Proteins on manuscript reveal how Renaissance medicines were made

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Hello, and welcome to the Physics World weekly

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podcast. I'm Hamish Johnston.

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My guest in this episode is the physicist

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and entrepreneur,

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Gleb Zilberstein,

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who applies the principles of proteomics

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to the study of historical

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objects,

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including manuscripts.

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In 1994,

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Gleb received an MSC in physics

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from Russia's

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Novosibirsk

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State University.

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Today, he's director of Israel based

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Spring Style Tech Design.

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The company has created a special film that

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lifts proteins from the surfaces

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of historical

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objects.

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Analysis of the proteins

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provides important

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information

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about how the objects were used.

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Here's my conversation with Gleb.

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Hi, Gleb. Welcome to the podcast.

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Hello, doctor Johnson. Thank you very much for

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your kind invitation to your podcast.

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Yeah. I mean, I have to say, Gleb,

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Gleb, I'm really,

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excited about talking to you about your work.

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I mean, it sounds like

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an amazing sort of multidisciplinary,

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bit of research that you do.

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And and in particular, you were recently involved

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in a study of

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residues that were left by readers

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on a on a Renaissance

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book of recipes

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for medical treatments,

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which sounds I mean, the book sounds fascinating

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in itself.

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Before we talk about the science, can you

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give us a brief description of the book?

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We we started

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two

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sixteenth century German prints, books containing hundreds of

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medical and cosmetic

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recipes.

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The two books

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are entitled,

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How to Cure and Expel of

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All Afflictions.

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And second, Illnesses

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of the Human Body and

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a

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useful and essential

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little book of medicine

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for the common man.

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These, two German medical manuals

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have been published by

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Bartolomeus

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Wachter

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in Germany

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Augsburg in 1531

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Germany,

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Bavaria,

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Bavarian Kingdom.

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These two works are usually

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bound together into one volume.

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And, we studied the two,

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works bound together

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in one volume,

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with a book held in,

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John Rylands Research Institute and Library

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in University Of Manchester,

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United Kingdom.

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The Rylands Library volume is covered with sixteenth

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and seventeenth century marginalia

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that evidence

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reader practitioners,

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experimental

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engagement

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with the recipes.

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This points to the availability of chemical information

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from, the fingerprints

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of past users

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that

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rift through the pages.

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And, these readers

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notes

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include the comments of owners and the efficacy

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of recipes in the,

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improvised

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edit recipes.

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And they're handwritten notes,

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on the margins.

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And the this

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book provide unique information on the social contextual

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contextualization

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of, scientific data.

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It means that, we make

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synchronization.

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We try to make synchronization between,

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what was,

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written on on the book,

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what was printed on the book, and what

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was real

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biochemical traces,

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kept in the

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pages of these books.

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And,

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this book of workers'

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affiliations in the Little Book of Medicine are

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exemplary among of a vast number of,

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medical manuals printed in the early

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sixteenth century,

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providing the for common man like we are

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for physicists or

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for future physicists.

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And, we've

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reached collection of recipes for everyday use. This

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means that, these books

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are

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for everyday

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for

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home

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healings, for home

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medicine practitioners.

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This volume contain hundreds of medical and cosmetic

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recipes

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that were widely used,

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including remedies

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for brain diseases and for stones and fertility

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and other severe illnesses

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that

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are discussed

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alongside,

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recipes for treatment of wounds,

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skin disorders, hair loss, and cosmetics.

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I see. And and so I suppose the

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the idea is that people are using this

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book. They're they're mixing up these recipes.

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They're trying out the treatments.

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And they they I suppose they're sitting in

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the kitchen or in their workshop with the

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book, and they're mixing things up. And

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maybe they're spilling a bit of material onto

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the book, or their their finger their fingers

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are sticky

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because they're making some sort of solve,

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and that gets onto the book.

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And you're,

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through the magic of modern science, I suppose,

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detecting those molecules. Can you explain

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how you do that? What sort of techniques

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do you use to,

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I suppose, remove a small amount of material

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from the book and determine its biochemical nature

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or its chemical nature.

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Well, yeah, it's a great subject.

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What kind of method need to

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use it for,

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detection in the

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determination of

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residues

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on antique books or manuscripts.

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Because sometimes

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people use

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XPS

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or

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another type of limited analysis,

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but, we choose, proteomics.

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This is first

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study that use proteomics to analyze Renaissance medical

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recipes.

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Before we use the same technique for analysis

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of,

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letters of, clontula and

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George Orwell and other

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historical personas. But this

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study first time medical recipes

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at period of renaissance May

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ago.

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Whenever sixteenth century

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reader Rakshaners

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handed the recipe

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in the scabbled

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down commons, they left behind invisible proteins on

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the paper surface.

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This article

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develops a novel methodology for,

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extraction analysis in the very important contextualization.

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It means that the translation from,

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life science or physical language

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to historical or homogeneous language is important

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thing.

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Because, historians

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have no clue about spectrums and

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other, analytical

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data.

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And there was a very important to translate

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for,

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to humanist language from life science in the,

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physical and chemical language.

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At the same time, this

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is a very few study to use dev

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archival

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archival research to construct utilization of proteomics results.

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For example, to use a historical

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con historical con contextualization

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to better understand biochemical data.

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And the real methods to,

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to

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get

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answers to

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research questions.

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How,

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in the our study performed in tandem

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with development

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of user sophisticated

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and sensitive technologies,

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such as, as a high resolution mass spectrometry

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and the noninvasive

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and the non damaged technique

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known under the acronym

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EVA,

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EVA.

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Here in,

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in the study,

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we use mostly

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mass spectrometry

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protein

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mass spectrometry characterization

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of peptides fragments of proteins.

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And the harvest which was harvested

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by

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our unique Ewai technology

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and the VISTA,

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Ewai technology

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extracted

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very gently without any traces,

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mobile residues

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from

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pages

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of,

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VISI renaissance book.

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And the technique

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which we

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call as EVO technology,

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it's extraction, sampling, non destructive technology for sampling

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of proteins in

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the as a biological

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molecules like DNA, RNA,

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and in this case, just proteins and peptides,

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from historical objects in the

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priceless documents.

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No. Imagine, if you have, just one,

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litter of, blood Dracula or Giacomo Casanova, nobody

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give you possibility to cut part part of

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this

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correspondence and destroy.

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And, for us was

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extremely important

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to keep confidence about safety for,

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safety for

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our historical objects.

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And,

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with

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technology

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our technology, it's

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some

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very

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sophisticated

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molecule sponge to extraction,

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to selective extraction

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of, some,

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sort of,

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analyze molecules which are needed to analyze which

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are able to analyze.

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And the samples

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that we analyzed in laboratories

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by,

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in York University

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by,

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doctor

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Samantha Grievs before she was,

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Samantha Priestley.

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And

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we use

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a mass spectrometry

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after separation

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in, by liquid chromatography.

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It's called technique as a a liquid chromatography

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tandem before mass spectrometry.

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And, to make, in for to make, this,

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informed decisions

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regarding sampling, we also

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use a multispectral

300
00:11:47,420 --> 00:11:47,920
imaging,

301
00:11:49,660 --> 00:11:50,720
with, acronym

302
00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:51,600
MSI

303
00:11:52,304 --> 00:11:55,924
conducted by Joe John Rylands Imaging Club,

304
00:11:56,705 --> 00:11:58,804
a part of, Manchester University,

305
00:12:00,065 --> 00:12:00,565
using

306
00:12:01,345 --> 00:12:01,845
lightning

307
00:12:02,304 --> 00:12:03,845
conditions that combine

308
00:12:04,384 --> 00:12:05,669
wavelengths from

309
00:12:05,990 --> 00:12:07,190
365

310
00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:07,690
nanometers

311
00:12:08,549 --> 00:12:09,049
to

312
00:12:09,589 --> 00:12:11,029
940

313
00:12:11,029 --> 00:12:13,850
nanometers. It's means that, they cover full,

314
00:12:14,309 --> 00:12:16,329
range from UV to infrared

315
00:12:16,709 --> 00:12:18,409
with long pass violet.

316
00:12:19,235 --> 00:12:21,495
And, we have different selective

317
00:12:22,834 --> 00:12:23,654
light filters.

318
00:12:24,514 --> 00:12:25,334
Such wavelets

319
00:12:25,794 --> 00:12:29,394
are beyond the human visible light range and

320
00:12:29,394 --> 00:12:31,095
recover invisible information.

321
00:12:32,019 --> 00:12:33,799
By this multispectral analysis,

322
00:12:34,899 --> 00:12:35,399
our

323
00:12:37,460 --> 00:12:39,559
team members analyze invisible

324
00:12:40,580 --> 00:12:41,080
handwritten,

325
00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:42,920
handwritten

326
00:12:43,860 --> 00:12:44,740
notes of,

327
00:12:45,704 --> 00:12:46,204
medial,

328
00:12:48,664 --> 00:12:51,644
and then navigate where needed to apply

329
00:12:52,105 --> 00:12:54,444
our extraction foil, our foil.

330
00:12:55,144 --> 00:12:57,625
It's a it was a navigation by not

331
00:12:57,625 --> 00:13:00,444
I. The decision was after

332
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:01,600
multispectral

333
00:13:02,059 --> 00:13:03,120
analysis of,

334
00:13:05,740 --> 00:13:06,639
pages surface.

335
00:13:08,379 --> 00:13:09,120
For instance,

336
00:13:09,899 --> 00:13:11,839
we had recovered strongly

337
00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:13,360
fitted

338
00:13:14,404 --> 00:13:14,904
handwriting

339
00:13:15,284 --> 00:13:16,664
on the inside cover

340
00:13:17,365 --> 00:13:19,225
of the collection of recipes.

341
00:13:20,245 --> 00:13:23,125
That writing provides instructions for the use of,

342
00:13:23,524 --> 00:13:26,184
for example, the wall lines, scorpion

343
00:13:26,669 --> 00:13:27,330
oil against

344
00:13:27,789 --> 00:13:30,929
of, oralis and the ulcers, respectively.

345
00:13:32,269 --> 00:13:32,589
And,

346
00:13:33,789 --> 00:13:34,529
as a exotic

347
00:13:35,389 --> 00:13:38,370
for us, comp drugs company companies.

348
00:13:39,309 --> 00:13:40,769
All this was a

349
00:13:41,245 --> 00:13:41,745
contextualization

350
00:13:42,365 --> 00:13:45,345
we've heard in the depth archival research.

351
00:13:45,804 --> 00:13:48,625
For example, the study of medical and botanical

352
00:13:50,204 --> 00:13:50,704
treatises,

353
00:13:51,164 --> 00:13:53,839
hairballs, and the records of Augsburg

354
00:13:54,539 --> 00:13:55,039
German,

355
00:13:55,579 --> 00:13:57,039
Germany medical practitioners.

356
00:13:58,940 --> 00:14:01,600
Gleb, I wanted to ask you specifically about

357
00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:02,240
proteomics

358
00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:04,399
because I think it it might be

359
00:14:04,860 --> 00:14:07,519
a, a technique that some of our listeners

360
00:14:07,579 --> 00:14:10,404
aren't familiar with. Is the idea that you

361
00:14:10,544 --> 00:14:13,044
you sort of do your analysis and you

362
00:14:13,264 --> 00:14:14,404
you identify,

363
00:14:15,745 --> 00:14:18,644
a number of proteins that are,

364
00:14:19,664 --> 00:14:20,725
within a sample,

365
00:14:21,039 --> 00:14:23,139
And then you sort of look at that

366
00:14:23,519 --> 00:14:25,059
ensemble and decide

367
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:27,139
where those proteins

368
00:14:27,919 --> 00:14:30,639
may have come from. Is that is that

369
00:14:30,639 --> 00:14:32,559
how it works, or have I got that

370
00:14:32,559 --> 00:14:35,039
completely wrong? So as my question is, how

371
00:14:35,039 --> 00:14:35,860
does it work?

372
00:14:37,485 --> 00:14:38,625
No. First of all,

373
00:14:39,485 --> 00:14:39,725
all,

374
00:14:41,805 --> 00:14:42,625
our civilization,

375
00:14:44,205 --> 00:14:46,684
built from proteins. It means that,

376
00:14:48,445 --> 00:14:49,184
our body

377
00:14:49,485 --> 00:14:51,184
plenty of proteins and

378
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,559
things which we use plenty of proteins and,

379
00:14:55,919 --> 00:14:57,459
even trash around

380
00:14:57,839 --> 00:14:58,659
us also,

381
00:14:59,440 --> 00:14:59,940
proteins.

382
00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:01,940
And the protonics, it's,

383
00:15:02,959 --> 00:15:06,419
generally denotes the large scale experimental analysis

384
00:15:06,875 --> 00:15:09,214
of proteins in the protons.

385
00:15:09,754 --> 00:15:10,975
It means that complexes

386
00:15:11,355 --> 00:15:12,575
in the as a,

387
00:15:15,115 --> 00:15:16,654
in the other subcellular,

388
00:15:17,514 --> 00:15:18,254
in the

389
00:15:18,634 --> 00:15:19,615
comp components.

390
00:15:21,179 --> 00:15:23,919
But often refers refers especially,

391
00:15:25,019 --> 00:15:27,899
to protein qualification and mass spectrometer. It means

392
00:15:27,899 --> 00:15:29,679
that proteomics is some technological

393
00:15:30,860 --> 00:15:31,360
discipline,

394
00:15:31,980 --> 00:15:33,199
which include

395
00:15:35,065 --> 00:15:35,884
extraction, purification,

396
00:15:36,584 --> 00:15:37,084
analysis,

397
00:15:37,544 --> 00:15:38,845
and the data treatment

398
00:15:39,625 --> 00:15:40,524
by bioinformatic.

399
00:15:41,304 --> 00:15:43,245
And the we have different variations.

400
00:15:43,625 --> 00:15:46,605
Protomix, it's a very flexible and transformable

401
00:15:47,144 --> 00:15:48,269
term. And,

402
00:15:49,129 --> 00:15:51,470
when we use in our study

403
00:15:52,409 --> 00:15:54,990
term, protonics, we mean that extraction,

404
00:15:56,329 --> 00:15:56,829
separation,

405
00:15:57,370 --> 00:15:57,870
analysis,

406
00:15:58,649 --> 00:15:59,149
and

407
00:15:59,769 --> 00:16:00,269
translation

408
00:16:00,649 --> 00:16:01,149
from

409
00:16:02,654 --> 00:16:04,674
one database to another database

410
00:16:05,054 --> 00:16:05,955
and bring

411
00:16:06,415 --> 00:16:06,915
valuable

412
00:16:07,455 --> 00:16:11,315
results for end user. For example, for historians,

413
00:16:12,014 --> 00:16:12,514
need

414
00:16:12,975 --> 00:16:13,475
mostly

415
00:16:14,014 --> 00:16:14,514
identification

416
00:16:14,894 --> 00:16:15,394
of

417
00:16:16,459 --> 00:16:17,919
taxonomy of organism.

418
00:16:18,379 --> 00:16:21,279
This means that it's chicken or hippo or

419
00:16:21,419 --> 00:16:22,639
human being, etcetera.

420
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:25,440
And, for humanist, they usually

421
00:16:25,819 --> 00:16:26,639
they require

422
00:16:27,659 --> 00:16:29,600
the, determination of taxonomy,

423
00:16:30,195 --> 00:16:33,415
condition environmental conditions and other things.

424
00:16:34,674 --> 00:16:36,375
In our in our case,

425
00:16:37,075 --> 00:16:37,815
we use

426
00:16:38,915 --> 00:16:39,415
bioinformatics

427
00:16:39,875 --> 00:16:40,615
for proteomics,

428
00:16:41,795 --> 00:16:43,575
which called protum informatics.

429
00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:47,309
And the much protumics data is collected with

430
00:16:47,309 --> 00:16:50,350
the help of high throughput technologies such as

431
00:16:50,350 --> 00:16:51,169
mass spectrometry

432
00:16:51,790 --> 00:16:53,649
and the various of, microarray

433
00:16:54,110 --> 00:16:54,610
techniques.

434
00:16:55,710 --> 00:16:58,610
Using bioinformatics techniques, researchers are capable

435
00:16:59,524 --> 00:17:01,625
of fast analysis and data storage.

436
00:17:02,164 --> 00:17:04,244
A good place to find the list of

437
00:17:04,244 --> 00:17:05,945
current programs in databases

438
00:17:06,565 --> 00:17:08,345
is in where some special,

439
00:17:09,684 --> 00:17:10,184
bioinformatics

440
00:17:10,724 --> 00:17:13,144
resource resource portals like Xpazy

441
00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:15,590
And applications, bioinformatics

442
00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:16,710
based proteomics

443
00:17:17,170 --> 00:17:18,630
include medicine, disease

444
00:17:19,250 --> 00:17:20,789
diagnosis, biomarker identification,

445
00:17:21,170 --> 00:17:21,830
the many

446
00:17:22,289 --> 00:17:24,950
more. In the in our case, we use

447
00:17:25,090 --> 00:17:25,830
all these

448
00:17:26,210 --> 00:17:26,710
medical,

449
00:17:27,615 --> 00:17:28,115
apply

450
00:17:29,134 --> 00:17:32,195
protonics applications for medicine field field

451
00:17:32,734 --> 00:17:34,195
for antique medicine.

452
00:17:34,894 --> 00:17:35,394
This

453
00:17:37,295 --> 00:17:41,380
new thing because we analyze not fresh from,

454
00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:44,580
hospital for modern hospital. We use

455
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:45,700
a,

456
00:17:46,799 --> 00:17:48,180
a simple from

457
00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:49,620
a medieval

458
00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:50,740
kitchen.

459
00:17:53,434 --> 00:17:55,535
And, Gleb, I wanted to ask you about

460
00:17:55,674 --> 00:17:58,575
some of the interesting and perhaps unexpected

461
00:17:58,875 --> 00:18:00,255
things that you found

462
00:18:00,795 --> 00:18:02,795
in this study. I mean, a few minutes

463
00:18:02,795 --> 00:18:03,775
ago, you mentioned,

464
00:18:04,795 --> 00:18:05,535
a hippopotamus.

465
00:18:07,399 --> 00:18:09,559
I don't that that that that wasn't just

466
00:18:09,559 --> 00:18:12,359
a random animal that you've pulled off the

467
00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:14,359
top of your head. Am I right in

468
00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:15,079
thinking that,

469
00:18:16,039 --> 00:18:18,619
in this paper that you've written about,

470
00:18:19,720 --> 00:18:20,539
these Renaissance

471
00:18:20,839 --> 00:18:21,339
books,

472
00:18:22,119 --> 00:18:22,859
the hippopotamus,

473
00:18:23,934 --> 00:18:25,875
you you've have you detected

474
00:18:27,055 --> 00:18:29,795
evidence that parts of a hippopotamus

475
00:18:30,095 --> 00:18:32,575
were being used in medicine? Is is is

476
00:18:32,575 --> 00:18:33,315
that right?

477
00:18:36,039 --> 00:18:37,339
Well, first of all,

478
00:18:38,359 --> 00:18:38,859
Hippopotamus,

479
00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,339
it's, of course, it's, was

480
00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,519
a very unexpected in the medieval Germany because,

481
00:18:44,920 --> 00:18:45,660
you know,

482
00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:46,859
some

483
00:18:49,815 --> 00:18:50,714
even before

484
00:18:51,414 --> 00:18:52,394
ice age,

485
00:18:52,855 --> 00:18:53,355
hippopotamus

486
00:18:54,855 --> 00:18:55,994
never were in,

487
00:18:56,775 --> 00:18:58,474
even continental even.

488
00:18:59,095 --> 00:18:59,494
And,

489
00:18:59,894 --> 00:19:00,394
but,

490
00:19:01,519 --> 00:19:02,539
you need

491
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:03,700
to

492
00:19:04,519 --> 00:19:06,220
first, you need to understand that,

493
00:19:08,119 --> 00:19:09,419
medieval medicine,

494
00:19:10,599 --> 00:19:13,660
was a a result of

495
00:19:14,279 --> 00:19:14,940
a mixture

496
00:19:15,319 --> 00:19:15,819
of

497
00:19:16,434 --> 00:19:16,934
recipes

498
00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:18,615
from,

499
00:19:21,634 --> 00:19:23,255
Persia, from China,

500
00:19:23,555 --> 00:19:25,955
from Byzantium, and, from,

501
00:19:26,515 --> 00:19:27,015
Arabic

502
00:19:27,875 --> 00:19:30,434
countries. And, you know, it's a big it's

503
00:19:30,434 --> 00:19:31,345
a it's a

504
00:19:32,940 --> 00:19:33,759
this book

505
00:19:34,299 --> 00:19:35,299
at, from,

506
00:19:35,740 --> 00:19:36,240
Paratelsus'

507
00:19:37,179 --> 00:19:39,259
period when Paratelsus' first,

508
00:19:40,059 --> 00:19:40,960
non scholastic

509
00:19:41,420 --> 00:19:41,920
med

510
00:19:42,539 --> 00:19:43,039
medical

511
00:19:44,220 --> 00:19:45,119
doc doctor,

512
00:19:45,924 --> 00:19:47,245
destroy all of his,

513
00:19:47,684 --> 00:19:49,144
all previous scholastic

514
00:19:49,525 --> 00:19:50,025
medical

515
00:19:54,965 --> 00:19:55,465
medical

516
00:19:56,325 --> 00:19:56,825
approach.

517
00:19:57,205 --> 00:19:58,184
This means that

518
00:20:01,670 --> 00:20:02,490
all exotic

519
00:20:02,789 --> 00:20:04,170
materials like hippopotamus,

520
00:20:04,710 --> 00:20:05,210
like,

521
00:20:05,750 --> 00:20:06,970
lizards, like,

522
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:11,049
you know, elephants and other things,

523
00:20:11,910 --> 00:20:12,650
and other animals,

524
00:20:17,294 --> 00:20:18,674
you use it for,

525
00:20:19,534 --> 00:20:20,514
medical comp

526
00:20:21,294 --> 00:20:23,954
use from for medical comp companies

527
00:20:24,255 --> 00:20:26,755
because European medicines have,

528
00:20:27,534 --> 00:20:28,410
roots from,

529
00:20:29,049 --> 00:20:30,269
oriental medicine

530
00:20:30,730 --> 00:20:33,630
and, from Byzantine medicine. This means that,

531
00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:35,789
this book

532
00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:36,990
contain

533
00:20:37,369 --> 00:20:38,509
a lot of translation

534
00:20:38,809 --> 00:20:39,130
from,

535
00:20:40,009 --> 00:20:40,509
oriental

536
00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:42,590
notebooks,

537
00:20:43,035 --> 00:20:46,335
from oriental book and the manus medical manuscripts.

538
00:20:46,634 --> 00:20:47,595
And, of course, it was,

539
00:20:50,075 --> 00:20:50,815
they recommend

540
00:20:51,275 --> 00:20:52,414
that use, some

541
00:20:52,955 --> 00:20:55,134
for you exotic for,

542
00:20:55,755 --> 00:20:56,255
Europe,

543
00:20:57,369 --> 00:20:58,589
organisms like hippopotamus.

544
00:20:59,529 --> 00:21:00,429
And the

545
00:21:01,250 --> 00:21:01,289
of of

546
00:21:02,089 --> 00:21:03,150
and the Germany,

547
00:21:04,730 --> 00:21:05,390
for example,

548
00:21:06,809 --> 00:21:08,190
in the in Germany,

549
00:21:08,650 --> 00:21:09,710
New Nurburg

550
00:21:10,144 --> 00:21:10,884
and Augsburg

551
00:21:12,384 --> 00:21:12,784
were,

552
00:21:13,264 --> 00:21:14,464
famous centers of,

553
00:21:16,384 --> 00:21:16,884
trade

554
00:21:17,264 --> 00:21:17,764
between

555
00:21:18,464 --> 00:21:19,845
West and the East.

556
00:21:20,464 --> 00:21:21,605
And there are many,

557
00:21:22,544 --> 00:21:23,044
different

558
00:21:23,585 --> 00:21:24,085
commodities,

559
00:21:25,009 --> 00:21:25,909
exotic commodities

560
00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:27,190
arrived

561
00:21:28,369 --> 00:21:28,950
to medieval

562
00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:29,750
Germany

563
00:21:30,369 --> 00:21:32,230
and, for different,

564
00:21:33,730 --> 00:21:37,269
medical and, not and not only medical purposes.

565
00:21:37,845 --> 00:21:38,565
No. For example

566
00:21:39,444 --> 00:21:40,664
famous example, it's

567
00:21:42,365 --> 00:21:42,865
a,

568
00:21:44,804 --> 00:21:45,944
elephant bones.

569
00:21:47,525 --> 00:21:48,744
Because before,

570
00:21:49,444 --> 00:21:49,944
plastic,

571
00:21:50,859 --> 00:21:52,059
era, human

572
00:21:52,460 --> 00:21:54,399
people in Europe use, elephant

573
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:55,200
bones,

574
00:21:55,579 --> 00:21:55,819
and,

575
00:21:57,659 --> 00:21:59,279
it was not unusual.

576
00:21:59,659 --> 00:21:59,980
And,

577
00:22:00,619 --> 00:22:01,119
hippopotamus

578
00:22:02,539 --> 00:22:03,339
also was,

579
00:22:03,980 --> 00:22:04,480
probably,

580
00:22:06,164 --> 00:22:07,625
was a product

581
00:22:08,085 --> 00:22:08,585
commodity

582
00:22:09,285 --> 00:22:11,065
of trade between

583
00:22:11,445 --> 00:22:13,144
east and west. And then

584
00:22:13,765 --> 00:22:16,025
I didn't see that something unusual

585
00:22:16,485 --> 00:22:16,985
that,

586
00:22:17,924 --> 00:22:19,065
we fall we found

587
00:22:19,445 --> 00:22:20,184
the hippopotamus

588
00:22:20,940 --> 00:22:23,819
traces in on these pages. And these are

589
00:22:23,819 --> 00:22:24,319
still.

590
00:22:25,579 --> 00:22:27,839
And Gleb, I wanted to ask you about,

591
00:22:27,899 --> 00:22:30,059
you know, what you've learned, you and your

592
00:22:30,059 --> 00:22:32,319
colleagues, what you've learned about how people

593
00:22:33,019 --> 00:22:35,339
used this book. I mean, it sounds to

594
00:22:35,339 --> 00:22:36,194
me that this

595
00:22:36,755 --> 00:22:40,694
particular volume didn't sit on a dusty shelf

596
00:22:40,914 --> 00:22:41,414
somewhere,

597
00:22:42,514 --> 00:22:44,694
that it that people were using it

598
00:22:45,154 --> 00:22:45,815
a lot,

599
00:22:46,835 --> 00:22:48,134
to to treat

600
00:22:48,519 --> 00:22:49,019
disease.

601
00:22:50,599 --> 00:22:50,679
It

602
00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:53,640
is that your conclusion about this book that

603
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:56,059
it was very well thumbed? People,

604
00:22:56,839 --> 00:22:58,059
learned the concepts.

605
00:22:58,759 --> 00:23:00,920
Maybe they improved on some of the the

606
00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:03,015
remedies that were in the book. Is that

607
00:23:03,255 --> 00:23:05,115
Did you get the feeling that people were,

608
00:23:06,695 --> 00:23:09,275
using the information and even perhaps experimenting

609
00:23:09,974 --> 00:23:11,275
on their own as well?

610
00:23:13,015 --> 00:23:13,515
Yeah.

611
00:23:15,750 --> 00:23:17,130
Well, first of all, Renaissance

612
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:18,869
was a era of,

613
00:23:19,430 --> 00:23:19,930
experiments.

614
00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:22,950
And, I mean that, not,

615
00:23:23,509 --> 00:23:24,570
European Renaissance.

616
00:23:25,430 --> 00:23:27,450
And, because the scholastic

617
00:23:28,015 --> 00:23:30,674
science and the and the scholastic

618
00:23:31,134 --> 00:23:32,835
particularly scholastic medicine,

619
00:23:34,335 --> 00:23:36,835
it period it says in sixteenth century

620
00:23:37,694 --> 00:23:38,174
already

621
00:23:39,375 --> 00:23:40,674
was already finished.

622
00:23:41,134 --> 00:23:42,269
And people start

623
00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:44,049
experimentation, and they're,

624
00:23:45,630 --> 00:23:46,529
I think that,

625
00:23:47,070 --> 00:23:48,849
first first of all, this particular

626
00:23:49,630 --> 00:23:51,730
book was a manual for,

627
00:23:52,430 --> 00:23:52,930
common

628
00:23:53,309 --> 00:23:55,330
man and, for everyday,

629
00:23:56,509 --> 00:23:58,375
using. In the in Germany,

630
00:23:59,554 --> 00:24:00,774
in in in in Germany,

631
00:24:02,514 --> 00:24:05,554
people made the experimentation on the kitchen. I

632
00:24:05,554 --> 00:24:08,134
think that, quite often because

633
00:24:08,994 --> 00:24:10,534
not always, hippo

634
00:24:10,994 --> 00:24:13,319
thieves thieves or some lizards,

635
00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:16,279
they try to use some surrogates,

636
00:24:16,579 --> 00:24:17,559
some sort of

637
00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:22,679
materials to substitute of exotic materials to more

638
00:24:24,585 --> 00:24:25,805
to to more achievable,

639
00:24:30,105 --> 00:24:32,444
initial products and comp components.

640
00:24:33,065 --> 00:24:35,085
And, this book teach us

641
00:24:35,464 --> 00:24:36,365
that handwritten

642
00:24:37,785 --> 00:24:38,160
notes

643
00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:39,759
with,

644
00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:42,259
some modification of,

645
00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:44,900
modifications

646
00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:48,340
of recommended printed

647
00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:49,220
recipes

648
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:52,720
is also very interest very interesting because people

649
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:53,865
try to make

650
00:24:54,424 --> 00:24:56,204
some sort of fine tuning

651
00:24:56,505 --> 00:24:57,325
or tuning

652
00:24:57,865 --> 00:24:58,605
for recipes.

653
00:24:58,984 --> 00:24:59,484
And,

654
00:25:01,224 --> 00:25:02,904
another thing I think,

655
00:25:03,304 --> 00:25:06,825
which very surprised for us that we didn't

656
00:25:06,825 --> 00:25:07,325
find

657
00:25:07,865 --> 00:25:08,765
the expected,

658
00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:10,000
components

659
00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:12,639
because, for example, for

660
00:25:13,099 --> 00:25:13,599
higher,

661
00:25:14,619 --> 00:25:15,679
dime for

662
00:25:16,379 --> 00:25:18,159
for for higher dime,

663
00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:21,039
and, people didn't use basmat.

664
00:25:21,464 --> 00:25:23,464
Basma, it's for to make of,

665
00:25:24,105 --> 00:25:24,605
black

666
00:25:25,384 --> 00:25:26,924
color of, hairs.

667
00:25:28,664 --> 00:25:30,924
We paid a lot of attention to,

668
00:25:31,785 --> 00:25:32,285
identify

669
00:25:32,984 --> 00:25:33,964
famous companions,

670
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:35,299
famous from

671
00:25:35,839 --> 00:25:36,740
modern books,

672
00:25:37,279 --> 00:25:40,339
historical books, but we didn't find the classical,

673
00:25:41,839 --> 00:25:42,339
recipes

674
00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:47,054
in these pages. This means that in the

675
00:25:47,134 --> 00:25:48,355
for example, for

676
00:25:48,734 --> 00:25:49,794
whitening of,

677
00:25:51,054 --> 00:25:51,554
hires,

678
00:25:51,855 --> 00:25:54,974
use lemon juice. We didn't find lemon, and

679
00:25:54,974 --> 00:25:56,034
they're also interesting.

680
00:25:56,734 --> 00:25:58,115
And there are many unexpected

681
00:25:58,654 --> 00:26:01,394
even in the these studies are very important,

682
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,539
even negative results.

683
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:06,820
Sometimes you expect you some some results,

684
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,400
but when you not receive these results, it's

685
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:10,900
also,

686
00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:12,340
good

687
00:26:13,279 --> 00:26:13,779
to,

688
00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:15,940
it's also

689
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:16,900
good

690
00:26:18,535 --> 00:26:19,035
good,

691
00:26:20,375 --> 00:26:22,035
think to make,

692
00:26:22,934 --> 00:26:23,434
some

693
00:26:23,815 --> 00:26:24,634
new conclusions.

694
00:26:26,215 --> 00:26:28,215
That's interesting. And, you know, I suppose when

695
00:26:28,215 --> 00:26:30,295
we think about the history of science and,

696
00:26:30,295 --> 00:26:31,434
you know, the Renaissance

697
00:26:32,570 --> 00:26:33,390
and the enlightenment

698
00:26:33,690 --> 00:26:34,190
era,

699
00:26:34,650 --> 00:26:36,570
we we tend to think of, you know,

700
00:26:36,570 --> 00:26:37,549
the big names.

701
00:26:38,089 --> 00:26:39,869
Like, oh, I don't know, Galileo,

702
00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:40,750
Copernicus,

703
00:26:42,330 --> 00:26:45,044
etcetera. But it it sounds to me like

704
00:26:45,044 --> 00:26:47,944
you've got a very interesting window into how

705
00:26:48,484 --> 00:26:50,585
sort of everyday people were

706
00:26:50,964 --> 00:26:51,464
experimenting,

707
00:26:53,365 --> 00:26:54,105
with things.

708
00:26:54,804 --> 00:26:56,664
And, you know, I suppose that could

709
00:26:57,079 --> 00:26:59,900
possibly shed some light on how those big

710
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:00,700
scientific

711
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:01,500
ideas

712
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:03,900
that were being developed were

713
00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:05,740
sort of being embraced

714
00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:06,619
by

715
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,400
by the population. Is I mean, is that

716
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,234
something that that could come out of studies

717
00:27:12,234 --> 00:27:13,455
of books like this?

718
00:27:15,275 --> 00:27:17,914
Yeah. It's a good point about the Galileo

719
00:27:17,914 --> 00:27:19,695
and the and other big names.

720
00:27:20,394 --> 00:27:21,695
Because for me,

721
00:27:22,394 --> 00:27:22,894
constantly,

722
00:27:23,914 --> 00:27:24,654
big question

723
00:27:24,955 --> 00:27:25,455
how

724
00:27:26,059 --> 00:27:27,039
almost blind,

725
00:27:28,299 --> 00:27:28,799
Galileo

726
00:27:29,740 --> 00:27:30,480
made the,

727
00:27:31,660 --> 00:27:33,519
first drawings of, moon

728
00:27:33,980 --> 00:27:34,640
on the,

729
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:36,380
not perfect,

730
00:27:36,859 --> 00:27:37,359
telescope

731
00:27:37,819 --> 00:27:38,319
observation.

732
00:27:39,019 --> 00:27:40,154
The observations by

733
00:27:41,755 --> 00:27:43,134
a not perfect telescope.

734
00:27:44,315 --> 00:27:46,095
For example, in our

735
00:27:46,474 --> 00:27:48,575
parallel project, which we

736
00:27:49,434 --> 00:27:51,215
can start started,

737
00:27:52,154 --> 00:27:52,654
about

738
00:27:53,115 --> 00:27:53,615
English

739
00:27:56,369 --> 00:27:56,869
astronomers,

740
00:27:58,049 --> 00:27:58,710
who work

741
00:27:59,089 --> 00:28:00,549
in the Dutch astronomers

742
00:28:01,329 --> 00:28:04,069
who work in the same period as Galileo

743
00:28:04,609 --> 00:28:05,650
and what kind of,

744
00:28:07,170 --> 00:28:07,670
astronomical

745
00:28:08,049 --> 00:28:11,255
observation they did in the first telescopes because,

746
00:28:11,575 --> 00:28:13,755
Galileo and the Dutch,

747
00:28:15,134 --> 00:28:15,634
the

748
00:28:17,015 --> 00:28:17,835
Dutch opticians,

749
00:28:18,775 --> 00:28:20,474
work in the same time

750
00:28:20,855 --> 00:28:22,075
with a very,

751
00:28:23,345 --> 00:28:23,845
narrow

752
00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:29,029
in in a very in a very narrow

753
00:28:29,029 --> 00:28:30,089
time period for

754
00:28:30,710 --> 00:28:32,069
each other. And,

755
00:28:33,670 --> 00:28:35,609
for example, the Leo was

756
00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:36,890
sick with

757
00:28:37,349 --> 00:28:37,815
ice

758
00:28:38,294 --> 00:28:38,794
disease,

759
00:28:39,335 --> 00:28:41,434
and they're very interesting to check,

760
00:28:42,534 --> 00:28:43,034
Galileo

761
00:28:43,414 --> 00:28:47,514
telescopes from, Galileo Museum in, Florence, for example.

762
00:28:48,054 --> 00:28:48,554
Or

763
00:28:50,429 --> 00:28:50,929
also

764
00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:52,130
check

765
00:28:53,710 --> 00:28:54,210
condition

766
00:28:54,509 --> 00:28:57,789
health conditions of Gallio in from personal manuscript

767
00:28:57,950 --> 00:29:00,450
handwritten manuscripts of Gallio from,

768
00:29:00,990 --> 00:29:01,964
Florence archive,

769
00:29:02,365 --> 00:29:04,944
city archive. It's also interesting subject.

770
00:29:05,565 --> 00:29:06,065
It's,

771
00:29:06,765 --> 00:29:09,085
of course, it's this period of,

772
00:29:09,644 --> 00:29:10,144
renaissance

773
00:29:10,525 --> 00:29:11,904
was a very

774
00:29:12,765 --> 00:29:13,265
intensive

775
00:29:15,609 --> 00:29:16,109
experimentation,

776
00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:19,869
not only in physics, but also in medicine.

777
00:29:20,730 --> 00:29:21,549
Now we

778
00:29:22,089 --> 00:29:24,829
use a very more very, you know,

779
00:29:26,890 --> 00:29:29,390
modern term is a personalized personalized

780
00:29:29,929 --> 00:29:30,429
medicine.

781
00:29:31,224 --> 00:29:32,125
Personalized medicine

782
00:29:32,585 --> 00:29:35,724
started the Renaissance period when each

783
00:29:37,544 --> 00:29:38,444
common man,

784
00:29:39,224 --> 00:29:40,924
made the experiment on the kitchen.

785
00:29:42,105 --> 00:29:43,164
And and, Gleb,

786
00:29:44,024 --> 00:29:46,845
you started out, your career as a physicist.

787
00:29:47,119 --> 00:29:47,359
And,

788
00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:49,859
you know, I think some of our listeners

789
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:51,600
may be thinking, wow. This is, you know,

790
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,180
fascinating work that Gleb and his colleagues

791
00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:57,859
have done. If if I'm in physics now,

792
00:29:58,240 --> 00:29:59,460
how could I get

793
00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:03,085
involved in this sort of research? So could

794
00:30:03,085 --> 00:30:04,765
could you maybe just let us know how

795
00:30:04,765 --> 00:30:06,625
you went from being a physicist

796
00:30:07,484 --> 00:30:10,305
to being somebody who is involved in multidisciplinary

797
00:30:11,805 --> 00:30:13,904
studies of of Renaissance

798
00:30:14,365 --> 00:30:14,819
books?

799
00:30:16,019 --> 00:30:16,759
I graduated,

800
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:18,200
in

801
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:19,880
Novosibir State University

802
00:30:20,579 --> 00:30:22,279
in Russia in

803
00:30:22,819 --> 00:30:23,960
1994,

804
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:26,679
and, I graduated in

805
00:30:27,075 --> 00:30:28,774
quantum optics department.

806
00:30:29,474 --> 00:30:31,255
And the quantum optics,

807
00:30:32,515 --> 00:30:35,075
it was a very unique department because,

808
00:30:36,274 --> 00:30:37,875
showed of this department,

809
00:30:38,355 --> 00:30:39,974
professor Sergey Rotyan,

810
00:30:41,039 --> 00:30:42,980
bring us many historical,

811
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:44,500
anecdotes

812
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:45,359
about,

813
00:30:46,079 --> 00:30:47,380
how to use,

814
00:30:47,759 --> 00:30:48,500
for example,

815
00:30:49,599 --> 00:30:50,740
Roman games

816
00:30:51,119 --> 00:30:53,460
for a first experience of

817
00:30:54,079 --> 00:30:57,984
nonlinear optics. It was very interesting because, physicists

818
00:30:58,605 --> 00:31:00,944
use historical objects for

819
00:31:02,765 --> 00:31:03,744
physical experiments

820
00:31:04,285 --> 00:31:05,105
quite often.

821
00:31:05,644 --> 00:31:07,259
And, it was, like,

822
00:31:07,579 --> 00:31:08,720
initial anecdotal,

823
00:31:09,339 --> 00:31:09,839
motivation.

824
00:31:10,779 --> 00:31:12,059
And, later on,

825
00:31:12,940 --> 00:31:13,680
I met

826
00:31:15,099 --> 00:31:18,160
with, professor Pierre Giorgio Riggetti from Milano Polytechnica.

827
00:31:19,500 --> 00:31:20,240
He is

828
00:31:21,099 --> 00:31:22,444
a very big

829
00:31:23,625 --> 00:31:24,924
name in proteomics

830
00:31:25,304 --> 00:31:26,125
and biochemistry,

831
00:31:27,384 --> 00:31:28,845
and he is constantly,

832
00:31:30,024 --> 00:31:31,704
involved for for different,

833
00:31:32,105 --> 00:31:32,605
cultural

834
00:31:33,144 --> 00:31:33,644
and

835
00:31:34,105 --> 00:31:34,605
historical

836
00:31:36,424 --> 00:31:36,924
projects.

837
00:31:37,549 --> 00:31:39,970
And, we work with a practice regulator

838
00:31:40,589 --> 00:31:42,210
last twenty seven years.

839
00:31:42,670 --> 00:31:45,329
And, cost and, most of our our

840
00:31:45,950 --> 00:31:46,769
work is

841
00:31:47,150 --> 00:31:48,450
application of proteomics

842
00:31:48,990 --> 00:31:50,369
and the other biochemical

843
00:31:50,829 --> 00:31:51,315
technique,

844
00:31:52,034 --> 00:31:55,974
new biochemical technique for culture heritage and historical

845
00:31:56,115 --> 00:31:56,615
objects.

846
00:31:57,394 --> 00:31:59,875
I develop sales reps and develop new analysis

847
00:31:59,875 --> 00:32:01,014
methods and materials

848
00:32:01,394 --> 00:32:02,134
for biotechnology,

849
00:32:03,234 --> 00:32:03,734
with

850
00:32:05,234 --> 00:32:07,014
a biggest part of my

851
00:32:07,580 --> 00:32:08,080
activity

852
00:32:08,539 --> 00:32:09,200
for last,

853
00:32:10,140 --> 00:32:10,960
thirty years.

854
00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:13,759
And, I was interested to

855
00:32:14,299 --> 00:32:17,440
in how to obtain additional and hidden information

856
00:32:17,580 --> 00:32:20,720
from books, historical documents, and museum

857
00:32:21,075 --> 00:32:21,575
objects.

858
00:32:22,274 --> 00:32:23,174
These material

859
00:32:23,554 --> 00:32:27,255
objects contain valuable historical and humanitarian information.

860
00:32:28,755 --> 00:32:31,575
This information can be extracted from, visa,

861
00:32:32,835 --> 00:32:33,315
valuable

862
00:32:33,634 --> 00:32:34,774
from from visa,

863
00:32:36,274 --> 00:32:36,690
objects,

864
00:32:37,089 --> 00:32:38,869
from documents in the books.

865
00:32:39,409 --> 00:32:42,769
I began developing new devices and technologies for

866
00:32:42,769 --> 00:32:43,509
such interdisciplinary

867
00:32:44,450 --> 00:32:44,950
research.

868
00:32:45,809 --> 00:32:47,349
This is especially relevant

869
00:32:48,129 --> 00:32:50,309
now in the age of AI,

870
00:32:50,634 --> 00:32:51,134
artificial

871
00:32:51,835 --> 00:32:53,694
intelligence, is a new interface between

872
00:32:54,075 --> 00:32:54,974
human being,

873
00:32:55,434 --> 00:32:55,934
artificial

874
00:32:56,234 --> 00:32:56,734
intelligence,

875
00:32:57,035 --> 00:32:58,414
AI, and computers

876
00:32:59,035 --> 00:33:01,194
are required, and the all of these are

877
00:33:01,194 --> 00:33:01,694
required.

878
00:33:02,875 --> 00:33:07,009
We have essentially created an interface between modern

879
00:33:07,009 --> 00:33:10,549
user and, an ancient book or object.

880
00:33:11,009 --> 00:33:14,230
This is a new level of object digitization

881
00:33:15,490 --> 00:33:15,990
historical

882
00:33:16,609 --> 00:33:17,750
object digitization.

883
00:33:19,544 --> 00:33:21,404
We call it, biochemical

884
00:33:22,105 --> 00:33:22,605
digitization.

885
00:33:23,144 --> 00:33:24,284
Using these interfaces,

886
00:33:24,904 --> 00:33:28,444
we provide information about biological and chemical composition

887
00:33:29,224 --> 00:33:32,924
of an object to AI, to artificial intelligence.

888
00:33:33,889 --> 00:33:35,809
Currently, the digitization of,

889
00:33:36,450 --> 00:33:39,190
museum objects and culture heritage sites

890
00:33:39,569 --> 00:33:40,710
primarily involve

891
00:33:41,329 --> 00:33:43,509
involves audio and video information,

892
00:33:44,210 --> 00:33:46,549
but we provide biological and chemical

893
00:33:47,169 --> 00:33:47,669
digitization.

894
00:33:49,235 --> 00:33:50,134
Incident objects,

895
00:33:50,914 --> 00:33:51,414
data

896
00:33:52,434 --> 00:33:52,934
repositories

897
00:33:53,235 --> 00:33:54,695
that can be decoded.

898
00:33:55,555 --> 00:33:56,855
The data digit

899
00:33:57,955 --> 00:34:00,934
digitized and used for a variety of purposes.

900
00:34:01,475 --> 00:34:02,215
For example,

901
00:34:02,674 --> 00:34:03,575
it's a good

902
00:34:04,380 --> 00:34:05,759
source for OpenAI,

903
00:34:06,220 --> 00:34:06,720
much

904
00:34:07,259 --> 00:34:07,920
and other

905
00:34:11,340 --> 00:34:11,840
human

906
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:12,800
AI

907
00:34:15,019 --> 00:34:15,519
interfaces.

908
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:16,394
This is

909
00:34:17,195 --> 00:34:21,375
object objective information about bygone errors and events.

910
00:34:22,315 --> 00:34:22,635
And,

911
00:34:25,275 --> 00:34:27,375
for I collaborate with

912
00:34:28,715 --> 00:34:29,215
my,

913
00:34:30,954 --> 00:34:31,855
with other colleagues,

914
00:34:32,660 --> 00:34:34,039
professor Leonid Fruman

915
00:34:34,340 --> 00:34:34,840
from,

916
00:34:35,860 --> 00:34:37,720
Nocibbe University University and

917
00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:39,880
professor Emmanuel Baskin,

918
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:41,000
he's

919
00:34:41,460 --> 00:34:42,519
a expert in,

920
00:34:43,380 --> 00:34:45,800
theory of Soviet state physics.

921
00:34:46,420 --> 00:34:46,739
And,

922
00:34:47,474 --> 00:34:49,015
all these colleagues

923
00:34:49,555 --> 00:34:50,055
constantly

924
00:34:50,515 --> 00:34:51,015
interested

925
00:34:51,315 --> 00:34:54,135
in history and how to use of different

926
00:34:56,434 --> 00:34:57,414
physical techniques

927
00:34:57,715 --> 00:34:58,215
for

928
00:34:58,755 --> 00:34:59,255
this,

929
00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:02,079
you know, nonstop,

930
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:05,300
humanist

931
00:35:06,079 --> 00:35:06,579
applications.

932
00:35:07,119 --> 00:35:07,920
It means that,

933
00:35:08,559 --> 00:35:09,539
we are not

934
00:35:10,079 --> 00:35:10,820
so strange

935
00:35:11,359 --> 00:35:11,859
guys

936
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:14,659
who try to analyze books

937
00:35:15,515 --> 00:35:18,335
just for fun. We have some very,

938
00:35:19,515 --> 00:35:20,015
clear

939
00:35:20,555 --> 00:35:21,055
and

940
00:35:21,594 --> 00:35:22,655
pragmatic purpose

941
00:35:23,114 --> 00:35:24,494
how to make interface

942
00:35:25,035 --> 00:35:25,535
between,

943
00:35:26,715 --> 00:35:27,215
antique

944
00:35:29,219 --> 00:35:31,719
data center. It's been it's a business

945
00:35:32,340 --> 00:35:33,639
sounds it's it's book.

946
00:35:34,260 --> 00:35:35,239
And the modern,

947
00:35:36,539 --> 00:35:37,139
the mass

948
00:35:37,940 --> 00:35:38,840
computing machines.

949
00:35:39,380 --> 00:35:40,840
This means that we create,

950
00:35:41,859 --> 00:35:42,359
some

951
00:35:42,659 --> 00:35:44,244
new level of CSYNC

952
00:35:45,184 --> 00:35:47,525
to make of new level of computing

953
00:35:48,224 --> 00:35:48,965
of a biochemical

954
00:35:49,265 --> 00:35:51,125
data and to make bridge

955
00:35:51,425 --> 00:35:51,925
between,

956
00:35:52,625 --> 00:35:53,125
humanist

957
00:35:53,505 --> 00:35:54,525
and the,

958
00:35:55,344 --> 00:35:56,730
exact in the life sciences.

959
00:35:57,210 --> 00:35:58,190
These are

960
00:35:58,489 --> 00:35:59,230
our purposes.

961
00:36:00,250 --> 00:36:02,269
And, Glenn, before I let you go,

962
00:36:02,809 --> 00:36:04,650
I wanted to ask you about, you know,

963
00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:06,889
future work and what you're working on at

964
00:36:06,889 --> 00:36:08,190
the moment. You mentioned

965
00:36:10,255 --> 00:36:10,755
Galileo,

966
00:36:11,855 --> 00:36:13,875
and English and Dutch

967
00:36:14,175 --> 00:36:14,675
astronomers.

968
00:36:15,054 --> 00:36:17,614
Is there anything else that you're looking at

969
00:36:17,614 --> 00:36:19,795
at the moment? Any manuscripts or

970
00:36:20,335 --> 00:36:21,394
ancient objects?

971
00:36:22,010 --> 00:36:23,630
What are you doing at the moment?

972
00:36:25,369 --> 00:36:27,389
No. Be before then I start

973
00:36:28,809 --> 00:36:30,650
the answer to this question, I would like

974
00:36:30,650 --> 00:36:31,150
to,

975
00:36:32,969 --> 00:36:33,469
may

976
00:36:34,244 --> 00:36:37,464
make a great thanks to professor Stefan Hans

977
00:36:37,764 --> 00:36:38,264
who

978
00:36:38,724 --> 00:36:41,204
was the initiator of, VIS and the who

979
00:36:41,204 --> 00:36:41,944
was a,

980
00:36:42,324 --> 00:36:43,384
principal investigator,

981
00:36:44,164 --> 00:36:44,664
with

982
00:36:45,674 --> 00:36:46,505
a, particular

983
00:36:47,760 --> 00:36:50,980
study of, this renaissance book in the,

984
00:36:51,599 --> 00:36:52,099
doctor

985
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:52,900
Samantha

986
00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:54,500
Grievs from

987
00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:00,019
York University who who made full analytical

988
00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:00,820
work.

989
00:37:02,405 --> 00:37:03,304
Our part

990
00:37:03,605 --> 00:37:04,105
might

991
00:37:05,045 --> 00:37:07,784
my colleagues and, Svetlana Zivgierstein,

992
00:37:08,565 --> 00:37:09,605
who made the,

993
00:37:10,085 --> 00:37:12,804
supervision in production and the creation of this

994
00:37:12,804 --> 00:37:15,065
EVO technology industry was

995
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:16,900
involved as,

996
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:22,180
for interpretation of results and to professor professor

997
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:23,539
Pier Giorgio Righetti,

998
00:37:23,840 --> 00:37:24,579
who was

999
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:27,200
a is a

1000
00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:28,980
who was a participant

1001
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:32,474
in the EVA technology side.

1002
00:37:32,855 --> 00:37:35,355
And, I would like to answer from

1003
00:37:35,655 --> 00:37:37,355
our team side what kind of,

1004
00:37:38,375 --> 00:37:38,875
projects.

1005
00:37:39,815 --> 00:37:41,675
Well, first of all, Galileo,

1006
00:37:42,614 --> 00:37:43,355
in the

1007
00:37:43,815 --> 00:37:45,514
we call it we call it as

1008
00:37:46,110 --> 00:37:46,610
competition

1009
00:37:47,150 --> 00:37:47,650
between,

1010
00:37:49,630 --> 00:37:50,289
like, a star

1011
00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:53,570
glass wars, we call this project. Star wars

1012
00:37:54,349 --> 00:37:54,849
stars

1013
00:37:55,150 --> 00:37:55,650
stars

1014
00:37:56,190 --> 00:37:56,690
war

1015
00:37:57,070 --> 00:37:57,570
stars

1016
00:37:57,950 --> 00:37:59,525
glass war because,

1017
00:38:01,264 --> 00:38:03,924
we try to understand the recipe

1018
00:38:04,545 --> 00:38:05,444
of glasses,

1019
00:38:06,784 --> 00:38:11,045
glasses and glasses for Galileo telescope, for Dutch

1020
00:38:11,105 --> 00:38:11,605
telescopes

1021
00:38:11,905 --> 00:38:12,630
and the

1022
00:38:13,269 --> 00:38:15,130
Dutch telescopes which use,

1023
00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:18,329
English astronomers to observation of,

1024
00:38:18,949 --> 00:38:21,769
first observation. So for in the recording of

1025
00:38:21,829 --> 00:38:22,329
moon,

1026
00:38:22,949 --> 00:38:23,449
images.

1027
00:38:23,989 --> 00:38:24,230
And,

1028
00:38:26,605 --> 00:38:27,105
also,

1029
00:38:28,204 --> 00:38:31,905
we're looking for to develop project for Galileo

1030
00:38:32,364 --> 00:38:33,025
health conditions

1031
00:38:33,724 --> 00:38:35,105
because Galileo was

1032
00:38:36,204 --> 00:38:36,785
a very

1033
00:38:39,179 --> 00:38:41,359
secret period of, this,

1034
00:38:43,579 --> 00:38:44,079
this,

1035
00:38:44,699 --> 00:38:45,199
this,

1036
00:38:45,980 --> 00:38:46,420
first,

1037
00:38:46,859 --> 00:38:47,359
moon

1038
00:38:47,659 --> 00:38:48,159
moon

1039
00:38:49,179 --> 00:38:49,679
observations.

1040
00:38:50,139 --> 00:38:52,319
And the same was with English

1041
00:38:52,619 --> 00:38:54,719
astronomer. He was sick with

1042
00:38:55,554 --> 00:38:58,434
some, type of cancer, and they needed to

1043
00:38:58,434 --> 00:38:58,934
check

1044
00:39:00,195 --> 00:39:02,135
health conditions for for both,

1045
00:39:03,155 --> 00:39:03,655
astronomers.

1046
00:39:04,515 --> 00:39:07,094
And the another project which we

1047
00:39:07,474 --> 00:39:09,414
which are closer to,

1048
00:39:10,670 --> 00:39:11,170
physics,

1049
00:39:11,950 --> 00:39:13,250
and maybe

1050
00:39:13,710 --> 00:39:15,170
for Kerouos, we

1051
00:39:15,950 --> 00:39:18,289
open project for analysis of,

1052
00:39:20,190 --> 00:39:21,150
logbooks of,

1053
00:39:21,710 --> 00:39:22,094
ships

1054
00:39:22,815 --> 00:39:25,795
was contingent which made the, transcontinental,

1055
00:39:27,454 --> 00:39:27,954
voyages

1056
00:39:29,215 --> 00:39:30,994
between America and

1057
00:39:31,295 --> 00:39:31,795
the

1058
00:39:32,175 --> 00:39:33,315
Europe and the

1059
00:39:34,094 --> 00:39:35,715
and from Europe to Asia

1060
00:39:36,449 --> 00:39:36,949
with

1061
00:39:37,650 --> 00:39:38,150
objects,

1062
00:39:39,489 --> 00:39:40,449
logbooks that bring,

1063
00:39:42,130 --> 00:39:43,269
information about,

1064
00:39:44,929 --> 00:39:46,389
circulation of diseases,

1065
00:39:47,889 --> 00:39:48,389
epidemias,

1066
00:39:48,769 --> 00:39:49,269
and

1067
00:39:49,795 --> 00:39:51,894
bring information about environmental

1068
00:39:52,434 --> 00:39:52,934
conditions.

1069
00:39:53,875 --> 00:39:56,775
And particularly, we open project for slave

1070
00:39:57,155 --> 00:39:57,655
ships

1071
00:39:57,954 --> 00:39:58,454
logbooks

1072
00:39:59,315 --> 00:40:03,269
because, it's also important for humanity humanities to

1073
00:40:03,670 --> 00:40:04,630
understand of,

1074
00:40:06,150 --> 00:40:08,489
what happened in the slave

1075
00:40:10,390 --> 00:40:12,489
ships at period of, slave trades.

1076
00:40:13,269 --> 00:40:16,730
And then another project which also open in

1077
00:40:17,964 --> 00:40:18,625
in our

1078
00:40:19,164 --> 00:40:22,224
which in our pipe pipeline, it's

1079
00:40:23,005 --> 00:40:23,984
Nikola Tesla,

1080
00:40:25,244 --> 00:40:25,744
documents.

1081
00:40:26,764 --> 00:40:28,144
It's a with

1082
00:40:28,764 --> 00:40:31,184
Serbian g Serbian American genius.

1083
00:40:31,750 --> 00:40:33,010
And so,

1084
00:40:33,430 --> 00:40:34,250
have a very

1085
00:40:34,710 --> 00:40:35,210
intrigues

1086
00:40:35,670 --> 00:40:36,730
in the interesting,

1087
00:40:38,710 --> 00:40:39,210
legacy

1088
00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:42,010
which needed to understand not only

1089
00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:43,349
from,

1090
00:40:43,989 --> 00:40:47,704
analysis of, text. Not only from textual analysis,

1091
00:40:47,704 --> 00:40:50,204
but also from biochemical analysis.

1092
00:40:50,585 --> 00:40:53,625
Nikola Tesla, it's also he's also part of

1093
00:40:53,625 --> 00:40:54,125
our

1094
00:40:54,744 --> 00:40:55,244
ambitious

1095
00:40:56,025 --> 00:40:56,525
project,

1096
00:40:57,065 --> 00:40:58,765
which we started from Alessandra

1097
00:40:59,065 --> 00:41:00,925
Volta. You know, as before,

1098
00:41:01,650 --> 00:41:02,630
Alessandro Volta

1099
00:41:03,089 --> 00:41:03,589
personal

1100
00:41:03,889 --> 00:41:06,150
handwritten documents and sketches from

1101
00:41:06,530 --> 00:41:07,989
Lombardia Science Institute

1102
00:41:08,289 --> 00:41:09,429
with in Milano.

1103
00:41:10,130 --> 00:41:10,449
And,

1104
00:41:11,969 --> 00:41:14,369
Nikola Tesla, I think that, one of the

1105
00:41:14,369 --> 00:41:14,869
interesting,

1106
00:41:18,464 --> 00:41:18,704
historical,

1107
00:41:19,824 --> 00:41:20,324
person

1108
00:41:20,625 --> 00:41:21,125
which

1109
00:41:22,065 --> 00:41:23,284
interesting to analyze.

1110
00:41:23,664 --> 00:41:24,164
And,

1111
00:41:25,505 --> 00:41:26,724
also, we continue

1112
00:41:27,264 --> 00:41:28,405
work with Leonardo,

1113
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:31,300
Da Vinci,

1114
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:32,340
Legacy.

1115
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:33,860
We made before

1116
00:41:34,559 --> 00:41:36,179
analysis of, Leonardo,

1117
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:40,099
painting, which call

1118
00:41:41,454 --> 00:41:42,494
Dona Nude from,

1119
00:41:43,135 --> 00:41:45,315
government Hermitage in Saint Petersburg.

1120
00:41:46,574 --> 00:41:48,114
It was a unique journey.

1121
00:41:48,574 --> 00:41:49,295
We receive,

1122
00:41:49,934 --> 00:41:50,835
access to,

1123
00:41:52,655 --> 00:41:53,840
take sampling

1124
00:41:54,380 --> 00:41:55,680
samples from full,

1125
00:41:56,380 --> 00:41:56,880
area

1126
00:41:57,340 --> 00:41:57,840
of,

1127
00:41:58,220 --> 00:41:59,039
Dona Nude.

1128
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:02,220
And then we published article about this, and,

1129
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:04,000
we found the unexpected

1130
00:42:06,585 --> 00:42:07,085
components

1131
00:42:07,385 --> 00:42:07,885
which,

1132
00:42:09,385 --> 00:42:09,885
didn't

1133
00:42:11,304 --> 00:42:11,804
mention

1134
00:42:12,264 --> 00:42:13,405
famous Vasari.

1135
00:42:13,704 --> 00:42:14,204
Vasari,

1136
00:42:14,824 --> 00:42:16,445
he is very famous,

1137
00:42:17,144 --> 00:42:19,005
renaissance artist who wrote

1138
00:42:19,559 --> 00:42:20,619
a book about

1139
00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:22,380
Renaissance

1140
00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:24,140
period

1141
00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:26,280
artists in the,

1142
00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:28,619
techniques of painting.

1143
00:42:29,320 --> 00:42:33,079
And, this direction for analysis of art objects,

1144
00:42:33,079 --> 00:42:33,579
it's

1145
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:34,380
very

1146
00:42:35,285 --> 00:42:36,265
interesting because,

1147
00:42:37,845 --> 00:42:38,985
last period, another,

1148
00:42:39,845 --> 00:42:40,345
physicist,

1149
00:42:40,724 --> 00:42:42,425
Falco from our Arkansas.

1150
00:42:43,925 --> 00:42:44,425
And,

1151
00:42:44,885 --> 00:42:45,945
together with

1152
00:42:47,539 --> 00:42:49,159
famous British artist

1153
00:42:49,780 --> 00:42:50,280
Hockney,

1154
00:42:51,380 --> 00:42:52,599
they both made

1155
00:42:53,059 --> 00:42:53,639
a hypothesis

1156
00:42:54,179 --> 00:42:54,920
which call

1157
00:42:55,219 --> 00:42:56,280
Falco Hockney

1158
00:42:56,980 --> 00:42:57,480
about

1159
00:42:58,179 --> 00:42:58,760
using optical

1160
00:42:59,059 --> 00:42:59,559
devices

1161
00:43:00,179 --> 00:43:00,679
for

1162
00:43:01,059 --> 00:43:02,519
precise and very

1163
00:43:03,945 --> 00:43:04,445
fine,

1164
00:43:05,385 --> 00:43:05,885
high

1165
00:43:06,265 --> 00:43:07,805
high quality of painting.

1166
00:43:08,505 --> 00:43:09,644
And then we develop

1167
00:43:09,945 --> 00:43:10,445
with,

1168
00:43:11,945 --> 00:43:12,925
Falco Hockney

1169
00:43:15,059 --> 00:43:15,559
hypothesis

1170
00:43:16,180 --> 00:43:16,579
and,

1171
00:43:17,780 --> 00:43:18,280
modify

1172
00:43:18,980 --> 00:43:19,380
to,

1173
00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:20,440
use,

1174
00:43:21,940 --> 00:43:23,000
to modify to,

1175
00:43:23,460 --> 00:43:25,320
modify by using for,

1176
00:43:26,099 --> 00:43:26,599
photopolymerization.

1177
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:32,025
And it means that Foulcore and Hockney bring,

1178
00:43:33,445 --> 00:43:35,945
optical part, and we provided

1179
00:43:37,204 --> 00:43:39,065
some, renaissance period,

1180
00:43:39,844 --> 00:43:42,425
photographic part. Photographic part because

1181
00:43:43,769 --> 00:43:44,750
we found in

1182
00:43:45,610 --> 00:43:46,110
Leonardo,

1183
00:43:46,969 --> 00:43:47,469
painting,

1184
00:43:50,090 --> 00:43:51,949
the reasons which easily

1185
00:43:52,969 --> 00:43:53,469
photopolymerized

1186
00:43:54,250 --> 00:43:55,309
under light,

1187
00:43:55,930 --> 00:43:56,430
illumination.

1188
00:43:57,315 --> 00:43:57,815
And,

1189
00:43:58,675 --> 00:44:00,295
obviously, also very provocative,

1190
00:44:01,315 --> 00:44:02,214
idea to,

1191
00:44:03,234 --> 00:44:03,734
bring,

1192
00:44:04,755 --> 00:44:05,974
a renaissance period

1193
00:44:06,434 --> 00:44:06,934
photography.

1194
00:44:07,394 --> 00:44:08,135
I mean,

1195
00:44:08,675 --> 00:44:09,734
based on the photopolymerization

1196
00:44:10,434 --> 00:44:11,655
through Farco,

1197
00:44:14,150 --> 00:44:16,170
HOKNI optical devices,

1198
00:44:16,869 --> 00:44:17,690
which they,

1199
00:44:19,269 --> 00:44:19,989
believes that,

1200
00:44:20,469 --> 00:44:22,489
use at the renaissance period.

1201
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:23,429
And,

1202
00:44:24,644 --> 00:44:25,784
also, Michelangelo,

1203
00:44:26,324 --> 00:44:27,065
it's also

1204
00:44:28,164 --> 00:44:29,385
part of our activity

1205
00:44:30,085 --> 00:44:30,985
in, Florence

1206
00:44:32,085 --> 00:44:32,585
because

1207
00:44:35,364 --> 00:44:35,864
Michelangelo

1208
00:44:36,244 --> 00:44:37,144
and Bernini

1209
00:44:37,605 --> 00:44:38,105
later

1210
00:44:38,589 --> 00:44:39,969
use of, some

1211
00:44:40,670 --> 00:44:41,170
important

1212
00:44:41,949 --> 00:44:43,809
and interesting and unknown

1213
00:44:44,670 --> 00:44:45,170
physical,

1214
00:44:46,190 --> 00:44:47,409
tools and the physical,

1215
00:44:48,829 --> 00:44:49,329
observations

1216
00:44:49,789 --> 00:44:50,750
to create of,

1217
00:44:51,710 --> 00:44:52,210
this

1218
00:44:56,614 --> 00:44:58,795
this sculptures in the also

1219
00:44:59,094 --> 00:44:59,594
interesting

1220
00:45:01,175 --> 00:45:02,954
field of application for

1221
00:45:03,414 --> 00:45:05,434
our technology and, for

1222
00:45:05,894 --> 00:45:06,715
our approach.

1223
00:45:07,335 --> 00:45:08,155
And the

1224
00:45:10,070 --> 00:45:13,289
last year, we've contacted in contacted with

1225
00:45:13,750 --> 00:45:14,250
French

1226
00:45:14,789 --> 00:45:17,130
Academy of Science, and we received,

1227
00:45:18,469 --> 00:45:19,769
some initial interest

1228
00:45:20,150 --> 00:45:21,030
to check of,

1229
00:45:22,390 --> 00:45:24,809
French Academy of Science archives.

1230
00:45:25,474 --> 00:45:27,655
And we are in a period of,

1231
00:45:28,594 --> 00:45:29,574
in a period of

1232
00:45:30,195 --> 00:45:32,614
of discussions about this possibility

1233
00:45:33,235 --> 00:45:33,894
to make

1234
00:45:34,594 --> 00:45:37,815
a pro project with French Academy of Science,

1235
00:45:38,434 --> 00:45:39,414
to check off

1236
00:45:39,869 --> 00:45:40,769
famous scientists

1237
00:45:41,150 --> 00:45:43,329
French scientist doc documents.

1238
00:45:43,630 --> 00:45:44,130
And,

1239
00:45:49,710 --> 00:45:52,049
one of the example when we use

1240
00:45:52,574 --> 00:45:53,315
our technology,

1241
00:45:54,574 --> 00:45:57,155
in Russian Academy of Science before,

1242
00:45:58,734 --> 00:46:00,355
and, we made the,

1243
00:46:01,054 --> 00:46:03,714
analysis of, Erlang Kepler documents.

1244
00:46:04,335 --> 00:46:05,315
And we identify,

1245
00:46:07,750 --> 00:46:10,829
doc traces of alchemical elements in web pages

1246
00:46:11,369 --> 00:46:11,869
of

1247
00:46:12,250 --> 00:46:12,750
handwritten,

1248
00:46:13,610 --> 00:46:14,110
manuscripts

1249
00:46:14,730 --> 00:46:14,890
of,

1250
00:46:15,610 --> 00:46:17,470
Jurgen Kipler. This interesting

1251
00:46:17,849 --> 00:46:20,250
story with, Jurgen Kipler because,

1252
00:46:22,494 --> 00:46:23,315
still more

1253
00:46:23,614 --> 00:46:24,114
access

1254
00:46:25,375 --> 00:46:26,114
to digitize

1255
00:46:26,414 --> 00:46:27,394
even digitize

1256
00:46:28,015 --> 00:46:30,114
copies of this archive.

1257
00:46:30,655 --> 00:46:31,715
And then if you,

1258
00:46:32,655 --> 00:46:33,929
make a visit

1259
00:46:34,329 --> 00:46:36,750
to Visa archive and check, you will find

1260
00:46:37,210 --> 00:46:40,429
so many drawings and figures and some

1261
00:46:40,809 --> 00:46:41,309
unknown,

1262
00:46:43,369 --> 00:46:45,389
scientific instruments which which

1263
00:46:47,664 --> 00:46:48,164
propose

1264
00:46:48,625 --> 00:46:49,525
in the recorded

1265
00:46:49,904 --> 00:46:50,724
Ergod keeper.

1266
00:46:51,664 --> 00:46:53,364
This another thing, which,

1267
00:46:55,105 --> 00:46:56,085
close to,

1268
00:46:56,704 --> 00:46:57,204
physics.

1269
00:46:57,664 --> 00:47:00,144
And the NASA subject, Albert Einstein, I think,

1270
00:47:00,144 --> 00:47:00,644
because

1271
00:47:01,904 --> 00:47:02,724
we we

1272
00:47:04,030 --> 00:47:04,530
it's

1273
00:47:05,069 --> 00:47:06,690
a in the you know,

1274
00:47:07,710 --> 00:47:09,489
Jyn's production company,

1275
00:47:11,389 --> 00:47:11,889
Levi's,

1276
00:47:13,549 --> 00:47:16,130
they they have a in they have museum,

1277
00:47:16,815 --> 00:47:18,014
and they store of,

1278
00:47:18,574 --> 00:47:19,315
shirt of,

1279
00:47:20,894 --> 00:47:22,655
Albert Einstein. And they have

1280
00:47:24,094 --> 00:47:25,054
Levi's shirt,

1281
00:47:26,094 --> 00:47:27,234
in a museum,

1282
00:47:29,214 --> 00:47:29,954
shirt of

1283
00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:30,940
instene.

1284
00:47:31,880 --> 00:47:34,039
And the the it I think that it

1285
00:47:34,039 --> 00:47:34,860
will be interesting

1286
00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:36,860
project to check off, metabolites

1287
00:47:37,480 --> 00:47:40,280
and the platinum of valvictine stain. Many, many

1288
00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:40,680
different,

1289
00:47:41,240 --> 00:47:42,840
interesting projects. And

1290
00:47:43,364 --> 00:47:46,164
Yeah. That that's amazing, Gleb. I mean, you

1291
00:47:46,164 --> 00:47:48,184
know, who who who haven't you mentioned?

1292
00:47:49,125 --> 00:47:51,545
We've gone from Tesla to Michelangelo

1293
00:47:52,005 --> 00:47:52,905
to Einstein,

1294
00:47:54,244 --> 00:47:56,664
via Galileo. I mean, it it

1295
00:47:57,150 --> 00:47:58,769
it must be really fascinating,

1296
00:47:59,389 --> 00:48:00,690
the work that you do,

1297
00:48:01,469 --> 00:48:03,949
must be very rewarding. And, you know, thanks

1298
00:48:03,949 --> 00:48:05,650
so much for coming on the podcast

1299
00:48:06,269 --> 00:48:08,829
and, and talking to us about it. Thank

1300
00:48:08,829 --> 00:48:11,889
you very much, doctor Johnson. Thank you.

1301
00:48:20,494 --> 00:48:22,755
That was the physicist and entrepreneur

1302
00:48:23,454 --> 00:48:24,594
Gleb Zilberstein.

1303
00:48:25,739 --> 00:48:28,400
Thanks, Gleb, for a fascinating conversation.

1304
00:48:29,340 --> 00:48:31,340
If you'd like to learn more about the

1305
00:48:31,340 --> 00:48:32,400
use of proteomics

1306
00:48:32,780 --> 00:48:34,239
in historical research,

1307
00:48:34,699 --> 00:48:36,800
you can find links to some of Gleb's

1308
00:48:36,940 --> 00:48:37,440
papers

1309
00:48:37,739 --> 00:48:39,519
in the notes for this podcast.

1310
00:48:40,425 --> 00:48:42,505
I'm afraid that's all the time we have

1311
00:48:42,505 --> 00:48:43,644
for this week's episode.

1312
00:48:44,184 --> 00:48:47,065
I'm Hamish Johnston, and our producer is Fred

1313
00:48:47,065 --> 00:48:47,565
Iles.

1314
00:48:48,265 --> 00:48:51,724
The podcast music is called one three seven,

1315
00:48:51,864 --> 00:48:53,965
and it was composed and performed

1316
00:48:54,265 --> 00:48:55,164
by the physicist

1317
00:48:55,860 --> 00:48:56,760
Philip Moriarty.

1318
00:48:57,619 --> 00:48:59,480
We'll be back again next week.