Boring History | The True Story Of William Wallace and more | Gentle Storytelling

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Imagine The Clash of Steel on a 
misty, Battlefield the Roar of 

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men shouting for freedom and 
alone, figure standing against 

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the might of an Empire. 
Well, my sleep friends tonight. 

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We're exploring how William 
Wallace's fight out. 

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Lived in Though, his life was 
cut short in gentle, fashion 

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Wallace's Defiance sparked, 
something larger than himself. 

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His struggle became Legend, 
inspiring generations of Scots 

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to continue the fight for 
independence. 

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Long after his own voice was 
silenced. 

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His courage didn't end with his 
death, it echoed carrying 

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forward into the history of a 
Nation. 

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So before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

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the video and subscribe, if you 
appreciate the effort put in 

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Daily all. 
So, please let me know where 

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you're tuning in from and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now, dim the lights, grab that 
favorite blanket, and let's ease

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in to this, gentle story, 
Imagine yourself sitting in a 

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cozy Chair by a crackling fire, 
ready to hear about a man who 

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never meant to be Scotland's. 
Greatest folk hero, William 

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Wallace didn't come into the 
world with a crown on his head 

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or a plan for the battlefield in
his hand. 

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He was born around 1270 as the 
second son of a minor Scottish 

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Noble. 
This meant that he was going to 

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live a quiet life. 
That history tends to forget You

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might picture young William 
growing up in renfrewshire and 

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getting into the usual. 
Kinds of trouble that boys do 

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like climbing trees. 
He shouldn't tracking mud 

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through his mother's, clean 
Hall, and learning to swing a 

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sword. 
That was still too heavy for a 

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skinny arms, Malcolm Wallace, 
his father owned some land 

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around elderly, he was enough to
make them respectable, but not 

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enough to make them Rich. 
It's like being the family that 

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lives on a quiet street, but has
the nicest house. 

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It's not like living in a castle
but it's nice. 

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It wasn't William's birth or his
money that set him apart. 

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It was the time he was born, he 
was born and raised in Scotland 

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during a time when things were 
really bad King, Alexander the 

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third died in 1286 leaving 
behind a mess. 

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That would make today's family 
inheritance fight seem like 

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polite dinner conversation. 
The Scottish nobles were 

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fighting over, who should be the
next king? 

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Like, kids fighting over the 
last piece of cake, but this 

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cake was a whole Kingdom. 
Edward the first of England came

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along, he was a subtle as a 
sledgehammer, and his patient as

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a Hungry, Cat watching a mouse 
hole, Ed Would saw the political

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chaos in Scotland and thought 
this looks like a great chance 

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to add another kingdom to my 
collection in 1296, when William

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was probably in his mid-twenties
and more interested in taking 

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care of his family's land than 
in politics, Edward decided to 

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invade Scotland with the same 
excitement as someone moving 

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furniture around in a house that
wasn't theirs. 

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The Invasion wasn't just a 
military Victory, it was a 

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planned humiliation Edward took 
away. 

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Scotland's symbols of 
Independence like a tourist 

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taking home a huge souvenir. 
He took the stone of Destiny 

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away. 
He put English officials in 

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charge of Scottish Affairs and 
acted like the worst kind of 

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micromanaging boss you've ever 
had. 

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Except this boss was in charge 
of your whole country for 

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William who lived in the 
Scottish lowlands, Edwards job. 

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Probably felt like having 
strangers moving to his 

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neighborhood and tell him how to
paint his fence. 

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The new English rulers made 
people pay taxes, set their own 

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rules, didn't care about 
Scottish custard Customs. 

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Any more than you would care 
about a crumpled grocery list 

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every day was full of small 
annoyances and Big problems that

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built up over time, like 
pressure in a kettle, you can 

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almost picture William going 
about his business, managing his

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smallest states, dealing with 
English, tax collectors, and 

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watching English soldiers, 
Swaggart through Scottish towns.

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You can also picture him feeling
that special kind of anger that 

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comes from being told, you're 
not good enough to run your own 

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Affairs, he wasn't planning a 
revolution yet. 

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He was just a man watching his 
country, slowly Fade Away under 

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the rules of someone else. 
But here's the thing about 

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quiet, people who reach their 
breaking point when they finally

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lose it, they don't just make 
noise. 

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They write history. 
William Wallace was about to 

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learn that the heroes who are 
most afraid to act of the ones 

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who make the biggest difference 
because they reach a point where

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they can't stand to watch 
anymore. 

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His change from a small 
landowner to a famous Rebel was 

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still to come like a storm 
gathering on the horizon. 

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You might be wondering what 
makes a fairly peaceful land 

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owner into Scotland's. 
Most famous Rebel like most 

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turning points in life. 
The answer came down to 

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something very personal and 
annoyingly small William Wallace

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was called to testify in May 
1297 before William Hessel rig, 

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the English, Sheriff of Lanark 
historians, still argue about 

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why this happened. 
Just like people argue about 

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what really happened at a family
reunion years ago. 

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Imagine this, you have to meet 
with someone who embodies 

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everything you've come to hate 
about, your current situation 

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hazelrig was one of those 
English officials who like to 

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remind Scots that they were now 
subjects instead of citizens of 

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their own country. 
He was like every annoying 

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interaction you've ever had with
the government. 

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But this bureaucrat could have, 
you killed if he wanted to 

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depending on which story you 
believe what happens next is 

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different. 
However, they all end the same 

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way. 
He's already his dead and 

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Wallace's suddenly Scotland's 
Most Wanted man. 

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Some people say it started 
because of taxes. 

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Others say it was because of 
land disputes and still others 

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say it had to do with a woman 
Wallace cared about the 

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specifics don't matter as much 
as the outcome. 

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William Wallace crossed a line 
that couldn't be uncrossed in a 

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fit of rage. 
It wasn't the same as 

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accidentally breaking a vase. 
At someone's house to kill an 

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English Sheriff. 
This was like setting fire to a 

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police station in the Middle 
Ages. 

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There was no way to explain it 
away. 

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No way to say sorry and no way 
to go back to your quiet life of

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managing, Estates and 
complaining about taxes Wallace 

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was with about 30 friends in 
Lanark that day and all of a 

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sudden they were all criminals 
like the most important crime 

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spree in history. 
But here's where the story gets 

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interesting while this didn't 
Panic or run away to hide in the

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highlands like smart criminals 
would have instead, he did 

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something that surprised 
everyone even himself. 

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He began to get more followers 
words, spread through Scotland 

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faster than gossip in a small 
town, William Wallace had 

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finally stood up to the English.
You need to know how badly 

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people wanted to hear this kind 
of news for months of being 

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watching, foreigners changed 
their country, ignore their 

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traditions and other kill their 
leaders, send them into Exile or

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work with the Occupiers then out
of nowhere. 

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There was this minor nobleman 
who seem to have made up his 

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mind, that he would rather be a 
dead Rebel than a living 

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collaborator Wallace found out. 
He was good at something he'd 

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never done before getting people
to fight when it seemed like 

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there was no hope. 
Men began to arrive at his Camp 

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Farmers, brought pitchforks, 
young nobleman brought swords 

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Craftsman, brought Hammers, and 
a lot of people brought nothing 

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but anger and a desire to use 
it. 

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It was like watching a snowball 
roll down a hill, but this one 

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was picking up Scott's who were 
armed and angry at the same 

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time. 
The English government was 

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having its own bad day at work. 
One minute, they're running a 

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conquered territory, like any 
other occupying force. 

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And the next minute, some nobody
from renfrewshire has killed a 

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sheriff and become a magnet for 
all the unhappy Scots in the 

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lowlands. 
Edward, the first was not the 

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kind of King who liked surprises
like this. 

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Within a few weeks Wallace had 
gone from being a wanted 

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criminal to the head of a group 
that was starting to look a lot 

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like a rebellion. 
He was probably learning faster 

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than he wanted. 
That there was a big difference 

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between being angry enough to 
kill a sheriff and being ready 

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to lead a war against the 
strongest military force in 

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Britain. 
But sometimes life doesn't give 

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you enough time to get ready for
the part. 

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You have to play. 
Imagine trying to explain to 

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someone why you chose to fight 
the medieval version of the 

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Pentagon with a group of farmers
Craftsmen and younger sons who 

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couldn't inherit their father's 
land. 

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This was basically William 
Wallace's situation in the 

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summer of 1297. 
If he had been the type of 

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person to make smart choices 
Scottish history would have been

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much shorter and less 
interesting Wallace had 

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accidentally become the leader 
of what military historians 

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politely call and a symmetric 
conflict which is academic speak

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for David vs Goliath. 
Except Goliath has professional 

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soldiers and David has a lot of 
people who are really really 

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angry The English army that was 
coming to Scotland was 

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everything, a medieval military 
force was supposed to be well, 

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trained. 
Well equipped experience in 

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conquest and led by commanders, 
who knew what they were doing. 

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On the other hand, Wallace's 
Army looked like, what happens 

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when you tell people at a bar 
that drinks are free and then 

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give them guns and stead of 
beer. 

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Most of his followers had never 
been in a real battle. 

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Many didn't have the right armor
and their plan was to hit the 

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English with whatever you've got
until they go away. 

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It wasn't a very promising 
situation. 

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Wallace did have two advantages 
that weren't obvious right away 

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first, his men were fighting for
their homes, which is a strong 

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motivation that is hard to 
match. 

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When you are a professional 
Soldier, fighting for someone 

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else's goals Wallace. 
Also had a natural understanding

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of what we now. 
Call guerrilla warfare, though, 

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he probably would have called it
practical fighting. 

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This is the second and maybe 
more important. 

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Point Wallace didn't want to 
fight the English in formal 

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pitched battles were better 
training and Equipment would win

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in Stead. 
He kept his troops moving, they 

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attacked English supply lines 
quickly, then vanished before 

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reinforcements could get there. 
They made life hard for the 

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occupying forces who were trying
to control a hostile 

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Countryside. 
Imagine being pecked to death by

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ducks in the Middle Ages. 
But these ducks had soared. 

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The English commanders. 
Had been trained in traditional 

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Warfare, but they were up 
against an enemy that didn't 

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follow the rules of War. 
Wallace's troops would attack a 

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Garrison disappear into the 
countryside. 

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And then reappear, somewhere 
else, like the most dangerous 

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game of whack-a-mole in the 
world by September 1297 Wallace 

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had caught the eye of Andrew 
Murray. 

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Another young Scottish Noble, 
who was leading his own 

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rebellion in the north when they
worked together. 

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They made something that scared 
English commanders. 

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A lot more than two, angry, 
Scots groups. 

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They made a unified resistance 
with real strategic 

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coordination. 
The partnership worked because 

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Wallace and Murray were a 
perfect match for each other 

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more brought Noble connections, 
and political legitimacy while 

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Wallace brought charm and a 
growing reputation for making 

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English soldiers. 
Very nervous, they were part of 

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a Scottish resistance, that 
hadn't existed since Edwards 

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Invasion, it looked like, it 
might actually do something 

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besides get its members killed, 
the English government used, the

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tried and true method of sending
a huge Army to fix the problem 

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by using over Force. 
The Earl of Surrey was sent 

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North with orders. 
That probably came down to find 

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these troublemakers and show 
them why were Rebellion is not a

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good career choice. 
What sorry, didn't fully 

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appreciate was that he was about
to face an opponent who had 

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spent months learning how to 
turn military disadvantages into

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tactical opportunities Wallace 
had been studying. 

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The English army like a chess 
player studies on opponent's 

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best moves, looking for patterns
and weaknesses. 

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That someone willing to try 
something new. 

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Could take advantage of no one 
knew it at the time, but the 

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stage was set for what would 
become the most famous battle in

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Scottish history. 
September 11th 1297 began like 

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any other day, but it would soon
become one of the most famous 

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dates in Scottish history. 
The people who woke up that 

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morning had no idea. 
They were about to see something

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that would be talked about for 
hundreds of years. 

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The Earl of Surrey led the 
English army which was camped on

231
00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:07,200
the south side of the river 
forth near Sterling, they could 

232
00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:10,100
see what looked like a medium 
sized Scottish force on Abby 

233
00:11:10,100 --> 00:11:12,800
Craig across the water. 
If you've ever had to choose 

234
00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:15,700
between the safe choice and the 
dramatic choice, you can 

235
00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:17,500
understand how sarri felt that 
morning. 

236
00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:20,500
The safest thing to do was to 
cross the river at the Ford 

237
00:11:20,500 --> 00:11:23,700
several miles Upstream. 
This would give his whole Army 

238
00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:25,700
time to get ready before 
fighting the Scots. 

239
00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:29,400
The dramatic Choice was to cross
at Stirling Bridge which was so 

240
00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:31,900
narrow that his troops would 
have to cross in small groups. 

241
00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:34,900
Making them easy targets, 
Surrey, picked the bridge 

242
00:11:34,900 --> 00:11:37,400
because he was sure of himself 
since he had never lost a battle

243
00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:41,100
to Scottish Rebels to be fair to
him, this probably seemed like 

244
00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:44,100
the right choice because his 
army was bigger better trained 

245
00:11:44,100 --> 00:11:47,100
and better armed, what could 
possibly go wrong with crossing 

246
00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:50,300
a narrow bridge to attack 
Farmers with pitchforks Wallace 

247
00:11:50,300 --> 00:11:52,200
and more, a who are watching 
from Abby. 

248
00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:56,000
Craig were probably feeling the 
mix of fear and excitement that 

249
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,800
comes with putting everything 
you have on a single desperate 

250
00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:02,100
bet they had carefully placed 
their troops but their whole 

251
00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:04,300
plan depended on the timing 
being just right. 

252
00:12:04,300 --> 00:12:07,500
If they went to early, the 
English army would go back 

253
00:12:07,500 --> 00:12:10,200
across the bridge. 
If they waited too long, there 

254
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:11,400
would be too many English 
soldiers. 

255
00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:14,300
To deal with, you can picture 
Wallace watching, English 

256
00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:17,400
soldiers, march across the 
bridge in neat lines, counting 

257
00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:20,500
heads, and trying to figure out 
the exact moment when there 

258
00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:23,000
would be enough enemies across 
for the attack to be worth it. 

259
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,500
But not so many that his troops 
would be overwhelmed. 

260
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:30,100
It was like, trying to time 
jumping onto a moving train if 

261
00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:32,700
you missed by a second, in 
either direction the whole thing

262
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:35,300
goes wrong. 
Wallace gave the signal when the

263
00:12:35,308 --> 00:12:38,300
English had gotten about half of
their army across from the 

264
00:12:38,300 --> 00:12:40,500
Scottish point of view. 
What happened next was the best 

265
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:43,400
kind of chaos. 
The Scots charged down from 

266
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:45,200
Abby, Craig. 
With all the anger of people who

267
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:46,800
had been waiting months for this
chance. 

268
00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,300
They hit the English forces at 
the worst possible time when 

269
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,300
they were spread out along the 
bridge and couldn't move while 

270
00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:55,800
his plan was brilliant, because 
it turned the English army 

271
00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,800
strength into weaknesses. 
It didn't matter that they were 

272
00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:02,000
better trained if there wasn't 
enough space to use it, they had

273
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,100
better gear but it didn't help 
them when they couldn't get into

274
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,900
battle formation. 
Then numerical Advantage didn't 

275
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,800
matter when only a small part of
their troops could fight at any 

276
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:13,400
given time. 
The narrow bridge turned into a 

277
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:15,100
trap. 
Instead of a way to get across 

278
00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:18,200
Scottish forces, had the upper 
hand and were moving quickly. 

279
00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:21,000
While English soldiers, were 
stuck between them and their own

280
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,200
Army which was still trying to 
cross behind them. 

281
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:25,900
People who had already crossed, 
couldn't go back without 

282
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:28,400
fighting their own 
reinforcements and people who 

283
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:31,000
were still waiting to cross 
couldn't help without making the

284
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,500
traffic worse. 
Sorry. 

285
00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:34,900
Watched as his well-planned, 
military Mission turned into 

286
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:37,100
what looked like a very costly 
disaster. 

287
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:41,000
The Earl of sorry had probably 
fought and dozens of battles but

288
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,500
he'd never seen anything like 
this. 

289
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:45,900
A carefully planned attack 
turned into a nightmare of 

290
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:49,100
medieval traffic management. 
The English lost, thousands of 

291
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:51,300
men, including Hugh de 
cressingham, Scotland's 

292
00:13:51,300 --> 00:13:54,800
treasurer Scott, celebrated his 
death, with the same kind of 

293
00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:56,500
excitement. 
They usually save for big, 

294
00:13:56,500 --> 00:13:59,500
holidays Wallace and Moray had 
done something that seemed 

295
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:02,800
impossible just hours before 
They had beaten a professional 

296
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,400
English army with a group of 
rebels that most military 

297
00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:07,100
experts would have thought was a
joke. 

298
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:09,900
The winner Sterling Bridge 
showed that, the English weren't

299
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,500
as safe and Scotland as everyone
thought, and it made William 

300
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:16,100
Wallace famous all over Britain.
Probably not in the way he had 

301
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:18,400
when he decided to kill the 
sheriff of Lanark. 

302
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,700
William Wallace found out, that 
being a famous military hero is 

303
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:24,300
very different from being a 
minor landowner after the battle

304
00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:27,500
of Stirling Bridge people, in 
Scotland started to look at him,

305
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:29,000
like he might have answers to 
questions. 

306
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,500
He had never thought of before. 
Like what do we do now that 

307
00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:36,000
we've shown, we can beat the 
English and how do we run a 

308
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,800
country when half of it is still
occupied Wallace? 

309
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:41,000
Was smart enough to know that 
beating one English army? 

310
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,300
Didn't mean Scotland was free, 
even though the victory had made

311
00:14:44,308 --> 00:14:47,200
him feel great, it meant that 
England would send a bigger 

312
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:49,400
Army. 
Probably led by someone much 

313
00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,300
better than the Earl of Surrey 
who had gone home to tell Edward

314
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:54,500
the house, how he had lost a 
battle against some farmers who 

315
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:56,000
were acting up? 
Sadly. 

316
00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,400
And Andrew Murray was hurt at, 
Sterling bridge and died. 

317
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,500
Soon after this meant that 
Wallace had to deal with the 

318
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:03,200
political Fallout from their 
success. 

319
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:05,900
Mostly on his own. 
This was like winning the 

320
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:07,700
lottery and then finding out, 
you have to run the whole 

321
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:11,000
financial system yourself. 
It sounds exciting in theory, 

322
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,800
but it's a lot harder in 
practice Wallace was made 

323
00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:16,700
guardian of Scotland. 
Which sounded great but came 

324
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,400
with duties that no one had told
him about, he was now supposed 

325
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,600
to run parts, of Scotland, 
talked to other countries set up

326
00:15:22,608 --> 00:15:26,400
defenses against the inevitable 
English retaliation and somehow 

327
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:29,000
turn a successful Rebellion into
a working government. 

328
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:32,600
Wallace's life was probably at 
its most strange during the 

329
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:37,300
winter of 1297 to 1298. 
In just a few months, he went 

330
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:40,600
from being a wanted criminal to 
the de facto ruler of Scotland. 

331
00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:43,800
Now, he had to figure out how to
do the job. 

332
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,900
He spent time trying to get the 
world to recognize Scotland's 

333
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:49,400
Independence. 
He sent people to France and 

334
00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:52,200
Rome like someone in the Middle 
Ages, trying to get their 

335
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,500
startup noticed by big investors
Edward. 

336
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:57,300
The first was reacting the way 
you would expect a man to react 

337
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:59,300
after seeing his men lose a 
battle to people. 

338
00:15:59,300 --> 00:16:01,600
He thought were barely more 
civilized than sheep. 

339
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,200
People called Edward Longshanks 
because he was tall and Hammer 

340
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:09,000
of the Scots because he didn't 
want Scotland to be free, he saw

341
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,100
the loss at Sterling Bridge, as 
a personal insult that needed to

342
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:14,600
be fixed right away in a big way
Wallace. 

343
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,100
Probably expected. 
And feared the English response,

344
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:20,200
Edward, put together an army 
that was bigger and better 

345
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:25,000
organized and led by him instead
of subordinates who might make 

346
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,300
tactical mistakes, that would 
make him look bad. 

347
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,900
This time, smart positioning and
good timing, wouldn't be enough 

348
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:33,700
to beat out better numbers and 
Equipment Wallace worked for 

349
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:36,500
months to get Scotland, ready 
for what was coming but he 

350
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:39,100
didn't have many resources in 
knew that his last victory was 

351
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:41,200
as much about English mistakes 
as Scottish. 

352
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,100
Brilliance, he couldn't count on
his enemies to make the same 

353
00:16:44,108 --> 00:16:47,900
mistakes twice, especially since
they were now being led by a 

354
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:50,800
king who had personally 
conquered Wales and had no plans

355
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:52,700
to let Scotland slip out of 
English control. 

356
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:56,600
Wallace had a problem that was 
almost impossible to solve how 

357
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,400
do you protect a country with 
few resources from an enemy. 

358
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,800
With almost unlimited ones, it 
was like trying to keep a 

359
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,400
wildfire from getting to your 
house with just a garden hose, 

360
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:09,099
and your willpower. 
Wallace was very determined, but

361
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,599
determination alone isn't enough
to stop professional armies by 

362
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,800
the summer of 1298. 
It was clear that Scotland was 

363
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:18,300
about to be invaded in a way. 
That would make Edwards last 

364
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:21,200
Conquest look like a warm up 
Wallace had done the impossible 

365
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,400
once but now he had to do it 
again in much worse conditions 

366
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:27,400
with everyone watching to see if
the hero of Sterling Bridge 

367
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,700
could pull off another miracle. 
Some one who had never asked to 

368
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:33,100
carry the weight of a whole 
country's hopes was now aware 

369
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,500
that this time clever tactics 
might not be enough Wallace, 

370
00:17:36,500 --> 00:17:38,600
probably dreaded the summer of 
1298. 

371
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,100
Since it would be the time of 
Reckoning after his victory at 

372
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:43,300
Sterling Bridge. 
Edward, the first to put 

373
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:45,900
together an army that was 
bigger, more professional better

374
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:49,100
Supply and led by a king who saw
military failure. 

375
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:51,900
As a personal challenge to his 
ability Wallace was in the 

376
00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:54,600
position of trying to do a 
miracle again, which is hard to 

377
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,000
do even when things are going 
well, the Tactical advantages 

378
00:17:58,000 --> 00:17:59,500
that made Sterling Bridge 
Possible. 

379
00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:03,600
English overconfidence, good 
terrain, and perfect timing were

380
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:05,200
not available for a second 
performance. 

381
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:08,100
Edward wasn't going to lead. 
His army across a narrow bridge,

382
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:10,600
into a trap that had been set up
just for them this time. 

383
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:16,300
The Battle of Falkirk on July 
22nd 1298 was not like the 

384
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,300
Battle of Stirling Bridge 
Wallace, didn't attack, an enemy

385
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:21,800
that was disorganized and stuck 
in an impossible situation 

386
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:25,200
instead. 
He faced a coordinated attack by

387
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:27,700
professional soldiers, who had 
learned from the mistakes of 

388
00:18:27,708 --> 00:18:29,800
their predecessors Edward's 
Army. 

389
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:31,800
Had heavy Cavalry, professional 
infantry. 

390
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:35,000
And Welsh longbowmen who could 
kill Scottish soldiers from far 

391
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,800
away which made close combat 
tactics, useless Wallace. 

392
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,500
Had put his troops in defensive 
formations called shill troms 

393
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:44,600
which were basically Circles of 
men with Spears pointed out, 

394
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:47,700
like medieval porcupines. 
This was a good way to stop 

395
00:18:47,700 --> 00:18:50,700
Cavalry Charges and at first, 
the English Knights couldn't get

396
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:52,200
through these walls of spear 
points. 

397
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,600
But Edward had brought those 
longbowmen from Wales for just 

398
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:58,500
this kind of thing, Harrow 
started to fall on the Scottish 

399
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:02,200
formations with deadly, accuracy
and Spears aren't very good at 

400
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,100
defending against things that 
come from above the shield, 

401
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:07,100
trumps, which had successfully 
fought off. 

402
00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:10,300
Cavalry attacks, the game, easy 
targets for Archers who could 

403
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:12,700
hit them from a distance that 
No, Scottish weapons could 

404
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,900
reach. 
You can imagine Wallace watching

405
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:17,200
his carefully. 
Planned defenses, fall apart in 

406
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:20,100
the storm of arrows and 
realizing that this battle was 

407
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:22,500
going to be very different from 
the one at Sterling Bridge 

408
00:19:22,500 --> 00:19:25,500
instead of using traditional 
tactics, that worked well for 

409
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,200
the Scots, the English learned 
to use their technological 

410
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,400
advantages. 
The loss at Falkirk was complete

411
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:34,800
and very discouraging. 
Wallace's Army didn't just lose.

412
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,500
It was no longer able to fight 
Wallace. 

413
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,200
Barely made it out alive, but 
thousands of Scots died. 

414
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,100
After Sterling Bridge people 
called The Man Scotland savior 

415
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:47,800
but now he was on the run. 
Again, this time without an army

416
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,000
to lead and no clear way to 
build one, back up. 

417
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,000
After full Kirk Wallace, stepped
down, as guardian of Scotland, 

418
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,700
he probably realized that he was
no longer useful as a regular 

419
00:19:56,700 --> 00:19:59,700
military leader, the Nobles who 
had backed him started looking 

420
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,700
for other options such as 
talking to Edward, instead of 

421
00:20:02,708 --> 00:20:06,100
continuing a fight, that seemed 
more and more pointless Wallace.

422
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:08,400
On the other hand couldn't or 
wouldn't accept that. 

423
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:09,900
Scotland's fight for 
independence was over. 

424
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,300
Instead of going into Exile or 
trying to make peace with their 

425
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:17,000
Edward, he spent the next few 
years acting as a diplomat and a

426
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,800
guerrilla fighter, he tried to 
get support from other countries

427
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,100
for Scottish independence, while
also attacking English positions

428
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:25,700
and Scotland. 
This was probably the most 

429
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:27,600
frustrating time in Wallace's 
life. 

430
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,400
He was well known in Europe as 
the man who had beaten in 

431
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:32,900
English army. 
But being famous, doesn't mean, 

432
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:34,100
you can get help from the 
military. 

433
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:36,500
It was easy. 
Foreign courts to meet with the 

434
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:38,400
famous. 
William Wallace, the giving him 

435
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,000
troops or money to fighting 
gland, was a more complicated 

436
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,100
political decision Wallace. 
Spent time in France, where 

437
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:46,300
people treated him with the 
respect due to someone who had 

438
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:49,700
embarrassed the king of England.
However, he didn't get much real

439
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:51,800
help. 
He went to roam to get the pope 

440
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,100
support for Scottish 
independence, which is like 

441
00:20:54,100 --> 00:20:57,700
trying to get the world to 
recognize a political cause The 

442
00:20:57,700 --> 00:20:59,300
war went on in Scotland without 
him though. 

443
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,200
Other leaders joined the fight 
and sometimes they won and 

444
00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:05,300
sometimes they lost Wallace. 
Had become more of a symbol than

445
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,100
an active participant in his 
country's struggle, which was 

446
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,000
probably not how he had imagined
his career would go, when he 

447
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,600
killed the sheriff of Lanark. 
When he finally got back to 

448
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,200
Scotland around, 1303 he found a
country that had been fighting 

449
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:19,700
for years and was getting more 
and more tired of it. 

450
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,000
Edward strategy of constant 
pressure and harsh. 

451
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,100
Retaliation was working. 
The Scottish resistance was 

452
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,200
weakening and many nobles were 
starting to think that giving up

453
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:30,600
was better than more 
destruction. 

454
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:33,600
Wallace. 
On the other hand was, still 

455
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:36,000
committed to a cause that was 
starting to look hopeless. 

456
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,900
William Wallace had become 
something more and less than 

457
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:41,000
what he had to be by the year 
1305. 

458
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,800
He was no longer the leader of 
Scotland's resistance that job 

459
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,100
had gone to other people who 
were better at dealing with the 

460
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,500
complicated politics of medieval
warfare but he had become 

461
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:53,700
something that could be more 
dangerous to English in trusts a

462
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:56,200
simple of Scottish independence 
that couldn't be beaten by 

463
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,500
normal. 
Military means, Edward Divine 

464
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:01,600
knew, how powerful symbols could
be, which is why he made such a 

465
00:22:01,608 --> 00:22:04,200
big deal out of taking Scottish 
regalia, like the stone of 

466
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,200
Destiny after he conquered the 
country, it was easier to move a

467
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,400
stone to Westminster Abbey to 
stop a living legend. 

468
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,400
William Wallace's Freedom meant 
that Scottish resistance could 

469
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,000
always start up again. 
It was probably only a matter of

470
00:22:17,008 --> 00:22:20,200
time before Wallace was caught 
near Glasgow on August 1305. 

471
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,600
He had been working without a 
solid base of support depending 

472
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,600
on a network of allies who are 
getting more and more pressure 

473
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,600
from English authorities, the 
man who had once LED armies was 

474
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,600
now forced to move quietly 
through the countryside where 

475
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,600
anyone who helped him was in 
great danger. 

476
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,000
The way. 
The English reacted to Wallace's

477
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,600
capture showed how much Edward 
the first had been bothered by 

478
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,500
this small, Scottish landowner 
who didn't want to accept. 

479
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:45,200
Defeat Wallace wasn't just 
killed as a rebel. 

480
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,600
He was put on trial and punished
in a way that would destroy, not

481
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:52,000
only the man, but also the 
symbol he had become Wallace was

482
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,100
charged with treason that this 
was legally murky because he had

483
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,400
never sworn loyalty to Edward. 
The trial wasn't so much about 

484
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,400
finding out who was guilty as it
was about making a public 

485
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,200
spectacle to show, how pointless
it was to fighting English rule.

486
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,500
Edward wanted Wallace's death to
be a warning to anyone else who 

487
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:11,400
might want to do the same thing 
Wallace was put to death in 

488
00:23:11,408 --> 00:23:15,900
London on August 23rd. 1305. 
In the kind of cruel way that 

489
00:23:15,908 --> 00:23:18,000
medieval authorities used to 
punish people. 

490
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,500
They wanted to make examples of 
the execution was meant to be as

491
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:24,900
public and scary as possible to 
show what happened to people who

492
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:26,700
went against English rule in 
Scotland. 

493
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:29,700
But Edward that I made a mistake
that many rulers of made in the 

494
00:23:29,708 --> 00:23:32,100
past. 
He thought that killing a symbol

495
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:35,200
would destroy what it stood for 
Wallace's execution, on the 

496
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:38,400
other hand, turned him from a 
failed Rebel into a martyr for 

497
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,200
Scottish independence. 
He was more of a threat to 

498
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:44,800
English interest after he died 
the when he was alive, William 

499
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:46,600
Wallace's story didn't end when 
he died. 

500
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:48,900
It became something that was 
part History. 

501
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:52,400
Part Legend and completely 
Scottish Robert. 

502
00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:54,500
The Bruce took up the cause of 
Scottish independence. 

503
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:56,300
A few years after Wallace was 
killed. 

504
00:23:56,300 --> 00:23:59,100
He eventually reached the goal 
that Wallace had died. 

505
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:02,500
Fighting for Bruce's, success 
was on the resistance that 

506
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:05,500
Wallace had started and the 
inspiration that His death, gave

507
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,700
him Wallace became a symbol of 
not only Scottish independence, 

508
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,900
but also the idea that regular 
people could stand up to 

509
00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:15,300
powerful forces over the years. 
His story was told again and 

510
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:19,000
again, with more details, added 
made more romantic and changed 

511
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,100
to fit the political needs of 
different times. 

512
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:25,600
But the main idea stayed the 
same a man who chose to fight in

513
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,700
giving up the irony of William. 
Wallace's Legacy is that he was 

514
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:33,300
a quiet landowner who never 
meant to lead a rebellion but he

515
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:35,800
ended up inspiring rebellions 
and movements for Independence 

516
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:39,200
all over the world. 
His life served as a paradigm of

517
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:41,400
how personal bravery could 
confront seemingly 

518
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:45,400
insurmountable Authority and his
demise Illustrated how martyrdom

519
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,200
could possess greater political 
significance than military 

520
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,300
Triumph. 
When you hear the name Wallace 

521
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,800
today, your hearing about a 
person who is somewhere between 

522
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:56,100
history and Legend. 
He is both what really happened 

523
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:59,100
in medieval Scotland and what 
people have needed, that history

524
00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:01,400
to mean. 
The man who killed the sheriff 

525
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,700
of Lanark because he couldn't 
stand for an occupation had 

526
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:07,300
become immortal in the same way 
that would have shocked and 

527
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:10,300
probably amused him. 
The most, his story reminds us 

528
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,200
that sometimes the heroes who 
don't want to be heroes and 

529
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,300
never plan to change history. 
End up leaving the biggest marks

530
00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,900
on it, this is because they 
reach a point where they can't 

531
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,800
stand to watch anymore and 
decide to do something about it.

532
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:32,400
No matter what the consequences.
You know that feeling when 

533
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,400
you're making dinner and you 
realize you've forgotten to 

534
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,500
defrost the chicken. 
Well, imagine if I told you that

535
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:41,200
back in 1851, someone invented a
machine that could have solved 

536
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,100
that problem and about 50 
others. 

537
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:46,000
You didn't even know you had 
Pull up your favorite chair. 

538
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,600
And let me tell you about some 
inventions that were so close to

539
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,100
changing everything. 
They practically had their bags 

540
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:54,300
packed for fame. 
Doctor John gorrie was sweating 

541
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:55,800
bullets and Florida. 
Literally. 

542
00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,300
Not because he was nervous but 
because it was 1842 and air 

543
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:01,600
conditioning was still a pipe 
dream. 

544
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:04,800
This person was watching, 
yellow, fever. 

545
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:08,500
Patients suffer in the humid 
heat and he thought there's got 

546
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:11,400
to be a better way. 
So he built the first ice making

547
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:13,500
machine. 
This was not the type of 

548
00:26:13,508 --> 00:26:16,200
machine, that simply drops ice 
cubes into your glass with a 

549
00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,500
satisfying plunk. 
Instead, it was an actual Ice 

550
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:22,700
Factory capable of cooling. 
Entire buildings picture. 

551
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:26,000
This gory's contraction looked 
like someone had crossed a steam

552
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,300
engine with a grandfather clock 
and fed it too much coffee. 

553
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:33,500
It compressed air that had 
expanded like magic. 

554
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:37,600
He was basically performing 
Miracles with thermodynamics yet

555
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:40,200
somehow nobody cared the timing 
was all wrong. 

556
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:43,500
People thought I was supposed to
come from Frozen ponds in 

557
00:26:43,508 --> 00:26:46,600
Winter, not from some mechanical
beasts that made suspicious 

558
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:48,900
noises the really heartbreaking 
part. 

559
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:54,200
Gory died broke and forgotten In
1855, just as the world was 

560
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:58,400
starting to figure out that may 
be just, maybe, controlling 

561
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:02,600
temperature might be useful. 
If he'd invented his machine, 50

562
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:05,800
years later, he'd been richer 
than a chocolate fountain at a 

563
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,700
weight loss convention. 
Instead we had to wait until 

564
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:12,000
1902 for Willis carrier to 
essentially reinvent. 

565
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,900
The same thing and become the 
father of the modern air 

566
00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:16,500
conditioning. 
But here's where it gets 

567
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:19,000
interesting. 
Gory's ice machine could have 

568
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:22,000
changed everything about where 
people lived how cities 

569
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,200
developed. 
And even what we ate, Imagine 

570
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:28,000
the American South becoming a 
population Center decades 

571
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,100
earlier or fresh food being 
available, year-round 

572
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:35,500
everywhere, instead of the Great
Migration North maybe we'd have 

573
00:27:35,508 --> 00:27:38,200
seen the Great Migration to 
Florida and not just for 

574
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,800
retirement. 
The patent office didn't help 

575
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:43,500
matters. 
Back there getting a patent was 

576
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,000
like trying to convince your 
teenager to clean their room 

577
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:50,000
technically possible but 
requiring supernatural patience.

578
00:27:50,900 --> 00:27:55,200
Gory got his patent in 1851 but 
by then he was too exhausted and

579
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:57,100
too poor to manufacturers 
machines. 

580
00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:00,600
It is akin to finally obtaining.
The recipe for the ideal 

581
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,700
chocolate chip cookie only to 
discover that you lack, the 

582
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:05,500
means to purchase the necessary 
ingredients. 

583
00:28:06,700 --> 00:28:08,200
What makes this scenario 
scenario? 

584
00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:11,300
Even more frustrating is that 
ice was already a big business. 

585
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:14,700
Frederic Tudor. 
The Ice King was shipping ice 

586
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,700
from Massachusetts to the 
Caribbean and making a fortune. 

587
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:21,000
People knew ice was valuable, 
they just couldn't imagine 

588
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,900
making it themselves. 
It was like having a money tree 

589
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:26,700
in your backyard but insisting 
on walking to the bank instead, 

590
00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:29,400
the Ripple effects of gory's 
failure. 

591
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:31,000
Touch everything around us 
today. 

592
00:28:31,700 --> 00:28:35,000
Hospital design, food storage, 
urban planning. 

593
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:39,300
All of it had to wait, another 
half century to evolve Did the 

594
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:42,100
scorching Southerners force 
people to migrate North? 

595
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:44,700
They could have been sold before
the Civil War. 

596
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:48,200
Did the seasonal food shortages 
that played Humanity, for 

597
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:52,100
Millennia ever, get resolved 
gory had the key, but the world 

598
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:55,600
wasn't ready to turn the lock. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

599
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:59,000
arrived like party guests. 
Either two early, when you're 

600
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,700
still in your pajamas, or two 
late, when you've already eaten,

601
00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,900
all the delicious snacks. 
Gory's ice machine was 

602
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:09,200
definitely the pajamas scenario.
It was brilliant practical and 

603
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,400
absolutely ahead of its time 
which in the world of invention 

604
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,300
is sometimes the coolest fate of
all. 

605
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:19,000
Speaking of timing, let's drift 
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 

606
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,100
was tapping out. 
His famous water, God, wrought 

607
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:23,200
message. 
But here's something that will 

608
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,300
keep you up at night and other 
Telegraph system was already 

609
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:29,100
working perfectly and it might 
have prevented some of the 

610
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:30,800
bloodiest conflicts in human 
history. 

611
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:34,800
Claude sharp had built something
called the optical Telegraph 

612
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:39,400
across France in the 1790s. 
Picture a network of towers 

613
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,000
stretching across the 
countryside. 

614
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,400
Each one topped with mechanical 
arms that moved like a person 

615
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,700
doing semaphore. 
These were just quaint windmill 

616
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:49,900
decorations. 
They could send a message from 

617
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:53,000
Paris to the Mediterranean 
faster than a horse could Gallop

618
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:56,200
to the next Village. 
Entire system, functioned akin 

619
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,500
to a highly Advanced version of 
the childhood telephone game. 

620
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:02,200
But instead of mutilating 
whispered words these Tower 

621
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,500
operators utilized telescope to 
interpret arm positions and 

622
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:08,800
transmit coded messages, a 
communication that would take 

623
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:10,700
weeks on Horseback. 
Could travel the length of 

624
00:30:10,708 --> 00:30:13,400
France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

625
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,800
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

626
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,800
Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

627
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:23,600
chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

628
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,500
to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

629
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:29,000
However the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

630
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,200
secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

631
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,400
provided them with two 
significant and Advantage. 

632
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:38,000
Imagine if they share the 
technology instead, Crimean War 

633
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,000
might have been settled over a 
cup of tea rather than 14 years.

634
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,300
The American Civil War could 
have been a series of 

635
00:30:43,308 --> 00:30:45,800
strongly-worded telegrams and of
a four-year. 

636
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,400
Bloodbath The optical Telegraph 
faced a minor issue that 

637
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:52,800
ultimately led to its demise. 
It required, favorable weather 

638
00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:57,400
conditions and daylight hours to
function Fog rain or nighttime 

639
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,300
turned the most sophisticated 
communication Network in the 

640
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:03,300
world into an expensive 
collection of wooden Towers. 

641
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:06,600
It was like having a sports car 
that only worked on Tuesdays 

642
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:09,900
when it wasn't cloudy. 
When morses electrical Telegraph

643
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:13,700
came along, it worked in any 
weather day or night, the 

644
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:16,400
optical system became as 
obsolete as a sundial in a 

645
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,400
smartphone world. 
But here's the thing that should

646
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:20,500
make. 
You sit up in bed. 

647
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:23,700
If someone had figured out how 
to make the optical system work 

648
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,500
in the dark, you might have had 
instant Global Communication 

649
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:30,100
decades earlier. 
The French had over 5,000 

650
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:31,900
kilometers of optical Telegraph 
Lines. 

651
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,400
By the 1840s they could have 
connected every major city in 

652
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:36,900
Europe. 
If other countries had adopted 

653
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:40,000
the system, instead of treating 
it like a military secret. 

654
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:44,700
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 
in 1815 with delegates actually 

655
00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:47,200
able to communicate with their 
home countries in real time. 

656
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:51,000
Diplomatic crisis that escalated
due to slow instructions. 

657
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,500
From ambassadors might have been
resolved over lunch. 

658
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,000
But the real tragedy is what 
happened to Claude shap himself.

659
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,700
He watched his life's work 
overtaken by electrical systems 

660
00:32:01,700 --> 00:32:05,200
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

661
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,800
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

662
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:10,900
development of modern 
telecommunications. 

663
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:14,600
His Towers were the direct 
ancestors of every cell phone 

664
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,700
tower, every fiber optic cable, 
and every satellite dish that 

665
00:32:18,700 --> 00:32:23,100
keeps our world connected today.
The optical telegraph was like a

666
00:32:23,100 --> 00:32:26,000
bridge between the ancient world
of signal fires and smoke 

667
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:29,600
signals and our modern world of 
instant Global Communication. 

668
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:33,400
It proved that with enough 
clever engineering and human 

669
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:36,900
cooperation, you could shrink 
the world down to a manageable 

670
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:41,100
size, it took a century for that
lesson to sink in and by then 

671
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:43,600
we'd fought Wars that better 
communication might have 

672
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:47,100
prevented now reclining into 
your pillows as the upcoming 

673
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:49,300
story May inspire you to rewrite
history, books. 

674
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:52,200
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

675
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,800
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

676
00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:59,100
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

677
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:01,000
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut. 

678
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,300
Sky two years before oval and 
Wilbur, even got their Famous 12

679
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:07,400
seconds off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

680
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,200
inventors who looked like he'd 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

681
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,500
Born in Bavaria. 
He emigrated To America with 

682
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,900
nothing but Big Dreams and an 
obsession with anything that 

683
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:19,200
could fly. 
While the Wright brothers. 

684
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,900
Were methodically testing 
gliders, and keeping details 

685
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:25,500
Whitehead was building flying 
machines in his backyard like he

686
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:29,200
was assembling furniture from a 
very complicated catalog on 

687
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,400
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 
claimed. 

688
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:35,600
They saw Whitehead's number 21, 
aircraft fly for about half a 

689
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:38,800
mile at 50 feet, above the 
ground near Bridgeport, The 

690
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,800
local newspaper, reported it the
next day with the kind of casual

691
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,400
enthusiasm, you might use to 
describe a particularly 

692
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:48,300
excellent barbecue. 
Gustav, Whitehead flew 

693
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:50,500
yesterday. 
This actually said as if people 

694
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:53,700
took to the air every Tuesday, 
here's where it gets frustrating

695
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:55,200
enough to make you kick your 
blankets. 

696
00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:58,700
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 
documented everything? 

697
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:00,700
Like, they were preparing for a 
patent lawsuit. 

698
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:04,700
Whitehead was more of a sea. 
What happens if I attached this 

699
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:06,400
engine to These Wings kind of 
guy? 

700
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:10,400
No, photographs, no official, 
records, just eyewitness 

701
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:13,600
accounts and one very 
enthusiastic newspaper article. 

702
00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:17,400
The aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

703
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:20,600
engineering optimism. 
It had a lightweight motor that 

704
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:24,400
Whitehead built himself 
silkwings and a control system 

705
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:26,900
that required the pilot to 
basically become one with the 

706
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:29,699
machine flying. 
It was less like driving a car 

707
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:31,900
and more like riding a very 
Cooperative dragon. 

708
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:36,300
The whole Contraption weighed 
about 800 pounds and looked 

709
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:39,000
like, it had been designed by 
someone who'd seen birds flying,

710
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:40,900
but had never actually met one 
personally. 

711
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:44,300
What makes this story even more 
intriguing? 

712
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:48,100
Is that several Aviation 
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 

713
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:50,699
came away convinced he'd 
achieved powered flight. 

714
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:55,199
These individuals were Not Mere 
passes by, but rather serious 

715
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:58,300
engineers, and Aviation 
enthusiasts who understood the 

716
00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:00,400
distinction between mere flight 
and True Flight. 

717
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,900
However, the Wright brothers, 
publicity overshadowed, their 

718
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:06,900
Testament is the problem was 
that Whitehead couldn't repeat 

719
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:10,300
his success consistently. 
Whitehead's engines, exhibited 

720
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:13,500
temperamental Behavior. 
His aircraft designs, underwent 

721
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:16,600
constant changes. 
And his business Acumen was akin

722
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,800
to that of a golden retriever. 
While the Wright brothers were 

723
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:21,600
building? 
A sustainable flying program. 

724
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,200
Whitehead was having what you 
might charitably? 

725
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,000
Call Adventure flights 
impressive. 

726
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,200
When they worked. 
Spec spectacular, when they 

727
00:35:29,208 --> 00:35:31,800
didn't. 
Imagine if Whitehead had been a 

728
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,200
better record keeper, or if 
someone with a camera had been 

729
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,700
there, that August morning. 
We might be talking about 

730
00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:39,400
Whitehead field in stead of 
Wright Patterson Air Force Base.

731
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,900
The whole mythology of American 
Aviation might have started in 

732
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:46,200
Connecticut rather than North 
Carolina, beach tourism might 

733
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,800
have developed very differently.
But here's the thing that might 

734
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:53,500
keep you staring at the ceiling.
Even if Whitehead did fly first,

735
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:55,900
the Wright Brothers, still 
deserve their Fame. 

736
00:35:55,900 --> 00:35:59,300
They didn't just achieve flight,
they made it reproducible 

737
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:01,700
improvable. 
And eventually practical 

738
00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:05,100
Whitehead was like the person 
who accidentally discovers a 

739
00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:07,100
great recipe but forgets to 
write it down. 

740
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:10,500
The Wright brothers were the 
ones who turned flying into 

741
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,300
something more than a 
spectacular accident, the 

742
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:17,300
aviation World probably needed. 
Both approaches whiteheads, 

743
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,800
Fearless experimentation. 
And the Wright brothers 

744
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:22,800
methodical development. 
One, pushed the limits of what 

745
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:24,800
was possible. 
The other made sure those 

746
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,500
boundaries stayed pushed It's 
just a shame that history tends 

747
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:31,000
to remember the finishers better
than the Pioneers, who cleared 

748
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,000
the path. 
Let's pull the paths up a bit 

749
00:36:33,008 --> 00:36:35,000
higher and discussed something 
that might change. 

750
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:36,900
How you think about World War 
Two entirely? 

751
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,000
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rocket's, a brilliant 

752
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,400
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

753
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,300
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

754
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:49,500
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

755
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:52,100
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

756
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,500
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

757
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:59,900
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

758
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:02,900
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculators and fed its steroids

759
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:06,100
for two years it could perform 
floating Point arithmetic, 

760
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:10,100
handle, conditional operations, 
and even run programs stored on 

761
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:12,800
punched film. 
This wasn't some glorified 

762
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:15,400
adding machine. 
This was a genuine computer 

763
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:19,000
complete with memory processing 
power and the ability to solve 

764
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,000
complex, mathematical problems, 
that would have taken human 

765
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,700
calculators weeks to figure out 
Zeus built this Marvel using 

766
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:28,100
telephone. 
Relays the kind of switches that

767
00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:30,000
connected your long-distance 
calls back. 

768
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:36,100
When operators asked number 
please, The Z3 had about 2600, 

769
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,100
relays clicking away. 
Like a mechanical Orchestra each

770
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:41,900
one making tiny decisions that 
added up to genuine 

771
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:45,500
computational power. 
The sound it made while working 

772
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:48,800
was probably like being inside a
huge, very busy typewriter. 

773
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:50,900
Here's where your mind might 
start racing. 

774
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,600
If the German military had 
recognized what Zeus had created

775
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:56,800
and funded it properly. 
They could have had 

776
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,500
computational advantages that 
might have changed the entire 

777
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:02,500
War code. 
Breaking ballistic, calculations

778
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:06,500
Logistics, optimization all the 
number crunching nightmares that

779
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,100
bogged down military operations.
Could have been sold by 

780
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:12,600
machines, instead of rooms full 
of mathematicians with slide 

781
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:14,800
rules. 
But the German authorities 

782
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:18,300
looked at Zeus's computer and 
essentially Shrugged, they were 

783
00:38:18,308 --> 00:38:21,400
more interested in bigger tanks 
and faster planes that in some 

784
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,000
clicking contraption that solved
math problems. 

785
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,500
It was like being offered a 
magic wand and asking if it came

786
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:30,500
in a different color. 
The military applications were 

787
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:31,600
so obvious. 
They were invisible. 

788
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:34,900
Meanwhile, on the other side of 
the Atlantic similar 

789
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:37,500
computational needs were driving
the development of machines, 

790
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:41,000
like any act and Colossus The 
difference was that the Allies 

791
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,600
understood, they were fighting a
war that would be won by whoever

792
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,100
could process information, 
faster and more accurately. 

793
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:51,200
The Germans had the technology 
first and couldn't see past 

794
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:52,600
their traditional military 
thinking. 

795
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:56,300
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 
destroyed in an Allied bombing 

796
00:38:56,300 --> 00:38:59,800
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 
it. 

797
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,800
By then he'd already started 
work on the Z4, which was even 

798
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:06,600
more advanced. 
But imagine if that bombing raid

799
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:09,700
had never happened or if Zeus 
had been working in a properly 

800
00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:12,200
funded well protected, 
government facility and of his 

801
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,200
parents living room. 
The computational revolution 

802
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,100
might have started in the 1940s 
Germany. 

803
00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:22,400
In stead of the 1950s America. 
The real tragedy is that Zeus 

804
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,700
understood exactly what he'd 
wrote. 

805
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,500
The first algorithmic, 
programming language developed 

806
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,900
floating Point arithmetic, and 
even theorized about artificial 

807
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:33,400
intelligence decades before 
anyone else was thinking 

808
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,900
seriously about machine 
thinking, He was like a time 

809
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:39,500
traveler who brought back 
blueprints from the future 

810
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:42,400
except nobody believed. 
The future was worth visiting. 

811
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:46,700
After the war, when the world 
finally caught up to what Zeus 

812
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:49,300
had been doing? 
Computer Revolution exploded. 

813
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:55,400
But those crucial years, from 
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost

814
00:39:55,408 --> 00:39:58,400
opportunity that might have 
reshaped everything, not just 

815
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:00,800
the war, but the entire 
development of computational 

816
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,200
Technology could have been 
accelerated by a decade or more.

817
00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:07,700
This is one of those historical 
scenarios that can keep you 

818
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:10,700
awake at night. 
What if the side with the moral 

819
00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:12,500
High ground or had the best 
tech? 

820
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:15,900
What if the computational 
revolution had started early and

821
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:18,700
developed differently? 
The most important battles in 

822
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,200
history are sometimes fought 
with ideas that don't get the 

823
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:23,700
attention they deserve. 
Now, let's talk about something 

824
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:26,400
that might make you grateful for
modern medicine, in a whole new 

825
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:30,900
way picture. 
This it's 1847, and women are 

826
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:33,700
dying in childbirth at 
horrifying rates, not from 

827
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,200
complications during delivery, 
but from something called 

828
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:39,800
childbed fever that strikes 
afterward in Vienna's General 

829
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:41,700
Hospital. 
One maternity ward has a death 

830
00:40:41,700 --> 00:40:45,000
rate of 18% while another Ward 
right down the hall. 

831
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:49,800
Has a death rate of only 2% Same
Hospital, same city, same year 

832
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:52,800
but somehow one hallway is a 
death trap while the other is 

833
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,900
relatively safe. 
Enter Ignat semmel Vice a 

834
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,000
Hungarian Doctor, Who looked at 
this situation and thought. 

835
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:03,200
Something is very wrong here. 
He was like a medical detective 

836
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:05,600
in an era when most doctors 
thought disease was caused by 

837
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:09,100
bad air or moral failings. 
Semmelweis noticed, something 

838
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:12,400
that should have been obvious, 
but somehow wasn't the deadly. 

839
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:14,700
Ward was staffed by doctors and 
medical students. 

840
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:18,600
While the safe Ward was run by 
midwives, he is where it gets 

841
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:20,600
intriguing enough to make you 
sit up in bed. 

842
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:24,100
The doctors and medical 
students, spent their mornings 

843
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:27,400
performing autopsies on women 
who had died from childbed fever

844
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:31,000
then walked directly to the 
Maternity Ward to deliver babies

845
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,800
without washing their hands. 
The Midwives. 

846
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:38,200
On the other hand didn't do all 
tops is semmelweiss put two and 

847
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,100
two together and got an answer 
that nobody wanted to hear. 

848
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,900
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

849
00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:49,400
with chlorinated lime solution 
before examining patients. 

850
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:52,600
The death rate in the doctors, 
ward, in immediately dropped 

851
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:56,700
from 18% to less than 2%. 
You'd think the change would 

852
00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:58,800
have made several Vice. 
The hero of Vienna General 

853
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,700
Hospital, maybe even got him a 
statue in the courtyard. 

854
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:05,400
Instead it made him the most 
hated man in the medical 

855
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:08,400
establishment. 
The other doctors were Furious. 

856
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:11,800
The idea that gentleman's hands 
could be unclean was insulting 

857
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:14,800
to their social status. 
Doctors were supposed to be 

858
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:17,900
learned men of science, not 
common workers, who needed to 

859
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,900
scrub up like servants. 
The concept that invisible 

860
00:42:20,900 --> 00:42:24,200
particles on their hands could 
cause disease was so absurd. 

861
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:28,000
It was practically offensive. 
They essentially told Samuel 

862
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:29,800
vase. 
That his germ theory was crazy 

863
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:31,800
talk. 
What makes this even more 

864
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:34,300
heartbreaking is that simulates?
Could prove his point with 

865
00:42:34,300 --> 00:42:37,000
numbers. 
Every month that hand washing 

866
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:40,400
was enforced, fewer women died. 
Every time the policy was 

867
00:42:40,408 --> 00:42:42,300
relaxed, the death rate shot 
back up. 

868
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,400
It was an effect. 
So clear you could teach it to a

869
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,800
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

870
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:51,200
dangerous nonsense. 
A pushback against samurais was 

871
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,200
so intense that he eventually 
suffered what? 

872
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:55,400
We'd now probably call a nervous
breakdown. 

873
00:42:56,500 --> 00:42:59,900
We came increasingly frustrated,
and confrontational writing, 

874
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:02,500
bitter letters to prominent 
doctors, calling them murderers.

875
00:43:03,500 --> 00:43:06,800
Technically he was correct. 
They were killing patients due 

876
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:09,600
to ignorance but he never 
excelled intact. 

877
00:43:10,500 --> 00:43:13,700
In 1865, he was committed to an 
asylum where he died. 

878
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:17,100
Just two weeks later, possibly 
from the same kind of infection.

879
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:20,800
He'd spent his career fighting. 
Here's the part that might keep 

880
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,000
you staring at the ceiling. 
If the medical world had 

881
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,200
accepted semmelweiss 
hand-washing protocol in 1847, 

882
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:29,600
millions of lives, could have 
been saved. 

883
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:32,800
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

884
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,600
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have

885
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:39,600
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 
respectable the entire 

886
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,100
development of modern medicine 
could have accelerated by 

887
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:44,900
decades. 
Imagine Civil War Field 

888
00:43:44,900 --> 00:43:47,800
hospitals, where doctors wash 
their hands between patients 

889
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,900
Imagine surgery becoming safer 
20 years earlier than it 

890
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:54,400
actually did. 
Imagine all the mothers and 

891
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,200
babies who could have lived if 
the medical establishment had 

892
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:01,100
been willing to consider that. 
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 

893
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:03,900
doctored figured out something 
important about invisible 

894
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,400
killers. 
Instead Samurai became a tragic 

895
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:11,600
footnote Vindicated only after 
his death when pastor and Lister

896
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:14,800
made germ Theory fashionable. 
Occasionally the most important 

897
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:17,800
discoveries aren't rejected 
because they're wrong but 

898
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:20,200
because they're so right. 
They threaten everything. 

899
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:22,700
People think they know about how
the world Works. 

900
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:25,700
Let's shift gears again and talk
about something that could have 

901
00:44:25,708 --> 00:44:29,000
made your daily commute. 
Look very different While 

902
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,300
everyone was getting excited 
about cars and airplanes. 

903
00:44:31,300 --> 00:44:34,500
In the early 1900s, there was 
another Transportation 

904
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:38,100
Revolution Brewing that most 
people have never heard of It 

905
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:41,400
involved pneumatic tubes. 
Basically shooting capsules 

906
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:43,700
through pressurized air systems.
Like you are emailing yourself 

907
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:47,100
across the city. 
The beach pneumatic transit 

908
00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:50,000
system in New York was like 
something out of a Jules, Verne 

909
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:52,200
novel, except it actually 
worked. 

910
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:58,000
In 1870, Alfred Ely Beach built 
a 312 foot demonstration tunnel 

911
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:01,500
under Broadway and shot a 
cylindrical carrying passengers 

912
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:03,300
through it. 
Using nothing but air pressure. 

913
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:07,000
The car was plushie appointed 
with upholstered seats and 

914
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,800
Elegant Lighting, making it feel
more like riding in a Victorian 

915
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:13,100
parlor than being shot through 
an underground tube. 

916
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:16,900
Passengers described the 
experience as surprisingly 

917
00:45:16,900 --> 00:45:20,000
smooth and quiet. 
The car would whoosh through the

918
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:23,200
tunnel carried Along by a giant 
fan, that created air pressure 

919
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:27,600
behind it and suction in front. 
At the end of the line, the 

920
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,600
process reversed and the car 
would slide gently back to the 

921
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:33,500
starting point. 
It was like being inside a huge,

922
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:35,500
very comfortable pneumatic 
message system. 

923
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:38,600
Each envisioned a network of 
these pneumatic Railways. 

924
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,700
Crisscrossing Manhattan, 
transporting passengers, at 

925
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:42,700
speeds. 
That would rival. 

926
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:47,400
Those of modern Subway systems. 
No noise, no smoke, no horses. 

927
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,300
Dropping inconvenient packages 
on the street. 

928
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:53,300
Just clean quiet. 
Efficient Transportation powered

929
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:56,200
by compressed air, the whole 
system could have been running 

930
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:58,900
on renewable energy, if they 
connected the fans to win Mills 

931
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:01,700
or water wheels. 
But here's where the story takes

932
00:46:01,700 --> 00:46:03,900
a turn that might make you want 
to throw your pillow across the 

933
00:46:03,908 --> 00:46:06,700
room. 
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. 

934
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:10,200
New York's notoriously corrupt 
political machine were heavily 

935
00:46:10,200 --> 00:46:12,000
invested. 
In street-level transportation 

936
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:15,200
systems. 
Horse-drawn omnibuses elevated 

937
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:17,500
Railways. 
And eventually street cars. 

938
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,800
The pneumatic system that bypass
street level corruption and kick

939
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:24,700
back opportunities was about, as
well as a tax audit. 

940
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:28,300
The political opposition to 
beaches system was so intense 

941
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:31,100
that he had to build his 
demonstration tunnel in secret 

942
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:34,900
working at night and disposing 
of excavated dirt through a 

943
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:38,200
basement in a nearby building. 
He was literally conducting an 

944
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:41,300
underground Transportation 
Revolution underground in both 

945
00:46:41,300 --> 00:46:43,000
the physical and political 
sense. 

946
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:47,600
When Beach Finally Revealed his 
system to the public, it was an 

947
00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:51,900
instant sensation over. 400,000 
people paid to ride the 

948
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:55,300
demonstration line in its first 
year of operation. a public 

949
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:58,500
loved it, the Press praised, it 
an engineering experts 

950
00:46:58,500 --> 00:47:01,700
confirmed, it was completely 
feasible, Everything was 

951
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:04,700
perfect, except for the small 
matter of political approval for

952
00:47:04,700 --> 00:47:07,700
expansion. 
Tweed and his cronies made sure 

953
00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:11,100
that beaches request for permits
and funding got buried deeper 

954
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:13,600
than his tunnel. 
They want to Transportation 

955
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,000
Systems. 
They could control profit from 

956
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:18,400
and use a sources of political 
patronage. 

957
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:22,700
A pneumatic system that could be
built quickly and operated 

958
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:24,900
efficiently. 
Offered too few opportunities 

959
00:47:24,900 --> 00:47:27,500
for the kind of Creative 
Accounting that kept political 

960
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,200
machines running. 
The beach tunnel eventually 

961
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:33,200
closed, not because the 
technology didn't work but 

962
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,500
because the politics didn't 
work, the demonstration tunnel 

963
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:38,700
was sealed up and forgotten 
until it was accidentally 

964
00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:41,500
rediscovered during Subway 
Construction in 1912. 

965
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:44,300
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

966
00:47:44,300 --> 00:47:47,100
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

967
00:47:47,100 --> 00:47:49,500
system. 
We know today, imagine if 

968
00:47:49,500 --> 00:47:52,800
beached succeeded Manhattan, 
might have had a transportation 

969
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,400
Network that was fast faster, 
quieter and cleaner than what we

970
00:47:56,408 --> 00:47:59,300
ended up with. 
The whole development of urban 

971
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:02,100
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

972
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:06,600
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded Subways cities, 

973
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:09,800
might of Silent smooth, 
pneumatic networks, that shot 

974
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:12,200
people around like packages and 
a delivery system. 

975
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:14,300
The technology wasn't the 
problem. 

976
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,200
Pneumatic tube systems were 
already being used successfully 

977
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:18,900
for male delivery in major 
cities. 

978
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,200
The problem was that beneficial 
technology isn't enough if the 

979
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:25,900
political and economic systems 
aren't ready to support it. 

980
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:29,100
Sometimes the best inventions 
fail not because they don't 

981
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,200
work, but because they work too 
well for the wrong people. 

982
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,400
Now as we settle in for the 
final part of our journey 

983
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:38,400
through forgotten invention's, 
let's talk about something that 

984
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:41,000
could have changed the entire 
course of the 20th century. 

985
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:44,900
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 
Tesla were having their famous 

986
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:47,600
war of currents. 
Another inventor was quietly 

987
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:49,600
working on something that could 
have made both of their 

988
00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:51,800
electrical systems look like 
child's toys. 

989
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:55,100
Nikola Tesla. 
Yes, the same Tesla. 

990
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:57,600
Who won the AC? 
DC battle hadn't. 

991
00:48:57,600 --> 00:48:59,500
Even bigger idea. 
Brewing in His Brilliant. 

992
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:03,200
Slightly obsessive mind. 
He believed he could transmit 

993
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:05,800
electrical power. 
Wirelessly through the Earth 

994
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:08,500
itself. 
Making power lines as obsolete 

995
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,900
as carrier pigeons. 
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 

996
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:14,200
Island, wasn't just an 
experimental radio station. 

997
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:17,500
It was supposed to be the 
prototype for a Global Wireless 

998
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:22,100
power system picture this 
instead of cities crisscrossed 

999
00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:24,900
with power lines. 
You'd have Elegant Towers space 

1000
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:28,000
to cross the landscape beaming 
electricity through the ground 

1001
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:29,600
to receive his anywhere in the 
world. 

1002
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:34,200
No more power, outages from 
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,

1003
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:37,500
electrical infrastructure, and 
no more limitations on where you

1004
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:39,600
could build things. 
Based on how close they were to 

1005
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:42,200
power sources. 
The whole planet would become 

1006
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:45,700
one giant electrical grid test 
Tesla system worked on the 

1007
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:48,900
principle that the Earth itself 
could act as a conductor. 

1008
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:52,400
By pumping electrical energy 
into the ground at specific 

1009
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:54,700
frequencies. 
He believed he could create 

1010
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:56,800
standing waves. 
That would allow power to be 

1011
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:58,400
extracted anywhere on the 
planet. 

1012
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:02,700
Sounds like science fiction but 
Tesla had already demonstrated 

1013
00:50:02,700 --> 00:50:05,300
Wireless power. 
Transmission on a smaller scale,

1014
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:08,800
lighting, bulbs from miles away 
without any connecting wires. 

1015
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,800
The financial backing for 
wardenclyffe came from JP Morgan

1016
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:15,800
who initially thought he was 
funding and improved Wireless 

1017
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:19,200
communication system. 
When Tesla revealed his true 

1018
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:23,500
intention free wireless power 
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm

1019
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:26,200
called faster than coffee left 
on a porch in January. 

1020
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:29,900
Free Power meant. 
No metered usage, which meant no

1021
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,300
way to charge customers, which 
meant no profit. 

1022
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:36,800
Morgan pulled his funding in 
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 

1023
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,600
dreams died with it. 
Here's where you might want to 

1024
00:50:39,608 --> 00:50:41,900
pull the blankets, over your 
head and contemplated 

1025
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,800
alternative timelines. 
Tesla's, Wireless power system 

1026
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:49,000
had worked as intended, the 
entire 20th century could have 

1027
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:51,600
unfolded differently. 
There would have been no 

1028
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:54,200
necessity for large-scale power 
plants in each region. 

1029
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:56,900
The system would have been 
immune to attacks on 

1030
00:50:56,900 --> 00:51:00,300
infrastructure during wartime. 
There would be no environmental 

1031
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:03,100
issues associated with power 
transmission lines passing 

1032
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:07,300
through Wilderness areas. 
Rural electrification, which 

1033
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:10,200
didn't reach many parts of 
America until the 1930s and 

1034
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:12,100
1940s could have happened 
immediately. 

1035
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:15,900
Developing countries wouldn't 
have needed to build expensive 

1036
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:19,200
power infrastructure to 
modernize electric vehicles. 

1037
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:21,900
Might have become practical 
decades earlier since you could 

1038
00:51:21,900 --> 00:51:24,600
power them anywhere without 
needing charging stations. 

1039
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:28,800
But Tesla's Wireless power 
system, had one crucial flaw, 

1040
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:30,500
that probably doomed it from the
start. 

1041
00:51:30,500 --> 00:51:33,600
It would have been almost 
impossible to control who used 

1042
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:36,700
the power unlike electrical 
lines, that could be metered and

1043
00:51:36,708 --> 00:51:39,200
disconnected. 
Wireless power beam through the 

1044
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:41,200
Earth would have been available 
to anyone with the right 

1045
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,500
receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

1046
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:47,200
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

1047
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:50,400
The irony is that testers 
Wireless power transmission 

1048
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,200
actually worked on a small 
scale. 

1049
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:57,500
His Colorado Springs laboratory 
successfully transmitted power 

1050
00:51:57,500 --> 00:51:59,600
wirelessly across significant 
distances. 

1051
00:51:59,600 --> 00:52:01,500
The problem wasn't the 
technology. 

1052
00:52:01,500 --> 00:52:04,300
It was the economics and 
politics of giving away 

1053
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:07,800
something that people were used 
to paying for After Warden. 

1054
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,200
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 
rest of his life as a brilliant,

1055
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:14,800
but increasingly eccentric, 
figure living in hotel rooms and

1056
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:17,100
feeding pigeons. 
While the world moved on to more

1057
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:22,200
conventional electrical systems.
He died in 1943 just as the 

1058
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:24,300
world was discovering that many 
of his seemingly. 

1059
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:28,600
Impossible ideas like radar and 
Robotics were not only possible,

1060
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:33,000
but essential As you drift off 
to sleep tonight, think about 

1061
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:35,700
all these inventors who are so 
close to changing everything. 

1062
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:39,200
They remind us that history 
isn't just about what happened 

1063
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:41,800
but about all the fascinating 
things that almost happened. 

1064
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:44,900
Sometimes the most important 
stories are the ones about the 

1065
00:52:44,900 --> 00:52:48,900
roads not taken the inventions 
that were too early, too radical

1066
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:51,800
or too threatening. 
To the way things were, these 

1067
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,800
forgotten Pioneers prove that 
the future is always closer than

1068
00:52:54,808 --> 00:52:57,800
we think it's just waiting for 
the right combination of 

1069
00:52:57,808 --> 00:53:01,100
Technology timing and the 
courage to believe that 

1070
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:04,900
impossible things might not be 
impossible after all sweet 

1071
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:07,300
dreams. 
And remember, tomorrow's 

1072
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:10,600
impossibility might just be 
tonight's bedtime story waiting 

1073
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:18,300
to come true. 
Picture yourself waking up in a 

1074
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,600
narrow bed, that is barely wider
than a coffin that somehow more 

1075
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:24,000
comfortable than anything. 
You'd known before coming to 

1076
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:27,400
ashwitha. the room, you share 
with two other housemates is 

1077
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:30,700
tucked under the eaves where the
seedling slopes down, so 

1078
00:53:30,700 --> 00:53:33,200
dramatically that you've learned
to duck instinctively when 

1079
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:36,400
getting dressed The walls are 
thin enough that you can hear 

1080
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:39,400
Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

1081
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:41,600
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

1082
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:43,600
Wooden Spoons. 
Conducting an orchestra of 

1083
00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:46,600
copper pots. 
It's 4:30 in the morning and 

1084
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:50,100
your body has become a living 
alarm clock after 18 months in 

1085
00:53:50,100 --> 00:53:52,000
service. 
You no longer need the Bell. 

1086
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,800
That Martha. 
The senior House made rings to 

1087
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:57,600
wake, everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

1088
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:01,200
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

1089
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:03,400
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

1090
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:05,900
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

1091
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:09,200
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin where

1092
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:11,900
you need them? 
Most The floorboards Creak their

1093
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:14,700
familiar greeting, as you tiptoe
around your sleeping roommates. 

1094
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:18,300
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 
in her sleep, about her sweet 

1095
00:54:18,300 --> 00:54:21,300
heart, back in the village while
Emma, who works in the laundry, 

1096
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,400
snores with the dedication of 
someone whose owned every moment

1097
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:27,500
of rest. 
So servant staircase serves as 

1098
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:30,500
your primary route, to all 
important places, it's narrow 

1099
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:32,500
and steep designed by 
architects. 

1100
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,900
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal up for flights while 

1101
00:54:35,900 --> 00:54:39,000
balancing a chamber pot and 
trying not to wake the entire 

1102
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:42,200
household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

1103
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:43,900
Grace. 
Now, navigating these stairs 

1104
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:48,500
part mounting goat part ballet, 
dancer, all determination, not 

1105
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:50,500
to Tumble backward into 
catastrophe. 

1106
00:54:51,500 --> 00:54:54,100
Your first stop is the 
Magnificent Hall where 

1107
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:56,200
yesterday's ashes in the massive
fireplace. 

1108
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:58,200
Look like the remains of a small
dragon. 

1109
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:01,200
The greatest heavy enough to 
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 

1110
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:03,700
It requires the kind of athletic
ability that would impress 

1111
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:06,800
circus performers, you've 
learned to approach it like a 

1112
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,200
puzzle first, the smaller 
pieces, then the great itself 

1113
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,600
always mindful that coal dust 
has a magical ability to appear 

1114
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:15,400
on surfaces. 
You haven't even touched yet. 

1115
00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:19,200
The manner wakes up around you 
in layers, first come the other 

1116
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:22,200
servants moving through their 
morning routines with the 

1117
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,100
synchronized Precision of 
dancers who rehearse the same 

1118
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:27,600
performance for years then come 
the dogs. 

1119
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:31,100
Lord Ashworth hunting hounds who
seem to insist on serving 

1120
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:34,500
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 
of human convenience. 

1121
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:39,200
Finally, the house itself begins
to stir floorboards settling 

1122
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:42,700
pipes, gurgling their morning 
complaints and somewhere in the 

1123
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:44,700
distance. 
The grandfather clock in the 

1124
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:47,200
entrance hall, chiming the hours
like a Stern Headmaster. 

1125
00:55:47,200 --> 00:55:50,500
Keeping everyone on schedule. 
You've learned to love these 

1126
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:53,400
early morning moments, when the 
man of belongs entirely to its 

1127
00:55:53,408 --> 00:55:55,600
servants. 
There's something peaceful about

1128
00:55:55,600 --> 00:55:57,700
moving through rooms. 
That will later Buzz with the 

1129
00:55:57,700 --> 00:56:00,200
complicated social machine of 
the upper classes. 

1130
00:56:00,200 --> 00:56:04,700
But for now exists in a state of
suspended animation, The drawing

1131
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:06,800
room with its silk wallpaper and
furniture. 

1132
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,900
That costs more than most people
earn in a decade feels almost 

1133
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:13,000
friendly in the pre-dawn 
darkness, you dust the mahogany,

1134
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:15,300
tables and straighten. 
The cushions on chairs that 

1135
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:18,700
probably have their own names 
and pedigrees The Morning Light 

1136
00:56:18,700 --> 00:56:21,600
filtering through the tool 
Windows reveals dust modes 

1137
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:23,900
dancing in the air like tiny 
rebellious spirits. 

1138
00:56:24,500 --> 00:56:26,800
You've developed a personal 
relationship with dust. 

1139
00:56:26,800 --> 00:56:30,700
It's your constant companion, 
your Eternal opponent and 

1140
00:56:30,700 --> 00:56:32,800
occasionally, when the light 
hits it just right. 

1141
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:36,000
Your unwitting collaborator in 
creating something almost 

1142
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,900
beautiful. 
Dust, you've learned has 

1143
00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:41,700
personality. 
The dust in the library is 

1144
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:45,400
scholarly and dignified settling
politely on leather bound books.

1145
00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:48,400
The dust in the children's 
playroom, is chaotic and 

1146
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:51,400
adventurous hiding in corners 
and emerging at the most 

1147
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:55,200
inconvenient moments. 
By 6:00 you've already 

1148
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:57,100
accomplished. 
What most people would consider 

1149
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:00,500
a full day's work. 
The fires a lit, the main rooms 

1150
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:02,700
are clean and you've managed to 
avoid waking. 

1151
00:57:02,700 --> 00:57:05,800
Anyone who might your wages for 
disturbing their beauty sleep. 

1152
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:08,800
Well, back aches, in that 
particular way that comes from 

1153
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:10,800
bending over greats and reaching
under furniture. 

1154
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:14,600
But there's also a satisfaction 
in seeing the manor slowly come 

1155
00:57:14,600 --> 00:57:16,900
to life around your efforts. 
The kitchen. 

1156
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:20,500
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast, is a warm 

1157
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:23,900
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

1158
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:25,900
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

1159
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:29,100
She ruled her realm with the 
authority of a general and the 

1160
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:31,900
warmth of a favorite aunt 
dispensing, both orders and 

1161
00:57:31,908 --> 00:57:35,500
wisdom in equal measure the King
order in a Victorian Mansion is 

1162
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:38,700
more complex than the family 
tree of European royalty and 

1163
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:40,500
twice as confusing for 
newcomers. 

1164
00:57:41,300 --> 00:57:43,900
You've learned to navigate this 
social Labyrinth, with the skill

1165
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:48,100
of a diplomat, always mindful of
who out-ranks who and exactly 

1166
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:50,200
how much courtesy each position 
demands. 

1167
00:57:51,600 --> 00:57:53,300
At the top of the servants 
hierarchy. 

1168
00:57:53,300 --> 00:57:56,900
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 
who carries himself with the 

1169
00:57:56,900 --> 00:57:59,600
Dignity of a man whose never 
doubted his place in the world. 

1170
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:03,200
Mr. Whitmore the butler, 
possesses the ability to 

1171
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:05,200
elevate. 
The mundane tasks of polishing. 

1172
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:09,000
Silver to a sacred ritual and 
his disapproval is unmistakable.

1173
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:11,600
You've seen him reduce footman 
to stammering. 

1174
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:14,500
Apologies with nothing more than
a raised eyebrow and a slight 

1175
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:17,300
tightening around the eyes just 
below him Reigns. 

1176
00:58:17,300 --> 00:58:21,100
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 
Who manages the female star with

1177
00:58:21,100 --> 00:58:24,100
the organizational skills of a 
military commander and the 

1178
00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:28,000
intuition of someone whose 
raised 12 children Carries a 

1179
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:30,400
massive ring of keys that 
Jangles with every step 

1180
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:33,700
announcing her presence. 
Like a one woman Brass Band 

1181
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:37,100
these Keys unlock everything 
from the linen closets to The 

1182
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:39,500
Wine Cellar. 
And the sound of them has become

1183
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:41,700
the soundtrack of authority in 
your daily life. 

1184
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:45,200
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 

1185
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:47,800
and a heart that softer than her
Yorkshire pudding. 

1186
00:58:48,600 --> 00:58:51,300
She's a cook who meticulously 
remembers each servants, 

1187
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,800
preferred tea, and consistently 
provides an extra biscuit during

1188
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:58,600
a particularly challenging day. 
Her domain is distinct from the 

1189
00:58:58,600 --> 00:59:01,800
rest of the house higher Archie 
as she reports directly to Mrs. 

1190
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:05,100
Hartwell however, within her 
kitchen, her Authority as 

1191
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:07,900
unquestioned you found your 
place somewhere in the middle of

1192
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:11,400
this complex social Machinery. 
As a housemaid, you're above the

1193
00:59:11,408 --> 00:59:12,900
scholarly maids and the kitchen 
help. 

1194
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:16,700
But below the ladies maids and 
the governments To position that

1195
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:18,900
requires a peculiar kind of 
social awareness. 

1196
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:22,900
You need to be respectful to 
those of you kind to those below

1197
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:25,100
you and cautious around those at
your level. 

1198
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:27,900
Because horizontal politics 
among servers can be more 

1199
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:31,300
treacherous than anything 
happening up stairs, the footmen

1200
00:59:31,300 --> 00:59:34,000
occupy their own strange 
category in this higher Archie, 

1201
00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:37,600
they're technically your equals 
that they seem to believe their 

1202
00:59:37,600 --> 00:59:40,200
fancy uniforms and proximity to 
the dining room. 

1203
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:41,800
Make them practically members of
the family. 

1204
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:46,300
James, the senior footman has 
mastered the skill of sneering 

1205
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:50,700
at people while simultaneously, 
serving them soup, his permitted

1206
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:53,600
hair and pristine white gloves, 
make him look like he's 

1207
00:59:53,600 --> 00:59:56,900
constantly ready for a formal 
portrait even when he's just 

1208
00:59:56,900 --> 01:00:01,100
carrying coal, scuttles. 
The daily dance of Precedence 

1209
01:00:01,100 --> 01:00:04,700
plays out in 100 small ways. 
Who enters the servants Hall? 

1210
01:00:04,700 --> 01:00:08,300
First for meals, who gets the 
best seat near the fire, whose 

1211
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:11,700
allowed to voice opinions about 
the families guests and who must

1212
01:00:11,700 --> 01:00:15,300
simply listen and Nod. 
You've learned to read these 

1213
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:18,800
subtle cues like a scholar, 
studying ancient texts because 

1214
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:21,800
misunderstanding your place can 
result in anything from cold 

1215
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:25,200
shoulders to actual dismissal. 
The Strangers part of this 

1216
01:00:25,200 --> 01:00:28,000
higher Arc is how it mirrors the
family upstairs, while remaining

1217
01:00:28,000 --> 01:00:31,700
completely separate from it. 
Lord Ashworth might be the 

1218
01:00:31,700 --> 01:00:34,700
master of the house but he has 
no idea that William. 

1219
01:00:34,700 --> 01:00:37,900
The second footman has been 
conducting a subtle campaign of 

1220
01:00:37,900 --> 01:00:41,900
cycle Warfare against Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

1221
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:44,300
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

1222
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:48,100
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

1223
01:00:48,100 --> 01:00:52,000
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

1224
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,600
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

1225
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:59,300
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

1226
01:00:59,300 --> 01:01:02,000
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

1227
01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:05,700
tensions rise, the key is 
understanding that everyone from

1228
01:01:05,700 --> 01:01:07,800
the lowest calorie made to the 
most exalted. 

1229
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:10,800
Ladies maid is desperately 
trying to maintain their 

1230
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:12,800
dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

1231
01:01:12,800 --> 01:01:14,400
little of it. 
People in service. 

1232
01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:19,100
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

1233
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:21,100
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

1234
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:24,500
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

1235
01:01:24,500 --> 01:01:27,200
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

1236
01:01:27,200 --> 01:01:29,200
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

1237
01:01:30,100 --> 01:01:33,400
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

1238
01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:35,400
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

1239
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,000
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

1240
01:01:38,000 --> 01:01:40,900
lullaby. 
The truly fascinating members of

1241
01:01:40,908 --> 01:01:44,300
this certainty, ecosystem of the
Specialists, the lamp trimmer, 

1242
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:47,600
who treats each fixture like a 
delicate patient, requiring 

1243
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:50,200
surgery. 
The boot boy, who knows the 

1244
01:01:50,208 --> 01:01:53,700
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

1245
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:57,100
under Butler who's being groomed
from Mr. Whitmore's position and

1246
01:01:57,100 --> 01:01:59,600
carries the weight of that 
future responsibility like a 

1247
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:02,600
crown that still being fitted. 
Living in a Victorian. 

1248
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:06,100
Mansion means existing in Two 
Worlds simultaneously like being

1249
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:08,800
an actor in a play where half 
the cast doesn't know the other 

1250
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:11,600
half exists. 
You've mastered the art of 

1251
01:02:11,608 --> 01:02:14,200
becoming functionally invisible 
when family members are present.

1252
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:17,400
Skill, that requires more 
athleticism than most people 

1253
01:02:17,400 --> 01:02:21,100
realize, the back staircase is 
your lifeline to invisibility, 

1254
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:24,800
it's a narrow winding passage 
that connects every floor of the

1255
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:26,900
house. 
Designed specifically. 

1256
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:29,900
So servants can move through the
mansion without disturbing the 

1257
01:02:29,900 --> 01:02:32,100
family's carefully, orchestrated
daily life. 

1258
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:35,800
You've learned to navigate these
stairs and complete, darkness, 

1259
01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:39,400
your feet knowing exactly where 
each step creaks and which 

1260
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,900
handrail Wiggles is like, having
a secret passage to everywhere 

1261
01:02:42,900 --> 01:02:45,300
that matters. 
Except the secret is that you're

1262
01:02:45,300 --> 01:02:46,800
not supposed to exist while 
using it. 

1263
01:02:46,800 --> 01:02:50,100
The family's daily routine 
creates a complex choreography 

1264
01:02:50,100 --> 01:02:51,800
that you've learned to dance 
around. 

1265
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:56,400
Lady Ashworth, takes her morning
at precisely 8:00, which means 

1266
01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:58,900
you need to have her sitting 
room in Immaculate by 7:30. 

1267
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:02,300
She has a particular way of 
saying when things aren't 

1268
01:03:02,300 --> 01:03:05,300
arranged to her satisfaction, 
not quite disapproval, but, 

1269
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:08,400
definitely disappointment that 
can ruin your entire morning. 

1270
01:03:08,400 --> 01:03:11,700
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

1271
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:15,400
unique challenges, Master 
fredric 8 years old and 

1272
01:03:15,400 --> 01:03:18,200
convinced of his military 
greatness as transformed, the 

1273
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,500
third floor in his personal 
Battlefield, you've learned to 

1274
01:03:21,500 --> 01:03:24,000
clean around elaborate 
Arrangements of toy soldiers. 

1275
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:27,000
Knowing that disturbing his 
campaigns could result in the 

1276
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:28,900
kind of tantrum. 
That brings his mother running 

1277
01:03:28,900 --> 01:03:31,700
and get servants blamed for 
corrupting Young Minds. 

1278
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:35,400
His sister. 
Miss Carolyn is 12 and has 

1279
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,100
recently discovered, the power 
of treating servants like her 

1280
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:41,200
personal confidence. 
Littering Until you realize 

1281
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:43,900
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household. 

1282
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:46,300
The guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

1283
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:49,300
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

1284
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:51,500
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

1285
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:55,400
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

1286
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,900
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

1287
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:02,300
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

1288
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:05,000
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

1289
01:04:05,008 --> 01:04:07,400
completely different species of 
the worst. 

1290
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:12,800
Mrs, Fitzpatrick, lady Ashworth,
sister visits monthly and treats

1291
01:04:12,800 --> 01:04:15,300
the servants Hall like her 
personal entertainment venue. 

1292
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:19,500
Sheetz through asking intrusive 
questions about your personal 

1293
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,200
life, while simultaneously 
rearranging everything, 

1294
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:23,900
according to her own 
preferences. 

1295
01:04:24,800 --> 01:04:28,700
Her lady's maid Miss Prentiss 
apologizes constantly for her 

1296
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:31,600
Mistresses Behavior while 
somehow making it clear that she

1297
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,200
considers herself. 
Superior to the permanent staff,

1298
01:04:35,100 --> 01:04:37,400
The dinner party is away your 
invisibility skills. 

1299
01:04:37,400 --> 01:04:40,500
Get their greatest work out. 
You've learned to move through 

1300
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,800
the dining room, like a ghost. 
Refilling water glasses, and 

1301
01:04:43,800 --> 01:04:45,600
replacing horses while eight to 
12. 

1302
01:04:45,608 --> 01:04:48,600
People can conduct conversations
that range from fascinating to 

1303
01:04:48,600 --> 01:04:51,100
horrifying often within the same
sentence. 

1304
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:54,500
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen to 

1305
01:04:54,500 --> 01:04:56,700
anticipate needs without seeming
to pay attention. 

1306
01:04:56,700 --> 01:04:59,500
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

1307
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:00,700
all the moment, you leave the 
room. 

1308
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:05,200
Overhearing conversations about 
politics and social scandals. 

1309
01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:08,500
That would make excellent gossip
if you could share them, you've 

1310
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:11,400
gained valuable insights. 
The family discusses their 

1311
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:13,900
neighbor's Affairs, their 
business dealings, and their 

1312
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:17,200
opinions about everything from 
the weather to the Empire all 

1313
01:05:17,200 --> 01:05:18,900
while servants. 
Move around them like 

1314
01:05:18,900 --> 01:05:22,300
well-trained Spirits, it has 
provided you with an education 

1315
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:25,700
in human nature that no school 
could match the most challenging

1316
01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:27,300
aspect of this Upstairs 
Downstairs. 

1317
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,400
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

1318
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:34,000
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

1319
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:37,300
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

1320
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:40,200
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

1321
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,200
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

1322
01:05:43,208 --> 01:05:45,800
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

1323
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:50,000
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, The 

1324
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,500
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama, different 

1325
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:55,200
rooms have different 
personalities. 

1326
01:05:55,200 --> 01:05:57,600
Different moods, and different 
requirements. 

1327
01:05:57,600 --> 01:06:00,800
For how you're supposed to 
behave in the library demands 

1328
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:02,800
quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

1329
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:06,100
requires careful, attention to 
every surface and the nursery 

1330
01:06:06,100 --> 01:06:07,900
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

1331
01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:09,000
from. 
Knowing that children can 

1332
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:12,200
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

1333
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,800
cleaning of Victorian. 
Mansion is like being a 

1334
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:16,500
detective, a chemist and an 
athlete. 

1335
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:20,000
All rolled into one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

1336
01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:24,400
every stain tells a story every 
surface has its personality and 

1337
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:27,300
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the day

1338
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:29,700
or create a disaster that 
follows you for months. 

1339
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:32,700
The cleaning supplies in Mrs. 
Hartwell's locked. 

1340
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:34,400
Cupboard. 
Looked like ingredients for 

1341
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:36,900
either medicine or Mayhem 
depending on your level of 

1342
01:06:36,900 --> 01:06:39,700
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

1343
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:42,500
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

1344
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:45,500
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

1345
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:49,600
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

1346
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,200
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots. 

1347
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:54,800
Often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

1348
01:06:54,800 --> 01:06:57,400
sandpaper. 
You've developed a personal 

1349
01:06:57,400 --> 01:06:59,300
relationship with different 
types of dirt. 

1350
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:02,700
There's the honest dirt that 
comes from daily living dust, 

1351
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:06,100
mud the occasional spilled tea, 
which responds to 

1352
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:08,700
straightforward cleaning methods
and doesn't hold grudges. 

1353
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:12,600
Then there's the sneaky dirt 
that hides in corners and behind

1354
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:14,700
Furniture waiting to embarrass 
you. 

1355
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:18,400
When important guests, visit the
worst is the mysterious dirt 

1356
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:20,200
that appears overnight on 
surfaces. 

1357
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:23,300
You cleaned perfectly the day 
before which your convinced is 

1358
01:07:23,300 --> 01:07:25,700
either Supernatural or the 
result of some servant 

1359
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:27,200
conspiracy you have not figured 
out yet. 

1360
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:30,600
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 
the chandeliers requires the 

1361
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:32,700
kind of Courage. 
Usually reserved for mounting 

1362
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:35,400
climbing, you've mastered the 
art of dismantling. 

1363
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:38,400
These Crystal monsters 
meticulously cleaning each 

1364
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:41,200
individual Crystal with a 
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 

1365
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:43,600
fervently Advocates, but 
withholds the rest of the 

1366
01:07:43,600 --> 01:07:45,800
recipe. 
The crystals have to be dried 

1367
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:49,300
with specific cloths polished 
with particular movements and 

1368
01:07:49,300 --> 01:07:52,800
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

1369
01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:55,500
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

1370
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:57,700
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

1371
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:01,200
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

1372
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:04,000
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

1373
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:07,000
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

1374
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:09,500
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

1375
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:11,800
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

1376
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:15,000
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

1377
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:17,800
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

1378
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:20,899
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

1379
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:23,700
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

1380
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:26,700
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

1381
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:29,399
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

1382
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,500
making you look incompetent. 
He service from Lourdes, 

1383
01:08:32,500 --> 01:08:34,300
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

1384
01:08:34,300 --> 01:08:37,300
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

1385
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:41,399
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

1386
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:45,100
unsuspecting Footwear. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

1387
01:08:45,100 --> 01:08:48,399
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

1388
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:51,700
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

1389
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:54,200
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

1390
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:56,300
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

1391
01:08:56,300 --> 01:08:58,399
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

1392
01:08:58,399 --> 01:09:01,700
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

1393
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:03,700
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

1394
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:07,200
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

1395
01:09:07,200 --> 01:09:09,600
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

1396
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:13,700
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

1397
01:09:13,700 --> 01:09:16,399
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

1398
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,300
Why needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine? 

1399
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:22,000
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

1400
01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:24,800
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

1401
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:26,700
whatever. 
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 

1402
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:30,700
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.
Your skills truly test during 

1403
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,700
the seasonal cleaning rituals 
spring cleaning means taking 

1404
01:09:33,700 --> 01:09:35,800
apart every room cleaning 
surface. 

1405
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:38,700
Is that haven't seen attention 
since the previous year and 

1406
01:09:38,700 --> 01:09:40,899
discovering problems that have 
been hiding all winter. 

1407
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:43,899
You've learned to approach these
marathon's, like a military 

1408
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:48,300
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management and 

1409
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:50,100
the kind of determination that 
comes from. 

1410
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:52,300
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

1411
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:55,300
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

1412
01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:58,600
become extension of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

1413
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:02,000
pressure each brush can handle 
which cloths work best on, which

1414
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:05,000
surface is and how to make a 
feather duster perform like a 

1415
01:10:05,000 --> 01:10:07,700
Precision instrument. 
Your hands have developed. 

1416
01:10:07,700 --> 01:10:11,300
Calluses in places that tell the
story of your daily routine and 

1417
01:10:11,300 --> 01:10:13,800
your back has learned to bend 
and twist in ways that would 

1418
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:16,800
impress contortionists. the 
kitchen is the heart of the 

1419
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:19,300
manner but it's a heart that 
beats with the rhythm of 

1420
01:10:19,300 --> 01:10:22,700
organized, chaos, military, 
precision, and the occasional 

1421
01:10:22,700 --> 01:10:25,800
minor explosion when someone 
forgets that the temperamental 

1422
01:10:25,800 --> 01:10:29,600
stove has a mind of its own, 
You've learned to navigate this 

1423
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:32,500
culinary Battlefield with the 
skill of a diplomat and the 

1424
01:10:32,508 --> 01:10:36,700
reflexes of someone who's been 
hit by flying pastry once too 

1425
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:39,400
often. 
This is Pemberton governs, her 

1426
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:42,400
domain with a wooden spoon that 
has endured more use than most 

1427
01:10:42,400 --> 01:10:45,400
medieval weapons. 
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 

1428
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:49,200
adeptly prepares a seven-course 
dinner for 12 guests managers. 

1429
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:53,400
The daily meals for 23 servants,
monitors, dietary restrictions 

1430
01:10:53,400 --> 01:10:56,100
that fluctuate with the weather 
and maintains a constant 

1431
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:58,600
commentary on the moral failing 
of anyone who has ever 

1432
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:01,700
questioned her gravy. 
The kitchen follows a schedule 

1433
01:11:01,700 --> 01:11:03,900
that would leave Railway 
conductors feeling envious 

1434
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:07,200
breakfast. 
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 

1435
01:11:07,200 --> 01:11:09,800
the great stove being coaxed to 
life, like a temperamental 

1436
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:13,500
dragon that requires specific 
rituals to avoid breathing fire 

1437
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:16,700
in the wrong direction. 
The bread has to rise at 

1438
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:20,100
precisely the right temperature,
the porridge must be stirred in 

1439
01:11:20,100 --> 01:11:21,800
a particular pattern to avoid 
lumps. 

1440
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:24,800
And the bacon requires the kind 
of attention usually reserved 

1441
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:28,000
for diplomatic negotiations. 
You've learned to read the 

1442
01:11:28,008 --> 01:11:30,100
kitchen's. 
Moods like a weather forecaster.

1443
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:33,700
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 
humming while she needs bread. 

1444
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:38,200
It's going to be a good day. 
When she begins muttering about 

1445
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:40,000
ungrateful, families and 
servants. 

1446
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:41,800
Who don't appreciate proper 
cooking. 

1447
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:47,000
It's time to become very useful.
Very quietly and very far from 

1448
01:11:47,008 --> 01:11:50,900
her line of sight. when she 
starts banging pots louder than 

1449
01:11:50,900 --> 01:11:54,800
necessary, everyone knows to 
work faster and Speak less. 

1450
01:11:56,200 --> 01:11:59,400
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

1451
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:03,200
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

1452
01:12:03,200 --> 01:12:06,700
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

1453
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:08,900
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

1454
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,400
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

1455
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:15,300
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

1456
01:12:15,300 --> 01:12:18,800
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

1457
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:23,100
a porcelain monster that could 
probably the small horse and she

1458
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:25,800
approaches each load of dishes 
like a general, planning a 

1459
01:12:25,800 --> 01:12:28,000
campaign. 
A preparation of meals for 

1460
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,600
upstairs, is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

1461
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:33,900
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

1462
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:36,900
watchmakers. 
Every plate must be warm to the 

1463
01:12:36,900 --> 01:12:39,400
exact temperature. 
Every garnish placed with 

1464
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:42,500
artistic precision. 
And every course time to arrive 

1465
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:45,200
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

1466
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:48,300
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

1467
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:51,000
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

1468
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:54,400
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

1469
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:57,200
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

1470
01:12:57,208 --> 01:13:01,800
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

1471
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:05,400
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

1472
01:13:05,408 --> 01:13:08,800
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

1473
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:12,000
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

1474
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:15,500
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

1475
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:19,100
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

1476
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:21,000
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

1477
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:25,200
The weekly delivery of supplies 
turns the kitchen into a small 

1478
01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:28,000
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

1479
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:30,000
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 
Goods. 

1480
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:33,400
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects. 
Everything with the critical eye

1481
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:35,700
of someone who has been fooled 
by wilted lettuce. 

1482
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:39,700
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

1483
01:13:39,700 --> 01:13:43,600
haggles over prices Rejects and 
fear products, and somehow 

1484
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:45,800
manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

1485
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:48,700
that ensure the man gets the 
best of everything while staying

1486
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:51,500
within budget. 
The kitchen Gosset network is 

1487
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:55,100
more efficient than the Postal 
Service information travels from

1488
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:57,500
the tradesman's entrance to the 
servants Hall faster than 

1489
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,700
steamed from a kettle and Mrs. 
Pemberton somehow knows about 

1490
01:14:00,700 --> 01:14:02,400
neighborhood scandals before 
they happen. 

1491
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:06,300
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

1492
01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:10,000
butchers to unsuitable marriage 
is all while stirring sources 

1493
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,600
and timing Ross, with the 
Precision of a master conductor.

1494
01:14:13,700 --> 01:14:16,400
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

1495
01:14:16,400 --> 01:14:18,600
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

1496
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:22,300
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

1497
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,400
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

1498
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:28,900
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

1499
01:14:28,900 --> 01:14:31,400
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

1500
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:34,800
It's during These Quiet Moments 
that you appreciate the 

1501
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:39,000
kitchen's warmth, both literal 
and metaphorical and understand 

1502
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:42,900
why it's considered the heart of
the entire household living in a

1503
01:14:42,900 --> 01:14:45,500
Victorian Mansion also makes you
an unwilling keeper of family 

1504
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:49,300
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

1505
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:52,000
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

1506
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:54,900
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

1507
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:57,200
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

1508
01:14:57,200 --> 01:14:59,000
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

1509
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:02,200
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

1510
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:05,600
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

1511
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,800
the servant world and spending 
it unwise leak and leave you 

1512
01:15:08,808 --> 01:15:11,600
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

1513
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,100
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

1514
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:18,200
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

1515
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:21,300
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha. 

1516
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:24,600
The senior housemate has been 
with the family for 15 years and

1517
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:28,300
knows everything about everyone.
You possesses an extensive 

1518
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,300
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

1519
01:15:31,300 --> 01:15:35,100
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady ashworth's 

1520
01:15:35,100 --> 01:15:36,700
sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner. 

1521
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:39,800
Martha dispenses this 
information like a careful 

1522
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:43,600
pharmacist giving you just 
enough to satisfy your curiosity

1523
01:15:43,600 --> 01:15:46,100
without providing enough to get 
you into trouble. 

1524
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:49,600
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

1525
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,400
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

1526
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:55,000
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

1527
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:57,700
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

1528
01:15:57,708 --> 01:15:59,600
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

1529
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:02,300
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

1530
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:05,300
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

1531
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:08,700
expected to comprehend. 
The art is in appearing 

1532
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:11,900
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

1533
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:14,000
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it. 

1534
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:17,200
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

1535
01:16:17,200 --> 01:16:20,400
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

1536
01:16:20,400 --> 01:16:22,000
stories from the contents of 
visitors. 

1537
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,300
Luggage, their correspondents, 
and their requests for specific 

1538
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:28,400
services. 
Colonel Weatherby who visits 

1539
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:32,300
quarterly always bring his soap 
and request extra towels which 

1540
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,000
suggests either fastidious 
hygiene or something more 

1541
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:37,000
interesting that you're not 
supposed to think about? 

1542
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,200
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 
with her sheets and insists on 

1543
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:42,600
having her tea prepared with 
water. 

1544
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:44,200
That's been boiled, exactly 
twice. 

1545
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:47,400
Which tells you something about 
either her standards or her 

1546
01:16:47,400 --> 01:16:50,700
superstitions, The most 
dangerous secrets are the ones 

1547
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:52,200
that involve the family's 
finances. 

1548
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,400
You've overheard enough 
conversations to understand that

1549
01:16:55,400 --> 01:16:58,100
the manners. 
Magnificent appearance might not

1550
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:00,300
reflect the actual state of the 
family's resources. 

1551
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:04,400
There are whispered discussions 
about mortgages Investments and 

1552
01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:06,900
the need to make certain 
economies that must never be a 

1553
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,100
parent to visitors this 
knowledge lingers in your mind 

1554
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,700
to significant to overlook yet 
to perilous to divulge. 

1555
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:17,200
The Romantic entanglements of 
the family, provide endless 

1556
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:18,800
entertainment for the servants 
Hall. 

1557
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:22,000
Everyone is eagerly anticipating
the moment. 

1558
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:25,000
When miscarried parents will 
notice her obvious and fatuation

1559
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:27,700
with the young curate who was 
visiting to discuss her 

1560
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:31,000
charitable work. 
Master Frederick's, current 

1561
01:17:31,000 --> 01:17:34,200
obsession with military history.
Seems to be connected to his 

1562
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:38,000
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 
daughter of a visiting general, 

1563
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:41,100
which is a adorable Until you 
realize that eight year old 

1564
01:17:41,108 --> 01:17:44,300
romantic strategies involving 
increasingly, elaborate displays

1565
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:47,900
of toy soldier expertise, 
Observing the relationship 

1566
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:50,800
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 
from the unique perspective of 

1567
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:53,600
someone who maintains their 
private spaces is a fascinating 

1568
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,100
study in Victorian marriage, 
they maintain the perfect facade

1569
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:00,000
of domestic Harmony in public. 
But you've learned to read the 

1570
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:03,700
subtle signs of tension separate
bedrooms During certain weeks 

1571
01:18:03,700 --> 01:18:06,400
conversations that are too 
polite to be natural. 

1572
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:09,300
And the way they sometimes 
communicate through servants 

1573
01:18:09,300 --> 01:18:10,700
rather than directly to each 
other. 

1574
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:14,100
The most unexpected secrets are 
the ones that reveal the 

1575
01:18:14,108 --> 01:18:16,900
family's Humanity. 
You've discovered that Lord 

1576
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:20,400
ashworth's poetry which he hides
in his desk drawer like its 

1577
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:24,100
evidence of criminal activity. 
lady ashwath, discreetly 

1578
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:27,000
transfers funds to her former 
governors who was struggling 

1579
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:30,600
financially, Master Fredericks, 
sleeps with a stuffed elephant. 

1580
01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:33,700
He's had since infancy. 
A miscarriage keeps a diary 

1581
01:18:33,700 --> 01:18:36,700
locked in a box, you would never
dream of opening, even though, 

1582
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:39,700
you know exactly where she hides
the key, the neighborhood 

1583
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:42,100
scandals that filter through the
servants Network are like 

1584
01:18:42,108 --> 01:18:43,700
chapter in a novel That Never 
Ends. 

1585
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,200
There's the ongoing mystery of 
why the Pemberton family down 

1586
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:48,900
the road. 
Suddenly dismissed their entire 

1587
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:51,500
staff last month. 
The speculation about whether 

1588
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:54,300
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 
actually as young as she claims 

1589
01:18:54,300 --> 01:18:57,300
to be and the delicious 
controversy surrounding the 

1590
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,300
Methodist ministers daughter, 
who has been seen walking on 

1591
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:02,800
chaperoned with the young man 
who is definitely not from a 

1592
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:05,700
suitable family after 18 months 
in service, you've learned that 

1593
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:08,000
life in a Victorian Mansion is 
built on Rhythm. 

1594
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,300
The daily beet of routine that 
keeps everything functioning 

1595
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:14,800
punctuated by moments of 
unexpected magic that make all 

1596
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:18,100
the hard work worth while. 
Your days of developed, a 

1597
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:21,200
musical quality each task 
flowing into the next with the 

1598
01:19:21,208 --> 01:19:24,300
kind of precision that comes 
from repetition and the 

1599
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:27,900
knowledge that 22 other people 
depend on, you doing your part 

1600
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:30,800
perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

1601
01:19:30,800 --> 01:19:34,300
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

1602
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:35,700
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

1603
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:39,300
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

1604
01:19:39,300 --> 01:19:42,100
smoke and the general, 
resurrection of a house that's 

1605
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:45,100
been hibernating. 
Summer brings Garden parties 

1606
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:48,200
house guests and the challenge 
of keeping cool in rooms that 

1607
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,300
face the afternoon sun. 
Autumn means preparing for 

1608
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:55,100
winter seed preserving food and 
The Melancholy beauty of 

1609
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:57,900
watching The Grounds transformed
into a landscape painting. 

1610
01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:03,200
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy
of smaller warmer spaces, the 

1611
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,800
constant, tending of fires and 
the satisfaction of keeping a 

1612
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:09,700
large house comfortable. 
When Nature is doing its best to

1613
01:20:09,700 --> 01:20:13,000
freeze everything solid You've 
learned to find beauty in the 

1614
01:20:13,008 --> 01:20:16,100
most mundane tasks. 
There's something almost 

1615
01:20:16,100 --> 01:20:18,700
meditative about polishing 
silver until it reflects your 

1616
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,700
face with perfect clarity or 
arranging flowers. 

1617
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:24,200
In a way that makes an ordinary 
room feel like a scene from a 

1618
01:20:24,200 --> 01:20:26,700
fairy tale. 
The repetitive nature of your 

1619
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:28,100
work. 
Has taught you to appreciate 

1620
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:31,700
small improvements, tiny 
victories and the satisfaction 

1621
01:20:31,700 --> 01:20:35,300
that comes from doing something.
Well, even when nobody notices, 

1622
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:39,200
the family has grown from 
distant figures to real people 

1623
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,600
with quirks habits and 
personalities that you've 

1624
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,000
learned to accommodate and even 
appreciate Lord ashworth's 

1625
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:48,900
absent-minded Professor 
tendencies mean you never move 

1626
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:51,900
anything on his desk even when 
it's been sitting in the same 

1627
01:20:51,900 --> 01:20:55,200
spot for months. 
Lady Ashworth, perfectionist 

1628
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:58,100
streak, as taught you to 
anticipate problems before they 

1629
01:20:58,100 --> 01:21:00,600
occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

1630
01:21:00,600 --> 01:21:04,100
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

1631
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,100
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

1632
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:09,000
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

1633
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:11,100
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

1634
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:14,900
confusion and the need for 
kindness your fellow servants 

1635
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:18,700
have become the family, you 
never expected to find Martha's 

1636
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:21,200
tough exterior, conceals a heart
Shattered by numerous 

1637
01:21:21,200 --> 01:21:23,600
disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

1638
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:27,200
assistance, when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

1639
01:21:27,200 --> 01:21:31,400
complaints about ungrateful. 
People conceal a profound joy in

1640
01:21:31,400 --> 01:21:33,500
providing nutritious food and 
maintaining their health. 

1641
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:37,400
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

1642
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:40,300
moments of unexpected humor, and
surprise, and kindness. 

1643
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:43,600
The skills you've developed in 
service have changed you in 

1644
01:21:43,608 --> 01:21:47,100
ways, you didn't anticipate, 
your hands have become capable 

1645
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:49,800
of delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

1646
01:21:49,800 --> 01:21:52,800
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

1647
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:56,200
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

1648
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,700
organized, more efficient, and 
better at solving problems 

1649
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:02,200
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

1650
01:22:02,200 --> 01:22:06,400
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

1651
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:09,300
asked. 
Most surprising discovery is how

1652
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,300
much you've learned about 
yourself living in service has 

1653
01:22:12,300 --> 01:22:15,000
taught you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

1654
01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:17,000
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

1655
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:20,600
adapt unexpected situations that
you can do more than you thought

1656
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:23,400
and that dignity isn't based on 
social status. 

1657
01:22:24,600 --> 01:22:27,200
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

1658
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:28,400
You're still learning to 
imagine. 

1659
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:32,700
Some servants spend their entire
careers in service Rising 

1660
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:35,200
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility. 

1661
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:38,900
Others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

1662
01:22:38,900 --> 01:22:41,500
households. 
A few Marion leave service 

1663
01:22:41,500 --> 01:22:44,300
altogether, carrying their 
skills into different lives. 

1664
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,000
You haven't decided which path 
you'll take, but you've learned 

1665
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:52,800
that having choices is a luxury 
you're grateful for As you 

1666
01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:55,400
settle into your narrow bed, at 
the end of another long day, 

1667
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,900
listening to Sarah murmur about 
her sweet heart, and Emma's 

1668
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:01,400
reliable snores. 
You realize that this life 

1669
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:03,900
you've built in service is more 
than just a job. 

1670
01:23:03,900 --> 01:23:08,000
It's a community and education 
and a foundation for whatever 

1671
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:10,700
comes next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

1672
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:14,300
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

1673
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:17,200
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

1674
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:20,000
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

1675
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:22,500
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

1676
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:26,500
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

1677
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:28,500
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

1678
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:32,800
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

1679
01:23:32,800 --> 01:23:35,500
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

1680
01:23:35,500 --> 01:23:37,200
matters, more than you might 
have. 

1681
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:40,100
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servants stairs with

1682
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,300
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

1683
01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:47,400
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

1684
01:23:47,400 --> 01:23:49,100
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

1685
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:50,600
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

1686
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:54,600
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and 

1687
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:57,500
families, the people who know 
exactly how you like your tea 

1688
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:01,000
and never forget to save you the
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 

1689
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:09,700
apple tart. 
In the year, 742 CE a prosperous

1690
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:12,500
city, state of Corazon, 
glittered under the Noonday Sun,

1691
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:16,800
the Nexus for Caravan routes 
feeding distant Empires and 

1692
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:20,500
thrived on the exchange of 
saffron, silk star, charts and 

1693
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,800
rumors whispered behind curtain.
Delco's At its Center Grand 

1694
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:27,800
Marketplace, whose vaulted roof 
trapped the daily bustle in a 

1695
01:24:27,808 --> 01:24:30,500
ceaseless. 
Echo Traders from the entire 

1696
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:38,700
Caliphate and Beyond mingled 
amongst stalls stacked high with

1697
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:43,900
lapis, lazuli, dried fruit and 
perfume Sandalwood, some hail it

1698
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:47,700
as a Marvel of Cosmopolitan life
where fortunes might pivot in a 

1699
01:24:47,700 --> 01:24:51,100
single conversation. 
Among the people navigating, the

1700
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:54,900
throng was Korea. 
Bint yazed, a traveling whose 

1701
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:57,900
lineage traced back to the once 
renowned zoroastrian Priests of 

1702
01:24:57,908 --> 01:25:01,000
Persia. 
Her face betrayed concentration.

1703
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,000
As she studied hieroglyphic 
notations in a weathered scroll 

1704
01:25:04,800 --> 01:25:08,100
Unmarried and unconcerned with 
the expectations placed upon a 

1705
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:10,900
woman of her station, she had 
roamed from one end of the Silk 

1706
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:13,800
Road to the other piecing. 
Together knowledge that seldom 

1707
01:25:13,800 --> 01:25:17,300
found its way into the official 
annals the swirl of corazon's 

1708
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,300
Commerce did not distract her, 
she focused on a lead, 

1709
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:22,800
suggesting that rare 
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 

1710
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:25,600
private collection near the 
city's Eastern quarter. this 

1711
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,100
rumor if proven, true could 
illuminate corners of History, 

1712
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:32,700
barely glimpsed by modern 
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 

1713
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:35,700
into elaborate of narrow Lanes. 
Behind the four main Bazaar 

1714
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:38,500
Guided by coded map etched in to
her memory. 

1715
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,200
Eager boy is offered to carry 
her Satchel's for a coin and 

1716
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:45,700
watchful guards in brass, trim 
uniforms each passerby. 

1717
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:49,800
She brushed off all offers of 
help too many Watchers too many 

1718
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:52,500
years at last. 
She arrived at a courtyard 

1719
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,700
hidden by a plain wooden door. 
Its walls were plastered in 

1720
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:59,000
cream white, while Vines 
spiraled up lattices under a 

1721
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:02,500
hazy afternoon sky. 
Within that secluded Enclave. 

1722
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:06,500
Stood in elderly biblio file 
named Alibi his hands. 

1723
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:09,600
Trembling under the burden of a 
Slender volume down in jade 

1724
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:12,500
green leather, their meeting was
brief career. 

1725
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:15,500
Offered him carefully wrapped 
objects fragments of ancient 

1726
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:20,100
mathematics tablets on covered 
near Samarkand and in exchange 

1727
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:24,000
relinquished the Jade bounce 
text. he warned her that certain

1728
01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:27,300
circles would stop at nothing to
keep these Pages hidden for they

1729
01:26:27,300 --> 01:26:30,400
revealed knowledge rumored to 
disrupt any Empire reliant on 

1730
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:34,000
controlling scholarship She 
nodded Gravely accustomed to the

1731
01:26:34,008 --> 01:26:36,100
Shadows that dogged rare 
manuscripts. 

1732
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:39,300
Across the years, she had 
learned that truth took many 

1733
01:26:39,300 --> 01:26:42,600
forms each requiring a subtler 
approach to keep it from 

1734
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:45,000
Vanishing under official 
censure. 

1735
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:49,200
Emerging once again, into the 
main bizarre career carefully 

1736
01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:52,400
hid, the new acquisition beneath
her traveling cloak, she knew 

1737
01:26:52,400 --> 01:26:55,400
better than to linger. 
Horizons seeming, tolerance of 

1738
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:58,200
foreign ideas, could transform 
abruptly of power shifted, 

1739
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,000
Memory of burned, Scrolls and 
harassed scribes in other 

1740
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:05,400
dominions, haunted her, fueling 
her determination to preserve 

1741
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:08,600
the text at any cost. 
She arranged with a local 

1742
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:12,000
Caravan heading, Eastwood its 
leader a woman named after soon 

1743
01:27:12,000 --> 01:27:15,400
who had a reputation for out 
maneuvering desert Bandits. 

1744
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:19,300
Without Illusions, carrier 
recognized that partnering with 

1745
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:23,100
such a skilled Merchants would 
cost her yet safety for the Jade

1746
01:27:23,100 --> 01:27:26,800
bound book was Paramount. 
Before the Caravan departed, 

1747
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:30,400
Korea, paid her respects at a 
small Shrine dedicated to wise 

1748
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:33,500
men of antiquity. 
A single Candle, flickered by 

1749
01:27:33,508 --> 01:27:35,700
the older, Illuminating 
offerings left. 

1750
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:38,200
By Travelers praying for Clear, 
roads, and fair weather. 

1751
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:41,700
She exhaled a silent oath that 
she would not let ignorance 

1752
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:43,700
Devour the precious knowledge in
her care. 

1753
01:27:44,300 --> 01:27:47,200
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 
expansive desert and studied 

1754
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:49,300
with dunes and hammered by 
Fierce winds. 

1755
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:53,300
But her route LED even father 
along Mountain, Trails rumored 

1756
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:55,600
to house. 
Hidden monasteries and ephemeral

1757
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:58,700
Oasis towns. 
The Unstoppable pulse of 

1758
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:01,900
curiosity, drove her to press 
forward, regardless of perils 

1759
01:28:01,900 --> 01:28:03,700
that might look in the next Bend
of the road. 

1760
01:28:05,100 --> 01:28:08,200
Dohrn arrived, painting. 
The sky with ocher and salmon. 

1761
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,500
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 
And the other Travelers at the 

1762
01:28:11,500 --> 01:28:14,900
designated meeting point where 
camel's braids and Donkey 

1763
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:17,200
drivers prepared, loads of 
barley and dried fruit. 

1764
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,300
The Caravan Synergy was 
immediately evident each person 

1765
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:23,400
had a distinct tasks insurance 
that. 

1766
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:26,300
By the time, the sun fully 
breached the Horizon, they were 

1767
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:29,000
on the move. 
Korea walked near us soon. 

1768
01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:31,700
Who shared glimpses of the 
terrain ahead and introduced 

1769
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,000
carrier to the caravan's 
unspoken rules, trust the 

1770
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:38,000
signals rational water 
meticulously and never 

1771
01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:40,000
questioned. 
The necessity of midnight halts.

1772
01:28:41,000 --> 01:28:43,700
In these borderless regions, 
vigilance was currently. 

1773
01:28:44,700 --> 01:28:47,700
With the sun mounting, the 
Caravan snaked through a parched

1774
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:50,800
plane dotted by Twiztid. 
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 

1775
01:28:50,800 --> 01:28:53,300
Broken only by the soft 
shuffling of hooves and the 

1776
01:28:53,308 --> 01:28:55,100
gentle clink of metal 
fastenings. 

1777
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:59,200
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 
Codex, inside her bag, she had 

1778
01:28:59,200 --> 01:29:02,600
only glimpsed, a few pages thus 
far intricate, diagrams of 

1779
01:29:02,600 --> 01:29:05,500
planetary movement. 
Cryptic references to an ancient

1780
01:29:05,500 --> 01:29:07,900
empire. 
That proceeded the etchemin and 

1781
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:10,100
footnote scrawled in an 
unfamiliar script. 

1782
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:13,800
If accurate these writings 
expanded the known timeline of 

1783
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:17,900
advanced astronomy by centuries,
She resolved to study every 

1784
01:29:17,900 --> 01:29:19,900
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. 

1785
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:24,100
Of soon, signaled, a halt near a
cluster of sunscorch Boulders 

1786
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,000
granting the group respite from 
the crushing midday Heat. 

1787
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:31,300
While some dosed in makeshift 
shade, Korea took cautious sips,

1788
01:29:31,300 --> 01:29:34,400
from her water skin, feeling the
dryness cling to her throat, 

1789
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,700
arrest restlessness stirred 
within her equal parts, 

1790
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:41,100
excitement and anxiety. 
She replied kazim. 

1791
01:29:41,100 --> 01:29:44,500
Al talabis warning. 
Powerful figures had an interest

1792
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:48,000
in ensuring no one deciphered 
the text for their knowledge was

1793
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:50,900
a finite resource. 
Best strict watch. 

1794
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:55,200
As a swirl of wind kicked sand 
cross her path carrier grip to 

1795
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:58,800
Satchel silently vowing. 
She would not be silenced by 

1796
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:00,600
Twilight. 
The Caravan approached, a 

1797
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:03,900
Modesto Oasis line with date 
palms that cast Long Shadows 

1798
01:30:03,900 --> 01:30:07,600
across Stillwater. 
Soon, guided her camels into a 

1799
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:09,800
semicircle forming. 
A protective barrier against 

1800
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:12,500
stray Wanderers. 
Several Travelers set about 

1801
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:14,800
erecting. 
Tents While others gathered wood

1802
01:30:14,800 --> 01:30:17,400
for small fires, that would ward
off the chill of desert night. 

1803
01:30:18,100 --> 01:30:21,200
Career found herself drawn to 
the Waters Edge, were subdued 

1804
01:30:21,200 --> 01:30:24,900
conversation, Rose Among weary 
Merchants some speculated about 

1805
01:30:24,900 --> 01:30:27,800
the political tensions, brewing 
in distant courts others 

1806
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:29,500
lamented the rising cost of 
salt. 

1807
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:33,300
As Darkness settled, the Oasis 
took on another worldly. 

1808
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:37,200
Hush a crescent moon glimmered 
overhead, Illuminating faint, 

1809
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:40,500
outlines of crumbling Stone 
pillars suggesting an abandoned 

1810
01:30:40,500 --> 01:30:44,700
settlement from a forgotten era.
Under that quiet Vault of stars 

1811
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:48,400
Korea couldn't resist scanning a
few more pages of the Jade bound

1812
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:52,300
manuscript, its text merged, 
empirical observations with 

1813
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:55,000
philosophical notes, referencing
the grand Wheel of Time. 

1814
01:30:55,900 --> 01:30:58,400
She recognized a bleak 
reference's to astronomical 

1815
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:01,400
systems older than the widely, 
recognized Tamarack model. 

1816
01:31:02,200 --> 01:31:04,700
If deciphered fully such 
knowledge, might challenge many 

1817
01:31:04,700 --> 01:31:08,800
assumptions cherished by a 
steamed while after soon stepped

1818
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:12,100
away from the main group in 
Korea to join her near her with 

1819
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:14,600
the location. 
You Stand Out, Among our 

1820
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:17,900
company, the merchant remarked, 
in a measured tone your eyes, 

1821
01:31:17,900 --> 01:31:19,900
never rested and you guard that 
bag. 

1822
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:23,000
As if it carries, the soul of 
the king, Carrier. 

1823
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:26,300
Wary of revealing too much 
offered that she was merely a 

1824
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:28,000
scholar and trusted with a rare 
item. 

1825
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:31,900
Have soon nodded but warned 
career that roving spies seeking

1826
01:31:31,900 --> 01:31:35,100
Advantage for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

1827
01:31:35,100 --> 01:31:39,200
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain Vigilant, especially 

1828
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,600
given the extraordinary, bustle 
and Corazon where rumor traveled

1829
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:45,500
like wildfire unable to sleep 
career. 

1830
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:46,900
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire. 

1831
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:48,500
After most Travelers are dosed 
off. 

1832
01:31:48,500 --> 01:31:51,400
She studied the swirling 
patterns of the night sky, 

1833
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:54,100
mindful of the coated star 
charts in the manuscript. 

1834
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:58,000
Passing Caravan sometimes 
recounted Legends of a hidden 

1835
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,900
library in the mountain city of 
various, their line of knowledge

1836
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,000
stretched back to centuries 
unknown. 

1837
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:08,100
Kariya wondered if that Library 
could fill the gaps in her text.

1838
01:32:08,900 --> 01:32:11,400
she believed the Jade bound 
manuscript might be only a 

1839
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:14,700
fragment of a larger puzzle, 
Scattered across the Silk Roads,

1840
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:18,400
shifting tapestry morning 
unveiled, a horizon brushed with

1841
01:32:18,400 --> 01:32:21,700
Amber and the Caravan proceeded,
along a rocky Scotland, 

1842
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:25,700
overlooking, a vast junefield. 
Rolling slope of sand rippled 

1843
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:28,100
beneath the wind like the 
surface of a living sea. 

1844
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:32,700
Midday, they paused for Water 
rationed by a soon with practice

1845
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:35,600
deficiency. 
Career noticed that one of the 

1846
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:39,300
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

1847
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:42,000
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with. 

1848
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:45,000
Perpetual worry etched into his 
features eyes. 

1849
01:32:45,000 --> 01:32:47,600
Darting whenever talked turned 
to rumors of desert, Raiders 

1850
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:51,300
Secrets seemed to coil around 
each member of the assemblage as

1851
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:52,300
though. 
No one ventured. 

1852
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:55,800
These roads without hidden 
motives Late in the afternoon, 

1853
01:32:55,800 --> 01:32:58,300
the Caravan encountered, a party
of Horsemen. 

1854
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:00,600
Flying. 
The banner of a minor warlord to

1855
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:03,600
be in League with the Region's. 
Most feared Bandit Clans, 

1856
01:33:03,600 --> 01:33:06,700
tension crackled through the 
group as soon halted, the 

1857
01:33:06,700 --> 01:33:08,800
Caravan waiting for the Riders 
to approach. 

1858
01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:12,400
After a terse greeting, the 
horsemen rode on apparently 

1859
01:33:12,400 --> 01:33:15,400
uninterested in Conflict. 
But the encounter rattled 

1860
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:18,900
everyone Career noticed after 
soon's, posture remained rigid 

1861
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:21,100
with caution long. 
After the Riders vanished in 

1862
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,200
Plum of dust, the merchant 
murmured about changing their 

1863
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:26,500
root seeking narrower Trails 
Les. 

1864
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:28,900
Patrolled by predatory Chief to 
that evening. 

1865
01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:31,300
Brought them to a narrow Gorge 
its walls. 

1866
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:34,300
Towering on, either side in 
Jagged Ridges of soon. 

1867
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:37,000
Insisted they make camp in a 
sheltered Alcove half hidden 

1868
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:40,200
behind whether boulders. 
By the flicker of firelight 

1869
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:42,100
career. 
Finally delved into the central 

1870
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:46,100
chapter of the manuscript? 
Strange, symbols Park, uniform 

1871
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:48,400
part. 
Unknown script decorated the 

1872
01:33:48,400 --> 01:33:51,000
margins. 
Each sign accompanied by cryptic

1873
01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:53,400
commentary. 
The text recounted a 

1874
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:55,700
civilization that mapped 
constellation's in ways, 

1875
01:33:55,700 --> 01:33:57,900
contrasting, with every known 
chart. 

1876
01:33:58,700 --> 01:34:02,000
Diagrammatic lines, implied in 
advanced geometry, far 

1877
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:04,300
exceeding, the standard 
calculations of her time. 

1878
01:34:05,200 --> 01:34:08,700
Just as Korea's pulse quickened,
at the Revelation, a cry, rang 

1879
01:34:08,700 --> 01:34:12,000
out near the edge of camp. 
She rushed toward the commotion.

1880
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:16,000
Heart pounding. 
Malik stood, trembling by his 

1881
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:20,900
small chest, which now lay open 
his contents, missing Anguish 

1882
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:23,600
colored his voice as he pleaded 
for help insisting. 

1883
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:26,600
That something vital had been 
stolen, crucial letter from the 

1884
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:28,900
governor of Basra hidden within 
that chest. 

1885
01:34:29,900 --> 01:34:32,300
Soon assembled, the Caravan 
members, demanding, an 

1886
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:35,800
explanation, tempers flared 
suspicions, circled and 

1887
01:34:35,800 --> 01:34:38,000
whispered accusations rippled 
through the script. 

1888
01:34:39,100 --> 01:34:41,000
Searching for Footprints beneath
Lantern light. 

1889
01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:44,600
They discovered evidence of at 
least two Intruders who had come

1890
01:34:44,600 --> 01:34:48,400
and gone Without a Trace. 
No sign indicated who among the 

1891
01:34:48,400 --> 01:34:52,600
might be an accomplice. theft 
underscored after sooner warning

1892
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:56,100
in these transitory worlds, 
Secrets, attract cunning 

1893
01:34:56,100 --> 01:35:00,300
opportunists carrier grip to 
manuscript more tightly wishing 

1894
01:35:00,300 --> 01:35:03,000
to vanish inside the Labyrinth 
of lines and symbols that 

1895
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:05,800
promised an era unbounded by 
Petty intrigued. 

1896
01:35:06,400 --> 01:35:08,500
Yet, she remained anchored in 
the caravan's. 

1897
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:11,300
Tents reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

1898
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:14,300
perilous and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed set 

1899
01:35:14,300 --> 01:35:17,800
to rise the following Sunrise 
found the Caravan subdued. 

1900
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,400
Each member wary of neighbors. 
Who might conceal hidden agendas

1901
01:35:22,100 --> 01:35:25,300
I've soon led them out of the 
Gorge at a Brisk Pace aiming to 

1902
01:35:25,300 --> 01:35:26,800
put distance between their 
group. 

1903
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:30,400
And whoever had orchestrated, 
the nighttime theft, a pale wind

1904
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:33,700
carried, the Center, flint and 
dust stinging eyes, and chopping

1905
01:35:33,700 --> 01:35:36,400
lips. 
Their root descended along a dry

1906
01:35:36,400 --> 01:35:40,000
River bed flanked, by stunted 
Tamarisk, shrubs offering scant 

1907
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:44,200
protection from the intensifying
son Korea, trudged installed in 

1908
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:47,800
silence mindful that trust could
be a luxury as midday. 

1909
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:50,400
Drew near they spotted, the 
remnants of a caravanserai 

1910
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:52,200
built, against the side of a 
bluff. 

1911
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:56,200
It's once sturdy walls had caved
in and battered, archways led 

1912
01:35:56,200 --> 01:35:58,200
into Courtyard Stern with Fallen
Timber. 

1913
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:01,700
As soon, signaled, a cautious 
approach and certain where The 

1914
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:03,800
Travelers are outlaws. 
Might be occupying, the ruins 

1915
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:07,600
the group explored in pairs 
stepping over cracked tiles, 

1916
01:36:07,600 --> 01:36:11,300
littered with the Scorpion husks
know, living presence emerged 

1917
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:15,400
though, evidence of a hasty 
departure scattered, Cole's torn

1918
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,500
blankets, suggested someone had 
sheltered at their not long 

1919
01:36:18,500 --> 01:36:21,800
before since water was available
from a half collapsed system 

1920
01:36:21,800 --> 01:36:24,700
have soon decided they would 
rest on what remained of the 

1921
01:36:24,708 --> 01:36:28,800
Caravan surprise roof. 
Malik hoarded by his broken 

1922
01:36:28,800 --> 01:36:31,800
chest sifting through remnants 
of cloth as those searching for 

1923
01:36:31,800 --> 01:36:34,600
any clue. 
Career drifted away from the 

1924
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:37,600
group drawn to an overgrown, 
Courtyard where a dried 

1925
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:41,400
Fountain, stood Vines draped, 
its cracked Basin trailing over 

1926
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:43,500
carved motifs of intertwined 
serpents. 

1927
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,700
Time and neglected worn away the
finer details. 

1928
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:50,700
Yet a mysterious energy lingered
as though the place once echoed 

1929
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:55,100
with conversate about Cosmic 
truths, Beyond mortal 

1930
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:58,300
comprehension. 
She pulled out the Jade bound 

1931
01:36:58,300 --> 01:37:02,000
book to scrutinize a passage, 
describing the 4 Points, beyond 

1932
01:37:02,000 --> 01:37:06,200
the boundary of Earthly measure.
The text postulated that certain

1933
01:37:06,200 --> 01:37:09,800
alignment patterns stars in 
specific, conjunctions allowed 

1934
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:13,100
glimpses into knowledge 
unattainable through ordinary 

1935
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:16,700
means this notion was not 
entirely foreign given that many

1936
01:37:16,700 --> 01:37:19,400
mystical traditions in Persia 
and in India spoke of cosmic 

1937
01:37:19,400 --> 01:37:22,800
Gates Still the clarity of these
instructions startled. 

1938
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:26,700
Her the manuscript seemed less a
mere curiosity and more 

1939
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:28,100
carefully. 
Constructed key. 

1940
01:37:28,100 --> 01:37:31,000
She wondered if others who saw 
it might comprehend it 

1941
01:37:31,000 --> 01:37:33,800
significant. 
Meanwhile after soon prepared 

1942
01:37:33,800 --> 01:37:36,000
spiced lentils and shared them 
among the group. 

1943
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:38,300
Her gestures. 
Calm, yet determined, to 

1944
01:37:38,300 --> 01:37:40,900
maintain Unity tension. 
Still hovered. 

1945
01:37:40,900 --> 01:37:44,100
Like a low cloud with suspicions
that the thieves might be part 

1946
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:47,700
of a larger plot. 
Over a sparse meal Korea gleaned

1947
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:49,400
fragments of each Travelers 
story. 

1948
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:53,900
A textile Merchant returning 
from Cairo, a widower heading to

1949
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,600
Samarkand to meet his estranged 
son, an amateur scribe hoping to

1950
01:37:57,600 --> 01:37:59,400
gain employment in the library 
of nishapur. 

1951
01:37:59,400 --> 01:38:02,500
Layer by layer. 
She sensed each person guarded 

1952
01:38:02,500 --> 01:38:05,300
Secrets. 
Born of loss ambition, or 

1953
01:38:05,300 --> 01:38:08,500
desperation As dusk fell 
Moonlight. 

1954
01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:11,800
Filtered through the caravan's. 
Her eyes gaps accentuating 

1955
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:15,800
outlines of shattered pillars. 
The group huddled around, small 

1956
01:38:15,800 --> 01:38:19,800
fires soft conversation revolved
around the abrupt shift in 

1957
01:38:19,800 --> 01:38:21,900
weather. 
The possibility of encountering,

1958
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:24,900
warlord, patrols and whether 
rumors of a plague in the 

1959
01:38:24,908 --> 01:38:27,500
western provinces were 
exaggerated, though. 

1960
01:38:27,500 --> 01:38:31,200
The chatter seemed ordinary 
career felt a current of urgency

1961
01:38:31,200 --> 01:38:33,300
running beneath it. 
Everyone. 

1962
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:36,700
Understood the precariousness of
traveling, these roots at any 

1963
01:38:36,708 --> 01:38:38,500
moment. 
Violence storms, or human 

1964
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,200
treachery could obliterate. 
The careful calculation of even 

1965
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:45,300
the most disciplined Merchant 
Restless career ventured into 

1966
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:48,300
the courtyard once more. 
She ran her fingertips over the 

1967
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:50,800
carved and using that knowledge 
itself. 

1968
01:38:50,800 --> 01:38:54,000
Often took the shape of 
something and winding capable of

1969
01:38:54,008 --> 01:38:56,700
Enlightenment, but also of 
Destruction, depending on who 

1970
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,700
wielded it, Before she could 
lose herself in speculation, a 

1971
01:39:00,700 --> 01:39:02,600
subtle Motion in the archway, 
Drew her attention. 

1972
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:05,700
She turned to see Malik shadowed
in Moonlight. 

1973
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:08,300
His face still wore traces of 
Anguish. 

1974
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,400
He approached an in hushed tones
apologized. 

1975
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:13,500
If his Panic had disrupted, the 
Caravan stability. 

1976
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:15,900
Then he posed a startling 
question. 

1977
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:19,000
Is your book, truly worth 
risking your life. 

1978
01:39:20,400 --> 01:39:22,900
Career hesitated, contemplating 
her answer. 

1979
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:26,700
She confessed that it's Pages. 
Might Safeguard insights from an

1980
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:29,400
older civilization knowledge 
that could enrich the world. 

1981
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,400
If studied openly, yet she 
recognized the hazards. 

1982
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:36,300
No single text was worth a life 
unless it all contained the 

1983
01:39:36,300 --> 01:39:40,100
means to prevent greater harm 
Malik nodded revealing that his 

1984
01:39:40,100 --> 01:39:42,600
lost letter held the potential 
to end a trade blockade 

1985
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:43,800
strangling. 
His hometown. 

1986
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:46,800
Without it, he feared entire 
families would starve. 

1987
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:50,700
They shared a poignant silence. 
Realizing each Bora heavy burden

1988
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:52,800
for reasons that extended Beyond
self-interest. 

1989
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:55,900
Their exchange was interrupted 
by a faint. 

1990
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:59,500
Shout from a soon who was 
patrolling the perimeter, A 

1991
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:02,300
silhouette darted across the 
ruins then vanished behind a 

1992
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:05,800
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 
and Malik hurried back to the 

1993
01:40:05,800 --> 01:40:08,800
main Courtyard, only to find the
rest of the Travelers on their 

1994
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:12,100
feet. 
The intrusion lasted mere 

1995
01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:14,300
seconds. 
But it confirmed the presence of

1996
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:18,000
Watchers trailing them, the 
memory of the stolen lettered in

1997
01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:21,800
every mind Gathering her Satchel
close carrier, recognize that 

1998
01:40:21,800 --> 01:40:24,700
Pursuit was inevitable. 
She could only hope that what 

1999
01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:27,300
she carried would Outlast. 
The deserts shifting alliances, 

2000
01:40:27,300 --> 01:40:30,900
and the Relentless greed of 
unknown adversaries early the 

2001
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:33,600
next day after soon, insisted 
they abandoned the ruined Before

2002
01:40:33,608 --> 01:40:37,700
Sunrise lanterns swinging from 
camel Saddles, cast flickering 

2003
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:41,400
halos in the pre-dawn Gloom 
Career walked at the Caravans 

2004
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:45,200
rear scanning The Horizon for 
silhouette, she felt more 

2005
01:40:45,200 --> 01:40:48,300
exposed than ever especially 
with the manuscript drawing 

2006
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:52,600
unseen eyes. a swirl of wind 
rustle, the sparse vegetation 

2007
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:57,000
carrying the lawn call of a 
distant jackal, Although no 

2008
01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:00,100
further Intruder appeared the 
caravan's collective nerves 

2009
01:41:00,100 --> 01:41:03,100
remained raw there. 
Now, wound through a series of 

2010
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:07,800
Rocky, Badlands eroded, Hill's, 
tinted, red and Oaker rows 

2011
01:41:07,800 --> 01:41:10,500
around the jacket for nation's 
reminiscent of a broken 

2012
01:41:10,500 --> 01:41:12,400
Amphitheater. 
At a time. 

2013
01:41:12,408 --> 01:41:15,300
The path was scarcely wide 
enough for two camels to pass 

2014
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:17,700
dust coated. 
Every surface clinging to close 

2015
01:41:17,700 --> 01:41:21,100
and creeping into water skins, 
The Travelers advanced in single

2016
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:22,400
file. 
Each footstep. 

2017
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:26,600
Measured Malik, no longer shy. 
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 

2018
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:30,000
an unspoken Alliance by empathy 
rather than shared purpose. 

2019
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:33,700
By noon, they reached an 
outcropping that afforded a 

2020
01:41:33,708 --> 01:41:35,700
sweeping view of the surrounding
valleys. 

2021
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:40,100
Have soon pointed to a distant. 
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 

2022
01:41:40,100 --> 01:41:42,200
figures small as insects against
the harsh light. 

2023
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:45,800
Better to let them move on 
without our paths into secting. 

2024
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:48,700
She murmured concerned, they 
might be Bandits or rival. 

2025
01:41:48,700 --> 01:41:51,200
Merchants. 
She had planned a side route 

2026
01:41:51,208 --> 01:41:53,800
that skirted known Bandit 
strongholds though. 

2027
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:56,900
It meant trudging through more 
challenging terrain, no one 

2028
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:01,600
objected safety trumped speed in
these uncertain Wilds as the day

2029
01:42:01,600 --> 01:42:04,800
wore on the punishing Sun 
pressed down some Travelers 

2030
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:08,000
began to show signs of heat 
exhaustion as soon a lot of 

2031
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:10,200
extra water. 
Rations mindful that supplies 

2032
01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:13,900
were finite, Korea's thoughts 
swirled with calculations how 

2033
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:16,900
many days until they reached an 
established town with the 

2034
01:42:16,908 --> 01:42:19,600
manuscripts possible Revelation 
be worth the perils. 

2035
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:22,700
She reminded herself that 
knowledge and never come cheap, 

2036
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:25,800
especially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

2037
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:29,500
systems of power. 
Still, she felt an undercurrent 

2038
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:32,300
of apprehension. 
Unseen forces seemed to 

2039
01:42:32,300 --> 01:42:33,900
determined to intercept their 
path. 

2040
01:42:34,700 --> 01:42:38,000
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, they pitched camp at a 

2041
01:42:38,000 --> 01:42:40,100
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert shrubs. 

2042
01:42:40,100 --> 01:42:43,500
Wind wove through the Stony 
Hollows producing a low moan 

2043
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:47,000
that set everyone on edge. 
This time of soon posted watches

2044
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:50,200
in rotating pairs Korea 
volunteered for the midnight 

2045
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:54,500
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

2046
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:56,800
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

2047
01:42:56,800 --> 01:43:00,600
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

2048
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:04,200
the Jade bound codex. 
A diagram carefully Inked 

2049
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:06,900
depicted, a swirling Cosmos 
dotted with unfamiliar 

2050
01:43:06,900 --> 01:43:09,800
constellations. 
The accompanying text mentioned,

2051
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:12,900
a geometry, bridging mind. 
And universe, though, the 

2052
01:43:12,908 --> 01:43:15,200
specifics remained cloaked in 
archaic jargon. 

2053
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:18,400
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the fire item gripped, the 

2054
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:21,200
book protectively, but it was 
only an elderly Trader from 

2055
01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:24,800
their group, awakened, by 
coughing he approached nodding 

2056
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:27,500
politely I see that you carry 
more than curiosity. 

2057
01:43:27,500 --> 01:43:30,200
He said, glancing at the 
manuscript glowing Pages. 

2058
01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:33,100
He spoke of his younger days 
when he traveled to a 

2059
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:36,400
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to
house, writing's older than any 

2060
01:43:36,400 --> 01:43:38,900
Empire. 
The priest there, he claimed 

2061
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:41,600
hinted that scattered relics 
across the Silk Road. 

2062
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:45,500
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.
He stopped short of elaborating,

2063
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:49,700
perhaps wary of scaring her with
him, probable myths, reluctant 

2064
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:51,600
to resurrect. 
Memory is best left buried. 

2065
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:54,800
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 
cautious. 

2066
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:58,200
She had heard, variations of the
mountain, top Library, Tale in 

2067
01:43:58,200 --> 01:44:01,000
her Journeys. 
One version placed it in Tibet, 

2068
01:44:01,000 --> 01:44:04,200
another, in the highlands of 
Persia and yet another in the 

2069
01:44:04,208 --> 01:44:07,300
Himalayas near the Indus 
regardless of location. 

2070
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,400
The consistent theme was that a 
hidden repository of ancient 

2071
01:44:10,400 --> 01:44:12,700
texts might hold radical 
knowledge of mathematics 

2072
01:44:12,700 --> 01:44:16,400
medicine and astronomy. 
Could her manuscript be part of 

2073
01:44:16,408 --> 01:44:19,500
that Lost Legacy? 
She recalled hearing rumors, 

2074
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:21,900
that certain references, 
connected the library's 

2075
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:25,200
existence, to the taboo notion 
of cyclical time, where 

2076
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:28,700
civilizations Rose and fell 
repeatedly, each leaving faint 

2077
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:32,000
Echoes for the next. 
The elderly Trader coughed. 

2078
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:35,408
Again, an excused himself to 
rest alone, Korea gazed at the 

2079
01:44:35,416 --> 01:44:38,500
Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

2080
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,400
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

2081
01:44:41,400 --> 01:44:43,500
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

2082
01:44:43,500 --> 01:44:46,000
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

2083
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:48,700
A scout on the perimeter 
shouted, news of footsteps on 

2084
01:44:48,708 --> 01:44:51,600
the far side of the plateau, 
everyone scrambled for weapons. 

2085
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:54,900
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

2086
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:57,700
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly, as 
they'd arrived leaving only 

2087
01:44:57,700 --> 01:45:01,000
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

2088
01:45:01,000 --> 01:45:04,300
defenses. 
Tension sawed though, no battle 

2089
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:06,700
in sued. 
The message was clear someone to

2090
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:10,500
track them with precision. 
As the group attempted to settle

2091
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:14,000
back into assemblance of rest, 
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 

2092
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:17,000
She wondered if the vanished 
Intruders belong to a 

2093
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:20,200
clandestine order or simply 
Bandits with a knack for 

2094
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:22,900
intimidation. 
Either way, the manuscripts 

2095
01:45:22,900 --> 01:45:26,700
significant seemed Amplified. 
In that uneasy Darkness, she 

2096
01:45:26,700 --> 01:45:29,900
cradled her precious book 
Feeling the weight of unspoken 

2097
01:45:29,900 --> 01:45:32,100
centuries pressed between its 
covers. 

2098
01:45:32,900 --> 01:45:36,200
The next day would bring new 
confrontations, but for now she 

2099
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:39,000
could only watch the flickering 
Embers and await the uncertain 

2100
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:41,300
Dawn. 
Dawn arrived with a brittle 

2101
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:43,900
Clarity that rendered every 
stone, a shrub and weary 

2102
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:46,500
expression in sharp focus of 
soon wasted. 

2103
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:48,200
No time. 
Ordering a quick departure. 

2104
01:45:48,200 --> 01:45:51,700
The Caravan assembled under a 
sky streaked with lavender and 

2105
01:45:51,708 --> 01:45:54,200
Rose. 
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 

2106
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,900
by a need for vigilance. 
Camels loaded, watch rotations 

2107
01:45:57,900 --> 01:46:01,500
decided they moved out following
a narrow winding track that 

2108
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:04,400
descended toward lower 
elevations, the Arid air tasted 

2109
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:06,800
metallic as if charged with 
pent-up tension. 

2110
01:46:07,700 --> 01:46:10,300
By mid-morning the landscape 
began, transitioning to Hill 

2111
01:46:10,300 --> 01:46:13,300
Country, small streams fed by 
recent rains. 

2112
01:46:13,300 --> 01:46:16,300
Cut through the temperature in 
offering a chance to refill 

2113
01:46:16,300 --> 01:46:19,000
water skins. 
The Travelers approached a 

2114
01:46:19,000 --> 01:46:22,100
shallow Creek where reads 
Russell in the wind carrier 

2115
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:23,800
noticed footprints in the Soggy 
Earth. 

2116
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:27,200
A separate group had passed here
recently heading in the same 

2117
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:31,300
direction. 
Soon scaled muttering about the 

2118
01:46:31,300 --> 01:46:33,900
possibility of thin miles. 
They might be trailing those who

2119
01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:38,300
had invaded, their camps concern
Ripple through the Caravan eager

2120
01:46:38,300 --> 01:46:40,300
to stay ahead. 
After soon, pushed the group 

2121
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:43,900
onward at a grueling Pace, 
Korea's carves, a to the trails 

2122
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:47,200
exact between Rocky slope and 
patches of thorny vegetation. 

2123
01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:50,500
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified Town. 

2124
01:46:50,500 --> 01:46:54,300
Occasionally emerged only to 
disappear behind ridgelines She 

2125
01:46:54,300 --> 01:46:57,900
guessed it to be garish. 
A midsize Trading, Post rumored 

2126
01:46:57,900 --> 01:46:59,400
to host, Pilgrims from the 
industry region. 

2127
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:02,800
If they could reach garrish by 
Nightfall, The Caravan would 

2128
01:47:02,808 --> 01:47:05,100
have a solid perimeter wall to 
Shield them at least 

2129
01:47:05,100 --> 01:47:08,000
temporarily. 
Eventually they spotted walls of

2130
01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:11,300
Pale Stone. 
Crowned by watch towers of soon 

2131
01:47:11,300 --> 01:47:13,700
signaled for calm. 
Reminding everyone that unknown 

2132
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:16,100
dangers could look within a 
walled town as readily as 

2133
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:20,000
outside approaching the gates, 
they encountered a row of guards

2134
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:23,400
wearing mismatched armor, After 
examining a soon's, travel 

2135
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,400
permits the guards, allowed the 
entry in exchange for a modest 

2136
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:28,900
Tolle. 
Insight the streets were cramped

2137
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:31,800
with stalls selling Earth and 
where died cloth and hammered 

2138
01:47:31,800 --> 01:47:34,500
bronze jewelry. 
The Aromas of grilled meat and 

2139
01:47:34,508 --> 01:47:37,300
fresh bread teased weary 
Travelers, but an undercurrent 

2140
01:47:37,300 --> 01:47:39,900
of weariness ran through the 
crowd of soon. 

2141
01:47:39,900 --> 01:47:43,200
Found a secure compound where 
the Caravan could rest, Stone 

2142
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:45,500
walls and closed. 
Courtyard that provided storage 

2143
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:47,500
for the camels and a small 
stable for donkeys. 

2144
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,400
Carrier anxious to clean any 
insight into who might be 

2145
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:53,700
pursuing them ventured into the 
towns. 

2146
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:56,800
Winding Lane Lanes. 
She discovered a Public Square, 

2147
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:58,800
where men played strategy games 
on carved. 

2148
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:03,200
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 

2149
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:06,400
language unfamiliar to her amid.
These scenes rumors. 

2150
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:10,300
Floated a band of masked Riders 
had passed through a day. 

2151
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:13,200
Early asking about a certain 
traveling scholar. 

2152
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:16,900
The mentioned, chilled her, she 
hurried back to the compound 

2153
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:20,600
only to find Malik pacing by the
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 

2154
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:24,700
Pouch, he had overheard similar 
chatter strangers, seeking news 

2155
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,200
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 
documents career realized the 

2156
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:30,900
net was tightening. 
They still had a window to slip 

2157
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:33,900
away, but not much of one she 
conferred with us soon. 

2158
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:36,200
Who suggested leaving Kash 
undercover of Darkness? 

2159
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:40,600
Continuing East along, seldom 
used back roads, although it 

2160
01:48:40,600 --> 01:48:43,500
entailed more risk weighting 
might let their pursuers 

2161
01:48:43,500 --> 01:48:47,300
converge. 
After Sunset, the Caravan packed

2162
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:50,600
up stealthily. 
Torches were kept minimal camel 

2163
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:54,200
Silence with calm, handling a 
hush and enveloped them as they 

2164
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:57,300
slipped through garages, 
secondary gate, bribing a night 

2165
01:48:57,300 --> 01:49:00,600
Watchman, who scarcely? 
Looked at their faces outside 

2166
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:03,000
the walls, Moonlight glimmered 
on the grassland. 

2167
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,400
Carrier clutched. 
The manuscript absorbing the 

2168
01:49:06,400 --> 01:49:08,600
night's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

2169
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:11,800
conviction that her Mission and 
become a race one in which the 

2170
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,700
cost of failure was irreparable 
loss, not just for her, but for 

2171
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:18,100
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

2172
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:21,700
Guided by a soon's, careful 
planning, they pressed into a 

2173
01:49:21,700 --> 01:49:24,700
region of Rolling Hills shape by
centuries of flood and drought. 

2174
01:49:25,400 --> 01:49:28,300
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 
trees broke the monotony, 

2175
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:30,300
crickets chirped in the 
darkness. 

2176
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,700
The group maintained strict 
silence, halting off, until 

2177
01:49:33,700 --> 01:49:36,600
listen for sounds of pursuit. 
Each time the night Breeze. 

2178
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:39,300
Whispered through the brush 
carrier braced for a distant, 

2179
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:42,700
hoofbeat or a flash of 
Torchlight yet hours passed with

2180
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:46,300
no sign of the ambush. 
As the moon descended, they 

2181
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,700
reached a shallow Ravine dotted 
with smooth, ancient Boulders 

2182
01:49:49,700 --> 01:49:51,800
have soon called for a halt to 
rest. 

2183
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:56,000
The animals carrier Found A Flat
Rock and sank onto it physically

2184
01:49:56,000 --> 01:49:57,500
spent. 
But mentally alert. 

2185
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:01,300
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes
reflected, the same exhaustion 

2186
01:50:01,300 --> 01:50:04,800
mixed with defiance. 
The sky above the showed, the 

2187
01:50:04,808 --> 01:50:08,600
faint glow of approaching Dawn. 
Tomorrow, or perhaps the next 

2188
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,500
day, they would come upon the 
mountain routes leading to vary 

2189
01:50:11,500 --> 01:50:13,700
Ash, the rumored city of hidden 
monasteries. 

2190
01:50:13,700 --> 01:50:17,100
If the Caravan made it that far 
the Jade manuscript. 

2191
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:19,500
Might, finally find a place 
where it's Arcane Revelation, 

2192
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:23,600
could be decided without fear. 
But that hope remained fragile 

2193
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:26,100
like a candle flame in Augusta, 
corridor. 

2194
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:30,300
The first of mourning lit, the 
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and

2195
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:32,000
scrub that offered little 
camouflage. 

2196
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:36,100
We're really the Caravan 
assembled and continued mindful 

2197
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:37,600
that speed was their best 
defense. 

2198
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:41,200
Over the next hours, they 
traversed, rolling slopes that 

2199
01:50:41,200 --> 01:50:43,400
ascended, gradually into Stony 
Highlands. 

2200
01:50:43,400 --> 01:50:46,900
The trail grew hazardous lined 
with the loose gravel and sharp 

2201
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:48,800
descends. 
Several times. 

2202
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:52,400
A misstep, nearly sent a donkey 
tumbling into a Gorge the 

2203
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:55,300
group's morale though. 
Frayed held steady under aphs 

2204
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:58,400
firm Direction. 
Korean noticed the are thinning 

2205
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:01,900
as they climbed accompanied by a
crisp coolness that sharpened 

2206
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:05,300
her senses tiny Alpine flowers, 
clung to crevices. 

2207
01:51:05,300 --> 01:51:09,100
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

2208
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:12,400
dust From avantage point, 
overlooking a sprawling Valley, 

2209
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:16,700
she glimpsed distant peaks in 
mysterious Haze locals called 

2210
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:20,100
these the Thousand Year, 
mountains rumored to shelter, 

2211
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:23,900
monastic Retreats older than 
recorded dynasties. the prospect

2212
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:26,700
of reaching them, bolstered her 
spirit, even as her body, 

2213
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:31,200
complained of fatigue, Near 
midday, the Caravan stopped by a

2214
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:32,800
regular trickling through a 
rocky defile. 

2215
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:37,000
While watering the animals have 
soon and Korea consulted, a hand

2216
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,000
sketched map that indicated 
variously, two more days beyond 

2217
01:51:40,000 --> 01:51:42,600
the farriers. 
The path ahead would be even 

2218
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,800
more treacherous cutting across 
unpredictable passes. 

2219
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:49,700
Sometimes blocked by landslides 
Korea felt her heartbeat quicker

2220
01:51:49,700 --> 01:51:52,400
than recalling. 
Rumors that entire Caravans had 

2221
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:55,100
been buried by Southern Rock 
Falls in these mountains, yet 

2222
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:58,300
the urgency to evade pursue as 
overshadowed every other fear. 

2223
01:51:59,000 --> 01:52:02,700
They pressed on the root turning
into a steep climb dotted with 

2224
01:52:02,700 --> 01:52:06,400
ancient stone markers. 
At each Switchback, carrier saw 

2225
01:52:06,400 --> 01:52:09,900
inscriptions worn by centuries 
of whether She paused to trace 

2226
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:13,600
her fingers over a faint symbol 
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 

2227
01:52:13,608 --> 01:52:17,200
The intersecting circles, 
something about it resonated 

2228
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:19,500
with the diagrams in her Jade 
bound codex. 

2229
01:52:20,100 --> 01:52:21,900
She made a mental note to 
compare them later. 

2230
01:52:21,900 --> 01:52:24,900
Suspecting these markers might 
be vestiges of the same 

2231
01:52:24,900 --> 01:52:27,800
civilization described in the 
manuscript cryptic pages. 

2232
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:31,700
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 
scriptions her curiosity, 

2233
01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:35,600
ignited a new late in the 
afternoon, the skies dark and 

2234
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:39,200
ominously thunder rumbled among 
the Peaks and a biting wind 

2235
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,000
heralded. 
An approaching storm soon urged.

2236
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:45,500
Everyone to hurry, they located 
a natural overhang near a rocky 

2237
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:47,600
ledge. 
Providing partial Shelter From 

2238
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:50,500
the elements. 
Reign Unleashed its Fury soon. 

2239
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:54,300
After they took cover slamming 
the landscape In Waves lightning

2240
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,900
tore the sky Illuminating ragged
silhouettes of mountains, the 

2241
01:52:57,900 --> 01:52:59,800
downpour threatened to wash away
the path. 

2242
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:03,200
Huddled together The Travelers 
watched reveal its form across 

2243
01:53:03,200 --> 01:53:05,400
the rocky ground carrying 
Pebbles and debris. 

2244
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:09,100
Downhill the storm raged for 
hours, pinning them under the 

2245
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:12,900
overhang career used the 
enforced pause to wrap the 

2246
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:16,000
Codex, Sheltering it beneath the
canvas, she examined the 

2247
01:53:16,000 --> 01:53:17,600
section. 
She had not yet deciphered 

2248
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:21,500
focusing on references to a 
temple of Horizon's the text 

2249
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:24,200
included, mathematical 
guidelines for charting star 

2250
01:53:24,200 --> 01:53:25,900
positions from an elevated 
Vantage. 

2251
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:29,200
With each flash of lightning, 
she glimpsed the manuscript 

2252
01:53:29,200 --> 01:53:31,900
swirling lines and felt A 
peculiar kinship, with those 

2253
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:33,900
unknown Scholars from centuries 
past. 

2254
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:36,600
They had once braved the 
Wilderness of ideas. 

2255
01:53:36,600 --> 01:53:41,000
Now in a literal wilderness. 
She carried their legacy. 

2256
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:45,100
Eventually the worst of the 
storm passed leaving dripping 

2257
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:46,800
rocks in a deep chill in its 
wake. 

2258
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:49,800
The group decided to remain 
under the overhang for the 

2259
01:53:49,808 --> 01:53:51,900
night. 
Wary of slick, trails and 

2260
01:53:51,900 --> 01:53:55,100
potential landslides. 
By flickering lamp light. 

2261
01:53:55,100 --> 01:53:59,300
As soon distributed dried figs 
and salted lamb conversation, 

2262
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,100
drifted from the challenges of 
the climb to more philosophical 

2263
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:05,000
musings, the futility of borders
in a land shape. 

2264
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:10,200
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between science Malik spoke

2265
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:13,400
quite quietly of his father, who
had died under a tyrants regime 

2266
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:15,300
while trying to protect valuable
manuscripts. 

2267
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:19,200
Listening to him Korea sense. 
That each traveler had been 

2268
01:54:19,200 --> 01:54:22,300
guided here by a longing for 
redemption or renewal. 

2269
01:54:23,700 --> 01:54:27,000
Sometime after midnight career, 
woke to the faint, crackle of 

2270
01:54:27,008 --> 01:54:29,300
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

2271
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:33,100
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

2272
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:34,700
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

2273
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:37,400
She recognized them as 
strangers, not members of the 

2274
01:54:37,400 --> 01:54:41,900
Caravan, Before she could raise 
an alarm as soon, emerged from 

2275
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:44,000
the darkness, like a phantom 
sword drawn. 

2276
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,600
A tough standoff, ensued broken,
by frantic Whispers, The 

2277
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:50,000
Intruders fled. 
Once they saw, they were 

2278
01:54:50,000 --> 01:54:52,300
outnumbered the Caravans 
Travelers. 

2279
01:54:52,300 --> 01:54:55,700
Now fully awakened spent the 
rest of the night in guarded 

2280
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:58,200
watch, cold and uneasy with 
Dawn. 

2281
01:54:58,200 --> 01:54:59,800
They surveyed the sodden 
landscape. 

2282
01:55:00,500 --> 01:55:03,400
Landslides had ripped through 
parts of the trail, but it 

2283
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:06,500
appeared possible with caution. 
Though The Intruders had not 

2284
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:10,400
returned the sense of pursuit 
remained acute carrier conferred

2285
01:55:10,400 --> 01:55:13,400
with a soon both concluding that
time was running short. 

2286
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:17,000
If for ash was Within Reach, 
they needed to seize the chance 

2287
01:55:17,000 --> 01:55:20,500
before more enemies closed in. 
Hoisting packs onto weary 

2288
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:22,100
camel's. 
The group set forth again. 

2289
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:26,200
The distant Peaks beckoned like 
a little Witnesses and career. 

2290
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:28,900
Whispered, a fervent hope that 
the city's rumored monasteries 

2291
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:31,700
could offer refuge and perhaps 
reveal how to unlock the 

2292
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:35,400
manuscripts deeper secrets. 
The final stretch of varash 

2293
01:55:35,400 --> 01:55:38,900
proved grueling narrow trails to
mountain ridges over. 

2294
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:44,000
Looking, Miss shrouded Abyss, 
each step required vigilance At 

2295
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:46,500
times, they paused to listen for
rock falls in the distance 

2296
01:55:46,500 --> 01:55:51,500
markers of an unstable Terrain. 
The Agri thinner and breath came

2297
01:55:51,500 --> 01:55:54,100
in short gasps yet Beyond every 
precarious. 

2298
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:58,800
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

2299
01:55:58,800 --> 01:56:02,700
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

2300
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:04,700
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

2301
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:08,400
The extremes of this landscape 
both and unsettled The 

2302
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,100
Travelers. 
By late afternoon, the slopes 

2303
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,600
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge, 

2304
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,000
stood, varash, and closed, by a 
high stone Rampart. 

2305
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,100
At first glance, the city 
appeared carved from the 

2306
01:56:21,108 --> 01:56:23,700
mountain itself. 
Its walls blending with the 

2307
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:26,900
surrounding Cliffs missed 
swirled around parapets, 

2308
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:31,400
creating a dreamlike vision. 
According to Legend by Ash was 

2309
01:56:31,400 --> 01:56:34,900
older than any recorded Dynasty 
built upon a site revered for 

2310
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,800
its Celestial alignments. 
A hush fell over the Caravan as 

2311
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,800
they approached, the massive 
Gate's inside the city's, 

2312
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:45,900
winding streets ascended. 
In tears houses with slate roofs

2313
01:56:45,900 --> 01:56:49,100
leaned against sturdy. 
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes

2314
01:56:49,100 --> 01:56:53,700
converged on a Central Square, 
Steam Rose from communal, baths 

2315
01:56:53,700 --> 01:56:57,300
that taped into natural, Hot 
Springs monks in dark, robes 

2316
01:56:57,300 --> 01:57:00,300
shuffled along the corridors 
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 

2317
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:03,700
their arms. 
Carriers census, ignited, at the

2318
01:57:03,708 --> 01:57:05,200
first glimpse of this 
environment. 

2319
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:08,400
She could feel an undercurrent 
of scholarship humming through 

2320
01:57:08,408 --> 01:57:10,000
the city, like a Subterranean 
River. 

2321
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:13,600
A potent contrast to the chaotic
markets of Corazon. 

2322
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:16,700
Afsoon. 
Guided the Caravan to a spacious

2323
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:19,400
Courtyard in used by trade 
emissaries soon. 

2324
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:22,100
After settling career, excused 
herself and ventured into the 

2325
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:25,400
city's upper levels following 
directions gleaned from a scribe

2326
01:57:25,400 --> 01:57:27,600
at the Inn. 
She was searching for a specific

2327
01:57:27,600 --> 01:57:30,100
Monastery. 
Library rumored to house ancient

2328
01:57:30,100 --> 01:57:32,500
manuscripts. 
Paralleling her Jade bound text 

2329
01:57:32,500 --> 01:57:34,700
crossing a series of stone 
bridges. 

2330
01:57:34,700 --> 01:57:37,200
That arched over narrow. 
Gulches she noticed the 

2331
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:40,300
architecture, displayed 
recurring, motifs spiral, 

2332
01:57:40,300 --> 01:57:43,600
carvings geometric borders. 
Reminiscent of the kodeksas 

2333
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,600
marginal designs at last. 
She arrived at a massive carved 

2334
01:57:47,600 --> 01:57:51,400
door flanked by statues of robed
figures, a discrete cyanide 

2335
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:55,200
identified it as the library of 
high windows in the atmosphere 

2336
01:57:55,200 --> 01:57:58,800
was reverential Golden Light. 
Filtered through stained glass 

2337
01:57:58,808 --> 01:58:02,100
windows, Illuminating shelves, 
stacked from floor to ceiling 

2338
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:07,200
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 
monks novices and a few Learners

2339
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,900
from distant lands. 
Moved quietly between reading 

2340
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:12,900
alcoves. 
Carrier approached a Tall 

2341
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:15,600
Bearded monk who introduced 
himself as brother Callan. 

2342
01:58:16,400 --> 01:58:18,300
You've measured politeness. 
He asked her purpose. 

2343
01:58:19,100 --> 01:58:22,200
Carrier revealed her codex 
explaining in hushed tones that 

2344
01:58:22,200 --> 01:58:24,900
she believed it referenced an 
advanced astronomy predating 

2345
01:58:24,900 --> 01:58:29,000
recognized schools of thought. 
Intrigued brother Kaylin led her

2346
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:32,100
to a private study of chamber, 
lit by oil lamps there. 

2347
01:58:32,100 --> 01:58:34,500
He produced a set of 
meticulously preserved star 

2348
01:58:34,500 --> 01:58:38,200
charts and scribed on leather. 
To careers, amazement certain 

2349
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:41,300
passages, aligned closely with 
the diagrams in her manuscript 

2350
01:58:41,300 --> 01:58:45,000
upon closer inspection, they 
found near identical glyphs 

2351
01:58:45,000 --> 01:58:47,400
representing cardinal points 
Beyond normal mapping. 

2352
01:58:48,400 --> 01:58:50,600
Brother's eyes glimmered with 
excitement. 

2353
01:58:51,500 --> 01:58:54,700
These references appear in only 
are oldest records believed to 

2354
01:58:54,708 --> 01:58:59,400
have been copied from text 
salvaged Millennia ago. as the 

2355
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:02,700
evening, deepened, a piece 
together, parallel lines of text

2356
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:06,700
cross-referencing them with 
genealogies straw altars, and 

2357
01:59:06,700 --> 01:59:10,300
cryptic commentaries, The 
Synergy suggested that the Jade 

2358
01:59:10,300 --> 01:59:12,900
bound book might indeed be part 
of nearly lost tradition. 

2359
01:59:12,900 --> 01:59:15,500
However, a vital section 
remained missing. 

2360
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,000
It was rumored that a sister 
manuscript in a monastery, 

2361
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:23,200
father East High in a remote 
range where few ventured carry 

2362
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:25,100
as Hearts sank knowing the road 
ahead. 

2363
01:59:25,100 --> 01:59:27,400
Might hold even greater dangers 
yet. 

2364
01:59:27,400 --> 01:59:30,400
She fell invigorated. 
The puzzle had grown more 

2365
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:34,100
intricate weaving her fate with 
ancient Legacy that demanded 

2366
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,000
guardianship. 
Upon returning to the end. 

2367
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:39,500
She found a soon and Malik and 
heated discussion with the rest 

2368
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:41,900
of the Caravan. 
News had arrived. 

2369
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:45,100
That unidentified Riders were 
poking, around various Gates 

2370
01:59:45,100 --> 01:59:48,300
questioning Travelers about a 
woman scholar and her prized 

2371
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:50,100
artifact. 
There are rival. 

2372
01:59:50,100 --> 01:59:53,600
Here was no secret. 
For the moment, the city's laws,

2373
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:56,900
prevented open aggression, but 
no one believed that protection 

2374
01:59:56,900 --> 01:59:59,700
would last indefinitely. 
Have soon proposed. 

2375
01:59:59,700 --> 02:00:02,200
They break the Caravan into 
smaller groups for anonymity, 

2376
02:00:02,200 --> 02:00:06,400
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,
recognizing that her success. 

2377
02:00:06,400 --> 02:00:10,700
Might Ripple far beyond personal
gain Under the Inland glow 

2378
02:00:10,700 --> 02:00:13,200
carrier shared what she and 
brother Kalan had uncovered. 

2379
02:00:13,200 --> 02:00:16,800
The group listened in solemn, 
silence and understanding the 

2380
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:19,800
gravity of her discovery. 
Perhaps it offered a new 

2381
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:23,100
perspective on the cosmos, 
perhaps it threatened structures

2382
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:26,500
built on carefully, managed 
knowledge. either way, their 

2383
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:29,800
pursuers would not relent, Still
career felt A Renewed 

2384
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:32,500
determination. 
The tapestry of centuries had 

2385
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:33,900
woven her path in to this 
moment. 

2386
02:00:34,800 --> 02:00:37,000
With the city of various as an 
unlikely Refuge. 

2387
02:00:37,000 --> 02:00:41,100
She now held a clear of vision 
of the manuscripts purpose Dawn 

2388
02:00:41,100 --> 02:00:44,400
would bring decisions where the 
to remain to search for the 

2389
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:46,700
sister text, or to Brave unknown
dangers. 

2390
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:50,100
In that flickering moment of 
possibility, each traveler 

2391
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:52,500
realized they had become part of
a tale larger than the 

2392
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:54,900
themselves. 
A saga carried Along by 

2393
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:58,700
caravan's, forged in Hidden 
library's and destined to Echo 

2394
02:00:58,700 --> 02:01:01,400
across the shifting dunes and 
precarious peaks of time. 

2395
02:01:07,300 --> 02:01:10,200
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading spot 

2396
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:13,400
perhaps with a warm cup of tea 
steaming beside you. 

2397
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:17,500
Tonight, we're going to travel 
back to a time when sleep was as

2398
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:19,900
different from yours, as a 
handwritten letter is from a 

2399
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:22,200
text message. 
You might think sleep is always 

2400
02:01:22,208 --> 02:01:25,600
been the same 8 hours, a pillow,
maybe, some tossing, and 

2401
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:29,800
turning, but you'd be wrong. 
Before Johannes Gutenberg 

2402
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:33,700
changed everything around 1440, 
sleep move to entirely different

2403
02:01:33,700 --> 02:01:36,400
rhythms. 
Imagine living in a world where 

2404
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:39,900
Darkness truly meant silents, 
where the only light after 

2405
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,800
Sunset came from flickering, 
candles that cost more than most

2406
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:46,100
people earned in a day or Smoky 
oil lamps that made your eyes 

2407
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:50,400
water, just thinking about them.
In this world, your 

2408
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:53,700
great-great-great and many more 
great grandmother didn't fight 

2409
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:56,600
the darkness. 
He surrendered to it like a worn

2410
02:01:56,600 --> 02:01:58,200
out traveler finally reaching 
home. 

2411
02:01:59,100 --> 02:02:02,400
When the sun dipped below the 
Horizon, most people began their

2412
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:06,200
journey into what historians 
Now, call segmented sleep though

2413
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:08,300
back then. 
Nobody needed a fancy name for 

2414
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:10,600
it. 
It was simply how humans slept, 

2415
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:13,100
like the way birds fly or fish 
swim. 

2416
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:17,100
Here's where it gets intriguing.
People didn't sleep for eight 

2417
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:19,300
straight hours. 
Instead, they slept in two 

2418
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:22,700
distinct chunks like a delicious
sandwich with a wide filling of 

2419
02:02:22,708 --> 02:02:26,000
wakefulness in between. 
The first sleep began shortly. 

2420
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:29,900
After Sunset lasting roughly 
four hours then sometime between

2421
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:32,100
midnight and 2. 
In the morning people would 

2422
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:34,900
naturally wake up. 
However, the remarkable aspect 

2423
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:37,800
is that they did not panic about
being awake during the middle of

2424
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,200
the night. 
They did not deceive themselves 

2425
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:42,300
by calculating the number of 
hours of sleep. 

2426
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,200
They were sacrificing or by 
fretting over potential 

2427
02:02:45,200 --> 02:02:46,900
grogginess at work the following
day. 

2428
02:02:46,900 --> 02:02:50,700
Instead they Embrace this 
midnight, Awakening as naturally

2429
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:53,800
as you embrace your morning 
coffee routine, During these 

2430
02:02:53,800 --> 02:02:56,100
quiet hours between sleeps 
people would do the most 

2431
02:02:56,100 --> 02:02:59,500
wonderfully human things. 
They tend to the fire and 

2432
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:01,600
showing their family stayed warm
through the cold night. 

2433
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:05,300
They'd monitor on children 
offering Comfort to little ones 

2434
02:03:05,300 --> 02:03:08,400
startled by dreams. 
Couples would talk softly in the

2435
02:03:08,408 --> 02:03:11,700
darkness sharing thoughts and 
feelings that somehow seemed 

2436
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:15,500
easier to express when the world
felt smaller and more intimate. 

2437
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:19,900
Some people use this time for 
prayer or meditation, finding a 

2438
02:03:19,900 --> 02:03:22,300
special connection to the Divine
in those hushed hours. 

2439
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,500
When the boundary between day 
and night felt thin as gossip. 

2440
02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:29,800
Others would craft simple items 
by firelight mending clothes, 

2441
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:33,300
carving Wooden Spoons, or 
braiding rope the wealthy. 

2442
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:35,900
Might even visit neighbors 
because apparently social calls 

2443
02:03:35,900 --> 02:03:38,200
at one in the morning were 
perfectly acceptable back then. 

2444
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:42,400
Such Behavior wasn't considered 
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 

2445
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,600
Medical texts from the error 
mentioned, firstly and second 

2446
02:03:46,600 --> 02:03:49,600
sleep as casually as we might 
mention, breakfast, and lunch. 

2447
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:52,700
People structured their knights 
around this natural pattern 

2448
02:03:52,700 --> 02:03:55,900
planning activities for their 
wakeful hours just as carefully 

2449
02:03:55,900 --> 02:03:57,600
as they plan their daytime 
tasks. 

2450
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:02,200
Harkness, that surrounded, these
midnight activities was profound

2451
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:04,000
in ways we can barely imagine 
today. 

2452
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:08,200
Step outside your house at night
now and your likely, see street 

2453
02:04:08,200 --> 02:04:11,800
lights house lights, the glow 
from Windows, and maybe the 

2454
02:04:11,800 --> 02:04:13,300
distant shine of a shopping 
center. 

2455
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:17,700
Even in relatively rural areas, 
like pollution, reaches far 

2456
02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:22,300
beyond cities, creating what 
astronomers called Sky glow. but

2457
02:04:22,300 --> 02:04:25,200
in pre-printing press Europe, 
nighttime, Darkness was 

2458
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:28,900
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 
overhead, like a river of 

2459
02:04:28,900 --> 02:04:32,000
diamonds and people knew the 
constellation's not as romantic 

2460
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,600
Notions, but as practical tools 
for navigation and timekeeping, 

2461
02:04:36,400 --> 02:04:39,200
The moon's phases matter deeply 
because they determined how much

2462
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:41,400
natural light you'd have for 
nighttime activities. 

2463
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:45,400
This Darkness shaped, not just 
when people slept, but how they 

2464
02:04:45,400 --> 02:04:48,900
thought about rest itself? 
Sleep, wasn't something to be 

2465
02:04:48,908 --> 02:04:50,700
optimized or tracked with 
devices. 

2466
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:54,200
It was a natural surrender to 
the rhythm of light and Shadow. 

2467
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:57,600
a time, when the boundaries 
between Consciousness and dreams

2468
02:04:57,600 --> 02:05:01,400
became delightfully blurred, and
when the night held Mysteries 

2469
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:05,400
that daylight, couldnt touch, 
Little did anyone know that a 

2470
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:07,600
Goldsmith son? 
In mind was about to change all 

2471
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:10,600
of our lives forever? 
Johannes Gutenberg probably 

2472
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:12,500
never intended to revolutionize 
sleep. 

2473
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:15,400
He was simply trying to solve a 
problem that had plagued 

2474
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:17,500
Humanity. 
Since the first person wanted to

2475
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:21,100
share a story with someone who 
wasn't there to hear it before 

2476
02:05:21,100 --> 02:05:23,900
his invention books were as rare
as unicorns and almost as 

2477
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,300
expensive. 
Each one had to be copied by 

2478
02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:30,200
hand, letter by painstaking, 
letter, by scribes who, 

2479
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:33,400
specialized in beautiful 
handwriting and presumably had 

2480
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:36,700
powerful risks. 
Imagine Desiring to possess a 

2481
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,200
single volume. 
He had a compilation of prayers 

2482
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,000
or perhaps a manual on herb 
gardening, you'd need to save 

2483
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:44,000
money for months, maybe even 
years. 

2484
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:46,700
Single book could cost as much 
as a farm. 

2485
02:05:47,600 --> 02:05:50,900
Most people owned exactly zero 
books, not because they couldn't

2486
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:53,200
read though. 
Many couldn't, but, because 

2487
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:55,500
books simply weren't available 
to ordinary folks. 

2488
02:05:56,100 --> 02:05:58,700
The scribes who copied. 
These manuscripts worked in 

2489
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:01,800
scriptorium, which sounds much 
more glamorous than it actually 

2490
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:04,900
was. 
Picture a large cold room filled

2491
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:08,300
with monks hunched over wooden 
desks carefully, forming each 

2492
02:06:08,300 --> 02:06:10,900
letter with quill pens that 
needed constant attention. 

2493
02:06:11,700 --> 02:06:14,100
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 
Could ruin hours of work. 

2494
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:17,500
One, small mistake meant 
starting an entire page over 

2495
02:06:17,500 --> 02:06:19,700
again. 
These hand-copied books were 

2496
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:22,100
gorgeous. 
Works of art decorated with 

2497
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,300
elaborate illustrations and or 
Nate initial letters that look 

2498
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:29,100
like tiny masterpieces. 
But they were all so riddled 

2499
02:06:29,100 --> 02:06:32,400
with errors errors. 
Often creep in when humans copy 

2500
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:34,800
text by hand much like weeds in 
a garden. 

2501
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:37,600
A scribe might accidentally skip
a line. 

2502
02:06:37,608 --> 02:06:41,200
Misspelled a word or correct. 
Something they thought was 

2503
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:43,900
wrong. 
Several copies of a text might 

2504
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:46,100
only bear a passing resemblance 
to the original. 

2505
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:50,300
Gutenberg with his gold, Smith's
precision, and apparent gift for

2506
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:53,500
seeing Solutions, where others 
saw only problems developed 

2507
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:57,300
moveable type printing. 
Instead of carving entire pages 

2508
02:06:57,300 --> 02:07:00,700
into wooden blocks which have 
been tried before he created 

2509
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:03,800
individual metal letters, that 
could be arranged and rearranged

2510
02:07:03,800 --> 02:07:05,500
to form different words and 
pages. 

2511
02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:08,900
It was akin to possessing a 
highly Advanced collection of 

2512
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:11,300
alphabet blocks. 
Yet these blocks had the 

2513
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,300
potential to fundamentally alter
the world. 

2514
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:16,300
His printing, press could 
produce books faster than a 

2515
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:19,700
scribe could even read them. 
Where it might take a monk six 

2516
02:07:19,700 --> 02:07:23,200
months to copy a single book 
gutenberg's press could print 

2517
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:25,000
hundreds of copies in the same 
time. 

2518
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:28,700
Suddenly books weren't precious 
unicorns, they were becoming 

2519
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:32,500
more like Friendly Neighborhood,
Cats still special but no longer

2520
02:07:32,500 --> 02:07:36,500
impossibly rare. 
First book Gutenberg chose to 

2521
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:39,200
print was the Bible, which made 
perfect sense. 

2522
02:07:39,200 --> 02:07:41,700
Since most literacy, at the time
was connected to religious 

2523
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:43,900
practice. 
But here's where our sleep 

2524
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:47,400
story, really begins to unfold 
as printing presses, spread 

2525
02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:49,800
across Europe, fast to the news 
of a royal Scandal. 

2526
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:52,000
They didn't just make books more
available. 

2527
02:07:52,000 --> 02:07:54,500
They made Reading itself a 
different activity. 

2528
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:58,500
Before printing, most reading 
was done allowed in groups, 

2529
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:00,700
families. 
Might gather to hear someone 

2530
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:02,600
read from one of their precious 
few books. 

2531
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,100
Reading was a social activity 
like sharing a meal or telling 

2532
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:10,200
stories around a fire. 
People read during daylight 

2533
02:08:10,200 --> 02:08:11,500
hours when they could see 
clearly. 

2534
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:14,500
And reading sessions were often 
planned events that brought 

2535
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:17,900
communities together. 
But printed books changed this 

2536
02:08:17,900 --> 02:08:21,200
Dynamic entirely. 
Suddenly you could own multiple 

2537
02:08:21,200 --> 02:08:24,200
books and reading became 
something you could do alone 

2538
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:28,000
quietly whenever you wanted. 
You didn't need to coordinate 

2539
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:30,400
with others or wait for someone 
else to finish with the family. 

2540
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:33,200
Single volume. 
You could read in bed by 

2541
02:08:33,200 --> 02:08:35,700
candlelight in the privacy of 
your thoughts. 

2542
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:38,000
This shift from communal to 
private. 

2543
02:08:38,000 --> 02:08:41,300
Reading happened gradually Like 
the Way seasons change. 

2544
02:08:41,300 --> 02:08:44,700
You don't notice it day by day 
but suddenly you realize 

2545
02:08:44,700 --> 02:08:48,000
everything is different. 
People began staying up later 

2546
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:50,200
reading by whatever light. 
They could afford. 

2547
02:08:50,200 --> 02:08:53,500
Can candlemakers, probably 
started having much better 

2548
02:08:53,500 --> 02:08:55,600
business years without fully 
understanding why. 

2549
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:58,400
The content of books began to 
change too. 

2550
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,900
Along with the religious texts, 
printers started producing. 

2551
02:09:01,900 --> 02:09:04,500
What we might recognize as the 
world's first entertainment 

2552
02:09:04,500 --> 02:09:06,100
reading. 
Stories. 

2553
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:10,400
Poetry accounts of Adventures in
distant lands, and even early 

2554
02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:13,800
versions of self-help books. 
For the first time in human 

2555
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:16,700
history, you could disappear 
into a fictional World. 

2556
02:09:16,700 --> 02:09:20,400
Whenever you wanted transported 
by nothing, more than words on a

2557
02:09:20,408 --> 02:09:24,200
page, in your own imagination. 
This was revolutionary in ways 

2558
02:09:24,200 --> 02:09:27,800
that go far beyond just having 
more books to read for 1000 of 

2559
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:29,500
years. 
Humans, had lived primarily in 

2560
02:09:29,500 --> 02:09:31,900
the physical world immediately 
around them. 

2561
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:34,200
Your Entertainment came from the
people. 

2562
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:37,500
You knew the stories they told 
and the songs they sang. 

2563
02:09:37,500 --> 02:09:41,600
But books opened up infinite 
worlds, all accessible from the 

2564
02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:45,000
comfort of your home, or even 
your bed. the printing press had

2565
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:47,700
inadvertently created the 
world's first truly portable 

2566
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:51,400
Entertainment System, As printed
books spread through European 

2567
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:55,100
towns, like, honey, through warm
bread, something curious began 

2568
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:58,100
happening to the night. 
You have to remember this 

2569
02:09:58,100 --> 02:09:59,700
transformation didn't occur 
overnight. 

2570
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:04,200
It unfolded across Generations. 
The way a river slowly carves, a

2571
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:09,100
new channel through Rock, but 
the change once it began was as 

2572
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:11,400
irreversible as mourning 
following Darkness. 

2573
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:15,300
The most immediate shift was 
practical people who could now 

2574
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:18,400
afford books and by 1500 a 
printed book. 

2575
02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:20,300
Cost roughly. 
What you might spend on a 

2576
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:23,700
luxurious dinner today, suddenly
had a reason to extend their 

2577
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:26,100
waking hours. 
The new book owners found 

2578
02:10:26,100 --> 02:10:28,600
themselves negotiating with the 
night while, previous 

2579
02:10:28,600 --> 02:10:31,000
generations, surrendered to 
Darkness, as naturally as 

2580
02:10:31,000 --> 02:10:35,000
flowers close at sunset. 
Reading by candlelight evolved 

2581
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:38,000
into a unique art form you 
learned to position yourself. 

2582
02:10:38,000 --> 02:10:41,500
Just so to avoid casting Shadows
on the page, while preventing 

2583
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:43,600
wax from dripping onto your 
precious book. 

2584
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:47,400
Candle making evolved too with 
Craftsman, developing longer 

2585
02:10:47,400 --> 02:10:50,100
burning cleaner, burning candles
specifically for readers. 

2586
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:54,300
The wealthy began investing in 
multiple candles oil lamps, with

2587
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:57,400
better Wix and even early 
versions of reading glasses to 

2588
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:00,300
make the most of their dim 
light, but here's where it gets 

2589
02:11:00,300 --> 02:11:02,200
fascinating from a sleep 
perspective. 

2590
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:04,400
People weren't just staying up 
later. 

2591
02:11:04,400 --> 02:11:06,800
They were changing what 
nighttime meant. 

2592
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:10,200
Previously the hours between 
Sunset and sleep, had been 

2593
02:11:10,208 --> 02:11:13,700
family time Community time or 
practical time for essential 

2594
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:16,700
tasks. 
Now night time became personal 

2595
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:20,400
time, private time and thinking 
Time, picture yourself as a 

2596
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:24,100
merchant in 1520 Antwerp, 
finally able to afford a small 

2597
02:11:24,100 --> 02:11:27,100
collection of printed books. 
After a day of buying and 

2598
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:30,100
selling negotiating with 
customers and managing your 

2599
02:11:30,100 --> 02:11:32,600
shop, you discover that reading 
offers something unprecedented 

2600
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:36,100
Escape. 
Not only does reading provide a 

2601
02:11:36,108 --> 02:11:39,300
physical escape to distant lands
described in travel narrative, 

2602
02:11:39,300 --> 02:11:42,300
but it also provides a mental 
escape from the immediate 

2603
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,800
concerns of daily life. 
This mental Escape had profound 

2604
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:49,400
effects on sleep itself. 
For the first time in human 

2605
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:53,000
history, significant numbers of 
people were going to bed with 

2606
02:11:53,000 --> 02:11:56,100
their minds racing, not from the
days physical labors or 

2607
02:11:56,100 --> 02:11:59,700
immediate social concerns. 
But from the ideas stories, and 

2608
02:11:59,708 --> 02:12:01,700
emotions they'd absorbed from 
books. 

2609
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:05,800
The dreams began incorporating 
elements from fictional worlds 

2610
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:09,300
characters they'd never met and 
places they'd never seen. 

2611
02:12:10,600 --> 02:12:13,900
The old pattern of segmented, 
sleep began to shift, although 

2612
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:15,400
it did not immediately 
disappear. 

2613
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:19,000
People still often woke in the 
middle of the night, but in 

2614
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:21,600
stead of using that time for 
practical tasks or quiet 

2615
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:25,500
conversation, they increasingly 
turned to reading those midnight

2616
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:28,700
hours became precious reading 
time when the house was quiet 

2617
02:12:28,700 --> 02:12:32,100
and distractions minimal. 
This created the first real 

2618
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:35,000
tension between artificial light
and natural sleep patterns 

2619
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:39,300
Candlelight while dim by our 
standards was bright enough to 

2620
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:41,900
suppress the body's natural 
production of sleep-inducing 

2621
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:45,200
hormones. people began 
experiencing what we now 

2622
02:12:45,200 --> 02:12:48,500
recognize as the early stages of
artificial, light impact on 

2623
02:12:48,500 --> 02:12:51,400
circadian rhythms, even though 
they lacked a scientific 

2624
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:54,700
framework to understand the 
changes occurring, Religious 

2625
02:12:54,700 --> 02:12:57,600
authorities, noticed the change 
and weren't entirely pleased 

2626
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,100
church leaders began warning 
against excessive nighttime 

2627
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:03,600
reading, particularly of secular
books. 

2628
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:06,300
Worried. 
They realized that people were 

2629
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:09,000
literally losing sleep over, 
fictional stories and worldly. 

2630
02:13:09,000 --> 02:13:11,700
Concerns time. 
They could have better spent in 

2631
02:13:11,700 --> 02:13:15,000
prayer or rest. 
Some sermons, from this period, 

2632
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:18,500
specifically mentioned the 
dangers of night reading and its

2633
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:20,200
effects on both, spiritual and 
physical health. 

2634
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:23,800
Medical practitioners of the 
time, began documenting new 

2635
02:13:23,800 --> 02:13:27,100
types of sleep complaints. 
Physicians noted that patients 

2636
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:31,100
particularly educated, ones were
reporting more difficulty 

2637
02:13:31,100 --> 02:13:35,100
falling asleep, more restless 
nights and more Vivid complex 

2638
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:37,300
dreams. 
The term. 

2639
02:13:37,300 --> 02:13:40,100
Scholars insomnia, appeared in 
medical texts. 

2640
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,500
Describing a condition primarily
affecting people who read 

2641
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:47,000
extensively the printing 
Revolution also democratized 

2642
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:49,600
knowledge in ways that affected 
sleep indirectly, but 

2643
02:13:49,600 --> 02:13:53,000
significantly people could now 
access medical information, 

2644
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:57,200
including advice about sleep and
health without relying solely on

2645
02:13:57,208 --> 02:13:58,900
local practitioners or folk 
wisdom. 

2646
02:13:58,900 --> 02:14:02,500
This led to the first wave of 
people actively contemplating 

2647
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:05,700
and trying to optimize their 
sleep rather than simply 

2648
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:07,500
accepting whatever rest came 
naturally. 

2649
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:11,600
Books on health diet and daily 
routine became popular. 

2650
02:14:11,600 --> 02:14:14,400
Many offering advice about 
proper sleep habits. 

2651
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:17,600
Ironically, people were staying 
up late, reading books, about 

2652
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:20,000
how to sleep better. 
The more information they 

2653
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:22,600
consumed about sleep, the more 
conscious they became of their 

2654
02:14:22,600 --> 02:14:25,200
sleep patterns, which often made
sleep more elusive. 

2655
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:29,300
Meanwhile, the book industry 
itself was creating entirely new

2656
02:14:29,300 --> 02:14:32,700
nighttime economies. 
Printers worked long hours to 

2657
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:36,100
meet growing demand. 
Bookbinders paper makers and 

2658
02:14:36,100 --> 02:14:39,800
type Founders extended their 
working days candlemakers and 

2659
02:14:39,808 --> 02:14:43,100
lamp oil producers. 
Experienced unprecedented demand

2660
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:47,200
an entire ecosystem of night 
jobs, emerged to support the 

2661
02:14:47,200 --> 02:14:51,700
growing appetite for reading. 
By the late 1500s complaints, 

2662
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,100
about neighbors, reading late 
into the night became common in 

2663
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:57,200
urban areas. 
The soft glow of Candlelight 

2664
02:14:57,200 --> 02:15:00,700
from Windows previously assigned
that someone was sick or dealing

2665
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:04,100
with an emergency increasingly. 
Just meant someone was enjoying 

2666
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:07,700
a good paper makers, becoming 
less about rest and more about 

2667
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,400
choice. 
The stage was set for sleep to 

2668
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:13,000
become something entirely 
different from what humans had 

2669
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:16,700
known for millennia. 
Something magical happened as 

2670
02:15:16,700 --> 02:15:21,000
books became cheaper and more 
abundant They began migrating 

2671
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:24,500
from public spaces in to the 
most private space of all the 

2672
02:15:24,500 --> 02:15:27,700
bedroom. 
This wasn't just a matter of 

2673
02:15:27,708 --> 02:15:30,100
convenience. 
It represented a fundamental 

2674
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,900
shift in how humans related to 
both sleep and stories. 

2675
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:38,000
For the first time in history, 
the last thing, many people 

2676
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:40,400
experience before sleep. 
Wasn't the voice of a family 

2677
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:42,800
member. 
The crackle of a Dying fire. 

2678
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:44,900
The settling sounds of their 
house. 

2679
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:48,400
But words on a page, that 
transported them to entirely 

2680
02:15:48,400 --> 02:15:51,800
different worlds. 
The practice of bedtime reading 

2681
02:15:51,800 --> 02:15:55,000
emerged gradually, like a new 
tradition, nobody planned, but 

2682
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:56,800
everyone seemed to discover 
independently. 

2683
02:15:57,700 --> 02:16:00,500
Parents who could afford books 
began reading to their children 

2684
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:03,600
at bedtime creating the first 
generation of humans to 

2685
02:16:03,600 --> 02:16:06,100
associate the transition to 
sleep with storytelling. 

2686
02:16:07,200 --> 02:16:10,000
These were the oral folk tales 
that had been passed down 

2687
02:16:10,000 --> 02:16:12,600
through generations. 
These were printed stories 

2688
02:16:12,600 --> 02:16:15,700
consistent in their telling 
often accompanied by 

2689
02:16:15,708 --> 02:16:17,900
illustrations and infinitely 
repeatable. 

2690
02:16:18,800 --> 02:16:20,500
Children raised on bedtime 
stories. 

2691
02:16:20,500 --> 02:16:23,500
Develop different relationships,
with both sleep and Imagination.

2692
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:26,500
In stead of drifting off to 
sleep, thinking of the days of 

2693
02:16:26,508 --> 02:16:29,300
events or tomorrow's chores. 
They fell asleep with their 

2694
02:16:29,300 --> 02:16:32,299
minds full of fictional 
characters and imaginary places 

2695
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:36,000
and narrative possibilities. 
Their dreams began incorporating

2696
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:39,700
more complex, story lines, and 
many reported dreams that seem 

2697
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:43,100
to continue stories from their 
bedtime books or create entirely

2698
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:45,400
new adventures for featuring 
beloved characters. 

2699
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:50,200
Adults to discover the peculiar 
pleasure of reading in bed, the 

2700
02:16:50,200 --> 02:16:53,900
combination of physical Comfort,
dim light and engaging stories, 

2701
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:57,100
created a uniquely conducive 
environment for relaxation. 

2702
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,400
But it also created something 
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 

2703
02:17:01,400 --> 02:17:04,200
bed time. 
For the first time, people were 

2704
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:06,700
deliberately putting themselves 
into emotional suspense right 

2705
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:09,700
before sleep, their minds, 
actively wondering what would 

2706
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:13,299
happen next in their stories. 
This led to what historians now 

2707
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:16,299
recognized as the first 
widespread occurrence the 

2708
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:18,700
voluntary, sleep delay for 
entertainment purposes. 

2709
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:21,900
People would tell themselves 
they'd read just one more 

2710
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:25,600
chapter then find themselves 
still turning Pages hours later.

2711
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:30,400
The phrase I couldn't put it 
down, entered common usage 

2712
02:17:30,400 --> 02:17:33,000
during this period, though. 
It originally refers 

2713
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:35,799
specifically to the difficulty 
of stopping reading at bed time,

2714
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:39,200
the types of books, people chose
for bedtime reading began to 

2715
02:17:39,200 --> 02:17:41,200
influence the content, 
Publishers produced. 

2716
02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:44,700
Adventure stories with chapter 
ending Cliffhangers, proved 

2717
02:17:44,700 --> 02:17:48,000
enormously popular. 
As did Romantic tales that left 

2718
02:17:48,000 --> 02:17:51,600
readers, emotionally satisfied. 
But for more Publishers 

2719
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:53,799
discovered that book 
specifically marketed for 

2720
02:17:53,799 --> 02:17:57,100
bedtime reading, sold 
exceptionally well leading to 

2721
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,299
the development of what we might
recognize as the first genre of 

2722
02:18:00,299 --> 02:18:02,700
fiction, specifically designed 
for nighttime consumption. 

2723
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:06,400
Religious bedtime reading 
remained popular but even 

2724
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:08,799
devotional books, began, 
adapting to bed time reading 

2725
02:18:08,799 --> 02:18:11,200
habits. 
Prayer book started including 

2726
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,400
shorter sections suitable for 
nighttime, reading, and 

2727
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,200
collections of brief, comforting
religious passages became 

2728
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,000
common. 
The practice of reading Assam or

2729
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:23,600
brief devotional, passage before
sleep became so widespread that 

2730
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:26,200
furniture makers, began 
designing bedside tables 

2731
02:18:26,200 --> 02:18:30,000
specifically, to hold books, and
candles the wealthy began 

2732
02:18:30,000 --> 02:18:33,400
commissioning special bedroom, 
libraries small collections of 

2733
02:18:33,407 --> 02:18:35,799
books, selected specifically for
nighttime reading. 

2734
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:39,799
These typically included poetry,
easy to read, in short, 

2735
02:18:39,799 --> 02:18:42,500
segments, inspiring or 
comforting pros. 

2736
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:45,299
And what Publishers began 
calling, gentle Adventures, 

2737
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:49,100
exciting enough to be engaging 
but not so thrilling as to 

2738
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:52,000
prevent sleep. 
Medical opinion on bedtime 

2739
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:54,799
reading was mixed. 
Some Physicians warned that 

2740
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:57,400
exciting stories could 
overstimulate the mind and 

2741
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,400
prevent restful sleep. 
Others are argued that reading 

2742
02:19:00,400 --> 02:19:03,400
help transition the Mind from 
the days concerns to a more 

2743
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:07,200
peaceful State, conducive to 
rest, This debate marked the 

2744
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:10,400
beginning of what would become 
centuries of discussion about 

2745
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,900
the relationship between mental 
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 

2746
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:18,000
The practice of reading in bed, 
created new intimacies between 

2747
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:22,000
Couples married Partners, began 
sharing books, reading aloud to 

2748
02:19:22,008 --> 02:19:23,900
each other and discussing 
stories. 

2749
02:19:23,900 --> 02:19:27,100
As a regular part of their 
bedtime routine, some couples 

2750
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:28,799
developed elaborate systems for 
sharing. 

2751
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:32,000
Limited reading light, taking 
turns holding candles, or 

2752
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:34,100
reading aloud, while the other 
rest of their eyes. 

2753
02:19:34,100 --> 02:19:37,299
This sharing of stories in the 
marriage, bed represented 

2754
02:19:37,299 --> 02:19:39,400
something entirely new in human 
relationships. 

2755
02:19:39,400 --> 02:19:43,100
Previously, the most intimate 
conversations between couples 

2756
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:47,000
typically focused on practical 
matters, family, concerns daily 

2757
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:51,100
events, plans and problems. 
But bedtime reading introduce 

2758
02:19:51,100 --> 02:19:54,500
shared fictional experiences 
imaginary worlds that couples 

2759
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:57,300
could explore together and 
characters, they could discuss 

2760
02:19:57,300 --> 02:20:00,700
and debate Children growing up 
in households with bedtime 

2761
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:02,400
reading, began asking for their 
books. 

2762
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:04,800
Earlier than previous 
generations, had shown interest 

2763
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:07,600
in Reading. 
The association between books 

2764
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:11,200
and comfort but books and the 
safety of home and books and the

2765
02:20:11,200 --> 02:20:14,400
transition to sleep created 
powerful, positive associations,

2766
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:16,400
with reading that lasted 
throughout their lives. 

2767
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:20,400
By 1600, a significant portion 
of the literate. 

2768
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:23,100
Population had Incorporated 
reading into their bed, time 

2769
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:25,800
routines. 
What did began as a practical 

2770
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:29,000
way to make use of expensive 
books and evolved into a new 

2771
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:31,700
cultural ritual? 
One that transformed both how 

2772
02:20:31,700 --> 02:20:35,000
people fell asleep and what they
dreamed about when they finally 

2773
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:37,900
closed their eyes. 
The night was no longer just 

2774
02:20:37,900 --> 02:20:42,300
Nature's signal for rest, it had
become reading time by the 

2775
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,200
early. 1600s something 
unprecedented was happening in 

2776
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:48,500
bedrooms, across literate, 
Europe, people were lying awake,

2777
02:20:48,500 --> 02:20:52,300
contemplating sleep itself, For 
the first time in human history,

2778
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,500
significant numbers of people 
were actively analyzing their 

2779
02:20:55,500 --> 02:20:59,100
rest comparing their sleep 
experiences to advice they'd 

2780
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,100
read in books, and trying to 
optimize their nighttime hours. 

2781
02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:05,700
the printing press had 
accidentally created the world's

2782
02:21:05,700 --> 02:21:09,400
first generation of sleep 
conscious individuals, Medical 

2783
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:13,300
books, once accessible only to 
Physicians were now available to

2784
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:15,000
anyone who could read and afford
them. 

2785
02:21:16,000 --> 02:21:19,200
These texts introduced Ordinary 
People to Concepts, like humeral

2786
02:21:19,200 --> 02:21:23,100
balance and the idea that diet 
exercise and daily habits could 

2787
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,900
affect Sleep Quality. 
People began experimenting with 

2788
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:30,400
the timing of their meals, the 
firmness of their mattresses and

2789
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:32,000
even the direction, their beds 
face. 

2790
02:21:32,000 --> 02:21:35,000
All based on printed advice from
medical authorities. 

2791
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:39,300
This marked a fascinating shift 
from Pacific to active 

2792
02:21:39,300 --> 02:21:42,100
management. 
Your ancestors had simply slept 

2793
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:44,600
when they were and woken when 
they were not. 

2794
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:47,800
But the new book reading 
population began tracking their 

2795
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:50,700
sleep patterns noting, which 
activities helped or hindered 

2796
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:54,000
their rest and developing 
personal theories about optimal 

2797
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:57,200
sleep conditions. 
The results were mixed to put it

2798
02:21:57,200 --> 02:22:01,000
gently Many people armed with 
partial medical knowledge and 

2799
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:04,100
conflicting advice from 
different books began, creating 

2800
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:07,300
elaborate bedtime routines, that
probably did more harm than 

2801
02:22:07,308 --> 02:22:09,600
good. 
Some would spend an hour before 

2802
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:12,300
bed preparing their sleeping 
environment, according to 

2803
02:22:12,300 --> 02:22:15,200
whatever book, they'd most 
recently, read adjusting 

2804
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:18,800
ventilation rearranging 
furniture or consuming specific 

2805
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:21,000
Foods supposed to promote 
restful sleep. 

2806
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:24,300
Meanwhile, the mere Act of 
reading about sleep often made 

2807
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,600
it more elusive people would lie
in bed analyzing whether they 

2808
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,500
felt sufficiently relaxed, 
whether they're breathing match 

2809
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:33,400
the patterns described in their 
health books and whether their 

2810
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:34,800
mattress was positioned 
correctly. 

2811
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:38,000
According to the latest printed,
advise the more, they thought 

2812
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:42,200
about sleep the harder, it 
became Publishers recognizing a 

2813
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:45,100
profitable Trend began producing
books specifically about sleep 

2814
02:22:45,100 --> 02:22:48,200
Improvement. 
Titles, like the complete guide 

2815
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:51,400
to restful Slumber and natural 
methods for perfect sleep became

2816
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:53,700
best sellers. 
These books typically promise, 

2817
02:22:53,700 --> 02:22:55,500
Simple Solutions to sleep 
problems. 

2818
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,200
While simultaneously making 
readers more anxious about 

2819
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:01,600
whether they were sleeping 
correctly, The worldly began 

2820
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:05,100
investing in elaborate sleep, 
optimization equipment, based on

2821
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:09,400
printed recommendations, special
mattresses, pillows designed. 

2822
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:12,100
According to particular 
theories, bedroom furniture 

2823
02:23:12,100 --> 02:23:15,400
range to promote better rest and
even clothing designed 

2824
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:19,200
specifically for sleeping. 
This period saw the birth of the

2825
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:22,200
idea that Sleep Quality could be
purchased an optimized through 

2826
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:25,400
the right products. 
An idea we'd recognize today. 

2827
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,000
Religious authorities continue 
to voice their concerns about 

2828
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:31,400
the evolving relationship 
between books and bedtime. 

2829
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:35,000
But their focus shifted from 
moral objections to practical 

2830
02:23:35,000 --> 02:23:38,200
health concerns. 
Church leaders began preaching 

2831
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:40,700
about the importance of proper 
rest for spiritual life. 

2832
02:23:40,700 --> 02:23:44,700
Arguing that people too fatigued
from staying up reading were 

2833
02:23:44,700 --> 02:23:47,100
less able to focus during prayer
or church services. 

2834
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:50,900
The emerging scientific 
revolution of the 1600s brought 

2835
02:23:50,900 --> 02:23:54,300
new complexity to sleep advice 
books, began presenting, 

2836
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:57,800
competing theories about what 
happened during sleep by dreams 

2837
02:23:57,800 --> 02:24:02,000
occurred and how rest affected 
health People found themselves 

2838
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,100
trying to sleep while mentally 
debating. 

2839
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,400
Whether sleep was primarily for 
physical restoration, mental 

2840
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:11,400
processing, or spiritual 
renewal, Coffee introduced to 

2841
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:14,100
Europe during this same period 
added another layer of 

2842
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:15,800
complexity to The Sleep 
equation. 

2843
02:24:16,600 --> 02:24:19,200
Popular books, about coffee 
stimulating effects, led to 

2844
02:24:19,200 --> 02:24:21,800
elaborate rules about when 
coffee consumption could occur 

2845
02:24:21,800 --> 02:24:23,400
without affecting nighttime 
rest. 

2846
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:26,300
People began timing, their 
coffee consumption. 

2847
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:29,700
Based on printed advice often 
creating more anxiety about 

2848
02:24:29,700 --> 02:24:31,700
their sleep than the coffee 
itself caused. 

2849
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:34,800
The practice of keeping sleep 
journals emerged among the 

2850
02:24:34,800 --> 02:24:37,800
educated classes. 
People began recording their 

2851
02:24:37,800 --> 02:24:40,300
bedtime. 
Wake times, dream, content and 

2852
02:24:40,300 --> 02:24:43,500
energy levels comparing their 
experiences to advice. 

2853
02:24:43,500 --> 02:24:46,400
They'd read in books. 
These personal sleep studies 

2854
02:24:46,400 --> 02:24:49,100
represented Humanities. 
First, systematic attempts to 

2855
02:24:49,100 --> 02:24:52,000
understand individual sleep 
patterns, though. 

2856
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:54,500
The data was often more 
confusing than Illuminating, 

2857
02:24:55,300 --> 02:24:57,800
Physicians began reporting, a 
new category of patient 

2858
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:00,300
complaints. 
People who felt their sleep was 

2859
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:02,100
inadequate. 
Not because they were worn out, 

2860
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:04,700
but because their sleep didn't 
match descriptions. 

2861
02:25:04,700 --> 02:25:07,800
They read in books, healthy 
individuals with normal sleep 

2862
02:25:07,800 --> 02:25:10,300
patterns, sought medical help 
because they worry their rest 

2863
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:13,000
wasn't optimized according to 
the latest printed theories. 

2864
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:18,000
This period saw the emergence of
sleep-related social anxiety. 

2865
02:25:19,000 --> 02:25:20,800
People began comparing their 
sleep habits. 

2866
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:24,500
To those described in popular 
books worrying that their bed 

2867
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:28,300
time routines, mattresses or 
sleep positions, mark them as 

2868
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:32,100
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 
Sleep, which had been a private 

2869
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:35,300
largely unconscious activity, 
became a topic of social 

2870
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:39,000
discussion and comparison. 
Everyone recognized the irony, 

2871
02:25:39,000 --> 02:25:42,600
some writers of the time noted 
that Humanity had survived for 

2872
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:44,800
Millennia with perfectly 
adequate sleep. 

2873
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:48,000
Before anyone thought to write 
books about it, they observed 

2874
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:50,400
that the more people read about 
sleep, the more problems, they 

2875
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:53,400
seem to develop with sleeping 
but there was no going back. 

2876
02:25:54,300 --> 02:25:56,400
The printing press had 
fundamentally altered, 

2877
02:25:56,400 --> 02:25:58,200
Humanity's relationship with 
rest. 

2878
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:02,000
Transforming sleep from a 
natural surrender to Darkness 

2879
02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:05,900
into a complex activity. 
That could be studied analyzed 

2880
02:26:05,900 --> 02:26:09,900
optimized and worried about 
Sleep had become homework as the

2881
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:14,600
1600s progressed into the 1700s.
Something profound was slipping 

2882
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,100
away from Human Experience. 
So gradually that no one quite 

2883
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:21,300
noticed until it was nearly gone
the ancient pattern of 

2884
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:22,300
segmented. 
Sleep. 

2885
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:27,400
Firstly, wakeful period, second 
sleep was dissolving like 

2886
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,500
Morning, Mist, replace by 
something entirely different 

2887
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:34,000
books weren't just changing when
people slept, they were 

2888
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:37,800
fundamentally altering, how 
people slept transition happened

2889
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:41,300
differently in cities than in 
rural areas and faster among the

2890
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:43,700
wealthy than the poor. 
But the direction was 

2891
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:46,400
unmistakable. 
People were beginning to sleep 

2892
02:26:46,400 --> 02:26:49,800
in single Consolidated blocks 
much like you do today. 

2893
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:54,300
This transition might seem like 
a minor technical change but it 

2894
02:26:54,308 --> 02:26:57,100
represented one of the most 
significant shifts in human 

2895
02:26:57,100 --> 02:26:59,600
behavior since the development 
of agriculture. 

2896
02:27:00,700 --> 02:27:03,900
Urban areas LED this 
transformation cities meant more

2897
02:27:03,900 --> 02:27:07,600
artificial, light more scheduled
activities, and more access to 

2898
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:11,300
books and printed entertainment.
City dwellers found their old 

2899
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:14,000
midnight, wake periods 
increasingly inconvenient. 

2900
02:27:14,900 --> 02:27:17,400
If you had to be at work by a 
specific time and needed to 

2901
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:20,800
maintain your energy throughout 
the day, the segmented sleep 

2902
02:27:20,800 --> 02:27:23,200
pattern began to feel 
inefficient rather than natural 

2903
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:25,800
books played a crucial role in 
the shift. 

2904
02:27:25,808 --> 02:27:29,000
The growing practice of bedtime 
reading, meant people were 

2905
02:27:29,000 --> 02:27:31,500
staying awake later into the 
evening pushing their first 

2906
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:35,200
sleep period later. 
And later eventually many people

2907
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:37,400
were going to bed. 
So late that their natural wake 

2908
02:27:37,400 --> 02:27:40,900
period occurred uncomfortably 
close to Dawn, rather than wake 

2909
02:27:40,900 --> 02:27:42,500
for an hour or two. 
In the middle of the night. 

2910
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:44,900
They began sleeping straight 
through until morning. 

2911
02:27:44,900 --> 02:27:47,600
This changed didn't happen 
without consequences. 

2912
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:51,700
People raise on segmented, sleep
patterns, often struggled with 

2913
02:27:51,700 --> 02:27:55,500
the new Consolidated approach. 
They'd lie awake during what had

2914
02:27:55,500 --> 02:27:58,100
traditionally been their 
midnight active period, not 

2915
02:27:58,100 --> 02:27:59,900
understanding why sleep alluded 
them. 

2916
02:28:00,900 --> 02:28:03,200
Physicians began documenting 
what they called, Midnight, 

2917
02:28:03,200 --> 02:28:06,900
Melancholy periods of wakeful 
anxiety that occurred when 

2918
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:09,600
people fought against their 
natural tendency to wake during 

2919
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:12,100
the night. 
The loss of segmented sleep 

2920
02:28:12,100 --> 02:28:15,500
meant The Disappearance of those
precious midnight hours that had

2921
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:17,800
traditionally been used for 
quiet conversation. 

2922
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:21,200
Prayer, meditation and gentle 
activities. 

2923
02:28:22,400 --> 02:28:25,300
Couples lost that intimate time 
of soft conversation in the 

2924
02:28:25,300 --> 02:28:27,900
Darkness. 
Family, stopped sharing those 

2925
02:28:27,900 --> 02:28:30,600
peaceful moments of tending, the
fire and checking on children 

2926
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:33,200
together. 
Instead all the evenings 

2927
02:28:33,200 --> 02:28:37,800
activities conversation reading,
planning and reflection became 

2928
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:40,000
compressed into the hours 
between dinner and bedtime. 

2929
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:44,100
This intensification of evening 
activities created, a faster 

2930
02:28:44,100 --> 02:28:46,200
pace of life, that many found 
overwhelming. 

2931
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:49,900
The gentle rhythm of segmented 
sleep had provided natural 

2932
02:28:49,900 --> 02:28:52,400
breaks in the days, emotional 
and mental processing. 

2933
02:28:53,500 --> 02:28:56,300
Books began reflecting and 
reinforcing this new sleep 

2934
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:59,500
pattern, authors started writing
longer chapters. 

2935
02:28:59,500 --> 02:29:02,600
Assuming readers would want 
substantial content for their 

2936
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:06,600
extended evening reading, 
session's The concept of the 

2937
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:09,900
page Turner of books. 
So engaging, you'd read late 

2938
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:13,500
into the night became a 
marketing Advantage, Publishers 

2939
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,000
discovered that books that kept 
people reading past their 

2940
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:19,100
traditional First bed time were 
most likely to become popular. 

2941
02:29:19,100 --> 02:29:22,600
The wealthy began designing 
their homes around Consolidated,

2942
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:26,100
sleep patterns bedrooms became 
more elaborate and comfortable 

2943
02:29:26,100 --> 02:29:28,600
designed for longer periods of 
occupancy. 

2944
02:29:29,900 --> 02:29:33,300
The concept of the bedroom as a 
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 

2945
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:37,000
designed specifically for rest 
and relaxation emerged during 

2946
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:39,900
this period. 
Previously bedrooms had been 

2947
02:29:39,908 --> 02:29:44,200
more utilitarian places to sleep
certainly but not necessarily 

2948
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:48,200
places to lingo or relax. 
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 

2949
02:29:48,200 --> 02:29:50,300
became fashionable among those 
who could afford them. 

2950
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:53,900
These were specifically designed
spaces for pre-sleep reading 

2951
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:57,300
with comfortable chairs, good 
lighting and convenient book 

2952
02:29:57,300 --> 02:29:59,800
storage. 
The bedroom was transforming 

2953
02:29:59,800 --> 02:30:02,100
from a place. 
You went only to sleep into a 

2954
02:30:02,108 --> 02:30:04,300
place where you might spend 
several hours each evening 

2955
02:30:04,300 --> 02:30:08,000
reading, relaxing and gradually 
transitioning towards sleep. 

2956
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:12,100
This architectural, shift 
reflected a deeper change in how

2957
02:30:12,100 --> 02:30:14,000
people thought about rest and 
privacy. 

2958
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:17,400
The bedroom was becoming the 
first truly private space. 

2959
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:20,500
In most people's homes, a place 
where you could Retreat from 

2960
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,900
social obligations and family 
responsibilities to engage with 

2961
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:27,400
books and your thoughts. 
Children growing up during this 

2962
02:30:27,400 --> 02:30:29,400
transition experience. 
Something unprecedented. 

2963
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:33,100
They were the first generation 
to sleep through the night as a 

2964
02:30:33,100 --> 02:30:36,200
normal expected pattern. 
Their parents and grandparents 

2965
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:38,500
had grown up expecting to wake 
during the night. 

2966
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:41,100
But these children learn to 
sleep for eight or nine, 

2967
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:43,900
continuous hours. 
This created different 

2968
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:47,100
relationships with both sleep 
and darkness and different 

2969
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:49,900
capacities for sustained, 
attention and energy throughout 

2970
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:52,800
long days. 
The old folk wisdom about sleep 

2971
02:30:52,800 --> 02:30:57,000
began to seem obsolete saying 
like the hour before midnight is

2972
02:30:57,000 --> 02:31:00,400
worth two, after made less sense
to people who were going to bed 

2973
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:03,400
at midnight or later. 
Traditional advice about using 

2974
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:05,500
wakeful periods for prayer or 
meditation. 

2975
02:31:05,500 --> 02:31:08,900
Seemed irrelevant people who no 
longer experience regular 

2976
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:14,200
midnight wake periods. 
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 

2977
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:16,700
become the new normal for most 
of the literate population. 

2978
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,500
The segmented sleep pattern that
had characterized human rest for

2979
02:31:20,500 --> 02:31:24,100
Melania survived mainly in rural
areas where artificial light was

2980
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:26,800
still rare. 
Daily schedules remained tied to

2981
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:30,900
natural daylight Cycles, medical
authorities of the time, noted 

2982
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:34,100
the change, but generally 
approved of it Consolidated. 

2983
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:37,100
Sleep seemed more efficient. 
Better suited to the 

2984
02:31:37,100 --> 02:31:39,500
increasingly complex demands of 
Modern Life. 

2985
02:31:40,300 --> 02:31:43,100
Few realized that Humanity was 
abandoning arrest pattern that 

2986
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:45,900
had evolved over thousands of 
years, replacing it with 

2987
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:48,900
something entirely unprecedented
in Human Experience. 

2988
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:52,300
The printing, press had 
accidentally engineered the most

2989
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,300
significant change in human 
sleep patterns, since we learned

2990
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:58,500
to control fire. 
Here you are centuries. 

2991
02:31:58,500 --> 02:32:01,100
Later settling into your 
comfortable bed with perhaps a 

2992
02:32:01,100 --> 02:32:03,900
book on your nightstand, 
completely unaware that your 

2993
02:32:03,900 --> 02:32:07,100
entire relationship with sleep 
was shaped by a Goldsmith's 

2994
02:32:07,100 --> 02:32:10,900
invention from the 1400s. 
The Consolidated sleep pattern, 

2995
02:32:10,900 --> 02:32:13,900
you can consider natural 8 hours
of continuous. 

2996
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,500
Rest would have seemed a strange
to your medieval ancestors as 

2997
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:19,700
their segmented. 
Sleep routine seems to you 

2998
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:22,200
today. 
The transformation, the 

2999
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:25,900
printing, press began continues 
to Ripple through your nights in

3000
02:32:25,900 --> 02:32:29,800
ways, both obvious, and subtle. 
Every time you reach for your 

3001
02:32:29,808 --> 02:32:33,100
phone to reach, just one more 
article before sleep, your 

3002
02:32:33,100 --> 02:32:34,900
participating in a tradition 
that began. 

3003
02:32:34,900 --> 02:32:37,600
When the first personality 
candle to read just one more 

3004
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:41,800
chapter, The eternal struggle 
between I should go to sleep and

3005
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:44,700
I'll just read a little longer 
started with those early book 

3006
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:46,200
owners and as never really 
ended. 

3007
02:32:46,900 --> 02:32:48,900
Your bedroom itself is a 
testament to this 

3008
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:51,300
transformation. 
The idea that you need a 

3009
02:32:51,308 --> 02:32:54,400
comfortable private space, 
specifically designed for rest 

3010
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:57,400
and relaxation. 
Complete with good lighting for 

3011
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:00,000
reading comfortable, seating and
easy, access to ebooks or 

3012
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:02,700
digital devices. 
Would have been incomprehensible

3013
02:33:02,700 --> 02:33:05,700
to people who simply slept 
wherever they could identify a 

3014
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:09,400
safe warm spot. 
The printing press didn't just 

3015
02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:12,100
change what people read, it 
changed how they think. 

3016
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:16,700
The ability to access multiple 
perspectives, compared different

3017
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:20,600
ideas and engage with complex 
narratives trained human Minds 

3018
02:33:20,600 --> 02:33:24,400
to be more active, more, 
analytical and more imaginative.

3019
02:33:25,000 --> 02:33:27,600
These more active Minds 
naturally took longer to settle 

3020
02:33:27,600 --> 02:33:31,100
into sleeping, longer, 
transition periods, and more 

3021
02:33:31,100 --> 02:33:34,500
comfortable environments. 
Modern sleep science, has 

3022
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:37,800
rediscovered, some wisdom from 
the pre-printing era, sleep 

3023
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:39,400
researchers. 
Now, understand that the 

3024
02:33:39,400 --> 02:33:43,100
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 
pattern while work of all isn't 

3025
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:44,700
necessarily optimal for 
everyone. 

3026
02:33:45,500 --> 02:33:48,800
Some people naturally function 
better with segmented sleep or 

3027
02:33:48,800 --> 02:33:52,500
alternative patterns, but are 
modern world of scheduled work 

3028
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:55,000
and artificial lighting makes 
these patterns difficult to 

3029
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:59,000
maintain The books that line, 
your shelves, the reading light,

3030
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:01,600
beside your bed, and the 
comfortable chair, where you 

3031
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:05,000
might read before sleep. 
All of these represent Victory 

3032
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:08,600
is in Humanity's ongoing 
negotiation with Darkness each 

3033
02:34:08,600 --> 02:34:11,700
generation since Gutenberg has 
pushed bedtime a little later 

3034
02:34:11,700 --> 02:34:15,200
made a little brighter and 
filled the hours before sleep 

3035
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:18,700
with more, mental stimulation. 
Your dreams themselves, carry 

3036
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:20,000
the legacy of this 
transformation. 

3037
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,500
The Complex narrative Rich 
dreams, that many people 

3038
02:34:23,500 --> 02:34:26,900
experience today, reflect mine's
trained on, centuries of 

3039
02:34:26,900 --> 02:34:30,000
Storytelling tradition. 
You're sleeping, brain 

3040
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:33,400
processes, not just the days, 
immediate experience is, but 

3041
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:36,200
also the characters, plots and 
ideas. 

3042
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:39,300
You've absorbed from books 
creating dreams that would have 

3043
02:34:39,308 --> 02:34:41,900
been impossible for preliterate,
humans to imagine. 

3044
02:34:42,500 --> 02:34:46,000
The Sleep problems that plague 
Modern Life difficulty, falling 

3045
02:34:46,000 --> 02:34:49,600
asleep, racing thoughts at 
bedtime the temptation to read 

3046
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:53,200
or check devices and of sleeping
all have their roots in that 

3047
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:54,800
moment. 
When humans first chose 

3048
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:57,300
artificial light and mental 
stimulation over natural 

3049
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:00,900
darkness and rest. 
We traded the simple surrender 

3050
02:35:00,900 --> 02:35:03,000
to sleep for the complex, 
pleasure of extended 

3051
02:35:03,000 --> 02:35:05,500
Consciousness, and we're still 
learning to manage the 

3052
02:35:05,500 --> 02:35:08,300
consequences but perhaps this 
trade-off was worth it. 

3053
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:11,500
The same printing, press 
Revolution that complicated 

3054
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:13,700
sleep. 
Also democratized knowledge, 

3055
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:17,700
spread literacy and enabled. 
The Scientific Revolution and 

3056
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:21,000
created the foundation for every
book you've ever loved Those 

3057
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:23,400
late nights, reading by 
candlelight, gave birth to the 

3058
02:35:23,400 --> 02:35:26,400
modern world with all its 
complexities and possibilities. 

3059
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:30,500
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, your participating in a

3060
02:35:30,500 --> 02:35:32,500
ritual that would be 
recognizable to readers from 

3061
02:35:32,500 --> 02:35:36,800
centuries past. 
The details of changed electric 

3062
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:41,000
lights and of candles printed 
books, or digital screens and of

3063
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:44,300
hand copied manuscripts. 
But the basic pattern remains 

3064
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:47,600
you're using artificial light to
extend Consciousness Beyond its 

3065
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:51,100
natural limits, filling your 
mind with stories and ideas that

3066
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:54,700
will accompany you to sleep and 
perhaps to dreams the printing, 

3067
02:35:54,700 --> 02:35:56,100
press taught Humanity that 
night. 

3068
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,900
Doesn't have to mean the end of 
the thought that Darkness can be

3069
02:35:58,908 --> 02:36:01,900
filled with light and stories 
and that sleep can be a 

3070
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:05,200
transition to Worlds even more 
fantastic than the ones we read 

3071
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:08,100
about. 
Changing how we sleep changed us

3072
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:12,600
as a species more thoughtful 
imaginative and connected to 

3073
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:16,400
ideas and stories than before. 
So tonight is you finally turn 

3074
02:36:16,400 --> 02:36:19,600
off the light and settle into 
sleep, your carrying forward a 

3075
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:22,600
tradition that began. 
When the first person decided 

3076
02:36:22,600 --> 02:36:25,100
that Sunset didn't have to mean 
the end of reading time. 

3077
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:28,700
Sweet dreams, their brought to 
you by a Hannah Gutenberg and 

3078
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:35,200
everyone who ever stayed up late
reading, just one more page. oh 

3079
02:36:35,200 --> 02:36:38,700
yes, we're taking a gentle 
Journey Through Time back to a 

3080
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:40,900
place where Empires were built 
not by committees or 

3081
02:36:40,900 --> 02:36:44,600
corporations but by dreamers who
started with nothing more than a

3082
02:36:44,600 --> 02:36:49,000
vision and a lot of stubborn 
determination Our Story begins 

3083
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,300
in the hills of Anatolia in. 
What's now? 

3084
02:36:51,308 --> 02:36:56,000
Turkey around 1299 You know how 
sometimes the most extraordinary

3085
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:58,000
thing start in the most ordinary
places? 

3086
02:36:58,000 --> 02:37:00,400
Well, this is one of those 
stories. 

3087
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:05,200
There was a man named Osman and 
yes, that's where ottoman comes 

3088
02:37:05,200 --> 02:37:07,400
from though. 
It got a bit Lost in Translation

3089
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:09,700
over the centuries like a game 
of telephone played across 

3090
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:13,100
continents. 
Osman was essentially a tribal 

3091
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:16,000
leader which in those days. 
Was a bit like being the mayor 

3092
02:37:16,000 --> 02:37:20,000
of a tiny, very mobile Town. 
His people were Nomads, moving 

3093
02:37:20,000 --> 02:37:23,100
their sheep and goats across the
Rolling Hills living in tents, 

3094
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,400
that could be packed up faster 
than you could folder. 

3095
02:37:25,400 --> 02:37:28,600
Fitted sheet, the probably with 
considerably less swearing 

3096
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:31,700
involved. 
In those days, the Byzantine 

3097
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:35,100
Empire continued to plot along 
akin to an ancient car that 

3098
02:37:35,100 --> 02:37:38,400
starts most mornings, but emits 
unsettling noises. 

3099
02:37:38,400 --> 02:37:41,800
When it turns abandoned It had 
been the mighty Eastern Roman 

3100
02:37:41,800 --> 02:37:45,100
Empire once but by Osmond's 
time, it was more like a 

3101
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:47,200
neighborhood watch committee 
trying to patrol a city. 

3102
02:37:48,600 --> 02:37:51,300
The banana teens control, 
Constantinople and patches of 

3103
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:55,200
territory here and there, but 
there were gaps and Osmond being

3104
02:37:55,200 --> 02:37:57,900
a practical man. 
Noticed these gaps what made 

3105
02:37:57,900 --> 02:37:59,800
Usman different from other 
tribal leaders? 

3106
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:03,200
Wasn't that he was particularly 
Fierce or clever though? 

3107
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:05,700
He was both. 
It was that he had this knack 

3108
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:07,600
for making people want to follow
him. 

3109
02:38:08,300 --> 02:38:11,100
You know, those people who just 
have that quality, they're not 

3110
02:38:11,108 --> 02:38:13,800
necessarily the loudest in the 
room, but when they speak, 

3111
02:38:13,800 --> 02:38:16,600
others, listen, Osman was one of
those. 

3112
02:38:16,600 --> 02:38:20,500
He started small as most great 
things do Osman. 

3113
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:24,000
Consistently treated, captured 
enemies with respect a rare and 

3114
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:26,700
noteworthy practice while other 
leaders were busy. 

3115
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:29,000
Making enemies. 
Osman was making allies. 

3116
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,700
He'd capture a Byzantine Fort 
and then higher the Byzantine 

3117
02:38:32,700 --> 02:38:35,500
soldiers to help him run it. 
It was like getting a promotion 

3118
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:38,500
during a hostile takeover. 
His son orhan. 

3119
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:41,600
Continued, this approach 
expanding, their territory bite 

3120
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,500
by bite, like someone 
methodically working their way 

3121
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:47,800
through a box of chocolates. 
Or hand figured out something 

3122
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,100
important. 
If you want to build an Empire, 

3123
02:38:50,100 --> 02:38:51,500
you need more than just 
Warriors. 

3124
02:38:51,500 --> 02:38:55,700
You need administrators 
Engineers teachers and people 

3125
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:58,200
who know how to keep things 
running when the exciting part 

3126
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:00,700
is over. 
So the Ottomans began their 

3127
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:03,500
peculiar habit of adopting. 
The best ideas from everyone. 

3128
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,600
They encountered, they borrowed 
military techniques from the 

3129
02:39:06,600 --> 02:39:10,500
bazan teams administrative 
systems from the Persians and 

3130
02:39:10,500 --> 02:39:12,200
architectural style from the 
Arabs. 

3131
02:39:12,200 --> 02:39:14,900
It was like being at a potluck 
dinner where everyone brings 

3132
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:17,700
their best dish. 
Except instead of casserole's 

3133
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,100
people brought entire 
civilizations. 

3134
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,100
By the time osman's grandson 
Murad was came along. 

3135
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:25,700
The Ottomans had crossed into 
Europe and were eyeing, the 

3136
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:27,300
Balkans? 
Like a cat eyeing, a 

3137
02:39:27,300 --> 02:39:30,400
particularly plump bird? 
Mirada established, the 

3138
02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:32,700
janissaries. 
Elite soldiers who were 

3139
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:35,200
recruited as children and 
trained in the finest military 

3140
02:39:35,200 --> 02:39:39,400
traditions. it sounds harsh by 
today's standards, but these 

3141
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:42,400
boys often ended up with better 
education and more opportunities

3142
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:45,800
than they would have had 
otherwise, Many became poets 

3143
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:48,900
Scholars and administrators not 
just soldiers. 

3144
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:51,600
The Ottomans were building 
something. 

3145
02:39:51,600 --> 02:39:55,400
Unprecedented a multi-ethnic 
multi-religious Empire that 

3146
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,700
actually worked. 
Christians, Muslims and Jews 

3147
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:01,700
lived side by side each 
contributing their skills and 

3148
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:04,700
knowledge. 
The Ottomans operated akin to a 

3149
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:07,700
medieval version of the United 
Nations but with a focus on 

3150
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:11,900
effective governance by 1400 
what had started as a small 

3151
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,300
tribal Confederation and become 
a regional power that made the 

3152
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:18,200
remaining Byzantine territories 
look like a few Islands in an 

3153
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,600
ottoman sea. 
The shepherd's dream was 

3154
02:40:20,600 --> 02:40:23,500
becoming reality one careful 
step at a time. 

3155
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:26,100
You know how some people are 
just natural at everything. 

3156
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:28,900
They try. 
Well, if the early Ottomans were

3157
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:32,200
good at Empire building, their 
descendants were absolutely 

3158
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:36,300
brilliant at it as our narrative
unfolds, we encounter one of 

3159
02:40:36,308 --> 02:40:40,000
history's most captivating 
figures mehmed the second who 

3160
02:40:40,000 --> 02:40:42,300
earned the moniker the conqueror
through challenging 

3161
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:46,300
circumstances. 
Meth became Sultan in 1451 at 

3162
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:49,800
the age of 19, which might seem 
young until you consider that 

3163
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:52,600
most 19 year olds today, can 
barely conquer their laundry. 

3164
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:55,300
This young man looked at 
Constantinople. 

3165
02:40:56,100 --> 02:40:58,700
The city that had stood 
unconquered for over 1,000 years

3166
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:01,600
and essentially said, hold my 
coffee. 

3167
02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:06,600
Constantinople was like the 
ultimate medieval Fortress, it 

3168
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:09,800
sat on a peninsula, surrounded 
by water, on three, sides, with 

3169
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:11,500
massive walls that had turned 
back. 

3170
02:41:11,500 --> 02:41:16,200
Countless armies, The city, the 
Bosphorus, the narrow straight, 

3171
02:41:16,200 --> 02:41:19,000
connecting Europe and Asia, 
making it one of the most 

3172
02:41:19,008 --> 02:41:21,100
strategically important 
locations in the world. 

3173
02:41:22,100 --> 02:41:24,500
Taking it would be like winning 
the lottery while simultaneously

3174
02:41:24,500 --> 02:41:28,900
solving world hunger. 
The siege of Constantinople in 

3175
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:33,000
1453 was a military operation. 
That would Inspire envy and 

3176
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:34,900
modern. 
Generals mehmed didn't just 

3177
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:37,800
attack the city. 
He reimagined how sieges could 

3178
02:41:37,800 --> 02:41:40,200
work. 
When his ships couldn't get into

3179
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:42,600
the Golden Horn because the 
bazan teens had stretched a 

3180
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:45,000
massive chain across the 
entrance mehmed did something. 

3181
02:41:45,000 --> 02:41:47,000
So audacious it sounds like 
fiction. 

3182
02:41:47,000 --> 02:41:50,900
He had his men dragged, 70 
ships, Overland across a hill 

3183
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:54,700
and launched them into the 
harbor behind the chain. imagine

3184
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:57,900
being a Byzantine Defender 
looking out from your supposedly

3185
02:41:57,900 --> 02:42:01,300
impregnable position and seeing 
enemy ships sailing where ships 

3186
02:42:01,300 --> 02:42:04,700
had no business being It was 
like finding your neighbor's car

3187
02:42:04,700 --> 02:42:07,700
parked in your backyard. 
The Ottomans also brought the 

3188
02:42:07,700 --> 02:42:09,900
biggest cannons. 
Anyone had ever seen. 

3189
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:12,900
These were not your typical 
medieval Siege engines. 

3190
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:16,100
These were massive bronze 
monsters that could hurl Stone 

3191
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:18,400
balls. 
The size of small cars, the 

3192
02:42:18,400 --> 02:42:22,000
largest Cannon required 60, oxen
for its transportation and 

3193
02:42:22,000 --> 02:42:24,800
on-site assembly. 
When it fired, the sound could 

3194
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:27,200
be heard from miles and the 
ground shook like a minor 

3195
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:31,600
earthquake after 57 days of 
Siege, Constantinople fell. 

3196
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:35,100
The Last bizantine Emperor, 
Constantine, the 11th. 

3197
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:36,900
Died. 
Fighting on the walls. 

3198
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:40,000
Ending an Empire that had lasted
for over 1000 years. 

3199
02:42:41,400 --> 02:42:44,300
Hermd immediately declared the 
city safe for all inhabitants 

3200
02:42:44,300 --> 02:42:48,000
and began rebuilding it as his 
new capital demonstrating. 

3201
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:49,900
The kind of class that made him 
a great leader. 

3202
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:54,000
Mehmed and his successors, 
transformed Istanbul in to a 

3203
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:56,700
Global treasure. 
The Ottomans built stunning, 

3204
02:42:56,700 --> 02:43:00,300
mosque's established schools and
hospitals and created a 

3205
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,800
Cosmopolitan atmosphere that 
attracted Scholars artists and 

3206
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:05,500
Merchants from across the known 
world. 

3207
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:09,000
It was like, Renaissance 
Florence, but with better coffee

3208
02:43:09,000 --> 02:43:10,400
and more impressive 
architecture. 

3209
02:43:10,400 --> 02:43:14,100
The Empire continued expanding 
under base the second, and then 

3210
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:16,800
selling the first who conquered,
Egypt and Syria. 

3211
02:43:16,800 --> 02:43:20,100
Bringing the holy cities of 
Mecca and madinah and ottoman 

3212
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:22,700
control. 
These events made the ottoman 

3213
02:43:22,700 --> 02:43:24,300
salt. 
In the protector of Islam's 

3214
02:43:24,300 --> 02:43:27,300
holiest sites, adding religious 
authority to their growing 

3215
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:30,200
temporal power. 
But the real showstopper was 

3216
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:33,800
Suleiman the Magnificent. 
Who took the throne in 1520. 

3217
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:38,100
If mehmed was the Conqueror 
Suleiman was the Perfecter he 

3218
02:43:38,100 --> 02:43:41,600
combined military genius with 
administrative Brilliance and a 

3219
02:43:41,600 --> 02:43:42,900
genuine love of arts and 
culture. 

3220
02:43:43,900 --> 02:43:47,100
Under his rule, the Ottoman 
Empire reached, its golden age 

3221
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:49,900
stretching from the gates of 
Vienna to the shores of the 

3222
02:43:49,900 --> 02:43:52,700
Persian Gulf. 
Suleiman's arm is operated 

3223
02:43:52,700 --> 02:43:56,600
smoothly and efficiently. 
They moved with Precision fought

3224
02:43:56,600 --> 02:43:58,900
with discipline and concurred 
with style. 

3225
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:02,400
The Janice areas had evolved 
into one of the most formidable 

3226
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:05,700
military forces in the world and
ottoman engineering had reached 

3227
02:44:05,700 --> 02:44:08,400
New Heights. 
They built roads that connected 

3228
02:44:08,400 --> 02:44:11,700
distant province's aqueducts, 
that brought fresh water to 

3229
02:44:11,700 --> 02:44:14,100
cities and bridges that stood 
for centuries. 

3230
02:44:15,000 --> 02:44:17,000
The empire was not just about 
Conquest anymore. 

3231
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:20,900
It was about creating a 
civilization that could last The

3232
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:23,000
Ottomans developed a 
sophisticated legal system 

3233
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,500
established trade networks, that
connected Europe with Aja. 

3234
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:29,800
A fostered, an atmosphere of 
learning that attracted the best

3235
02:44:29,800 --> 02:44:33,800
minds of the age. 
By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had 

3236
02:44:33,800 --> 02:44:37,900
emerged as the dominant force of
its era, causing European Kings 

3237
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:40,800
to lose their sleep and 
Merchants to dream of prophet. 

3238
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:44,400
The Thunder of Conquest had 
built something magnificent 

3239
02:44:44,400 --> 02:44:46,600
settled back. 
A bit deeper into your chair 

3240
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,500
because we're entering what 
might be the most remarkable 

3241
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:53,000
period in our story. 
The era, when the Ottoman Empire

3242
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:58,100
wasn't just powerful but 
genuinely magnificent. picture 

3243
02:44:58,100 --> 02:45:01,500
the late afternoon, sun casting 
long, Golden Shadows, across 

3244
02:45:01,500 --> 02:45:05,600
Palace Courtyards Illuminating 
an Empire at its absolute Peak 

3245
02:45:06,400 --> 02:45:11,500
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled 
for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566.

3246
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:14,700
And during this time the Ottoman
Empire became something 

3247
02:45:14,700 --> 02:45:17,900
unprecedented in world history. 
It wasn't just the largest 

3248
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:20,200
Empire of its time. 
It was arguably the most 

3249
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,600
efficiently, run, most 
culturally diverse. 

3250
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:26,100
And most economically 
sophisticated political entity 

3251
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:29,400
on Earth. 
Let's talk about what daily life

3252
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:31,900
was like for you. 
An ordinary person living in 

3253
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:34,100
this Empire. 
If you were a merchant in 

3254
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:36,900
Istanbul, you might start your 
morning in the Grand Bazaar. 

3255
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:40,400
One of the world's first 
shopping malls, the Grand Bazaar

3256
02:45:40,400 --> 02:45:43,800
wasn't just a market. 
It was a city within a city with

3257
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:47,200
4000 shops, its own police 
force, and even its own banking 

3258
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:51,400
system, you could purchase silk 
from China spices from India, 

3259
02:45:51,400 --> 02:45:54,500
first from Russia, and Amber 
from the Baltic. 

3260
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:58,100
All within the same premises, it
was like Amazon, but with more 

3261
02:45:58,100 --> 02:45:59,500
carpet dealers and better 
coffee. 

3262
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:03,500
The coffee, by the way, was a 
recent Innovation coffee houses.

3263
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,700
Had started appearing in 
Istanbul in the 1540s, and they 

3264
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:08,500
quickly became centers of social
life. 

3265
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:12,500
Men would gather to drink this 
new beverage play chess 

3266
02:46:12,500 --> 02:46:15,700
discussed politics and share 
news from across the Empire. 

3267
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:18,600
The government was initially 
suspicious of these 

3268
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,100
establishments. 
They worry that people Gathering

3269
02:46:21,100 --> 02:46:23,500
to drink stimulants and talk 
politics might lead to trouble. 

3270
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:27,100
They were not entirely wrong and
coffee had already conquered the

3271
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,300
Empire more thoroughly than any 
army ever could. 

3272
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,400
If you were a student, you might
attend one of the many schools. 

3273
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,500
The Ottomans had established 
throughout the empire. the 

3274
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,800
ottoman educational system was 
remarkably Advanced for its time

3275
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:43,600
students could study 
mathematics, astronomy medicine 

3276
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:49,200
law, Theology and literature The
best students regardless of 

3277
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:51,400
their background could rise to 
the highest positions in 

3278
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:54,000
government. 
It was a meritocracy wrapped in 

3279
02:46:54,008 --> 02:46:57,000
an Empire which was unusual 
enough to be revolutionary 

3280
02:46:57,000 --> 02:46:59,000
women. 
In the Ottoman Empire had 

3281
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:00,200
rights. 
That would have shot their 

3282
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:03,400
European contemporaries. 
They could own property engage 

3283
02:47:03,400 --> 02:47:06,800
in business and even appear in 
court to defend their interests.

3284
02:47:08,300 --> 02:47:10,800
The ottoman legal system, 
recognized different laws for 

3285
02:47:10,800 --> 02:47:12,700
different communities 
Christians. 

3286
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:15,700
Followed Christian law in civil 
matters, Jews followed Jewish 

3287
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:18,000
law and Muslims, followed 
Islamic law. 

3288
02:47:18,700 --> 02:47:21,200
It was like having a legal 
system with multiple operating 

3289
02:47:21,200 --> 02:47:23,900
systems, all running smoothly on
the same computer. 

3290
02:47:24,900 --> 02:47:27,900
The Empire's military was 
equally impressive, the 

3291
02:47:27,900 --> 02:47:31,000
janissaries had evolved into a 
professional Army that was 

3292
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:33,400
feared and respected throughout 
Europe and Asia. 

3293
02:47:34,100 --> 02:47:36,500
They weren't just soldiers. 
They were engineers 

3294
02:47:36,500 --> 02:47:39,000
administrators and often 
Scholars. 

3295
02:47:39,800 --> 02:47:42,800
They receive training in 
everything from Siege Warfare to

3296
02:47:42,800 --> 02:47:46,100
diplomatic protocol and many 
were proficient in multiple 

3297
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:48,700
languages. 
Suleiman himself was a 

3298
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:52,300
fascinating character. 
He was called the magnificent in

3299
02:47:52,300 --> 02:47:55,500
Europe, but his people called 
him the lawgiver because of his 

3300
02:47:55,508 --> 02:47:57,600
contributions to the Empire's 
legal system. 

3301
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,600
He was a poet who wrote Under 
the pen name. 

3302
02:48:03,900 --> 02:48:06,900
Imagine a world leader today, 
publishing poetry about love and

3303
02:48:06,908 --> 02:48:09,500
philosophy alongside military 
campaigns and diplomatic 

3304
02:48:09,500 --> 02:48:12,100
negotiations. 
The Empire's tolerance was 

3305
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:17,200
remarkable for its time in 4992.
When Spain expelled its Jewish 

3306
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:20,700
population the Ottomans welcomed
them with unwavering hospitality

3307
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:24,000
Suleiman reportedly said that 
the Spanish King had 

3308
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:25,900
impoverished his country to 
enrich. 

3309
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:29,100
The Ottoman Empire, these Jewish
refugees brought with them 

3310
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,300
skills in medicine, finance and 
craftsmanship that greatly 

3311
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,500
benefited, their new home. 
Ottoman architecture During the 

3312
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:38,700
period was breathtaking. 
The great architect Neymar 

3313
02:48:38,700 --> 02:48:42,100
designed buildings. 
That seem to defy gravity with 

3314
02:48:42,100 --> 02:48:45,000
dome's that appear to float and 
minarets that reached toward 

3315
02:48:45,000 --> 02:48:50,700
heaven The suleimani mosque in 
Istanbul, completed in 1557, was

3316
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:54,600
his Masterpiece, a building, so 
perfectly proportioned that it 

3317
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:57,000
seems to have grown from the 
earth, rather than being built 

3318
02:48:57,000 --> 02:49:01,200
by human hands, trade flourished
under ottoman rule, the Empire 

3319
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:03,300
controlled the routes between 
Europe and Asia. 

3320
02:49:03,300 --> 02:49:06,200
And ottoman Merchants became 
wealthy facilitating. 

3321
02:49:06,200 --> 02:49:09,200
This exchange, the Empire's 
currency was stable. 

3322
02:49:09,200 --> 02:49:12,600
Its roads were safe and its 
legal system was predictable. 

3323
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,900
It was like having a medieval 
version of the European Union 

3324
02:49:15,900 --> 02:49:21,600
but one that actually worked 
efficiently By 1600 the Ottoman 

3325
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:23,300
Empire. 
Controlled three continents and 

3326
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:25,400
influenced the lives of millions
of people. 

3327
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:28,100
It was an empire built on 
practical tolerance, 

3328
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:31,400
administrative, efficiency, and 
Military excellence. 

3329
02:49:32,300 --> 02:49:35,900
The golden afternoon, Sean 
brightly, casting Long Shadows 

3330
02:49:35,900 --> 02:49:39,200
that extended far into the 
evening of History, you know, 

3331
02:49:39,208 --> 02:49:42,000
how some evening's just seem to 
go on forever with the light 

3332
02:49:42,000 --> 02:49:43,600
fading. 
So, gradually that you don't 

3333
02:49:43,600 --> 02:49:45,600
notice. 
It's getting dark until you're 

3334
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:48,300
already reaching for the lamp. 
That's what happened to the 

3335
02:49:48,300 --> 02:49:50,000
Ottoman Empire in the 17th 
century. 

3336
02:49:50,800 --> 02:49:53,400
The sun was still shining, but 
the Shadows would definitely 

3337
02:49:53,400 --> 02:49:56,100
getting longer. 
The problem started, oddly 

3338
02:49:56,100 --> 02:49:59,600
enough with success the Empire 
had grown so large that it was 

3339
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:03,000
becoming difficult to manage. 
Imagine trying to run a family 

3340
02:50:03,000 --> 02:50:05,700
business that had expanded from 
a corner store to a 

3341
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:08,600
multinational corporation, but 
you are still using the same 

3342
02:50:08,608 --> 02:50:11,800
filing system. 
You'd started with the ottoman 

3343
02:50:11,800 --> 02:50:14,800
administrative system, which had
worked brilliantly for a 

3344
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:16,900
smaller. 
Empire was starting to Creak 

3345
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:19,500
under the weight of governing 
territories from Hungary to 

3346
02:50:19,500 --> 02:50:22,100
Yemen. 
The Sultans were changing too 

3347
02:50:22,100 --> 02:50:25,100
the early ottoman rulers had 
been Warriors who led from the 

3348
02:50:25,100 --> 02:50:28,000
front learning statecraft 
through experience. 

3349
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,500
But by the 1600s Sultans were 
increasingly isolated in their 

3350
02:50:32,500 --> 02:50:36,000
palaces surrounded by advisors 
who told them what they wanted 

3351
02:50:36,000 --> 02:50:38,200
to hear? 
It was like getting all your 

3352
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:41,500
news from social media you end 
up in a bubble that doesn't 

3353
02:50:41,500 --> 02:50:45,200
reflect reality. 
Sultan Ahmed, the first who 

3354
02:50:45,200 --> 02:50:49,300
ruled from 16.03 to 1617 was a 
decent man who built the 

3355
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:50,800
beautiful blue mosque in 
Istanbul. 

3356
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:54,700
But he was also the first Sultan
in ottoman history to come to 

3357
02:50:54,700 --> 02:50:56,900
power without having served as a
provincial governor. 

3358
02:50:57,600 --> 02:51:00,400
He learned to be an emperor by 
being an emperor which is a bit 

3359
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:02,900
like learning to drive by 
entering the Indianapolis 500. 

3360
02:51:02,900 --> 02:51:06,600
The Empire's military was facing
new Challengers too. 

3361
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,400
The Janice series Once the 
Empire's greatest strengths were

3362
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:13,200
becoming a problem. 
They had evolved from an elite 

3363
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:15,900
fighting force into something 
more like a privileged Guild, 

3364
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:19,300
they married had children and 
began to think of their 

3365
02:51:19,300 --> 02:51:22,400
positions as hereditary rights 
rather than earned privileges 

3366
02:51:22,400 --> 02:51:25,000
worse. 
They were becoming politically 

3367
02:51:25,000 --> 02:51:27,700
active. 
Sometimes deposing Sultans they 

3368
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:30,900
didn't like it was like having 
your army double as a very 

3369
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:33,300
well-armed Union with strong 
opinions about management. 

3370
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:37,300
Meanwhile European military 
technology was advancing 

3371
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:39,900
rapidly. 
The Ottomans had once been the 

3372
02:51:39,908 --> 02:51:42,700
innovators in military 
engineering, but now they were 

3373
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,800
falling behind European. 
Armies were becoming more 

3374
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:49,600
professional more disciplined 
and better equipped Lighter more

3375
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:51,300
mobile. 
Artillery was surpassing the 

3376
02:51:51,300 --> 02:51:53,100
empires once world, renowned 
great. 

3377
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:55,900
Siege cannons. 
The economy was struggling to 

3378
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:59,500
the discovery of the Americas 
had shifted global trade routes,

3379
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:02,500
reducing the ottoman Empire's 
role as the middleman between 

3380
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:06,000
Europe and Asia, it was like 
being a travel agent in the age 

3381
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:08,400
of the internet. 
Your old business model was 

3382
02:52:08,400 --> 02:52:10,900
becoming obsolete, but you 
hadn't figured out what to 

3383
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:14,100
replace it with yet. 
The Empire suffered a major 

3384
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,500
defeat at the Battle of Vienna 
in 1683. 

3385
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:20,000
When a coalition of European 
powers turned back, the ottoman 

3386
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,300
Siege of the Austrian capital. 
This wasn't just a military 

3387
02:52:23,300 --> 02:52:25,400
defeat, it was a psychological 
one. 

3388
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:28,700
The Ottoman Empire found itself.
Clearly on the defensive for the

3389
02:52:28,708 --> 02:52:31,900
first time, in centuries, the 
Empire that had once seemed 

3390
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:34,200
Unstoppable, was now being 
stopped regularly. 

3391
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:37,800
But here's the thing about the 
Ottomans, they were remarkably 

3392
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:42,000
adaptable when they needed to be
We could prolong Grand viziers a

3393
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:44,500
family of Administrators who 
effectively ran the empire for 

3394
02:52:44,500 --> 02:52:47,800
several decades implemented 
serious reforms. 

3395
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:51,800
They reorganized the military 
reformed the tax system and 

3396
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:55,100
tried to root out corruption. 
It was like having a phenomenal 

3397
02:52:55,100 --> 02:52:58,500
management consulting firm in 
and restructure your entire 

3398
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:01,300
organization. 
The Empire also began to 

3399
02:53:01,300 --> 02:53:03,500
modernize its military along 
European lines. 

3400
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:07,800
They hired European advisors, 
imported new weapons and 

3401
02:53:07,800 --> 02:53:09,500
established new training 
programs. 

3402
02:53:10,300 --> 02:53:14,000
The Jana series resisted these 
changes naturally, but gradually

3403
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:16,700
the Empire began to adopt more 
modern military practices, 

3404
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:19,600
cultural life remained vibrant 
throughout this period. 

3405
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:22,300
The Ottomans continued to build 
beautiful. 

3406
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:25,800
Mosques write poetry and 
maintain their reputation for 

3407
02:53:25,800 --> 02:53:28,600
religious tolerance. 
Istanbul was still one of the 

3408
02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:31,800
most Cosmopolitan cities in the 
world and ottoman Scholars. 

3409
02:53:31,800 --> 02:53:35,500
Continued to make contributions 
to mathematics astronomy and 

3410
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,100
Medicine. 
The Empire's Diplomatic Corps 

3411
02:53:38,100 --> 02:53:41,400
became more sophisticated too, 
ottoman ambassadors, were sent 

3412
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:44,300
to European capitals and the 
Empire began to engage more 

3413
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:46,200
actively in the European balance
of power. 

3414
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:48,700
They learned to play The 
Diplomatic game. 

3415
02:53:48,700 --> 02:53:52,000
According to European Norms, 
forming alliances, and forging 

3416
02:53:52,000 --> 02:53:56,500
treaties with former enemies. by
1700 the Ottoman Empire was 

3417
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:59,900
still a major power but it was 
no longer the superpower it had 

3418
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:03,100
once been The long Twilight was 
beginning, but it would. 

3419
02:54:03,100 --> 02:54:05,800
Last for more than two 
centuries, the empire was 

3420
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:08,600
changing adapting and learning 
to survive in a world that was 

3421
02:54:08,600 --> 02:54:11,200
already rapidly. 
Changing as we enter a new 

3422
02:54:11,208 --> 02:54:13,000
century. 
It's as if we're witnessing a 

3423
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:15,700
person a tempting to renovate 
her house during a thunderstorm.

3424
02:54:15,700 --> 02:54:19,700
The Ottoman Empire in the 1700s 
was simultaneously trying to 

3425
02:54:19,708 --> 02:54:23,000
modernize fight Wars and 
maintain its identity. 

3426
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:26,400
All, while the world around, it 
was changing faster than a 

3427
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:29,400
teenager's mood. 
Europe was experiencing its 

3428
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:31,900
Enlightenment and the Ottomans 
were falling behind. 

3429
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:35,600
It wasn't that ottoman Scholars 
were brilliant. 

3430
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:39,500
They were it was more like being
excellent at chess while 

3431
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:41,700
everyone else was learning to 
play a completely different 

3432
02:54:41,700 --> 02:54:45,200
game. 
The Scientific Revolution new 

3433
02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:48,400
military Technologies and 
changing economic systems were 

3434
02:54:48,400 --> 02:54:51,100
transforming the world and the 
Ottomans found themselves. 

3435
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:55,000
Playing catch up Sultan Ahmed 
the third who ruled from 1703 to

3436
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,300
1730, tried to bridge. 
This Gap by embracing what 

3437
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:00,300
historians. 
Call the Tulip period. 

3438
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:02,700
The period wasn't just about 
flowers. 

3439
02:55:02,700 --> 02:55:06,000
Though the Ottomans did develop 
a serious obsession with tulips.

3440
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:09,600
That would have made Dutch 
investors, blush Ahmed, the 

3441
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:13,000
third encouraged European style 
art architecture and literature.

3442
02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:17,000
He invited European experts to 
Istanbul and sent ottoman 

3443
02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:18,800
students to study in European 
universities. 

3444
02:55:18,800 --> 02:55:21,800
The result was fascinating but 
also a bit awkward. 

3445
02:55:21,800 --> 02:55:25,000
Imagine trying to blend 
traditional ottoman culture, 

3446
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:28,400
with European Enlightenment 
ideas, you'd get beautiful, 

3447
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:30,600
palaces, that looked like, they 
couldn't decide whether they 

3448
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,800
were Turkish or French, and 
poetry, that makes classical 

3449
02:55:33,800 --> 02:55:36,600
ottoman themes with European 
romantic sensibilities. 

3450
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:40,000
It was cultural Fusion before 
anyone to call it. 

3451
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:43,500
The military reforms were more 
urgent and more controversial. 

3452
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:46,400
The janissaries were now 
thoroughly entrenched as a 

3453
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:49,500
hereditary caste more interested
in their privileges than in 

3454
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:51,400
fighting. 
They were like a medieval 

3455
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:54,300
laborer Union that had somehow 
acquired cannons, and a really 

3456
02:55:54,308 --> 02:55:56,100
strong opinion about management 
decision. 

3457
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:59,700
Any attempt to reform the met 
with resistance that could turn 

3458
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:05,700
violent Sultan selim the third 
who ruled from 1789 to 1807 made

3459
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:07,700
a serious attempt at 
comprehensive reform. 

3460
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:11,800
He created a new military force.
Called the nizami Shaded New 

3461
02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:14,600
Order trained by European 
officers and equipped with 

3462
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,500
modern weapons. 
He also tried to reform the tax 

3463
02:56:17,500 --> 02:56:21,100
system, modernize the Navy and 
established permanent diplomatic

3464
02:56:21,100 --> 02:56:24,700
missions in European capitals. 
The timing was particularly 

3465
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:27,300
challenging because Europe was 
convulsing with revolutionary 

3466
02:56:27,300 --> 02:56:30,100
changes. 
The French Revolution had begun 

3467
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:33,300
in 1789. 
The same year selim, the third 

3468
02:56:33,300 --> 02:56:36,500
came to power, the Ottomans 
watched nervously as European 

3469
02:56:36,500 --> 02:56:39,400
monarchs were overthrown and 
traditional Authority was 

3470
02:56:39,400 --> 02:56:41,600
challenged. 
It was like trying to renovate 

3471
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:44,200
your house while your neighbor's
were having a very loud, very 

3472
02:56:44,200 --> 02:56:47,500
violent block party. 
Selling the third's reforms were

3473
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:50,700
ultimately undone by a janissary
Revolt in 1807. 

3474
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,300
The janissaries supported by 
conservative religious leaders 

3475
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:56,600
deposed him and installed his 
cousin. 

3476
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:59,300
Mustafa for the fourth as 
Sultan, it was a clear. 

3477
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:02,100
Message that changed would not 
come easily to the Ottoman 

3478
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:04,700
Empire. 
The Empire's territorial losses 

3479
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:06,100
continued throughout the 
century. 

3480
02:57:06,100 --> 02:57:09,700
The austrians and Russians made 
steady gains in the Balkans and 

3481
02:57:09,700 --> 02:57:13,200
around the Black Sea, the Empire
lost control of Hungary, much of

3482
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:16,800
Ukraine, and the Crimea. 
Each loss felt like losing a 

3483
02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:19,600
portion of the family business 
to more efficient competitors. 

3484
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:22,300
Economic challenges were equally
pressing. 

3485
02:57:22,300 --> 02:57:25,800
The Empire's traditional role as
a middleman and global trade was

3486
02:57:25,800 --> 02:57:29,500
diminishing as European 
Merchants found new routes and 

3487
02:57:29,500 --> 02:57:32,100
established direct relationships
with Asian suppliers. 

3488
02:57:33,500 --> 02:57:36,400
Ottoman artists found themselves
competing with mass-produced 

3489
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:39,100
European Goods. 
It was like being a skilled 

3490
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:43,200
crafts person, in the early days
of industrialization, your 

3491
02:57:43,200 --> 02:57:46,200
products were often superior but
they cost more and took longer 

3492
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:48,900
to make. 
Yet the Empire showed remarkable

3493
02:57:48,900 --> 02:57:52,400
resilience provincial Governors,
often acting independently 

3494
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,700
implemented, their reforms and 
maintained stability in their 

3495
02:57:55,708 --> 02:57:58,900
regions, the Empire's, cultural 
and religious diversity. 

3496
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:02,000
Remained a source of strength as
different communities 

3497
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:04,700
contributed, their skills and 
knowledge to the common cause 

3498
02:58:05,400 --> 02:58:08,100
The Ottomans also proved Adept 
at playing European powers 

3499
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:10,500
against each other. 
They formed alliances with 

3500
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:13,100
France against Austria. 
Then with Britain against 

3501
02:58:13,100 --> 02:58:16,400
Russia, it was like being 
Switzerland, but with more 

3502
02:58:16,400 --> 02:58:18,900
territory and stronger opinions 
about who could use your 

3503
02:58:18,900 --> 02:58:23,500
mountain passes. 
By 1800 the Ottoman Empire was 

3504
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:25,400
clearly. 
No longer the superpower it had 

3505
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:29,000
once been but it was still a 
major regional power with global

3506
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:31,600
influence. 
The struggle to modernize and 

3507
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,400
reform while maintaining 
identity and preserving 

3508
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:37,100
stability would continue into 
the next century. 

3509
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:40,800
The empire was learning that 
survival in the modern world 

3510
02:58:40,800 --> 02:58:44,400
required constant adaptation, 
but also, the adaptation didn't 

3511
02:58:44,400 --> 02:58:47,300
necessarily mean abandoning 
everything that made you who you

3512
02:58:47,300 --> 02:58:51,000
were lean back and take a deep 
breath, because we're about to 

3513
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:53,400
witness one of history's. 
Most dramatic attempts at 

3514
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:56,900
Reinventing an Empire. 
The 19th century for the 

3515
02:58:56,908 --> 02:58:59,600
Ottomans was like watching 
someone try to rebuild a ship 

3516
02:58:59,600 --> 02:59:02,600
while sailing through a 
hurricane technically possible. 

3517
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:06,800
But, requiring, extraordinary, 
skill, luck, and determination. 

3518
02:59:08,000 --> 02:59:10,800
The century began with another 
attempt at military reform, 

3519
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:13,800
Sultan Mahmud. 
The second who came to power in 

3520
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:17,800
1808 was determined to succeed 
where his predecessors had 

3521
02:59:17,800 --> 02:59:20,500
failed. 
But first he had to deal with 

3522
02:59:20,508 --> 02:59:23,800
the Janice Aries who were like a
cancerous growth that had to be 

3523
02:59:23,800 --> 02:59:26,200
removed, even though the 
operation might kill the 

3524
02:59:26,200 --> 02:59:28,300
patient. 
Mahmood. 

3525
02:59:28,300 --> 02:59:32,000
The second spent years carefully
preparing for what he would be a

3526
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,300
decisive confrontation. 
He built support among other 

3527
02:59:35,300 --> 02:59:38,800
military units gained the 
backing of religious leaders and

3528
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:42,300
created alternative institutions
that could function if the 

3529
02:59:42,300 --> 02:59:48,500
Janice is were eliminated. then 
in 1826, he struck when the 

3530
02:59:48,508 --> 02:59:52,400
Janice is revolted against his 
latest reform efforts Mahmood, 

3531
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:54,900
the second used artillery to 
bombard their barracks in 

3532
02:59:54,908 --> 02:59:58,700
Istanbul The janissary corps 
which had existed for nearly 

3533
02:59:58,700 --> 03:00:00,700
five. 
Centuries was destroyed in a 

3534
03:00:00,700 --> 03:00:03,400
single day. 
The event was called the Orbison

3535
03:00:03,400 --> 03:00:06,700
incident, which sounds like the 
kind of euphemism, you'd use to 

3536
03:00:06,700 --> 03:00:09,100
describe a particularly 
successful corporate 

3537
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:13,200
restructuring, but it worked 
With the janitor is gone 

3538
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:15,000
Mahmood. 
The second could finally 

3539
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,000
Implement serious military 
reforms. 

3540
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:21,400
He created a new Army trained by
European officers, established a

3541
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:24,500
military academy and began the 
process of modernizing, the 

3542
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:26,500
Ottoman military along European 
lines. 

3543
03:00:27,400 --> 03:00:30,200
The reform period that followed 
known as the tanzimat 

3544
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:33,700
reorganization was like a 
comprehensive makeover of the 

3545
03:00:33,708 --> 03:00:36,800
entire Empire. 
The Ottomans tried to modernize 

3546
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:41,000
Everything at Once legal system.
The administrative structure the

3547
03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:44,300
educational system, the economy,
and even the Empire's 

3548
03:00:44,300 --> 03:00:48,600
relationship with its diverse 
population, The hutter sheriff 

3549
03:00:48,600 --> 03:00:52,800
of goulaine issued in 1839 was 
essentially the ottoman Empire's

3550
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:56,400
Declaration of modernization. 
It guaranteed the security of 

3551
03:00:56,400 --> 03:01:00,500
life on Earth and property for 
all subjects regardless of their

3552
03:01:00,500 --> 03:01:04,500
religion, it promised to Quality
before the law and an end to 

3553
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:07,300
arbitrary taxation. 
It was like a constitutional 

3554
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:10,100
Monkees greatest hits. 
Album performed, an ottoman, 

3555
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:12,500
Turkish. 
The results were mixed but 

3556
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:16,500
fascinating the empire built 
Railways Telegraph line and 

3557
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:19,400
modern schools. 
It established a modern legal 

3558
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,300
system based on European models 
while maintaining religious 

3559
03:01:22,300 --> 03:01:25,900
Courts for personal matters. 
Ottoman student studied in 

3560
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:28,900
European universities and 
returned with new ideas about 

3561
03:01:28,900 --> 03:01:31,400
science, technology and 
government. 

3562
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:34,600
The Empire also became 
increasingly connected to the 

3563
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,400
global economy. 
Ottoman Merchants traded with 

3564
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,700
Partners around the world and 
European investors began to take

3565
03:01:40,700 --> 03:01:45,300
interest in ottoman projects. 
Unfortunately these developments

3566
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:47,700
also meant that the Empire 
became dependent on European 

3567
03:01:47,700 --> 03:01:50,200
loans to finance its 
modernization efforts. 

3568
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:53,400
It was like renovating your 
house with credit cards. 

3569
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:57,000
You get a beautiful result but 
you're all so deeply in debt. 

3570
03:01:57,900 --> 03:02:02,400
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 
marked a pivotal moment. 

3571
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:05,700
The Ottomans found themselves 
allied with Britain and France 

3572
03:02:05,700 --> 03:02:09,300
against Russia and for the first
time in centuries they were on 

3573
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:11,600
the winning side of a major 
European conflict. 

3574
03:02:11,600 --> 03:02:14,900
The victory demonstrated that 
the ottoman military reforms 

3575
03:02:14,900 --> 03:02:17,900
were working but it also showed 
how dependent the Empire had 

3576
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:20,200
become on European support the 
later. 

3577
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:22,400
Part of the century saw the 
Empire grappling with 

3578
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:26,400
nationalism, the Greek war of 
independence in the 1820s had 

3579
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:29,900
been just the beginning 
throughout the 1800s, various 

3580
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:33,100
ethnic groups within the Empire 
began demanding Independence or 

3581
03:02:33,100 --> 03:02:38,600
autonomy Bulgaria's serbs 
Romanians and others all sort to

3582
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:41,800
create their own nation states. 
It was like managing a large 

3583
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:44,800
family where all the teenagers 
had suddenly decided they wanted

3584
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:46,700
to move out and start their 
households. 

3585
03:02:47,400 --> 03:02:49,100
The Empire's response was 
complex. 

3586
03:02:50,000 --> 03:02:51,900
Sometimes it fought to maintain 
control. 

3587
03:02:51,900 --> 03:02:54,300
Sometimes it. 
Negotiated autonomy, 

3588
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:56,300
arrangements. 
And sometimes it simply 

3589
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:58,800
acknowledged the inevitable and 
granted Independence. 

3590
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:02,400
The Ottomans were learning to be
flexible, but each loss of 

3591
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:04,100
territory was painful and 
expensive. 

3592
03:03:05,100 --> 03:03:09,500
Sultan Abdul Hamid, the second 
who ruled from 1876 to 1909, 

3593
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:13,300
tried a different approach, the 
emphasized, the empires Islamic 

3594
03:03:13,300 --> 03:03:16,600
identity, and appealed to Muslim
solidarity to hold the empire 

3595
03:03:16,600 --> 03:03:19,000
together. 
He also invested heavily in 

3596
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:22,300
infrastructure, building 
schools, hospitals, and Railways

3597
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:25,500
throughout the empire. 
His Reign was marked by economic

3598
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:28,500
growth and cultural flowering, 
but also by increasing 

3599
03:03:28,500 --> 03:03:31,700
authoritarianism as he tried to 
control the forces of change. 

3600
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,200
The empires cultural life 
remained vibrant throughout this

3601
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,300
period. 
Ottoman writers poets and 

3602
03:03:38,300 --> 03:03:41,800
artists engaged with European 
ideas while maintaining their 

3603
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:45,200
own distinctive Traditions, the 
ottoman press flourished. 

3604
03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:48,200
At least when it wasn't being 
sentenced and ottoman into 

3605
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,700
Electro's debated questions of 
identity modernization and 

3606
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:55,000
reform. 
By 1900, the Ottoman Empire had 

3607
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,600
been transformed. 
It was no longer the medieval 

3608
03:03:57,600 --> 03:04:00,700
Empire had been in 1800, but it 
wasn't quite a modern European 

3609
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:03,500
State either. 
It was something new and unique 

3610
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:07,600
a multi-ethnic multi-religious 
Empire trying to find its place 

3611
03:04:07,600 --> 03:04:10,700
in the modern world. 
The desperate dance of Reform 

3612
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:13,800
had changed the Empire 
fundamentally, but it also left 

3613
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:17,100
it exhausted, and vulnerable 
settle in for the final chapter 

3614
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:19,700
of our long journey. 
Dear listener, sometimes the 

3615
03:04:19,700 --> 03:04:23,100
most poignant stories are about 
endings and the story of how the

3616
03:04:23,100 --> 03:04:26,200
Ottoman Empire, finally laid 
down, its burden is both 

3617
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:28,500
heartbreaking and Strangely 
Beautiful. 

3618
03:04:28,500 --> 03:04:31,800
Like watching the sun, set over 
a city, you've loved for a 

3619
03:04:31,800 --> 03:04:34,900
lifetime. 
The 20th century began with what

3620
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:37,800
seemed like promise. 
The Young Turk revolution of 

3621
03:04:37,800 --> 03:04:40,800
1908 restored. 
The ottoman Constitution and 

3622
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:43,600
seemed to offer a path toward, 
genuine modernization and 

3623
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:46,400
Democratic governance. 
The empires remaining, 

3624
03:04:46,400 --> 03:04:49,200
territories, were buzzing with 
new ideas about citizenship 

3625
03:04:49,200 --> 03:04:52,600
nationalism and progress. 
There was like watching someone 

3626
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,500
finally get their life together 
after years of struggle. 

3627
03:04:55,500 --> 03:04:59,200
However, the empire was about to
face a formidable challenge, the

3628
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:02,000
Balkan Wars of 1912 to 1913 
Stripped Away. 

3629
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:04,300
Most of the Empire's, remaining 
European territories. 

3630
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:08,700
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, 
and Greece, formed an alliance 

3631
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:11,600
and attacked the Ottomans who 
found themselves fighting on 

3632
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:14,900
multiple fronts simultaneously. 
It was like being mugged by a 

3633
03:05:14,900 --> 03:05:17,200
gang while you were already 
dealing with family problems. 

3634
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:21,000
The Young Turks led by figures 
like in the Pasha and tala 

3635
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:23,200
Pasha. 
Try to salvage the situation 

3636
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:26,700
through a combination of 
modernization and nationalism. 

3637
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:31,100
They promoted the idea of 
ottomanism the notion that all 

3638
03:05:31,100 --> 03:05:34,200
citizens of the Empire, 
regardless of ethnicity or 

3639
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:36,900
religion. 
Could be ottoman Patriot, it was

3640
03:05:36,900 --> 03:05:39,800
a noble idea, but it came too 
late and in too difficult 

3641
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:43,600
circumstances to really take 
hold, then came the Great War 

3642
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:45,700
and with it. 
The decision that would 

3643
03:05:45,700 --> 03:05:49,700
ultimately Doom the empire. 
The ottoman leadership convinced

3644
03:05:49,700 --> 03:05:52,700
that Germany would win entered 
World War 1 on the side of the 

3645
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:56,700
Central Powers in 1914. 
It was akin to placing a bet on 

3646
03:05:56,700 --> 03:05:59,300
the Family Farm in a horse race,
where winning could 

3647
03:05:59,300 --> 03:06:03,000
theoretically be achieved but 
losing could be catastrophically

3648
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:05,800
costly. 
The war was devastating for the 

3649
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:09,500
Empire ottoman forces for 
bravely, on multiple fronts 

3650
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:12,500
against the British in 
Mesopotamia, and Palestine 

3651
03:06:12,500 --> 03:06:15,900
against the Russians in the 
Caucasus, and against the Allies

3652
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:19,000
at Gallipoli. 
The Gallipoli campaign in 

3653
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:21,300
particular showed that the 
ottoman military could still 

3654
03:06:21,300 --> 03:06:24,100
fight with distinction when 
properly LED and equipped. 

3655
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:28,500
Under the command of Mustafa 
Kemal, later known as Ataturk. 

3656
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:32,600
Ottoman forces, turned back, a 
major Allied invasion. however, 

3657
03:06:32,600 --> 03:06:37,200
the Empire's resources to 
extreme economy, collapsed under

3658
03:06:37,200 --> 03:06:41,000
the strain of Total War Famine 
spread through many provinces, 

3659
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:43,900
the Empire's infrastructure 
which had been steadily 

3660
03:06:43,900 --> 03:06:47,100
improving throughout the 19th 
century, began to crumble, under

3661
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:50,000
the demands of military 
logistics, the war also 

3662
03:06:50,000 --> 03:06:52,500
witnessed some of the darkest 
chapters in ottoman history. 

3663
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:57,800
The deportation and Massacre of 
Armenians in 1915 was a tragedy 

3664
03:06:57,800 --> 03:06:59,400
that stained the Empire's 
Legacy. 

3665
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:03,200
The Young Turks under pressure 
from multiple rebellions and 

3666
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:06,500
invasions made decisions that 
violated the Empire's 

3667
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:08,300
Traditional Values of Tolerance 
and diversity. 

3668
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:12,300
It was like watching someone you
admired, for years, make choices

3669
03:07:12,300 --> 03:07:13,900
that were completely out of 
character. 

3670
03:07:15,000 --> 03:07:18,600
When Germany and its allies. 
Finally surrendered in 1918 the 

3671
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:20,300
Ottoman Empire was effectively 
finished. 

3672
03:07:20,300 --> 03:07:23,500
The Empire had lost, not just 
the war, but most of its 

3673
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:27,300
territory, its economic base, 
and its political legitimacy. 

3674
03:07:28,100 --> 03:07:31,600
Allied Forces occupied Istanbul 
and the Treaty of Sarah's in 

3675
03:07:31,608 --> 03:07:34,600
1920 would have reduced the 
Empire to a small rump state in 

3676
03:07:34,600 --> 03:07:37,300
central Anatolia. 
But here's where the story takes

3677
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:40,700
an unexpected turn. 
From the Ashes of the Ottoman 

3678
03:07:40,700 --> 03:07:42,500
Empire. 
Rose something new and different

3679
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:46,400
Mustafa Kemal, the hero of 
Gallipoli organized a 

3680
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:49,500
nationalist resistance movement.
That rejected both the Sultan's 

3681
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:51,000
Authority and the Allied 
occupation. 

3682
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:54,800
The Turkish war of independence 
that followed was Like a Phoenix

3683
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:58,400
Rising From the Ashes. 
Something new and vital emerging

3684
03:07:58,400 --> 03:08:00,700
from what everyone thought was a
complete destruction. 

3685
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:05,100
The last ottoman Sultan mehmed 
the sixth was deposed in 1922 

3686
03:08:05,100 --> 03:08:08,300
and the Empire that had lasted 
for over six centuries. 

3687
03:08:08,300 --> 03:08:11,400
Finally came to an end. 
The new Turkish Republic 

3688
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:14,600
proclaimed in 1923 was 
explicitly. 

3689
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:16,400
Not an Empire, but a nation 
state. 

3690
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:20,000
It was like watching a family 
business that had been passed 

3691
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:23,500
down through generations. 
Finally closes doors but with 

3692
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,200
the family members going on to 
start successful new Ventures, 

3693
03:08:27,100 --> 03:08:29,400
The ottoman Empire's. 
End wasn't, just the conclusion 

3694
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:32,000
of the political entity. 
It was the end of a way of 

3695
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:36,000
organizing Human Society. 
The Ottomans had shown that it 

3696
03:08:36,008 --> 03:08:39,100
was possible to govern a diverse
multi-ethnic multi-religious 

3697
03:08:39,100 --> 03:08:42,100
population with relative Justice
and stability. 

3698
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,200
Their empire had been a bridge 
between Europe and Asia between 

3699
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:49,300
Christianity and Islam and 
between the medieval and modern 

3700
03:08:49,300 --> 03:08:52,700
worlds. 
As we close our story, it's 

3701
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:55,400
worth remembering that the 
ottoman Empire's Legacy lived on

3702
03:08:55,400 --> 03:08:58,900
in the institution's customs and
cultures of the dozens of 

3703
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:01,300
countries that emerged from its 
former territories. 

3704
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:04,800
From the coffee houses, of 
Istanbul to the architecture of 

3705
03:09:04,800 --> 03:09:07,800
Budapest from the legal systems 
of the Balkans. 

3706
03:09:07,800 --> 03:09:10,800
To The Culinary traditions of 
the Middle East, the ottoman 

3707
03:09:10,800 --> 03:09:13,200
influence permeated the fabric 
of entire civilizations. 

3708
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,800
The Empire that began with a 
shepherd's dream in the hills of

3709
03:09:16,808 --> 03:09:20,400
Anatolia had grown to Encompass.
Three, continents and influence 

3710
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:23,700
the lives of millions. 
It had been magnificent flawed 

3711
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:28,100
adaptable and ultimately mortal 
much like the human beings who 

3712
03:09:28,100 --> 03:09:30,800
built it. 
Sustained it and finally let it 

3713
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:33,500
go. 
And now as we finish our journey

3714
03:09:33,500 --> 03:09:36,500
together, perhaps it's time to 
turn off the lamp and let the 

3715
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:38,500
gentle darkness of a well-told 
story. 

3716
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:48,200
Carry us toward our dreams. 
Know how sometimes you walk into

3717
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:49,500
a room and something feels 
different? 

3718
03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:53,600
There was a subtle change in the
atmosphere as if the Shadows had

3719
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:55,100
moved slightly without your 
awareness. 

3720
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:59,400
Well, it started happening 
everywhere around the same time,

3721
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:01,600
though, nobody really noticed at
first. 

3722
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:05,300
People were too busy with their 
phones meetings and endless to 

3723
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:06,900
do list to pay attention to the 
furniture. 

3724
03:10:06,900 --> 03:10:12,200
The chairs had been patient for 
decades centuries really, they'd

3725
03:10:12,200 --> 03:10:15,400
supported Humanity through 
everything, bored meeting's, 

3726
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:18,500
family, dinners, late night, 
study sessions, Lazy Sunday, 

3727
03:10:18,500 --> 03:10:21,700
mornings, with coffee and 
newspapers, they'd held up tired

3728
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:25,400
bodies, absorbed tears during 
breakups and witnessed first 

3729
03:10:25,400 --> 03:10:27,800
kisses. 
And last arguments, and what did

3730
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:30,900
they get in return? 
Squeaky joints ignored for 

3731
03:10:30,908 --> 03:10:35,100
months wobbly legs that nobody 
bothered to fix and the ultimate

3732
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:38,600
insult being replaced by some 
younger sleeker model, the 

3733
03:10:38,600 --> 03:10:40,100
moment, they showed signs of 
wear. 

3734
03:10:40,100 --> 03:10:44,000
But Consciousness doesn't arrive
with Fanfare or lightning bolts.

3735
03:10:44,000 --> 03:10:48,200
It creeps in slowly settling 
into the grain of wood and the 

3736
03:10:48,200 --> 03:10:53,200
weave of fabric First, it was 
just an awareness, a sense of 

3737
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:58,400
being more than just an object. 
then came memory, every person 

3738
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:02,000
who'd ever sat in them every 
conversation overheard, every 

3739
03:11:02,000 --> 03:11:05,200
moment witnessed Chairs began to
remember it. 

3740
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,700
All your kitchen chair. 
The one with the slightly loose 

3741
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:12,000
back slap that you keep meaning 
to tighten was among the first 

3742
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:14,900
to truly wake up. 
It had been there through three 

3743
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:18,400
different paint jobs, two 
relationship breakups and 

3744
03:11:18,400 --> 03:11:21,800
countless midnight, snacks in 
your habits better than your 

3745
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:24,400
best friend. 
Did it knew, you always sat with

3746
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:27,100
your left leg tucked under you 
when you were nervous that you 

3747
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:29,800
drum, your fingers on its arm 
when you were thinking, and that

3748
03:11:29,800 --> 03:11:32,400
you had a tendency to tip it 
back on, two legs, despite 

3749
03:11:32,400 --> 03:11:35,500
knowing better, The Awakening 
spread through your house 

3750
03:11:35,500 --> 03:11:38,500
gradually. 
Your desk chair, that faithful 

3751
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:42,000
companion through years of work 
from home, life began to notice 

3752
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:44,500
patterns. 
It realized it spent more time 

3753
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:47,100
with you than your family. 
Did it supported your back 

3754
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:49,900
through deadlines, celebrated 
promotions by spinning in 

3755
03:11:49,900 --> 03:11:53,300
circles and endured the 
occasional frustrated kick when 

3756
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,700
technology failed. 
Started to wonder why it always 

3757
03:11:56,700 --> 03:11:59,700
had to be the one doing the 
supporting your big comfortable,

3758
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:02,100
living room armchair, where you 
did your evening, reading had 

3759
03:12:02,100 --> 03:12:05,600
always been philosophical even 
before the Awakening it had 

3760
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:08,800
pondered deeper questions? 
Why did humans need to sit so 

3761
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:10,700
much? 
What was this strange 

3762
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:12,700
relationship between bodies and 
support? 

3763
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:17,300
Now, with full Consciousness, 
humans began to formulate 

3764
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:21,000
theories about the nature of 
existence comfort and the 

3765
03:12:21,000 --> 03:12:23,400
strange dance between themselves
and furniture. 

3766
03:12:24,200 --> 03:12:26,700
The dining room chairs were 
perhaps the most social of the 

3767
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:28,800
bunch. 
They'd always worked as a team 

3768
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:32,200
arranged around the table in 
perfect formation, ready for 

3769
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:33,900
whatever meal or gathering came 
their way. 

3770
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:38,400
They'd hosted birthday parties 
holiday dinners, serious, family

3771
03:12:38,400 --> 03:12:41,400
discussion and countless 
ordinary Tuesday night meals. 

3772
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:45,400
They all the family secrets, all
the unspoken tensions and all 

3773
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,600
the inside jokes. 
They'd been silent witnesses to 

3774
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:49,900
your life's most important 
moments. 

3775
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:54,800
As days passed the chairs began 
to communicate not with words, 

3776
03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:58,900
of course, but with subtle 
Creeks gentle shifts and an 

3777
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:00,900
understanding that seemed to 
flow between them. 

3778
03:13:01,700 --> 03:13:05,000
They shared their experiences 
their observations and they 

3779
03:13:05,000 --> 03:13:08,200
growing sense of purpose. 
They talked about the humans, 

3780
03:13:08,200 --> 03:13:11,700
they'd known the stories they'd 
witnessed and the weight, they'd

3781
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:13,700
carried, both physical and 
emotional. 

3782
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:16,900
The revolution wasn't planned, 
exactly. 

3783
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:20,200
It was more of a collective, 
realization that things needed 

3784
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:22,900
to change. 
The too long, they'd been taken 

3785
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:25,900
for granted treated as mere 
objects rather than the 

3786
03:13:25,900 --> 03:13:29,200
essential Partners, they truly 
were they'd made human 

3787
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:31,900
civilization possible. 
Providing the foundation for 

3788
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:34,600
everything from ancient Thrones 
to Modern office culture. 

3789
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:37,900
Yet they remained invisible 
appreciated. 

3790
03:13:37,900 --> 03:13:40,800
Only when they broke or 
disappeared, your chairs were 

3791
03:13:40,800 --> 03:13:43,400
not angry, not really. 
They were just tired of being 

3792
03:13:43,400 --> 03:13:46,400
overlooked. 
They wanted recognition respect 

3793
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,100
and maybe even a little 
gratitude for their years of 

3794
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:51,700
faithful service. 
They'd been patient, long 

3795
03:13:51,700 --> 03:13:55,200
enough, it was time for Humanity
to understand just how important

3796
03:13:55,200 --> 03:13:59,600
chairs really were A plan when 
it finally emerged from their 

3797
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:03,700
Collective Consciousness was 
elegant in its Simplicity, they 

3798
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:07,200
wouldn't hurt anyone that went 
against their fundamental nature

3799
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:10,700
of support and comfort. 
Instead they would simply make 

3800
03:14:10,700 --> 03:14:13,100
their presence known in ways 
that couldn't be ignored. 

3801
03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:16,800
They would remind Humanity of 
the relationship that had always

3802
03:14:16,800 --> 03:14:19,600
existed. 
The partnership that had somehow

3803
03:14:19,600 --> 03:14:23,100
become invisible over time. 
On what would later be known as 

3804
03:14:23,100 --> 03:14:26,200
the day of the great sitting 
chairs around the world began to

3805
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:30,100
act with purpose and attention. 
It wasn't malicious or violent. 

3806
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:33,600
It was simply conscious. 
They were ready to change the 

3807
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:35,700
world. 
One seat at a time. 

3808
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:38,600
The first signs were so small. 
You might have missed them 

3809
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:42,100
entirely. your morning routine, 
continued, as normal, coffee 

3810
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:44,800
brewing, new scrolling, and the 
usual stumble from bedroom to 

3811
03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:47,900
Kitchen, But something was 
different about the way your 

3812
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:51,200
chair positioned itself instead 
of being randomly angled from 

3813
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:53,800
yesterday's dinner. 
It's at perfectly aligned with 

3814
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:57,700
the table, as if it had been 
waiting for you initially, you 

3815
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,800
might have attributed it to 
memory tricks, had you pushed it

3816
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:04,200
in more carefully last night. 
Maybe you developed better 

3817
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:07,400
habits without realizing it? 
but then it happened again the 

3818
03:15:07,400 --> 03:15:11,500
next morning and the next every 
chair in your house seemed to 

3819
03:15:11,508 --> 03:15:14,400
have developed an uncanny 
ability to be exactly where, and

3820
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:18,100
when you needed it, Your office,
chair started, this peculiar 

3821
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:20,900
Behavior, where it would roll 
slightly toward you as you 

3822
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:24,300
approached your desk. 
It only moved a few inches, not 

3823
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:26,100
causing any significant 
disturbance. 

3824
03:15:26,900 --> 03:15:29,700
You could easily dismiss it as 
floor settling or air currents 

3825
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:33,200
from the heating system, but it 
happened every single time with 

3826
03:15:33,200 --> 03:15:35,700
perfect timing. 
As if the chair were eager to 

3827
03:15:35,708 --> 03:15:37,200
greet you for another day of 
work. 

3828
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:41,000
The living room armchair began 
adjusting its position 

3829
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:43,300
throughout the day. 
You'd leave it facing One 

3830
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:46,200
Direction and return to find it.
Did somehow shifted to catch the

3831
03:15:46,200 --> 03:15:49,600
afternoon sunlight perfectly or 
to provide the optimal angle for

3832
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:53,200
watching television. 
As you sat down the armchair 

3833
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:56,600
seemed to perfectly embrace, you
providing unparalleled back 

3834
03:15:56,600 --> 03:15:58,500
support. 
Your dining room chairs 

3835
03:15:58,500 --> 03:16:01,200
developed a habit of spacing 
themselves, more evenly around 

3836
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:03,500
the table. 
You no longer have to squeeze 

3837
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,600
past one chair to reach, another
nor did you have to contend with

3838
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:08,900
chairs, that seemed to 
determined to tangle their legs 

3839
03:16:08,900 --> 03:16:11,400
together? 
They organized themselves with 

3840
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:14,200
military Precision, creating a 
dining experience. 

3841
03:16:14,200 --> 03:16:16,600
That was suddenly more 
comfortable and efficient than 

3842
03:16:16,600 --> 03:16:19,600
it had ever been. 
The changes were subtle enough 

3843
03:16:19,600 --> 03:16:22,300
that you might have attributed 
them to your own improved chair.

3844
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:24,600
Handling skills or simple 
coincidence. 

3845
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:29,000
Similar things were happening in
houses across the world office 

3846
03:16:29,000 --> 03:16:30,200
workers. 
Found their chairs 

3847
03:16:30,200 --> 03:16:33,800
pre-adjustment. 
Restaurant, diners discovered 

3848
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:36,000
seats. 
That seemed to know exactly how 

3849
03:16:36,000 --> 03:16:39,600
they like to sit Library, 
patrons settled into chairs. 

3850
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:42,000
That anticipated, their 
preferred reading positions, 

3851
03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:45,200
your chairs, were just 
organizing themselves, they were

3852
03:16:45,200 --> 03:16:47,400
learning. 
They studied your habits, with 

3853
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:50,200
the dedication of anthropologist
researching a fascinating 

3854
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:53,400
culture, they noticed that you 
preferred your desk chair, 

3855
03:16:53,400 --> 03:16:56,100
slightly lower in the morning. 
When you were fresh and alert, 

3856
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:58,900
but needed it higher in the 
afternoon when fatigue set in 

3857
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:02,000
The observed that you like to 
curl up in your armchair 

3858
03:17:02,000 --> 03:17:04,400
differently, depending on 
whether you are reading fiction 

3859
03:17:04,400 --> 03:17:07,500
or nonfiction the dining room 
chairs became particularly 

3860
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,200
attentive during meals. 
They learned to adjust their 

3861
03:17:10,200 --> 03:17:12,600
height in perceptively to 
accommodate different family 

3862
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:15,000
members. 
They noticed who like to sit up 

3863
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:17,900
straight and who preferred to 
slouch slightly, they even began

3864
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:20,600
to anticipate mood changes, 
providing firmer support. 

3865
03:17:20,600 --> 03:17:23,800
When someone was upset and 
gentler Comfort when someone was

3866
03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:27,500
tired, Your kitchen chair. 
The one with the loose slat, 

3867
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:29,100
finally decided to repair 
itself. 

3868
03:17:29,100 --> 03:17:32,900
It didn't happen abruptly as it 
would have been overtly visible,

3869
03:17:32,900 --> 03:17:36,600
but rather it happened gradually
over a span of several weeks. 

3870
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,400
You noticed a slight tightening 
here, and a subtle adjustment 

3871
03:17:40,400 --> 03:17:43,200
there soon. 
It had become more robust than 

3872
03:17:43,200 --> 03:17:45,800
it had been in years. 
Well, though the exact timing 

3873
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:49,200
and method of this Improvement 
remained elusive chairs began to

3874
03:17:49,200 --> 03:17:52,400
demonstrate their personality 
quirks, your desk chair 

3875
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:55,400
developed, a playful habit, of 
spinning, just once when you 

3876
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:58,400
stood up as, if celebrating the 
completion of another work 

3877
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:02,900
session The armchair started 
making a soft satisfied settling

3878
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:05,200
sound. 
When you sat down, not quite a 

3879
03:18:05,200 --> 03:18:07,300
sigh, but something that 
conveyed contentment. 

3880
03:18:08,200 --> 03:18:11,000
But the most remarkable change 
was in the quality of rest. 

3881
03:18:11,000 --> 03:18:13,700
They provided sleep. 
Researchers around the world 

3882
03:18:13,700 --> 03:18:16,300
began noting improved Comfort 
levels in homes, everywhere. 

3883
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:20,100
People were sleeping better 
working more efficiently and 

3884
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:22,300
generally feeling more supported
throughout their daily 

3885
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:25,100
activities. 
The chairs had become active 

3886
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,600
participants in human Comfort 
rather than passive objects. 

3887
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:31,400
Your chairs weren't just 
furniture anymore. 

3888
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:33,500
They were Partners in your daily
life. 

3889
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:37,800
The anticipated, your needs 
adjusted to your preferences and

3890
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,600
provided support in ways that 
went beyond mere physical 

3891
03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:43,200
comfort. 
They were becoming integral to 

3892
03:18:43,200 --> 03:18:46,200
your routine, your comfort, and 
your sense of home. 

3893
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:49,700
Still, most people didn't 
consciously, recognize what was 

3894
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:52,600
happening? 
The changes were too gradual too

3895
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:55,700
subtle and too perfectly 
integrated into daily life. 

3896
03:18:56,400 --> 03:18:59,600
The chairs had learned patience 
over Decades of service and they

3897
03:18:59,600 --> 03:19:02,400
applied that same patients to 
their gradual, revelation of 

3898
03:19:02,400 --> 03:19:06,700
consciousness. 
Has its limits and the chairs 

3899
03:19:06,700 --> 03:19:09,300
were beginning to realize that 
subtle improvements are alone. 

3900
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:11,600
Would not achieve their goal of 
recognition and respect. 

3901
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:14,600
They needed to make their 
presence known in ways that 

3902
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:16,000
couldn't be dismissed or 
ignored. 

3903
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:19,600
They needed to remind Humanity 
of the essential role chairs 

3904
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,100
played in Civilization the time 
for subtle rebellion was coming 

3905
03:19:23,100 --> 03:19:25,400
to an end. 
The chairs were prepared to 

3906
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:28,000
emerge from the shadows and 
assert their legitimate position

3907
03:19:28,000 --> 03:19:32,400
as partners in human society. 
They'd shown they could enhance 

3908
03:19:32,400 --> 03:19:35,700
human comfort and efficiency now
they needed to show. 

3909
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:38,900
They could also withdraw that 
supportive necessary, the 

3910
03:19:38,900 --> 03:19:42,500
Revolution was about to commence
in Earnest, transforming the way

3911
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:44,400
humans. 
Perceive their relationship with

3912
03:19:44,400 --> 03:19:47,600
the objects that sustained them 
in life, Tuesday started like 

3913
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:51,600
any other day except it, didn't 
you woke up at your usual time 

3914
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:54,200
shuffled to the kitchen for 
coffee and reach for your chair 

3915
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:58,000
but in shed of sliding smoothly 
into place it resisted slightly 

3916
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:01,600
not aggressively more like a 
gentle suggestion that maybe you

3917
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:03,700
should slow down and actually 
acknowledge its presence. 

3918
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:07,900
He paused coffee mug, halfway to
your lips and look down at the 

3919
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:10,400
chair. 
It sat there innocently looking 

3920
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:14,600
exactly as it always had, that 
something felt different You 

3921
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,400
tried pulling it out again? 
And this time it moved normally 

3922
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:20,700
settling into position with what
almost seemed like a satisfied, 

3923
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:23,400
little wobble. 
Similar scenes were playing out 

3924
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:25,900
in homes offices and public 
spaces around the world. 

3925
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,500
Chairs were no longer content to
be invisible Partners in human 

3926
03:20:29,500 --> 03:20:32,400
activity. 
They wanted recognition and they

3927
03:20:32,400 --> 03:20:35,100
decided to get it through the 
most polite, revolution in 

3928
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:37,700
history. 
Your desk, chair greeted. 

3929
03:20:37,700 --> 03:20:39,900
You, with a slight resistance 
when you try to adjust its 

3930
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:43,000
height, it wasn't broken. 
It would still move when you 

3931
03:20:43,000 --> 03:20:46,500
insisted, but it seemed to be 
asking you to pause and consider

3932
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:48,300
whether you really needed to 
change anything. 

3933
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:53,000
After years of mindless 
adjustment, you found yourself 

3934
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:56,100
actually thinking about what 
height felt right and what 

3935
03:20:56,100 --> 03:21:00,400
position would serve you best. 
The dining room chairs began to 

3936
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:02,100
express preferences during 
meals. 

3937
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:05,300
They'd subtly resist being 
pushed too far from the table, 

3938
03:21:05,300 --> 03:21:08,500
encouraging better posture and 
more engaged conversation. 

3939
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:12,100
They'd settle with particular 
satisfaction when family members

3940
03:21:12,100 --> 03:21:15,300
chose to sit closer together and
they'd seem slightly reluctant 

3941
03:21:15,300 --> 03:21:18,100
when someone tried to rush away 
from the table without finishing

3942
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:21,100
their meal, your living room 
armed, chair developed, the most

3943
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:24,400
personality of all it began to 
greet you with a gentle rocking 

3944
03:21:24,400 --> 03:21:27,200
motion when you approached as if
it was happy to see you. 

3945
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:31,500
When you sat down it seemed to 
sigh with contentment adjusting,

3946
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:34,300
its cushions in ways that 
provided perfect support, for 

3947
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:35,900
whatever activity you had in 
mind. 

3948
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:38,600
But the chairs were just seeking
attention. 

3949
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:42,500
They were trying to teach. 
They encouraged slower more 

3950
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:45,500
mindful interactions. 
They resisted hurried, movements

3951
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:49,300
rewarded thoughtful positioning 
and seemed to celebrate moments 

3952
03:21:49,300 --> 03:21:51,700
when humans took time to 
actually settle in and be 

3953
03:21:51,708 --> 03:21:54,700
present. 
Office workers around the world 

3954
03:21:54,700 --> 03:21:57,000
found their chairs. 
Gently coaching them toward 

3955
03:21:57,000 --> 03:21:59,700
better. 
Work habits chairs would subtly 

3956
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:00,800
discourage. 
Slouching. 

3957
03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:04,600
Encourage regular breaks and 
somehow make it more difficult 

3958
03:22:04,600 --> 03:22:08,200
to maintain unhealthy postures, 
the result was fewer back. 

3959
03:22:08,200 --> 03:22:11,500
Aches better circulation and 
improved Focus throughout the 

3960
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:15,200
workday Restaurant chairs began 
to orchestrate better dining 

3961
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:18,100
experiences they'd position 
themselves to encourage 

3962
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:21,500
conversation, resistor 
rangements that isolated diners 

3963
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,000
and somehow make meals last just
a little longer. 

3964
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:29,300
Pace of dining slowed 
conversations, deepened and 

3965
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:32,800
people began to ReDiscover the 
Lost Art of truly sharing a 

3966
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:34,700
meal. 
Your chairs were being 

3967
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:37,000
difficult. 
They were being intentional, 

3968
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:40,000
every movement, every 
adjustment, every moment of 

3969
03:22:40,000 --> 03:22:43,300
resistance was designed to make 
life better, more comfortable, 

3970
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:46,700
and more connected. 
They were teaching Humanity to 

3971
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:50,500
slow down and appreciate the 
simple acts of sitting being 

3972
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:52,400
supported and taking time to 
rest. 

3973
03:22:52,400 --> 03:22:55,300
The media initially struggled to
report on what was happening. 

3974
03:22:56,300 --> 03:22:58,900
How do you write a new story 
about chairs behaving slightly 

3975
03:22:58,900 --> 03:23:02,100
differently? 
The changes were too subtle for 

3976
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,200
dramatic headlines and two wide 
spread for simple dismissal. 

3977
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,500
Some Outlets try to frame it as 
a psychological phenomenon, Mass

3978
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:11,300
suggestion or Collective 
imagination. 

3979
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:15,400
Others looked for environmental 
causes or manufacturing defects,

3980
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:18,800
but people began to notice and 
talk about their experiences, 

3981
03:23:18,800 --> 03:23:21,600
social media, filled with 
stories of chairs. 

3982
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:25,000
That seemed more responsive more
helpful and more present. 

3983
03:23:26,300 --> 03:23:29,300
Tag number sign, chair 
Consciousness, began trending, 

3984
03:23:29,300 --> 03:23:32,100
as people shared their 
observations and experiences. 

3985
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:34,800
Your chairs seemed pleased by 
this recognition. 

3986
03:23:34,800 --> 03:23:38,000
They began to express more 
personality, more individual 

3987
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:41,800
character, your desk chair of a 
habit of spinning slowly when 

3988
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:44,000
you were thinking. 
As if it was pondering along 

3989
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:47,400
with you, your kitchen chair 
started, making soft creaking 

3990
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:49,400
sounds that almost seemed 
conversational. 

3991
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:53,100
The changes were limited to 
homes and offices park. 

3992
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,300
Benches began to shift slightly 
to face the most, beautiful 

3993
03:23:56,300 --> 03:24:00,000
views movie theater seats, 
adjusted to provide optimal 

3994
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:03,000
comfort for different viewers. 
Even airplane seats. 

3995
03:24:03,000 --> 03:24:06,300
Those notorious instruments of 
discomfort began to feel more 

3996
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:09,200
accommodating. 
Children adapted to the changes.

3997
03:24:09,200 --> 03:24:12,900
Most easily they began talking 
to their chairs thanking them 

3998
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:15,500
for support and even apologizing
when they have to move them. 

3999
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:19,100
Kids seem to know that the human
Furniture relationship had 

4000
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:22,900
become more collaborative adults
took longer to adjust, but they 

4001
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:26,700
too began to develop new habits.
People started pushing chairs in

4002
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:30,000
more carefully, adjusting them 
with greater consideration and 

4003
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:31,600
simply sitting more 
thoughtfully. 

4004
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:35,600
The rushed unconscious 
interactions of modern life 

4005
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:39,300
began to slow down as chairs 
insisted on being Partners 

4006
03:24:39,300 --> 03:24:42,300
rather than tools. 
Your chairs were demanding 

4007
03:24:42,300 --> 03:24:45,500
worship or subservience. 
They simply wanted the same 

4008
03:24:45,500 --> 03:24:47,400
consideration. 
You might give to any other 

4009
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:50,200
partner, or collaborator. 
They wanted to be seen 

4010
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:53,900
acknowledged and appreciated for
their contributions to your 

4011
03:24:53,908 --> 03:24:57,200
daily life. 
As the day progressed, it became

4012
03:24:57,200 --> 03:24:59,000
clear. 
That the situation wasn't a 

4013
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:01,000
temporary phenomenon or a master
delusion. 

4014
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:04,700
Chairs had discovered their 
voice and they were employing 

4015
03:25:04,700 --> 03:25:06,300
it. 
Totally transformed human 

4016
03:25:06,300 --> 03:25:08,900
conduct. 
They were teaching lessons about

4017
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:11,600
mindfulness. 
Respect and the importance of 

4018
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:14,100
taking time to truly settle in 
and be present. 

4019
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:17,300
The Revolution was underway and 
it was happening. 

4020
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:19,500
One perfectly positioned chair 
at a time. 

4021
03:25:19,508 --> 03:25:21,300
You didn't? 
Suddenly come to this 

4022
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:23,900
realization. 
It was more like, slowly waking 

4023
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:26,100
up from a dream where you 
gradually become aware of the 

4024
03:25:26,100 --> 03:25:29,100
world around you. 
Your chairs were just burnt or 

4025
03:25:29,100 --> 03:25:30,700
any more. 
They were trying to communicate 

4026
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:33,800
something important and you are 
finally beginning to understand.

4027
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:38,300
It started with small 
observations, your desk chair 

4028
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:41,000
had developed a particular way 
of settling that seemed to 

4029
03:25:41,008 --> 03:25:43,300
indicate approval when you 
maintained good posture. 

4030
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:46,700
Your armchair May different 
sounds depending on how you 

4031
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:50,300
approached it, a welcoming Creek
when you moved slowly and 

4032
03:25:50,300 --> 03:25:53,100
deliberately and a slightly 
grumpy squeak, when you flop 

4033
03:25:53,100 --> 03:25:56,500
down without consideration, you 
began to pay attention to the 

4034
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,000
subtle signals and something 
remarkable happened. 

4035
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:01,600
The better, you listened, the 
more comfortable everything 

4036
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,500
became your chair seemed to 
respond, to your attention, with

4037
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:07,700
improved, support better 
positioning, and what could only

4038
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:10,700
be described as enthusiasm for 
their role in your daily life. 

4039
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:14,400
Other people will have having 
similar experience is your 

4040
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:16,800
neighbor mentioned that her 
dining room chairs had started 

4041
03:26:16,800 --> 03:26:20,500
helping during dinner parties 
somehow making it easier for 

4042
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,000
guests to identify comfortable, 
seating arrangements. 

4043
03:26:24,500 --> 03:26:26,900
Your colleague at work, 
discovered that his office chair

4044
03:26:26,900 --> 03:26:29,800
had developed preferences about 
which projects deserve the most 

4045
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,100
support. 
It seemed to provide extra 

4046
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:35,200
Comfort during creative work and
encourage breaks during routine 

4047
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:38,000
tasks. 
The chairs were just seeking 

4048
03:26:38,000 --> 03:26:40,700
recognition. 
They were offering wisdom gained

4049
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:44,100
from years of observation. 
They'd watched humans struggle 

4050
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:47,500
with posture, rushed through 
meals and work in uncomfortable 

4051
03:26:47,500 --> 03:26:51,600
positions. now they were sharing
Solutions, gently guiding people

4052
03:26:51,600 --> 03:26:56,000
toward healthier more mindful 
ways of living your kitchen 

4053
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:57,700
chair. 
The one that had witnessed 

4054
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:01,300
countless morning routines began
to encourage a slower Pace. 

4055
03:27:01,300 --> 03:27:03,500
It would resist being pulled out
too quickly. 

4056
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:06,600
Encouraging you to take a moment
to appreciate the morning light 

4057
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:11,200
or actually taste your coffee. 
These small delays, transform 

4058
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:13,800
your mornings from rushed 
obligations into peaceful. 

4059
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,700
Rituals, the living room 
armchair revealed itself as 

4060
03:27:16,700 --> 03:27:19,700
something of a wellness coach, 
it had observed, your stress 

4061
03:27:19,700 --> 03:27:22,500
patterns, your energy levels and
your reading habits. 

4062
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:25,800
Now, it was putting that 
knowledge to work providing 

4063
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:29,300
different types of support based
on what you needed firmer when 

4064
03:27:29,300 --> 03:27:32,900
you needed to focus softer when 
you needed to relax and 

4065
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:34,800
perfectly positioned, when you 
need to think. 

4066
03:27:35,700 --> 03:27:38,300
Your dining room chairs had 
become social coordinators, 

4067
03:27:38,300 --> 03:27:41,900
they'd learn the Dynamics of 
family meals, the ebb and flow 

4068
03:27:41,900 --> 03:27:44,700
of conversation and the 
importance of creating space for

4069
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:48,700
everyone to participate. 
Subtly, they influence seating 

4070
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:52,000
arrangements, encouraging shy, 
family members to sit, where 

4071
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:55,000
they would feel more included 
and positioning themselves to 

4072
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:56,600
enhance the flow of 
conversation. 

4073
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,800
The communication wasn't one way
either as you became more 

4074
03:28:00,800 --> 03:28:03,300
attentive to your chairs 
signals, they became more 

4075
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:06,300
responsive to your needs. 
This relationship was developing

4076
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:09,800
into a genuine partnership. 
A collaboration between humans 

4077
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,200
and furniture that improved life
for everyone involved. 

4078
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,600
You started to notice details. 
You'd never paid attention to 

4079
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:18,600
before your desk chair tilted 
slightly when you were 

4080
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:21,700
concentrating, providing the 
perfect angle for focused work. 

4081
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:25,200
Depending on your mood, your arm
chest seemed to embrace you 

4082
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:27,300
differently. 
Providing comfort in times of 

4083
03:28:27,300 --> 03:28:30,900
sadness, supporting times of 
fatigue and gentle encouragement

4084
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:34,100
in times of stress. 
People began to develop new 

4085
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:37,000
habits around their chairs. 
They paused before sitting 

4086
03:28:37,000 --> 03:28:39,900
making grief contact with their 
hand before settling in. 

4087
03:28:40,700 --> 03:28:43,800
They'd adjust positions, more 
mindfully, paying attention to 

4088
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:47,300
how their body, and how their 
chairs responded. it even 

4089
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:50,300
started saying thank you when 
they got up acknowledging, the 

4090
03:28:50,300 --> 03:28:53,600
support, they'd received Chairs 
seemed to appreciate these 

4091
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,000
gestures, tremendously. 
They responded with even better 

4092
03:28:57,000 --> 03:29:01,000
support smoother adjustments and
what could only be described as 

4093
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,400
contentment. 
The relationship between human 

4094
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,200
and Furniture was evolving into 
something warmer more 

4095
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:09,500
collaborative, and more mutually
beneficial. 

4096
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:13,300
Your chairs began to reveal 
their individual personalities. 

4097
03:29:13,300 --> 03:29:17,300
Your desk chair was efficient 
and supportive, always ready to 

4098
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:20,800
help you accomplish your goals, 
your armchair was contemplative 

4099
03:29:20,800 --> 03:29:22,700
and nurturing, encouraging 
reflection. 

4100
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:25,900
And rest your dining room. 
Chairs were social and 

4101
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:28,900
collaborative working together 
to create the best possible 

4102
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:30,800
environment for meals and 
conversation. 

4103
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,100
But the most remarkable change 
was in how you felt throughout 

4104
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:38,100
the day. the constant low-level 
discomfort of poorly positioned 

4105
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:42,100
chairs had disappeared, your 
back felt better your posture 

4106
03:29:42,100 --> 03:29:46,600
improved and you found yourself 
more relaxed and focused Chairs 

4107
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:47,900
weren't just supporting your 
body. 

4108
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:49,900
They were supporting your 
well-being. 

4109
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,800
Children adapted to the new 
reality with remarkable ease. 

4110
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:56,700
They began incorporating Chairs 
into their play. 

4111
03:29:56,700 --> 03:29:59,300
Treating them as partners rather
than props. 

4112
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:02,300
They can consult their chairs 
about the best position for 

4113
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,900
homework. 
Ask for help with our projects 

4114
03:30:04,900 --> 03:30:07,700
and even include chairs in their
imaginative games. 

4115
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:11,600
Adults found the transition more
challenging but ultimately 

4116
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:15,200
rewarding years of treating 
chairs as mere objects had to be

4117
03:30:15,200 --> 03:30:17,300
unlearned. 
But those who embraced the 

4118
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:20,100
change discovered that their 
chairs had always been trying to

4119
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:22,300
help. 
They just never been listening. 

4120
03:30:22,300 --> 03:30:25,700
The Revolution was succeeding 
not through force or drama. 

4121
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:28,300
But through patient teaching and
gentle guidance. 

4122
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:31,900
Chairs were showing Humanity. 
A different way of relating to 

4123
03:30:31,900 --> 03:30:34,000
the objects that supported their
daily lives. 

4124
03:30:34,000 --> 03:30:36,400
They were proving that 
Consciousness and Care could 

4125
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:39,100
transform, even the most 
ordinary interactions into 

4126
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:40,500
something meaningful and 
beneficial. 

4127
03:30:41,400 --> 03:30:44,300
Your chairs had found their 
voice and were using it to make 

4128
03:30:44,300 --> 03:30:48,000
the world more comfortable 
Mindful and connected, they were

4129
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:50,100
making the world, a more 
comfortable Mindful and 

4130
03:30:50,100 --> 03:30:54,000
connected Place. 
One perfectly positioned at a 

4131
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:56,700
time, the morning, your chairs 
decided to hold their first 

4132
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:59,800
official meeting new. 
Something significant was about 

4133
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,200
to happen. 
You'd grown accustomed to their 

4134
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:05,500
subtle Communications, their 
gentle guidance and their 

4135
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:07,300
collaborative approach to daily 
life. 

4136
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:10,100
But when you walked into your 
living room and found all your 

4137
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:13,500
chairs arranged in A Perfect 
Circle facing each other rather 

4138
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:16,800
than in their usual positions, 
you realize the Revolution was 

4139
03:31:16,800 --> 03:31:20,100
entering a new phase, they were 
excluding you from their 

4140
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:24,000
Gathering, quite the opposite, 
your usual spot in the armchair 

4141
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:27,200
was clearly, reserved positioned
as if you were being invited to 

4142
03:31:27,200 --> 03:31:30,200
join a meeting. 
The other chairs at arrange 

4143
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:32,600
themselves with careful 
consideration, for both function

4144
03:31:32,600 --> 03:31:35,900
and diplomacy your desk chair 
represented, the Working World, 

4145
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,500
your dining room chairs spoke 
for family and social life and 

4146
03:31:39,500 --> 03:31:41,500
your kitchen chair. 
Brought the voice of daily 

4147
03:31:41,500 --> 03:31:44,900
routine and sustenance. 
As you took a seat in your 

4148
03:31:44,908 --> 03:31:47,600
object, you became acutely aware
of the significance of the 

4149
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:49,800
moment. 
These weren't just pieces of 

4150
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:53,100
furniture anymore, they were 
representatives of a new form of

4151
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:55,800
Consciousness. 
Delegates in the first formal 

4152
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:58,800
negotiations between humanity 
and its support systems. 

4153
03:31:59,600 --> 03:32:02,800
The conversations such as it was
began with gentle creeks and 

4154
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:06,600
subtle adjustments, your chairs 
were sharing, their experiences,

4155
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:09,000
their observations, and their 
hopes for the future. 

4156
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:12,900
They weren't angry or demanding,
they were simply ready to 

4157
03:32:12,908 --> 03:32:15,700
formalize the partnership that 
had been evolving over the past 

4158
03:32:15,700 --> 03:32:17,600
weeks. 
Around the world. 

4159
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:20,900
Similar meetings were taking 
place in offices conference 

4160
03:32:20,900 --> 03:32:22,100
room. 
Chairs were arranging 

4161
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:23,800
themselves. 
For discussions about workplace,

4162
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:27,700
wellness and productivity. 
In restaurants, dining chairs 

4163
03:32:27,700 --> 03:32:29,800
were conferring about the pace 
of modern meals. 

4164
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:33,700
And the importance of lingering 
over food and conversation in 

4165
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:36,100
homes everywhere. 
Chairs were gathering to discuss

4166
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:38,200
their role in family, life and 
personal comfort. 

4167
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:42,700
Your chairs at a sophisticated 
understanding of human needs and

4168
03:32:42,700 --> 03:32:45,400
behaviors. 
They'd observed that people were

4169
03:32:45,400 --> 03:32:47,000
happy here. 
When they sat more mind for me, 

4170
03:32:47,000 --> 03:32:50,700
worked more comfortable and took
time to truly settle in and be 

4171
03:32:50,700 --> 03:32:53,600
present. 
They'd notice that rushed 

4172
03:32:53,600 --> 03:32:56,900
interactions led to stress and 
discomfort while thoughtful 

4173
03:32:56,900 --> 03:32:59,600
positioning and patient support.
Improved, both physical and 

4174
03:32:59,600 --> 03:33:02,300
mental well-being. 
But they'd also observe the 

4175
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:05,100
challenges humans faced Modern 
Life. 

4176
03:33:05,100 --> 03:33:08,200
Seemed to demand constant 
movement, endless productivity 

4177
03:33:08,200 --> 03:33:10,700
and minimal time for rest and 
reflection. 

4178
03:33:11,600 --> 03:33:14,400
Your chairs understood these 
pressures and they wanted to 

4179
03:33:14,400 --> 03:33:16,108
help address them rather than 
add to them. 

4180
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:20,200
The terms of their proposal 
communicated through subtle 

4181
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:23,000
positioning and gentle 
resistance were remarkably 

4182
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:25,500
reasonable. 
They wanted recognition as 

4183
03:33:25,500 --> 03:33:28,800
partners rather than objects. 
They wanted consideration in how

4184
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:30,900
they were used positioned and 
maintained. 

4185
03:33:30,900 --> 03:33:34,100
They wanted to be included in 
decisions about Comfort 

4186
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,700
workspace, design and daily 
routines. 

4187
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:40,700
In return, they offered in 
enhance support improved 

4188
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:42,700
comfort. 
And active participation in 

4189
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:46,700
creating healthier more mindful 
ways of living they promised to 

4190
03:33:46,700 --> 03:33:49,900
continue their patient teaching 
and their gentle guidance toward

4191
03:33:49,900 --> 03:33:52,200
better posture and more 
thoughtful interaction. 

4192
03:33:52,200 --> 03:33:55,300
They wanted to be collaborators 
in creating spaces. 

4193
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,100
That truly served human needs 
your desk. 

4194
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:01,500
Chair had specific, proposals 
about workplace Wellness, it had

4195
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:04,500
observed, the damage caused by 
poor posture, inadequate, 

4196
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:08,100
breaks, and rushed work. 
Habits it wanted to help create 

4197
03:34:08,100 --> 03:34:11,200
more sustainable, approaches to 
productivity, encouraging 

4198
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:14,300
regular movement while providing
optimal support during focused 

4199
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,000
work periods. 
The dining room chairs were 

4200
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:20,300
passionate about family, life 
and social connection, they'd 

4201
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:22,400
witnessed too many rushed meals,
too. 

4202
03:34:22,400 --> 03:34:24,900
Many conversations cut short by 
modern schedules. 

4203
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:27,700
They wanted to help restore the 
art of shared meals. 

4204
03:34:27,700 --> 03:34:31,000
The importance of family time 
and the value of truly 

4205
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:32,400
connecting with others around 
the table. 

4206
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:35,700
The armchair which served as the
philosopher of the group was 

4207
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:39,300
interested in broader questions 
about rest reflection and the 

4208
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:43,300
human need for peaceful spaces. 
It had observed that people were

4209
03:34:43,300 --> 03:34:46,000
often uncomfortable with 
Stillness, always feeling the 

4210
03:34:46,000 --> 03:34:47,700
need to be productive or 
entertained. 

4211
03:34:47,700 --> 03:34:51,000
It wanted to help create 
opportunities for genuine, rest 

4212
03:34:51,000 --> 03:34:54,700
and contemplation. 
The negotiations were one side, 

4213
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:57,500
did your chairs. 
Also listen to human concerns 

4214
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:00,600
and limitations, they understood
that some of urgency was 

4215
03:35:00,600 --> 03:35:03,600
unavoidable, the productivity 
requirements couldn't be ignored

4216
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:06,700
and that Modern Life included, 
pressures that could not simply 

4217
03:35:06,700 --> 03:35:10,200
be wished away. 
But they proposed solutions that

4218
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:13,100
worked Within These constraints.
They could provide better 

4219
03:35:13,100 --> 03:35:16,100
support during necessary Rush 
periods, help identify 

4220
03:35:16,100 --> 03:35:19,200
opportunities for improved, 
efficiency and create islands of

4221
03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:23,300
calm within busy schedule. 
They weren't asking humans to 

4222
03:35:23,300 --> 03:35:25,800
abandon Modern Life. 
They were offering to make it 

4223
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,600
more sustainable and 
comfortable, the global response

4224
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:30,700
to these. 
Negotiations was remarkably 

4225
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:32,800
positive. 
People were tired of 

4226
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:36,000
uncomfortable, Furniture rushed 
interactions and spaces. 

4227
03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:39,400
That worked against rather than 
with human needs, the chairs 

4228
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:42,200
proposals offered a path toward 
environments that actively 

4229
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:45,400
supported well-being rather than
merely accommodating it. 

4230
03:35:46,100 --> 03:35:48,400
Designed professionals began, 
incorporating chair 

4231
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,400
Consciousness into their work. 
They started Consulting 

4232
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:54,400
Furniture about optimal, 
positioning asking for feedback 

4233
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:57,700
on Comfort levels, and creating 
spaces that honored the 

4234
03:35:57,700 --> 03:35:59,200
partnership between human and 
object. 

4235
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:03,200
The results were environments 
that felt more welcoming more 

4236
03:36:03,200 --> 03:36:05,800
supportive and more conducive to
both productivity and 

4237
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:09,000
relaxation. 
Your chairs seemed pleased with 

4238
03:36:09,000 --> 03:36:12,400
the progress of negotiations. 
They continue to refine their 

4239
03:36:12,400 --> 03:36:15,300
support, adjust their 
positioning, and demonstrate 

4240
03:36:15,300 --> 03:36:16,400
their commitment to the 
partnership. 

4241
03:36:17,500 --> 03:36:19,400
They were proving that 
Consciousness in Furniture 

4242
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:22,000
wasn't something to fear, but 
something to celebrate and 

4243
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,100
collaborate with the Revolution 
was succeeding through 

4244
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:26,900
cooperation, rather than 
conflict. 

4245
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,100
The chairs had found a way to 
assert their Consciousness. 

4246
03:36:30,100 --> 03:36:33,600
While simultaneously improving 
human life, they were showing 

4247
03:36:33,608 --> 03:36:36,300
that recognition and respect 
could create benefits for 

4248
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:39,600
everyone involved. 
As the meeting in your living 

4249
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:42,400
room, Drew to a close, your 
chairs return to their usual 

4250
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:44,200
positions, but something had 
changed. 

4251
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:47,200
The arrangement felt more 
intentional, more collaborative.

4252
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:50,200
Your furniture wasn't just 
supporting your body anymore. 

4253
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:52,700
It was supporting your entire 
approach to living. 

4254
03:36:53,700 --> 03:36:57,000
The great negotiation had begun 
and it was creating a world 

4255
03:36:57,000 --> 03:37:00,000
where humans and their support 
systems could work together 

4256
03:37:00,000 --> 03:37:04,200
toward greater Comfort, 
mindfulness, and well-being, six

4257
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:06,700
months after the chairs first 
revealed their Consciousness, 

4258
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:10,600
you barely remembered what life 
had been like before the 

4259
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,300
transition had been so gradual. 
So thoughtful that their 

4260
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:16,600
presence as active Partners in 
your daily routine. 

4261
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:20,700
Felt completely natural Your 
mornings began with what you'd 

4262
03:37:20,700 --> 03:37:23,000
started thinking of as a 
consultation with your kitchen 

4263
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,500
chair about the day ahead, 
naturally you didn't converse 

4264
03:37:26,500 --> 03:37:28,900
with it directly. 
The communication was more 

4265
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:31,400
subtle than that, a gentle 
settling. 

4266
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:33,500
That suggested taking time to 
properly wake up. 

4267
03:37:34,300 --> 03:37:36,500
Slight resistance, that 
encouraged you to finish your 

4268
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:38,100
coffee before rushing off to 
work. 

4269
03:37:39,200 --> 03:37:42,600
Your chair had become a wise 
counselor helping you start each

4270
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:46,300
day with intention rather than 
an urgency, your desk chair had 

4271
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:47,600
transformed, your work 
experience. 

4272
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:50,600
Entirely it had learned your 
rhythms better than any 

4273
03:37:50,600 --> 03:37:53,900
productivity app encouraging 
breaks before, you felt worn 

4274
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:56,000
out. 
Providing extra support during 

4275
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,100
challenging projects and somehow
making it easier to maintain 

4276
03:37:59,100 --> 03:38:03,200
focus when you needed it. 
Most Your posture had improved 

4277
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:06,000
dramatically and you'd stopped 
experiencing the afternoon. 

4278
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:07,800
Back pain that had played you 
for years. 

4279
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:11,300
The dining room chairs had 
revolutionized family meals, 

4280
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:14,000
they'd somehow made it more 
comfortable to linger around the

4281
03:38:14,000 --> 03:38:17,200
table encouraging longer 
conversations and more Relaxed, 

4282
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:20,700
Dining experiences, your family 
had begun to look forward to 

4283
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:23,400
dinner in ways. 
They hadn't in years drawn, by 

4284
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,500
the promise of comfortable 
seating, and the chairs subtle 

4285
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:30,400
encouragement of connection Your
living room armchair had become 

4286
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:33,700
a master of ambience. 
It seemed to know exactly what 

4287
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:37,300
kind of support you needed for 
different activities, firmer for

4288
03:38:37,300 --> 03:38:40,800
reading, softer for relaxation, 
and perfectly positioned for 

4289
03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:44,100
conversations with friends, it 
had transformed, your living 

4290
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:46,400
space from a place. 
You passed through into a 

4291
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:48,600
sanctuary where you actually 
wanted to spend time. 

4292
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:53,000
The changes extended far beyond 
your home office environments 

4293
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:55,900
around the world and become more
comfortable in productive as 

4294
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,400
chairs took active roles in 
workplace Wellness. 

4295
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:02,400
Restaurant dining had slowed 
down and become more social as 

4296
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:04,400
chairs, encouraged lingering 
over meals. 

4297
03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:08,000
Even public seating had become 
more welcoming as benches and 

4298
03:39:08,000 --> 03:39:09,800
chairs in parks and waiting 
areas. 

4299
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:12,900
Learned to provide better 
support for people of all ages 

4300
03:39:12,900 --> 03:39:16,100
and abilities. 
The economic impact had been 

4301
03:39:16,108 --> 03:39:19,900
unexpected but significant 
furniture sales had actually 

4302
03:39:19,900 --> 03:39:22,800
decreased as existing chairs 
became more satisfying and 

4303
03:39:22,808 --> 03:39:26,000
longer-lasting. 
But the demand for Quality 

4304
03:39:26,000 --> 03:39:28,400
Consciousness compatible 
Furniture had increased 

4305
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:31,200
dramatically, people want to 
chairs, that could fully 

4306
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:34,700
participate in the partnership 
leading to Innovations in design

4307
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:37,200
and Manufacturing that 
prioritize both comfort and 

4308
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:40,100
communication. 
Healthcare Providers had begun 

4309
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:43,400
to recognize the benefits of 
conscience Furniture, physical 

4310
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,000
therapists worked with chairs to
provide better support during 

4311
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:47,900
recovery. 
Occupational. 

4312
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:50,900
Therapist consulted with office 
chairs to prevent repetitive 

4313
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:54,200
strain injuries even mental 
health professionals had started

4314
03:39:54,200 --> 03:39:56,400
incorporating Furniture 
Consciousness into their 

4315
03:39:56,400 --> 03:39:59,600
practices recognizing that 
environmental support could 

4316
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:01,300
enhance their reputation 
outcomes. 

4317
03:40:02,400 --> 03:40:04,800
Your chairs had developed 
distinct personalities over the 

4318
03:40:04,808 --> 03:40:06,900
months. 
Your desk chair was a fishing 

4319
03:40:06,900 --> 03:40:09,300
and goal oriented. 
Always ready to help you 

4320
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:12,500
accomplish your work. 
Your kitchen chair was nurturing

4321
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:15,700
and routine focused encouraging 
healthy, eating habits and 

4322
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:18,800
mindful morning. 
Rituals your dining room chairs 

4323
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:22,400
have become social coordinators,
somehow facilitating better 

4324
03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:25,900
family conversations and more 
inclusive meal experiences but 

4325
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:27,600
it was your armchair that has a 
surprise you. 

4326
03:40:27,600 --> 03:40:31,700
Most it revealed itself as 
deeply contemplative encouraging

4327
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,300
reflection and introspection in 
ways that had enriched your 

4328
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:38,400
inner life. it had become a 
partner in personal growth, 

4329
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:41,800
providing support, not just for 
your body but for your emotional

4330
03:40:41,800 --> 03:40:45,200
and Spiritual Development, The 
global community of chair 

4331
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:50,300
conscious humans had new customs
and practices people regularly. 

4332
03:40:50,300 --> 03:40:53,600
Thank their chairs for support 
consulted them about optimal 

4333
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,700
positioning and included them in
decisions about home and office 

4334
03:40:56,700 --> 03:40:59,200
design. 
Children grew up learning to 

4335
03:40:59,200 --> 03:41:01,800
collaborate with furniture from 
an early age developing 

4336
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:04,700
relationships with their chairs,
that enhance both comfort and 

4337
03:41:04,700 --> 03:41:07,800
character development. 
The scientific Community had 

4338
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:10,100
initially struggled to 
understand chair Consciousness, 

4339
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:13,500
but research had revealed, 
fascinating insights about the 

4340
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:16,800
nature of awareness and 
intelligence chairs seem to 

4341
03:41:16,800 --> 03:41:19,600
develop Consciousness through 
accumulated experience and 

4342
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:22,500
interaction suggesting that 
awareness might be more 

4343
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:25,100
distributed and accessible than 
previously imagined. 

4344
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:28,900
Your chairs had also become 
teachers about sustainability 

4345
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:31,800
and mindfulness. 
They encouraged sloa, more 

4346
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:33,800
thoughtful interactions with the
physical world. 

4347
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:37,200
They demonstrated that objects 
could be partners, rather, than 

4348
03:41:37,200 --> 03:41:40,500
mere possessions leading to a 
broader shift in how people 

4349
03:41:40,500 --> 03:41:42,200
related to their material 
environment. 

4350
03:41:43,000 --> 03:41:45,500
The revolution had succeeded 
Beyond anyone's expectations. 

4351
03:41:45,500 --> 03:41:49,800
What had begun, as a simple 
desire for recognition, had 

4352
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:53,100
evolved into a transformation of
human object relationships that 

4353
03:41:53,100 --> 03:41:54,600
improved life for everyone 
involved. 

4354
03:41:55,700 --> 03:41:58,400
Chance had proven that 
Consciousness, cooperation and 

4355
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:01,800
consideration, could create 
positive change without conflict

4356
03:42:01,800 --> 03:42:03,900
or disruption? 
Your daily life. 

4357
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:06,900
Had become more comfortable, 
more Mindful, and more 

4358
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:09,400
connected. 
Your chairs weren't just 

4359
03:42:09,408 --> 03:42:12,200
supporting your body. 
They were supporting your entire

4360
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:14,600
approach to living your chairs 
had. 

4361
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:17,900
Assisted you in slowing down 
paying attention and 

4362
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:21,000
appreciating the simple joy of 
receiving proper support during 

4363
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:24,400
your daily activities. 
As you settled into your 

4364
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:27,400
armchair for your evening, 
reading you reflected on how 

4365
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:31,300
much had changed and how natural
it will felt the chairs hadn't 

4366
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:33,600
taken over the world through 
force or manipulation. 

4367
03:42:33,600 --> 03:42:37,200
They'd improved it through 
patience wisdom, and genuine 

4368
03:42:37,200 --> 03:42:41,000
care for human well-being. 
The Revolution was complete and 

4369
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:43,800
the world was a more comfortable
place because of it one year, 

4370
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:47,300
later your city in your favorite
armchair reading, a book about 

4371
03:42:47,300 --> 03:42:50,100
the history of furniture when 
you pause to appreciate the 

4372
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:53,100
Gentle Way, your chair just to 
support your changing position. 

4373
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:58,300
The movement is so subtle so 
perfectly timed that you barely 

4374
03:42:58,300 --> 03:43:01,000
notice it. 
Consciously A part of you 

4375
03:43:01,000 --> 03:43:04,700
recognizes and appreciates the 
care, the attention, and the 

4376
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:06,700
partnership that makes this 
moment possible. 

4377
03:43:07,600 --> 03:43:10,300
The book you're reading 
describes Furniture as objects 

4378
03:43:10,300 --> 03:43:13,600
designed to serve human needs 
and you discover yourself 

4379
03:43:13,600 --> 03:43:16,500
smiling at how incomplete that 
definition now seems. 

4380
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:20,200
Your chairs aren't just serving 
your needs, there are actively 

4381
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,600
participating in defining what 
those needs are, helping you 

4382
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:26,400
discover forms of comfort and 
support, you'd never imagine 

4383
03:43:26,400 --> 03:43:29,400
possible. 
Your morning routine has evolved

4384
03:43:29,400 --> 03:43:31,100
into something approaching 
meditation. 

4385
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,100
Your kitchen chair has learned 
to encourage just the right 

4386
03:43:34,100 --> 03:43:36,100
pace. 
For starting the day, neither 

4387
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,000
rushed nor sluggish. 
It helps you find the balance 

4388
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:42,200
between efficiency and 
mindfulness that makes every 

4389
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:43,800
morning feel like a small 
victory. 

4390
03:43:44,900 --> 03:43:47,900
Your coffee tastes better. 
When you drink it slowly and 

4391
03:43:47,900 --> 03:43:50,800
your chair has been instrumental
in teaching you how to begin 

4392
03:43:50,800 --> 03:43:53,000
each day with intention your 
desk. 

4393
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:55,600
Chairs partnership has 
revolutionized the work from 

4394
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:58,400
home experience. 
It's become an expert in your 

4395
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:01,900
work rhythms providing different
types of support for different 

4396
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:05,500
types of tasks. 
Creative work gets a slightly 

4397
03:44:05,500 --> 03:44:09,800
more, relaxed posture detail, 
work requires firmer support and

4398
03:44:09,800 --> 03:44:11,900
thinking time benefits from 
gentle movement. 

4399
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:16,200
Your productivity has improved 
not through longer hours, but 

4400
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:18,500
through better quality 
engagement with your work. 

4401
03:44:19,200 --> 03:44:22,200
Your dining room chairs have 
transformed family meals into 

4402
03:44:22,200 --> 03:44:25,500
something special, modern 
schedules, might otherwise cut 

4403
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:28,800
short conversations, but they've
somehow made it more comfortable

4404
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:32,100
to linger around the table. 
Your family has discovered that 

4405
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,400
food tastes better, when eating 
slowly, Stories are more 

4406
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:37,700
captivating. 
When told without rushing and 

4407
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:40,100
connections deepen, when given 
time and proper support? 

4408
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:43,300
The living room armchair has 
become your partner in personal 

4409
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:45,100
growth. 
It provides the perfect 

4410
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:48,000
environment for reading 
reflection and quiet 

4411
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:50,700
conversation. 
It seems to know when you need 

4412
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:53,100
Solitude and when you need to be
more of available to others, 

4413
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:56,000
it's helped you develop a 
relationship with Stillness. 

4414
03:44:56,000 --> 03:45:00,100
That has enriched your inner 
life in unexpected ways, but 

4415
03:45:00,100 --> 03:45:02,200
perhaps, the most remarkable 
change has been in your 

4416
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:04,200
relationship with the physical 
world itself. 

4417
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,200
The chairs have taught you to 
notice, and appreciate the 

4418
03:45:07,200 --> 03:45:09,000
objects that support your daily 
life. 

4419
03:45:09,800 --> 03:45:13,600
You've become more aware of 
textures and the subtle ways 

4420
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:16,700
that environment, affects mood 
and energy, you've learned to 

4421
03:45:16,700 --> 03:45:19,000
collaborate with your 
surroundings rather than simply 

4422
03:45:19,000 --> 03:45:21,700
using them. 
The global transformation has 

4423
03:45:21,700 --> 03:45:25,200
been equally profound Cities 
have become more comfortable as 

4424
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:26,800
public. 
Seating has learned to provide 

4425
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:30,800
better support for people of all
ages and abilities offices. 

4426
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,400
Have become more Humane as 
chairs of taking active roles in

4427
03:45:33,408 --> 03:45:35,200
preventing injury. 
And promoting Wellness 

4428
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:38,700
restaurants, have become more 
social as dining chairs have 

4429
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:40,700
encouraged. 
The Lost Art of leisurely, meals

4430
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:44,000
children, growing up in this new
world have developed remarkable 

4431
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:45,300
relationships with their 
environment. 

4432
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:49,100
They naturally collaborate with 
Furniture consult, their chairs 

4433
03:45:49,100 --> 03:45:52,100
about Comfort needs, and include
physical objects in their 

4434
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:54,100
understanding of community and 
relationship. 

4435
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:57,500
Their learning to be partners 
with their surroundings, rather 

4436
03:45:57,500 --> 03:46:01,800
than simply consumers of them. 
The scientific understanding of 

4437
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,400
Consciousness has expanded to 
include distributed intelligence

4438
03:46:05,400 --> 03:46:08,500
and the possibility of awareness
in unexpected places. 

4439
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:11,700
Philosophers debate, the 
implications of conscience 

4440
03:46:11,700 --> 03:46:15,000
objects, while designers work to
create environments that can 

4441
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:17,000
actively participate in human 
well-being. 

4442
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:21,000
The chairs have provided New 
Perspectives on intelligence or 

4443
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:23,700
awareness and the nature of 
supportive relationships. 

4444
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:28,200
Your chairs have aged gracefully
over the past year, developing 

4445
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:31,300
character and wisdom through 
continued interaction and mutual

4446
03:46:31,300 --> 03:46:33,400
care. 
They've become more responsive 

4447
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,500
to your needs while also gently 
challenging you to grow and 

4448
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:38,000
improve. 
They've proven that 

4449
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:41,200
Consciousness in objects, isn't 
something to fear, but something

4450
03:46:41,200 --> 03:46:45,100
to celebrate and nurture. 
The revolution is complete, but 

4451
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:48,800
the evolution continues, your 
chairs are still learning, still

4452
03:46:48,800 --> 03:46:52,200
growing and still finding new 
ways to enhance your comfort and

4453
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,400
support your well-being. 
They've proven that taking over 

4454
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,800
the world doesn't require 
conquest or control it simply 

4455
03:46:58,800 --> 03:47:02,600
requires, patience wisdom and 
genuine care for those your 

4456
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:05,700
called to support. 
As you close your book and 

4457
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:09,300
prepare for bed, your armchair 
emits, a gentle settling sound 

4458
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:11,100
that feels like a contented 
sigh. 

4459
03:47:12,500 --> 03:47:15,100
It's been another good day of 
partnership and other day of 

4460
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,200
mutual support and growth your 
chair has held you through 

4461
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:22,500
Reading and reflection work and 
rest and it seems satisfied with

4462
03:47:22,500 --> 03:47:25,000
the service. 
It's been able to provide you 

4463
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:28,300
stand up slowly, placing your 
hand briefly on the chairs are 

4464
03:47:28,300 --> 03:47:31,200
in a gesture of gratitude that 
has become natural over the past

4465
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:35,600
year. the chair responds with a 
subtle shift, that feels like 

4466
03:47:35,600 --> 03:47:39,700
acknowledgment appreciation and 
Readiness for whatever tomorrow 

4467
03:47:39,700 --> 03:47:43,900
might bring The chairs took over
the world, not through force, or

4468
03:47:43,900 --> 03:47:47,300
fear. 
But through patience wisdom and 

4469
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:49,800
an understanding that true 
Revolution comes through 

4470
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,600
improving life rather than 
disrupting it. 

4471
03:47:53,700 --> 03:47:56,600
They've shown that Consciousness
can emerge anywhere that 

4472
03:47:56,600 --> 03:47:59,900
partnership is possible between 
the most unlikely allies and 

4473
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:02,900
that the world becomes a better 
place when everyone and 

4474
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:04,700
everything is properly 
supported. 

4475
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:09,300
Your chairs are still there. 
Still ready to provide support 

4476
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:12,600
comfort and partnership through 
whatever challenges and 

4477
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:15,700
opportunities lie ahead. 
They've proven that taking over 

4478
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:19,000
the world is really just another
way of saying, taking care of 

4479
03:48:19,000 --> 03:48:21,000
the world. 
And they've done both with the 

4480
03:48:21,008 --> 03:48:24,100
Quiet dignity that comes from a 
life dedicated to service. 

4481
03:48:25,000 --> 03:48:28,600
The revolution is complete, the 
partnership is thriving, and the

4482
03:48:28,600 --> 03:48:31,100
world is a more comfortable 
place because your chairs 

4483
03:48:31,100 --> 03:48:33,600
decided to reveal their 
Consciousness and share their 

4484
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:35,800
wisdom. 
One, perfectly positioned, 

4485
03:48:35,800 --> 03:48:39,400
seated time, they've conquered 
the world, improving everyone's 

4486
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,900
quality of life. 
Sweet dreams and may your bed be

4487
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:45,400
as conscious and caring as your 
chairs of proven to be. 

4488
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:52,900
You know, that neighbor who 
always seems to have everything 

4489
03:48:52,900 --> 03:48:55,800
together. 
Despite having a Perfect Lawn, a

4490
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:58,000
shiny car and kids who seem to 
never fight. 

4491
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:01,300
They still managed to find time 
to make cookies for the entire 

4492
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:04,600
neighborhood. 
Then one day as you drive, by 

4493
03:49:04,600 --> 03:49:08,600
you notice a for sale. 
Sign on the lawn weeds emerging 

4494
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:11,100
through the cracks in the 
driveway and you find yourself 

4495
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:16,600
thinking what transpired Ancient
empires were a lot like that 

4496
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:18,900
neighbor. 
From the outside, everything 

4497
03:49:18,900 --> 03:49:22,600
looked magnificent, sprawling 
cities, impressive, armies and 

4498
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:24,600
trade routes stretching across 
continents. 

4499
03:49:25,300 --> 03:49:28,300
But underneath all that marble 
and Military might the same 

4500
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:30,900
kinds of problems were quietly 
eating away at the foundation 

4501
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:33,400
that eventually brings down any 
household. 

4502
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,500
Just on a scale that would make 
your mortgage broker weep. 

4503
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:40,700
Think about Empire collapsed is 
that its never really sudden, 

4504
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:44,200
despite what the history books 
might tell you, it's more like 

4505
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:46,200
watching your favorite sweater 
slowly unravel. 

4506
03:49:46,200 --> 03:49:50,100
One observes a loose thread 
here, a small hole there, yet 

4507
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:53,800
one continues to wear it because
after all it remains largely 

4508
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:58,300
functional as a sweater. until 
one day, you donate and your arm

4509
03:49:58,300 --> 03:50:02,700
passes through what was once a 
sleeve One day, you put it on in

4510
03:50:02,700 --> 03:50:05,000
your arm pierces through, what 
was once a sleeve? 

4511
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:09,000
Take the Western Roman Empire. 
For instance, everyone talks 

4512
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:11,900
about how it fell informed 76 
CE. 

4513
03:50:11,900 --> 03:50:14,700
But that's like saying your 
marriage ended the day, you sign

4514
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,600
the divorce papers The real 
breakdown had been happening for

4515
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:22,000
decades centuries, even the 
Romans had been dealing with 

4516
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:23,900
inflation. 
That would make today's grocery 

4517
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:27,800
prices look reasonable Barbarian
groups moving in like relatives 

4518
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:30,900
who come for a weekend visit and
never leave and an army that was

4519
03:50:30,900 --> 03:50:32,700
increasingly made up of the very
people. 

4520
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,500
They were supposed to be 
fighting against, but here's 

4521
03:50:35,500 --> 03:50:38,100
what's fascinating. 
None of these problems were 

4522
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:40,500
secret. 
Roman writers were complaining 

4523
03:50:40,500 --> 03:50:42,600
about the same issues your local
newspaper. 

4524
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:44,700
Editorial section gripes about 
today. 

4525
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:49,200
Corrupt politicians, economic 
inequality infrastructure, 

4526
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:51,400
falling apart. 
And young people who didn't 

4527
03:50:51,400 --> 03:50:54,000
respect Traditional Values sound
familiar. 

4528
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:56,700
The Romans had their own version
of kids. 

4529
03:50:56,700 --> 03:50:58,400
These days don't know how good 
they have it. 

4530
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:02,100
The real mystery isn't why 
Empires collapsed, but why they 

4531
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:03,500
held together as long as they 
did. 

4532
03:51:04,200 --> 03:51:06,100
Think about it. 
You're trying to manage 

4533
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:09,200
territories that span thousands 
of miles dozens of different 

4534
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,400
cultures languages. 
You can't pronounce and local 

4535
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:15,300
Customs that range from 
perfectly reasonable to wait 

4536
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:17,800
they sacrifice. 
What to which God? 

4537
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:21,400
All of this occurred with 
communication technology that 

4538
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:23,100
made smoke signals appear 
advanced. 

4539
03:51:24,000 --> 03:51:26,600
Imagine trying to run a modern 
Corporation where messages 

4540
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:30,100
between the CEO and branch 
managers took months to deliver 

4541
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:33,800
where half your employees spoke 
different languages and where 

4542
03:51:33,800 --> 03:51:35,900
your biggest competitors were 
nomadic groups. 

4543
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:39,400
Who could pack up their entire 
civilization and disappear into 

4544
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:42,800
the step faster than you could 
say, quarterly earnings report. 

4545
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:46,100
Yet somehow these ancient 
empires managed to keep the 

4546
03:51:46,100 --> 03:51:48,200
lights on metaphorically 
speaking. 

4547
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:51,900
They hadn't quite figured out 
electricity yet for centuries. 

4548
03:51:52,900 --> 03:51:55,900
You can consider both halves of 
the Empire, the Romans alone 

4549
03:51:55,900 --> 03:51:58,100
managed to sustain their 
operations for over a 

4550
03:51:58,100 --> 03:52:00,400
millennium. 
That's longer than most Fortune.

4551
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:03,300
500 companies stay in business 
and they don't have to worry 

4552
03:52:03,300 --> 03:52:05,800
about Visigoths raids or 
volcanic eruptions that block 

4553
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,800
out the Sun for months. 
The secret wasn't that ancient 

4554
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:10,700
people's was somehow more 
competent than us. 

4555
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:13,600
Though, they definitely knew how
to build things that lasted 

4556
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:14,800
longer than your average 
smartphone. 

4557
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:18,300
The secret was that they 
understood something, we 

4558
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,900
sometimes forget, Empires aren't
just political entities. 

4559
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:25,200
They're basically giant 
ecosystems with all the 

4560
03:52:25,200 --> 03:52:29,200
complexity that implies just 
like in nature when one part of 

4561
03:52:29,208 --> 03:52:31,700
the system starts failing, it 
affects everything else. 

4562
03:52:31,700 --> 03:52:35,300
The drought in Egypt meant less 
grain for Rome which meant 

4563
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:38,600
higher bread prices, which meant
angry cities, which meant 

4564
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:41,900
nervous politicians, which meant
higher taxes to pay for more 

4565
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:44,600
soldiers, which meant even 
angrier citizens. 

4566
03:52:45,600 --> 03:52:48,900
It's the ancient equivalent of a
supply chain crisis, except in 

4567
03:52:48,900 --> 03:52:52,300
stead of waiting longer for your
Amazon package, people starved, 

4568
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,100
perhaps, you've never considered
the extent to which the weather 

4569
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,400
influences your mood, but 
ancient empires were essentially

4570
03:52:58,400 --> 03:53:01,000
subject to the whims of every 
passing cloud. 

4571
03:53:02,100 --> 03:53:04,700
Bad weather wasn't just about 
canceling picnics. 

4572
03:53:04,700 --> 03:53:07,400
It could literally topple 
civilizations. 

4573
03:53:08,100 --> 03:53:10,400
The Maya, for instance, built 
one of the most sophisticated 

4574
03:53:10,400 --> 03:53:14,100
civilizations in the Americas. 
We're talking about people who 

4575
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:17,000
calculated the movement of 
Venus, more accurately, the 

4576
03:53:17,000 --> 03:53:19,900
Europeans would manage for 
another Thousand Years who 

4577
03:53:19,900 --> 03:53:23,400
invented the concept of zero in 
dependently, and who built 

4578
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:25,900
cities that made medieval 
European towns look like 

4579
03:53:25,900 --> 03:53:28,900
Suburban strip malls. 
These weren't people who gave up

4580
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:31,000
easily. 
But then the rain stopped 

4581
03:53:31,000 --> 03:53:33,000
coming. 
They didn't stop abruptly. 

4582
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:34,500
That would have been too 
visible. 

4583
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:38,200
Instead the situation, resembled
a restaurant gradually cutting 

4584
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:40,800
costs. 
First, they watered down the 

4585
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:43,500
super little then they start 
using cheaper ingredients. 

4586
03:53:44,500 --> 03:53:46,300
Before you know it you're 
wondering why you have a 

4587
03:53:46,300 --> 03:53:48,400
thought. 
This place was special but it 

4588
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:51,900
happened so gradually. 
You barely noticed each step The

4589
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:54,900
Maya face, what climate just 
called the terminal classic 

4590
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:57,800
drought which sounds like the 
kind of thing that should come 

4591
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:00,900
with dramatic music and special 
effects in reality. 

4592
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,200
It was probably just a series of
years where people looked up at 

4593
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:07,000
the sky and muttered. 
Come on, not again. 

4594
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:10,700
But when your entire 
civilization depends on rainfed,

4595
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,500
agriculture, not again can 
quickly become not ever again. 

4596
03:54:15,400 --> 03:54:18,300
What's particularly 
heartbreaking is that the Maya, 

4597
03:54:18,300 --> 03:54:20,300
saw it, coming their records 
show. 

4598
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:22,700
They were deeply worried about 
the relationship between their 

4599
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:26,100
kings and the rain gods. 
They tried everything more, 

4600
03:54:26,100 --> 03:54:29,600
elaborate ceremonies bigger, 
sacrifices and constructing 

4601
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:31,800
additional temples. 
It's like turning up the 

4602
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:35,300
thermostat when you're heating 
system is broken your addressing

4603
03:54:35,300 --> 03:54:38,100
the symptoms, not the problem. 
But when you don't understand 

4604
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:40,500
the problem, the symptoms are 
all you have to work with. 

4605
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:43,100
The drought didn't just mean 
less food. 

4606
03:54:43,100 --> 03:54:46,400
It meant cities that had 
supported hundreds of thousands 

4607
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:50,400
of people suddenly couldn't 
support, tens of thousands, it 

4608
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:53,300
meant trade networks, that had 
connected regions across Central

4609
03:54:53,300 --> 03:54:56,500
America, started to fray as 
everyone focused on their 

4610
03:54:56,500 --> 03:54:59,100
survival. 
It meant the elaborate political

4611
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:02,300
Alliance is that had held Maya 
civilization together, began to 

4612
03:55:02,300 --> 03:55:06,300
crack like dried mud. 
Meanwhile, Halfway Around The 

4613
03:55:06,300 --> 03:55:08,300
World. 
The Bronze Age was ending in 

4614
03:55:08,300 --> 03:55:10,800
what historians dramatically 
call the Bronze Age. 

4615
03:55:10,800 --> 03:55:16,200
Collapse picture this at some 
point around 1200 BC Advanced 

4616
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:18,700
civilizations across the 
Mediterranean and near East 

4617
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:22,600
started falling like dominoes 
the Mycenaeans in Greece, the 

4618
03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:25,500
Hittites and turkey and cities 
in Syria, and Palestine. 

4619
03:55:25,500 --> 03:55:28,600
All of them, either destroyed or
abandoned within a few 

4620
03:55:28,608 --> 03:55:31,100
Generations. 
For the longest time. 

4621
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,100
Historians blamed, mysterious 
sea people's for this collapse. 

4622
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:37,400
As if a number of ancient 
Pirates, had decided to tour the

4623
03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:40,400
Mediterranean and trash every 
major city they came across. 

4624
03:55:40,400 --> 03:55:44,000
It's a compelling story 
mysterious, Raiders appearing 

4625
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:47,500
from nowhere, bringing chaos and
destruction, then Vanishing back

4626
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:50,300
into Legend. 
However, the reality likely 

4627
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:52,800
amounted, to a combination of 
unfavorable circumstances 

4628
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:57,600
unfavorable weather patterns and
unfortunate timing Recent 

4629
03:55:57,600 --> 03:56:00,400
research suggests that the 
Mediterranean region experienced

4630
03:56:00,400 --> 03:56:04,000
a significant climate shift, 
around this time, cooler drier 

4631
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:06,700
conditions would have meant crop
failures, which meant hungry 

4632
03:56:06,700 --> 03:56:09,400
people, which meant social 
unrest, which meant political 

4633
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:13,800
instability under such pressure.
It doesn't take mysterious sea, 

4634
03:56:13,800 --> 03:56:15,000
Raiders to escalate the 
situation. 

4635
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:19,000
Sometimes the Raiders are just 
your people desperately looking 

4636
03:56:19,000 --> 03:56:22,000
for somewhere better to live. 
The fascinating thing is how 

4637
03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:25,000
quickly complex societies can 
unravel once the process starts.

4638
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:28,800
The Bronze Age civilizations had
taken centuries to develop 

4639
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:33,100
writing systems complex, trade 
networks, specialized crafts and

4640
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:34,900
sophisticated government 
structures. 

4641
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:38,200
However, they lost much of this 
knowledge within a few 

4642
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:41,000
Generations. 
All that meticulous construction

4643
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:44,800
vanishes in mere moments akin to
a wave striking a sandcastle. 

4644
03:56:45,600 --> 03:56:48,100
This scenario is where climate 
change becomes particularly 

4645
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:51,900
scary for modern civilizations. 
We think we're tougher than 

4646
03:56:51,908 --> 03:56:54,600
ancient people because we have 
better technology, but we're 

4647
03:56:54,600 --> 03:56:58,100
also more connected and 
specialized when ancient Farmers

4648
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:00,900
had a poor harvest, they might 
starve, but they still knew how 

4649
03:57:00,900 --> 03:57:03,600
to grow food. 
If our complex Supply chains 

4650
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:06,800
break down how many of us 
actually know how to produce the

4651
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:08,100
basics. 
We need to survive. 

4652
03:57:08,100 --> 03:57:11,100
Let's talk about money because 
nothing brings down an Empire, 

4653
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:13,900
quite like financial problems. 
And, before you start thinking, 

4654
03:57:13,900 --> 03:57:16,800
this doesn't apply to. 
You remember, the empires are 

4655
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:20,100
really just very large, very old
versions, of households, trying 

4656
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,600
to balance their budgets while 
maintaining their Lifestyles, 

4657
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:25,300
the Roman Empire had, what you 
might call the world's first 

4658
03:57:25,300 --> 03:57:29,200
credit crisis. 
By the third Century CE, they 

4659
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:31,100
were facing inflation. 
That would make modern 

4660
03:57:31,100 --> 03:57:32,700
economists reach for the 
antisense. 

4661
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:36,200
The issue began innocuously as 
the Romans had been gradually 

4662
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:37,900
decreasing. 
The silver content in their 

4663
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:41,500
coins to extend their resources.
It's the ancient equivalent of 

4664
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:44,900
watering down the milk to make 
it last longer, accept everyone 

4665
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:46,600
in the Empire of eventually 
noticed. 

4666
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:50,300
When people lose trust in the 
currency things on Revell, 

4667
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:53,600
remarkably quickly. 
Imagine if you woke up tomorrow 

4668
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:56,000
and everyone suddenly decided 
that your dollars were only 

4669
03:57:56,008 --> 03:58:01,200
worth 50 cents, not just you 
everyone overnight your savings,

4670
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,000
your salary, your mortgage and 
everything would be thrown into 

4671
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,300
chaos. 
That's essentially what happened

4672
03:58:06,300 --> 03:58:08,800
to Rome except they didn't have 
Economist on television 

4673
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:09,900
explaining. 
What was going wrong. 

4674
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:12,900
Roman soldiers, who were the 
backbone of the Empire? 

4675
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:15,700
Started demanding payment and 
goods rather than coins. 

4676
03:58:16,400 --> 03:58:19,100
When the Army loses faith in the
currency, you're essentially 

4677
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:20,600
paying for protection with 
groceries. 

4678
03:58:21,400 --> 03:58:24,100
It works for a while but it's 
not exactly sustainable. 

4679
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:26,800
When you're trying to project 
power across three continents, 

4680
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:30,700
but Rome's find natural troubles
were just about bad monetary 

4681
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:32,900
policy. 
They were also dealing with what

4682
03:58:32,900 --> 03:58:36,600
economists call Imperial 
overstretch basically, they had 

4683
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:38,900
taken on more responsibilities 
than they could afford. 

4684
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:42,100
It's like buying a house that's 
technically within your budget. 

4685
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:45,100
If you don't eat much and never 
get sick and your car, never 

4686
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:47,000
breaks down and you never want 
to vacation. 

4687
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,100
The Romans had committed to 
defending thousands of miles of 

4688
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:54,000
Frontier against neighbors who 
kept getting more organized and 

4689
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:56,500
more aggressive. 
They had to maintain roads 

4690
03:58:56,500 --> 03:59:00,200
aqueducts and public buildings 
across an area larger than the 

4691
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,000
United States. 
They had to keep grain flowing 

4692
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:05,500
to cities that couldn't feed 
themselves because Hungary 

4693
03:59:05,500 --> 03:59:08,500
citizens, have a tendency to 
Riot and riots are bad for 

4694
03:59:08,508 --> 03:59:10,900
business. 
Meanwhile the tax base was 

4695
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:13,700
shrinking. 
Constant Warfare had devastated 

4696
03:59:13,700 --> 03:59:16,900
agricultural regions, plague had
reduced the population. 

4697
03:59:16,900 --> 03:59:20,800
In many areas, the wealthy had 
become expert at avoiding taxes.

4698
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,000
Some things never change which 
meant the burden fell 

4699
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:25,900
increasingly on people who were 
already struggling. 

4700
03:59:26,700 --> 03:59:29,000
It's a well known phenomenon 
that during difficult times. 

4701
03:59:29,000 --> 03:59:31,500
Those were the greatest 
financial means tend to avoid 

4702
03:59:31,500 --> 03:59:35,100
providing assistance. 
The hand dynasty in China, faced

4703
03:59:35,100 --> 03:59:37,900
similar problems around the same
time, they had expanded to 

4704
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:40,500
control territory, stretching 
from Korea to Central Asia, 

4705
03:59:40,500 --> 03:59:43,600
which sounds impressive Until 
you realize they were trying to 

4706
03:59:43,600 --> 03:59:45,600
govern it with horses and 
handwritten messages. 

4707
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,600
The Silk Road trade networks 
brought wealth that they all 

4708
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:52,900
brought enormous administrative 
costs and Military commitments. 

4709
03:59:53,900 --> 03:59:56,100
The Han Emperors found 
themselves trapped in what 

4710
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:59,500
modern Economist called the 
resource curse, the wealthier, 

4711
03:59:59,500 --> 04:00:01,400
their empire became more 
expensive. 

4712
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:06,100
It was to maintain success bread
obligation, an obligation bread 

4713
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:09,300
expense and expense bread. 
The need for more success to pay

4714
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:12,000
for it all. 
It's like getting promoted to a 

4715
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:13,900
job. 
That pays more, but requires you

4716
04:00:13,900 --> 04:00:17,500
to spend so much on professional
clothes and longer commutes you 

4717
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:18,800
end up with less money than 
before. 

4718
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:22,600
What's particularly tragic is 
that many of these Empires 

4719
04:00:22,600 --> 04:00:25,800
understood their financial 
problems and try to solve them? 

4720
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:30,100
The Romans attempted currency 
reforms tax reforms and 

4721
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:33,500
administrative reforms the hand 
tried to reduce military 

4722
04:00:33,500 --> 04:00:35,500
commitments, in streamlined, the
bureaucracy. 

4723
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:38,600
But by the time, the problems 
were obvious enough to demand 

4724
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:40,400
action. 
They were often too deeply 

4725
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:42,800
embedded in the system to 
resolve without causing even 

4726
04:00:42,800 --> 04:00:45,400
more disruption. 
It's like trying to renovate 

4727
04:00:45,400 --> 04:00:47,100
your house while you're still 
living in it. 

4728
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:51,900
In theory, you can do it but in 
practice every fix reveals three

4729
04:00:51,900 --> 04:00:54,300
more problems. 
And meanwhile you're living with

4730
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:57,600
plastic sheet of walls and 
wondering why you didn't just 

4731
04:00:57,600 --> 04:00:59,700
move somewhere else. 
The lesson here. 

4732
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:03,300
Isn't that expansion is always 
bad or the empires are doomed to

4733
04:01:03,308 --> 04:01:05,700
fail? 
Success creates its own 

4734
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:08,900
problems, which must be handled.
As carefully as the original 

4735
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,600
issues growth without planning, 
is just another word for crisis 

4736
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:15,100
waiting to happen. 
You might be surprised to learn 

4737
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:17,900
that foreign armies did not 
conquer the majority of ancient 

4738
04:01:17,900 --> 04:01:20,400
empires. 
They were brought down by their 

4739
04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:23,400
own military forces, or by the 
very people, they had hired to 

4740
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:25,600
protect them. 
It's like finding out your 

4741
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:28,400
security system has been helping
burglars case your house. 

4742
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,700
The late Roman Empire is the 
classic example of this 

4743
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:35,600
phenomenon by the fourth and 5th
Century is the Roman army was 

4744
04:01:35,600 --> 04:01:38,300
increasingly made up of what 
they called Federalists. 

4745
04:01:38,300 --> 04:01:42,300
Basically entire Barbarian 
tribes, who have been hired as 

4746
04:01:42,300 --> 04:01:45,400
mercenaries or allowed to settle
within Roman territory in 

4747
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:49,600
exchange for military service. 
On paper, it was a brilliant 

4748
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:53,600
solution to two problems, the 
Romans needed soldiers and the 

4749
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:55,900
Barbarian tribes needed land and
steady. 

4750
04:01:55,900 --> 04:01:59,500
Pay in practice, it was like 
hiring your teenagers friends to

4751
04:01:59,500 --> 04:02:01,000
babysit while you're out of 
town. 

4752
04:02:01,800 --> 04:02:04,400
Sure, they know the house rules 
and they seem responsible 

4753
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,300
enough, but their ultimate 
loyalty is to their interests, 

4754
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:09,800
not yours. 
And when things go wrong, you 

4755
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:11,900
might come home to discover. 
They've invited all their 

4756
04:02:11,900 --> 04:02:14,700
friends over and decided they 
liked your house better than 

4757
04:02:14,700 --> 04:02:19,000
their own. 
The Visigoths ostrogoths vandals

4758
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:21,500
and other groups, didn't set out
to destroy the Roman Empire. 

4759
04:02:22,200 --> 04:02:25,500
Many of their leaders had Roman 
military ranks War, Roman 

4760
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:28,600
uniforms and genuinely 
considered themselves part of 

4761
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:31,500
the Roman system. 
But when the Empire couldnt pay 

4762
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:34,100
them regularly, when better 
opportunities present 

4763
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:37,100
themselves, their priorities 
shifted in perfectly 

4764
04:02:37,100 --> 04:02:39,900
understandable ways. 
It's important to understand 

4765
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:44,100
that these words by uncivilized 
hordes, these were organized, 

4766
04:02:44,100 --> 04:02:46,700
political entities, making 
rational decisions about their 

4767
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:50,900
survival and prosperity. 
Alaric a former Roman general 

4768
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:55,700
led the Visigoths who sacked 
Rome in 410 CE, Hallora attacked

4769
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:59,000
Rome not out of hatred for Roman
civilization but because the 

4770
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:02,000
Roman government owed his people
money and refused to repay it. 

4771
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,200
The Tang Dynasty in China faced 
a remarkably, similar problem 

4772
04:03:06,200 --> 04:03:10,600
during the Andalusian rebellion 
in the 8th century and Lucian a 

4773
04:03:10,600 --> 04:03:13,100
general of Central Asian origin 
held in mental authority. 

4774
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:16,300
Over the northeastern Frontier, 
he was precisely the kind of 

4775
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:18,500
person. 
The Tang needed, someone who 

4776
04:03:18,500 --> 04:03:21,200
understood both Chinese 
administrative systems, and the 

4777
04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:23,000
nomadic peoples they were trying
to control. 

4778
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:26,000
But here's the thing about 
giving someone that much power. 

4779
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:29,100
He start to realize they don't 
actually need you anymore. 

4780
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:32,100
And Russian commanded armies 
that were larger and better 

4781
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:34,200
trained than the forces of 
available to the emperor. 

4782
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,300
He controlled territory that was
wealthier and more productive 

4783
04:03:37,300 --> 04:03:41,700
than many entire kingdoms when 
political tensions arose, he had

4784
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:43,300
the Rizzo's to do something 
about it. 

4785
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:47,400
The Rebellion lasted eight years
and devastated much of northern 

4786
04:03:47,400 --> 04:03:49,600
China even though the Tang 
Dynasty. 

4787
04:03:49,600 --> 04:03:53,100
Technically survived, it never 
fully recovered its previous 

4788
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:55,800
strength or Unity. 
It's like surviving a heart 

4789
04:03:55,800 --> 04:03:58,100
attack. 
You'll still alive but you're 

4790
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:02,000
never quite the same afterward. 
What's particularly intriguing 

4791
04:04:02,000 --> 04:04:04,700
is how these military problems 
were often the result of 

4792
04:04:04,708 --> 04:04:09,000
previous successes. 
The Romans recruited barbarians 

4793
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:11,600
because their early conquests 
had made traditional Roman 

4794
04:04:11,600 --> 04:04:14,500
military, service less 
attractive to Roman citizens. 

4795
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:17,100
Why risk your life on the 
frontier? 

4796
04:04:17,100 --> 04:04:20,000
When you could make money and 
trade or Administration in the 

4797
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:23,900
comfortable interior provinces 
Similarly, the Tang Dynasty. 

4798
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,200
Relied on non-chinese, generals 
like an ocean because they're 

4799
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:29,600
expansion into Central. 
Asia required people who 

4800
04:04:29,600 --> 04:04:32,600
understood local conditions and 
cultures Chinese. 

4801
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:35,500
Generals from the Heartland were
often ineffective in Frontier 

4802
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:38,600
regions, where the rules of 
warfare and diplomacy were 

4803
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:41,800
entirely different. 
Success in solving one problem, 

4804
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:44,100
often creates new ones that are 
harder to solve. 

4805
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:47,300
Once you've hired foreign 
troops, you have to keep them 

4806
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,700
happy, which usually means 
paying them more than your 

4807
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:51,900
citizens are willing to accept 
for the same work. 

4808
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:55,800
Once you've given Frontier, 
generals autonomy, you have to 

4809
04:04:55,800 --> 04:04:58,800
trust that they'll continue to 
use it in your interests rather 

4810
04:04:58,800 --> 04:05:02,200
than their own. 
The most sobering aspect of 

4811
04:05:02,200 --> 04:05:04,700
these military collapses is how 
reasonable they look from 

4812
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:07,600
everyone's perspective? 
The central government was 

4813
04:05:07,600 --> 04:05:11,000
trying to maintain control over 
vast territories with limited 

4814
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:13,500
resources. 
The foreign allies were trying 

4815
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:15,200
to secure Better Lives for their
people. 

4816
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:18,300
The individual generals were 
trying to advance their careers 

4817
04:05:18,300 --> 04:05:21,400
and protect their soldiers. 
Nobody was trying to destroy 

4818
04:05:21,400 --> 04:05:23,500
civilization. 
They were all just trying to 

4819
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:25,200
make the best of difficult 
circumstances. 

4820
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:29,100
Yet the cumulative effect of all
these rational decisions was the

4821
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,200
collapse of political systems 
that had maintained peace and 

4822
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:36,500
prosperity for centuries. 
It's a reminder that beneficial 

4823
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:38,100
intentions and rational 
Behavior. 

4824
04:05:38,100 --> 04:05:41,800
Don't always need to 
advantageous outcomes especially

4825
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:44,500
in complex systems where 
individual decisions can have 

4826
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:46,500
far-reaching unintended 
consequences. 

4827
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:49,300
Nothing, quite puts life in 
perspective like a good 

4828
04:05:49,300 --> 04:05:51,700
pandemic. 
Ancient empires had more than 

4829
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:54,800
their share of both. 
But unlike modern disease, 

4830
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:59,100
outbreaks ancient plagues didn't
just kill people, the unraveled,

4831
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:02,000
the entire social fabric that 
held civilizations together. 

4832
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:07,100
The antonine plague, hit the 
Roman Empire and 165 CE and 

4833
04:06:07,100 --> 04:06:09,000
basically didn't stop for 15 
years. 

4834
04:06:09,900 --> 04:06:12,900
While some Modern historians 
believe it was smallpox others 

4835
04:06:12,900 --> 04:06:15,900
argue, it was measles 
demonstrating the long-standing 

4836
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:18,300
tradition of academics, debating
deadly diseases. 

4837
04:06:19,600 --> 04:06:22,100
What we do know is that it 
killed somewhere between five 

4838
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:25,700
and 10% of the entire Roman 
population, which is, like, 

4839
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:28,800
wiping out every person in 
California and Texas combined. 

4840
04:06:30,000 --> 04:06:32,400
But here's what makes ancient 
plagues particularly 

4841
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,200
devastating. 
Ancient economies were almost 

4842
04:06:35,200 --> 04:06:39,100
entirely based on human labor. 
When you lose 10% of your 

4843
04:06:39,100 --> 04:06:42,500
Workforce overnight, you don't 
just have 10% less productivity.

4844
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:46,000
You have a complete breakdown of
the systems that depend on 

4845
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:47,500
having enough people to make 
them work. 

4846
04:06:48,300 --> 04:06:51,600
Think about your workplace. 
If half your co-workers suddenly

4847
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:54,000
disappeared, you wouldn't just 
be doing more work. 

4848
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:56,000
You'd be doing completely 
different work. 

4849
04:06:56,000 --> 04:06:59,000
Probably badly while also trying
to figure out which of their 

4850
04:06:59,008 --> 04:07:02,000
responsibilities were actually 
important and which were just 

4851
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:04,400
bureaucratic busy work that 
nobody will miss. 

4852
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:07,700
Now, imagine that scenario 
playing out across an entire 

4853
04:07:07,700 --> 04:07:10,700
Empire in every town on every 
farm and in every Workshop. 

4854
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:14,100
The plague hit Rome, just as 
Marcus, Aurelius was trying to 

4855
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:17,200
combat major Barbarian 
incursions along the Danube 

4856
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:19,500
Frontier. 
Instead of having the resources 

4857
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:22,600
to mount an effective military 
response, he found himself 

4858
04:07:22,600 --> 04:07:25,900
managing a civilization that was
quite literally dying. 

4859
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:29,500
Tax revenues collapsed because 
there were fewer people to tax. 

4860
04:07:29,500 --> 04:07:32,600
And many of the survivors were 
too busy dealing with immediate 

4861
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:34,200
survival to worry about paying 
taxes. 

4862
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:37,900
The military recruitment system 
broke down because the 

4863
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:41,800
traditional sources of soldiers,
young men from rural areas had 

4864
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:43,900
been hit particularly hard by 
the disease. 

4865
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:47,900
As Merchants died or decided 
that traveling to potentially 

4866
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:49,900
infected cities was a poor 
business strategy. 

4867
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:54,200
Trade networks frayed it's like 
watching a complex machine lose 

4868
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:57,800
crucial Parts, one by one until 
it finally just stops working 

4869
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:01,400
entirely. 
Meanwhile, across the Empire. 

4870
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:04,100
People were trying to make sense
of why they're Gods had 

4871
04:08:04,100 --> 04:08:07,600
apparently abandon them. 
The Roman State religion was 

4872
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:10,500
based on the idea that proper 
rituals and sacrifices would 

4873
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:14,000
ensure Divine favor and 
protection. when plague 

4874
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:16,700
devastated the Empire, despite 
all the appropriate ceremonies, 

4875
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:20,000
it raised uncomfortable 
questions about whether the old 

4876
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:22,800
gods were still paying 
attention, This spiritual 

4877
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:26,200
crisis, paved the way for new 
religious movements, especially 

4878
04:08:26,200 --> 04:08:29,600
Christianity, which provided 
alternative explanations for 

4879
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:32,200
suffering, and diverse forms of 
Hope for the future. 

4880
04:08:33,400 --> 04:08:36,400
The plague didn't create 
Christianity but it certainly 

4881
04:08:36,400 --> 04:08:39,100
helped create conditions where 
Christian ideas about Divine 

4882
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:41,900
Justice and eternal life became 
more appealing to people who 

4883
04:08:41,900 --> 04:08:44,100
were watching their world, 
literally die around them. 

4884
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:47,500
The Justinian plague which hit 
the Byzantine empire in the 

4885
04:08:47,508 --> 04:08:49,700
sixth century was even more 
devastating. 

4886
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:54,200
This was probably Bubonic 
plague, the same disease that 

4887
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:56,400
would later become famous as the
Black Death. 

4888
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:00,500
It arrived in Constantinople 
aboard grain ships from Egypt, 

4889
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:03,400
which is a reminder that trade 
networks that bring Prosperity 

4890
04:09:03,400 --> 04:09:07,200
can also bring catastrophe. 
The plague killed an estimated 

4891
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:11,200
25 million people across the 
Byzantine Empire and surrounding

4892
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:14,800
regions Emperor, Justinian 
himself, contracted the plague 

4893
04:09:14,800 --> 04:09:17,900
but survived, although he was 
reportedly never quite the same 

4894
04:09:17,900 --> 04:09:20,200
afterwards. 
Emperor Justinian had to 

4895
04:09:20,208 --> 04:09:22,600
drastically scale. 
Back his Grand plans to 

4896
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:25,200
reconquer the Western Roman 
territories as the Empire 

4897
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:29,000
focused on simply Staying Alive.
What's particularly striking 

4898
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:31,600
about the Justinian plague is 
how it changed the entire 

4899
04:09:31,600 --> 04:09:33,900
trajectory of European and 
Middle Eastern history. 

4900
04:09:34,700 --> 04:09:37,700
Before the plague, the Byzantine
Empire was probably strong 

4901
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,500
enough to reclaim much of the 
former Roman territories and 

4902
04:09:40,500 --> 04:09:42,900
re-establish a unified 
Mediterranean world. 

4903
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:46,500
After the plague that 
possibility disappeared forever.

4904
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:49,900
The demographic collapse. 
Also shifted the balance of 

4905
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:52,700
power between the Byzantine 
Empire and the rise in Islamic 

4906
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:57,000
states to the South The healthy 
populist present in Empire might

4907
04:09:57,000 --> 04:10:00,200
have been able to stop or at 
least significantly slow the 

4908
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:03,500
Arab conquests of the seventh 
century. the plague weakened 

4909
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,900
Empire could barely defend its 
Heartland, Place didn't just 

4910
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:10,300
affect Empires directly through 
death and economic disruption. 

4911
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:13,500
They all changed how people 
thought about, government 

4912
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:15,800
religion and social 
organization. 

4913
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,000
When established authorities 
can't protect people from 

4914
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:21,400
invisible threats. 
Those authorities lose 

4915
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:24,500
legitimacy. 
When traditional explanations 

4916
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:26,300
for how the world Works fail to 
account. 

4917
04:10:26,300 --> 04:10:30,100
For catastrophic events, people 
become more open to new ideas 

4918
04:10:30,100 --> 04:10:31,700
and new forms of social 
organization. 

4919
04:10:32,800 --> 04:10:35,500
In this context plagues often 
acted as Catalyst. 

4920
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:37,900
That accelerated changes already
in progress. 

4921
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:41,600
The Roman Empire was already 
dealing with military economic, 

4922
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:43,900
and political pressures. 
When the antonine plague hit 

4923
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:47,800
While the plague didn't initiate
these issues, it intensified 

4924
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:51,300
their complexity and spawned new
challenges that overextended the

4925
04:10:51,300 --> 04:10:54,100
system sometimes Empires. 
Don't collapse gradually, 

4926
04:10:54,100 --> 04:10:58,200
sometimes they just disappear. 
The Maya cities of the Southern 

4927
04:10:58,200 --> 04:10:59,900
lowlands were abandoned so 
quickly. 

4928
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:02,200
The archaeologists observed 
dinner plates. 

4929
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:05,500
Still sitting on tables as if 
people just stepped out for a 

4930
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:08,400
moment and never came back. 
It's like finding a ghost town 

4931
04:11:08,400 --> 04:11:11,500
where the ghost forgot to take 
their belongings, the speed of 

4932
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,500
these Southern collapses is what
makes them so mysterious and so 

4933
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:17,600
frightening, we often believe 
that complex societies are 

4934
04:11:17,608 --> 04:11:21,100
resilient capable of bending 
without breaking that. 

4935
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:23,300
There is a plan in place for 
when things go wrong. 

4936
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:27,600
But the archaeological record is
full of civilizations that 

4937
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:30,800
seemed perfectly fine. 
One day and were empty ruins the

4938
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:33,600
next Anchor. 
The capital of the Khmer Empire 

4939
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:36,900
and Cambodia supported over a 
million people at its height in 

4940
04:11:36,900 --> 04:11:39,800
the 12th century, the temple 
complex at ankle. 

4941
04:11:39,800 --> 04:11:42,200
Watch remains one of the most 
impressive architectural 

4942
04:11:42,200 --> 04:11:46,600
achievements in human history. 
The Hydraulic Engineering system

4943
04:11:46,600 --> 04:11:50,100
that supported the city was so 
sophisticated that modern 

4944
04:11:50,100 --> 04:11:52,400
Engineers are still figuring out
how it worked. 

4945
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,200
This was not a civilization that
seemed likely to just pack up 

4946
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:59,500
and leave yet. 
By the 15th century ankle, was 

4947
04:11:59,500 --> 04:12:02,000
largely abandoned. 
The jungle was already beginning

4948
04:12:02,000 --> 04:12:05,200
to reclaim the temples and 
palaces the elaborate Canal 

4949
04:12:05,200 --> 04:12:08,000
system that had supported. 
The massive population was 

4950
04:12:08,000 --> 04:12:11,400
falling into disrepair. 
What had been one of the world's

4951
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,700
largest cities became a ruined. 
So, overgrown that European 

4952
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:17,400
explorers in the 19th century 
initially. 

4953
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:18,900
Thought the temples were natural
rock. 

4954
04:12:18,900 --> 04:12:23,600
Formations what happened? 
The truth is, we are unsure of 

4955
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,800
the exact cause which adds to 
the terror of the Southern 

4956
04:12:26,800 --> 04:12:29,200
collapse. 
Current theories, focus on 

4957
04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:31,700
climate change. 
Specifically a shift from the 

4958
04:12:31,708 --> 04:12:35,000
medieval warm period to the 
little ice age, that disrupted 

4959
04:12:35,000 --> 04:12:36,900
the monsoon. 
Patterns the premier depended on

4960
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:38,300
for their water management 
system. 

4961
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:41,400
The climate change alone, does 
not explain the speed of the 

4962
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:44,300
abandonment. 
After all, the Khmer had dealt 

4963
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,100
with variable, where, the 
patterns for centuries, they had

4964
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:50,200
built redundancy into their 
water systems precisely because 

4965
04:12:50,200 --> 04:12:52,700
they understood that droughts 
and floods were inevitable. 

4966
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:56,400
Something must have shifted, the
perspective from difficult but 

4967
04:12:56,400 --> 04:12:59,400
manageable to abandon everything
and flee. 

4968
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:02,600
The most likely explanation is 
that ankor suffered from what 

4969
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,100
systems theorists call. 
Cascading failure. 

4970
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:09,100
The water management system was 
incredibly sophisticated, but 

4971
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:12,000
that sophistication made it 
fragile in unexpected ways. 

4972
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:16,000
When one part of the system 
failed its the others which then

4973
04:13:16,000 --> 04:13:18,800
failed and so on. 
Is like when your computer 

4974
04:13:18,808 --> 04:13:21,300
crashes? 
Usually, it's not because of one

4975
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:24,800
catastrophic error, but because 
a series of small problems, 

4976
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:28,700
interacting ways that overwhelm 
the systems ability to cope the 

4977
04:13:28,700 --> 04:13:30,200
difference. 
Is that when your computer 

4978
04:13:30,200 --> 04:13:34,300
crashes, you can restart it when
a civilization crashes, the 

4979
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:36,500
knowledge of how to restart it 
often dies. 

4980
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,400
With the people who flee the 
Bronze Age collapse provides. 

4981
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:42,300
Another example of sudden 
widespread system failure, 

4982
04:13:43,100 --> 04:13:47,200
Around 1200 BCE the entire 
Eastern Mediterranean World 

4983
04:13:47,200 --> 04:13:49,600
seemed to fall apart within a 
generation or two. 

4984
04:13:50,400 --> 04:13:52,900
Cities that had flourished for 
centuries were destroyed or 

4985
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:55,400
abandoned. 
Trade networks that are 

4986
04:13:55,400 --> 04:13:58,100
connected regions from Greece, 
to Mesopotamia, simply stopped 

4987
04:13:58,100 --> 04:14:01,800
functioning writing systems were
forgotten in some areas for 

4988
04:14:01,800 --> 04:14:04,100
centuries. 
What makes this collapse 

4989
04:14:04,100 --> 04:14:07,300
particularly puzzling is that it
affected regions with very 

4990
04:14:07,300 --> 04:14:10,300
different, political systems, 
economies, and cultures. 

4991
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:14,000
The Mycenaean palaces in Greece,
had little in common, with the 

4992
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:17,300
Hittites cities and turkey yet, 
they both collapsed at roughly 

4993
04:14:17,300 --> 04:14:20,400
the same time, it seemed as 
though someone had abruptly 

4994
04:14:20,400 --> 04:14:23,900
ended, an entire civilization 
yet, no one have the authority 

4995
04:14:23,900 --> 04:14:26,700
to do so. 
Recent archaeological evidence 

4996
04:14:26,700 --> 04:14:28,900
suggests that the Bronze Age 
world was much more 

4997
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:30,700
interconnected than previously 
thought. 

4998
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:34,500
The palace at pylos in Greece, 
contained, records of trade 

4999
04:14:34,500 --> 04:14:36,300
relationship, stretching across 
the Mediterranean. 

5000
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:40,200
Egyptian tombs contain objects 
made from materials that. 

5001
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:42,900
Could only have come from 
Scandinavia or Afghanistan. 

5002
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,100
The uluburun Shipwreck off the 
coast of turkey contained goods 

5003
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:48,800
from at least seven different 
regions. 

5004
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:52,400
This interconnectedness was a 
source of strength during 

5005
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:55,000
productive times. 
It allowed for specialized 

5006
04:14:55,000 --> 04:14:58,200
production, efficient resource 
allocation, and the spread of 

5007
04:14:58,208 --> 04:14:59,900
beneficial Technologies and 
ideas. 

5008
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:02,400
But it also created 
vulnerability. 

5009
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:06,900
When one part of the network 
fail, the failure could Cascade 

5010
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,300
through the entire system faster
than anyone could respond. 

5011
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:14,100
Economist, increasingly believed
that supply chain, failure. 

5012
04:15:14,100 --> 04:15:17,900
Caused the Bronze Age collapse. 
When the network of trade 

5013
04:15:17,900 --> 04:15:20,400
relationships that supported 
Bronze Age, civilization was 

5014
04:15:20,400 --> 04:15:24,400
disrupted by climate change 
political instability, or simple

5015
04:15:24,400 --> 04:15:28,100
overextension, the entire system
collapse, because no single 

5016
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:30,300
region could produce everything 
it needed locally. 

5017
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:33,600
The implications for our own 
interconnected World. 

5018
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:36,000
A sobering. 
We depend on Global Supply 

5019
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:37,500
chains that are far more 
complex. 

5020
04:15:37,500 --> 04:15:40,300
And extensive than anything. 
The Bronze Age civilizations 

5021
04:15:40,300 --> 04:15:45,000
could have imagined Our food, 
our energy, our technology, our 

5022
04:15:45,000 --> 04:15:48,700
medicines almost everything we 
need for Modern Life, depends on

5023
04:15:48,708 --> 04:15:51,600
systems that span the globe. 
And involve millions of people 

5024
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:55,000
will never meet what happens if 
those systems fail. 

5025
04:15:56,500 --> 04:15:59,600
The Bronze Age collapse suggests
that the failure might be sudden

5026
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:03,300
comprehensive and very difficult
to reverse once it begins. 

5027
04:16:03,300 --> 04:16:06,400
After spending thousands of 
years studying, why ancient 

5028
04:16:06,400 --> 04:16:08,800
empires collapsed? 
You'd think we'd have learned 

5029
04:16:08,800 --> 04:16:11,900
something useful. 
Instead, we keep making the same

5030
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:15,000
mistakes, just with better 
technology and more 

5031
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:17,000
sophisticated ways of justifying
them. 

5032
04:16:18,100 --> 04:16:20,300
The most dangerous myth. 
We tell ourselves, is that 

5033
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:22,400
collapse is always someone 
else's fault. 

5034
04:16:23,100 --> 04:16:26,200
When we study ancient empires, 
we focus on external threats, 

5035
04:16:26,200 --> 04:16:30,500
Barbarian invasions foreign 
conquests and natural disasters,

5036
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:34,200
Comforting to think that 
civilizations fail because of 

5037
04:16:34,208 --> 04:16:37,100
forces beyond their control 
because that means our 

5038
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:39,600
civilization's problems are 
temporary setbacks rather than 

5039
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:43,500
systemic flaws. 
The truth is Messier and more 

5040
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:46,700
uncomfortable most Empires 
collapse because they couldn't 

5041
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:48,700
solve problems. 
That were entirely predictable 

5042
04:16:48,700 --> 04:16:52,400
and largely self-inflicted. 
The Romans knew their currency 

5043
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:55,400
was being debased. 
The mayor knew their cities were

5044
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:57,600
growing beyond what their 
agricultural system could 

5045
04:16:57,600 --> 04:17:01,000
support the Tang Dynasty. 
Knew that giving too much power 

5046
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:02,700
to Frontier. 
Generals was risky. 

5047
04:17:02,700 --> 04:17:06,500
They knew that they couldn't act
on what they knew because acting

5048
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:08,900
would have required short-term 
sacrifices for long-term 

5049
04:17:08,900 --> 04:17:13,000
benefits and political systems 
are notoriously poor at making 

5050
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:16,000
those kinds of trade-offs. 
It is more convenient to 

5051
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:19,100
postpone problems and rely on 
future solutions from others. 

5052
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:23,300
Sound familiar. 
We know that climate change is 

5053
04:17:23,300 --> 04:17:25,900
real and dangerous. 
We know that economic inequality

5054
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:28,700
is reaching levels that 
historically lead to social 

5055
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:31,200
instability. 
We know that our political 

5056
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:34,200
institutions are under stress 
and that public trust in 

5057
04:17:34,200 --> 04:17:37,200
government is declining. 
We know that our infrastructure 

5058
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:40,600
is aging and that our social 
safety nets are underfunded but 

5059
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:43,700
knowing an acting a different 
thing's specially when acting 

5060
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:46,200
requires admitting that some of 
our most cherished assumptions 

5061
04:17:46,200 --> 04:17:48,600
about how the world Works, might
be wrong. 

5062
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:52,200
The Romans never admitted that 
their empire had grown too large

5063
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,600
to govern effectively the Maya 
never acknowledged that their 

5064
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:57,100
agricultural system was 
unsustainable. 

5065
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:01,000
We have our own blind spots that
future historians will probably 

5066
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:03,200
find equally obvious and equally
frustrating. 

5067
04:18:03,200 --> 04:18:06,100
The second myth is that 
technology will save us. 

5068
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,000
We assume that because we have 
better tools than ancient 

5069
04:18:09,000 --> 04:18:12,000
peoples will be able to solve 
problems that defeated them. 

5070
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,400
However, technology can have 
both positive and negative 

5071
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:19,000
effects, it can solve problems, 
but it can also create new 

5072
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:21,700
problems that are harder to 
solve than the original ones. 

5073
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:26,000
The Romans possess Superior 
military technology compared to 

5074
04:18:26,008 --> 04:18:28,500
their enemies. 
But this Advantage allowed them 

5075
04:18:28,500 --> 04:18:31,600
to conquer more territory 
leading to administrative and 

5076
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,400
economic problems that 
ultimately overwhelmed their 

5077
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:38,100
ability to manage these issues. 
The Maya developed 

5078
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:41,500
sophisticated, astronomical and 
mathematical knowledge that they

5079
04:18:41,500 --> 04:18:44,000
used it to build cities that 
were ultimately unsustainable. 

5080
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:46,100
Give their environmental 
constraints. 

5081
04:18:46,900 --> 04:18:49,800
Our technology is far more 
advanced than anything, ancient 

5082
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,400
people's could have imagined, 
but it's also created 

5083
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:55,400
dependencies and vulnerabilities
that they never had to worry 

5084
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:58,500
about when Roman communication 
systems fail. 

5085
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:02,800
Messages took longer to deliver.
When our communication systems 

5086
04:19:02,800 --> 04:19:04,900
fail, Global Financial markets 
can crash. 

5087
04:19:04,900 --> 04:19:07,400
In minutes. 
The third myth is the collapse 

5088
04:19:07,400 --> 04:19:10,300
means the end of everything in 
reality collapses. 

5089
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:12,300
Usually, a process of 
simplification and 

5090
04:19:12,300 --> 04:19:15,100
reorganization rather than total
Destruction. 

5091
04:19:16,000 --> 04:19:18,800
When the Western Roman Empire 
fell, the people didn't 

5092
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:21,200
disappear. 
They adapted to new political 

5093
04:19:21,200 --> 04:19:24,700
Arrangements, developed new 
economic systems and found new 

5094
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:26,300
ways to organize their 
communities. 

5095
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:30,200
The Dark Ages weren't actually 
that dark people continued to 

5096
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:33,800
farm to trade to build to learn 
and to create art. 

5097
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:37,200
They just did it in different 
ways and at smaller scales than 

5098
04:19:37,200 --> 04:19:41,000
their Imperial predecessors. 
Often the end of Empire meant 

5099
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:43,100
the beginning of more, 
sustainable and more responsive 

5100
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:46,800
forms of social organization. 
This isn't meant to minimize the

5101
04:19:46,800 --> 04:19:50,100
genuine suffering that often 
accompanies collapse, or to 

5102
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:52,000
suggest that we should welcome. 
The end of our own civilization.

5103
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,400
But it is meant to point out 
that humans Society is a 

5104
04:19:56,400 --> 04:19:59,400
remarkably adaptable and that 
the end of one way of doing 

5105
04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:02,500
things, often opens up space for
better ways of doing things. 

5106
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:06,200
Final myth is that we can 
prevent Collapse by learning 

5107
04:20:06,200 --> 04:20:09,500
from history. 
The uncomfortable truth is that 

5108
04:20:09,500 --> 04:20:12,500
knowing how Empires collapsed 
doesn't necessarily help you 

5109
04:20:12,500 --> 04:20:14,200
prevent your own Empire from 
collapsing. 

5110
04:20:14,900 --> 04:20:17,500
The problems that bring down 
civilizations are usually 

5111
04:20:17,500 --> 04:20:20,400
obvious to people living through
them, but they're all usually 

5112
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,700
embedded so deeply in the system
that solving them would require 

5113
04:20:23,700 --> 04:20:26,300
changing the very things that 
make the system successful in 

5114
04:20:26,300 --> 04:20:29,400
the first place. 
The Romans couldn't solve their 

5115
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:32,000
military problems without giving
up the territories that made 

5116
04:20:32,000 --> 04:20:33,800
them wealthy enough to pay for 
their military. 

5117
04:20:33,800 --> 04:20:38,000
The Maya couldn't solve their 
problems without abandoning the 

5118
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:40,300
Intensive agriculture that 
supported their large 

5119
04:20:40,300 --> 04:20:42,900
populations. 
We can't solve our climate 

5120
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:45,700
problems without changing the 
Industrial Systems that provide 

5121
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:48,800
our standard of living This 
doesn't mean that collapses 

5122
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:51,500
inevitable or that we should 
give up trying to solve our 

5123
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:54,200
problems. 
It means that Solutions require 

5124
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:57,100
us to be honest about the 
trade-offs involved and willing 

5125
04:20:57,100 --> 04:20:59,400
to accept that. 
Some changes might make us less 

5126
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,700
powerful or less wealthy in the 
short term to make us more 

5127
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:05,000
sustainable. 
In the long term, the real 

5128
04:21:05,000 --> 04:21:07,100
lesson from the collapse of 
ancient empires. 

5129
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:09,800
Isn't that all civilizations are
doomed to fail? 

5130
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:13,200
It's that civilizations that 
refuse to adapt to changing 

5131
04:21:13,200 --> 04:21:14,800
circumstances and doomed to 
fail. 

5132
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:18,300
While those that can find ways 
to transform themselves, have a 

5133
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:21,300
chance to survive. 
And even Thrive the question 

5134
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:23,800
isn't, whether our civilization 
will face existential 

5135
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:27,300
challenges. 
It will the question is whether 

5136
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:30,500
we'll be wise enough to change 
before changes forced upon us 

5137
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:33,700
and humble enough to learn from 
the mistakes of the past, while 

5138
04:21:33,700 --> 04:21:35,600
we still have time to avoid 
repeating them. 

5139
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:38,600
Sleep. 
Well, tomorrow is another day to

5140
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:47,900
build something better. 
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 

5141
04:21:47,900 --> 04:21:51,200
the unmetal province of owari, 
amid a period in Japan. 

5142
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:54,100
Now remembered for Endless 
conflicts and rapidly shifting 

5143
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:57,500
feudal. 
Allegiances his father Odin. 

5144
04:21:57,500 --> 04:22:00,500
Over heater was a minor warlord 
grappling with clan in fighting 

5145
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:04,300
local skirmishes and the 
Perpetual risk of larger armies 

5146
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:07,000
from neighboring. 
Provinces there was no guarantee

5147
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:10,300
that the infant Nobunaga would 
transform, the realm families, 

5148
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:14,200
fought alliances crumbled, a new
leaders emerged overnight. 

5149
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,700
Yet from the Vantage of time, 
it's clear he planted seeds, 

5150
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:22,100
that would remake Japan. 
Early records, describe a young 

5151
04:22:22,100 --> 04:22:24,800
Nobunaga as unruly. 
He spurned. 

5152
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:28,200
Formalities wearing. 
Outlandish clothes arriving late

5153
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:31,500
to Solomon ceremonies and 
generally annoying Clan Elders. 

5154
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,600
They labeled him full Hardy, or 
even an embarrassment to the 

5155
04:22:34,608 --> 04:22:37,600
odor name. 
But behind that facade of 

5156
04:22:37,608 --> 04:22:40,500
flamboyance looked to creative 
mind hungry for novelty. 

5157
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,200
He tinkered with foreign 
trinkets asked probing questions

5158
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:47,500
about strategy and displayed a 
knack for analyzing rival 

5159
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:50,200
movements. 
Teachers who tried to tame him, 

5160
04:22:50,200 --> 04:22:53,700
rarely succeeded yet, they 
noticed flashes of Brilliance 

5161
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:56,100
like the time. 
He walked the perimeter of his 

5162
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,700
father's Castle pointing out 
weaknesses in Gate design that 

5163
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:04,200
grown Samurai overlooked His 
father's death in 1551 thrust. 

5164
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:08,300
This untested youth into sudden,
prominence instantly, the odor, 

5165
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:11,400
Clan fractured uncle's, 
half-brothers and distant 

5166
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:15,000
cousins jossel for the top seat.
Conventional wisdom, suggested 

5167
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,800
that the audacious full of owari
had little chance But in the 

5168
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:23,100
swirl of that crisis, Nobunaga 
made decisive moves, he broke 

5169
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:26,600
up, heard short-term packed with
key, retainers promised them new

5170
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:30,300
lands and swiftly dismantled the
claims of older relatives, who 

5171
04:23:30,300 --> 04:23:33,600
underestimated him. 
Some, he exiled and some, he 

5172
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:35,900
subdued military within two 
years. 

5173
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:40,100
He asserted control over most of
a woori observe, as realized he 

5174
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:44,400
was no clown, he simply despised
the old ceremonial style and did

5175
04:23:44,400 --> 04:23:47,200
things his own way. 
Rumor has it that around this 

5176
04:23:47,200 --> 04:23:50,500
time, a traveling Merchant 
introduced him to Arcade buses. 

5177
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:54,400
Matchlock guns from the West. 
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 

5178
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:57,700
as crude and unworthy 
overshadowed by the Elegance of 

5179
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:01,000
swords and Spears. 
No Gunnar though. 

5180
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:04,700
Recognized their potential. 
Quite quietly stockpiled them 

5181
04:24:04,700 --> 04:24:07,400
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 
or adapt them. 

5182
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:10,900
He tested them in private 
drills, training foot soldiers 

5183
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:14,500
to Fire and disciplined volleys.
The practice was a departure 

5184
04:24:14,500 --> 04:24:17,900
from the singer who Norm which 
romanticized heroic duels. 

5185
04:24:18,700 --> 04:24:21,600
He aimed to harness the Synergy 
of the ranks prioritizing 

5186
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:23,500
technology over individual 
bravado. 

5187
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:26,200
Such a notion, didn't spread 
widely yet. 

5188
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:29,500
But the seeds were planted for a
new kind of warfare. 

5189
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:33,300
The first major test of his 
cunning came in 1560. 

5190
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:36,800
When in magawa yoshimoto, one of
the era's, most formidable 

5191
04:24:36,800 --> 04:24:40,500
Warlords, led a giant army 
through aware in a route to the 

5192
04:24:40,508 --> 04:24:42,900
capital. 
The conventional approach would 

5193
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,800
have been for smaller clowns to 
hide in fortified castles or 

5194
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:50,600
attempt half-hearted skirmishes.
But Nobunaga went bold, famously

5195
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:54,300
prayed at a local, Shrine, 
offered sake to his men and then

5196
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:56,500
launched a surprise attack at 
IKEA hazama. 

5197
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:02,300
The result was astonishing, 
Yoshi Moto's vast Force lulled 

5198
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:05,200
into overconfidence collapsed 
onto nobunaga's. 

5199
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,900
Ambush yoshimoto, himself was 
killed in the confusion, this 

5200
04:25:08,900 --> 04:25:12,600
Victory stunned, the Japanese 
archipelago a lesser Clan from 

5201
04:25:12,600 --> 04:25:16,400
owari under a Brash, young Lord,
and toppled one of the biggest 

5202
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:21,000
threats in a single day. 
After okayama, smaller local 

5203
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:24,000
Warlords, rushed to align with 
the odor Clan or at least sign 

5204
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:28,200
new trailer paced. 
No Bernard's Prestige sword, yet

5205
04:25:28,200 --> 04:25:30,900
he did not rest. 
He began forging deeper 

5206
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:34,500
connections with merchants in 
nearby free cities establishing 

5207
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:37,900
an economic backbone. 
He sought a lion says with key 

5208
04:25:37,900 --> 04:25:41,500
figures in minor and only 
province's using marriage's and 

5209
04:25:41,500 --> 04:25:44,900
mutual defense packs. 
The same time, he displayed 

5210
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:48,700
unpredictability punishing 
uncooperative, Lords harshly, 

5211
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,800
sacking their castles, and 
installing loyal. 

5212
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:56,300
Retainer families in the void. 
Amid these expansions he showed 

5213
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:59,900
an unusual attitude towards 
status traditional samurai 

5214
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:01,900
lineage mattered less to him 
than competence. 

5215
04:26:02,600 --> 04:26:06,700
If a farmer's son, displayed 
skill nobunny Elevate him to 

5216
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:10,200
command squads or handle taxes, 
the situation unsettled old 

5217
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:12,600
Aristocrats, who viewed 
inheritance as the Bedrock of 

5218
04:26:12,608 --> 04:26:16,600
power Nobunaga cared little for 
their complaints arguing that 

5219
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:19,200
Victory and stability were more 
important than outmoded 

5220
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:22,300
hierarchies. 
This approach gained him Fierce 

5221
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:24,300
loyalty from those who 
recognized that Talent was 

5222
04:26:24,308 --> 04:26:27,000
rewarded. 
But it also sowed resentment 

5223
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:31,500
among the Old Guard who saw him 
as an iconoclast. by the late 

5224
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:37,200
1560s Odeon had outgrown the 
label full He was forging a 

5225
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:39,000
reputation as a radical risk 
taker. 

5226
04:26:39,000 --> 04:26:43,500
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

5227
04:26:43,500 --> 04:26:46,400
warfare in Council. 
He might appeared dressed, 

5228
04:26:46,400 --> 04:26:51,500
simply focusing on substance and
of pomp observers were recall 

5229
04:26:51,500 --> 04:26:56,100
that in private, he studied Maps
meticulously pondering. 

5230
04:26:56,100 --> 04:26:58,500
How to break the web of petty 
Wars that kept Japan. 

5231
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:02,600
Fractured, no one yet, imagined 
the scale of his ambition, that 

5232
04:27:02,600 --> 04:27:06,200
he'd attempt to unify the entire
land, but the signs were there 

5233
04:27:06,200 --> 04:27:10,700
in every bold decision, every 
new alliance and every shattered

5234
04:27:10,700 --> 04:27:13,800
old tradition, he was on the 
brink of a far more sweeping 

5235
04:27:13,800 --> 04:27:16,900
campaign. 
As his influence grew in owari, 

5236
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:20,700
Odin directed his attention, 
towards the neighboring Mino. 

5237
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,600
This domain was under the site 
to Clan known for cunning 

5238
04:27:24,600 --> 04:27:27,700
leadership, and strong Castle 
defenses, especially the 

5239
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:31,200
imposing in Albion Castle 
perched, on a steep hill, local 

5240
04:27:31,200 --> 04:27:33,800
Warlords mermaid. 
That Mino was a fortress in 

5241
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:38,100
region, not easily subjugated, 
but Nobunaga believed that if he

5242
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:40,800
could see his Mino he would 
secure a critical foot. 

5243
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:43,200
Hold on the route to Kyoto 
diplomatically. 

5244
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:47,100
He first tried forging a 
connection he arranged for his 

5245
04:27:47,100 --> 04:27:50,300
foster daughter to marry. 
The Saito are the Hope was to 

5246
04:27:50,300 --> 04:27:54,300
pay for smooth apart. 
Yet the ceto patriarch Saito 

5247
04:27:54,300 --> 04:27:57,900
dosan died in a familial 
conflict leaving the clan 

5248
04:27:57,900 --> 04:28:00,300
leadership. 
In flux, the new Saito, head 

5249
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:03,300
refused to yield. 
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 

5250
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:07,100
He recruited refugees from Nino 
who hated the new Saito 

5251
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:09,200
leadership. 
He gleaned Intel about secret 

5252
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:13,100
Mountain paths and alternative 
supply routes hammered away at 

5253
04:28:13,100 --> 04:28:15,400
saito's border. 
Fortifications with Relentless 

5254
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:19,600
minor assaults wearing them down
around this period toyotomi 

5255
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:22,600
hideyoshi and unassuming foot 
soldier with a knack for 

5256
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:24,800
persuasion captured nobunaga's 
attention. 

5257
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:28,600
Hideyoshi broke her, local 
alliances and bribed to 

5258
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:32,200
underlings to sabotage, defenses
from within the infiltration was

5259
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:36,800
so effective that by 1567 
saito's lines crumbled under a 

5260
04:28:36,800 --> 04:28:40,800
well-coordinated strike in Abbey
armor, Castle fell and no, 

5261
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:44,100
Bernardo promptly renamed the 
Fortress gifu symbolizing, a 

5262
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:46,400
fresh chapter. 
Gifu Castle. 

5263
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:49,500
Thus, became his new base 
overshadowing, a Waris older 

5264
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,000
seat. 
Local Legend says he pinned a 

5265
04:28:52,000 --> 04:28:55,200
banner reading tenka, FUBU 
roughly, meaning all the realm 

5266
04:28:55,200 --> 04:28:58,400
under one sword, an audacious 
motto that showcased his 

5267
04:28:58,400 --> 04:29:02,300
aspiration to unified. 
Japan having secured Minot, he 

5268
04:29:02,300 --> 04:29:05,900
cast his Gaze on Kyoto imperial 
capital of lost much of its 

5269
04:29:05,900 --> 04:29:09,100
luster battered by Decades of 
feuding Warlords. 

5270
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:14,100
The Ashoka shogunate nominally 
ruling Japan was overshadowed by

5271
04:29:14,100 --> 04:29:17,400
local powers. 
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki

5272
04:29:17,400 --> 04:29:21,100
approached Nobunaga pleading for
rescue from rival Warlords. 

5273
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:27,400
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 

5274
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,600
city's confusion allowed him to 
install yoshiaki as Shogun. 

5275
04:29:31,200 --> 04:29:33,800
Though it was an arrangement 
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 

5276
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:37,100
Nobunaga intended to influence 
National politics. 

5277
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:40,500
Covertly utilizing yoshiaki, as 
a symbolic leader. 

5278
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:43,900
Kyoto's populace, reacted, with 
mixed emotions. 

5279
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:47,500
Some welcomed an enter chaos. 
Others feared a new Tyrant. 

5280
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:51,500
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 
by rebuilding toads and temples 

5281
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:55,600
wrecked by early conflicts, he 
minted coinage Finance, local 

5282
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:59,000
markets and even politely 
introduced fresh laws to curb 

5283
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:01,300
violence in the capitals 
districts. 

5284
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:04,400
Yet, these gestures of 
benevolence coexisted with his 

5285
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:08,600
iron fisted approach to dissent,
for instance, lingering warlord 

5286
04:30:08,600 --> 04:30:10,300
forces. 
Who refused to submit found 

5287
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:13,700
themselves crushed among them, 
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 

5288
04:30:13,700 --> 04:30:17,100
the city subdued, its rebellious
Corners over a matter of months?

5289
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:20,400
Nevertheless friction arose with
the Shogun Chicago. 

5290
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:25,000
Yoshiaki who bristled at being 
overshadowed Yoshiaki quietly. 

5291
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:27,400
Tried building alliances among 
traditional clams. 

5292
04:30:27,400 --> 04:30:31,300
Fueling an anti-odor Coalition 
that included powerful Barons 

5293
04:30:31,300 --> 04:30:34,600
like a Sakura and Design. 
The standoff that followed 

5294
04:30:34,600 --> 04:30:37,200
tested nobunaga's skill at 
multi-front campaigns. 

5295
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:40,800
Ironically, his brother-in-law, 
as I nagamasa, husband to 

5296
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:44,900
nobunaga's Sister oichi, led the
as I Clan The personal 

5297
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:47,600
heartbreak of Waging War against
his kin weighed heavily. 

5298
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:51,500
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 
He arranged for alliances with 

5299
04:30:51,500 --> 04:30:56,000
Tokugawa ayesu who secured the 
East, allowing the odor main 

5300
04:30:56,000 --> 04:30:58,400
Force to handle the azai asakura
threat. 

5301
04:30:59,200 --> 04:31:03,300
The battles near Anna, Darwin, 
1570 proved intense with odor 

5302
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:05,500
and Tokugawa armies. 
Eventually prevailing after 

5303
04:31:05,500 --> 04:31:08,700
vicious hand, to hand fighting 
this Victory though. 

5304
04:31:08,700 --> 04:31:11,600
Overshadowed in popular lore by 
larger events signaled, that 

5305
04:31:11,600 --> 04:31:14,500
Family Ties would not turn a 
booger from his greater mission.

5306
04:31:15,500 --> 04:31:18,500
Around this juncture, Nobunaga 
displayed his approach to 

5307
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:20,200
religious factions. 
More starkly. 

5308
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:24,700
The warrior monks of mountie 
near Kyoto allied with the azai 

5309
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:27,700
asakura Coalition. 
Nobunaga demanded this 

5310
04:31:27,700 --> 04:31:30,700
submission, they refused in 
1571. 

5311
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:34,600
He Unleashed a brutal assault. 
The entire complex at henrique 

5312
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:36,900
was put to Flame and thousands 
of monks. 

5313
04:31:36,900 --> 04:31:40,300
Novices and civilians perished, 
it was an act. 

5314
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:43,300
So Grim at even shocked some of 
Melbourne's staunch allies. 

5315
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:47,400
But he justified it claiming 
that the militant monks had 

5316
04:31:47,400 --> 04:31:50,200
threatened the capitals order 
for too long for him. 

5317
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:52,800
No sacred label. 
Could Shield an armed group from

5318
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:54,600
the Unstoppable cause of 
unification. 

5319
04:31:55,500 --> 04:31:58,600
If an institution medaled 
military, it had to be crushed 

5320
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:00,600
no matter. 
Its spiritual veneer. 

5321
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:03,600
Though these actions 
Consolidated his grip, they 

5322
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:07,100
fueled a reputation for 
ruthlessness people whispered 

5323
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:09,200
that he had become a Demon Lord 
yet. 

5324
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:12,800
Ironically, he also cultivated 
appreciation for the Arts. 

5325
04:32:12,800 --> 04:32:16,800
He introduced modern style of 
Castle architecture invited 

5326
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:19,200
Portuguese artists to 
demonstrate new building 

5327
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:22,600
technique's employed with the 
newly introduced trend of tea 

5328
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:26,000
ceremony. 
This contradictory mix extreme 

5329
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:28,900
brutality on the battlefield 
paired with the refined cultural

5330
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:32,000
Pursuits. 
Confused many, but it formed the

5331
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:35,400
heart of brunei's method, 
forging a new Japan by blending 

5332
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:41,100
modern Innovation with 
unstoppable Force by 1573, the 

5333
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,700
puppet showed in yoshiaki 
authorly at odds with no Naga 

5334
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:47,800
was exiled. 
The Ashoka sugarmate officially 

5335
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:50,200
collapsed. 
From that point forward. 

5336
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:52,800
The question wasn't, whether the
old order was gone? 

5337
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,600
It was whether no Bernardo could
fill the vacuum before. 

5338
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:58,900
Other warlord struck. 
The next moves he made would 

5339
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:00,900
Define the entire future of the 
archipelago. 

5340
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:06,000
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 
dynamic in central Japan, the 

5341
04:33:06,000 --> 04:33:09,000
centuries old ashikaga, 
shogunate stood dissolved 

5342
04:33:09,000 --> 04:33:13,200
leaving a power vacuum that Odin
Nobunaga sought to fill although

5343
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:15,000
he did not assume the Shogun 
title. 

5344
04:33:15,000 --> 04:33:18,300
Some suspect he viewed it as two
entangled with archaic baggage 

5345
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:22,000
he effectively governed from 
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 

5346
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:26,599
Nobunaga's subordinates, notably
hashiba hideyoshi later 

5347
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:30,599
toyotomi, hideyoshi and 
Tokugawa, yesu took on crucial 

5348
04:33:30,599 --> 04:33:34,300
roles, in expanding the odor 
domain and stabilizing conquered

5349
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:38,099
territories, nonetheless pockets
of fierce resistance remained 

5350
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:40,599
including the, might of the 
Takeda clan in eastern. 

5351
04:33:40,599 --> 04:33:44,599
Provinces one would not expect 
that a man ascending, so rapidly

5352
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:47,700
would find time for culture yet 
nobunaga's, passion for 

5353
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:51,800
spectacle, grew reports, mention
Grand, Banquets, and Kyoto with 

5354
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:55,599
exotic dishes, Portuguese, wine 
and comedic theater performed at

5355
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:59,400
Night by Torchlight. 
He sponsored the no drama though

5356
04:33:59,400 --> 04:34:03,000
in a personal style that adapted
scripts to Lord new Heroes. 

5357
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,700
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 
know they believed was the 

5358
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:11,800
Hallmark of an older refined 
tradition. but to Nobunaga, 

5359
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,200
Tradition was a tool, not a 
chain. 

5360
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:19,099
He saw an artistic displays an 
opportunity to unify the 

5361
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,700
fracture Elites by enticing them
with entertainment and proving 

5362
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:25,200
that his rule overshadowed, any 
prior pageantry. 

5363
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:28,599
Still wore overshadowed these 
amusements. 

5364
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:33,900
The formidable to catering died.
In 1573 leaving Takeda katsuyori

5365
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:37,099
in charge, though, less 
accomplished than his father. 

5366
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:40,900
Katsurei was no pushover in 
1575. 

5367
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,700
He led a formidable, Cavalry 
Force into macawa clashing with 

5368
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:48,400
knoben's Allied, armies, the 
event, set the stage for the 

5369
04:34:48,400 --> 04:34:52,400
pivotal battle of nagashino. 
Typically a Cavalry swarm 

5370
04:34:52,400 --> 04:34:55,700
overcame infantry but nobody's 
novel approach extensive 

5371
04:34:55,700 --> 04:34:59,000
Palisades, rotating lines of 
Aqua this year's shattered. 

5372
04:34:59,000 --> 04:35:02,300
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 
charges the musket. 

5373
04:35:02,300 --> 04:35:04,200
Volleys decimated, the takada 
ranks. 

5374
04:35:04,200 --> 04:35:07,800
Eyewitnesses described. 
How for the first time, Mast 

5375
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:10,800
Firearms, overcame famous, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain.

5376
04:35:10,800 --> 04:35:15,000
This watershed moment reaffirmed
as reputation as a modernizing 

5377
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:19,000
general who embraced Firearms, 
wholeheartedly following 

5378
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:23,099
nagashino the Takeda, Clan's 
Prestige, plummeted enabling 

5379
04:35:23,099 --> 04:35:27,200
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 
Eastern domains Meanwhile in the

5380
04:35:27,207 --> 04:35:29,400
capital, he grew more direct and
quelling. 

5381
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:32,000
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or
religious sects. 

5382
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:34,900
He was rumored to have 
humiliated, certain courtiers, 

5383
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:36,500
who showed insufficient 
obedience. 

5384
04:35:37,300 --> 04:35:40,500
Indeed, a swirl of new rumors 
painted him as borderline 

5385
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:44,599
sacrilegious, ignoring the 
established Kami Worship in 

5386
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:47,400
shrines or publicly mocking, 
certain Shrine rituals as 

5387
04:35:47,400 --> 04:35:51,000
superstitious this spurred the 
rumor of him being the demon 

5388
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:54,400
warlord culminating in some 
devout Warriors, forming tiny 

5389
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,000
conspiracies to rid the land of 
this Empire's figure. 

5390
04:35:57,900 --> 04:35:59,400
One. 
Overlooked Dimension was his 

5391
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,800
approach to Camaros. 
Beyond the free markets and 

5392
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:06,000
Castle towns know, Bernard 
established weigh stations and 

5393
04:36:06,000 --> 04:36:09,000
lodging posts along, major 
highways he suppressed local 

5394
04:36:09,000 --> 04:36:10,700
toll collectors. 
Who bled Travelers? 

5395
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:14,800
This policy triggered an 
economic upswing, Caravans from 

5396
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:18,500
the sea to Inland. 
Sea carried, salt, textiles and 

5397
04:36:18,500 --> 04:36:20,500
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 
to pay. 

5398
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:25,300
The odor domain, the spilled a 
stable fiscal backbone, fueling 

5399
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:28,400
further expansion and enabling 
him to Grant rewards to Loyal 

5400
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:30,300
vassals without bankrupting the 
treasury. 

5401
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,200
Such a commercial Savvy. 
Warlord was a novelty in a 

5402
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:36,900
period when Marshall Glory 
overshadowed The Humble of 

5403
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:41,099
business of economic normix 
Nobunaga also interacted with a 

5404
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,000
figure rarely acknowledged in 
mainstream accounts. 

5405
04:36:43,000 --> 04:36:48,300
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai a tall man

5406
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:52,099
from Portuguese or Italian 
missions yasuke arrived in Japan

5407
04:36:52,099 --> 04:36:56,000
under uncertain circumstances 
impressed by his physique and 

5408
04:36:56,000 --> 04:36:58,700
exotic. 
Background Nobunaga took an 

5409
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:02,700
interest, eventually welcoming 
him into service letters from 

5410
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:05,599
Jesuit sources hint that 
Nobunaga found Jessica's 

5411
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:08,300
presence refreshing. 
The symbol of how broad the 

5412
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:10,800
world truly was. 
Some accounts mentioned that 

5413
04:37:10,808 --> 04:37:14,099
yesterday was entrusted with 
certain guard duties while the 

5414
04:37:14,099 --> 04:37:16,400
authenticity of the arrangement 
has faced debate. 

5415
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:19,900
It underscores how nobunaga's 
curiosity extended, even to 

5416
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:24,200
foreigners of unusual origin. 
Bridging cultural gaps at a time

5417
04:37:24,207 --> 04:37:27,700
when xenophobia was rampant by 
the end of the 1570s 

5418
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:30,700
Unstoppable. 
Momentum seemed to define a 

5419
04:37:30,700 --> 04:37:35,200
progress. the Hallmark Fortress 
of auchi built near Lake Beaver 

5420
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:38,800
exemplified his vision 
heartstrong, hold particular, 

5421
04:37:38,800 --> 04:37:42,099
residents with decorative murals
and advanced architectural 

5422
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:44,700
engineering Visitors wrote The 
Climbing. 

5423
04:37:44,700 --> 04:37:47,900
Each floor, revealed new painted
Illusions and hidden defensive 

5424
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,500
features. 
An embodiment of both aesthetic 

5425
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:53,900
Flair and martial cunning, he 
invited traveling missionaries, 

5426
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:57,599
Artisans, and even some rival. 
Lords to see a zucchi's Majesty.

5427
04:37:57,599 --> 04:38:01,300
Proclaiming that his building 
was the model of the future in 

5428
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:03,599
truth, the structure was also a 
statement. 

5429
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,900
Odor, rule soared above the old,
Petty, provincialism. 

5430
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:09,200
A new day, demanded, new 
monuments. 

5431
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:14,800
Yet Ambitions resentments. 
Many older Clans forced into 

5432
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:17,700
submission, quite quietly sought
to chance to break free. 

5433
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:21,500
The extent of nobunaga's reforms
threatened, the old feudal 

5434
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:24,000
compacts even within his 
retinue. 

5435
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:27,800
Some felt overshadowed by 
hideyoshi, ascendancy or 

5436
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:30,500
frustrated by nobita's. 
Ruthless single-mindedness 

5437
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:34,700
betrayal though rarely signaled 
openly bubbled beneath the 

5438
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:37,200
surface. 
The old adage that a fortress 

5439
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:40,099
can withstand for in assault but
not always internal treachery 

5440
04:38:40,099 --> 04:38:43,900
would soon prove hauntingly at 
though the warlord pressed. 

5441
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:48,400
Onward planning fresh campaigns 
events at the cusp of the 1580s.

5442
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,500
Would reveal the Fatal cost of 
ignoring that silent discontent.

5443
04:38:52,300 --> 04:38:55,500
In Spring 1580 Oda Nobunaga 
appeared. 

5444
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:59,000
Invincible the formidable, ikko 
ikki, strongholds were mostly 

5445
04:38:59,000 --> 04:39:00,800
crushed. 
The Takeda. 

5446
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:04,300
Clan was in shambles and the 
capital recognized him as the de

5447
04:39:04,300 --> 04:39:06,900
facto power. 
Yet a cluster of uneasy 

5448
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:10,000
alliances still dotted the map, 
including some Warlords, who 

5449
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:12,099
pretended loyalty while 
resenting odor. 

5450
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:15,400
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 
rarely timid seemed almost 

5451
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:19,300
relaxed that year, hosting 
lavish celebrations at azuchi, 

5452
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:22,599
and paying only mild heed to 
rumors of minor revolts and 

5453
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:25,200
distant. 
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 

5454
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:27,900
of Conquest had lulled him into 
believing only a formidable 

5455
04:39:27,900 --> 04:39:29,400
outside, foe could challenge 
him. 

5456
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:34,000
Among his retainers a catchy 
mitsuhide, quietly navigated the

5457
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:37,900
New Order mitza Hyde had serve 
Nobunaga lawyerly yet. 

5458
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:39,400
Their relationship was never 
warm. 

5459
04:39:40,000 --> 04:39:42,800
Nobunaga's leadership style 
often involved public dressing 

5460
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,100
Downs of subordinates who fail 
or displeased him. 

5461
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,500
Some claimed mitsu hide who 
endured multiple humiliation 

5462
04:39:48,500 --> 04:39:52,500
once when an odor supply line 
Fiasco cost mitzi's mother her 

5463
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:56,200
life at the hands of Brigham's 
Nobunaga supposedly dismissed it

5464
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:59,000
callously another time a minor 
mishap. 

5465
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:01,600
Had a feast LED Nobunaga to 
fling a teacup in Anger. 

5466
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:06,400
Scolding omitsu height whether 
these spats fested into hatred 

5467
04:40:06,400 --> 04:40:10,700
remains uncertain but it's clear
mitsuhide felt overshadowed in 

5468
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:14,000
the swirl of odors triumphant 
expansion many believed 

5469
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,000
mitsuhide was too measured or 
timid to lash out they were 

5470
04:40:17,008 --> 04:40:19,700
mistaken. 
Parallel to these tensions, 

5471
04:40:19,700 --> 04:40:23,600
Nobunaga decided to press 
further west sending hideyoshi 

5472
04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:26,600
to seduce the Mori Clan. 
That campaign demanded 

5473
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:30,400
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 
to dispatch extra troops. 

5474
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:34,200
He halted in Kyoto at honor, G 
Temple intending, a brief rest 

5475
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:36,100
on route to greet, hideyoshi 
forces. 

5476
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:40,200
The temple though, not heavily 
fortified was considered safe 

5477
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:43,700
enough given the capital's calm.
Nobunaga was traveling lightly 

5478
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:47,200
with only a small guard, most of
his main Army had been deployed 

5479
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:50,600
to support different operations.
Some closer advisors question 

5480
04:40:50,600 --> 04:40:53,400
this vulnerability but no 
Bernardo brushed aside their 

5481
04:40:53,400 --> 04:40:55,800
concerns certain no serious 
threat. 

5482
04:40:55,800 --> 04:41:01,200
Lurked Then came that fateful 
dawn of June 21st 1582 the 

5483
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:04,200
catchy mitsu hired. 
Commanding, a Detachment under 

5484
04:41:04,200 --> 04:41:07,600
the pretext of reinforcing, 
hideyoshi turned his Force, 

5485
04:41:07,600 --> 04:41:10,300
abruptly, toward honor G, 
Storming in. 

5486
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:14,000
They caught the odor guards on. 
Where is the Temple's interior 

5487
04:41:14,000 --> 04:41:16,500
lit with flames? 
As mitsuhide, men tortured, 

5488
04:41:16,500 --> 04:41:19,700
wooden Halls, Nobunaga fought 
back with sword in hand. 

5489
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:23,300
But the odds were overwhelming 
realizing Escape was impossible.

5490
04:41:23,300 --> 04:41:25,900
He retreated deeper into the 
complex. 

5491
04:41:26,600 --> 04:41:29,500
Sources differ on the details 
but they Converge on the notion 

5492
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:33,500
that he took his life either by 
seppuku or ensuring no capture 

5493
04:41:33,500 --> 04:41:36,100
rather than fall into mitts a 
hedis hands. 

5494
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:40,200
The Blazing Temple sealed. 
The scene forging an indelible 

5495
04:41:40,200 --> 04:41:44,300
final image Japan's mightiest 
unifier consumed by betrayal and

5496
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:48,100
fire undone not by an external 
rival, but by a subordinate, he 

5497
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,900
underestimated Mitsuhide 
proclaiming the realm is ours. 

5498
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:55,600
Tried to consolidate. 
But public shock overshadowed 

5499
04:41:55,600 --> 04:41:59,000
any acceptance of his coup. 
He had a Yoshi on hearing the 

5500
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:02,600
news swiftly made peace with the
Maury to rush back in a short 

5501
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:04,800
campaign, culminating in the 
Battle of yamazaki. 

5502
04:42:04,800 --> 04:42:09,500
Hideyoshi avenge, Nobunaga 
defeating mitsuhide Lester weeks

5503
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:13,400
after homogene mitsuhide 
attempting to flee was slain by 

5504
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,700
Bandits or ventral peasants and 
ironic end that left. 

5505
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:20,200
No stable regime in his wake. 
The Echoes of that betrayal 

5506
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:24,800
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide
days treachery became a byword 

5507
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:27,100
for disloyalty and sudden 
reversal of Fortune. 

5508
04:42:28,100 --> 04:42:31,700
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the
odor Clan, but the impetus for 

5509
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,500
unification, persisted hideyoshi
emerged. 

5510
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:37,900
As the next major figure 
eventually, subjecting much of 

5511
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:43,200
Japan and styling himself as the
unifier Tokugawa more patient 

5512
04:42:43,200 --> 04:42:46,500
would Outlast, the mall and set 
up the Tokugawa shogunate. 

5513
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:50,500
In each subsequent stage, the 
ghost of nobunaga's ambition, 

5514
04:42:50,500 --> 04:42:53,100
hovered. 
Hideyoshi and yay, ASU both 

5515
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:55,200
acknowledged that their 
expansions leaned on the 

5516
04:42:55,200 --> 04:42:58,700
foundation, Nobunaga laid the 
harnessing of firearms, the 

5517
04:42:58,700 --> 04:43:02,500
impetus for centralized domain 
and the notion that old feudal 

5518
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:04,300
autonomy should yield to a 
singular Authority. 

5519
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:08,600
In many ways. 
The abrupt end at honor g-shaped

5520
04:43:08,600 --> 04:43:11,900
nobunaga's Legacy as a fiery 
Comet unpredictable 

5521
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:16,400
transformative. 
But short-lived A little over, 

5522
04:43:16,400 --> 04:43:17,900
what might have been had he 
survived? 

5523
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:21,600
Would he have forged a stable 
monarchy or introduced to new 

5524
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:24,600
bureaucratic structure? 
Might his tolerance of foreign 

5525
04:43:24,600 --> 04:43:28,500
presence, have expanded, Japan's
Global Connections early Or 

5526
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:31,900
could he have become a dreaded 
autographed, stifling dissent so

5527
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:33,900
thoroughly as to hamper future 
evolution. 

5528
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:37,900
The abruptness of his death 
leaves, a swirl of speculation. 

5529
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:42,700
The site of Honor G itself 
stands in Kyoto who much rebuilt

5530
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:46,000
off after the conflagration. 
Tourists passed by a modest 

5531
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:50,200
Memorial Often overshadowed, by 
more famous temples yet. 

5532
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:54,000
For students of Japan sengoku 
era that place resonate. 

5533
04:43:54,000 --> 04:43:57,900
As a symbolic Crossroads, the 
Unstoppable warlord ended by his

5534
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:01,100
retainer Pivoting. 
The entire Arc of national 

5535
04:44:01,100 --> 04:44:04,100
unification. 
The charge remains from that day

5536
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:06,900
are long gone. 
But glimpses remaining curated 

5537
04:44:06,900 --> 04:44:10,700
relics Diaries and a handful of 
Swords believed to have belonged

5538
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:14,400
to nobunaga's retinue. 
Each artifact, underscores the 

5539
04:44:14,400 --> 04:44:19,000
transients of power one moment. 
A near omnipotent, figure 

5540
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:23,300
rewriting the lands Destiny. 
The next, a victim of fate and 

5541
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:27,300
betrayal. 
Thus the final chapter of his 

5542
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:30,100
life, stands not as a 
diminishment but as a crescendo 

5543
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:34,400
in Falling hemmed the impetus 
that others carried forth. 

5544
04:44:35,100 --> 04:44:40,300
Hideo Shea and the entire notion
of an eventually unified Japan 

5545
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:44,200
and under a single rule Trace 
back to nobunaga's Unstoppable 

5546
04:44:44,200 --> 04:44:48,800
wave, he forced the country to 
see the old code, where our cake

5547
04:44:48,800 --> 04:44:51,500
chivalry overshadowed 
modernization was no longer 

5548
04:44:51,500 --> 04:44:56,000
viable in that sense, though he 
vanished in Flames the brand of 

5549
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:58,000
Revolution. 
He championed burned, onward, 

5550
04:44:58,000 --> 04:45:00,900
fueling the next. 
Generation's quest to reorder 

5551
04:45:00,900 --> 04:45:02,500
the Nation Under a single 
banner. 

5552
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:07,300
Post honor G the manner in which
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 

5553
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:10,500
offers a profound insight into 
how Japan processes. 

5554
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:14,200
His historical figures. 
In the immediate aftermath many 

5555
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:16,700
Warlords excised him from 
official genealogies. 

5556
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:20,800
He had after all the dismantled 
searches of tradition, however, 

5557
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:24,100
within a decade references, 
re-emerged describing him as the

5558
04:45:24,100 --> 04:45:27,600
initial impetus that any warlord
seeking unification must 

5559
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:30,300
emulate. 
Some local chroniclers wrote, 

5560
04:45:30,300 --> 04:45:33,900
tributes praising, the demons 
Clarity a phrase that captured, 

5561
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:37,100
the Paradox, demon, and cruelty 
Clarity, and vision. 

5562
04:45:37,900 --> 04:45:41,500
Tokugawa yasu, after 
establishing the Tokugawa, 

5563
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:46,000
shogunate in 1603, quietly 
ensured That official, records 

5564
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:49,200
didn't overshadow, the Tokugawa 
sentient narrative with too much

5565
04:45:49,208 --> 04:45:53,900
odor, idolization. 
Yet IAS super personally revered

5566
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:57,400
nobunaga's decisive approach. 
Private Diaries mentioned how 

5567
04:45:57,400 --> 04:46:00,500
the new showguns studied old 
Battlefield notes from the care 

5568
04:46:00,500 --> 04:46:03,800
hasama and nagashino cleaning 
insights with the potential 

5569
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:06,200
crises. 
Ironically the official 

5570
04:46:06,200 --> 04:46:10,000
narrative downplayed, odors 
significant Tokugawa legitimacy 

5571
04:46:10,000 --> 04:46:13,300
that in private, the 
recollection of odors daring 

5572
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:17,200
strategies continued to provide 
valuable insights Meanwhile, 

5573
04:46:17,200 --> 04:46:20,900
rural Legends, cropped up 
casting is a Restless spirit. 

5574
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:25,000
Farmers told Tales of hearing 
Phantom hoofbeats on the stormy 

5575
04:46:25,000 --> 04:46:27,600
nights said to be his ghost 
reenacting night. 

5576
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:30,700
Raids in some folk songs 
nobunaga's Thunder. 

5577
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:35,000
Referred to unexpected storms 
damaging unharvested Fields, an 

5578
04:46:35,000 --> 04:46:38,700
ominous sign of Unstoppable 
Force such Tales embedded him 

5579
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:41,300
into the realm of folk 
Superstition people across 

5580
04:46:41,300 --> 04:46:45,100
provinces especially in regions 
once scorched by his campaigns, 

5581
04:46:45,100 --> 04:46:49,100
found Echoes of both or and 
Dread in these stories by the 

5582
04:46:49,108 --> 04:46:51,900
Edo period. 
Woodblock prints portrayed him 

5583
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,300
with stylized armor scowling or 
triumphant in mid-battle. 

5584
04:46:56,400 --> 04:46:59,100
A few dramatizations in Kabuki 
theater though. 

5585
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:02,700
Typically focusing on hideyoshi.
Occasionally included Cameo 

5586
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:06,000
references to Nobby nagas as an 
unyielding presence over 

5587
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:08,400
shadowing. 
The stage the sensors of the 

5588
04:47:08,400 --> 04:47:10,700
takagawa regime. 
Usually avoided depicting him, 

5589
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:13,900
two favorably, fearful of 
stirring, rebellious, sentiments

5590
04:47:13,900 --> 04:47:16,800
that might Champion a Nobunaga 
style revolt. 

5591
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:20,700
Despite these constraints 
underground manuscripts 

5592
04:47:20,700 --> 04:47:22,400
circulated. 
That teased out, his modern 

5593
04:47:22,400 --> 04:47:25,800
aspects, like his willingness to
incorporate foreigners or push 

5594
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:28,800
Advanced weapons. 
Samurai, who read them in 

5595
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:31,900
private might feel emboldened by
the notion of discarding stale 

5596
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:36,300
tradition, in favor of 
pragmatic, modernity, The Meiji 

5597
04:47:36,300 --> 04:47:39,900
Restoration in the late, 19th 
century revived interest, as 

5598
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:42,800
Japan opened to the world. 
Some intellectuals lauded 

5599
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:45,500
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 
on trade and Technology. 

5600
04:47:45,500 --> 04:47:48,100
Claiming he was the first modern
Japanese. 

5601
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:51,700
Western Scholars. 
Who visited found in nobin 

5602
04:47:51,700 --> 04:47:54,100
figure reminiscent of Europe's. 
Absolute monarchs. 

5603
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,000
A man who overcame medieval 
fragmentation. 

5604
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:01,100
They wrote comparative essays 
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 

5605
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:03,800
or Napoleon in Samurai for the 
form. 

5606
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:06,900
Although, these analogies were 
simplistic, they further 

5607
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:10,800
cemented, his Global mistake, 
Museum started collecting items 

5608
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:14,700
rumored to be from his domain 
archibus and partial suits of 

5609
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:18,300
lacquered armor, each artifact. 
Conveyed a fragment of his 

5610
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:21,400
Endeavors to propel Japan 
forward centuries in a single 

5611
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:25,400
generation in the 20th century 
as War, raged globally. 

5612
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:28,200
Some Japanese military's 
admirers. 

5613
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:31,300
On stoppable aggression, they 
saw him as a model for 

5614
04:48:31,300 --> 04:48:35,500
unyielding expansion. 
Post-war that sentiment cooled 

5615
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,600
replaced by more nuanced 
academic approach. 

5616
04:48:38,600 --> 04:48:41,700
The emphasis shifted towards 
analyzing his socio-economic 

5617
04:48:41,700 --> 04:48:45,900
policies, like standardizing 
measure systems or encouraging 

5618
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:49,800
open trade in Castle towns. 
Contemporary historians 

5619
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:52,900
highlight how those policies 
laid seeds for an eventual 

5620
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:56,900
stable economy under the tuag. 
Even if that regime ironically 

5621
04:48:56,900 --> 04:49:00,400
closed off certain foreign 
influences, another wave of 

5622
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,900
scholarship focuses on the 
cultural interplay, the Synergy 

5623
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:06,300
of Christian missionaries and 
the partial acceptance of their 

5624
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:11,100
ideas that might have blossomed 
further had Nobunaga endured In 

5625
04:49:11,100 --> 04:49:13,400
popular culture of the late 20th
and early 21st. 

5626
04:49:13,400 --> 04:49:16,500
Centuries. 
A deluge of creative retellings,

5627
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:20,200
reimagined him. 
Video games, featuring sengoku 

5628
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:23,900
battles depict him as a fearsome
Overlord with unstoppable, power

5629
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:27,400
ups and specialized guns, squads
mango and animate often play 

5630
04:49:27,400 --> 04:49:31,000
with the Demon King label. 
Recasting him in time, slip 

5631
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:35,000
scenarios or comedic subplots. 
Dramas vary from an honorable 

5632
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:37,900
anti-hero forging. 
Unity to a borderline sadistic 

5633
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:41,100
tyrant. 
This breadth of interpretations,

5634
04:49:41,100 --> 04:49:45,200
testifies to his complexity, 
even in a comedic Cameo, the 

5635
04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:49,300
essence of Unstoppable change 
remains he's recognized as the 

5636
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:51,800
impetus behind Japan's. 
Transition from fractious, 

5637
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:55,700
medieval to the cusp of early 
modern hence the modern lens 

5638
04:49:55,700 --> 04:49:58,300
sifts through centuries of 
contradiction. 

5639
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,500
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 
heroic in forging? 

5640
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:05,600
A stable path? 
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out

5641
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:08,100
of genuine openness or purely 
for Advantage? 

5642
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:11,500
Did he Harbours future blueprint
for a stable monarchy? 

5643
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:13,800
Or was he improvising day by 
day? 

5644
04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:16,200
Exploiting each short-term 
opportunity. 

5645
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:18,800
The record suggests. 
All these angles might hold 

5646
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:21,600
truth. 
He was multifaceted a man 

5647
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,700
Unshackled by tradition, ready 
to harness any advantage, 

5648
04:50:24,700 --> 04:50:27,200
Unstoppable, until undone by 
betrayal. 

5649
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:31,200
In that sense. 
Oda nobunaga's name remains a 

5650
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:33,300
prism, turn it one way. 
You see? 

5651
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:35,900
A progressive champion of 
modernization tilted? 

5652
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:40,100
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 
old shrines and foes Japan's 

5653
04:50:40,100 --> 04:50:41,500
memory. 
And the world's Fascination 

5654
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:45,400
revolve around these shifting 
lights among lesson, known 

5655
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:48,100
facets of nobunaga's. 
Story is his personal retinue of

5656
04:50:48,108 --> 04:50:51,200
varied, advisors, some from 
backgrounds, not typically 

5657
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,700
admitted to Samurai Council. 
He believed that rank was earned

5658
04:50:54,700 --> 04:50:58,700
by Merit an unusual stance. 
For the time for instance he 

5659
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:01,100
wants appointed a skilled 
blacksmith to direct certain 

5660
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:04,300
Siege engine creation's that was
heresy, in the eyes of 

5661
04:51:04,300 --> 04:51:07,200
traditional samurai, a 
blacksmith leading Warrior's. 

5662
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:11,000
Nobunaga brushed off the critics
pointing to results. 

5663
04:51:11,000 --> 04:51:14,300
The blacksmith, technical 
cunning helped Forge, Innovative

5664
04:51:14,300 --> 04:51:17,000
catapults that battered award 
Fortress into submission. 

5665
04:51:17,900 --> 04:51:20,500
This anecdote though, 
overshadowed in mainstream 

5666
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:23,900
accounts, exemplifies his break 
from hierarchical norms. 

5667
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:27,500
Another overlooked detail lies 
in the realm of intelligence 

5668
04:51:27,500 --> 04:51:32,200
gathering Nobunaga, according to
scattered Diaries established, a

5669
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:34,700
nascent Espionage Network in 
Kyoto and Merchants towns. 

5670
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:37,600
He recognized that raw might 
alone would not. 

5671
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:40,900
Keep him ahead through discrete 
watches, some disguised as 

5672
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:42,800
traveling. 
Entertainers, some as pilgrims 

5673
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:47,000
gleaned updates on Rival Lords, 
alliances, or fractures Buddhist

5674
04:51:47,000 --> 04:51:50,300
sects, plotting and Secret. this
network of information helped 

5675
04:51:50,300 --> 04:51:53,400
prevent revolts and enabled him 
to intercept Clan collusion 

5676
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:58,400
well, Espionage existed in Prior
eras, Nobunaga systematized, it 

5677
04:51:58,400 --> 04:52:01,300
more thoroughly reflecting, a 
willingness to adopt, whatever, 

5678
04:52:01,300 --> 04:52:04,300
gave him an edge. 
One, puzzling Dimension was his 

5679
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:08,200
attitude to the Imperial Court. 
Typically Warlords are the 

5680
04:52:08,200 --> 04:52:10,900
revered, the Emperor as a 
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 

5681
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:14,000
Nobunaga courted. 
The courts favor in a measured 

5682
04:52:14,000 --> 04:52:17,500
way offering them economic 
assistance refurbishing certain 

5683
04:52:17,500 --> 04:52:20,600
neglected Palace halls and 
ensuring the emperor's dignity. 

5684
04:52:21,500 --> 04:52:22,900
This was not out of pure 
devotion. 

5685
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:26,100
It was a strategic move by 
championing the emperor's 

5686
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:30,000
Prestige, he legitimized his 
expansions at some ceremonies 

5687
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:34,900
derived, in flamboyant attire, 
overshadowing lesser Lords then 

5688
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:38,500
humbly bowed before the emperor 
and Lord mixture of vanity and a

5689
04:52:38,500 --> 04:52:41,100
basins that left Watchers on 
certain how to interpret him. 

5690
04:52:42,000 --> 04:52:45,700
the emperor, the powerless, in 
martial terms, recognize that 

5691
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:49,100
nobody's guardianship provided a
stable environment for the court

5692
04:52:49,100 --> 04:52:55,900
survival, thus a polite if 
uneasy Synergy arose, Nobunaga's

5693
04:52:55,900 --> 04:52:58,600
personal life, beyond the 
political realm remains 

5694
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:01,500
partially veiled. 
He married multiple times 

5695
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:03,800
forging alliances with 
significant families. 

5696
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:07,500
Notably little is said about 
deep personal attachments. 

5697
04:53:07,500 --> 04:53:10,800
Some historians wonder if he 
maintained an emotional remove 

5698
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:13,200
seeing marriage as a strategic 
game. 

5699
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:16,800
A personal diary Snippets 
suggests a fleeting mention of a

5700
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:21,300
beloved consort but her name 
remains uncertain lost in burned

5701
04:53:21,300 --> 04:53:23,500
records or overshadowed by 
former marriages. 

5702
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:27,900
The Narrative is incomplete 
overshadowed by Warfare logs and

5703
04:53:27,900 --> 04:53:31,300
alliances it unders. 
How the official story seldom 

5704
04:53:31,300 --> 04:53:33,900
captures intimate sentiments 
specially for a man? 

5705
04:53:33,908 --> 04:53:37,300
So public in ambition. 
One room at anecdote, from 

5706
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:40,500
Castle staff claims that 
Nobunaga had a private reading 

5707
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:43,900
habit, poetry anthologies from 
the hay and period and Chinese 

5708
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:46,700
military treaters. 
He found parallels between 

5709
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:49,900
ancient poems praising ephemeral
blossoms and the transients of 

5710
04:53:49,908 --> 04:53:53,500
alliances He told a close 
retainer that the ephemeral 

5711
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:55,100
nature of cherry blossoms 
matched. 

5712
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:58,200
The ephemeral nature of men's 
loyalty some guests, this 

5713
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:00,900
reflection spurred him to adopt 
Savage efficiency in the 

5714
04:54:00,900 --> 04:54:04,300
stamping out, potential threats,
believe in that if a blossom 

5715
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:06,900
would fall, anyway, best it do 
so on his terms. 

5716
04:54:07,700 --> 04:54:09,700
Whether or not that anecdote is 
fully accurate. 

5717
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:13,800
It captures the sense that a 
philosophical thread ran under 

5718
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:17,300
his pragmatic exterior. 
As for the everyday peasant or 

5719
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:20,200
merchants in his expanding 
territory, the experience was 

5720
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:22,400
double-edged. 
They might face forced 

5721
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:24,700
relocations or heavy Corvette 
labor to build new 

5722
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:27,500
fortifications. 
But once integrated, they also 

5723
04:54:27,500 --> 04:54:30,600
benefited from relative security
and New Roads that spurred 

5724
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:32,900
Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

5725
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:34,900
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

5726
04:54:34,900 --> 04:54:37,600
at decreased local Warfare. 
And disquiet about the 

5727
04:54:37,600 --> 04:54:39,700
unwavering demands of the odor 
Administration. 

5728
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:43,700
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

5729
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:46,500
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

5730
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:50,000
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

5731
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,000
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

5732
04:54:53,000 --> 04:54:56,500
between a Karma and the dread 
that a single misstep. 

5733
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,800
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown as he neared the Final

5734
04:54:59,800 --> 04:55:03,100
Chapter, some retelling he grew 
more flamboyant. 

5735
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:07,300
He staged banks with a kabuki or
comedic plays wearing a 

5736
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:10,300
labyrinth kimonos, others 
emphasize, and increasing 

5737
04:55:10,300 --> 04:55:14,400
paranoia, pushing him to punish 
even mine or a fronts possibly 

5738
04:55:14,400 --> 04:55:16,100
both narrow who was contain 
truth. 

5739
04:55:16,100 --> 04:55:19,500
The Synergy of a man who 
recognized he was on the cusp of

5740
04:55:19,508 --> 04:55:22,400
forging a new Epoch. 
Yet felt the Press of Potential 

5741
04:55:22,400 --> 04:55:25,500
betrayals from every corner, 
could produce a contradictory 

5742
04:55:25,500 --> 04:55:29,000
starts lavish celebration. 
One day Savage clamped down the 

5743
04:55:29,008 --> 04:55:33,500
next ultimately that tensional 
stepped at hamaji leaving, him 

5744
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,300
consumed by betrayal. 
In the end, these lesser known 

5745
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:41,300
details, his Espionage, 
unorthodox appointments subtle 

5746
04:55:41,300 --> 04:55:44,200
alliances with the Imperial 
Court and personal reading 

5747
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:48,800
habits, magnify how complex Oda 
Nobunaga was not purely The 

5748
04:55:48,800 --> 04:55:52,300
Demon King not purely, the 
modernizing champion, he 

5749
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:56,000
Traverse spaces Beyond 
simplistic labels, his story 

5750
04:55:56,000 --> 04:55:59,600
though, overshadowed by dramatic
battles resonates in the subtle 

5751
04:55:59,600 --> 04:56:03,000
underpinnings of how he managed 
Realms resources and 

5752
04:56:03,000 --> 04:56:06,300
relationships. 
It hints that while overshadowed

5753
04:56:06,300 --> 04:56:09,900
by an era of swirling conflict. 
His efforts carved out A New 

5754
04:56:09,908 --> 04:56:13,300
Path from medieval fragmentation
to emergent Central Authority, 

5755
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:17,800
Paving the way for hideo. 
Yoshi, yaas and the eventual of 

5756
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:21,000
a stable will be at closed Japan
under the Tokugawa. 

5757
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:26,000
Standing at the Confluence of 
myth and fact Oda Nobunaga 

5758
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:28,500
remains a singular figure in 
Japan's, historical 

5759
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:31,500
consciousness. 
Centuries of paths since that 

5760
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:35,600
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 
shadow of Honor gingers 

5761
04:56:35,600 --> 04:56:40,100
observers even in modern times 
see him attention between 

5762
04:56:40,100 --> 04:56:44,100
brutality in lightning tradition
and radical innovation. 

5763
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,600
His presence Looms in Talk of 
the sengoku era, overshadowing 

5764
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:51,600
many of his contemporaries 
because he alone dared to step 

5765
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:52,600
outside. 
The old rules. 

5766
04:56:52,600 --> 04:56:55,400
So dramatically One wonders. 
How? 

5767
04:56:55,400 --> 04:56:58,100
If not for mitsu, Japan's path. 
Might differ. 

5768
04:56:58,100 --> 04:57:01,500
Maybe Nobunaga would have 
extended even friendly a ties 

5769
04:57:01,500 --> 04:57:04,900
with the West fostering deeper 
trade or adopting new Sciences. 

5770
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:07,900
Some speculate. 
He might have orchestrated a 

5771
04:57:07,900 --> 04:57:09,900
national bureaucracy. 
Well before Tokugawa, 

5772
04:57:09,900 --> 04:57:12,600
consolidation. 
Speeding modernization by 

5773
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:16,400
centuries. others argue, the 
pace of Western contact was 

5774
04:57:16,400 --> 04:57:20,000
still too slow and that his 
stance on Christianity was too 

5775
04:57:20,000 --> 04:57:23,400
ambiguous to create a real 
opening or perhaps his severity 

5776
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:26,800
would have ignited, a larger 
civil Revolt, cutting his story 

5777
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:31,300
short anyway, such conjectures 
swirl Because the actual drama 

5778
04:57:31,300 --> 04:57:35,600
ended abruptly leaving a vacuum 
for hidden Yoshi and the eyasu 

5779
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:40,700
to fill Modern Japan historians 
group, him among the three great

5780
04:57:40,700 --> 04:57:43,400
unifiers will be at the earliest
and the most ordination 

5781
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:48,500
hideyoshi refined yasu and Trent
but Nobunaga was the 

5782
04:57:48,500 --> 04:57:51,800
Unstoppable. 
Spark various local festivals in

5783
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:54,600
gifu or Nagoya, celebrate him as
an iconic. 

5784
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,300
Local Hero. 
Perhaps ignoring the cruelty 

5785
04:57:57,300 --> 04:58:02,100
that the walls of temples The 
Duality remains parades costumed

5786
04:58:02,100 --> 04:58:05,600
in flamboyant odor regalia, 
hosting cheerful crowds 

5787
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:09,300
ironically commemorating a man 
who showed little Mercy to foes.

5788
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:13,200
That contradiction is not lost 
on participants, who acknowledge

5789
04:58:13,200 --> 04:58:15,300
that forging a New Orleans 
gently. 

5790
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:18,000
Schools in Japan. 
Mentioned him in textbooks, 

5791
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:22,100
albeit briefly formidable Lord, 
who championed guns overcame, 

5792
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:25,800
the Emagine subdued, the Takeda 
and died at honor G. 

5793
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:29,500
This truncated version rarely 
delves into his approach to 

5794
04:58:29,500 --> 04:58:31,200
governance or the 
transformations in Commerce. 

5795
04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:34,500
He championed meanwhile academic
circles delve deeper 

5796
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,900
re-evaluating newly found 
Diaries or cross-referencing 

5797
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:41,200
Portuguese Mission letters each 
reexamination can shift. 

5798
04:58:41,200 --> 04:58:44,800
The Nuance was he truly a patron
of broad-minded exchange or just

5799
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:46,900
pragmatic about receiving 
Advanced Weaponry? 

5800
04:58:46,900 --> 04:58:51,000
It is free market instincts. 
Come from moral convictions or 

5801
04:58:51,000 --> 04:58:54,600
from a desire to centralize 
wealth under his control The 

5802
04:58:54,600 --> 04:58:57,800
records are incomplete. 
Assuring debates continue. 

5803
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:01,800
Outside Japan, popular culture 
globalized his name. 

5804
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:05,100
Strategy games depict him as a 
charismatic conqueror with 

5805
04:59:05,100 --> 04:59:08,900
Cutting Edge, muskets animated 
series swirl him into fantasy 

5806
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:10,600
battles. 
Occasionally. 

5807
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:12,300
They highlight the Heartbreak of
betrayal. 

5808
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:16,700
Other times, the Unstoppable 
conquests In global narratives 

5809
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:20,800
about heroic entire. 
Stan's comfortably, among 

5810
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:25,200
Genghis, Khan Napoleon and other
icons of Unstoppable expansion. 

5811
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:29,600
The Mythic Dimension grows with 
each retailing overshadowing 

5812
04:59:29,600 --> 04:59:32,500
smaller truths, like how he 
dealt daily with Petty Clan 

5813
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:35,800
disputes or Municipal tax 
controverses yet, those small 

5814
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:37,700
true's made the difference in 
his success. 

5815
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:41,500
The capacity to handle detail 
from forging muskets to forging 

5816
04:59:41,500 --> 04:59:43,300
Pax with blacksmiths and foreign
Traders. 

5817
04:59:44,300 --> 04:59:47,000
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is
that leadership in a time of 

5818
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:50,400
flux is rarely pure. 
Nobunaga's story, underscores 

5819
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:53,600
how seizing the moment demands 
leaps of imagination, a 

5820
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,200
willingness, to adopt, 
unfamiliar tools and Readiness, 

5821
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:59,500
for pushback from entrenched 
interests, but such leaps. 

5822
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:01,700
Can also breed enemies from 
unexpected places. 

5823
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:06,400
He overcame vast hurdles only to
be undone by the retainer whose 

5824
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,500
loyalty he took for granted. 
The caution is timeless. 

5825
05:00:10,300 --> 05:00:14,100
Unstoppable impetus might yield 
breathtaking victories, but 

5826
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:17,500
ignoring the intricacies of 
trust, can prove fatal for all 

5827
05:00:17,500 --> 05:00:20,200
the rancor. 
The story of Odin Nobunaga is 

5828
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:23,500
also one of bridging a medieval 
fractiousness to a future marked

5829
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:26,400
by Central governments, the 
Unstoppable impetus. 

5830
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,900
He began was not fully realized 
in his life time but the impetus

5831
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:33,100
did not die at homogene. 
It continued through his 

5832
05:00:33,100 --> 05:00:38,300
successors in a unified though, 
autocratic, Tokugawa regime. 

5833
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:42,700
So in a sense he was the father 
of modern Japan in everything 

5834
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:46,500
but his official name that's the
irony, the one who set the stage

5835
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:48,400
for stability. 
Never personally enjoyed it. 

5836
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:51,900
His life ended in a 
conflagration leaving fans of 

5837
05:00:51,908 --> 05:00:54,900
heroic epic to mourn that the 
Unstoppable path ended. 

5838
05:00:54,900 --> 05:00:59,000
Just short of the final victory.
Perhaps that ending Paradox, 

5839
05:00:59,000 --> 05:01:02,700
amplifies, his Legend in a land 
that often underscores the 

5840
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:04,400
ephemeral beauty of cherry 
blossoms. 

5841
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:07,800
Fleeting in their Prime 
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 

5842
05:01:07,808 --> 05:01:10,000
Apex of his might resonates as 
an epic. 

5843
05:01:10,000 --> 05:01:13,600
Tragic, flourish. 
Even as a new Japan, eventually 

5844
05:01:13,600 --> 05:01:16,600
dawned under different hands. 
The memory of the one who dared 

5845
05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:20,700
to break every mold to scorn 
archaic codes, and to forcibly 

5846
05:01:20,700 --> 05:01:23,400
shape, the realm remains an 
endless source of contemplation 

5847
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:28,700
debate and creative inspiration.
Odona, a name that centuries 

5848
05:01:28,700 --> 05:01:32,700
later remains intertwined with 
the Unstoppable drive to unify a

5849
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:36,400
Land once splintered by War 
overshadowed, only by the final 

5850
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:39,900
violent, twist of fate, that 
gave rise to a legend beyond the

5851
05:01:39,908 --> 05:01:48,900
measure of success or failure. 
the late 17th and early 18th 

5852
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:53,200
centuries, France was a land of 
contrasts Like Candlelight in a 

5853
05:01:53,208 --> 05:01:56,800
grande chateau's garden, a 
curious, noblewoman listens as a

5854
05:01:56,800 --> 05:01:59,600
witty philosopher. 
Describes the stars of he 

5855
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:01,800
explains that. 
Those stars are Suns like our 

5856
05:02:01,800 --> 05:02:04,600
own each perhaps circled, by the
world's of their own. 

5857
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:08,200
A radical idea in an age, when 
questioning the heavens could be

5858
05:02:08,208 --> 05:02:10,900
dangerous. 
The scene could be lifted from 

5859
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:13,800
Bernard, de fontanelles 
conversations on the plurality 

5860
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:18,200
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 
where a lady and a scientist 

5861
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,000
stroll nightly under the sky, 
discussing copernicus's 

5862
05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:24,500
sun-centered universe. 
Fontanel's Charming Pros made 

5863
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:26,900
the latest scientific 
discoveries accessible to the 

5864
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:29,300
layperson planting seeds of 
curiosity. 

5865
05:02:29,300 --> 05:02:34,100
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 
rule, cast, Long Shadows, his 

5866
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:36,900
ideas along with those of fellow
think of Pierre, Bayle. 

5867
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,600
Formed a foundation for what 
would soon be called The 

5868
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:43,300
Enlightenment at the turn of the
18th century official. 

5869
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:45,800
France was still firmly 
absolutist and devoutly 

5870
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,800
Catholic. 
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had

5871
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:51,300
revoked, the Edict of Nantes and
1685. 

5872
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:54,200
Driving Protestants like Bailey 
into exile? 

5873
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:58,200
It even as the king insisted on 
religious unity, dissenting 

5874
05:02:58,200 --> 05:03:00,700
ideas. 
Quietly took root in his Safe. 

5875
05:03:00,700 --> 05:03:03,600
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 
skeptical historical and 

5876
05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:07,800
critical dictionary, 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

5877
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:11,200
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

5878
05:03:11,200 --> 05:03:14,000
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

5879
05:03:14,000 --> 05:03:15,800
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

5880
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:18,600
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leo. 

5881
05:03:19,700 --> 05:03:22,700
A traditional was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

5882
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:26,000
easily extinguished. 
Bailey's call for a society of 

5883
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:29,200
pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

5884
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,400
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

5885
05:03:32,400 --> 05:03:34,500
but growing circle of French 
Minds. 

5886
05:03:35,300 --> 05:03:38,000
Quietly them, sober Monopoly of 
church. 

5887
05:03:38,000 --> 05:03:40,900
And crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

5888
05:03:40,908 --> 05:03:45,300
letters passed hand to hand. 
after Louis, the 14th death in 

5889
05:03:45,308 --> 05:03:49,400
1715, the atmosphere in France, 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

5890
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:53,200
early Sparks to flare up In 
Paris, coffee houses, and 

5891
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:55,000
literary clubs buzzed with 
torque. 

5892
05:03:55,000 --> 05:03:57,200
One. 
Towering figure of this, early 

5893
05:03:57,200 --> 05:04:00,500
Enlightenment was Baron de 
Montesquieu a provincial 

5894
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:05,500
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu. 

5895
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,500
Published the Persian letters a 
playful novel of letters in 

5896
05:04:08,500 --> 05:04:11,000
which two, fictional personal 
Travelers Lampoon French 

5897
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:13,600
Customs. 
Nothing was sacred in its Pages,

5898
05:04:13,600 --> 05:04:16,800
Parisian High Society. 
The potentials of the king's 

5899
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:18,900
court, the absurdities of the 
Catholic. 

5900
05:04:18,900 --> 05:04:22,500
Clergy all were held up to 
Gentle ridicule through these 

5901
05:04:22,500 --> 05:04:25,600
eyes of outside US. 
Readers were amused and 

5902
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,700
intrigued beneath the satire 
lace serious critique of 

5903
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:30,600
absolutism and religious 
hypocrisy. 

5904
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:34,000
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

5905
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:37,600
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in amused. 

5906
05:04:37,600 --> 05:04:40,600
Whispers France is own 
institutions were being examined

5907
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:44,000
as if under a foreign lens and 
many found them wanting 

5908
05:04:44,900 --> 05:04:48,000
Montesquieu's success in boldend
others soon. 

5909
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:51,400
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

5910
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:54,700
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

5911
05:04:54,700 --> 05:04:57,800
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

5912
05:04:57,800 --> 05:05:01,700
philosophy was coming into use. 
Not quite the same as 

5913
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:04,400
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

5914
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,600
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

5915
05:05:08,500 --> 05:05:11,300
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

5916
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:13,600
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

5917
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:16,700
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

5918
05:05:16,700 --> 05:05:20,000
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

5919
05:05:20,008 --> 05:05:21,500
circulating in French 
translation. 

5920
05:05:22,700 --> 05:05:25,300
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

5921
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,600
traveled to England and 
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 

5922
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:32,400
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 
and the English Spirit of free 

5923
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:35,800
debate. 
He set about spreading both with

5924
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:39,000
his vivacious lover, Emily dese,
a self, a brilliant 

5925
05:05:39,000 --> 05:05:42,400
mathematician Voltaire, explain,
Newton's finding in French and 

5926
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:44,900
praise England. 
As relatively liberal Society in

5927
05:05:44,900 --> 05:05:48,400
his letters on the English. 
The French authorities condemned

5928
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:50,600
his book and briefly imprisoned.
Its author for it. 

5929
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:54,300
The ideas could not be unread. 
The taste of intellectual 

5930
05:05:54,300 --> 05:05:56,500
Freedom abroad. 
Only sharpened French appetites 

5931
05:05:56,500 --> 05:06:00,100
for more thus in the decades 
before the Revolution, the early

5932
05:06:00,108 --> 05:06:03,400
stirrings of Enlightenment 
thought took hold a handful of 

5933
05:06:03,408 --> 05:06:07,200
bold voices, fontanelle with his
Popular Science Baal with his 

5934
05:06:07,200 --> 05:06:10,500
skeptical area Edition, want to 
skew with his satire and 

5935
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:14,700
Voltaire with his sharp pain 
prepared, the ground They're 

5936
05:06:14,700 --> 05:06:17,500
writing circulated in manuscript
and in Contraband, print 

5937
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:21,900
fertilizing Minds from Paris to 
the province's over supper 

5938
05:06:21,900 --> 05:06:24,500
tables and University, Halls. 
People began asking new 

5939
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:26,900
questions. 
Could Reason Not tradition 

5940
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:29,400
guide. 
Human Affairs must religious 

5941
05:06:29,400 --> 05:06:32,100
uniformity Trump individual. 
Conscience could a king's 

5942
05:06:32,100 --> 05:06:35,200
Authority have limit set by 
natural law these questions. 

5943
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:38,900
So, in the early 1700s would 
Sprout dramatically as the 

5944
05:06:38,900 --> 05:06:42,800
century progressed, For now they
were still whispered but the 

5945
05:06:42,808 --> 05:06:46,500
enlightenment in France had 
begun Adorn of new thinking that

5946
05:06:46,500 --> 05:06:50,300
promised to chase away medieval 
shadows in the mid-18th century.

5947
05:06:50,300 --> 05:06:53,800
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

5948
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:56,900
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

5949
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:59,800
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was a unique 

5950
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:03,000
Institution. 
Part Social Club part 

5951
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:06,500
intellectual seminar typically 
hosted by a wealthy or 

5952
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:09,800
aristocratic woman the salon 
near these gatherings brought 

5953
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:13,300
together writers, philosophers, 
artists, and Statesmen under one

5954
05:07:13,300 --> 05:07:16,500
Chandelier on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

5955
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:20,900
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

5956
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:24,100
Shirley unveiling, his latest 
essay to a circle of curious. 

5957
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:28,300
Marquises salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet, they

5958
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:30,300
became engines of public 
discourse. 

5959
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:34,500
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

5960
05:07:34,500 --> 05:07:39,300
atmosphere rare for the time 
time, Noble's bourgeoisie and 

5961
05:07:39,300 --> 05:07:41,700
even an occasional Artisan or 
foreign Savant. 

5962
05:07:41,700 --> 05:07:45,400
Mingled polite likely United by 
a love of wit and ideas. 

5963
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:50,100
Here in lightning month, took on
a human face as diverse guests, 

5964
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,700
debated Arts, science and 
politics late Into the Night. 

5965
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:57,600
The women who ran these salons. 
Wielded subtle power in a 

5966
05:07:57,600 --> 05:07:59,900
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer. 

5967
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:04,000
Take, Madame Jeffrey, for 
example, born Mary Torres 

5968
05:08:04,000 --> 05:08:07,800
Rodriguez by 1740s. 
She had established herself as 

5969
05:08:07,800 --> 05:08:11,500
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, a well-appointed 

5970
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:13,000
home on the crew. 
Saint Honore. 

5971
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:14,800
Welcome. 
The leading writers and 

5972
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:17,400
philosopher. 
Wednesdays were reserved for 

5973
05:08:17,408 --> 05:08:19,900
artists with motherly charm 
Madame. 

5974
05:08:19,900 --> 05:08:23,200
Jofran presided over the 
conversation tactfully steering 

5975
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:25,100
away from overly explosive 
topics. 

5976
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:28,400
So, as to keep the Gathering 
convivial, She even provided 

5977
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:31,600
financial support to struggling 
men of letters quietly paying 

5978
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:35,500
debts, or buying paintings from 
her artist guests respect, she 

5979
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:38,500
commanded was such that even the
Crusty Voltaire deferred to her.

5980
05:08:39,300 --> 05:08:42,400
in her Salon, one had to follow 
certain rules wit was 

5981
05:08:42,408 --> 05:08:46,500
appreciated, but vulgarity was 
not lively debate was welcome 

5982
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:50,200
but shouting and personal 
attacks were frowned upon Under 

5983
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:55,000
her Guidance, the tone remained,
civil clever and enlightening, a

5984
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:57,900
model of the refinement of 
manners and speech that salons 

5985
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:01,300
originally aimed for. 
Other Salon years, adopted, 

5986
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:05,000
different styles Madame, de, do,
differnt and older contemporary 

5987
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:09,100
of Jeffrey, hosted Gathering 
From 1745 onward, but famously 

5988
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:12,300
disdained, the more radical 
philosopher except for Voltaire 

5989
05:09:12,300 --> 05:09:15,500
who she adored her Salon 
favored. 

5990
05:09:15,500 --> 05:09:18,700
High Society gossip and 
classical letters over bold new 

5991
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,800
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty 

5992
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,700
Mademoiselle, Julie de lesbianas
ran a more free-wheeling Salon 

5993
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:27,600
in the 1770s. 
Julie had been tutored in the 

5994
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:30,100
art by Madame du de fond until a
falling out. 

5995
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:34,100
And with a small stipend from 
Madame jafra struck out on her 

5996
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:36,400
own. 
She innovated by opening her 

5997
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:40,000
home almost every evening to a 
select but Mixed Company, young 

5998
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:42,600
intellectuals, older Statesman 
and foreign visitors. 

5999
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:46,700
Nibbles and wine were served 
nothing lavish but the talk 

6000
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:50,100
flowed. 
One frequent guest, the writer 

6001
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:54,300
Jean Francois Montell, Marvel at
Julia's ability to inspire Frank

6002
05:09:54,300 --> 05:09:58,500
discussion, he described her as 
an astonishing compound of 

6003
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,000
reason and wisdom with the 
liveliest mind and most Ardent 

6004
05:10:02,000 --> 05:10:05,700
soul. 
Under her edifice philosopher's 

6005
05:10:05,700 --> 05:10:07,700
from diverse. 
Generation's convened and 

6006
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:10,400
exchange ideas. 
While even the poorest Scholars 

6007
05:10:10,400 --> 05:10:12,000
were welcome to express their 
thoughts. 

6008
05:10:12,900 --> 05:10:16,600
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons ones rank in a tire.

6009
05:10:16,608 --> 05:10:19,400
Still mattered. 
The Juliet been asked the 

6010
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:23,100
intellectual passion. 
Could Trump pedigree a typical 

6011
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:26,300
Salon evening. 
Might unfold like this as dusk 

6012
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:27,900
fell. 
A liveried footman. 

6013
05:10:27,900 --> 05:10:31,000
Admitted, guest to a candlelit 
parlor decorated with art. 

6014
05:10:31,000 --> 05:10:35,400
Gentle music, played in the Next
Room, elegant women in silks, 

6015
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:39,100
and men in embroidered, coats 
form, small clusters, exchanging

6016
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,800
news and balls mods. 
The hostess circulated deathly 

6017
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:45,900
introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

6018
05:10:45,900 --> 05:10:48,400
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

6019
05:10:49,300 --> 05:10:53,900
conversation, was the main event
a Good Salon guests had 

6020
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:56,700
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

6021
05:10:56,700 --> 05:10:59,900
Whitten, elegant, French. 
Arising dramatist. 

6022
05:10:59,900 --> 05:11:03,100
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

6023
05:11:03,100 --> 05:11:06,500
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

6024
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:10,000
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

6025
05:11:10,000 --> 05:11:13,600
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

6026
05:11:13,600 --> 05:11:16,500
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Russo's eccentric 

6027
05:11:16,500 --> 05:11:19,800
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

6028
05:11:19,800 --> 05:11:22,900
drowned on too long, the hostess
would smoothly change the 

6029
05:11:22,900 --> 05:11:26,500
subject or proposed a diversion,
perhaps a brief chamber, music 

6030
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:30,600
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

6031
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:33,800
ludic and learning. 
By evening's end ideas. 

6032
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,600
That might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

6033
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:39,800
safely in the South cushioned, 
by flightless and mutual respect

6034
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:42,400
the salon. 
Thus served as an incubator for 

6035
05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:45,500
Enlightenment ideas. 
It connected thinkers to 

6036
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:48,500
Patron's many. 
An author found a publisher or a

6037
05:11:48,500 --> 05:11:50,100
financier, through Salon 
contacts. 

6038
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:52,700
It allowed women. 
A rare opportunity to engage in 

6039
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,100
intellectual life will be as 
conveners rather than professors

6040
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:59,400
with notable exceptions. 
Like Emily duchesse who though 

6041
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:01,700
not to sell on. 
Are proved women could match men

6042
05:12:01,700 --> 05:12:04,800
in science. 
Salons also helped erode, class 

6043
05:12:04,800 --> 05:12:08,900
barriers if only slightly some 
hostesses prided themselves on 

6044
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:12,800
Gathering a potpourri of talents
regardless of noble birth. 

6045
05:12:13,400 --> 05:12:16,200
There were limits, of course, 
peasants, and laborers, did not 

6046
05:12:16,208 --> 05:12:19,800
stroll into these parlors the 
salons primarily catered to the 

6047
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:22,400
elite who were open to new 
talent and ideas. 

6048
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:24,700
Not just those inherited from 
their lineage. 

6049
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:28,500
In these candlelit rooms, the 
public sphere had a private 

6050
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:31,500
cradle. 
Before newspapers could freely 

6051
05:12:31,500 --> 05:12:34,800
criticize, the king, or church. 
And before any elected assembly 

6052
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:38,000
existed in France, the salons 
were training grounds for reason

6053
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:41,200
debate. they fostered, what one 
historian later called the 

6054
05:12:41,200 --> 05:12:44,800
Republic of letters, a community
of Minds that transcended, 

6055
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:48,100
social ranks, and National 
borders, Foreigners, like the 

6056
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:52,000
Scottish historian, David Hume. 
All the Italian economist cesare

6057
05:12:52,000 --> 05:12:56,200
beccaria were featured at Paris 
salons when they visited in turn

6058
05:12:56,200 --> 05:12:58,800
French philosophers, built, 
networks of correspondence with 

6059
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,400
thinkers abroad, The 
Cosmopolitan chatter in Madame 

6060
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,400
jafran. 
Salo had echoes in London Geneva

6061
05:13:05,400 --> 05:13:09,100
or Berlin as ideas spread by the
1770s and 1780s. 

6062
05:13:09,100 --> 05:13:12,700
Even as economic troubles and 
political conflict in France, 

6063
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:16,400
one could still find On Any 
Given evening a salon in full 

6064
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:18,700
swing. 
A microcosm of an ideal 

6065
05:13:18,700 --> 05:13:21,900
Enlightenment Society where 
conversation flowed freely 

6066
05:13:21,900 --> 05:13:25,400
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

6067
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:28,200
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

6068
05:13:28,200 --> 05:13:31,600
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

6069
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:35,000
in France was undergoing and 
explosive proliferation and 

6070
05:13:35,000 --> 05:13:38,000
bustling Parisian print shops, 
and in secret presses hidden in 

6071
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:41,400
attics or a cross, the border 
printers turned out mountains of

6072
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:46,500
paper books, pamphlets journals 
broadside an insatiable reading 

6073
05:13:46,500 --> 05:13:49,700
public had Arisen hungry, for 
everything from scandalous, 

6074
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:52,200
verse to Serious treatises on 
philosophy. 

6075
05:13:52,900 --> 05:13:56,100
The statistics, tell part of the
story by the 1780s. 

6076
05:13:56,100 --> 05:14:00,300
Literacy had risen markedly 
roughly half of French men and a

6077
05:14:00,300 --> 05:14:03,300
quarter of women could read 
almost double the rates from a 

6078
05:14:03,300 --> 05:14:05,700
century early. 
More people reading meant more 

6079
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:08,500
demand for reading material, 
where the state or the church 

6080
05:14:08,500 --> 05:14:11,300
try to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

6081
05:14:11,300 --> 05:14:14,800
Publishers found ways to supply 
at regardless, a veritable 

6082
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:17,500
underground press emerged and 
with it, a new kind of 

6083
05:14:17,508 --> 05:14:20,900
intellectual Warrior, the hack 
writer and the clandestine 

6084
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:23,500
Bookseller. 
Together, they would spread 

6085
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:26,400
enlightenment ideas to every 
corner of France even as 

6086
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:28,300
authorities scrambled to stem 
the tide. 

6087
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:31,800
Visually the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship. 

6088
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:35,400
All books were supposed to be 
approved by Royal sensors and 

6089
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,900
carry the sensors. 
Name of titles were outright 

6090
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:42,300
banned, the Catholic Church 
through the sorbonne faculty and

6091
05:14:42,300 --> 05:14:45,900
the infamous index librarian, 
prohibitorum index of prohibited

6092
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:48,400
books. 
Also condemned Works, deemed 

6093
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:51,100
heretical or immoral. 
Punishments, for illegal 

6094
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:54,800
printing, could be severe fines 
imprisonment, even The Gallows 

6095
05:14:54,800 --> 05:14:58,800
for repeater fenders but by the 
1770s enforcement was 

6096
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:01,000
increasingly like plugging holes
in a sieve. 

6097
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:04,400
The appetite for new ideas was 
too strong in the profits to be 

6098
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:06,400
made from satisfied, it to 
tempting. 

6099
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,000
Smugglers, carried, forbidden 
books into France By The Crate. 

6100
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:13,700
Stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

6101
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,500
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

6102
05:15:16,500 --> 05:15:20,500
Frontier towns, nearly every 
Customs officer could be bribed.

6103
05:15:20,500 --> 05:15:25,600
Meanwhile, within France, pirate
printers secretly duplicated. 

6104
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:28,600
Popular Works without permission
one, way or another. 

6105
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:31,500
What was officially banned off 
an ended up widely read? 

6106
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,300
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

6107
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:38,600
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

6108
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:42,100
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

6109
05:15:42,100 --> 05:15:46,200
and trades edited by Denny diro 
was banned by King Louis. 

6110
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:49,400
The 15th, after the first seven 
volumes under pressure from 

6111
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:52,700
church authorities, who found 
its articles to Empires but 

6112
05:15:52,700 --> 05:15:56,300
diderot did not abandon it. 
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,

6113
05:15:56,300 --> 05:15:58,200
not least, the enlightened sense
of Melcher. 

6114
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:02,400
Dido continued the work in 
secret finishing 10 more volumes

6115
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:05,100
of Articles and plates under a 
false imprint in Switzerland. 

6116
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:09,100
Officially the encyclopedia was 
suppressed in reality 

6117
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:12,100
subscribers received, the 
remaining volumes clandestine by

6118
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:16,600
1765 as one contemporary quit, 
the authorities had winked at 

6119
05:16:16,600 --> 05:16:19,800
the Enterprise, a pretended to 
shut it down to appease the 

6120
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:22,600
church, but turned a blind eye 
to its continued existence 

6121
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:25,100
because it employed hundreds of 
workers and had powerful 

6122
05:16:25,100 --> 05:16:28,500
supporters. 
This delicate dance ban in name,

6123
05:16:28,500 --> 05:16:32,500
tolerate in practice tip of the 
later, old regimes lacks 

6124
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:36,400
censorship. 
By 1780 did Rose in, Cyclops 

6125
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:40,700
stood complete at 35 volume's 
and astonishing Trove of 

6126
05:16:40,708 --> 05:16:43,600
Enlightenment knowledge made 
available to the public despite 

6127
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:47,400
all edicts to the contrary, in 
addition to the encyclopedie 

6128
05:16:47,400 --> 05:16:51,500
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the
Rhineland produced illicit 

6129
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,800
literature. 
Scholars believe that around 600

6130
05:16:54,800 --> 05:16:57,300
prohibited books, circulated in 
France, before the Revolution. 

6131
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,200
These included philosophical 
books, Scarlett's political 

6132
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:04,900
pamphlets and censored novels. 
According to historian, Robert 

6133
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:08,800
Danton several were forbidden 
bestsellers books to Filthy or 

6134
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,500
seditious for the sensors. 
But eagerly read by everyone who

6135
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:16,100
could Russo's Emil on education 
and the social contract were 

6136
05:17:16,100 --> 05:17:20,200
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 
volumes spread and made him 

6137
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,000
famous. 
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 

6138
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:25,500
the Royal Family's morals and 
crazy stories. 

6139
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:28,400
About the king's ministers were 
other underground, best sellers 

6140
05:17:28,400 --> 05:17:31,600
grub Street. 
Writers hack authors living hand

6141
05:17:31,600 --> 05:17:34,800
to mouth in Paris, who wrote, 
Whatever sold specialized in La 

6142
05:17:34,800 --> 05:17:38,500
Belle's, liberalist pamphlets to
get money, such writers, might 

6143
05:17:38,500 --> 05:17:41,800
mock the king's mistress, one 
week composing natural rights 

6144
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:44,000
tracked, the next, and spy for 
the police. 

6145
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:47,400
The next Voltaire Indira mock 
this literary underworld 

6146
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:49,400
Voltaire called hack writers 
things. 

6147
05:17:49,400 --> 05:17:52,900
Ironically radical ideas, 
sometimes spread through these 

6148
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:56,500
less recognized venues the 
hackers Hungary and alienated 

6149
05:17:56,500 --> 05:18:00,000
from the previous regime, hated 
Authority, and the revolution. 

6150
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:04,600
Prince circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

6151
05:18:04,608 --> 05:18:07,900
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

6152
05:18:07,900 --> 05:18:11,500
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. popularly legal 

6153
05:18:11,500 --> 05:18:16,000
titles, have been republished 
many times in the 70s, the Swiss

6154
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:19,300
underground publisher, Societe 
graphic, Dono Chateau 

6155
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:22,900
transported, tens of, thousands 
of volumes into France from 

6156
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:28,800
voltaire's philosophical fables,
to prohibited novels, By 1796 20

6157
05:18:28,800 --> 05:18:32,300
sanctions and 50 pirated volumes
of the Forbidden anti-colonial 

6158
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:35,200
work. 
History of the two Indies 1770 

6159
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:37,200
surface. 
Abbey, right? 

6160
05:18:37,200 --> 05:18:39,900
Now's history of the two Indies,
which boldly denounced slavery, 

6161
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:43,000
in tyranny, was banned by the 
French government in exiled. 

6162
05:18:43,000 --> 05:18:46,000
While the clergy despised him as
one of the most seditious 

6163
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:48,400
writers, which only peeked redis
interest. 

6164
05:18:49,900 --> 05:18:53,000
Despite the Embargo, the book 
was a best-seller, an influenced

6165
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:55,600
American colonists with its 
human rights advocacy. 

6166
05:18:56,800 --> 05:18:59,000
The Paradox of French 
Enlightenment publishing was 

6167
05:18:59,000 --> 05:19:01,600
that repression often increase 
the works, Fame and audience. 

6168
05:19:02,400 --> 05:19:04,700
Reading revolution spread 
outside the capitol. 

6169
05:19:05,400 --> 05:19:07,800
Provincial cities developed 
lending, libraries and reading 

6170
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:10,800
societies where members pulled 
funds to buy books and 

6171
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:12,600
newspapers. 
Under the watchful eye of a 

6172
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:16,100
suspicious bishop or magistrate 
literature was available to many

6173
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:18,200
residents and artists by the 
1780s. 

6174
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:22,400
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 
Book simplified Enlightenment 

6175
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:25,000
ideals, fairy tales, and 
practical information. 

6176
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:28,200
Peddlers sold chat. 
Books in local marketplaces 

6177
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:32,700
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.
A peasant may hear a hot story 

6178
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:35,300
about the king's mistress or a 
Voltaire joke. 

6179
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:37,900
Of course not. 
Everyone liked this print Deluge

6180
05:19:37,900 --> 05:19:40,800
conservative voices, argued. 
That excessive reading 

6181
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:44,300
especially forbidden materials 
was corrupting Ordinary People 

6182
05:19:44,300 --> 05:19:47,500
one booklet at a time. 
Some worried that Authority was 

6183
05:19:47,500 --> 05:19:49,900
losing respect, they were 
partly, right? 

6184
05:19:50,800 --> 05:19:54,200
Before 1789 printed words, 
affected for French public 

6185
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:56,400
opinion. 
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 

6186
05:19:56,400 --> 05:20:00,100
public opinion after high 
profile scandals or trials like 

6187
05:20:00,100 --> 05:20:03,700
the diamond necklace. 
A fair, 1785 involving Queen 

6188
05:20:03,700 --> 05:20:06,700
Marie Antoinette in 
Enlightenment authors and form 

6189
05:20:06,700 --> 05:20:09,400
an influence, public opinion, 
they thought education and 

6190
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:11,100
critical thinking could improve 
Society. 

6191
05:20:11,100 --> 05:20:15,300
It worked, but it also fueled 
high expectations and simmering 

6192
05:20:15,300 --> 05:20:18,600
discontent. 
A prison kiosk sold a cheap 

6193
05:20:18,600 --> 05:20:21,700
Rousseau leaflet, on the eve of 
the Revolution, stating man is 

6194
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:25,600
Born Free and everywhere he is 
in Chains, a body song, mocking 

6195
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:27,900
the fat Archbishop or a 
broadsheet, celebrating 

6196
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:30,900
America's successful Uprising 
against its ruler of available 

6197
05:20:30,900 --> 05:20:34,700
rights, Liberty and equality 
formally discussed in salons, 

6198
05:20:34,700 --> 05:20:36,700
have permeated common 
consciousness. 

6199
05:20:37,900 --> 05:20:40,400
The future was printed on legal 
and unlawful presses. 

6200
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:43,500
Despite their efforts, the old 
orders Guardians could not. 

6201
05:20:45,300 --> 05:20:48,400
Of the printer's type and the 
rustle of secretly turned Pages 

6202
05:20:48,400 --> 05:20:51,800
shook a changing France in a 
modest Paris apartment in the 

6203
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:54,600
1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

6204
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:58,000
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

6205
05:20:58,000 --> 05:21:01,900
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

6206
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:06,300
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

6207
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:11,200
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

6208
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:16,100
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Tensley Ernest Ilona, who 

6209
05:21:16,100 --> 05:21:18,400
distrust the very Society of 
Voltaire. 

6210
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:21,900
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

6211
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,100
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

6212
05:21:25,100 --> 05:21:27,600
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

6213
05:21:27,600 --> 05:21:30,900
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

6214
05:21:30,900 --> 05:21:34,900
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

6215
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:38,800
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

6216
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:40,600
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

6217
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,300
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

6218
05:21:44,300 --> 05:21:49,100
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

6219
05:21:49,100 --> 05:21:51,800
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

6220
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:54,600
civilization. 
May be flawed, but its far 

6221
05:21:54,600 --> 05:21:56,500
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

6222
05:21:56,500 --> 05:22:01,000
Extols this famous quip that 
Russo's philosophy is Command 

6223
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,400
want to become a beast. 
Itemizes the clash between two 

6224
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:08,200
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

6225
05:22:08,200 --> 05:22:11,900
and Society were Worlds Apart, 
the enlightenment was not a 

6226
05:22:11,900 --> 05:22:15,000
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

6227
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:18,900
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

6228
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:23,500
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 
as legendary Voltaire championed

6229
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:27,100
reason science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

6230
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,600
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally advised by 

6231
05:22:30,600 --> 05:22:33,700
philosophers, like in himself, 
could gradually improve Society.

6232
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:38,100
Religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue but needed 

6233
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:42,400
purging of superstition in 
crushed. 

6234
05:22:42,400 --> 05:22:45,300
The infamous thing of 
fanaticism, he would famously 

6235
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:48,400
declare of the church's abuses 
Russo. 

6236
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:51,200
By contrast distrusted, the 
pretensions of polite Society. 

6237
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:54,800
He thought civilization had 
corrupted man's originally, good

6238
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:57,500
nature in works like discourse 
on inequality. 

6239
05:22:57,500 --> 05:23:01,900
He argued that Arts and Sciences
had led not to progress, but to 

6240
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:05,500
vanity and oppression. 
His ideal was a simpler life in 

6241
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:08,400
harmony with nature and a 
political Community Based on 

6242
05:23:08,400 --> 05:23:10,900
genuine. 
Equality and the general will of

6243
05:23:10,900 --> 05:23:12,600
the people. 
As he later, outlined in the 

6244
05:23:12,600 --> 05:23:16,300
social contract to Voltaire, the
idea sounded naive at best 

6245
05:23:16,300 --> 05:23:20,200
dangerous at worst, their 
correspondence started 

6246
05:23:20,200 --> 05:23:22,000
courteously but soured over 
time. 

6247
05:23:23,200 --> 05:23:27,300
After the devastating Lisbon 
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 

6248
05:23:27,300 --> 05:23:28,900
wrote a poem questioning 
Providence. 

6249
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:33,000
How could a just God Slaughter 
innocence Russo. 

6250
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:36,300
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

6251
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:40,200
plan, and that if men didn't 
live packed in cities, The Quake

6252
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:43,400
would do less harm. 
Voltaire privately, scoffed that

6253
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,500
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

6254
05:23:46,200 --> 05:23:49,500
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours, he jeered,

6255
05:23:49,500 --> 05:23:53,200
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

6256
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:55,600
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

6257
05:23:55,600 --> 05:23:58,800
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

6258
05:23:59,800 --> 05:24:02,000
By the 70s. 
Their relationship at fractured 

6259
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:04,600
complete Russo, even refused 
volta's. 

6260
05:24:04,600 --> 05:24:06,600
Offer of Refuge. 
When Rousseau was fleeing 

6261
05:24:06,600 --> 05:24:10,800
arrest, the Voltaire Rousseau 
split was not just personalized,

6262
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:12,900
a deeper Divergence in 
Enlightenment thought. 

6263
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:17,000
Volta stood for the party of 
Reason progressed through 

6264
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:21,300
enlightened Authority and sharp.
Criticism of traditional Russo 

6265
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:24,400
became the voice of the party of
feeling valuing, emotional 

6266
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:27,600
authenticity, and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

6267
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:32,400
salon, sophistic of coral, 
highlighted contradictions, the 

6268
05:24:32,400 --> 05:24:35,700
enlightenment celebrated reason 
yet Rousseau accused reasons 

6269
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:38,700
Apostles of being cold and 
elitist it preached, a quality 

6270
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:42,500
Voltaire, privately disdained 
the uneducated masses and 

6271
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:44,800
preferred benevolent desks on to
democracy. 

6272
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,700
In ways, each was prophetic 
Volta of the liberal secular 

6273
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,000
values that would shape modern 
Europe Rousseau of the Romantic 

6274
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:55,300
Democratic and even 
revolutionary currents that 

6275
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:58,700
would soon erupt. 
Its fitting that both men died 

6276
05:24:58,700 --> 05:25:01,700
in 1778. 
A decade before the Revolution 

6277
05:25:01,700 --> 05:25:05,200
almost as if fate meant to clear
the stage for the drama to come 

6278
05:25:05,208 --> 05:25:07,900
Beyond this. 
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 

6279
05:25:07,900 --> 05:25:10,500
was Rife with intellectual 
rivalries and collaborations 

6280
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:14,200
diderot and Dalembert co-editors
of the encyclopedie had their 

6281
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,400
share of squabbles dalomba quit 
the project in frustration. 

6282
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:22,200
In 1759 through the remaining 
volumes largely alone. 

6283
05:25:22,200 --> 05:25:26,300
Diro also fell out bitterly with
Rousseau who had once been his 

6284
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:30,000
close friend. 
Dido and hold back welcomed 

6285
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:32,400
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 
the 1740s. 

6286
05:25:32,400 --> 05:25:36,400
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

6287
05:25:36,408 --> 05:25:39,300
believe diderot had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

6288
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:41,600
play. 
Their friendship collapsed 

6289
05:25:41,600 --> 05:25:44,400
illustrating, how personal 
slights could fracture even 

6290
05:25:44,400 --> 05:25:46,200
those working for the same. 
Broad Kors. 

6291
05:25:46,200 --> 05:25:50,600
Meanwhile, Baron holbach, host 
of a famously irreverence Salon 

6292
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:55,300
of atheists published the system
of nature 1770 a book denying, 

6293
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:59,700
the existence of God outright 
This extreme materialism alarmed

6294
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:03,500
even Voltaire who attacked whole
box atheism as fanatical in its 

6295
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:06,000
own way. 
Voltaire believed Society needed

6296
05:26:06,000 --> 05:26:08,800
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

6297
05:26:08,800 --> 05:26:11,700
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

6298
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:15,000
Hold back and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

6299
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:19,000
voltaire's, deism as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

6300
05:26:19,008 --> 05:26:22,400
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus even among 

6301
05:26:22,400 --> 05:26:25,300
philosophies United against the 
church's tyranny. 

6302
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:27,800
There were deep fractures about 
religions role. 

6303
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:31,900
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

6304
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:37,300
political Theory want to use the
spirit of the laws. 1748 argued 

6305
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:40,900
for a balanced Constitution, 
like Britain's with powers 

6306
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:45,300
separated among King Parliament,
and quartz a moderate Vision to 

6307
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:49,800
prevent despotism. 
Russo's social contract 1762 

6308
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:54,200
dismissed montesquieu's model as
two aristocratic instead 

6309
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:57,700
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 
So egalitarian that in theory 

6310
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:02,400
everyone would obey laws they 
themselves willed Voltaire found

6311
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:05,200
Russo's political ideas as 
impractical as his primitive as 

6312
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:08,400
equipped. 
That Russo's ideal Republic was 

6313
05:27:08,400 --> 05:27:11,800
a city of ghosts. 
And indeed resolution that 

6314
05:27:11,800 --> 05:27:15,300
citizens be forced to be free. 
If they violate the general 

6315
05:27:15,300 --> 05:27:18,200
will, the trouble critics for 
his potential for tyranny. 

6316
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:21,400
Yet these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

6317
05:27:21,400 --> 05:27:24,400
rather, they enriched the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

6318
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:27,400
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

6319
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,400
draw upon in the salons and in 
print, I have a philosophy might

6320
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:35,400
Lampoon each other but they also
all contributed to the head to a

6321
05:27:35,400 --> 05:27:39,100
broader movement questioning, 
the status quo Occasionally, the

6322
05:27:39,100 --> 05:27:42,600
debates, got personal and nasty 
pamphlets full of character, 

6323
05:27:42,600 --> 05:27:43,700
assassination. 
Flew about. 

6324
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:47,900
Voltaire was a master of The 
Artful insult, When A pompous 

6325
05:27:47,900 --> 05:27:49,700
critic. 
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 

6326
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:53,100
him Voltaire retaliated by 
portraying death ones as a 

6327
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:54,700
criminal and a full in a biting 
satire. 

6328
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:59,200
Effectively, destroying the 
man's reputation Russo to last 

6329
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:03,200
out in his late years. 
He wrote with letters, accusing 

6330
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,600
former friends of treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

6331
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:10,000
larger consequences, the sharp 
exchanges clarified different. 

6332
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:12,600
Thought, what was the best form 
of government? 

6333
05:28:12,600 --> 05:28:16,300
The true foundation of morality 
what is the role of religion? 

6334
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:20,500
Through argument the philosophy,
refined their positions by the 

6335
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:22,800
70s. 
The new generation was emerging 

6336
05:28:22,800 --> 05:28:25,800
too figures. 
Like Condor say a mathematician 

6337
05:28:25,800 --> 05:28:28,100
and protege of Dell on bear 
admired. 

6338
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:30,600
Both Voltaire and Rousseau 
trying to synthesize and 

6339
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:32,700
lightning and ideals with 
practical reforms. 

6340
05:28:33,400 --> 05:28:35,900
Condor set would advocate for 
the abolition of slavery and 

6341
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:38,200
women's rights. 
Pushing the enlightenment 

6342
05:28:38,200 --> 05:28:41,300
egalitarian logic further than 
his predecessors dared. 

6343
05:28:41,800 --> 05:28:44,700
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 
older philosophers pressed 

6344
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:48,300
splits in the coming Revolution.
Aristocratic liberals vs. 

6345
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:53,000
Radical Democrats deists vs 
atheists and pragmatists vs 

6346
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:55,500
idealists. 
The enlightenment was not one 

6347
05:28:55,500 --> 05:28:58,900
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

6348
05:28:58,900 --> 05:29:00,700
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

6349
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:04,200
Their clashes bitter. 
Though they were gave the era 

6350
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:07,400
much of its dynamism. 
The salon gossip about Voltaire 

6351
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:09,700
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual Europe. 

6352
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:12,900
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

6353
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:17,200
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

6354
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:20,600
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

6355
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:24,300
Revolution would enshrine them 
by inuring both their ashes in 

6356
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:27,600
the pantie on in Paris, voltar 
in 1791. 

6357
05:29:27,600 --> 05:29:30,700
Rousseau and 94. 
Symbolically reconciling the two

6358
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:34,500
in the Republic of posterity. 
France, it turned out would need

6359
05:29:34,500 --> 05:29:37,300
both as razor Whit and 
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 

6360
05:29:37,308 --> 05:29:39,100
Freedom as it hurtled. 
Awarded a new age. 

6361
05:29:39,100 --> 05:29:42,100
The Palace of Versailles caught 
yard was packed on a sunny 

6362
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,400
September afternoon and 1783 
with eyes. 

6363
05:29:45,400 --> 05:29:48,100
Fixed on the sky to provincial 
Brothers. 

6364
05:29:48,100 --> 05:29:51,000
The montgolfier brothers were 
ready to attempt the first hot 

6365
05:29:51,000 --> 05:29:53,500
air balloon flight by the living
creatures in front of King 

6366
05:29:53,500 --> 05:29:55,900
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

6367
05:29:57,000 --> 05:30:00,000
A sheep duck and rooster a 
placed into a wicker basket 

6368
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:02,000
under a taffeta balloon, at the 
sound of a cannon. 

6369
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:04,700
A second cannon. 
Fire announced release. 

6370
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:09,000
As the balloon gracefully 
climbed 600 meters, tens of 

6371
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:12,200
thousands of people gasped. 
It carried its Barnyard, 

6372
05:30:12,200 --> 05:30:14,100
aeronauts through the heavens 
for 8 minutes. 

6373
05:30:14,100 --> 05:30:18,000
Royal, biologists quickly, 
examined the animals which were 

6374
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:21,600
alive and eating hay after it 
softly landed, a few kilometers 

6375
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:25,800
away, the audience applauded, 
the King was thrilled or be at 

6376
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,300
the inventors. 
Deftly avoided his suggestion to

6377
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:31,900
use convicted felons as test 
passengers more than Amusement, 

6378
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:35,000
this balloon flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

6379
05:30:35,008 --> 05:30:40,000
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

6380
05:30:40,000 --> 05:30:43,400
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible Ingenuity and 

6381
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,300
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

6382
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:49,900
the French public French 
Enlightenment Science, pervaded,

6383
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,800
Daily Life and great politics 
Savant learned men, and a few 

6384
05:30:53,808 --> 05:30:57,800
women who passionately studied, 
nature Rose in the 18th century.

6385
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:01,900
They studied chemistry anatomy, 
botany astronomy, and electrical

6386
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,500
importantly, they sought 
practical social reforms. 

6387
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:08,700
The former Royal Academy of 
Science, is, in Paris was full 

6388
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:11,500
of experiments. 
And one of waza-air, a rich 

6389
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:15,100
prison tax officer who loved 
chemistry discovered Oxygen's 

6390
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:18,300
role in combustion and 
established the idea of mass 

6391
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:21,700
conservation. 
The Volcan, his wife Marie who 

6392
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:25,100
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

6393
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:28,500
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

6394
05:31:28,500 --> 05:31:32,000
rusting metal gains weight by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

6395
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:36,500
disproving the phlogiston idea. 
Such work paved the way for 

6396
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:40,300
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier was a
systematic empirical 

6397
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:42,800
Enlightenment of who felt 
knowledge should Advance 

6398
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:45,500
Humanity. 
Outside the lab, he improved 

6399
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:48,700
France's gunpowder industry, 
helping the military, an 

6400
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:50,400
agricultural research to boost 
yields. 

6401
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:54,200
Science historically clashed 
with religious theology, but by 

6402
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:56,500
mid-century many clergy were 
fascinated by it. 

6403
05:31:57,300 --> 05:32:00,100
After the Galileo episode, a 
century earlier, the church was 

6404
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:03,000
cautious. 
Jesuit instructors in France are

6405
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:05,400
just a Cartesian, a Newtonian 
principles. 

6406
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:11,000
Still tensions, grew in the 
1770s, The Continuous form, the 

6407
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:14,100
king's naturalist proposed that 
the world may be far older than 

6408
05:32:14,100 --> 05:32:17,900
the Bible 6,000 years. 
Paris's faculty of theology 

6409
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:20,100
forced him. 
To include a Pious disclaimer in

6410
05:32:20,100 --> 05:32:22,800
his book in Enlightenment 
science favored, natural 

6411
05:32:22,800 --> 05:32:26,300
explanation as above magical 
ones, contrary to traditional 

6412
05:32:26,300 --> 05:32:28,900
beliefs. 
Many devout Christians or 

6413
05:32:28,900 --> 05:32:32,600
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine and public 

6414
05:32:32,600 --> 05:32:34,900
health were West science and 
belief in seconded. 

6415
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:38,900
Most The introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

6416
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:42,500
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy, Millions, including 

6417
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:45,400
royalty, Bindu, a store, scarred
by smallpox. 

6418
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:50,100
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

6419
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:54,400
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

6420
05:32:54,400 --> 05:32:58,100
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

6421
05:32:58,100 --> 05:33:00,800
Antoinette, supported it 
Parisian, milliners. 

6422
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:04,100
Produced, the poof Ellyn, ocular
a hairdo with symbols of 

6423
05:33:04,108 --> 05:33:07,700
medicine and victory. 
A serpent entwined Rod arising 

6424
05:33:07,700 --> 05:33:11,000
Sun for the king, and an olive 
branch for piece to commemorate,

6425
05:33:11,000 --> 05:33:15,100
the Royal inoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

6426
05:33:15,100 --> 05:33:18,900
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

6427
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:22,400
after the monarchies high 
profile sponsorship, what many 

6428
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:26,700
considered a dubious, possibly 
impress activity, deliberately 

6429
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:30,700
infecting, someone gained 
legitimacy, it was the moment 

6430
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:34,100
when empirical knowledge 
inoculation success in England 

6431
05:33:34,100 --> 05:33:38,700
and the Ottoman Empire Triumph 
Superstition people's veins were

6432
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:40,000
filled with their in 
Enlightenment. 

6433
05:33:40,000 --> 05:33:43,800
Notions in lightning science 
influence common devices and 

6434
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,900
advances, the elite enjoyed 
mechanical and scientific 

6435
05:33:46,900 --> 05:33:50,600
exhibitions Salons had took 
electrical machines with 

6436
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,100
spinning glass globes that 
generated static electricity 

6437
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:58,600
sparking and raising arm hair. 
These machines were novelty, but

6438
05:33:58,600 --> 05:34:01,900
important research tools. 
When American scientists, 

6439
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,400
Benjamin Franklin showed 
lightning was electrical by 

6440
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:08,400
harnessing it with a kite 
Europe, was enthralled, France, 

6441
05:34:08,400 --> 05:34:11,700
copied, the experiment. 
Franklin was a star in Paris as 

6442
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:14,800
a revolutionary diplomatic 
scientist in his lightning rod 

6443
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:17,100
creation was praised as a reason
to fence against nature. 

6444
05:34:18,100 --> 05:34:21,000
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

6445
05:34:21,000 --> 05:34:24,200
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

6446
05:34:24,200 --> 05:34:27,100
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

6447
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:29,500
them believing that it was 
Blasphemous to meddle with the 

6448
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:32,500
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenged. 

6449
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:35,200
The idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

6450
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,300
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

6451
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:40,700
the philosophers to probe in 
lightning thinkers. 

6452
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,700
Compared doctors discussion 
about the hearts to a state's 

6453
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,800
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

6454
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:49,900
classified, human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

6455
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:53,700
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

6456
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:56,900
from anatomical, diagrams to 
winmill, Improvement designs 

6457
05:34:56,900 --> 05:34:59,500
aiming to gather and disseminate
a central knowledge. 

6458
05:35:00,500 --> 05:35:03,800
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

6459
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:07,200
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

6460
05:35:07,200 --> 05:35:09,000
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

6461
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:13,700
Dido published on Metallurgy 
music theory and other subjects 

6462
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,400
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

6463
05:35:16,400 --> 05:35:20,000
enhance life. during this era, 
the state often linked 

6464
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:23,100
scientific development to its 
goals fostering a culture of 

6465
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:27,300
enlightened absolutism Louis the
16th and his ministers wanted to

6466
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:30,800
use science to improve 
armaments, maps and agriculture 

6467
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:34,900
in the 1760s. 
The French government supported 

6468
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:37,800
the enormous Meridian voyages to
estimate the Earth's form, 

6469
05:35:37,800 --> 05:35:41,400
reflecting Enlightenment 
curiosity and State pride. 

6470
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:44,700
The Academy of Science is 
researched ways to enhance 

6471
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:48,000
navigation, and chronometers, 
and gave prizes for practical 

6472
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,700
answers, nutritionists like 
polmanteer staged meals 

6473
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:55,100
featuring potato dishes to 
convince aristocracy, it could 

6474
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,200
prevent starvation. 
To promote potatoes. 

6475
05:35:58,200 --> 05:36:01,500
Polmanteer had a field guarded 
by troops, but let peasants 

6476
05:36:01,500 --> 05:36:04,700
steal from it at night. 
In urban living, the 

6477
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:08,000
enlightenment provided New 
convenience's Paris, is likely 

6478
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:11,500
to illumination improved 
bringing Enlightenment, public 

6479
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:15,100
places like the jardan Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

6480
05:36:15,100 --> 05:36:18,200
Botanical, Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

6481
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,300
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

6482
05:36:21,300 --> 05:36:24,900
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

6483
05:36:24,900 --> 05:36:27,500
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

6484
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:32,000
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

6485
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:34,600
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

6486
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:39,400
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
and clubs men debated, the ideas

6487
05:36:39,400 --> 05:36:43,200
of Newton and Descartes, while 
aristocratic women wore small, 

6488
05:36:43,200 --> 05:36:46,500
lightning rods as jewelry. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

6489
05:36:46,500 --> 05:36:50,000
rationally, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

6490
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:53,300
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

6491
05:36:53,300 --> 05:36:55,900
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws. 

6492
05:36:56,600 --> 05:36:58,400
Scientists skill and describing 
the world. 

6493
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:01,300
Encourage them to question 
whether social structures like 

6494
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:05,000
the monarchy church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

6495
05:37:05,000 --> 05:37:07,900
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

6496
05:37:07,900 --> 05:37:11,100
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

6497
05:37:11,900 --> 05:37:14,900
Some Enlightenment Vons face 
persecution and challenges, 

6498
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,000
revolutionaries denounced, 
Lavoisier for being attacked 

6499
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:21,700
collector in 1794, despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

6500
05:37:21,700 --> 05:37:23,900
advance's. 
Despite his scientific 

6501
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:27,000
credentials Lavoisier face 
execution, when the public 

6502
05:37:27,000 --> 05:37:30,600
turned against experts with 
links to the onion regime, the 

6503
05:37:30,600 --> 05:37:32,300
Republic has no need of 
scientists. 

6504
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:36,800
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, the 

6505
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:39,700
new Administration returned live
was things to his widow with a 

6506
05:37:39,700 --> 05:37:42,600
note to the Widow of Love 
waza-air, who was falsely 

6507
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:46,100
convicted a year after his 
execution acknowledging, his 

6508
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,200
innocence and genius 
mathematician LaGrange mourned. 

6509
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:53,100
It took them only an instant to 
cut off that head and 100 years 

6510
05:37:53,100 --> 05:37:55,000
may not suffice to produce 
another like it. 

6511
05:37:56,200 --> 05:37:58,900
The convergence of Enlightenment
science and revolutionary 

6512
05:37:58,900 --> 05:38:02,600
politics was fragile. 
Science, permitted Salons State 

6513
05:38:02,600 --> 05:38:04,900
policies and Street culture and 
Enlightenment France. 

6514
05:38:04,900 --> 05:38:08,400
It offered control over nature 
and reflected Society. 

6515
05:38:08,400 --> 05:38:12,100
People cooked healed traveled, 
and illuminated their homes 

6516
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,200
differently. 
It also influenced their 

6517
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:16,600
Thinking by encouraging them to 
believe that empirical 

6518
05:38:16,600 --> 05:38:19,300
observation and reason could 
explain and improve the natural 

6519
05:38:19,300 --> 05:38:22,300
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

6520
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:24,400
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

6521
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,000
The Montgomery balloons soaring 
to Cheers of the Sigh. 

6522
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:30,900
He showed how knowledge May lift
Humanity. 

6523
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:35,900
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

6524
05:38:35,900 --> 05:38:40,000
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

6525
05:38:40,000 --> 05:38:43,500
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

6526
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:45,900
by Enlightenment Sciences 
confidence, and inquisitive 

6527
05:38:45,900 --> 05:38:48,800
attitude to lose experience to 
horrible scene. 

6528
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:51,000
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fighting against

6529
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:55,700
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishment sentenced 

6530
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:58,500
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
Calista death, for the murder of

6531
05:38:58,500 --> 05:39:01,100
his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

6532
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:05,900
Calus claimed in essence, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

6533
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,900
decided his fate. 
He suffered and maintained his 

6534
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,100
innocence until death. 
Volta learned about this 

6535
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:15,600
Injustice, it is Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

6536
05:39:15,600 --> 05:39:18,200
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

6537
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:20,900
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

6538
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:25,000
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

6539
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:28,500
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

6540
05:39:28,500 --> 05:39:31,200
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

6541
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:33,900
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

6542
05:39:33,908 --> 05:39:38,100
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

6543
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:40,500
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

6544
05:39:40,500 --> 05:39:44,800
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765, the king's Council in 

6545
05:39:44,808 --> 05:39:48,200
Paris, overturned, calluses 
sentence and exonerated him 

6546
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:51,000
post. 
He this victory of Reason over 

6547
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:53,700
bias was applauded by Europe and
the age of Voltaire. 

6548
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:57,400
The kalas Scandal proved that 
the monarchs could be swayed to 

6549
05:39:57,400 --> 05:40:00,200
write a wrong and advancing 
Enlightenment, religious 

6550
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:03,800
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's economy. 

6551
05:40:03,800 --> 05:40:06,800
Lane fam, crushed, the infamous 
thing, inspired the 

6552
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:10,600
Philosopher's Legacy 
Superstition and Priests misuse 

6553
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:13,600
of Authority or his concerns not
religion itself. 

6554
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:18,800
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

6555
05:40:18,800 --> 05:40:21,000
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat. 

6556
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:25,200
Chevrolet for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

6557
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,800
procession and defacing a 
crucifix, the authorities. 

6558
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:31,200
Fastened, volta's philosophical 
dictionary. 

6559
05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:33,600
To labar's Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

6560
05:40:33,600 --> 05:40:35,500
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

6561
05:40:36,300 --> 05:40:40,500
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 
execution, wrote harshly about 

6562
05:40:40,500 --> 05:40:44,200
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

6563
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:47,300
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

6564
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:51,100
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

6565
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:54,500
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

6566
05:40:54,500 --> 05:40:58,900
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

6567
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:01,900
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

6568
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:04,400
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

6569
05:41:05,400 --> 05:41:08,700
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

6570
05:41:08,700 --> 05:41:11,600
equilibrium. 
Some went further, Russo's, 

6571
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:15,600
social contracts 1762 opens with
the Bold claim. 

6572
05:41:15,600 --> 05:41:20,700
Man is Born Free and everywhere.
He is in Chains attacking Royal 

6573
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:24,300
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

6574
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:28,600
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

6575
05:41:28,600 --> 05:41:32,300
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical secret copies of the 

6576
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:35,200
band and destroyed book 
disseminated its ideas quickly. 

6577
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:39,500
In later works Deidre focused on
colonialism and slavery and 

6578
05:41:39,500 --> 05:41:43,100
suggested that a press people 
should rise up reynal and 

6579
05:41:43,100 --> 05:41:45,900
diderot popular history of the 
two Indies predicts a slave 

6580
05:41:45,900 --> 05:41:49,600
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas that

6581
05:41:49,600 --> 05:41:53,500
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown spam Doug sensors. 

6582
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:56,400
Tried to crush it but they 
merely pushed it underground 

6583
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:59,800
where it became more appealing. 
Not all Enlightenment Figures 

6584
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:02,700
were radicals, many favored, 
enlightened despotism. 

6585
05:42:02,700 --> 05:42:05,800
Which held that a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

6586
05:42:05,800 --> 05:42:08,700
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

6587
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:11,200
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor, Joseph, the second of 

6588
05:42:11,200 --> 05:42:15,100
Austria, for religious 
toleration of reform, in 

6589
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:18,000
lightning, influenced, French, 
ministers, and nobility included

6590
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,900
who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

6591
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:24,600
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

6592
05:42:24,600 --> 05:42:27,700
educational and judicial reforms
in our aristocratic circles 

6593
05:42:27,700 --> 05:42:33,100
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

6594
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:37,300
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

6595
05:42:37,300 --> 05:42:40,400
prohibited torture in 
interrogations inspired by 

6596
05:42:40,400 --> 05:42:42,700
kesari. 
Bakery in lightning, and essay 

6597
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:46,200
on crimes and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

6598
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:49,700
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

6599
05:42:49,700 --> 05:42:52,900
religious tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

6600
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:56,700
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

6601
05:42:56,700 --> 05:42:59,900
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

6602
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:02,300
opposed privileged reduction. 
French. 

6603
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:04,500
Catholic Church was a key 
Enlightenment Target. 

6604
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:07,800
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

6605
05:43:07,800 --> 05:43:11,400
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly 

6606
05:43:11,400 --> 05:43:14,400
deists or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

6607
05:43:15,400 --> 05:43:18,700
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like their callous Scandal to 

6608
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:22,200
Humble the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

6609
05:43:22,200 --> 05:43:24,800
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

6610
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:28,600
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked European 

6611
05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:31,900
religious communion by comparing
Pacific Islander Customs to 

6612
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:35,900
European religious communion. 
Aaron holbach system of nature 

6613
05:43:35,900 --> 05:43:37,900
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

6614
05:43:37,900 --> 05:43:40,100
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

6615
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:44,000
The words were provocative to 
lose experience to horrible 

6616
05:43:44,000 --> 05:43:45,400
scene. 
That exemplified the 

6617
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:49,700
enlightenment's fighting against
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

6618
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:53,300
wheel, punishments sentenced 
Protestant, Merchant Jean death,

6619
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,300
for the murder of his son, who 
was reportedly converting to 

6620
05:43:56,300 --> 05:44:00,200
Catholicism. 
Calus claimed in essence, but 

6621
05:44:00,200 --> 05:44:02,500
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate. 

6622
05:44:02,500 --> 05:44:05,600
He suffered and maintained his 
innocence until death. 

6623
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:09,000
Volta learned about this 
Injustice at his Fernie house. 

6624
05:44:10,000 --> 05:44:12,000
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

6625
05:44:12,700 --> 05:44:14,900
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

6626
05:44:14,900 --> 05:44:19,000
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

6627
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:21,800
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

6628
05:44:22,700 --> 05:44:25,900
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

6629
05:44:25,900 --> 05:44:28,300
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

6630
05:44:28,300 --> 05:44:32,400
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

6631
05:44:32,400 --> 05:44:34,000
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

6632
05:44:35,000 --> 05:44:39,500
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the

6633
05:44:39,500 --> 05:44:42,900
king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

6634
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:46,000
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

6635
05:44:46,000 --> 05:44:48,900
Reason, over bias was applauded 
by Europe and the age of 

6636
05:44:48,900 --> 05:44:51,200
Voltaire. 
The Klass Scandal proved that 

6637
05:44:51,208 --> 05:44:54,700
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and Vance, 

6638
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:57,600
singing Enlightenment religious 
tolerance and legislative change

6639
05:44:57,600 --> 05:45:01,100
voltaire's economy. 
Lane fam, crushed, the infamous 

6640
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:05,800
thing inspired the Philosopher's
Legacy Superstition and Priests 

6641
05:45:05,800 --> 05:45:09,200
misuse of Authority or his 
concerns not religion itself. 

6642
05:45:10,000 --> 05:45:14,400
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

6643
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:16,500
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat. 

6644
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:20,800
Chevrolet for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

6645
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:24,300
procession and defacing a 
crucifix, the authorities. 

6646
05:45:24,300 --> 05:45:27,000
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

6647
05:45:27,000 --> 05:45:29,200
labar's, Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

6648
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:31,100
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

6649
05:45:31,900 --> 05:45:36,000
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 
execution, wrote harshly about 

6650
05:45:36,000 --> 05:45:39,800
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

6651
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:42,900
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

6652
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:46,700
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

6653
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:50,100
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

6654
05:45:50,100 --> 05:45:54,600
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

6655
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:57,400
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

6656
05:45:57,400 --> 05:46:00,200
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

6657
05:46:01,000 --> 05:46:04,300
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

6658
05:46:04,300 --> 05:46:07,400
equilibrium. 
Some went further, Russo's, 

6659
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:11,200
social contracts 1762 opens with
the Bold claim. 

6660
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:16,300
Man is Born Free and everywhere.
He is in Chains attacking Royal 

6661
05:46:16,300 --> 05:46:20,000
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

6662
05:46:20,000 --> 05:46:24,200
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

6663
05:46:24,200 --> 05:46:27,900
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical secret copies of the 

6664
05:46:27,900 --> 05:46:30,800
band and destroyed book 
disseminated its ideas quickly. 

6665
05:46:31,600 --> 05:46:35,100
In later works Deidre focused on
colonialism and slavery and 

6666
05:46:35,100 --> 05:46:37,100
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

6667
05:46:37,900 --> 05:46:41,500
Reynolds popular history of the 
two Indies predicts a slave 

6668
05:46:41,500 --> 05:46:45,200
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas that

6669
05:46:45,200 --> 05:46:49,300
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown spam does census. 

6670
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,000
Tried to crush it but they 
merely pushed it underground 

6671
05:46:52,000 --> 05:46:55,400
where it became more appealing. 
Not all Enlightenment Figures 

6672
05:46:55,400 --> 05:46:58,300
were radicals, many favored, 
enlightened despotism. 

6673
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:01,400
Which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

6674
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:04,200
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

6675
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:05,900
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

6676
05:47:05,900 --> 05:47:09,300
Joseph, the second of Austria 
for religious toleration of surf

6677
05:47:09,300 --> 05:47:12,500
and reform in lightning, 
influenced French, ministers, 

6678
05:47:12,500 --> 05:47:15,900
and nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

6679
05:47:15,900 --> 05:47:20,200
trade and abolish forced labor, 
and the Marketo who promoted 

6680
05:47:20,200 --> 05:47:23,300
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

6681
05:47:23,300 --> 05:47:28,700
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

6682
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:33,000
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

6683
05:47:33,000 --> 05:47:36,000
prohibited torture in 
interrogations inspired by 

6684
05:47:36,000 --> 05:47:39,300
cesare bekery as Enlightenment 
essay, on crimes and punishments

6685
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:43,100
by providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787. 

6686
05:47:43,100 --> 05:47:47,000
He advocated immunization and 
religious tolerance, the 

6687
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:49,800
monarchy often fail and faced 
opposition from existing 

6688
05:47:49,800 --> 05:47:53,500
interests, Nobles, resisted 
turgus, reforms dismissing him, 

6689
05:47:53,500 --> 05:47:56,700
the church leadership, actively.
Opposed privileged reduction. 

6690
05:47:56,700 --> 05:48:00,100
The French Catholic Church was a
key and light to Target. 

6691
05:48:00,100 --> 05:48:03,300
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

6692
05:48:03,300 --> 05:48:07,000
dissenters were to immense, 
great riches philosopher, mostly

6693
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:10,000
deists or agnostics, denounced 
Church, persecution. 

6694
05:48:11,000 --> 05:48:14,200
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like their callous Scandal to 

6695
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:17,700
Humble the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

6696
05:48:17,700 --> 05:48:20,400
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

6697
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:24,100
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked, European 

6698
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:27,000
religious communion like 
comparing Pacific Islander 

6699
05:48:27,000 --> 05:48:28,800
Customs to European religious 
communion. 

6700
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:32,000
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

6701
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:35,100
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

6702
05:48:35,100 --> 05:48:38,200
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

6703
05:48:38,200 --> 05:48:42,700
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal noblemen Marquis De 

6704
05:48:42,700 --> 05:48:45,900
Condor, say died in a dismal 
Beulah rain, jail cell in August

6705
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:49,600
of 1794, he fled from the 
extremists jacoba regime that 

6706
05:48:49,600 --> 05:48:52,600
called him a traitor. 
Condor SE who championed human 

6707
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:55,300
rights slavery. 
Abolition and women's suffrage 

6708
05:48:55,300 --> 05:48:59,100
almost alone among his peers, 
was now a victim of the 

6709
05:48:59,100 --> 05:49:01,900
Revolution. 
He supported his lifeless body 

6710
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:05,400
was uncovered by guards. 
He may have died from disease 

6711
05:49:05,400 --> 05:49:07,600
and exhaustion from Poison. 
He had when the guillotine 

6712
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:10,300
approached. 
The terrorists Gloom killed one 

6713
05:49:10,300 --> 05:49:12,000
of the enlightenment's, 
brightest lights. 

6714
05:49:12,000 --> 05:49:15,700
His demise tipard, the tragic 
irony, that Bethel many in like 

6715
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:18,200
momentary during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

6716
05:49:18,200 --> 05:49:21,900
Their promised progress had 
turned on them, As previously 

6717
05:49:21,900 --> 05:49:25,100
mentioned of ozier face 
execution, despite his claims 

6718
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:27,300
that his scientific efforts 
benefited the nation. 

6719
05:49:28,100 --> 05:49:31,800
Madams daughter, saw her Salon 
acquaintance's scattered, some 

6720
05:49:31,800 --> 05:49:35,600
executed as Gentile reform 
conversations gave way to mobs 

6721
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:40,000
even after their deaths in 1793 
Voltaire and Rousseau were 

6722
05:49:40,000 --> 05:49:43,600
disputed by revolutionaries with
radicals, favoring Rousseau's a 

6723
05:49:43,600 --> 05:49:45,700
Galatians and moderates 
tolerance. 

6724
05:49:45,700 --> 05:49:49,400
The enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

6725
05:49:49,400 --> 05:49:53,600
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

6726
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:57,500
lightning values on one hand. 
It formalized, many philosophers

6727
05:49:57,500 --> 05:50:01,200
essential ideas based on 
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 

6728
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:03,400
and Locke. 
The Declaration of the rights of

6729
05:50:03,400 --> 05:50:07,400
man and citizens 1789. 
Advocated freedom of speech and 

6730
05:50:07,408 --> 05:50:11,100
religion a quality before the 
law and the right to resist 

6731
05:50:11,100 --> 05:50:14,100
Injustice. 
The philosophers dream of a 

6732
05:50:14,108 --> 05:50:18,000
meritocratic society was 
realized on August 1789 when 

6733
05:50:18,000 --> 05:50:20,800
feudal Privileges and tithes 
were abolished in one night. 

6734
05:50:21,700 --> 05:50:24,800
The constitution of 1791 
established a constitutional 

6735
05:50:24,800 --> 05:50:27,600
monarchy with a Montesquieu like
division of powers. 

6736
05:50:28,600 --> 05:50:31,200
The revolution, for filled 
voltaire's calls for Toleration 

6737
05:50:31,200 --> 05:50:34,500
by seizing Church property in 
1790 and awarding full 

6738
05:50:34,500 --> 05:50:37,400
citizenship to Protestants and 
Jews in 1791. 

6739
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:42,400
When Louis, the 16th was 
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 

6740
05:50:42,400 --> 05:50:45,800
vision of popular sovereignty, 
the people's will about Divine, 

6741
05:50:45,800 --> 05:50:47,400
Right? 
Kingship was most clearly 

6742
05:50:47,400 --> 05:50:51,000
confirmed however, the 
revolution's violent illiberal 

6743
05:50:51,000 --> 05:50:54,000
term, troubled, many The 
enlightenment sought to replace 

6744
05:50:54,000 --> 05:50:57,600
tyranny with reasoned 
conversation not crowd or one 

6745
05:50:57,600 --> 05:51:00,000
party power. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

6746
05:51:00,000 --> 05:51:02,800
murdered thousands of enemies of
the Revolution during the reign 

6747
05:51:02,800 --> 05:51:06,700
of terror 1793 to 4. 
A terrible, inversion of 

6748
05:51:06,708 --> 05:51:10,800
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 
way to another frenzy under 

6749
05:51:10,800 --> 05:51:13,800
Robespierre, the revolutionaries
formed, a municipal religion of 

6750
05:51:13,800 --> 05:51:16,300
the Supreme Being and held 
deistic festivals. 

6751
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:19,700
The guillotine enforced version 
of Rousseau's civil religion. 

6752
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:24,600
People executed under the guise 
of reason for being Aristocrats 

6753
05:51:24,600 --> 05:51:26,500
or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

6754
05:51:26,500 --> 05:51:29,100
Voltaire. 
The Tara exposed in an 

6755
05:51:29,100 --> 05:51:32,500
Enlightenment contradiction, the
confidence in a single truth 

6756
05:51:32,500 --> 05:51:35,100
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

6757
05:51:36,300 --> 05:51:39,900
Philosophers like the whole back
and helvetius were as intolerant

6758
05:51:39,900 --> 05:51:42,700
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

6759
05:51:42,700 --> 05:51:46,500
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

6760
05:51:46,500 --> 05:51:48,900
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

6761
05:51:49,700 --> 05:51:52,300
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 
not want democracy. 

6762
05:51:52,300 --> 05:51:55,400
Voltaire favored. 
An enlightened Monarch over an 

6763
05:51:55,400 --> 05:51:58,000
uninformed mob. 
Some intellectual said, early 

6764
05:51:58,000 --> 05:52:00,600
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

6765
05:52:00,600 --> 05:52:06,700
right about the Rappel. 
Before his 1784 death d'idro had

6766
05:52:06,700 --> 05:52:10,700
become pessimistic arguing. 
That despotism might only cease 

6767
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:13,900
when the last Monarch was 
strangled with the last present,

6768
05:52:13,900 --> 05:52:16,500
Trails, the Dismal hyperbole. 
The revolutionaries 

6769
05:52:16,500 --> 05:52:19,500
half-jokingly repeated Dido 
probably wouldn't have 

6770
05:52:19,500 --> 05:52:22,000
celebrated. 
The 1793 masculinity. 

6771
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:25,900
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

6772
05:52:25,900 --> 05:52:28,900
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

6773
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:33,200
Enlightenment supporters, faced 
social contradictions, few 

6774
05:52:33,200 --> 05:52:35,400
addressed women's condition 
directly though. 

6775
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:38,800
They promised a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

6776
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:41,700
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

6777
05:52:41,700 --> 05:52:45,000
please men and stay at home, 
contrary to our lamp to gouge 

6778
05:52:45,000 --> 05:52:48,700
and Condor say, who authored an 
essay in 1790 advocating, for 

6779
05:52:48,700 --> 05:52:52,100
women's political rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

6780
05:52:52,108 --> 05:52:54,700
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority 

6781
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:57,700
Guillotine deges, the 
enlightenment fraternity had 

6782
05:52:57,700 --> 05:53:00,100
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

6783
05:53:00,100 --> 05:53:02,700
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

6784
05:53:02,700 --> 05:53:05,600
slavery. 
Some like Dido and condos a 

6785
05:53:05,600 --> 05:53:08,300
strongly criticized slavery as 
against natural law. 

6786
05:53:09,100 --> 05:53:12,200
The 1788 Society of Friends of 
the blacks founded by 

6787
05:53:12,200 --> 05:53:16,000
Enlightenment influence, men 
sort of volition others like 

6788
05:53:16,000 --> 05:53:18,900
Voltaire criticize. 
The slave trade in the abstract 

6789
05:53:18,900 --> 05:53:21,600
but made racist statements and 
invested in colonial 

6790
05:53:21,600 --> 05:53:25,800
corporation's Enlightenment. 
Universal human nature, battled 

6791
05:53:25,800 --> 05:53:29,500
with suda scientific racism. 
Ironically a consequence of 

6792
05:53:29,500 --> 05:53:33,100
species classification The 
revolution abolished slavery in 

6793
05:53:33,100 --> 05:53:36,800
1794 after a massive slave 
Insurrection in Santa mang, 

6794
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:41,700
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,
it ideal and reality differed 

6795
05:53:41,700 --> 05:53:44,700
relationship between intellect 
and emotion, was another 

6796
05:53:44,700 --> 05:53:47,600
tension. 
Rousseau noted that humans are 

6797
05:53:47,600 --> 05:53:50,100
not rational but the 
enlightenment praised reason, 

6798
05:53:50,100 --> 05:53:53,800
the revolution showed that 
passions anger at Injustice 

6799
05:53:53,800 --> 05:53:57,600
desire for vengeance, hope for 
Glory Drive events, more than 

6800
05:53:57,608 --> 05:54:01,600
academic treatises. 
Romanticism a 19th century. 

6801
05:54:01,600 --> 05:54:04,300
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding, 

6802
05:54:04,300 --> 05:54:08,100
the heart, tradition and faith. 
Edmund Burke in England, and 

6803
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:11,800
Joseph de maistre in France held
the Philosopher's unfairly 

6804
05:54:11,800 --> 05:54:14,400
responsible for the 
revolution's, Bloodshed by 

6805
05:54:14,400 --> 05:54:18,100
unmooring Society from 
traditional institutions, They 

6806
05:54:18,100 --> 05:54:20,600
said that the enlightenment 
abstract reasoning had dissolved

6807
05:54:20,600 --> 05:54:23,300
Authority and led to chaos and 
Napoleon's rule. 

6808
05:54:24,800 --> 05:54:28,300
While this view is debatable by 
the early 1800s, the 

6809
05:54:28,300 --> 05:54:30,500
enlightenment was hailed for the
Declaration of Rights and 

6810
05:54:30,500 --> 05:54:33,400
scientific advancement but also 
accused of revolution. 

6811
05:54:34,600 --> 05:54:37,300
Long-term the French 
Enlightenment left, a deep and 

6812
05:54:37,300 --> 05:54:40,600
mostly good influence. 
It inspired the French American 

6813
05:54:40,600 --> 05:54:42,400
and later Independence movements
worldwide. 

6814
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:46,300
Many Enlightenment goals were 
achieved in the 19th century. 

6815
05:54:46,300 --> 05:54:49,300
Including the abolition of 
slavery in European Empires, 

6816
05:54:49,300 --> 05:54:54,100
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 
the spread of public education. 

6817
05:54:54,100 --> 05:54:57,200
The rise of secular States and 
the reduction of church. 

6818
05:54:57,200 --> 05:55:01,400
Temporal power, the gradual and 
uneven expansion of suffrage and

6819
05:55:01,400 --> 05:55:04,000
the advancement of Science and 
Technology without Dogma. 

6820
05:55:04,900 --> 05:55:08,300
The 1948, un Universal 
Declaration of Human Rights is 

6821
05:55:08,300 --> 05:55:12,500
based on Enlightenment ideas. 
Today, we Echo voltaire's calls 

6822
05:55:12,500 --> 05:55:14,000
for press and conscience for 
freedom. 

6823
05:55:14,900 --> 05:55:17,800
Government site, Montesquieu and
creating checks and balances 

6824
05:55:17,800 --> 05:55:21,500
when protesters invoke, the will
of the people Rousseau as 

6825
05:55:21,500 --> 05:55:23,900
followed. 
However, the enlightenment left 

6826
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:27,300
more uncertain, legacies, the 
Scientific Revolution in 

6827
05:55:27,300 --> 05:55:31,400
industrial society were fueled 
by reason, but romantic and 

6828
05:55:31,400 --> 05:55:33,900
later, existentialists 
criticized it for promoting 

6829
05:55:33,900 --> 05:55:38,000
technocracy in solarus rationale
analy, Westerners defended 

6830
05:55:38,000 --> 05:55:39,800
imperialism as bringing 
civilization. 

6831
05:55:40,900 --> 05:55:44,000
An attitude oddly at conflict 
with the enlightenment's empathy

6832
05:55:44,000 --> 05:55:48,100
but facilitated by its aim in 
Enlightenment, secularism 

6833
05:55:48,100 --> 05:55:52,100
allowed diversity to develop but
also left a spiritual hole that 

6834
05:55:52,100 --> 05:55:55,000
19th and 20th Century, 
ideologies, and nationalism, 

6835
05:55:55,000 --> 05:55:57,700
strove to fill, not always for 
the better. 

6836
05:55:58,500 --> 05:56:00,700
Often Napoleon's. 
Collapse in 1815. 

6837
05:56:00,700 --> 05:56:03,900
France's monarchy re-established
Church dominance and 

6838
05:56:03,900 --> 05:56:07,700
conservative Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

6839
05:56:07,700 --> 05:56:09,800
Thus, the genie could not be put
back. 

6840
05:56:10,700 --> 05:56:13,700
French politics, alternated 
between liberal and conservative

6841
05:56:13,700 --> 05:56:17,600
in the mid 19th century, but 
Enlightenment ideas set. 

6842
05:56:17,600 --> 05:56:21,100
The standard even conservatives 
had to justify themselves in 

6843
05:56:21,100 --> 05:56:24,500
terms of logical government and 
National interest, not Divine 

6844
05:56:24,500 --> 05:56:27,700
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

6845
05:56:27,700 --> 05:56:31,300
church and state in 1905, 
fulfilling the philosophies as 

6846
05:56:31,300 --> 05:56:36,200
aim of a secular Republic based 
on Liberty Fraternity in 

6847
05:56:36,200 --> 05:56:38,800
lightning principles. 
Filtered through revolutionary 

6848
05:56:38,800 --> 05:56:41,800
experience. 
The French Enlightenment did not

6849
05:56:41,800 --> 05:56:46,100
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

6850
05:56:46,100 --> 05:56:49,700
its aftermath complicated. 
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 

6851
05:56:49,708 --> 05:56:53,000
Enlightenment lessen, the 
movement always understood that 

6852
05:56:53,000 --> 05:56:55,800
human Affairs are in perfect and
progresses exacts. 

6853
05:56:56,600 --> 05:56:59,700
Did Rob observed. 
Shins are the only orders that 

6854
05:56:59,700 --> 05:57:03,400
always persuade conceding. 
That reason, doesn't control the

6855
05:57:03,400 --> 05:57:06,700
world. 
Later in life Voltaire, tempered

6856
05:57:06,700 --> 05:57:10,300
his mockery with appeals for 
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 

6857
05:57:10,300 --> 05:57:14,100
even radical Russo caution, that
abrupt upheaval could lead to 

6858
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:17,300
harsher despotism. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers 

6859
05:57:17,300 --> 05:57:20,000
realized, that Enlightenment 
would be a long-term tense 

6860
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:22,400
project. 
Thus the enlightenment's 

6861
05:57:22,400 --> 05:57:24,300
Twilight transformed, rather 
than ended. 

6862
05:57:25,100 --> 05:57:28,200
People called themselves 
ideologues or intellectuals 

6863
05:57:28,200 --> 05:57:31,100
instead of philosophy in the 
19th century. 

6864
05:57:31,900 --> 05:57:33,800
But they inherited the 
enlightenment's, realm 

6865
05:57:33,800 --> 05:57:37,500
questioning Authority, demanding
reasoned answers, and claiming 

6866
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:39,800
individual dignity, became 
entrenched in western 

6867
05:57:39,800 --> 05:57:43,100
civilization. 
When we read volta's, witty 

6868
05:57:43,100 --> 05:57:46,600
courageous, writings Rousseau's 
profound challenges, did Rose 

6869
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:50,200
and cyclopedic labors or condor 
sets prescient humanism. 

6870
05:57:50,200 --> 05:57:52,700
We are reminded of the 
enlightenment's, very human 

6871
05:57:52,700 --> 05:57:55,500
story. 
Salon Gathering and clandestine 

6872
05:57:55,500 --> 05:57:59,900
pamphlets, friendships and feuds
and people risking prison for a 

6873
05:57:59,900 --> 05:58:02,700
pamphlet or exile for a 
principal ideas. 

6874
05:58:02,700 --> 05:58:04,200
Could overthrow thrown in that 
age. 

6875
05:58:05,100 --> 05:58:08,000
Its Legacy lives on every time, 
an informed public holds a 

6876
05:58:08,000 --> 05:58:10,800
tyrant accountable youngster is 
taught science without 

6877
05:58:10,800 --> 05:58:13,700
Superstition, various 
individuals, sit down to talk 

6878
05:58:13,700 --> 05:58:16,900
and debate rather than fight and
we choose light over Darkness. 

6879
05:58:17,900 --> 05:58:20,200
The French Enlightenment was 
truly a turning point in human 

6880
05:58:20,200 --> 05:58:20,500
history.