an expert, 
invisible speech, had proceeded 

6434
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:56,400
him and the Boston Board of 
Education hired him to train 

6435
05:51:56,400 --> 05:51:57,800
teachers at the school for the 
deaf. 

6436
05:51:58,700 --> 05:52:00,400
Bell was not merely teaching a 
method. 

6437
05:52:00,400 --> 05:52:03,500
He was challenging an entire 
philosophy of deaf education. 

6438
05:52:03,500 --> 05:52:06,900
The American approach to deaf 
education at the time. 

6439
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:10,800
Heavily favored sign language. 
Bell influenced by his father's 

6440
05:52:10,800 --> 05:52:14,900
methods advocated for oralism, 
teaching the deaf to speak and 

6441
05:52:14,900 --> 05:52:17,200
read lips a position. 
That would later earn him 

6442
05:52:17,200 --> 05:52:19,500
significant criticism from deaf 
communities. 

6443
05:52:20,400 --> 05:52:23,600
This ideological battle shaped 
Bells, early years in America 

6444
05:52:23,600 --> 05:52:26,300
and revealed his stubborn, 
willingness to Champion 

6445
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:29,100
unpopular ideas. 
A trait that would serve his 

6446
05:52:29,100 --> 05:52:31,800
inventing career. 
Well, What's typically 

6447
05:52:31,800 --> 05:52:35,300
overlooked in Bells biography? 
Is that he was perpetually broke

6448
05:52:35,300 --> 05:52:38,300
during these Boston years. 
He supplemented his teaching 

6449
05:52:38,300 --> 05:52:41,800
income by taking private pupils 
often traveling hours by horse 

6450
05:52:41,800 --> 05:52:45,500
drawn streetcar between lessons 
One such journey in Winter 

6451
05:52:45,500 --> 05:52:47,600
nearly cost him his life when he
fell through ice. 

6452
05:52:47,600 --> 05:52:50,900
While crossing the Charles River
as a shortcut soaked and 

6453
05:52:50,908 --> 05:52:54,300
freezing, barely reached his 
destination, where his students 

6454
05:52:54,300 --> 05:52:56,400
family had to throw him out 
before a roaring fire. 

6455
05:52:57,300 --> 05:53:00,300
Bell's private students included
the children of Boston's Elite 

6456
05:53:00,300 --> 05:53:03,600
families giving him access to 
Social Circles that would later 

6457
05:53:03,600 --> 05:53:06,000
provide crucial Financial 
backing for his invention. 

6458
05:53:06,000 --> 05:53:09,500
Among these students was George 
Saunders whose father would 

6459
05:53:09,500 --> 05:53:12,100
become one of Bell's most 
important Financial supporters. 

6460
05:53:13,100 --> 05:53:16,800
The Sanders home in Salem became
Bell's second residence, where 

6461
05:53:16,800 --> 05:53:18,700
he was given attic space for 
experiments. 

6462
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:22,400
This Arrangement, not only 
provided convenience, but also 

6463
05:53:22,400 --> 05:53:25,200
enabled Bell's wealthy 
supporters to closely monitor 

6464
05:53:25,200 --> 05:53:28,600
their investment. 
During this period Bell met 

6465
05:53:28,600 --> 05:53:31,600
Mabel Hubbard a student who had 
lost her hearing to scarlet 

6466
05:53:31,600 --> 05:53:35,200
fever at age. 
Five, ten years is Junior, Mabel

6467
05:53:35,200 --> 05:53:37,700
was bright and determined and 
came from a wealthy and 

6468
05:53:37,700 --> 05:53:41,000
well-connected family her 
father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard 

6469
05:53:41,000 --> 05:53:44,600
was a prominent, Boston lawyer 
and would later become Bell's, 

6470
05:53:44,600 --> 05:53:46,300
business, partner, mayor, and 
father-in-law. 

6471
05:53:47,300 --> 05:53:50,300
While their romance blossomed 
slowly, what's less known is 

6472
05:53:50,300 --> 05:53:54,300
that belly hesitated to pursue 
able worried that his work with 

6473
05:53:54,300 --> 05:53:57,100
the deaf might make her feel 
like a project rather than a 

6474
05:53:57,100 --> 05:53:59,200
partner. 
Belle's teaching, methods were 

6475
05:53:59,200 --> 05:54:01,900
revolutionary. 
But exhausting, he would spend 

6476
05:54:01,900 --> 05:54:05,200
hours with individual students, 
placing their hands on his face 

6477
05:54:05,200 --> 05:54:08,400
to feel the vibration. 
As he spoke moving their tongues

6478
05:54:08,400 --> 05:54:11,200
and lips with his fingers to 
form correct positions. 

6479
05:54:11,900 --> 05:54:16,000
This intimate Hands-On approach 
yielded remarkable results, but 

6480
05:54:16,000 --> 05:54:19,400
drained him, physically and 
emotionally After full days of 

6481
05:54:19,400 --> 05:54:22,500
teaching Bellwood Retreat, to 
his living quarters to conduct 

6482
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:26,200
experiments with electricity and
sound often working through the 

6483
05:54:26,200 --> 05:54:28,600
night. 
Bell's experimentation during 

6484
05:54:28,600 --> 05:54:31,400
this period, wasn't solely 
focused on Voice transmission. 

6485
05:54:31,400 --> 05:54:35,800
He was simultaneously developing
a harmonic Telegraph, a device 

6486
05:54:35,808 --> 05:54:39,000
capable of sending multiple 
Telegraph messages, concurrently

6487
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:42,300
over a single wire by using 
different musical tones. 

6488
05:54:43,300 --> 05:54:45,700
This approach directly 
challenged Western Unions, 

6489
05:54:45,700 --> 05:54:48,600
Telegraph Monopoly and attracted
Financial backing. 

6490
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:51,100
From those eager to break the 
company's Stranglehold on 

6491
05:54:51,100 --> 05:54:54,000
communication. 
Rarely discussed is the fact 

6492
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:57,100
that Bells unusual habit of 
combining disciplines often led 

6493
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:00,100
to his breakthroughs, his 
understanding of the human voice

6494
05:55:00,100 --> 05:55:03,500
acquired through years of speech
training informed. 

6495
05:55:03,500 --> 05:55:05,100
His electrical experiments in 
ways. 

6496
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:06,800
Pure electricians could not 
match. 

6497
05:55:07,600 --> 05:55:10,000
Well, contemporaries like Thomas
Edison and Elisha gray 

6498
05:55:10,000 --> 05:55:12,400
approached communication 
technology from an electrical 

6499
05:55:12,400 --> 05:55:15,300
engineering perspective. 
Bell approached it through the 

6500
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:19,300
lens of human anatomy and 
acoustics, Bells research notes 

6501
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:21,800
from this period reveal a man, 
constantly torn between 

6502
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:24,000
commercial and humanitarian 
motivations. 

6503
05:55:24,000 --> 05:55:26,900
While he genuinely wanted to 
help the deaf communicate. 

6504
05:55:26,900 --> 05:55:31,000
He also meticulously documented,
which ideas might be patentable.

6505
05:55:31,700 --> 05:55:35,600
This pragmatic Duality 
humanitarian dreams backed by 

6506
05:55:35,600 --> 05:55:38,900
business Acumen helped Bell 
succeed where other idealistic 

6507
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:43,600
inventors faild in June 1875 
while experimenting with his 

6508
05:55:43,600 --> 05:55:47,000
harmonic Telegraph Bell. 
And his assistant Thomas Watson 

6509
05:55:47,000 --> 05:55:51,200
discovered that a reed stuck and
continued to transmit sound. 

6510
05:55:52,000 --> 05:55:55,300
Bell recognize the implications 
immediately if he could make 

6511
05:55:55,300 --> 05:55:58,900
continuous electrical current 
variant intensity precisely as 

6512
05:55:58,900 --> 05:56:01,800
are varied in density during 
sound transmission. 

6513
05:56:01,800 --> 05:56:06,000
He could transmit speech this 
Epiphany came during a period 

6514
05:56:06,000 --> 05:56:09,000
when Belle was physically ill 
and mentally exhausted from 

6515
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:12,500
overwork, suggesting that his 
breakthrough emerged not despite

6516
05:56:12,500 --> 05:56:16,000
his fatigue, but perhaps because
of it, his tired mind making 

6517
05:56:16,000 --> 05:56:19,500
connections is disciplined, 
thinking might have missed The 

6518
05:56:19,500 --> 05:56:22,200
birth of the telephone wasn't 
the triumphant Eureka moment, 

6519
05:56:22,200 --> 05:56:24,500
often depicted in simplified 
history. 

6520
05:56:24,500 --> 05:56:28,300
Instead, it emerged through a 
series of incremental advances 

6521
05:56:28,300 --> 05:56:32,200
false starts and near misses 
that culminated in a working 

6522
05:56:32,200 --> 05:56:35,000
device through persistence 
rather than a single Flash of 

6523
05:56:35,000 --> 05:56:38,600
Genius on March 10th. 1876 
Belle. 

6524
05:56:38,600 --> 05:56:41,900
Uttered the famous words. 
Mr. Watson come here, I want to 

6525
05:56:41,900 --> 05:56:45,400
see you through his experimental
device but the contacts of this 

6526
05:56:45,400 --> 05:56:49,500
moment is rarely explained Bell 
had accidentally spilled battery

6527
05:56:49,500 --> 05:56:52,500
acid on his clothes and was 
calling for assistance, not 

6528
05:56:52,500 --> 05:56:56,300
deliberately testing the machine
Watson working in another room. 

6529
05:56:56,300 --> 05:56:59,400
Heard the call clearly through 
the device and rushed to Bell's 

6530
05:56:59,400 --> 05:57:01,700
side. 
The first transmitted sentence 

6531
05:57:01,700 --> 05:57:04,700
in telephone history, was 
essentially a workplace accident

6532
05:57:04,700 --> 05:57:07,700
report. 
What's also frequently 

6533
05:57:07,700 --> 05:57:10,700
overlooked is how close Bell 
came to losing his place in 

6534
05:57:10,700 --> 05:57:13,400
history. 
Just hours before Belle filed 

6535
05:57:13,400 --> 05:57:17,500
his telephone patent on February
14th. 1876, another inventor 

6536
05:57:17,500 --> 05:57:21,300
Elisha gray submitted. 
A caveat a preliminary patent 

6537
05:57:21,300 --> 05:57:24,500
document for a similar device. 
The ensuing priority battle 

6538
05:57:24,500 --> 05:57:28,100
would consume years of Bell's 
life and mental energy, despite 

6539
05:57:28,100 --> 05:57:30,300
Bells eventual victory in the US
Supreme Court. 

6540
05:57:30,300 --> 05:57:33,400
His victory was narrowly 
margined and surrounded by 

6541
05:57:33,400 --> 05:57:35,600
persistent allegations of patent
office. 

6542
05:57:35,600 --> 05:57:39,100
Corruption the telephones, early
demonstrations revealed public 

6543
05:57:39,100 --> 05:57:42,600
skepticism about its 
practicality when Belle first 

6544
05:57:42,600 --> 05:57:46,200
exhibited, his invention at the 
1876 Centennial Exhibition. 

6545
05:57:46,200 --> 05:57:50,000
In Philadelphia, most visitors, 
dismissed it as a clever parlor 

6546
05:57:50,000 --> 05:57:51,900
trick rather than a 
revolutionary communication 

6547
05:57:51,900 --> 05:57:55,600
device Emperor, Dom Pedro. 
The second of Brazil provided 

6548
05:57:55,600 --> 05:57:58,700
crucial validation, when he 
tried the device in amazement. 

6549
05:57:58,700 --> 05:58:03,800
My God, it talks This Royal 
endorsement, transformed public 

6550
05:58:03,800 --> 05:58:06,700
perception overnight. 
Before journalists Frederick 

6551
05:58:06,700 --> 05:58:09,500
Gower popularized, the term 
telephone in his reporting. 

6552
05:58:09,500 --> 05:58:13,200
Bell preferred to refer to his 
device as an electrical speech 

6553
05:58:13,200 --> 05:58:15,300
machine. 
Bell dislike the term 

6554
05:58:15,300 --> 05:58:17,400
considering it in precise and 
overly Greek. 

6555
05:58:17,400 --> 05:58:21,400
But eventually conceded to its 
popular usage demonstrating that

6556
05:58:21,400 --> 05:58:24,300
even the inventor couldn't 
control all aspects of his 

6557
05:58:24,300 --> 05:58:28,300
creation's identity. 
The early telephone faced 

6558
05:58:28,300 --> 05:58:30,900
significant technical 
limitations early models 

6559
05:58:30,900 --> 05:58:33,600
required users to both speak 
into and listen through the same

6560
05:58:33,600 --> 05:58:36,000
piece. 
Necessitating an awkward back 

6561
05:58:36,000 --> 05:58:37,600
and forth motion during 
conversations. 

6562
05:58:37,600 --> 05:58:41,100
The transmitter design was so 
inefficient that users often had

6563
05:58:41,100 --> 05:58:45,200
to shout to be heard and range 
was severely limited Thomas 

6564
05:58:45,200 --> 05:58:47,500
Edison's later. 
Carbon transmitter improvements 

6565
05:58:47,500 --> 05:58:49,700
significantly, enhanced 
performance though. 

6566
05:58:49,700 --> 05:58:53,000
Bell resisted adopting Edison's 
technology due to their intense 

6567
05:58:53,000 --> 05:58:56,100
rivalry. 
Belle's demonstration before 

6568
05:58:56,100 --> 05:58:59,800
Queen Victoria at Osborne house 
in January. 1878 was a 

6569
05:58:59,800 --> 05:59:01,800
carefully, choreographed 
publicity event. 

6570
05:59:01,800 --> 05:59:05,800
Musicians were stationed at cows
and Southampton miles from the 

6571
05:59:05,800 --> 05:59:08,700
Royal residence to play for the 
queen through the telephone 

6572
05:59:08,700 --> 05:59:11,000
line. 
The performance was successful 

6573
05:59:11,000 --> 05:59:13,100
though. 
Court records indicate the queen

6574
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:15,700
found, the sound quality 
adequate but unrefined 

6575
05:59:16,400 --> 05:59:19,900
nevertheless, a royal attention 
guaranteed newspaper coverage 

6576
05:59:19,900 --> 05:59:23,100
throughout the British Empire 
advancing Bells interests, while

6577
05:59:23,100 --> 05:59:27,000
he personally found the Royal 
performance anxiety inducing The

6578
05:59:27,000 --> 05:59:29,200
telephone's early adoption 
wasn't driven by the business 

6579
05:59:29,200 --> 05:59:32,800
applications as Bell expected. 
But by what we might today call 

6580
05:59:32,800 --> 05:59:36,500
Emergency Services, police 
stations and fire departments 

6581
05:59:36,500 --> 05:59:38,700
were among the earliest 
institutional adopters. 

6582
05:59:38,700 --> 05:59:41,900
Seeing the value in instant 
communication during crises 

6583
05:59:41,900 --> 05:59:45,800
doctors also quickly. 
Embrace the technology allowing 

6584
05:59:45,800 --> 05:59:47,300
patients to call for Urgent 
Care. 

6585
05:59:47,300 --> 05:59:50,800
A use case, Bell hadn't 
anticipated, but which provided 

6586
05:59:50,800 --> 05:59:53,400
crucial early Revenue. 
Bell. 

6587
05:59:53,400 --> 05:59:55,400
Grappled, with the business 
aspects of his invention in the 

6588
05:59:55,408 --> 05:59:58,400
background though, often 
portrayed as a scientific 

6589
05:59:58,400 --> 06:00:01,000
genius, he was an indifferent 
businessman. 

6590
06:00:01,000 --> 06:00:02,900
Who found commercial 
negotiations? 

6591
06:00:02,900 --> 06:00:06,300
Distasteful. 
His father-in-law Gardner 

6592
06:00:06,300 --> 06:00:10,100
Hubbard management most business
affairs, often making decisions 

6593
06:00:10,100 --> 06:00:13,100
Bell disagreed with but felt 
powerless to oppose due to 

6594
06:00:13,100 --> 06:00:16,200
family Dynamics. 
When the Bell Telephone Company 

6595
06:00:16,200 --> 06:00:20,600
was formed in July, 1877, 
Alexander Graham Bell was given 

6596
06:00:20,600 --> 06:00:23,800
only a small portion of the 
shares a financial Arrangement. 

6597
06:00:23,800 --> 06:00:27,800
He would later regret as the 
company's value skyrocketed, by 

6598
06:00:27,800 --> 06:00:31,200
1878 Belle, was already growing 
disillusioned with his 

6599
06:00:31,200 --> 06:00:35,000
creation's commercialization and
the endless patent litigation 

6600
06:00:35,000 --> 06:00:38,000
surrounding it. 
In a really quoted letter to his

6601
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:40,300
parents. 
He confessed, I have become 

6602
06:00:40,300 --> 06:00:42,500
rather tired of the telephone, 
inventing. 

6603
06:00:42,500 --> 06:00:44,900
Something is so much more 
interesting than perfecting it. 

6604
06:00:44,900 --> 06:00:48,100
And now, when I see the 
telephone serving, the common 

6605
06:00:48,100 --> 06:00:52,000
purposes of life, it loses very 
much, its romance and wonder to 

6606
06:00:52,000 --> 06:00:55,400
me, This sentiment would 
eventually Drive Belle away from

6607
06:00:55,400 --> 06:00:58,900
telephony, altogether toward 
new, scientific Pursuits with a 

6608
06:00:58,908 --> 06:01:01,400
thrill of Discovery could be 
experienced to Fresh. 

6609
06:01:02,600 --> 06:01:04,200
Behind Alexander Graham. 
Bell's. 

6610
06:01:04,200 --> 06:01:07,400
Public Persona is inventor and 
businessman existed. 

6611
06:01:07,400 --> 06:01:10,700
A private life characterized by 
deep personal commitments and 

6612
06:01:10,700 --> 06:01:13,800
internal conflicts that rarely 
make it into standard histories.

6613
06:01:14,700 --> 06:01:18,600
His marriage to Mabel Hubbard in
1877, connected him to one of 

6614
06:01:18,608 --> 06:01:21,800
Boston's most influential 
families, but also placed him 

6615
06:01:21,800 --> 06:01:24,100
within a complex web of 
expectations and obligations, 

6616
06:01:24,100 --> 06:01:25,900
that would shape the remainder 
of his life. 

6617
06:01:26,800 --> 06:01:29,200
Mabel was far more than the 
supportive wife historical 

6618
06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:33,000
accounts, often reducer to 
intelligent educated at 

6619
06:01:33,000 --> 06:01:36,600
Radcliffe College, then called 
the Harvard, Annex and fluent in

6620
06:01:36,608 --> 06:01:39,300
multiple languages. 
Despite her deafness, she 

6621
06:01:39,300 --> 06:01:42,900
managed, the family's finances, 
edited, Bells, scientific papers

6622
06:01:42,900 --> 06:01:45,500
and negotiated many of his 
business Arrangements. 

6623
06:01:46,200 --> 06:01:48,700
Their correspondence reveals 
that major decisions about 

6624
06:01:48,700 --> 06:01:51,200
Bells. 
Career were joint ventures with 

6625
06:01:51,200 --> 06:01:54,100
Maple often providing the 
Strategic Vision, while Bell 

6626
06:01:54,100 --> 06:01:57,800
supplied the technical expertise
their home life had features 

6627
06:01:57,800 --> 06:01:59,800
rarely discussed in traditional 
accounts. 

6628
06:02:00,600 --> 06:02:03,800
Due to Mabel's deafness the Bell
household operated under 

6629
06:02:03,800 --> 06:02:06,200
communication. 
Protocols that visitors found 

6630
06:02:06,200 --> 06:02:08,800
unusual. 
Family members and servants. 

6631
06:02:08,800 --> 06:02:12,200
Were trained never to speak to 
Mabel from behind, always to 

6632
06:02:12,200 --> 06:02:16,100
face her directly in good light.
And to use specific gestures to 

6633
06:02:16,100 --> 06:02:19,400
gain her attention. 
Bell himself developed a private

6634
06:02:19,400 --> 06:02:22,200
sign language with Mabel 
combining elements of 

6635
06:02:22,200 --> 06:02:26,800
conventional sign language with 
intimate gestures unique to 

6636
06:02:26,800 --> 06:02:29,800
their relationship. 
This private language allowed 

6637
06:02:29,800 --> 06:02:32,700
them to communicate across 
crowded rooms and in situations 

6638
06:02:32,700 --> 06:02:34,000
where lip reading was 
impossible. 

6639
06:02:34,800 --> 06:02:38,600
The bells had four children 
though only two daughters Elsie 

6640
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:43,000
and Marion survived to adulthood
the deaths of their two sons in 

6641
06:02:43,000 --> 06:02:45,000
infancy affected, Bell 
profoundly. 

6642
06:02:45,800 --> 06:02:48,500
Triggering intense periods of 
depression that occasionally 

6643
06:02:48,500 --> 06:02:50,300
halted, his scientific work 
altogether. 

6644
06:02:51,300 --> 06:02:53,900
These episodes of mental health 
struggle remain largely 

6645
06:02:53,900 --> 06:02:56,400
unexamined in Bell. 
Biographies yet. 

6646
06:02:56,400 --> 06:02:59,100
They significantly impacted his 
productivity and interests. 

6647
06:02:59,900 --> 06:03:02,900
During these dark periods, 
Bellwood, sometimes disappear 

6648
06:03:02,900 --> 06:03:06,700
for days into his laboratory. 
Working obsessively on projects 

6649
06:03:06,700 --> 06:03:09,900
unrelated to commercial 
potential a form of therapy 

6650
06:03:09,900 --> 06:03:13,200
through invention. 
Bells relationship with the deaf

6651
06:03:13,200 --> 06:03:16,400
Community was far more 
complicated than most while he 

6652
06:03:16,400 --> 06:03:19,700
is remembered for his work in 
deaf, education Bells, strong, 

6653
06:03:19,700 --> 06:03:22,900
advocacy, for oralism teaching, 
the deaf to speak, rather the 

6654
06:03:22,900 --> 06:03:25,800
new sign language and his 
opposition to deaf into 

6655
06:03:25,800 --> 06:03:27,300
marriage. 
Eventually, made him a 

6656
06:03:27,300 --> 06:03:29,100
controversial figure among death
activists. 

6657
06:03:29,100 --> 06:03:32,200
They viewed these positions as a
tax on Deaf culture and 

6658
06:03:32,200 --> 06:03:34,900
identity. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

6659
06:03:34,900 --> 06:03:37,100
how Bell's position of evolved 
with age. 

6660
06:03:37,900 --> 06:03:41,000
Private journals from his later 
years showing ambivalence about 

6661
06:03:41,000 --> 06:03:44,000
his early Hardline stance, 
though, he never publicly 

6662
06:03:44,000 --> 06:03:47,300
reversed his position. 
Bell's household on Connecticut,

6663
06:03:47,300 --> 06:03:51,100
Avenue in Washington, DC became 
an intellectual salon, 

6664
06:03:51,100 --> 06:03:54,500
frequented by scientists 
politicians and artists after 

6665
06:03:54,500 --> 06:03:57,800
the family moved from Boston. 
These gatherings were carefully 

6666
06:03:57,800 --> 06:04:00,800
orchestrated by Mabel who used 
these social connections to 

6667
06:04:00,800 --> 06:04:03,300
advance Bell's projects and 
secure funding for his 

6668
06:04:03,300 --> 06:04:05,600
increasingly diverse scientific 
interests. 

6669
06:04:06,500 --> 06:04:08,600
House contained a specially 
designed laboratory. 

6670
06:04:08,600 --> 06:04:12,500
Where bell would often Retreat 
during these parties emerging 

6671
06:04:12,500 --> 06:04:15,800
occasionally to demonstrate new 
experiments to impressed guests.

6672
06:04:16,700 --> 06:04:19,900
Financial anxiety, haunted Bell,
despite his apparent success, 

6673
06:04:19,900 --> 06:04:22,500
The Continuous patent, 
litigation surrounding the 

6674
06:04:22,500 --> 06:04:25,500
telephone drained resources and 
bells habit of funding, 

6675
06:04:25,500 --> 06:04:27,900
elaborate scientific 
exploration's frequently, 

6676
06:04:27,900 --> 06:04:31,500
strained, the family finance's 
Maple imposed a strict allowance

6677
06:04:31,500 --> 06:04:34,700
system on her husband 
controlling his access to funds.

6678
06:04:34,700 --> 06:04:37,300
When she felt his spending on 
scientific equipment became 

6679
06:04:37,300 --> 06:04:39,700
excessive. 
Their correspondents contains 

6680
06:04:39,700 --> 06:04:42,600
numerous instances of bell. 
Pleading for additional research

6681
06:04:42,600 --> 06:04:46,500
funds while Mabel insisted on 
budgetary, discipline by the 

6682
06:04:46,508 --> 06:04:49,700
standards of his time bells. 
Personal habits, were eccentric 

6683
06:04:49,700 --> 06:04:53,000
typically work through the night
and slept during daylight hours 

6684
06:04:53,000 --> 06:04:56,200
a schedule that caused friction 
within the household, but which 

6685
06:04:56,200 --> 06:04:59,100
Bell insisted was essential to 
his creative process. 

6686
06:04:59,100 --> 06:05:02,200
He was known to go days without 
changing clothes when absorbed 

6687
06:05:02,200 --> 06:05:05,700
in an experiment, And household 
staff were instructed, never to 

6688
06:05:05,700 --> 06:05:08,400
clean, or rearrange his 
laboratory, no matter how 

6689
06:05:08,400 --> 06:05:12,300
chaotic it appeared Bell claimed
to have a topographic memory for

6690
06:05:12,300 --> 06:05:14,000
the position of every tool and 
paper. 

6691
06:05:14,900 --> 06:05:17,200
Bell's relationship with his 
famous father-in-law. 

6692
06:05:17,200 --> 06:05:20,900
Gardner Hubbard was complex and 
occasionally strained while 

6693
06:05:20,900 --> 06:05:23,000
Hubbard provided crucial 
business support and 

6694
06:05:23,000 --> 06:05:25,300
connections. 
You also pushed Bell toward 

6695
06:05:25,300 --> 06:05:28,100
commercial applications when 
Belle preferred pure research. 

6696
06:05:28,100 --> 06:05:31,200
After one particularly heated, 
argument about the direction of 

6697
06:05:31,208 --> 06:05:33,800
the Bell. 
Telephone Company Bell retreated

6698
06:05:33,800 --> 06:05:36,900
to his Nova Scotia estate for 
nearly six months communicating 

6699
06:05:36,900 --> 06:05:40,800
with Hubbard exclusively through
Mabel as intermediary as he 

6700
06:05:40,800 --> 06:05:43,100
aged. 
Belle, to various health 

6701
06:05:43,100 --> 06:05:46,500
problems, including diabetes and
symptoms, consistent with 

6702
06:05:46,500 --> 06:05:49,700
nearest senior. 
Appeared diagnosis for fatigue 

6703
06:05:49,700 --> 06:05:51,500
and anxiety. 
Bell. 

6704
06:05:51,500 --> 06:05:54,200
Managed these conditions by 
combining conventional medicine 

6705
06:05:54,200 --> 06:05:56,800
with the popular water, cures of
the late 19th century. 

6706
06:05:57,700 --> 06:06:01,100
Bell became an advocate of 
hydrotherapy, installing 

6707
06:06:01,100 --> 06:06:03,800
elaborate bathing equipment in 
his home's. 

6708
06:06:03,800 --> 06:06:07,400
And maintaining details about 
the effects of various water 

6709
06:06:07,400 --> 06:06:11,000
treatments on his health and 
intellectual energy and aspect 

6710
06:06:11,000 --> 06:06:13,700
of his life, completely absent. 
From standard biographies. 

6711
06:06:13,700 --> 06:06:17,100
Alexander Graham, Bell's 
identification with the 

6712
06:06:17,100 --> 06:06:19,700
telephone has overshadowed his 
remarkable range of other 

6713
06:06:19,700 --> 06:06:23,000
scientific contributions. 
Some Visionary others, curious 

6714
06:06:23,000 --> 06:06:25,700
dead ends, but all revealing 
wrestlers intellect to the 

6715
06:06:25,708 --> 06:06:27,800
refused to be defined by a 
single invention. 

6716
06:06:28,900 --> 06:06:32,200
Bell's work on the photophone 
developed with his assistant, 

6717
06:06:32,200 --> 06:06:36,400
Charles Sumner tainter, between 
1879 and 1880 represented. 

6718
06:06:36,400 --> 06:06:39,700
The first Wireless telephone 
Communication System, the device

6719
06:06:39,700 --> 06:06:43,300
transmitted sound on a beam of 
light, essentially the same 

6720
06:06:43,300 --> 06:06:46,100
principle behind fiber optic. 
Communication developed, nearly 

6721
06:06:46,100 --> 06:06:48,500
a century later. 
Bell considered it. 

6722
06:06:48,500 --> 06:06:51,500
The greatest invention I have 
ever made greater than the 

6723
06:06:51,500 --> 06:06:54,200
telephone yet. 
The technology was ahead of its 

6724
06:06:54,200 --> 06:06:58,500
time, limited by contemporary 
light sources and detectors few 

6725
06:06:58,500 --> 06:07:01,800
people realize that when making 
a fiber optic call today, if 

6726
06:07:01,800 --> 06:07:04,700
you're using principles, Belle 
pioneered In the realm of 

6727
06:07:04,700 --> 06:07:09,200
Aviation Bell, formed the aerial
experiment Association in 1909, 

6728
06:07:09,200 --> 06:07:13,500
bringing together, Glenn, Curtis
Thomas Selfridge, Casey Baldwin 

6729
06:07:13,500 --> 06:07:16,600
and Douglas McCurdy. 
This team created. 

6730
06:07:16,600 --> 06:07:19,900
Several notable aircraft 
including the silver Dart which 

6731
06:07:19,900 --> 06:07:22,900
in 1909 made the first 
controlled powered flight in 

6732
06:07:22,900 --> 06:07:25,700
Canada. 
Bells particular contribution 

6733
06:07:25,700 --> 06:07:29,600
was, the tetrahedral, kite, 
unique design, using triangular 

6734
06:07:29,600 --> 06:07:32,300
cells, that provided remarkable 
structural strength. 

6735
06:07:33,100 --> 06:07:36,100
He built increasingly large 
versions, eventually creating 

6736
06:07:36,100 --> 06:07:39,800
the Signet, a tetrahedral, kite 
large enough to carry a man. 

6737
06:07:40,600 --> 06:07:43,100
What's really mentioned, is how 
Bell's obsession with these 

6738
06:07:43,100 --> 06:07:47,300
tetrahedral structures extended 
Beyond flight Incorporated, the 

6739
06:07:47,300 --> 06:07:51,500
geometric pattern into Furniture
lamps and even children's toys, 

6740
06:07:51,500 --> 06:07:53,000
he designed for his 
grandchildren. 

6741
06:07:54,000 --> 06:07:56,600
Bell's work in genetics and 
animal husbandry represents. 

6742
06:07:56,600 --> 06:08:00,100
Another largely overlooked 
chapter It is a state in Nova 

6743
06:08:00,100 --> 06:08:03,100
Scotia, he conducted extensive 
breeding experiments with sheep 

6744
06:08:03,100 --> 06:08:06,500
meticulously documenting the 
inheritance of traits across 

6745
06:08:06,500 --> 06:08:10,200
Generations, his specific Focus 
was producing sheep with 

6746
06:08:10,200 --> 06:08:13,400
multiple nipples. 
Treaty believed would allow used

6747
06:08:13,400 --> 06:08:16,900
to nurse more Lambs in meat 
production, efficiency. 

6748
06:08:17,800 --> 06:08:20,700
After nearly 30 years of 
selective breeding he's 

6749
06:08:20,700 --> 06:08:23,400
successfully developed, a strain
of sheep where multiple nipples 

6750
06:08:23,400 --> 06:08:26,800
were consistently inherited. 
While this work never gained 

6751
06:08:26,800 --> 06:08:29,600
commercial application, his 
meticulous, records and 

6752
06:08:29,600 --> 06:08:32,200
anticipated principles of 
genetics, that would only be 

6753
06:08:32,200 --> 06:08:36,300
fully understood decades later. 
Environmental concerns occupied 

6754
06:08:36,300 --> 06:08:39,400
Bells later scientific work in 
ways that appear, surprisingly 

6755
06:08:39,400 --> 06:08:43,100
modern, In the 1910s. 
He became concerned about 

6756
06:08:43,108 --> 06:08:48,100
deforestation and fossil fuel. 
Depletion writing the unchecked 

6757
06:08:48,100 --> 06:08:51,100
consumption of our natural 
resources will bring future 

6758
06:08:51,100 --> 06:08:54,700
generations to privation. 
We can hardly imagine he expired

6759
06:08:54,700 --> 06:08:58,300
or experimented with toast or 
alternative energy sources, 

6760
06:08:58,300 --> 06:09:02,000
including early, solar 
collectors and Alcoa based fuels

6761
06:09:02,000 --> 06:09:05,500
derived from plant materials. 
He even designed a distillation 

6762
06:09:05,500 --> 06:09:08,600
system that converted plant 
cellulose to ethanol for use, in

6763
06:09:08,608 --> 06:09:12,400
internal combustion engines 
essentially, an early biofuel 

6764
06:09:12,400 --> 06:09:15,000
program. 
Bell's, work with the deaf led 

6765
06:09:15,000 --> 06:09:16,700
him to Medical innovations that 
extended. 

6766
06:09:16,700 --> 06:09:20,100
Well beyond speech therapy. 
He developed an early metal 

6767
06:09:20,100 --> 06:09:23,700
detector, specifically to locate
the bullet lodged in President 

6768
06:09:23,700 --> 06:09:26,100
James Garfield after his 1881 
assassination. 

6769
06:09:27,300 --> 06:09:30,500
While the device worked in 
laboratory tests, it failed in 

6770
06:09:30,500 --> 06:09:32,800
practice because the metal bed 
springs, in the president's bed 

6771
06:09:32,800 --> 06:09:36,600
created interference a factor. 
The attending physicians hadn't 

6772
06:09:36,600 --> 06:09:39,600
disclosed to Belle. 
This experience sparked Bells 

6773
06:09:39,600 --> 06:09:42,500
interest in medical 
instrumentation, which led to 

6774
06:09:42,500 --> 06:09:44,800
his development of a vacuum 
jacket for patients with 

6775
06:09:44,800 --> 06:09:47,900
respiratory problems. 
A predecessor to the iron lung. 

6776
06:09:47,900 --> 06:09:49,900
That would be fully developed 
decades later. 

6777
06:09:50,900 --> 06:09:54,200
In his Nova Scotia laboratory 
Bell conducted, extensive 

6778
06:09:54,200 --> 06:09:58,100
hydraulic experiments 
culminating in The hd-4 Craft. 

6779
06:09:58,800 --> 06:10:03,000
Which set a world Marine speed 
record of 70.86 miles per hour. 

6780
06:10:03,000 --> 06:10:07,700
In 1919, a record that stood for
two decades, this work was 

6781
06:10:07,700 --> 06:10:11,000
conducted in close collaboration
with Casey Baldwin and the two 

6782
06:10:11,000 --> 06:10:14,300
men of several Innovative hold 
designs that influenced later 

6783
06:10:14,300 --> 06:10:17,300
Naval architecture. 
Bell submitted designs for 

6784
06:10:17,300 --> 06:10:20,300
hydrofoil warships to the US 
Navy during World War 1. 

6785
06:10:21,200 --> 06:10:25,400
But they never saw Construction.
Bell's interest in sound led him

6786
06:10:25,400 --> 06:10:28,700
to acoustical experiments that 
extended well beyond telephony, 

6787
06:10:28,700 --> 06:10:31,700
he developed methods for 
recording sound vibrations. 

6788
06:10:31,700 --> 06:10:35,800
Visually allowing detailed 
analysis of speech patterns this

6789
06:10:35,800 --> 06:10:38,900
work evolved into teppo 
techniques for teaching the deaf

6790
06:10:38,900 --> 06:10:41,200
to modulate their voices by 
watching these visual 

6791
06:10:41,200 --> 06:10:44,400
representations, a precursor to 
the speech visualization 

6792
06:10:44,400 --> 06:10:47,000
technology used in modern speech
therapy. 

6793
06:10:47,600 --> 06:10:50,700
He also conducted extensive 
research on how different 

6794
06:10:50,700 --> 06:10:53,300
architectural materials and 
Designs affected sound 

6795
06:10:53,300 --> 06:10:56,300
transmission, creating 
customized, acoustic 

6796
06:10:56,300 --> 06:10:59,600
environments decades before 
acoustic engineering became a 

6797
06:10:59,600 --> 06:11:03,400
recognized discipline. 
Perhaps, most surprisingly Bell 

6798
06:11:03,400 --> 06:11:06,700
devoted considerable attention 
to desalination technology in 

6799
06:11:06,700 --> 06:11:09,800
his later years concerned about 
freshwater scarcity. 

6800
06:11:09,800 --> 06:11:14,000
He designed several solar 
distillation systems intended to

6801
06:11:14,000 --> 06:11:17,400
provide drinking water. 
In arid coastal regions his 

6802
06:11:17,400 --> 06:11:19,000
vacuum. 
Distillation design was 

6803
06:11:19,000 --> 06:11:22,200
particularly innovative. 
Using pressure differentials to 

6804
06:11:22,200 --> 06:11:24,300
reduce the energy required for 
water purification. 

6805
06:11:25,700 --> 06:11:27,400
Although it was never 
commercialized during his 

6806
06:11:27,400 --> 06:11:29,900
lifetime version of bells 
approach. 

6807
06:11:29,900 --> 06:11:32,500
Later became standard in 
desalination plants worldwide. 

6808
06:11:33,600 --> 06:11:36,500
Throughout these diverse 
projects Bell maintained 

6809
06:11:36,500 --> 06:11:39,800
meticulous records, thousands of
pages of laboratory notes 

6810
06:11:39,800 --> 06:11:43,700
diagrams and correspondence that
reveal the day-to-day workings 

6811
06:11:43,700 --> 06:11:47,100
of his experimental process. 
These documents show, Bell 

6812
06:11:47,100 --> 06:11:50,400
wasn't the solitary Genius of 
popular imagination but rather 

6813
06:11:50,400 --> 06:11:54,300
the central node in a network of
collaborators assistance and 

6814
06:11:54,300 --> 06:11:58,300
correspondence who contributed 
significantly to his projects. 

6815
06:11:59,300 --> 06:12:01,900
Bell freely acknowledge these 
contributions in his private 

6816
06:12:01,900 --> 06:12:05,800
papers though, Public Accounts 
often attributed to Innovation 

6817
06:12:05,800 --> 06:12:08,100
solely. 
To him a simplification that 

6818
06:12:08,100 --> 06:12:10,500
distorted the collaborative 
nature of his actual work. 

6819
06:12:11,200 --> 06:12:13,800
Among the most troubling, yet, 
least, discussed aspects of the 

6820
06:12:13,800 --> 06:12:17,000
legacy of Alexander. 
Graham Bell is involvement with 

6821
06:12:17,000 --> 06:12:19,800
the Eugenics movement. 
A connection that reveals the 

6822
06:12:19,800 --> 06:12:22,600
complex intersection of 
progressive scientific thinking 

6823
06:12:22,600 --> 06:12:26,300
and regressive social policies 
that characterized much 

6824
06:12:26,300 --> 06:12:30,900
intellectual thought of his era.
Bells interest in heredity began

6825
06:12:30,900 --> 06:12:32,900
innocently, through his work 
with the deaf. 

6826
06:12:33,600 --> 06:12:36,900
His statistical studies of deaf 
families documented patterns of 

6827
06:12:36,900 --> 06:12:41,100
deafness across generations and 
were published in 1883 as Memoir

6828
06:12:41,100 --> 06:12:44,400
upon the formation of a deaf 
variety of the human race. 

6829
06:12:45,400 --> 06:12:48,800
While the research methodology 
was sound for its time bells, 

6830
06:12:48,800 --> 06:12:51,100
conclusions, and policy 
recommendations have tarnished 

6831
06:12:51,100 --> 06:12:53,100
his legacy and deaf communities 
to this day. 

6832
06:12:54,000 --> 06:12:55,900
Belle became concerned that 
congenital. 

6833
06:12:55,900 --> 06:12:58,500
Deafness might lead to the 
formation of a deaf variety of 

6834
06:12:58,508 --> 06:13:01,100
humans. 
If deaf people can continue to 

6835
06:13:01,100 --> 06:13:04,400
marry other deaf people. 
Common practice has shared 

6836
06:13:04,400 --> 06:13:07,000
language and culture, created, 
natural social bonds. 

6837
06:13:07,700 --> 06:13:10,100
In what he viewed. 
As humanitarian concern, Bell 

6838
06:13:10,100 --> 06:13:13,100
advocated for laws, discouraging
or prohibiting deaf people from 

6839
06:13:13,100 --> 06:13:16,100
marrying other. 
Deaf people this position rooted

6840
06:13:16,100 --> 06:13:18,900
in his belief that deafness was 
a disability to be eliminated 

6841
06:13:18,900 --> 06:13:21,700
rather than a culture to be 
respected placed him. 

6842
06:13:21,700 --> 06:13:24,500
Squarely within the Eugenics, 
movement, gaining momentum in 

6843
06:13:24,500 --> 06:13:28,100
America in Europe, what's rarely
examined as the profound 

6844
06:13:28,100 --> 06:13:31,400
conflict, this created in 
Bell's, personal life, his wife 

6845
06:13:31,400 --> 06:13:34,800
Mabel was deaf. 
They're not congenitally. 

6846
06:13:34,800 --> 06:13:36,900
So she lost her hearing to 
scarlet fever. 

6847
06:13:36,900 --> 06:13:39,600
And many of their clothes, 
Social Circle included, deaf 

6848
06:13:39,600 --> 06:13:42,900
individuals, who bailed 
genuinely respected, private 

6849
06:13:42,900 --> 06:13:45,500
letters reveal, his struggle 
reconciling, his scientific 

6850
06:13:45,500 --> 06:13:48,500
conclusions, with his personal 
relationships, writing to a 

6851
06:13:48,500 --> 06:13:50,000
colleague. 
I find myself in the 

6852
06:13:50,008 --> 06:13:52,500
uncomfortable position of 
advocating publicly, what would 

6853
06:13:52,500 --> 06:13:54,600
have prevented my own marriage? 
Had it been law? 

6854
06:13:56,000 --> 06:13:58,500
Bell served on the board of 
scientific directors, for the 

6855
06:13:58,500 --> 06:14:02,900
Eugenics record office from 1912
to 1918 alongside prominent 

6856
06:14:02,900 --> 06:14:05,600
eugenicists like Charles 
Davenport and Harry Laughlin. 

6857
06:14:06,200 --> 06:14:09,500
However, his participation was 
marked by increasing discomfort 

6858
06:14:09,500 --> 06:14:11,900
with the organizations, more 
extreme positions. 

6859
06:14:12,800 --> 06:14:15,000
Meeting minutes and 
correspondents, show Bell 

6860
06:14:15,000 --> 06:14:17,400
repeatedly, objecting to 
proposals for forced 

6861
06:14:17,400 --> 06:14:19,600
sterilization and immigration 
restrictions based on 

6862
06:14:19,600 --> 06:14:22,200
pseudoscientific racial theories
though. 

6863
06:14:22,200 --> 06:14:23,900
He rarely made these objections 
public. 

6864
06:14:24,800 --> 06:14:26,900
Belle's position within the 
Eugenics movement was 

6865
06:14:26,900 --> 06:14:29,100
complicated. 
He endorsed the general 

6866
06:14:29,100 --> 06:14:32,100
principle that Society should 
encourage breeding from the fit 

6867
06:14:32,100 --> 06:14:35,100
while discouraging reproduction 
among those with hereditary 

6868
06:14:35,100 --> 06:14:37,800
conditions. 
He considered detrimental, yet 

6869
06:14:37,800 --> 06:14:42,000
he consistently opposed coercive
methods writing in 1914. 

6870
06:14:42,000 --> 06:14:46,200
I believe in Eugenics, but not 
Eugenics by compulsion this 

6871
06:14:46,200 --> 06:14:49,000
middle position satisfied. 
Neither Eugenics Hardline, as 

6872
06:14:49,000 --> 06:14:52,000
nor those who oppose the 
movement altogether, As the 

6873
06:14:52,000 --> 06:14:55,200
Eugenics movement, increasingly 
embraced racist ideology in the 

6874
06:14:55,200 --> 06:14:59,800
1910s bells, participation 
diminished his resignation from 

6875
06:14:59,800 --> 06:15:03,300
the Eugenics, record office. 
In 1918, came after increasing. 

6876
06:15:03,300 --> 06:15:06,400
Disagreements with Davenport and
Lachlan over proposed. 

6877
06:15:06,400 --> 06:15:09,300
Immigration restrictions 
targeting Southern and Eastern. 

6878
06:15:09,300 --> 06:15:11,900
Europeans. 
Bells objections were based 

6879
06:15:11,900 --> 06:15:15,000
partly on scientific He 
questioned the methodology 

6880
06:15:15,000 --> 06:15:17,600
behind claims of racial 
differences, in intelligence 

6881
06:15:17,600 --> 06:15:21,100
partly based on his personal 
experience with immigrants as 

6882
06:15:21,100 --> 06:15:24,300
colleagues and employees. 
The evolution of bells thinking 

6883
06:15:24,300 --> 06:15:26,900
about heredity and human 
Improvement is visible in his 

6884
06:15:26,900 --> 06:15:30,300
private papers but absent from 
his public statements by the 

6885
06:15:30,300 --> 06:15:33,900
early. 1920s, he had largely 
abandoned the terminology of 

6886
06:15:33,900 --> 06:15:36,900
eugenics, in favor of human 
engineering a concept. 

6887
06:15:36,900 --> 06:15:40,700
He defined more broadly to 
include education nutrition and 

6888
06:15:40,700 --> 06:15:42,900
environmental factors alongside 
heredity. 

6889
06:15:43,700 --> 06:15:46,400
This shift reflected growing 
scientific understanding about 

6890
06:15:46,400 --> 06:15:49,600
the interaction between genetics
and environment though, Bell 

6891
06:15:49,600 --> 06:15:52,600
never publicly repudiated his 
early eugenic positions. 

6892
06:15:53,500 --> 06:15:56,300
Bells relationship with the deaf
Community remained complicated 

6893
06:15:56,300 --> 06:15:59,700
throughout his life. 
While he dedicated significant 

6894
06:15:59,700 --> 06:16:03,500
resources to deaf education and 
consistently advocated for the 

6895
06:16:03,500 --> 06:16:06,200
integration of deaf people into 
mainstream Society. 

6896
06:16:06,200 --> 06:16:09,500
His opposition to death into 
marriage and his promotion of 

6897
06:16:09,500 --> 06:16:12,700
oralism over sign language 
reviewed by many deaf people as 

6898
06:16:12,700 --> 06:16:14,400
a tax on their community and 
culture. 

6899
06:16:14,400 --> 06:16:17,800
The National Association of the 
deaf passed resolution of 

6900
06:16:17,800 --> 06:16:21,300
pausing Bells positions. 
As early as 1880, creating a 

6901
06:16:21,308 --> 06:16:23,600
rift that has persisted long 
after his death. 

6902
06:16:24,400 --> 06:16:27,300
What's particularly notable is 
how Bells, Eugenics views 

6903
06:16:27,300 --> 06:16:31,100
contradicted, his otherwise 
Progressive social positions, he

6904
06:16:31,100 --> 06:16:34,400
supported women's suffrage. 
Advocated for the education of 

6905
06:16:34,408 --> 06:16:36,500
indigenous peoples. 
When such education was 

6906
06:16:36,508 --> 06:16:40,300
primarily assimilationist and 
opposed racial segregation in 

6907
06:16:40,300 --> 06:16:44,400
the organizations, he led These 
positions co-existed uneasily 

6908
06:16:44,400 --> 06:16:47,300
with his Eugenics, work 
demonstrating, how even 

6909
06:16:47,300 --> 06:16:50,100
forward-thinking individuals of 
the period could Embrace, what 

6910
06:16:50,100 --> 06:16:53,700
would later be recognized as 
profoundly discriminatory ideas?

6911
06:16:54,500 --> 06:16:57,500
The complexity of Bell's 
engagement with Eugenics as a 

6912
06:16:57,500 --> 06:17:00,000
cautionary tale about how 
scientific Authority can be 

6913
06:17:00,008 --> 06:17:02,800
misapplied to social policy 
Bell. 

6914
06:17:02,800 --> 06:17:05,700
Genuinely believed his positions
were both scientifically sound 

6915
06:17:05,700 --> 06:17:08,700
and humanely motivated. 
A reminder that ethical 

6916
06:17:08,700 --> 06:17:10,700
failures. 
Often emerge not from malicious 

6917
06:17:10,700 --> 06:17:14,500
intent, but from incomplete 
understanding and unexamined 

6918
06:17:14,500 --> 06:17:17,600
assumptions. 
His legacy includes not just his

6919
06:17:17,600 --> 06:17:20,600
inventions but also these 
complicated moral positions 

6920
06:17:20,600 --> 06:17:24,000
which reveal the dangers of 
applying scientific reasoning to

6921
06:17:24,000 --> 06:17:27,500
human diversity without 
recognizing its intrinsic value 

6922
06:17:27,500 --> 06:17:31,200
later in life. 
Alexander Graham Bell retired to

6923
06:17:31,200 --> 06:17:33,800
Bainbridge in badek on Cape 
Breton Island. 

6924
06:17:33,800 --> 06:17:38,000
Nova Scotia pronounced been rear
Bell became an American citizen 

6925
06:17:38,000 --> 06:17:42,000
in 1882 but his name, meaning 
beautiful mountain in Scottish 

6926
06:17:42,000 --> 06:17:46,400
Gaelic showed his Scottish 
Heritage bell used this, 600 

6927
06:17:46,400 --> 06:17:50,500
acre estate as his home lab and 
Community Center, not just a 

6928
06:17:50,500 --> 06:17:54,200
summer of vacation place Bells, 
original design of Bayonne. 

6929
06:17:54,500 --> 06:17:56,800
Breg, for integrated living and 
working, as rarely mentioned, 

6930
06:17:56,800 --> 06:18:00,600
the estate comprised 
collaborator, housing workshops 

6931
06:18:00,600 --> 06:18:04,300
for crafts people, making his 
experimental equipment and sheep

6932
06:18:04,300 --> 06:18:07,000
genetic research facilities. 
In addition to the family, 

6933
06:18:07,000 --> 06:18:09,700
residence and lab buildings 
Beyond institutional 

6934
06:18:09,700 --> 06:18:13,600
constraints, Bells Community, 
functioned practically as a 

6935
06:18:13,608 --> 06:18:16,900
self-contained research 
facility, believing scientific 

6936
06:18:16,900 --> 06:18:19,900
progress required both seclusion
for concentration and Community 

6937
06:18:19,900 --> 06:18:23,200
for cooperation. 
Few biographies described Bells 

6938
06:18:23,200 --> 06:18:25,800
Bay and Brace schedule. 
He woke up late. 

6939
06:18:25,800 --> 06:18:30,300
Generally midday ate a lot and 
read letters and newspapers, his

6940
06:18:30,300 --> 06:18:32,800
experiments began in the evening
and lasted all night. 

6941
06:18:32,800 --> 06:18:36,100
Food was served at midnight and 
drinks were served all night by 

6942
06:18:36,100 --> 06:18:39,200
household staff. 
Despite difficulties with family

6943
06:18:39,200 --> 06:18:42,500
and guests following typical 
timetables Bell said his 

6944
06:18:42,500 --> 06:18:45,100
midnight schedule, allowed him 
to think freely without the 

6945
06:18:45,100 --> 06:18:48,600
distractions of the workday, the
bay and break Labs technology 

6946
06:18:48,600 --> 06:18:50,600
was unusual for their remote 
location. 

6947
06:18:51,500 --> 06:18:54,000
Bell built his own electrical 
producing system to power. 

6948
06:18:54,000 --> 06:18:55,700
Modern technology in his 
workshops. 

6949
06:18:55,700 --> 06:18:59,100
Before rural electricity came to
Nova Scotia, he established one 

6950
06:18:59,100 --> 06:19:01,700
of Canada's first private phone 
lines from the estate to 

6951
06:19:01,700 --> 06:19:04,300
baddeck. 
Most importantly, he created a 

6952
06:19:04,300 --> 06:19:06,700
dark room and photographic 
studio with Cutting Edge 

6953
06:19:06,700 --> 06:19:09,700
Equipment, believing that 
rigorous visual documentation 

6954
06:19:09,700 --> 06:19:11,500
was essential for scientific 
progress. 

6955
06:19:12,500 --> 06:19:16,600
The thousands of photos taken up
in Bray provide, an unsurpassed 

6956
06:19:16,600 --> 06:19:19,800
visual record of his later 
experiments in these later. 

6957
06:19:19,800 --> 06:19:22,800
Years, Bells connection, with 
Bell, Telephone became more 

6958
06:19:22,800 --> 06:19:25,600
distant. 
He remained a state called but 

6959
06:19:25,600 --> 06:19:28,100
spoke privately about his 
dissatisfaction with the 

6960
06:19:28,100 --> 06:19:30,900
company's Direction and had no 
operational role. 

6961
06:19:32,300 --> 06:19:34,900
Bell sometimes gave brief 
approval when phone officials 

6962
06:19:34,900 --> 06:19:38,000
visited Bay and Bray to discuss 
new projects but quickly. 

6963
06:19:38,000 --> 06:19:41,500
Switch to tetrahedral 
construction, hydrofoils or 

6964
06:19:41,500 --> 06:19:43,700
sheep farming for the old 
inventor. 

6965
06:19:43,700 --> 06:19:45,700
His name. 
Brand firm was almost Irrelevant

6966
06:19:45,700 --> 06:19:49,700
in his final years Bell, became 
interested in cancer research 

6967
06:19:49,700 --> 06:19:54,700
after his daughter's diagnosis. 
Despite his lack of medical 

6968
06:19:54,700 --> 06:19:57,500
experience, he invented a 
cooling device to prevent cancer

6969
06:19:57,500 --> 06:20:00,700
growth by lowering tissue 
temperature, cancer cells 

6970
06:20:00,700 --> 06:20:02,500
reproduce faster than normal 
cells. 

6971
06:20:02,500 --> 06:20:06,200
Making them more susceptible to 
temperature decline this 

6972
06:20:06,200 --> 06:20:09,300
experiment faild. 
But his details show, his 

6973
06:20:09,300 --> 06:20:13,700
systematic approach even in 
unrelated Fields, Belle, 75 

6974
06:20:13,700 --> 06:20:18,100
died, at Bain. 
Bre on August 2nd, 1922 of 

6975
06:20:18,100 --> 06:20:21,900
diabetes complications, which he
had fought for years with little

6976
06:20:21,900 --> 06:20:23,600
success. 
Given medical knowledge at the 

6977
06:20:23,608 --> 06:20:27,800
time with the main cause insulin
treatment became available only 

6978
06:20:27,800 --> 06:20:31,200
months before his death. 
He specified that his coffin be 

6979
06:20:31,200 --> 06:20:33,700
made from a state materials by 
his Workshop, staff 

6980
06:20:33,700 --> 06:20:36,600
demonstrating, his scientific 
approach to funeral 

6981
06:20:36,600 --> 06:20:40,600
arrangements. 
On Bell's funeral de all phone 

6982
06:20:40,600 --> 06:20:43,300
service in the US and Canada was
suspended for one minute, 

6983
06:20:43,300 --> 06:20:46,900
possibly the longest period of 
technological quiet in history. 

6984
06:20:47,700 --> 06:20:51,300
Unlike many innovators, Belle 
lived to see his main invention 

6985
06:20:51,300 --> 06:20:54,600
become a staple of modern 
civilization, with over 14 

6986
06:20:54,600 --> 06:20:58,500
million telephones in use 
worldwide by his death Bell's. 

6987
06:20:58,500 --> 06:21:02,100
Legacy went beyond the phone 
early aircraft design, profited 

6988
06:21:02,100 --> 06:21:06,000
from his Aviation Innovations. 
His hydrofoil research, improved

6989
06:21:06,000 --> 06:21:09,000
Marine technology though. 
Controversial his death 

6990
06:21:09,000 --> 06:21:11,100
educational. 
Approaches altered education. 

6991
06:21:11,100 --> 06:21:14,700
Even after his death 
architecture and engineering 

6992
06:21:14,700 --> 06:21:19,300
used, his tetrahedral structural
principles, most crucially Bells

6993
06:21:19,300 --> 06:21:23,000
invention, combining systematic.
Experimentation with instinctual

6994
06:21:23,000 --> 06:21:25,500
leaps. 
Set a paradigm for Industrial 

6995
06:21:25,500 --> 06:21:28,500
Research that corporate research
laboratory is adopted throughout

6996
06:21:28,500 --> 06:21:32,100
the 20th century. 
Belle Barry's named for the 

6997
06:21:32,108 --> 06:21:35,400
telephone rather than the man 
Pioneer transistors and 

6998
06:21:35,400 --> 06:21:37,400
information theory that shape 
technology. 

6999
06:21:38,400 --> 06:21:42,200
Many of the tools laboratory 
supplies and personal things of 

7000
06:21:42,200 --> 06:21:44,600
Alexander, Graham Bell are at 
the neighboring. 

7001
06:21:44,600 --> 06:21:46,800
Alexander Graham Bell, National 
Historic Site. 

7002
06:21:48,000 --> 06:21:51,000
But the Bella state of being 
brave is mainly intact, 

7003
06:21:51,000 --> 06:21:54,600
instantaneous Global 
Communication which Belle 

7004
06:21:54,600 --> 06:21:56,600
pioneered is his greatest 
Legacy. 

7005
06:21:57,500 --> 06:22:00,400
Every time a voice crosses 
continents in milliseconds and 

7006
06:22:00,400 --> 06:22:02,700
knowledge pours over 
telecommunications networks. 

7007
06:22:02,700 --> 06:22:05,900
I sometimes wonder if my name 
will be associated with the 

7008
06:22:05,908 --> 06:22:08,800
telephone, in the ages to come 
Bell, wrote to his wife. 

7009
06:22:09,700 --> 06:22:13,000
Instead of the technological 
means we used, I want it to be 

7010
06:22:13,000 --> 06:22:16,000
remembered as the notion that 
human speech is unaffected by 

7011
06:22:16,000 --> 06:22:19,200
distance. 
Bells Vision was extraordinary 

7012
06:22:19,200 --> 06:22:21,800
in this modest wish. 
And in other aspects,