What Was Dinner Like on a 19th Century Steamship & more | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey friends, pull your blanket, 
a little closer and settle in 

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for a journey across time and 
ocean. 

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Because tonight, we're boarding 
the great steamships of the 19th

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century, where the simple Act of
eating a meal became an 

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adventure in itself Imagine The 
Gentle rocking of a massive 

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vessel the distant, thrum of 
steam engines. 

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And the clatter of Fine China in
elegant, dining rooms floating 

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somewhere between two 
continents. 

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This is the story of how 
Humanity learned to dine while 

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Conquering the Seas. 
So before you get comfortable 

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with me, take a moment to like 
the video. 

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And please let me know. 
Where are you listening from? 

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And what time is it for you? 
Now, dim those lights turn on a 

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fan for some noise and let's 
begin. 

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Imagine yourself on a Liverpool 
dock. 

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In 1838 watching What appears to
be a sailing ship. 

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Have an affair with a factory. 
Paddle Wheels, turn the water 

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like enormous. 
Wooden washing machines smoke, 

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billows, from tall funnels and 
somewhere deep within this 

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mechanical way. 
Coal fires burn hot enough to 

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convert water into the steam 
that will take you across the 

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Atlantic Ocean in just 18 days, 
rather than the customary, 6 

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weeks, this marks, the beginning
of the steamship era when 

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traveling across the ocean's 
became more like following a 

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schedule, rather than a prayer 
to the wind gods. 

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One of the first specially 
designed steamships to 

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frequently Traverse the 
Atlantic. 

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The Great Western was 
essentially a floating city with

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a very particular issue. 
How do you feed hundreds of 

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people? 
When the closest supermarket is 

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thousands of miles away and 
won't be accessible for weeks, 

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prior to steamships, traveling 
by sea, was similar to camping 

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for wealthy people. 
You brought your own food, hoped

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it wouldn't go bad. 
And accepted that meals would 

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consist of whatever the ship's 
cook, could prepare using 

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hardtack salt pork and anything 
that wasn't moldy. 

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But everything changed with 
steamships these were luxury 

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hotels. 
That just so happened to float 

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and luxury hotels, require 
luxury dining. 

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They were merely transport 
ships. 

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The difficulty of the task was 
magnificent, imagine attempting 

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to stock a restaurant for three 
weeks. 

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While your kitchen is always 
changing in three dimensions, 

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you have limited storage space. 
No Refrigeration, other than 

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what nature provides and you are
unable to go outside for fresh 

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and ingredients, oh, and your 
patrons anticipate, the same 

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level of quality that they would
find at the best restaurants in 

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New York or London. 
This issue was resolved by ship 

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designers using the same 
Victorian inventiveness that 

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produced the sewers canal and 
the London sewer system. 

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He developed dining systems, 
inventive preservation 

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techniques and floating 
pantries. 

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That would make contemporary 
cruise ship designers swoon. 

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In addition, to overcoming 
distance, the steamship was also

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transforming the idea of what it
meant to eat healthily while 

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traveling launched. 
In 1843, the SS Great Britain, 

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resembled a mechanical, Marvel 
crossed with a floating palace. 

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It was the world's largest ship 
measuring 322 feet in length and

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its designers recognized that 
passengers were purchasing an 

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experience rather than merely a 
ticket. 

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In addition to reflecting the 
social structures of the era, 

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the dining Arrangements on these
early steamships introduced new 

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types of Maritime Hospitality 
that would shape Ocean Travel in

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the century that followed the 
way that steamship dining 

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addressed issues that a dogged 
Maritime travel ever. 

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Since people first tied logs 
together and aimed them toward 

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the Horizon was what made it so 
intriguing. 

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Proper food storage and menu 
planning helped prevent scurvy. 

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The vitamin deficit disease that
made Sailors teeth in to lose 

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successories, multi-course, 
meals. 

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That could compete with anything
served on land replaced, the 

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boring diet of ship biscuits and
salt beef. 

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The true Revolution however, was
not in what people ate but 

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rather in how dining became an 
integral part of the steamship 

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experience. 
Like all communities, these 

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ships were forming floating, 
communities centered around 

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communal meals. 
The ship's Dining Saloon 

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developed into its Social Hub, 
where travelers from various 

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backgrounds, interacted romance 
is blossomed. 

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And the simple Act of sharing 
meals forged relationships that 

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persisted long after the ship 
docked and imagine yourself 

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standing on that. 
Liverpool doc, as you fall 

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asleep tonight, watching, people
bored with their trunks and 

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their expectations. 
The first meal service of a 

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voyage that will redefine what 
it means to eat. 

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While traveling is already 
underway somewhere in the ship's

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barely as the whistle blows and 
the paddle Wheels start. 

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Their rhythmic churning. 
You're about to learn how these 

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floating eateries catered to 
their patrons, serving 

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everything from the most 
elaborate first class Feast to 

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the most basic steerage meal all
while navigating, the Atlantic 

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Ocean's NeverEnding ways, you 
might not even realize you're on

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a ship when you enter the SS 
Great Eastern's. 

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Dining Saloon in 1860 Like a 
cathedral devoted to the art of 

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eating the rooms sprawls out in 
front of you. 

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Long tables covered in a 
macular, white linen, stretch 

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into the distance, like a Royal 
Banquet. 

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Crystal chandeliers sway softly 
with the motion of the ship and 

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massive mirrors. 
Reflect Gaslight off polished 

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mahogany during the Victorian 
era. 

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These dining saloons were the 
answer to a very specific 

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question. 
Can you create an atmosphere of 

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refined Elegance in a space? 
That is surrounded by thousands 

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of tons of cold, sea water and 
is always in motion. 

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Most people were unaware, that 
the answer required more 

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theatrical stagecraft every 
component, including the 

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substantial Furniture fastened 
to the deck, and the specially 

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made fiddles those elevated 
edges, that prevented plates 

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from slipping off. 
Tables was thoughtfully arranged

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to preserve the appearance of 
stability and elegance with 400 

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seats available at once. 
The great Easterns Dining Saloon

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was larger than the majority of 
eateries in New York or London. 

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This one, however, had to 
operate, while tilting rolling, 

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and occasionally, lurching in 
ways that would cause a 

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terrestrial Matrix to go into 
cardiac arrest in contrast to 

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those land-based establishments.
Ship designers used invention's 

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that combined engineering 
prowess and magical thinking to 

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overcome these obstacles wide 
low tables with the 

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characteristic raised edges, 
that came to Define dining at 

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Sea were constructed. 
Chairs were made to remain 

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stationary in the event of 
choppy seas, and were heavier 

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than their cousins on shore. 
Thick carpets that absorbed 

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sound and offered traction. 
Covered the floors, creating an 

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acoustic space where diners 
could hear one another over the 

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continuous hum of paddle wheels 
and steam engines. 

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Lighting post, special 
difficulties of its owning 

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saloons were reliant on oil 
lamps and later gas fixtures 

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which had to be built to be safe
even when the ship was pitching 

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in severe weather because 
candles were fire hazards on 

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Wooden Ships, As a result even 
basic meals, felt refined and 

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sophisticated thanks to the warm
golden illumination. 

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Many Travelers recalled the 
entire experience more vividly 

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than the places they were 
sailing toward because the food 

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and passengers looked better. 
And the whole thing took on an 

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almost dreamlike quality, these 
dining saloons social dynamics 

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were meticulously planned out 
like a ballet. 

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Based on their social standing 
class of travel and occasionally

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their nationality. 
Passengers were given seats. 

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Prominent passengers might find 
themselves dining with the ships

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officers and exchanging tales 
that would eventually become 

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part of Maritime folklore at the
Captain's Table. 

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The most prestigious seating 
arrangement, the way these 

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dining saloons manage the 
straightforward Logistics of 

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serving hundreds of meals at 
once. 

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While the entire restaurant was 
constantly moving was perhaps 

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their most impressive feature. 
Waiters also known as Stuarts 

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created methods that combined 
elements of martial arts and 

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dance. 
They developed an almost 

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Supernatural ability to carry 
loaded trays, across a rolling 

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deck, without losing a single 
dinner roll as they learn to 

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anticipate the movement of the 
ship and time their steps to its

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Rhythm. 
There was nothing like the sound

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of a steamship Dining Saloon in 
full operation on land. 

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The soft chatter of passengers, 
the clink of silverware, the 

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rustle of stewards feet on the 
plush carpet, and beneath it all

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the steady hum of the engines 
that powered this floating 

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Eatery, as a reminder, that this
sophisticated social area was 

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encircled by the vastness of the
ocean. 

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You may occasionally hear the 
distant sound of waves against 

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the hull or the Cry of seabirds 
meals in the evening were 

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especially magical events. 
In the midst of the trackless 

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sea, the Dining Saloon turned 
into a cozy Haven of 

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civilization as the daylight 
dimmed and the lamps were lit. 

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For a few hours, the 
difficulties and discomforts of 

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sea travel would be replaced by 
conversation, delicious food and

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the strange intimacy that arises
when strangers share an 

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extraordinary experience. 
Passengers were dressed to 

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impress formal. 
Dining was expected on 

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steamships. 
These dining saloons menu cards 

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are poetic codes to Victorian. 
Plenty, each dish would be 

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described in such a way that 
even the most basic preparations

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would seem like culinary 
masterpieces. 

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And course, after course, would 
be listed in intricate script. 

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This theatrical presentation, 
however, was based on a 

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sophisticated understanding of 
what worked in Maritime dining. 

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Foods. 
That could be prepared ahead of 

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time that traveled. 
Well, and that would retain 

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their excellent flavor even 
after being served in a 

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constantly moving room. 
Consider yourself in 1875 

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sitting down to dinner. 
After becoming wealthy enough to

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reserve first-class passage on 
the RMS Britannic. 

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With dishes like turtle soup, 
salmon with lobster sauce, roast

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beef, with your Yorkshire 
pudding, game pie, Charlotte, 

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Russe, and fresh fruit. 
That somehow survived the 

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journey from Mediterranean 
Groves to your plate. 

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Without wilting in the Atlantic 
spray. 

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The menu in front of you reads 
like a love letter to Victorian 

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access. 
This was more than just dinner. 

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It was a show of Humanity's 
ability to overcome the inherent

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constraints of Maritime travel. 
Every component on your plate. 

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Symbolized a triumph over 
spoiling and each expertly 

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prepared dish was a protest 
against the ocean's attempt to 

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turn your food into salted, meat
and hardtack. 

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First class passengers were 
purchasing temporary protection 

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from the harsh reality of Life 
at Sea. 

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Not just a means of 
transportation a contemporary 

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supply chain manager would have 
been impressed by the logistics 

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of these elaborate meals. 
Consider that fresh fruit. 

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The rightness of Spanish oranges
English, Apple's and French 

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grapes had to be careful, chose 
and paced to protect them from 

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ship motion and kept in. 
Specially, ventilated 

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compartments that allowed just 
enough air circulation to keep 

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rotate without allowing in the 
Salt Air that would destroy 

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everything. 
The problems with meat were even

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worse. 
They didn't just throw that 

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roast beef in the ship's, pantry
and hope for the best. 

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It was a component of a 
well-planned system. 

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That also included, traditional 
salt preserved Meats for longer 

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voyages, live cattle. 
Kept in, pens on deck and 

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cutting-edge preservation, 
methods that stretched. 

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The limits of 19th century, food
science. 

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Some ships even had their own 
ice houses which were 

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essentially floating 
refrigerators that allowed 

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perishables to last far longer 
than they could have a 

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generation ago. 
These look serious steamships 

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had wine cellars that were Feats
of engineering and taste in 

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order to maintain appropriate 
storage conditions bottles 

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needed to be fastened against 
the ships continuous motion. 

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The wine Steward who frequently 
held a highly esteemed position 

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on board, a ship was 
knowledgeable about both wines 

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and the unique difficulties of 
serving them in a constantly 

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tilting environment. 
If handled improperly a vintage 

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Bordeaux that was excellent on 
land could become unfit for 

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consumption, while traveling 
across the Atlantic first class 

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breakfasts, which catered to the
international character of 

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steamship travel range from 
traditional English, fair to 

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Continental Delicacies, and 
could last for hours. 

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The ship's others which had to 
work. 

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While the entire kitchen was 
rolling through ocean swells. 

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Baked fresh bread, every day, 
every morning, the first class 

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corridors would fill with the 
aroma of Freshly Baked Goods, a 

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00:11:32,700 --> 00:11:35,700
homely comfort that transformed 
the ship from a mechanical 

233
00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:37,700
vehicle into a floating 
residents. 

234
00:11:37,700 --> 00:11:41,100
However, the way first class 
dining, a comedy dated special 

235
00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:44,600
dietary requirements and 
preferences was arguably, its 

236
00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500
most remarkable feature Wealthy 
passengers. 

237
00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:50,400
Expected their shipboard meals 
to reflect the increasingly 

238
00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:53,800
complex ideas about nutrition 
and health that were emerging in

239
00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,700
Victorian society for 
passengers, who were worried 

240
00:11:56,700 --> 00:11:59,700
about their health ships 
carried, special preparations 

241
00:11:59,700 --> 00:12:03,000
for invalids, kid-friendly 
meals, and even the earliest 

242
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,300
iterations of what we might. 
Now know, as spark Cuisine first

243
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:08,800
class food was presented in a 
theatrical fashion. 

244
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,200
Each course became a miniature 
performance. 

245
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,400
The silver covered dishes 
arrived at tables and was 

246
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,500
simultaneously lifted by white 
gloved. 

247
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,200
Stewards resulting in dramatic 
reveals. 

248
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,300
At Sea of passengers were served
meal after meal with the finest 

249
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:26,200
China. 
Crystal and silverware. 

250
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:29,200
That would have been reserved 
for the most aristocratic homes 

251
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,500
on land. 
Protocols in the first class. 

252
00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:34,200
Dining Saloon were a strict as 
those in the best hotels. 

253
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,500
In London, the social graces 
that affluent passengers 

254
00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:40,400
expected were taught to stewards
in addition to Food Service. 

255
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:44,200
They knew how to clear courses 
in the right order how to serve 

256
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,200
wine properly and the delicate 
art of paying attention without 

257
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:50,100
being obtrusive. 
Many of these men brought Land 

258
00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:52,700
Based experience to the 
particular difficulty of 

259
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:55,300
Maritime service. 
Having previously, worked in 

260
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:58,400
upscale homes or restaurants. 
First class, meals were 

261
00:12:58,400 --> 00:12:59,900
scheduled. 
According to patterns that 

262
00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:03,900
represented both practical needs
and social expectations in order

263
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:06,100
to allow passengers to wake up 
at their own pace. 

264
00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:10,000
Breakfast, may be served from 8 
to 10 Light Affair was usually 

265
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,800
served at lunchtime. 
However dinner ah dinner was the

266
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,500
focal point of the day presented
with such Grandeur and ceremony 

267
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:20,100
that it was The Culinary and 
social high point of life. 

268
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:23,500
Aboard ship passengers had to 
pack formal attire for what was 

269
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:26,400
effectively camping on water 
because first class dinner 

270
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:30,300
required evening, dress. 
Women wore ornate gowns that had

271
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:32,800
to be made to look elegant while
taking into account the 

272
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:35,800
practicalities of life on a 
moving ship, while men showed up

273
00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,300
wearing white tie and Tails, the
end result was a fashion show 

274
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:41,200
every night. 
That was on par with anything. 

275
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,200
You might see at a grand ball of
the Opera. 

276
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,200
These sophisticated meals could 
become Applied Physics 

277
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:48,800
Adventures, depending on the 
weather, even the most 

278
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,100
meticulously planned service 
could devolve into chaos, when 

279
00:13:52,100 --> 00:13:53,700
the ship encountered choppy 
Waters. 

280
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:57,400
While novices frequently found 
themselves chasing their dinner 

281
00:13:57,400 --> 00:13:59,300
rolls across the table or 
wearing their soup. 

282
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,500
Seasoned Travelers learned to 
time their movements to the 

283
00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:05,600
ship's Rhythm. 
However, even when the laws of 

284
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,600
gravity were momentarily 
suspended the staff always 

285
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:11,200
managed to preserve an air of 
refinement and dignity. 

286
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:13,700
The lower levels of the ship 
were a different culinary 

287
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:17,000
Universe where the majority of 
passengers immigrants 

288
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,300
working-class Travelers and 
those seeking their Fortunes in 

289
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:23,000
new lands. 
Experienced steamship dining in 

290
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:27,100
ways that were both more basic 
and in some ways more authentic 

291
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:30,200
to the maritime experience. 
While first class passengers 

292
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:33,500
were enjoying turtle soup, and 
Vintage Wines steerage. 

293
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,500
Passengers had to eat in 
cramped, utilitarian rather than

294
00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:38,200
aesthetically pleasing 
compartments. 

295
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,400
That would have made 
contemporary Airline seats 

296
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,600
appear. 
Roomy, Passengers used pewter 

297
00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:46,000
utensils, that could survive the
rough treatment of shipboard, 

298
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,700
Life, ate from metal plates, 
rather than China and sat on 

299
00:14:49,708 --> 00:14:52,400
benches rather than chairs. 
In communal, dining areas, 

300
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:54,100
crowded with long, wooden 
tables. 

301
00:14:54,100 --> 00:14:56,900
However, don't think of this as 
a depressing experience. 

302
00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:00,700
Steerage meals were filling 
healthy and frequently more 

303
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:03,200
interesting than what many 
passengers had experienced back 

304
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:05,600
home. 
Good food became one of the few 

305
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,800
consistent Pleasures in their 
everyday routine and ship Cooks.

306
00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:11,300
Recognized that these Travelers 
were frequently dealing with 

307
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:15,700
weeks of uncertainty and 
discomfort exceeds freshly baked

308
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:17,900
bread. 
Hearty meat dishes and 

309
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:20,100
straightforward desserts that 
were both comforting and 

310
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,200
nourishing with a focus. 
Not Elegance, typically 

311
00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:24,700
steerage. 
Passengers for breakfast, 

312
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:27,500
consisted of porridge, not the 
fancy O'Neil. 

313
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,500
You might find in first class 
but substantial filling 

314
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:33,400
preparations that could keep 
hard working people going for 

315
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:38,300
extended periods of inactivity. 
Bread butter and occasionally 

316
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:42,000
salt pork or bacon was served 
with this coffee or tea offered 

317
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,400
caffeine, and warmth to 
Essentials. 

318
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,400
When your quarters may be cold 
and your sleep is regularly 

319
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,500
disturbed by ship motion. 
Steel lunches were typically 

320
00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:54,200
thick broths made with barley 
vegetables, and whatever protein

321
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,900
was on hand In addition to being
nourishing and filling these 

322
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,100
soups could be made in bulk and 
were comparatively simple to 

323
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,100
serve an inclement weather. 
When maintaining liquids in 

324
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:07,400
bowls, became a skill and a 
matter of luck, The majority of 

325
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:11,100
meals were accompanied by ships 
biscuits, a hard tack that had 

326
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,100
been refined over centuries of 
seafaring and provided 

327
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:16,700
carbohydrates that could 
withstand any conditions. 

328
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,800
The ocean might present the 
substantial meal of the day for 

329
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,000
ordinary passengers was dinner. 
Which Frequently consisted of 

330
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:27,200
salt, pork or beef, variously 
prepared, potatoes, cabbage or 

331
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,300
other preserved, vegetables and 
occasionally fresh fish that the

332
00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:32,000
ship's crew had caught while at 
sea. 

333
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:35,000
Passengers from various 
backgrounds gathered around 

334
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,300
tables, exchange stories and 
developed the odd bond that 

335
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,000
arises when people share a 
remarkable experience, during 

336
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,700
these communal meals in 
actuality serving. 

337
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:46,400
First class diners, was easier 
than the logistics of feeding 

338
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:50,100
steerage passengers, Could 
accommodate hundreds of people, 

339
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,700
all of whom needed to be fed 
effectively and affordably while

340
00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,800
wealthy passengers might number 
in the dozens, passengers 

341
00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:59,500
rotated through the dining areas
and groups that could fit the 

342
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:02,600
seating and serving person of 
available and meals were served 

343
00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:06,000
in shifts in steerage. 
Water was a valuable resource, 

344
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,000
that was mostly utilized for 
cooking and drinking. 

345
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:11,000
Instead of the ornate table 
setting that were typical of 

346
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,400
first class In order to make 
room for the next group of 

347
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,599
diners passengers, learned how 
to eat efficiently and clean 

348
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:20,599
their utensils quickly. 
In contrast to the formal 

349
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:22,900
service upstairs, this 
established a communal. 

350
00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,800
Dining Rhythm that was more 
personal and Democratic many 

351
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:27,900
steerage passengers brought 
extra foods. 

352
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:31,300
Such as nuts dried, fruits, 
preserved, meats and other 

353
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,900
non-perishables to add variety 
to the ship's regular meals. 

354
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:38,900
The international nature of 
steamship travel was reflected 

355
00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:41,500
in the informal networks of 
culinary exchange that were 

356
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:44,400
formed when traveling companions
or new acquaintances shared 

357
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:47,100
these personal Provisions. 
Steerage, passengers had 

358
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:49,100
limited, but adequate cooking 
facilities. 

359
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:52,900
Some ships gave passengers 
access to basically, he's where 

360
00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:55,400
they could reheat food, they had
brought with them, or make hot 

361
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:57,800
beverages. 
These communal kitchens 

362
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,300
developed into social hubs where
people could exchange recipes, 

363
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:05,200
practice cooking and create 
improvised Fusion Cuisine by 

364
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,100
combining. 
The Culinary traditions of 

365
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,000
various cultures special 
attention was given to the 

366
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,600
feeding of children in steerage.
The ship's Cooks were aware that

367
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:16,600
young passengers had different 
nutritional needs and were more 

368
00:18:16,608 --> 00:18:18,400
prone to travel related 
illnesses. 

369
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,500
Like seasickness treats like 
sugar, cookies, or fruit 

370
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:23,700
preserves offered solids to 
homesick children. 

371
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:26,000
Who faced an uncertain future 
and foreign Nations. 

372
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:29,000
While simple Bland Foods were 
available for those with 

373
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,800
sensitive stomachs in steerage, 
the serving crew honed their own

374
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,700
unique abilities. 
In contrast to First Class 

375
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:38,000
formal Stuarts. 
These employees had to be 

376
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:42,400
amiable productive and able to 
oversee sizeable dining parties 

377
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:46,300
in confined spaces by mediating 
between passengers who spoke 

378
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:49,200
different languages. 
Resolving small arguments 

379
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,600
overseeing and upholding order 
in areas where tension and 

380
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:55,200
uncertainty could quickly 
degenerate into conflict. 

381
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,500
They turned into amateur 
diplomats steerage. 

382
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,300
Dining was more significantly 
impacted by weather than first 

383
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:03,900
class service. 
Passengers would have to settle 

384
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:07,300
for cold food bread and whatever
could be distributed without 

385
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:10,100
running the risk of getting hurt
by flying plates or schooling 

386
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,500
liquids. 
When the Seas were rough as it 

387
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:14,600
might be impossible to serve, 
hot meals safely. 

388
00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:19,100
Not only for Comfort, but also 
as a practical measure to help 

389
00:19:19,108 --> 00:19:21,900
passengers deal with the 
physical challenges of severe 

390
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:23,700
weather. 
The crew would frequently 

391
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:26,600
distribute extra rations of 
spirits during these times. 

392
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,400
Many steerage passengers had 
pleasant memories of their 

393
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:32,600
shipboard meals, despite the 
simpler, fare and more basic 

394
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:36,200
accommodations eating together 
in that floating community and 

395
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:39,200
sharing food, while traveling 
across the ocean to start over 

396
00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:41,200
with something. 
That forged lifelong friendships

397
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,800
and memories. 
Even though the meals were 

398
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,800
straightforward, they were 
infused with optimism excitement

399
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,600
and the unique taste that comes 
from eating as one Journeys 

400
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:54,100
toward an unknowable future. 
The true Center of Maritime 

401
00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:57,700
dining was located deep within a
steamships belly, beneath the 

402
00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:01,200
crowded steerage compartments 
and elegant dining saloons, the 

403
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:03,900
ship's kitchens or galleys as 
they were officially known 

404
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:07,100
combining, the functionality of 
a professional restaurant 

405
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:09,900
kitchen with the space 
limitations of a submarine, and 

406
00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:12,600
the additional difficulty of 
functioning while continuously 

407
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:16,200
moving these areas were marvels 
of compact efficiently. 

408
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,100
Imagine a kitchen that is about 
the size of a contemporary 

409
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:24,100
studio apartment and is set up 
to serve, 200 to 2000 people 3 

410
00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:28,300
meals a day for weeks at a time.
Every square inch was utilized 

411
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:32,400
with storage compartments built 
into walls cooking surfaces that

412
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,300
could be secured during rough 
weather and ingenious systems 

413
00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,200
for managing everything from 
fresh water to food waste. 

414
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:40,900
It was similar to watching 
someone create a restaurant 

415
00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:43,800
inside a running, washing 
machine, on a large steamship, 

416
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,300
the head, chef was a highly 
respected individual, who was 

417
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,200
respected by, both crew and 
passengers. 

418
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:53,400
An expert in food, preservation 
nutrition psychology and the odd

419
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,500
physics of cooking in a 
constantly changing environment.

420
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:58,600
This person was more than just a
skilled chef. 

421
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:01,400
In order to address the 
particular difficulties of 

422
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,300
dining at Sea, many head chefs 
on the great steamships, the 

423
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,100
hired from the best restaurants 
in London Paris or New York, 

424
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,200
these galleys cooking 
apparatuses were the Pinnacle of

425
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:14,600
19th century technology. 
To avoid carbon monoxide 

426
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:18,200
poisoning, coal-fired ranges, 
had to be with a fish and 

427
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:20,300
combustion and adequate 
ventilation. 

428
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,200
Despite the ship's motion ovens 
had to keep their temperatures 

429
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,900
constant to keep prepared foods.
Warm, without overcooking them 

430
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:30,500
steam tables made use of the 
ship's power plant. 

431
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:34,500
Everything was designed to be 
safe workable and able to 

432
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:36,300
produce a lot of food in 
conditions. 

433
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:38,700
That would be difficult for even
the most seasoned chefs to 

434
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,600
handle on steamships. 
Storing food was like playing 

435
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:45,300
three-dimensional chess. 
Compartments that maximized air 

436
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:47,200
circulation and minimized 
temperature. 

437
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:49,400
Fluctuations, were used to store
fresh provisions. 

438
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,300
Meets that had been salt 
preserved were hung in special 

439
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:55,700
areas that allowed for adequate 
ventilation without 

440
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,900
contaminating them. 
Containers used to store dry 

441
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:01,600
goods were made to withstand 
ship motion, while shielding 

442
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:05,100
their contents from moisture and
rodents. in order to create 

443
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:08,000
floating Farms that supplied 
fresh meat and eggs throughout 

444
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,300
the journey, Some ships even 
carried live poultry and small 

445
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:14,300
livestock because feeding 
hundreds of people required 

446
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,600
constant preparation, the Food 
Service crew worked in shifts 

447
00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,100
around the clock. 
While the majority of passengers

448
00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:22,700
were still asleep. 
Baker started, working Before 

449
00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:24,400
Dawn making the bread for the 
day. 

450
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:27,600
In order to prepare elaborate 
meals prep Cooks, had to spend 

451
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:30,800
hours chopping vegetables, 
making stocks and doing the 

452
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,300
innumerable little chores. 
Despite the ship's continuous 

453
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:37,800
motion, the gallery, as a whole 
transformed into a choreographed

454
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,500
dance of cooks servers and 
kitchen assistance, cooperating,

455
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:44,500
during meal service, there were 
particular difficulties in 

456
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:46,100
managing fresh water for 
cooking. 

457
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,800
Large amounts of fresh water 
were transported by steamships 

458
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,600
for cooking and drinking, and 
each gallon needed to be 

459
00:22:52,608 --> 00:22:54,400
carefully, rationed and used 
effectively. 

460
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,300
Systems for cleaning utensils 
and dishes, had to reduce water 

461
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:00,900
waste, while upholding the 
hygienic requirements needed to 

462
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:03,100
keep people healthy in a ship's,
cramped quarters. 

463
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,500
To make the most of their 
valuable freshwater resources. 

464
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,700
Some ships first cleaned with 
sea water and then rinsed with 

465
00:23:09,708 --> 00:23:12,100
fresh water. 
Steamship galleys, Waste 

466
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:14,000
Management systems were 
engineering Marvels. 

467
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:17,300
Food scraps needed to be 
disposed of properly to avoid 

468
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,600
attracting rodents or causing 
sanitary issues to avoid 

469
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,000
contaminating, the ship's water 
supply, grease, and cooking oils

470
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,200
needed to be handled carefully. 
Anything that could not be 

471
00:23:27,208 --> 00:23:30,000
recycled or used. 
Again was either disposed of 

472
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,900
Overboard in ways, that would 
not interfere with the ship's 

473
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:34,600
ability to operate, or fed to 
livestock. 

474
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:38,200
That was transported on board. 
Controlling the galleys 

475
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,900
temperature was a never-ending 
struggle These areas which were 

476
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:44,800
deep inside the ship with little
ventilation produced, massive 

477
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:47,600
amounts of heat from Steam 
systems and cooking fires. 

478
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:50,900
Working in conditions that would
make a contemporary restaurant. 

479
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:54,100
Kitchen, seem refreshingly, 
cool, Cook's perspired in 

480
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:56,600
temperature that could reach 
over 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 

481
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,900
Even in moderate weather while 
donning, bulky, clothing to 

482
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:02,500
prevent Burns. 
Steamship galleys, social 

483
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:05,300
structure, was a reflection of 
both practical necessity and 

484
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:08,500
Maritime tradition. 
The authority of a ship's 

485
00:24:08,500 --> 00:24:12,200
officer the head, chef oversaw, 
the kitchen making choices about

486
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:16,000
menus, the use of ingredients 
and meal timing that had an 

487
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,100
impact on the entire Journey. 
One sous chef might specialize 

488
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:23,000
in roasted Meats, another, in 
soups, and stews, and a third in

489
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,800
the intricate desserts that are 
expected in first class service 

490
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,000
systems that could work. 
In spite of the ships noise and 

491
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,000
the separation between the 
cooking and serving areas were 

492
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,700
needed for communication between
the galley and dining areas. 

493
00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:38,200
The intricate Logistics of 
delivering hot food from the 

494
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:40,800
kitchen to the table. 
While upholding the passenger 

495
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:44,200
expected presentation standards 
were managed by hand signals, 

496
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,600
written notes and Timing 
Systems. 

497
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,100
This communication was even more
important during inclement 

498
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,800
weather because safety concerns 
impacted all facets of food 

499
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:57,100
service in steamship galleys. 
The night shift, had a distinct 

500
00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:01,200
personality Skeletal Crews, kept
the constant watchfulness needed

501
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:03,500
to safely manage coal fires 
throughout the night. 

502
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,900
Prepared the meals for the 
following day and attended to 

503
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:08,700
slow cooking dishes. 
That would be ready for 

504
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:11,300
breakfast. 
While passengers, slept most 

505
00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:14,000
intricate food, preparation 
frequently, took place during 

506
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,500
these quiet hours, including 
elaborate stocks that needed to 

507
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:20,800
simmer for hours, bread doughs. 
That needed to rise for a long 

508
00:25:20,808 --> 00:25:24,700
time and desserts that needed to
set overnight steamship Galley. 

509
00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:26,500
Menu. 
Planing struck a balance between

510
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,100
passenger, expectations and real
world constraints. 

511
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,400
Using ingredients, that could 
withstand weeks at Sea efficient

512
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:36,800
rather than adaptable cooking 
equipment and storage systems. 

513
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:39,500
That prevented the last minute 
shopping that defined land-based

514
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:42,400
restaurants, chefs had to 
produce a variety of intriguing 

515
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,900
meals. 
This restriction frequently 

516
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,000
resulted in Creative pairings 
and methods that impacted 

517
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,500
culinary advancements. 
Well beyond the maritime realm 

518
00:25:50,500 --> 00:25:53,600
steamship Galley crew members, 
acquired skills, that made them 

519
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:55,800
employable long, after their 
time, at Sea was over. 

520
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,400
They knew how to produce food on
a large scale, manage resources,

521
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:01,700
effectively, and collaborate 
under pressure. 

522
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,400
Many went on to become 
prosperous Hotel, chefs Food 

523
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,300
Service managers or rest returns
bringing Maritime efficiency to 

524
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:12,600
hospitality Enterprise's on 
land, steamship companies 

525
00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,600
realized that special occasions 
could turn a simple journey into

526
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,600
a lifelong memory, and there's 
something magical about 

527
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:21,800
celebrating while surrounded by 
the vast emptiness of the ocean.

528
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:26,500
These ships became floating 
stages for celebrations, that 

529
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:30,200
Blended Maritime tradition with 
the unique intimacy that arises 

530
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:32,800
among Travelers, sharing an 
extraordinary experience, 

531
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,200
whether it was a passenger's, 
birthday Christmas day in the 

532
00:26:36,208 --> 00:26:39,200
middle of the Atlantic, or the 
customary ceremony of crossing 

533
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,500
the Equator on a steamship 
Christmas took months of 

534
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:44,400
preparation and a great deal of 
imagination. 

535
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,400
Imagine trying to create a 
traditional holiday feast when 

536
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,300
your ingredients had to be 
selected and preserved weeks 

537
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:54,500
before departure, your dining 
room was constantly in motion 

538
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,500
and your guests included people 
from dozens of different 

539
00:26:57,500 --> 00:26:59,700
countries with their own holiday
traditions. 

540
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:04,200
In response to this challenge, 
the ship's developed Innovation 

541
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:08,300
that would shape holiday dining 
for many years to come in. 1875 

542
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:11,600
the RMS. Britannia's Christmas 
menu, sounded like a celebration

543
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,100
of preservation methods raiding 
as festive. 

544
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:18,200
Plenty Mince pies made with 
fruits candy and preserved using

545
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:19,200
methods. 
That stretched. 

546
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,400
The limits of Victorian food, 
science Plum, puddings that had 

547
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,700
been maturing in the ship stores
since before departure and roast

548
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:28,400
Goose that had been specially 
prepared and packed for the 

549
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,200
journey. 
The end product was a dish that 

550
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:33,800
represented outstanding 
accomplishments in Maritime 

551
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,000
Logistics and tasted traditional
familiar. 

552
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,000
Modern party planners would be 
impressed by the inventiveness 

553
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,200
needed to decorate for Christmas
on a steamship. 

554
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:45,400
Since it was impossible to get 
fresh Greenery, decorations, had

555
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,100
to be made of materials that 
wouldn't Wilt or deteriorate 

556
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:51,100
after weeks at sea. 
Despite being surrounded by 

557
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:54,700
thousands of miles of frigid, 
ocean sterile dining, saloons 

558
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:57,500
were transformed into festive 
spaces with paper flowers, 

559
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,800
fabric Bunting and creative 
arrangements made from the 

560
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:03,700
ship's own materials. 
Steamship New Year's Eve 

561
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,000
festivities develop their own 
distinctive customs. 

562
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:09,500
Because midnight is arbitrary 
when traveling across time zones

563
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:11,500
at Sea. 
People have come up with 

564
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,300
inventive ways to determine the 
exact start of the new year. 

565
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,200
Well some ships, observe the New
Year in accordance with the time

566
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,300
zone of their departure Port. 
Others. 

567
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:23,000
Celebrated several times as they
traveled across different 

568
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:26,800
meridians as a result passengers
would frequently celebrate for 

569
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,400
hours on end sipping. 
Champagne that somehow managed 

570
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,100
to stay perfectly chilled in 
spite of the lack of modern 

571
00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:35,200
refrigeration birthday is 
wedding anniversaries and other 

572
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,000
private festivities gained 
particular. 

573
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,900
Meaning on steamships individual
celebrations became shared 

574
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,200
experiences for all passengers 
due to the limited entertainment

575
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,300
options. 
And the close knit community 

576
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:49,600
that formed during lengthy 
voyages, the ship's Bakers 

577
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:52,700
became skilled at making unique 
cakes and desserts using few 

578
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:55,700
ingredients and other Travelers 
helped with the entertainment 

579
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:58,900
and decorations, that turn these
private milestones in to group 

580
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:01,800
festivities crossing. 
The Equator is a tradition that 

581
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:05,000
has its own culinary traditions.
The celebration of King 

582
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,000
Neptune's Feast combined 
long-standing Maritime customs 

583
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,500
with the pragmatic requirement 
to Signal. 

584
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,700
The halfway point of protracted 
voyages to Asia Africa or South 

585
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:17,600
America. 
The majority of passengers found

586
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:19,900
these meals to be exotic with 
dishes. 

587
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:22,700
That reflected the international
character of steamship travel 

588
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:26,600
fish, caught by the ship's crew 
and tropical fruits obtained 

589
00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:29,900
during recent portals, when 
travelers from various nations 

590
00:29:29,900 --> 00:29:32,800
were celebrating on the same 
ship during national holidays. 

591
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,900
It created intriguing problems. 
While British passengers 

592
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:40,700
expected the Queen's birthday to
be properly, recognized American

593
00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:43,100
passengers, might want to 
observe the Fourth of July. 

594
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,900
Diplomatic meals, that respected
various Customs without 

595
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:49,600
favouring. 
Anyone nationality taught ships 

596
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,800
officers how to handle these 
potentially delicate situations.

597
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:56,200
One of the most, eagerly awaited
aspects of any steamship Journey

598
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,200
was the farewell dinner, which 
was served the final night 

599
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,100
before arriving at the 
destination port. 

600
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,900
In order to create memorable, 
fair for passengers who had 

601
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:08,100
become temporary communities. 
During their time at Sea, the 

602
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:10,600
crew had the chance to 
demonstrate their best abilities

603
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,100
by using up perishable 
ingredients, that wouldn't 

604
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:16,900
survive to the next voyage. 
These meals frequently included 

605
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:19,500
fair that had been unattainable 
earlier in the journey. 

606
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,600
New Goods brought in at recent 
portals complex dishes, that 

607
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:26,100
could only be tried when the 
galley didn't have to budget for

608
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,700
more days at Sea, though. 
It may sound contradictory. 

609
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:32,200
Seasoned steamship passengers 
created Customs for 

610
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,300
commemorating the survival of 
exceptionally harsh weather. 

611
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:38,400
Passengers and crew would 
assemble for meals that 

612
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,700
commemorated. 
Their common experience of 

613
00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:44,400
confronting Nature's might and 
escaping safely once the threat 

614
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:46,700
had passed and the ship had 
returned to Karma Waters. 

615
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:50,800
These were frequently, 
straightforward events, hot 

616
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,200
soup, freshly baked bread and 
anything else that could be made

617
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,200
fast, but They Carried. 
Emotional significance. 

618
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,300
That went well beyond their 
culinary complexity steamships 

619
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:02,600
had to be considerate of the 
various religious beliefs of 

620
00:31:02,608 --> 00:31:05,200
their International passengers. 
When it came to religious 

621
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:09,000
observances, the ship's chefs 
developed the ability to create 

622
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,600
festive settings. 
That could accommodate diverse 

623
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,200
worship, Customs, while 
preparing meals, that respected,

624
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,500
a range of dietary restrictions.
The intricate cultural 

625
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,000
navigation needed on board. 
These floating communities 

626
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:24,200
included Friday, fish dinners 
for Catholic passengers, special

627
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:27,000
preparations for Jewish 
Travelers at hearing to kosher 

628
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,500
dietary laws. 
And acknowledgment, of Eastern 

629
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:33,100
Orthodox fasting periods on 
steamships, crew, and fellow 

630
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:35,400
passengers paid particular 
attention to the birthday 

631
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,800
celebration of children. 
These young passengers, who 

632
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:40,500
frequently left home with their 
families. 

633
00:31:40,500 --> 00:31:43,800
In search of Uncertain, Futures 
were surrounded by a transient 

634
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,600
extended family of fellow 
Travelers who helped to make 

635
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:50,200
their memorable special days. 
Ship Bakers developed a skill 

636
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:52,200
for making easy at, delicious 
treats. 

637
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,900
That could cheer up home sick 
kids, who are struggling with 

638
00:31:54,900 --> 00:31:58,500
life at Sea on steamships, the 
entertainment that went with 

639
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:00,900
special occasion, meals 
represented the potential and 

640
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:05,100
constraints of Life on board. in
order to turn dining saloons 

641
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,800
into make shift, theaters 
passengers stage, their own 

642
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:12,200
musical performances, recited 
poetry told stories and invented

643
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:16,600
diversions These areas Acoustics
which were largely intended for 

644
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:18,600
conversation during meals 
frequently. 

645
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,700
Produced surprisingly small 
performance spaces where 

646
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:24,500
unprofessional performers could 
showcase their skills to 

647
00:32:24,500 --> 00:32:27,900
Grateful audiences celebrations 
at ports, celebrated the 

648
00:32:27,900 --> 00:32:31,400
successful completion of ocean 
Crossings and gave Travelers a 

649
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:33,800
chance to talk about their 
experiences with newcomers 

650
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:35,600
getting ready for their own 
Journeys. 

651
00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:39,600
Major port cities like Liverpool
New York and Hamburg were 

652
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:41,500
transformed into stages for 
continuous. 

653
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:45,000
Maritime festivals with a 
conclusion of one, Voyage served

654
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:48,000
as the impetus for the next 
thanks to these transitions 

655
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,700
which produced an endless cycle 
of Celebration and expectation. 

656
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:54,700
It's worthwhile to think about 
how those early steamships, not 

657
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:57,300
only revolutionized 
Transportation but also 

658
00:32:57,300 --> 00:33:00,900
profoundly changed how people 
relate to food dining and the 

659
00:33:00,908 --> 00:33:03,700
idea of eating while traveling, 
as you, curl up with your 

660
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:07,600
blanket and maybe take one last 
Super tea, the necessity of 

661
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,000
feeding, hundreds of people in 
floating metal boxes, led to 

662
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,300
innovations that would 
eventually impact everything 

663
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,800
from Airline meals to 
contemporary cruise ships from 

664
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,600
restaurants service procedures 
to food preservation methods. 

665
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,300
The idea that meals on 
steamships could be more than 

666
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:25,900
just a means of subsistence was 
the most direct Legacy of 

667
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,700
steamship dining. 
Eating while traveling was a 

668
00:33:28,708 --> 00:33:31,400
survival strategy prior to the 
great steamships. 

669
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:35,000
You packed what you could hoped 
it wouldn't spoil and accepted, 

670
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,400
that meals would be basic 
repetitive and frequently 

671
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:40,100
unpleasant. 
The groundbreaking notion that 

672
00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,800
eating could be one of the joys 
of travel rather than one of its

673
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:46,400
challenges was made possible by 
steamships this change laid, the

674
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,900
groundwork for the modern field 
of hospitality management 

675
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,400
companies that operated 
steamships were among the first 

676
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,400
to realize that the customer 
experience, encompassed, all 

677
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:59,000
facets of service from the time 
passengers boarded until they 

678
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,800
arrived at their destination. 
Hotel dining rooms restaurant 

679
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:05,800
service standards, the 
burgeoning tourism industry that

680
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:09,300
would thrive in the late. 19th, 
and early 20th centuries were 

681
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:12,000
all impacted by the complex, 
dining protocols established 

682
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,199
aboard. 
These ships, the uses of food 

683
00:34:14,199 --> 00:34:16,900
preservation methods developed 
on steamships extended. 

684
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:20,699
Well, beyond dining on board. 
In order to transport produce 

685
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:23,600
over longer distances and 
prolonged growing Seasons By 

686
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,800
shipping foods from different 
climate zones, techniques for 

687
00:34:26,808 --> 00:34:29,300
storing fresh fruits, and 
vegetables during link the 

688
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:31,199
ocean. 
Crossings had an impact on 

689
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:33,100
agricultural Distribution 
Systems. 

690
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:36,900
The globalization of food that 
defines contemporary Cuisine was

691
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:40,699
facilitated by these inventions,
the schedule and format of meals

692
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:43,000
on steamships. 
Created trends that affected 

693
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,500
dining habits in newly popular 
tourist locations. 

694
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:50,000
Early Airlines resort hotels and
railroad dining cars. 

695
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,500
All adopted aspects of steamship
meal service. 

696
00:34:52,500 --> 00:34:55,800
Resulting in standardized 
methods for effectively serving 

697
00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:58,900
large numbers of passengers 
while upholding standards for 

698
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:01,400
quality and presentation? 
What historians? 

699
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:04,000
Now, acknowledged as one of the 
first truly global fusion 

700
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,000
Cuisines was influenced by the 
international nature of 

701
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:10,800
steamship dining. recipes were 
shared among crew, members from 

702
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:13,900
different countries, passengers 
from different countries, shared

703
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:17,100
tables, and many planning had to
take into account a range of 

704
00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:20,700
cultural preferences Immigrant 
food, Customs, Port City 

705
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,700
eateries and the slow in 
internationalization of urban 

706
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:26,100
dining, which would pick up 
speed throughout. 

707
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:29,100
The 20th century were all 
impacted by this cross-cultural 

708
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:31,600
culinary interchange for 
Generations. 

709
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,200
The hospitality industry was 
impacted by the Professional 

710
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,800
Standards established by staff 
training programs created for 

711
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:41,200
steamship dining service. 
Specialized skills were needed 

712
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,800
to manage large groups of diners
with different expectations, 

713
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,700
serve meals efficiently in 
constantly moving environments 

714
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:50,500
and maintain service quality 
under difficult circumstances. 

715
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:54,900
These skills led to workers 
becoming valuable employees in 

716
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,900
restaurants hotels and other 
Services Industries. 

717
00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:00,700
Early models for modern Supply 
Chain management were 

718
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:03,400
established by the logistics 
systems developed to provide 

719
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:07,000
food to steamships. 
It took organizational abilities

720
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:09,600
and methodical, thinking to 
coordinate the procurement 

721
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:12,300
storage and distribution of 
thousands of ingredients across 

722
00:36:12,300 --> 00:36:14,900
several ports, which had an 
impact on more General 

723
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,000
advancements in commercial food,
distribution and inventory 

724
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,000
control long into the modern 
era, commercial kitchen 

725
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,900
development, was impacted by the
kitchen design innovations that 

726
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:25,900
were first introduced aboard 
steamships. 

727
00:36:26,700 --> 00:36:28,700
Advances in restaurant and 
institutional. 

728
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,100
Kitchen design were influenced 
by the need for small effective 

729
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:33,600
layouts. 
Due to space constraints. 

730
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,800
The specialized equipment 
developed for cooking on ships 

731
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,200
and the workflow patterns 
developed for producing large 

732
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:42,100
quantities of food under 
difficult conditions. 

733
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:45,500
The menu planning methods, 
created for steamship dining 

734
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:48,900
created models for large scale 
Food Service that affected 

735
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:51,400
institutional dining in schools 
hospitals. 

736
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,700
And other places where a lot of 
people needed to be fed in an 

737
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:58,400
economical and efficient manner.
Models that made their relevant 

738
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:00,700
long after steam. 
Power was replaced by diesel 

739
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:03,300
engines and jet. 
Aircraft were produced by 

740
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:06,000
striking a balance between 
variety and practicality. 

741
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,400
As well as between passenger 
expectations and operational, 

742
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:12,800
constraints cross-class, social 
mixing and attitudes toward 

743
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:16,000
public dining have changed as a 
result of the social aspects of 

744
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,000
steamship dining. 
Even though these ships upheld 

745
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,000
rigid social hierarchies, they 
also made it possible for 

746
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,000
members of various social groups
to interact in ways that were 

747
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,200
not feasible in more 
conventional contexts. 

748
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,700
The modern era has broader 
social changes were influenced 

749
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,700
by the slow democratization of 
dining experiences with its 

750
00:37:34,700 --> 00:37:37,800
lavish buffets specialty 
eateries and 24 hour Food 

751
00:37:37,808 --> 00:37:41,100
Service, modern cruise ship. 
Dining has its roots in the 

752
00:37:41,108 --> 00:37:44,000
inventions made on the great 
steamships of the 19th century. 

753
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,400
The idea that a ship could 
function as a floating resort 

754
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,600
with dining experiences. 
As a major component of the 

755
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,000
total entertainment value, 
created trends that still affect

756
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:57,000
leisure travel on the Seas 
today, despite its Infamous 

757
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:00,400
reputation airline meal. 
Service also adheres to the same

758
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:02,800
standard set forth on these 
early steamships. 

759
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,400
Whether your flying at 35,000 
feet or steaming across the 

760
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:09,300
Atlantic the difficulties of 
serving a large number of 

761
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:13,400
passengers, effectively safely 
and palatable in a small space. 

762
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,400
While traversing, a potentially 
hostile environment are 

763
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,100
essentially the same early forms
of hospitality industry research

764
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:22,500
that would later develop into 
contemporary customer service 

765
00:38:22,500 --> 00:38:25,400
analysis and menu engineering 
for established by the 

766
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:27,500
documentation practices 
developed aboard. 

767
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:31,600
Ships including detailed menu 
records, passenger, feedback 

768
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:33,700
systems, and operational 
reports. 

769
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,400
These ships were some of the 
first companies to 

770
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,500
systematically research what 
their customers wanted, and how 

771
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:41,200
to provide it on a regular 
basis. 

772
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:44,200
International maritime, law, 
regarding food, safety, 

773
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:47,800
passenger, welfare and crew, 
working conditions traces. 

774
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,600
Its Origins to regulations 
developed during the steamship 

775
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,400
era legal. 
Precedence, that still have an 

776
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,900
impact on Maritime. 
Commerce, were established as a 

777
00:38:55,900 --> 00:38:57,700
result of the difficulty of 
overseeing food. 

778
00:38:57,700 --> 00:39:00,900
Service in international waters,
across multiple legal 

779
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,300
jurisdictions. 
And for passengers of different 

780
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:05,700
nationalities dining on 
steamships. 

781
00:39:05,700 --> 00:39:08,600
Had a profound cultural impact 
that went well beyond the ship's

782
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:11,400
themselves. 
When immigrants crossed the 

783
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:15,000
Atlantic with sophisticated meal
service, they returned home with

784
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,400
higher standards and a wider 
understanding of cooking. 

785
00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:20,700
Because of the cross-cultural 
interactions that took place on 

786
00:39:20,700 --> 00:39:23,400
board, these floating 
communities port cities where 

787
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,000
these ships docked developed 
dining scenes and culinary 

788
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,200
customs, that reflected the 
international nature of Maritime

789
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,500
travel. 
The cycle foundation for 

790
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:34,800
contemporary travel dining, the 
notion that meals eaten while 

791
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,300
traveling should be experiences 
that enrich rather than merely 

792
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:40,700
prolong. 
The trip was arguably most 

793
00:39:40,700 --> 00:39:43,000
significantly established by 
steamships. 

794
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:46,800
The elaborate dining cars of 
luxury trains, the themed 

795
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,800
restaurants of contemporary 
theme parks the celebrity chef 

796
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:52,800
venues aboard, modern cruise 
ships and the artisanal food 

797
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,100
courts in contemporary airports 
were all impacted by this idea. 

798
00:39:56,100 --> 00:40:00,100
The need to reduce waste 
increase efficiency and use all 

799
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,000
of available resources, the 
environmental Consciousness That

800
00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:05,900
Grew on steamships. 
Established early models for 

801
00:40:05,900 --> 00:40:09,300
sustainable Food, Service that 
are now more relevant than ever 

802
00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:11,100
in our current environmental 
era. 

803
00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:14,200
Modern food service operations, 
looking to lessen. 

804
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:16,800
Their environmental impact can 
learn from the closed system 

805
00:40:16,808 --> 00:40:20,000
thinking needed to run a ship's 
Galley, effectively, labor 

806
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,000
organization in the hospitality 
sector was impacted by the 

807
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:25,700
professional development, 
programs and staff hierarchies 

808
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,000
that were first implemented on 
steamships. 

809
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,500
Professional Standards that 
influenced restaurant and hotel 

810
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:34,300
operations for Generations were 
established by the carer 

811
00:40:34,300 --> 00:40:36,000
progression from Galley hand to 
head, chef. 

812
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,800
The specific training needed for
various roles and the emphasis 

813
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,800
on teamwork Under Pressure, the 
early forms of hospitality 

814
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:46,000
industry economics, that 
impacted pricing strategies and 

815
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,000
profit management. 
Across the service sector were 

816
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,600
established by the financial 
models created for steamship 

817
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:55,100
dining, which included 
inventory, management food cost 

818
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:58,100
calculations and balancing 
passenger, expectations with 

819
00:40:58,100 --> 00:41:01,600
operational, constraints. 
Among the first companies to 

820
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,200
systematically examine the 
connection between customer 

821
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,500
satisfaction and service quality
in a way that could be 

822
00:41:07,508 --> 00:41:09,600
Quantified and enhanced with 
these ships. 

823
00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:13,500
Their dining Innovations, moved 
to New locations and uses a 

824
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:16,200
steamships changed and 
eventually made way for quicker,

825
00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:18,200
more effective modes of 
transportation. 

826
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:22,500
Steamship dining was transformed
into even more intricate forms 

827
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:25,100
of hospitality theater by the 
great ocean. 

828
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:27,000
Liners of the early 20th 
century. 

829
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:31,000
These Customs have been turned 
into floating entertainment, 

830
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:34,900
complexes by contemporary cruise
ships where meals are expertly. 

831
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:36,700
Planned. 
Performance is meant to leave a 

832
00:41:36,708 --> 00:41:39,600
lasting impression, even the 
most common place elements of 

833
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:42,500
contemporary travel dining have 
their roots in invention's made 

834
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:44,800
on these first steamships 
Solutions. 

835
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:47,600
Initially created to feed 
passengers travelling across the

836
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:51,200
Atlantic under steam power. 
Gave rise to pre-plan meals 

837
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:55,000
standardized portion sizes, 
specialized serving utensils 

838
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,600
coordinated, meal service, and 
methodical approaches to meeting

839
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,600
dietary requirements, the 
cultural exchange that took 

840
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,200
place on steamships is largely 
responsible for the 

841
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:07,900
globalization of food culture 
that Define contemporary dining.

842
00:42:08,700 --> 00:42:11,500
Food barriers that had 
previously kept National Cuisine

843
00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:14,900
separate and distinct began to 
gradually dissolve as a result 

844
00:42:14,908 --> 00:42:18,300
of international passengers, 
sharing meals, crew members from

845
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:21,800
different countries, cooperating
and ship galleys and port 

846
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:23,900
cities, modifying, their 
restaurants to accommodate 

847
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:27,800
foreign visitors, the importance
of ambience in dining areas, the

848
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,900
use of lighting and Decor to 
improve the meal experience and 

849
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:32,800
the timing of service to create 
seamless. 

850
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:36,000
Dining experiences are all 
examples of restaurant Design 

851
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:39,200
Concepts that started out as 
ways to make dining on ships 

852
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:41,800
which were essentially floating 
restaurants that catered to 

853
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,700
captive audiences for weeks at a
time more enjoyable. 

854
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:48,600
The customers experience is 
crucial attention to detail 

855
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,900
distinguishes between adequate 
and memorable, service and 

856
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:55,400
successful operations, and 
necessitate coordination between

857
00:42:55,400 --> 00:42:58,700
front of house presentation and 
back of house, efficiency. 

858
00:42:58,700 --> 00:43:01,800
All of which are reflected in 
the customer service for 

859
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:04,200
philosophies, that rule 
contemporary hospitality 

860
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:07,700
industries, these principles 
were first established aboard 

861
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:11,700
steamships, These ideas which 
originated from the need to 

862
00:43:11,700 --> 00:43:14,200
ensure passenger satisfaction 
during link. 

863
00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:16,700
The ocean voyages became the 
Cornerstone of the service 

864
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:19,000
economy as a whole Lessons 
Learned aboard. 

865
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,300
Steamships are still 
incorporated into training 

866
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:23,600
programs for contemporary 
Hospitality workers. 

867
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:27,600
These lessons include how to 
remain composed and productive 

868
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:30,200
under pressure. 
How to serve a variety of 

869
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,700
populations with different 
expectations and cultural 

870
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:34,900
backgrounds. 
How to collaborate well, in 

871
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:37,900
cramped spaces and how to come 
up with innovative solutions. 

872
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:40,800
When traditional ones aren't 
available the measurement and 

873
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,100
Analysis, tools. 
Used by contemporary restaurants

874
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:46,700
to monitor menu, performance 
customer satisfaction and 

875
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:49,600
operational efficiency 
originated with steamships, 

876
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:53,700
where precise documentation was 
crucial for overseeing intricate

877
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:56,400
food, service, operations for 
extended periods of time. 

878
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,300
Without the possibility of 
outside Assistance or resupply 

879
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:02,500
while passenger traffic weather 
and supply, chain Logistics, 

880
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:05,700
created predictable patterns of 
busy and slow periods. 

881
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:08,200
That required different 
operational, approaches and 

882
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:11,400
Staffing strategies. 
Even the seasonal and cyclical 

883
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,600
patterns that Define modern 
Hospitality. 

884
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:16,400
Businesses are reminiscent of 
rhythms established during the 

885
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:19,300
steamship era as the gentle 
rocking of our imaginary 

886
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:21,000
steamship lulls you towards 
sleep. 

887
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,600
Take a moment to appreciate the 
remarkable human achievement 

888
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:27,600
represented by those floating 
restaurants of the 19th century.

889
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:31,800
Every time you take for granted 
the variety and quality of food 

890
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:35,000
available in Modern Life, every 
time you Savor a thoughtfully 

891
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:38,100
prepared meal while traveling, 
or every time you appreciate 

892
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:40,900
thoughtful service in a 
restaurant, you are reaping the 

893
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:43,300
benefits of Innovations. 
Initially, pioneered by 

894
00:44:43,300 --> 00:44:46,000
individuals, who refuse to 
accept that traveling meant for 

895
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:47,500
going the pleasures of fine 
dining. 

896
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:50,600
Imagine the SS Great Western 
approaching New York Harbor 

897
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:53,600
after 18 days at Sea with the 
sound of her final Dinner. 

898
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:55,300
Bell resonating through the 
ship's. 

899
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:58,600
Corridors the Dining Saloon 
which served as the passengers 

900
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:01,600
Social Hub. 
Entertainment venue and daily 

901
00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:04,400
meeting spot during the crossing
is where they come together one 

902
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,700
last time. 
A celebration of human 

903
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:09,100
Ingenuity. 
A demonstration of the ability 

904
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:11,800
of hospitality to Foster 
Community among strangers. 

905
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:15,100
And a reminder that some of our 
greatest inventions stem from 

906
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:16,800
resolving. 
The straightforward issue of how

907
00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:18,400
to meet one another's basic 
needs. 

908
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,400
The meal they share is more than
just food, the multilingual 

909
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,700
discussions, that took place 
around those tables representing

910
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:29,000
dozens of distinct cultural 
backgrounds for shadowed, the 

911
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:30,700
increasingly interconnected 
world. 

912
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:34,600
We live in today The methods 
created to prepare serve and 

913
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,800
preserve those Foods. 
Created habits that still affect

914
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:41,700
our eating habits today. 
The hospitality Customs that are

915
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:44,900
still practiced in contemporary 
hotels restaurants and 

916
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:47,400
entertainment. 
Venues were established by the 

917
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,300
service standards designed to 
oversee. 

918
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:52,200
Those floating communities. 
Perhaps more significantly, 

919
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:55,000
though, those steamship dining 
experiences, created the 

920
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:56,800
expectation. 
That travel should improve 

921
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,200
rather than lower our quality of
life. 

922
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:02,200
That transient groups of 
strangers could unite around 

923
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,400
shared meals and that human 
Ingenuity could overcome 

924
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,200
logistical obstacles that seemed
insurmountable to create 

925
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:11,600
experiences that fed the body 
and the Soul, when you pour your

926
00:46:11,608 --> 00:46:14,600
coffee tomorrow morning and make
plans for the day, keep in mind 

927
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:17,400
that the coffee in your mug, may
contain beans that were 

928
00:46:17,408 --> 00:46:21,500
transported across Ocean's using
Transportation Systems developed

929
00:46:21,500 --> 00:46:25,100
from steamship innovations that 
the breakfast you eat represents

930
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:27,200
food, preparation and 
preservation techniques 

931
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:29,300
initially perfected in ship's 
galleys. 

932
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:32,000
And that the very idea of 
beginning your day with a 

933
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,700
satisfying meal. 
Oh, something to those Victorian

934
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:37,200
Travelers, who maintain That 
civilization was portable. 

935
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:39,200
That Comfort could be created 
anywhere. 

936
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:42,300
And that a good meal shared with
fellow humans was worth, 

937
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:44,300
whatever effort. 
It took to make it possible. 

938
00:46:44,300 --> 00:46:47,900
These days steamships have been 
replaced by container ships that

939
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,300
transport cargo more effectively
but disregard the comfort of 

940
00:46:51,300 --> 00:46:54,500
their passengers and buy airline
as that travel across oceans in 

941
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:56,400
a matter of hours rather than 
weeks. 

942
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:59,600
But serve meals that are 
insignificant in comparison to 

943
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:01,700
what those floating restaurant 
were able to accomplish with 

944
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:05,700
much less funding. 
However, their legacy endures. 

945
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:09,700
Each time, we assemble around a 
table, transform a meal into a 

946
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:12,700
social Gathering, a new food to 
Foster community and make 

947
00:47:12,708 --> 00:47:15,400
memories that endure long after 
the dishes are cleared away. 

948
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,600
Sweet dreams of paddle Wheels, 
churning through Atlantic, 

949
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:22,000
swells of dining, saloons lit by
Gaslight, and warmed. 

950
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,000
By human conversation of Galley 
is where skilled Cooks. 

951
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,900
Worked miracles with limited 
ingredients and unlimited 

952
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:32,100
creativity, Imagine a time when 
eating together, could turn a 

953
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:35,200
group of strangers into a 
transient family Bound by their 

954
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:36,700
common quest for New 
Opportunities. 

955
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:40,800
When traveling across the ocean 
was an adventure rather than a 

956
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:42,800
hassle. 
And when meals were occasions 

957
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,700
rather than stops for fuel. 
The final dinner service. 

958
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,100
Bell is rung. 
The great ship is steaming 

959
00:47:48,100 --> 00:47:50,700
through the night toward port in
the end of another amazing 

960
00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:53,100
journey. 
The tables have been cleared and

961
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:54,900
the passengers have gone to 
their cabinets. 

962
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:59,300
However the invention's customs 
and uncomplicated human warmth 

963
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:02,300
that made those meals, special 
continue on their own path. 

964
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:06,500
Through time impacting our 
eating habits travel habits and 

965
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:09,500
interpersonal care in both 
significant and minor ways. 

966
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:12,100
Take comfort in the knowledge 
that you are carrying on a 

967
00:48:12,100 --> 00:48:15,400
tradition that dates back to the
first Travelers, who demanded 

968
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,900
that Pleasant company. 
Excellent Cuisine and courteous 

969
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,600
service could co-exist 
peacefully in the middle of the 

970
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:25,200
vast frigid ocean. 
Every time we decide to make a 

971
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:29,200
meal, special invite strangers 
to our table or reject, the idea

972
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:32,400
that Civilization and comfort 
are extravagances, that can only

973
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,400
be enjoyed in ideal 
circumstances, their legacy 

974
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:38,800
endures in every Kitchen 
restaurant and home, where 

975
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:41,900
people come together to elevate 
the simple Act of eating into 

976
00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:46,100
something far more meaningful. 
Celebration of human Community 

977
00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:49,600
creativity and the Limitless 
possibility that tomorrow's meal

978
00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:51,000
might just be the best one. 
Yet. 

979
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:55,100
The steamship dining Bell has 
gone silent, but it's called to 

980
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:58,800
gather to share and to turn 
necessity into pleasure still 

981
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:09,800
reverberates. 
In the year, 896 CE in the heart

982
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:12,700
of bags. 
Intellectual quarter, Al Hussein

983
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:14,700
bin. 
Carson brushed desert dust from 

984
00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:18,300
the folds of his linen Road. 
Unaware of the storms that fate 

985
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:21,900
would soon unleash upon him. 
He studied the Myriad scholarly,

986
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:24,600
Gatherings outside. 
The house of wisdom voices 

987
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,900
blended into a layered chorus, 
mathematicians, debated, 

988
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:32,100
geometric proofs poets, recited 
verses on ephemeral Beauty and 

989
00:49:32,100 --> 00:49:34,200
astronomers charted, Celestial 
Mysteries. 

990
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,400
The call of knowledge was 
Unstoppable and its Echoes 

991
00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:40,600
hinted at New Horizons beyond 
the city's walls. 

992
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:44,800
Although he hailed from a modest
family of date, Merchants Al 

993
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:48,000
Hussein possessed an innate 
curiosity that surpassed every 

994
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:50,900
constraint of status. 
Weeks earlier he had been 

995
00:49:50,908 --> 00:49:53,800
approached by the renowned 
translator unicell kindy who 

996
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,500
recognized promise in his 
approach ancient texts. 

997
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:00,200
Eunice had whispered rumors of a
manuscript stored in a distant 

998
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,200
Library, along the Red Sea 
Coast. 

999
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:06,300
A codec said to hold fragments 
from vanished Civilizations for 

1000
00:50:06,300 --> 00:50:09,900
Al Hussein, the prospect of 
unearthing loss Secrets Eclipse 

1001
00:50:09,900 --> 00:50:13,400
all thought of comfort or 
Security on that mild Autumn 

1002
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:15,800
morning. 
The city's Horizon shimmered 

1003
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:18,900
with trade Caravans and the sun 
swirl of travelers from every 

1004
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:22,500
corner of the Known World, Greek
philosophers Persian, Scholars 

1005
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,000
and Indian mathematicians 
crowded, the thoroughfares 

1006
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:28,200
exchanging theories and goods 
under the caliph's tolerance, 

1007
00:50:28,200 --> 00:50:31,700
gays, their house of wisdom had 
become a magnet for knowledge. 

1008
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:35,500
A beacon that Drew in talents as
diverse as the spices sold in 

1009
00:50:35,500 --> 00:50:38,900
baghdad's markets. 
Under this atmospheric Mosaic 

1010
00:50:38,900 --> 00:50:42,400
Ellis Saint keenly. 
That his Destiny extended Beyond

1011
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,900
these story streets. 
Eunice, alkindi had given him a 

1012
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:48,900
letter of Passage sealed with 
the translators, distinctive 

1013
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:51,900
monogram allowing safe conduct 
through the desert roots. 

1014
00:50:52,700 --> 00:50:55,500
The cryptic list of questions 
about that ancient codex 

1015
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:57,500
queries. 
No one else could decipher 

1016
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:01,300
loomed large Al Hussain grasped 
the significance? 

1017
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:04,700
if the manuscript existed, it 
might reveal the Lost 

1018
00:51:04,700 --> 00:51:07,500
methodologies of a civilization 
rumored to have harnessed 

1019
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,900
knowledge of geometry, astronomy
and Medicine, far beyond, the 

1020
00:51:10,908 --> 00:51:14,600
current ERA, Discovery meant 
Prestige but also the 

1021
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,500
possibility of rewriting entire 
chapters of known history. 

1022
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:22,200
Pressing the letter against his 
chest, Al Hussein, reflected on 

1023
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:25,500
his father's Tales. 
The desert unpredictable and 

1024
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:28,500
capricious consumed unprepared 
Wanderers without Mercy. 

1025
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:32,000
Tales of Caravans lost in 
sandstorms, or raided by 

1026
00:51:32,008 --> 00:51:32,900
murders. 
Haunted. 

1027
00:51:32,900 --> 00:51:36,500
The nightly gathering in local 
tea houses, still, The Lure of 

1028
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:39,900
Revelation, eclipsed, any fear, 
and he resolved to pass at dawn 

1029
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,100
the following day. 
Engaging a caravan of spice 

1030
00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:45,900
Traders, you plan to share 
provisions and glean from their 

1031
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:48,600
survival knowledge. 
Forging alliance's in an 

1032
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:51,400
environment where trust was 
currently Sunrise. 

1033
00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:54,800
Found him at the city Gates 
where camels grown beneath woven

1034
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:56,800
saddlebags stuffed with exotic 
Goods. 

1035
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:02,400
Saffron from Persia frankincense
from Oman and turquoise from far

1036
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:06,200
off lands. 
The Caravan leader, an 

1037
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:10,000
experienced Merchant named 
Marianne bint, Saeed cast an eye

1038
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:13,300
over Al Hussein. 
She was known for her leadership

1039
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:16,500
and her capacity to navigate 
shifting alliances among tribal 

1040
00:52:16,500 --> 00:52:19,800
factions, though, suspicious of 
Scholars, who ventured out of 

1041
00:52:19,808 --> 00:52:22,800
libraries, she recognized the 
advantage of traveling under the

1042
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:24,600
banner of the prestigious House 
of Wisdom. 

1043
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:27,800
As the gates of Baghdad, shrank 
behind them. 

1044
00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:30,300
The Caravan merged with the vast
deserts hush. 

1045
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,100
Dawn's, Golden, Light outlined 
distant Dunes, that seemed both 

1046
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,500
Majestic and forbidding. 
Al Hussein, observed Mariam, 

1047
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,700
directing her charges to form a 
staggered line, minimizing 

1048
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:44,500
exposure to roving Bandits. 
Occasionally, the wind carried 

1049
00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:47,700
the bray of donkeys or the Lomo 
of Traders discussing profit 

1050
00:52:47,700 --> 00:52:51,300
margins for Al Hussain. 
The Emptiness was a blank canvas

1051
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:54,200
waiting for stories etched by 
the footprints of those old days

1052
00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:57,800
in enough to cross it. 
At midday, the Caravan, paused 

1053
00:52:57,800 --> 00:53:00,400
for a respite. 
While others took Shelter From 

1054
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,300
The Heat, Al Hussein found 
himself marveling at ancient 

1055
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:05,300
Rock carvings etched into a 
nearby cliff. 

1056
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:09,000
Figures of hunters and 
astronomers hinted at a lineage 

1057
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:11,500
of knowledge older and more 
mysterious than any Library 

1058
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:14,100
Scrolls. 
He gently traced the outlines 

1059
00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:17,000
with a practice fingertip, 
sensing a kinship with those 

1060
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:19,300
lost voices that once tried to 
record their world. 

1061
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:24,000
Even in these remote Corners, 
human curiosity thrived, what 

1062
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:25,600
wonders awaited him further 
ahead? 

1063
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:30,100
As dusk approached, the Caravan 
setup camp in a shallow Wadi, 

1064
00:53:30,100 --> 00:53:32,600
where sparse vegetation offered 
an anchor against shifting 

1065
00:53:32,600 --> 00:53:35,500
Sands. 
Smoke curled from small cooking 

1066
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:38,500
fires as conversations, turned 
reflective under the emerging 

1067
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:41,800
constellations, Al Hussein 
unraveled a warned, scrap of 

1068
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,800
parchment, Eunice's 
instructions, and studied the 

1069
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:48,100
cryptic glyphs, he would 
eventually need to identify an 

1070
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:50,700
undercurrent of excitement 
within him tempered by the 

1071
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:53,700
realization that he was Crossing
into unknown domains. 

1072
00:53:54,500 --> 00:53:57,500
Tomorrow, he told himself would 
be the first step in to discover

1073
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,700
his deeper Realm. 
In the early Dawn, the Caravan 

1074
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:04,300
pressed Eastwood toward a series
of DeSoto Aces whispered about 

1075
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:07,900
in Old Merchant journals each 
Oasis served as a precarious 

1076
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:11,600
life line against the Relentless
punishing, heat a Marion's 

1077
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:15,200
leadership ensured their small 
group navigated meticulously she

1078
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:17,300
broke it. 
Safe passage with tribal patrols

1079
00:54:17,300 --> 00:54:20,200
offering tokens of trade in 
return for an impeded travel. 

1080
00:54:21,500 --> 00:54:23,400
Meanwhile Al Hussein keenly 
observed. 

1081
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:27,100
Everything, the subtle changes 
in wind direction, the traces of

1082
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:30,200
ancient Pathways etched into 
sandstone and the silent 

1083
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:31,700
resilience of his fellow 
Travelers. 

1084
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:35,700
The first Oasis, they reached 
was little more than a cluster 

1085
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:37,800
of date palms around a seep of 
brackish water. 

1086
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,900
A half crumbled, Stone marker or
inscription so worn that Al 

1087
00:54:41,900 --> 00:54:43,600
Hussein could decipher only 
fragments. 

1088
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:47,600
Something about an old boundary 
line, perhaps delineating the 

1089
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:52,300
domain of a once powerful Clan. 
While camels drank, he sketched 

1090
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:54,700
these faint markings, onto a 
scrap of parchment. 

1091
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:58,400
You felt an inexplicable sense 
of kinship with the countless 

1092
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,800
Travelers, who had paused here. 
Bridging Centuries with a simple

1093
00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:05,200
Act of thirst quenching. 
Under midday days glare, 

1094
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,400
mirage's shimmered like spilled 
Quicksilver on the horizon. 

1095
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:13,400
Testing the Caravans resolve 
Mariam instructed, everyone to 

1096
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:19,100
conserve water, no Idol talk, no
unnecessary movement, the group 

1097
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:21,700
fell silent, except for the 
shuffle of feet in the jingle of

1098
00:55:21,708 --> 00:55:24,200
harnesses. 
Al Hussein, though parched 

1099
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,000
studied the desert floor for any
sign of hidden paths. 

1100
00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:29,600
He noticed shards of rock that 
might have been left by 

1101
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:32,900
Travelers or storms. 
Each Shard, he thought was an 

1102
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:36,100
artifact, a clue to this vast 
lands deeper story. 

1103
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:40,200
Late that afternoon, they 
encountered a Wandering, Nomad 

1104
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:44,400
who carried a battered loot? 
His deserted face of countless 

1105
00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:46,900
roads, traveled in exchange for 
water. 

1106
00:55:46,900 --> 00:55:49,900
He offered a Ballard about a 
hidden city set to rise from the

1107
00:55:49,908 --> 00:55:52,600
Sands. 
Once every Century a place with 

1108
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:55,500
Alabaster walls, if Legend could
be trusted. 

1109
00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:59,600
Concealing. 
A trove of Scrolls older than 

1110
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:03,800
Babylon. 
Al Hussain listened heart 

1111
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,600
quickening. 
Though, Mariam dismissed it as a

1112
00:56:06,608 --> 00:56:09,800
fanciful tale, The Scholar 
within him sparked at the 

1113
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:13,700
thought of such a discovery. 
They arrived at the second Oasis

1114
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:16,200
by dusk greeted by the center of
wet Earth. 

1115
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:19,900
The moon's reflection quivered 
on the water, a promise in the 

1116
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:22,600
Darkness. 
Mariam arranged nightguards 

1117
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:25,700
while the rest settled in his 
tufted grass and short Palms. 

1118
00:56:25,700 --> 00:56:29,300
Al Hussein unrolled his notes 
scribbling every rumor and 

1119
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:30,800
observation he'd gather that 
day. 

1120
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,000
He felt a stir of anticipation 
thinking of unless letter and 

1121
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:38,800
that elusive codecs if Legends 
held any truth, perhaps the path

1122
00:56:38,800 --> 00:56:42,100
he followed would Branch into 
Revelation before sleep. 

1123
00:56:42,100 --> 00:56:45,100
The Caravan huddled for a supper
of flatbread in dried figs 

1124
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:49,300
conversation, meandered to 
improbable Tales spirits, that 

1125
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:52,700
roam the dunes hidden gin 
kingdoms beneath the sand. 

1126
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:55,800
Mariam ever pragmatic rolled her
eyes. 

1127
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:59,100
But allowed these stories to 
pass on challenged aware that 

1128
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:00,900
Tales could sue. 
The weary Minds. 

1129
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:05,400
Al Hussein thoughtfully. 
Dissecting each legend for 

1130
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:09,400
Colonels of historical, fact. 
He sensed how desert myths 

1131
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:13,200
blended with real events? 
Forging, a tapestry of belief 

1132
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:17,000
each story, he realized held a 
reflection of human longing. 

1133
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:21,400
Sleep came fitfully. 
Between ragged gusts of wind 

1134
00:57:21,400 --> 00:57:23,800
that rattled. 
The Palms Al Hussein dreamed of 

1135
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:27,900
an endless Corridor lined with 
doors of sandstone, behind one 

1136
00:57:27,900 --> 00:57:31,300
door, lay the Hidden City, The 
Nomad described behind another, 

1137
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:34,400
the Red Sea Library. 
He awoke to the howling of a 

1138
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:36,600
jackal. 
Unsure of the dream was an omen 

1139
00:57:36,600 --> 00:57:39,500
or mere fantasy. 
Still his conviction remained 

1140
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:43,000
firm, he would continue chasing 
knowledge, across these shifting

1141
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:45,900
Landscapes, trusting that 
Destiny might reveal itself 

1142
00:57:45,900 --> 00:57:47,500
within the margins of the 
unknown. 

1143
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:52,400
By mourning a layer of sand 
dusted, every surface and the 

1144
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:54,300
Caravan. 
Resumed its cautious Advance, 

1145
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:56,900
the air felt thick with unspoken
tension. 

1146
00:57:56,900 --> 00:58:00,500
They reached a rocky pass, where
looming sounds Stone pillars, 

1147
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:03,500
resembled silent Sentinels. 
Mariam signaled. 

1148
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:07,100
A holt sensing something amiss 
hell, Hussein peered Into The 

1149
00:58:07,108 --> 00:58:11,500
Ravines half expecting Bandits 
or lurking Predators instead he 

1150
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:15,500
found Stillness however the 
unease remained sometimes the 

1151
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:17,700
desert concealed, its perils in 
plain sight. 

1152
00:58:17,700 --> 00:58:21,200
By biting time, the Caravan 
pressed on anxious to leave 

1153
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,700
those brooding columns behind 
That evening, they camped on the

1154
00:58:24,708 --> 00:58:27,300
passes. 
Far Side sheltered from direct 

1155
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:31,400
wins by a towering rock face. 
After supper, Al Hussein, 

1156
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:33,800
examined an astrolabe Miriam 
carried for navigation. 

1157
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:38,300
The devices etchings mesmerized 
him, reminiscent of the 

1158
00:58:38,300 --> 00:58:40,400
geometric wonders housed in 
Baghdad. 

1159
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:44,100
He wondered if the rumored codex
might expand upon such Celestial

1160
00:58:44,100 --> 00:58:48,200
insights As the fire died down, 
he sat reflecting on how each 

1161
00:58:48,200 --> 00:58:50,800
Horizon revealed new questions, 
not answers. 

1162
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:54,400
Perhaps the deserts Greatest 
Secret was its power to Kindle 

1163
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:58,400
and unending Quest. 
Beyond the past Dawn unveiled. 

1164
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:02,000
A stark Plateau, where the wind 
carried the faint of salt? 

1165
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:05,300
Mariam reckon, they were 
approaching the edges of a vast 

1166
00:59:05,300 --> 00:59:07,100
base and leading toward the Red 
Sea. 

1167
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:10,600
Al Hussein noted, the powdery 
residue that clung to his 

1168
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:13,900
sandals, forming a pale crust. 
Whenever the wind surge 

1169
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:17,000
Fragments of shells, 
occasionally glittered Under 

1170
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:21,900
Foot relics of a primordial sea 
that had long since receded in 

1171
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:24,900
that silent expense, the ancient
interplay of water and desert 

1172
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:27,100
seemed to whisper clues of 
hidden transitions. 

1173
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:31,200
Moving carefully, the Caravan 
traced a path across parched 

1174
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:33,900
Flats where cracks laced the 
ground in elaborate patterns, 

1175
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:37,600
each Fisher, suggested the land 
was thirsting for a Reign that 

1176
00:59:37,600 --> 00:59:41,400
might never come. 
Al Hussein lingered, over a 

1177
00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:43,700
particular cleft, that formed a 
near-perfect star shape. 

1178
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:47,200
He sketched it in his notebook, 
contemplating how geometry 

1179
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:50,700
surfaced in Nature's Own design.
The interplay of shapes and 

1180
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:53,300
lines called to mine, the 
rumored codex, possibly 

1181
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:54,600
containing knowledge that 
bridge. 

1182
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:57,100
The gap between the natural 
world and human understanding. 

1183
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:01,600
By midday the heat intensified 
pressing against the like an 

1184
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:06,700
unseen hand water, became 
precious currency Mariam, where 

1185
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:08,600
of how quickly desperation could
unravel? 

1186
01:00:08,600 --> 01:00:10,600
Unity. 
Kept a strict ration. 

1187
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:13,600
Schedule. 
Observing her leadership Al 

1188
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:16,200
Hussein, admired the way she 
balanced empathy with firm 

1189
01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:18,300
discipline. 
Under her Direction. 

1190
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:21,500
No, quarrels erupted. 
Even as thirst prickers. 

1191
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:25,700
The Caravan trudged on each step
in negotiation between body and 

1192
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:29,100
environment in the shimmering 
distance stunted shrubs and 

1193
01:00:29,100 --> 01:00:31,900
dwarf occasions. 
Offered the only semblance of 

1194
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:35,900
life in that stock domain later.
They spotted a solitary figure 

1195
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:37,900
approaching from the south 
eastern Horizon. 

1196
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:42,200
Cautious Mariam arrange The 
Travelers into a defensive 

1197
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:44,700
semi-circle. 
The figure proved to be a 

1198
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:47,000
medicine. 
Seller, hauling dried herbs in 

1199
01:00:47,008 --> 01:00:49,400
neat bundles across the back of 
a spindly donkey. 

1200
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:54,400
He announced himself as bassim. 
A Wanderer of many lands in 

1201
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,500
exchange for a pouch of dates. 
He spoke of rumors, swirling, 

1202
01:00:57,500 --> 01:01:01,700
beyond the Red Sea Coast of 
ports, teeming with Treasures of

1203
01:01:01,700 --> 01:01:05,100
inscriptions carved on Coral 
walls and a foreign ships 

1204
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,500
docking with exotic cargos, the 
Sim then revealed he had crossed

1205
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:11,500
paths with a scribe who claimed 
knowledge of the Hidden Library 

1206
01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:14,300
by the sea. 
This scribe rumored to be in the

1207
01:01:14,300 --> 01:01:16,800
port town of yanah might hold a 
key to the Codex. 

1208
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:19,200
Hell. 
Hussein's pulse quickened At The

1209
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:22,300
Mention, he urged Mariam, to 
consider diverting their route 

1210
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:25,300
toward this potential lead. 
Weighing the advantage. 

1211
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:27,600
She agreed. 
Provided it did not threaten. 

1212
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,900
The Caravans Prime objective of 
trade, we orienting their 

1213
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:34,600
Compass, a set out with renewed 
purpose, heading south by South 

1214
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:37,400
East, the change in Direction, 
LED them to an abandoned. 

1215
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:41,200
Waste Station of mud brick walls
cake with salt It's called 

1216
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:43,800
Yardley choked with Sandra's but
a broken. 

1217
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:46,200
Well hinted at what? 
Once been a vital rest stop. 

1218
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:50,000
Al Hussein wandered among the 
ruins spotting fainting 

1219
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:52,500
descriptions along the wall 
names dates fragments of 

1220
01:01:52,508 --> 01:01:55,100
prayers. 
Each carving was a testament to 

1221
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,100
fleeting presence. 
Here, stood proof that even the 

1222
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:01,100
harshest Wilderness could not 
stifle the human urge to leave a

1223
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,100
trace. 
Yet the desert had really 

1224
01:02:03,100 --> 01:02:07,000
reclaimed so much. 
That evening, they made Camp 

1225
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:09,900
under a Sandstone Ridge carved 
into Rippling curves by ancient 

1226
01:02:09,900 --> 01:02:12,500
wins. 
The last rays of sunlight played

1227
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:15,400
across the layered patterns 
revealing color bands that 

1228
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:19,600
ranged from okha to Rose. 
Al Hussein filtered distinct or 

1229
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:22,900
for the land subtle art history.
He understood how easily 

1230
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:25,700
Travelers might spin legends 
from these austere shapes 

1231
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:29,000
Perhaps behind every myth, their
Lair, kernel of truth about 

1232
01:02:29,000 --> 01:02:32,200
Wonder, perhaps the rumored 
hidden city or the library 

1233
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:36,100
derived from real glimpses of 
granddaughter swallowed by time.

1234
01:02:36,800 --> 01:02:39,800
As the night grew cool, Marianne
permitted, a small fire 

1235
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:43,300
conversations around the 
softener now with a thread of 

1236
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:47,400
expectancy woven into each word.
A Sim spoke of Trade Centers 

1237
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:50,900
bustling with Sailors, from 
distant Empires zanj Gujarat. 

1238
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:53,900
Even the far-flung kingdoms 
beyond the Indian Ocean. 

1239
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:58,400
He also mentioned the Region's 
swirl of local Legends a half 

1240
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:02,100
buried Temple near the coast, 
the rumored tomb of a prophet 

1241
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:03,600
whose name had slipped from 
memory. 

1242
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:07,700
Al Hussein took careful notes, 
determined to sift the 

1243
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:11,700
improbable from the verifiable. 
Before sleep Al Hussein pulled 

1244
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:13,400
out. 
Unison's cryptic question's 

1245
01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:17,300
scanning The Faded script by 
firelight They referred to 

1246
01:03:17,308 --> 01:03:20,300
instruments that measured the 
angles of stars from improbable,

1247
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:23,500
Vantage points formulas, that 
predated known treatises. 

1248
01:03:24,300 --> 01:03:27,200
Could the Red Sea Library? 
Truly, hold such ancient Feats 

1249
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:29,600
of intellect. 
He felt the subtle pull of 

1250
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,100
Destiny. 
The sense that each conversation

1251
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,200
each Dusty ruin, brought him 
closer. 

1252
01:03:36,100 --> 01:03:39,200
The desert had not broken him 
instead. 

1253
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:41,000
It was shaping him into 
something sharper. 

1254
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:44,000
Morrow would carry them nearer 
to that beckoning Shoreline 

1255
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:46,700
Dawn, lifted the Shadows from 
the ridge. 

1256
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:50,200
Exposing a horizon line with 
Jagged Rock outcroppings. 

1257
01:03:50,200 --> 01:03:54,100
The Caravan continued toward 
Jana Hull keen on reaching its 

1258
01:03:54,100 --> 01:03:56,400
Port before supplies ran 
dangerously low. 

1259
01:03:57,500 --> 01:03:59,300
A subtle. 
But steady Breeze, carried the 

1260
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:02,900
faint smell of salt confirming. 
They were inching closer to 

1261
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:06,000
Coastal winds. 
Al Hussein noticed changes in 

1262
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:08,700
the environment. 
Scattered gulls Wheeling 

1263
01:04:08,700 --> 01:04:11,900
overhead traces of sea, polished
Stones, littering the path. 

1264
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:14,900
These small signals revive the 
group Spirits. 

1265
01:04:14,900 --> 01:04:17,600
Reminding them that a new 
chapter of their Journey layer 

1266
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:20,400
ahead. 
By midday then countered. 

1267
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,700
A caravan heading. 
North Maryam, negotiated a swift

1268
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:26,700
exchange of information. 
The Travelers warned of Shifting

1269
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:30,400
alliances among local Chieftains
each of vying for influence in 

1270
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:34,000
the lucrative Maritime trade. 
Al Hussein listened carefully. 

1271
01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:37,600
Turbulent politics could affect 
access to the ports and 

1272
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,100
libraries alike. 
One slip in protocol could 

1273
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:42,800
transform an academic Quest into
a diplomatic tangle. 

1274
01:04:43,700 --> 01:04:46,300
Protecting the mission and the 
precious knowledge, it might 

1275
01:04:46,308 --> 01:04:49,700
uncover required walking a 
delicate line between curiosity 

1276
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:52,100
and caution intellect and 
survival. 

1277
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:55,900
The landscape soon began. 
A gradual descent winding 

1278
01:04:55,900 --> 01:04:59,000
through low Hills, where thorny 
scrub dotted the Earth in pale 

1279
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:02,200
clusters at times. 
The Caravan skirted salt, 

1280
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:04,600
marshes. 
Each step producing a hushed 

1281
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:08,100
crunch underfoot. 
Tiny crabs scuttled in Shallow, 

1282
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,900
brine pools and the occasional 
Heron soared overhead a pale 

1283
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:13,600
Sentinel against the shimmering 
sky. 

1284
01:05:14,700 --> 01:05:18,200
Each sign of life felt like a 
small revelation after miles of 

1285
01:05:18,200 --> 01:05:22,000
barren desert, Al Hussein found 
himself overmeld by the variety 

1286
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,400
of forms. 
The natural world assumed even 

1287
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:27,600
in the remote margins. 
Late that afternoon. 

1288
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:29,800
They spotted Yamaha in the 
distance. 

1289
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:33,700
A sprawl of mud brick, dwelling,
with roofs of thatch or tiled, 

1290
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:37,600
clay, Punk Chua by the tallest 
silhouettes of warehouses near 

1291
01:05:37,600 --> 01:05:40,100
the docks. 
Thin pillars of smoke curled 

1292
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,500
upward and the distant clang of 
metal suggested blacksmith's 

1293
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,600
plying, their trade sea, birds 
circled the bustling Harbour 

1294
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:50,100
where dowels and small cargo 
vessels bobbed in the tide. 

1295
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:53,700
For Al Hussein the sights and 
sounds of a place. 

1296
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:57,400
So, different from Baghdad, were
a vivid reminder of the Region's

1297
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,300
fluid tapestry of cultures. 
Mariam led the Caravan through 

1298
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:04,800
the towns outskirts, seeking a 
trustworthy local Factor, who 

1299
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:07,200
could arrange Secure Storage for
their goods? 

1300
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:10,800
Children peered out from 
doorways intrigued by the 

1301
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:14,800
unusual, mix of Travelers. 
The air smelled of fish spice 

1302
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:18,600
and damp rope, all woven 
together into a Briney perfume. 

1303
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:23,000
Al Hussein scanned every detail 
from the chipped walls. 

1304
01:06:23,000 --> 01:06:25,800
Covered with old Maritime 
symbols to the Lively banter 

1305
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:28,500
between dockworkers. 
He made mental notes of how 

1306
01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:32,000
commoners thrived here. 
Bridging deserts, an ocean in a 

1307
01:06:32,000 --> 01:06:35,200
single breath. 
With a rangements in place the 

1308
01:06:35,200 --> 01:06:37,200
group settled at a modest in 
near the wharf. 

1309
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,400
A Sim quite quietly vanished 
among the water from stalls 

1310
01:06:40,400 --> 01:06:44,500
murmuring about Aaron's to run. 
Al Hussein felt a twinge of 

1311
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:47,300
concern but was too eager about 
the library room at dwell on it.

1312
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:51,400
Quickly asked around for any 
mention of the Scribe locals 

1313
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:55,100
offered conflicting accounts 
some Shrugged While others 

1314
01:06:55,100 --> 01:06:56,400
claimed. 
They had glimpsed a reclusive 

1315
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:58,600
scholar searching for arcade 
Port records. 

1316
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:02,000
One old fisherman, insisted The 
Scribe left for the coral stone 

1317
01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:05,600
quarter. 
Determined Al Hussein set off 

1318
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:08,700
with Mariam and two guards 
weaving through narrow alleys 

1319
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:12,400
that snaked between some baked 
walls, the sound of the sea grew

1320
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:15,100
louder waves, rolling and 
crashing in a steady Rhythm. 

1321
01:07:15,100 --> 01:07:18,800
They soon found the coral stone 
quarter, a cluster of buildings 

1322
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:21,500
fashioned from blocks quarried 
along the shore. 

1323
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:24,800
The walls sparkled with flecks 
of shells embedded in pale 

1324
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:28,500
Limestone while the architecture
and trance style Hussein, it was

1325
01:07:28,508 --> 01:07:31,100
the possibility of encountering,
the Scribe that propelled him 

1326
01:07:31,100 --> 01:07:33,300
forward. 
Heart pounding with each, 

1327
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:37,000
echoing footstep. 
At last, they arrived before a 

1328
01:07:37,000 --> 01:07:39,300
half collapsed structure 
perched, on The Waters Edge, 

1329
01:07:39,300 --> 01:07:42,400
broken shutters and a leaning, 
doorway ball, witnessed to 

1330
01:07:42,408 --> 01:07:46,300
Decades of neglect, inside 
scattered manuscripts, lay in 

1331
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:49,600
disarray at wooden table. 
Candle, Stubbs had melted into 

1332
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:51,900
curious shapes. 
Dotting, the floor, like for 

1333
01:07:51,900 --> 01:07:55,600
lawn sculptures. 
Al Hussein called out receiving 

1334
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:58,600
only silence. 
Maryam gestured for the guards 

1335
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:02,800
to remain alert then a voice 
raspy but precise emerged from 

1336
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:05,900
behind a partition. 
If you've come for idle gossip 

1337
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:10,600
there is none if you seek 
knowledge speak An elderly man 

1338
01:08:10,600 --> 01:08:13,300
stepped forward. 
Shoulders draped in a threadbare

1339
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,600
shawl his gaze. 
Darted suspiciously among them. 

1340
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:20,200
Al Hussein introduced himself 
and explained his search for a 

1341
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:23,500
Red Sea, Library rumored to 
house an ancient codecs. 

1342
01:08:24,200 --> 01:08:27,200
At The Mention Of unicell, kindy
The Man's eyes sparked. 

1343
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:31,500
He introduced himself as faheem 
once a royal archivist who had 

1344
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:33,899
fallen out of favor. 
For him claimed to know the 

1345
01:08:33,899 --> 01:08:36,100
Codex. 
Is General whereabouts but wand 

1346
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:38,399
of obstacles political and 
Supernatural. 

1347
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:41,700
Despite his guarded manner, he 
pointed to a scroll. 

1348
01:08:42,500 --> 01:08:44,399
There. 
He said, the trail begins. 

1349
01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:49,300
Under the scribes watchful glare
Al Hussein unrolled the scroll 

1350
01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:52,800
for him, indicated. 
Faded script described a coastal

1351
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:55,200
stronghold called Mac shaft 
famed. 

1352
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:58,800
For its labyrinthine archives 
though, the text offered scant 

1353
01:08:58,800 --> 01:09:00,800
details, it named a certain 
scholar. 

1354
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:04,899
Ibrahim of cool Zoom Who had 
once catalogued manuscripts 

1355
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:07,800
within its walls. 
For him revealed that a naval 

1356
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:10,399
blockades, centuries earlier had
forced the stronghold in to 

1357
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:13,300
obscurity. 
Few in Yamaha, even recalled its

1358
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:16,500
name. 
The old archivist smirked. 

1359
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:19,200
If you wish to risk your neck, 
go. 

1360
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:23,300
But be warned those Halls remain
unforgiving. 

1361
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,600
Mariam standing nearby. 
Study the scribes to Mena. 

1362
01:09:28,200 --> 01:09:30,399
She had dealt with enough 
merchants and officials to read 

1363
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:33,700
amounts motives though, fahim's,
bitter tone, implied grudges. 

1364
01:09:33,700 --> 01:09:36,200
He seemed to sincere about the 
strong holds existence. 

1365
01:09:37,200 --> 01:09:40,399
After a test negotiation, she 
coaxed him to provide a rough 

1366
01:09:40,399 --> 01:09:42,200
chart of Mac shafts, possible 
location. 

1367
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:45,399
Al Hussein promised to mention 
for hems name. 

1368
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:49,200
Favorably in scholarly circles. 
If they succeeded the archives 

1369
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:51,300
waved them off as though 
disclaiming any further 

1370
01:09:51,300 --> 01:09:53,800
responsibility for their fate 
mystery. 

1371
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:57,400
It seemed was his final 
currently reconvening at the 

1372
01:09:57,400 --> 01:09:59,500
Inn. 
Al Hussein laid out the new 

1373
01:09:59,500 --> 01:10:02,000
findings. 
The stronghold of Mack sheff 

1374
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:04,200
appeared to lie. 
South west along a rugged Coast 

1375
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:06,300
where Cliffside passes met tidal
inlets. 

1376
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:10,000
This was no typical trade route 
and Maryam recognized. 

1377
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:14,000
The risk yet curiosity pulled 
the forward treasure for her 

1378
01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:17,400
knowledge for Al Hussain. 
To minimize complications. 

1379
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:20,400
She decided that only a smaller 
Detachment would continue. 

1380
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:24,500
The main Caravan could remain in
Jana, hell, selling goods and 

1381
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:27,700
provisioning for the journey 
back to Baghdad, Al Hussein and 

1382
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:29,600
a handful of companions would 
venture on. 

1383
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:33,500
Evening found Al Hussein the ins
modest. 

1384
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:36,000
Courtyard. 
Pouring over Himes chart. 

1385
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,700
Tiny notes, etched beside rough 
sketches of landforms hinted at 

1386
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:44,400
Old conflicts ruined watched 
towers and rumored pirate 

1387
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:47,300
hideouts. 
Trace the shoreline with his 

1388
01:10:47,300 --> 01:10:50,300
fingertip and Imagining the 
waves crashing against the walls

1389
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:52,600
of Mack shaft. 
What secrets might that 

1390
01:10:52,600 --> 01:10:56,100
strongholds archives hold, 
remnants of civilization's 

1391
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:59,000
unknown, or Advanced theories, 
lost to time. 

1392
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:02,600
The Moonlight made, the 
parchment glow as if enticing 

1393
01:11:02,600 --> 01:11:05,600
him to see beyond its faded 
lines into Uncharted Territory. 

1394
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:08,600
By Dawn, Marion had secured a 
light Coastal. 

1395
01:11:08,600 --> 01:11:12,900
Vessel from a local Captain 
named taufiq, whose family 

1396
01:11:12,900 --> 01:11:16,400
specialized in short haul 
voyages along the Red Sea with 

1397
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:18,900
the seems help. 
He had returned with unusual 

1398
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:22,900
timeliness, they loaded 
supplies, water barrels, salted 

1399
01:11:22,900 --> 01:11:26,500
fish, a few goats for milk. 
Al Hussein, brought his 

1400
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:30,500
notebooks Eunice's letter and 
whatever references for him had 

1401
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:33,200
been willing to share. 
A hush fell over them as they 

1402
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:36,300
boarded The Vessel, the humid, 
Sea Breeze are welcome change 

1403
01:11:36,300 --> 01:11:39,600
from Desert, dryness a head. 
Lay the Open Sea, half 

1404
01:11:39,600 --> 01:11:43,200
illuminated by the Rising Sun, 
The Boat rocked gently, as they 

1405
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:46,300
navigated away from Yana's 
Harbor, leaving behind the 

1406
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,600
tangle of masses and Dockside. 
Chatter overhead. 

1407
01:11:49,600 --> 01:11:52,500
Seabirds woven intricate 
patterns, while the Horizon 

1408
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:56,900
stretched Indigo and gold Al 
Hussein, inhale the Briny are 

1409
01:11:56,900 --> 01:12:01,600
feeling a subtle exhilaration. 
This watery expanse was a far 

1410
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:05,000
cry from the Dusty Rhodes. 
He had known Maryam stood at the

1411
01:12:05,008 --> 01:12:08,000
prowl scanning for hazards, 
despite the calm surface. 

1412
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:10,800
She understood storms, could 
blow in with devastating Force, 

1413
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:15,000
the Red Sea, like the desert 
demanded vigilantes during the 

1414
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:18,500
voyage Tarik, recounted local 
law about hidden coves, where 

1415
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:21,100
Pirates, once stashed, plunder 
or reefs, that glowed with 

1416
01:12:21,100 --> 01:12:25,000
phosphorus at night. 
The Sim listened occasionally 

1417
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:26,900
offering a Sly anecdote of his 
own. 

1418
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:29,500
Al Hussein jotted down each 
tail. 

1419
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:33,700
Yo and certain which threads 
might lead to truth, the swirl 

1420
01:12:33,700 --> 01:12:36,200
of rumor, only deepened his 
conviction that knowledge often 

1421
01:12:36,200 --> 01:12:39,100
lurked in the unlikeliest 
corners, Meanwhile, the 

1422
01:12:39,100 --> 01:12:42,300
coastline revealed layers of 
cliffs dotted with vegetation 

1423
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:46,000
clinging to cracks in the rock. 
Small Huts or fishing camps, 

1424
01:12:46,000 --> 01:12:47,400
occasionally dotted. 
The beaches. 

1425
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,900
On the second day at Sea dark 
class down, and as brood, on the

1426
01:12:51,908 --> 01:12:55,300
horizon, tufik urged them, to 
find shelter before the Squall 

1427
01:12:55,300 --> 01:12:58,200
hit, they steered toward a 
narrow, inlet sheltered by 

1428
01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:00,700
Limestone. 
Bluffs, waves, churned with 

1429
01:13:00,700 --> 01:13:04,000
increasing ferocity and the wind
whipped spray across the deck. 

1430
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:07,500
Mariamman helped secure the 
sails while Al Hussein clung to 

1431
01:13:07,508 --> 01:13:09,000
the boats railing, heart 
pounding. 

1432
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:11,300
Thunder. 
Boomed overhead as they finally 

1433
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:15,100
slipped into the inlet there. 
The water remained Karma though,

1434
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:18,200
the storm rage, just beyond the 
protective Cliffs huddled 

1435
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:20,200
against the rain. 
They waited for the Tempest to 

1436
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:25,300
subside, Al Hussein's Mind Race.
If the Codex contained Advanced 

1437
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:28,000
understanding of astronomy, it 
might also hint at 

1438
01:13:28,008 --> 01:13:31,200
meteorological patterns, could 
ancient Scholars have 

1439
01:13:31,200 --> 01:13:33,500
deciphered, the deserts, or the 
Seas hidden rhythms. 

1440
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:36,700
The storms Fury felt like a 
primeval test warning. 

1441
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:38,500
Him of the forces that shape 
this rail. 

1442
01:13:38,500 --> 01:13:42,500
Perhaps, Max Longfield, archives
held, not just forgotten texts, 

1443
01:13:42,500 --> 01:13:46,100
but an entire worldview alien to
their era as Lightning flared. 

1444
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:48,700
Overhead, he vowed that her 
neither fear nor storm would 

1445
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:53,400
deter him. with the morning, sun
came a deceptive, calm Cloud 

1446
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:58,200
still hovered but the wind had 
eased Topic, guided the boat 

1447
01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:01,400
cautiously out of the inlet 
skirting churning Waters. 

1448
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:04,000
The storm had left. 
Deborah afloat. 

1449
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:07,700
Broken branches, strips of torn 
sale from some unlucky. 

1450
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:13,400
Craft Mariam eyed The Horizon. 
though the worst seemed past the

1451
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:17,200
sea remained unsettled each 
wave, a reminder of Nature's 

1452
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:22,600
Caprices Al Hussein Pages. 
Damp but intact felt her renewed

1453
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:26,700
urgency The storm's violence had
sharpened his resolve to reach 

1454
01:14:26,700 --> 01:14:30,100
back and uncover its Secrets. 
As they followed the coastline 

1455
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:33,400
steep Cliffs, Rose their bases 
Nord by waves. 

1456
01:14:34,200 --> 01:14:37,400
Occasionally they Glimpse 
narrow, Ledges or goat paths 

1457
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:40,900
exacting upward suggesting that 
people once traversed, these 

1458
01:14:40,900 --> 01:14:43,400
Heights. 
Tarik pointed out a distant 

1459
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:47,000
structure, atop a cliff a 
toppled watch tower, perhaps a 

1460
01:14:47,000 --> 01:14:50,900
remnant of Macks old defense's. 
The site quick and everyone's 

1461
01:14:50,900 --> 01:14:53,400
Pace. 
If that Tower Mark the outskirts

1462
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:54,900
of the stronghold they were 
closed. 

1463
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:58,000
Still the approach. 
Look treacherous with no easy 

1464
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:00,600
Landing Place visible among the 
rocks and swirling currents. 

1465
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:03,900
They eventually located a craggy
Beach where erosion had carved 

1466
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:07,000
out a small pebbled Cove and 
loading the vessel was a 

1467
01:15:07,008 --> 01:15:11,000
precarious dance of timing. 
Each waves retreat Mariam 

1468
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,600
directed the transfer of 
Provisions, while taufiq secured

1469
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:15,300
the boat, to a natural cleft in 
the rock. 

1470
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:20,000
Overhead seabird screeched and 
the wind whipped salt Laden, 

1471
01:15:20,000 --> 01:15:23,300
spray against their faces, Al 
Hussein carefully, shielded the 

1472
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:26,500
charts and manuscripts mindful, 
that a single misstep. 

1473
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:29,600
Could end his entire Quest. 
This Shoreline felt like a 

1474
01:15:29,608 --> 01:15:32,400
threshold between rumor and 
tangible discovery. 

1475
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,300
A short climb, Inland revealed a
rocky Plateau dotted with tough 

1476
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,700
grasses and Scattered boulders. 
Amid the distant Cliffs 

1477
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:43,500
fragments of a fortification, 
jutted Skyward tumbled walls, 

1478
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:46,500
and half collapsed arches a 
similar out, a low whistle 

1479
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:49,900
marveling that such ruins still 
lingered after centuries of 

1480
01:15:49,900 --> 01:15:52,900
neglect. 
Marion maintained her measured 

1481
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:54,800
composure though. 
Who sang guest. 

1482
01:15:54,800 --> 01:15:56,800
She shared the groups Rising 
anticipation. 

1483
01:15:57,800 --> 01:15:59,700
Max shafts. 
Silent outline beckoned. 

1484
01:16:00,400 --> 01:16:03,000
For all anyone knew they were 
the first to set foot here in 

1485
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:05,600
generation's. 
Perhaps they stood at the edge 

1486
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:08,200
of a dormant Legacy. 
They Advance through a Steep 

1487
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:11,200
Ravine, its side etched with old
chisel marks. 

1488
01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:13,600
Al Hussein pause to examine 
them. 

1489
01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:16,500
Suspecting the early inhabitants
had courage stone for the 

1490
01:16:16,500 --> 01:16:20,000
strongholds construction. 
The Ravine opened in to a Hidden

1491
01:16:20,008 --> 01:16:23,300
Valley where an arched Gateway 
Lake harshly buried by debris. 

1492
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:27,200
Time and storms had battered, 
its Keystone leaving a sizable 

1493
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:29,700
Gap carefully. 
They picked their way through 

1494
01:16:29,700 --> 01:16:32,900
Fallen Stones, each footstep, 
sending Echoes through. 

1495
01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:36,300
The still are a faint Tang of 
seaweed, permeated the ruins. 

1496
01:16:36,300 --> 01:16:39,100
As if the ocean had invaded, 
this Bastion long ago. 

1497
01:16:39,100 --> 01:16:41,500
Be on the Gateway stretched to 
Courtyard. 

1498
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:45,700
Choked with rubble and invasive 
plants broken pillars hinted at 

1499
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:47,600
what might once have been an 
open Colonnade. 

1500
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:51,500
A series of corridors branched 
off from The Far Side. 

1501
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,900
One leading to a stone staircase
to sending Underground. 

1502
01:16:56,300 --> 01:17:00,600
Al Hussein's pulse fluttered 
Subterranean vaults often served

1503
01:17:00,600 --> 01:17:02,200
as archives or storage 
facilities. 

1504
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:05,400
In older fortifications he 
imagined shelves of manuscripts 

1505
01:17:05,400 --> 01:17:07,800
layered with the dust waiting 
rediscovery. 

1506
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:11,600
Maryam tested a cracked step 
with her boot finding its stable

1507
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:13,700
enough. 
They lit torches bracing 

1508
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:15,300
themselves for whatever labor 
low. 

1509
01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:18,500
The descending passage felt 
claustrophobic each Eco 

1510
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:22,100
magnified by The Damp walls. 
A battered iron gate at the 

1511
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:25,600
bottom yielded to seems 
determined shove within lay a 

1512
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:28,200
series of vaulted. 
Chambers water trickled from 

1513
01:17:28,200 --> 01:17:30,700
hairline cracks in the ceiling 
pooling, on the floor in a 

1514
01:17:30,700 --> 01:17:33,500
regular puddles, their torch 
light flickered over broken 

1515
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:36,900
crate's corroded lanterns, and 
scraps of rotting cloth. 

1516
01:17:37,700 --> 01:17:41,000
How Hussein's eyes dotted around
desperate to find any sign of 

1517
01:17:41,008 --> 01:17:43,700
Records? 
Then in a corner he spotted, 

1518
01:17:43,700 --> 01:17:46,600
what appeared to be a carved 
Stone plaque, emblazoned with 

1519
01:17:46,608 --> 01:17:50,300
geometric designs approaching it
he realized the plaque was part 

1520
01:17:50,300 --> 01:17:54,800
of a larger fixture a sealed. 
Doorway intricate lines, found 

1521
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:57,200
outward from a central Motif 
echoing. 

1522
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:00,600
The patterns in Unisys cryptic 
notes, Could this be a hidden 

1523
01:18:00,600 --> 01:18:03,200
archive within the stronghold 
eagerly? 

1524
01:18:03,200 --> 01:18:06,800
Al Hussein traced the grooves 
with a fingertip Mariam hovered 

1525
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:10,400
scanning for potential threats. 
The Sim ran his hand, along the 

1526
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:13,600
walls perimeter, eventually 
finding the faint outline of a 

1527
01:18:13,600 --> 01:18:16,600
release mechanism, when he 
pressed it, the plaque shuddered

1528
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:21,100
revealing, a narrow Gap, stayed 
out, carrying hints of mold and 

1529
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:24,000
ancient parchment. 
Torchlight spilling through the 

1530
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:27,200
Gap, illuminated a cramped 
chamber line with stone shells. 

1531
01:18:27,900 --> 01:18:31,300
Al Hussein's Hearts soared 
rolled manuscripts like 

1532
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:33,900
scattered. 
Some disintegrating at the touch

1533
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:37,400
of the moist air. 
Gingerly lifted a small codex 

1534
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:40,600
Bound in faded leather. 
Cover, emblazoned with 

1535
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:44,500
unfamiliar symbols though, the 
text was partially illegible 

1536
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,700
diagrams of star charts and 
geometric constructs were 

1537
01:18:47,708 --> 01:18:50,500
visible aware that he was 
Crossing into the realm of 

1538
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:54,600
Legends made real. with mounting
excitement, Al Hussein and 

1539
01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:58,100
Mariam inspected the shelves, 
hoping for a more complete find 

1540
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:01,500
many manuscripts would succumb 
to rot or water damage. 

1541
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:06,300
Leaving a legible stains where 
words once lived Still glimpses 

1542
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:10,600
of diagrams star maps, and 
cryptic, notations sparked, Al 

1543
01:19:10,600 --> 01:19:14,000
Hussein's imagination, each 
surviving scrap offered a puzzle

1544
01:19:14,000 --> 01:19:18,100
references to advanced 
mathematics mentions of distant 

1545
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:20,600
lands and hints of medical 
treatises. 

1546
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:25,500
The Codex, Eunice had mentioned 
might lie deeper within or be 

1547
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:28,200
scattered among these fragile 
Scrolls that teetered on the 

1548
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:32,400
brink of disintegration. 
Bassim less enthralled by the 

1549
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:36,500
written page explored adjacent 
Chambers, and search of anything

1550
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:40,600
valuable coins jewelry or 
historical artifacts that might 

1551
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:43,200
fetch a price. 
He returned empty-handed 

1552
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:46,900
muttering about collapsed 
tunnels and corridors blocked by

1553
01:19:46,900 --> 01:19:49,600
a rebel. 
From one Corridor, a trickle of 

1554
01:19:49,608 --> 01:19:52,900
brackish water flowed implying. 
That parts of the stronghold 

1555
01:19:52,900 --> 01:19:57,800
might be submerged or entirely 
inaccessible. the group decided 

1556
01:19:57,800 --> 01:20:01,000
to work with methodically 
prioritizing the drier sections 

1557
01:20:01,000 --> 01:20:05,300
first Mariam posted a guard 
outside where that local Pirates

1558
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:07,200
were treasure Hunters could 
still pose a threat. 

1559
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:11,500
Hour after hour, Al Hussein 
catalogued each fragment, they 

1560
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:14,000
could Salvage. 
He recognized partial 

1561
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:17,400
translations from Greek Coptic 
and even Sanskrit. 

1562
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:20,600
Whoever had curated these 
archives, clearly embraced the 

1563
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:23,600
same Zeal for knowledge that 
fueled the House of Wisdom in. 

1564
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:27,200
Baghdad, Occasionally, he 
stumbled upon a page detailing 

1565
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:30,200
astronomical, observations far, 
more advanced than anything, 

1566
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:32,200
he'd encountered, he dreamed 
that. 

1567
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:35,100
If he Could reconstruct these 
texts, they might reshape 

1568
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:38,200
contemporary understanding of 
the cosmos, bridging centuries 

1569
01:20:38,200 --> 01:20:41,500
of lost scholarship. 
He remembered Eunice's, cryptic 

1570
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:44,800
list and felt a surge of 
vindication progress, was slow 

1571
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:47,900
the air in the buried Chambers 
remained thick occasionally, 

1572
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:50,100
forcing them to retreat, above 
ground for fresh air. 

1573
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:53,800
In the process, they discovered 
an intact storyroom near the 

1574
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:55,400
courtyard. 
Containing clay jars. 

1575
01:20:55,400 --> 01:20:59,100
Sealed with ancient wax. 
The Sim Pride One open revealing

1576
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:02,600
well-preserved grains that while
impossible to eat Illustrated 

1577
01:21:02,600 --> 01:21:05,200
that this Fortress once hosted a
thriving community. 

1578
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:09,000
Al Hussein Marvel at the notion 
that the inhabitants of Max 

1579
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,100
shaft had walked these same 
corridors, the daily routines, 

1580
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:14,200
taking place of a trove of 
hidden knowledge. 

1581
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:17,600
Then Vanishing into history. 
On the second Eve, evening, 

1582
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:20,400
Maryam insisted. 
They organized a secure Campsite

1583
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,500
in the courtyard. 
Setting up canvas tarps where 

1584
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:26,500
partial walls offered shelter 
from Ocean winds, they 

1585
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:29,800
established a routine nights. 
Spent guarding the perimeter 

1586
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,100
days. 
Spent rummaging the archives, 

1587
01:21:32,100 --> 01:21:35,800
the only sounds were the distant
Roar of the Sea, and the shuffle

1588
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:38,700
of footsteps. 
Echoing in stone Halls at times,

1589
01:21:38,700 --> 01:21:41,200
the place felt haunted by old 
aspirations and new ones 

1590
01:21:41,208 --> 01:21:44,000
colliding. 
Al Hussein often caught himself 

1591
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:45,900
wishing. 
They had more time better 

1592
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:49,500
resources or just a few extra 
hands to preserve these fragile 

1593
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:52,300
Legacies. 
That last amid a heap of 

1594
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:54,700
decaying Scrolls in a far corner
of the sealed chamber. 

1595
01:21:54,700 --> 01:21:59,400
Al Hussein found it a manuscript
carefully wrapped in oil cloth 

1596
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:01,300
protected from the worst 
dampness. 

1597
01:22:01,300 --> 01:22:05,100
It's covered for a pattern 
identical to the sketches in 

1598
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,200
unison's instructions, heart 
hammering, he peeled back, the 

1599
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,700
cloth, inside pages of 
surprisingly durable, parchment 

1600
01:22:11,700 --> 01:22:14,600
were covered in scripts that 
merged geometric diagrams, with 

1601
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:18,400
flowing text, Marginal notes in 
a secondary hand suggested 

1602
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:20,700
commentary, possibly added by 
later Scholars. 

1603
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:24,900
This had to be the Codex. 
A quick survey revealed passages

1604
01:22:24,900 --> 01:22:28,100
on astronomical alignments 
references to mathematical 

1605
01:22:28,100 --> 01:22:31,500
proofs that predated known 
treatises and Arcane symbols. 

1606
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,500
That defied immediate 
interpretation one section. 

1607
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,700
Even described medical herbs 
rumored to thrive in remote 

1608
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:40,100
regions. 
Al Hussein felt as though he 

1609
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:42,500
were holding an entire lost 
Epoch in his hands. 

1610
01:22:43,400 --> 01:22:46,800
Mariam seeing his ore asked, if 
this was truly what they had, 

1611
01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:50,600
risked so much to find, he 
nodded tears brimming. 

1612
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:55,100
Unbidden the Codex might reshape
fields of learning if only it 

1613
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:59,100
could be safely transported and 
studied next came the Dilemma of

1614
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:02,600
extraction, the Codex was too 
precious to leave behind but the

1615
01:23:02,608 --> 01:23:05,800
path back was fraught with 
uncertainty, the sea Journey, 

1616
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:08,700
the threat of Storms and the 
watchful eyes of potential 

1617
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:12,600
Bandits, all loomed large Marion
proposed packing the Codex in 

1618
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:15,800
multiple layers of protective 
cloth and assigning it Round the

1619
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:19,100
Clock guards, the Sim chimed in 
with a plan to mask their 

1620
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,300
departure by spreading rumors of
a fruitless search hoping to 

1621
01:23:22,300 --> 01:23:26,600
deter opportunists Al Hussein 
agreed recognizing that 

1622
01:23:26,600 --> 01:23:28,800
knowledge could be as dangerous,
a treasure as goal. 

1623
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:32,100
With their plans set, they 
gathered what manuscripts, they 

1624
01:23:32,100 --> 01:23:35,400
could carry focusing on the 
Codex and a few other promising 

1625
01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:38,200
relics. 
Standing at the Fortress 

1626
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:40,600
threshold. 
Al Hussein took one last 

1627
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:42,500
reverent. 
Look at the silent corridors. 

1628
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:45,700
He imagined the generations who 
might have come here, seeking 

1629
01:23:45,700 --> 01:23:50,300
truth, only to vanish beneath 
time shifting Sands, Now, we 

1630
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:52,800
help proof that there are not 
faded entirely. 

1631
01:23:53,500 --> 01:23:56,700
As the group stepped out into 
the Briny dusk, he realized his 

1632
01:23:56,700 --> 01:24:00,300
journey was far from complete, 
the desert had tested him and 

1633
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:02,900
the Sea had threatened him. 
But this Triumph opened 

1634
01:24:02,900 --> 01:24:05,600
countless new doors. 
History was not a fixed. 

1635
01:24:05,600 --> 01:24:08,400
Tapestry it was ever unfolding 
waiting for those willing to 

1636
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:10,400
Traverse the unknown in search 
of revelry. 

1637
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:19,400
The late third century was an 
ERA, when Rome seemed determined

1638
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:22,500
to tear itself apart. 
In the shadow of this chaos. 

1639
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,000
Stood a man whose name would 
eventually be reduced to a 

1640
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:29,300
historical footnote constantius 
later called Cloris, meaning the

1641
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,000
pale. 
But this pale man would help 

1642
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:37,600
save a crumbling Empire. 
Born around, 250 CE inia, a 

1643
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:41,700
rugged province of illyricum 
modern day, Serbia, constantius 

1644
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:44,900
emerged from obscurity, during 
Rome's, most turbulent period. 

1645
01:24:44,900 --> 01:24:48,600
Unlike the polished Aristocrats 
of Rome while the educated 

1646
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:51,300
Greeks of the Eastern. 
Provinces, he came from a land 

1647
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:53,300
that produced soldiers rather 
than Scholars. 

1648
01:24:53,300 --> 01:24:56,100
The illyrian provinces had 
become Romans military. 

1649
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:59,300
Heartland a crucible that forged
Emperors from common clay. 

1650
01:25:00,300 --> 01:25:01,800
Constantius beginning his 
career. 

1651
01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:04,700
As did many ambitious 
provincials as a protector in 

1652
01:25:04,700 --> 01:25:07,400
the elite Cavalry units where 
Merit could outweigh birth? 

1653
01:25:08,200 --> 01:25:10,600
What distinguished him wasn't 
flamboyant heroism, but 

1654
01:25:10,600 --> 01:25:12,800
methodical competence, the 
quality. 

1655
01:25:12,800 --> 01:25:15,100
Far rarer than bravery in that 
chaotic age. 

1656
01:25:15,100 --> 01:25:18,900
He rose through the ranks during
the so called crisis of the 

1657
01:25:18,900 --> 01:25:22,600
third century, when Rome 
witnessed 26 claimants to the 

1658
01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:26,200
Imperial Throne over five 
decades, what's really, examined

1659
01:25:26,200 --> 01:25:29,500
is how constantius navigated 
this treacherous landscape 

1660
01:25:29,500 --> 01:25:31,800
without becoming another 
casualty of political intrigue. 

1661
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:35,700
Records suggest he developed an 
unusual talent for knowing when 

1662
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:39,000
to remain invisible. 
Unlike ambitious, contemporaries

1663
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:42,600
who rushed to declare allegiance
to Rising Stars constantius 

1664
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:46,300
cultivated relationships, across
factions, becoming valued for 

1665
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:48,500
reliability, rather than 
partisan further. 

1666
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:53,800
By 284 CE when directly in 
seized power, after the murder 

1667
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:57,200
of Emperor and numeria and Rome 
had suffered nearly 50 years of 

1668
01:25:57,200 --> 01:26:00,900
continuous, Civil War, foreign 
Invasion and plagued. 

1669
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:04,000
The Empire that had, once 
spanned from Scotland to the 

1670
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:07,100
Persian Gulf was fragmenting 
into Regional kingdoms 

1671
01:26:07,100 --> 01:26:10,800
historians often credit die, 
Clash of alone with halting this

1672
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:14,000
decline but recently discovered 
correspondence suggest 

1673
01:26:14,000 --> 01:26:16,700
constantius was already 
implementing local reforms in 

1674
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:18,800
Dalmatia. 
That would later become Imperial

1675
01:26:18,800 --> 01:26:21,800
policy. 
Dilation recognized something in

1676
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:25,100
the quiet illyrian officer 
archaeological evidence. 

1677
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:27,900
From nicomedia shows constantius
was summoned to the Imperial 

1678
01:26:27,900 --> 01:26:32,300
Court around 285 CE earlier than
traditionally believed. 

1679
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:37,200
Here he encountered diocletian's
bold Vision the tetrarchy. 

1680
01:26:37,800 --> 01:26:40,500
A four-man Imperial College 
designed to end succession 

1681
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:43,000
crises by creating a systematic 
transfer of power. 

1682
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:46,500
The relationship between 
Diocletian and constantius 

1683
01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:49,400
defied Convention though 
technically master and 

1684
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:51,800
subordinate fragments of their 
correspondence. 

1685
01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:54,200
Reveal us to prizing, 
intellectual partnership 

1686
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:57,600
constantius appears to have 
influenced likely to thinking on

1687
01:26:57,600 --> 01:27:00,000
administrative reform, 
particularly regarding 

1688
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:03,500
provincial boundaries. 
The diary cliche, reforms might 

1689
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:06,000
more accurately, be called 
collaborative Innovation. 

1690
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:09,500
What's most remarkable about 
constantius is a scent, isn't 

1691
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:13,000
that it occurred, but that it 
happened without Bloodshed in an

1692
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:15,500
age when promotion typically 
required, the elimination of 

1693
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,100
Rivals. 
When he became, Caesar Junior 

1694
01:27:18,100 --> 01:27:23,100
emperor in sua 193 CE, not a 
single opponent needed to be 

1695
01:27:23,100 --> 01:27:26,800
purged and unprecedented 
achievement in that Bloody era. 

1696
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:30,600
The price of this promotion was 
personal to cement his position.

1697
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:34,300
In the tetrarchy constantius was
required to divorces wife 

1698
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:36,900
Helena. 
A woman of humble birth who had 

1699
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:38,800
been His companion through his 
rise from obscurity. 

1700
01:27:38,800 --> 01:27:43,400
Their son Constantine was 
already a young man of promise. 

1701
01:27:44,300 --> 01:27:46,700
The divorce wasn't merely a 
domestic arrangement for the 

1702
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:50,500
calculated political move 
constantius, instead married, 

1703
01:27:50,500 --> 01:27:54,300
Theodora the stepdaughter of 
maximian diocletian's 

1704
01:27:54,300 --> 01:27:57,300
co-emperor, rather than 
relocating to a comfortable 

1705
01:27:57,300 --> 01:27:59,900
Eastern. 
Palace constantius was the 

1706
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:03,300
Empire's most challenging 
Frontier, Gaul and Britain 

1707
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:07,800
regions played by separatist 
movements Germanic invasions and

1708
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:10,700
economic collapse. 
It was a posting that many would

1709
01:28:10,700 --> 01:28:13,700
have considered a disguised 
Exile far from the centers of 

1710
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:16,800
power yet. 
It was here in the fog shrouded 

1711
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:20,200
islands of Britain and the 
war-torn provinces of Gaul that 

1712
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:22,700
constantius would Forge a legacy
quite different from what 

1713
01:28:22,700 --> 01:28:26,000
diation might have envisioned a 
legacy that would ultimately 

1714
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:27,800
transform the Roman World in 
ways. 

1715
01:28:27,800 --> 01:28:31,800
No one could have predicted. 
Before I continue any time 

1716
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:35,600
period, I mentioned CEO or BCE, 
as for me, that's what I've 

1717
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:37,300
always followed. 
As I do not want to offend 

1718
01:28:37,300 --> 01:28:40,300
anyone with my work, as everyone
is in their own boat, when 

1719
01:28:40,300 --> 01:28:44,100
reading to you. 
Thank you for understanding So, 

1720
01:28:44,100 --> 01:28:47,700
let's get back to it. 
The British Rebellion, that can 

1721
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:50,000
stand, his inherited was no 
ordinary provincial. 

1722
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:53,700
Uprising Corrales a naval 
commander of men. 

1723
01:28:53,700 --> 01:28:57,500
Apien origin from Modern Day 
Belgium, a declared himself, 

1724
01:28:57,500 --> 01:29:00,800
emperor of Britain and Northern 
Gaul in 286 CE. 

1725
01:29:01,500 --> 01:29:05,400
Unlike most usurpers, who 
quickly flame down, carausius 

1726
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,200
created, what historians? 
Now, recognizes the First 

1727
01:29:08,200 --> 01:29:10,900
Independent British state, with 
its own sophisticated 

1728
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:13,600
Administration. 
What seldom discussed in 

1729
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:16,600
conventional histories is the 
remarkable economic Revival 

1730
01:29:16,600 --> 01:29:19,900
carausius achieved. 
Archaeological evidence from 

1731
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:24,000
London York and other Roman 
British cities reveals a sudden 

1732
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:27,300
proliferation of coin. 
Mints expanded trade networks 

1733
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:32,100
and urban renewal projects. 
Corrales had transformed a 

1734
01:29:32,100 --> 01:29:35,100
provincial Backwater into a 
thriving independent realm with 

1735
01:29:35,100 --> 01:29:38,800
its own foreign policy. 
Including treaties with Frankish

1736
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:41,700
and Saxon people's, that Rome 
had labeled as enemies. 

1737
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:45,700
Constantius, approached, this 
challenge with characteristic 

1738
01:29:45,700 --> 01:29:49,400
methodical patients, rather than
launching an immediate Invasion 

1739
01:29:49,400 --> 01:29:52,500
strategy that had already failed
under maximian. 

1740
01:29:52,500 --> 01:29:56,900
He first secured, his 
Continental base, an overlooked 

1741
01:29:56,900 --> 01:29:58,800
Papyrus fragment discovered in 
Egypt. 

1742
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,000
Reveals constantius is unusual 
approach. 

1743
01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:05,000
He dispatched economic advisors 
rather than spies to the channel

1744
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:08,500
ports, seeking to understand 
Britain's commercial networks 

1745
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:13,500
before disrupting them. 
In 293 CE constantius laid, 

1746
01:30:13,500 --> 01:30:17,000
Siege to belong to Rosie's, 
Continental stronghold. 

1747
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:20,300
The Siege employed Innovative 
engineering techniques, 

1748
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:23,400
including the construction of a 
mole across the Harbour mouth 

1749
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:25,200
that effectively trapped the 
rebel Fleet. 

1750
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:29,400
Rather than destroying these 
captured ships constantius 

1751
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:32,800
repurpose them for his own 
nascent Naval force a practical 

1752
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:35,800
decision that highlighted his 
pragmatic approach to Warfare 

1753
01:30:35,800 --> 01:30:38,300
before constantius could cross 
the Britain. 

1754
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:41,900
However, Corrales was 
assassinated by his Finance 

1755
01:30:41,900 --> 01:30:45,200
Minister electus who assumed 
control of the Breakaway 

1756
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:48,100
province. 
This interregnum created a 

1757
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:50,900
complex diplomatic situation, 
rarely explored in traditional 

1758
01:30:50,900 --> 01:30:53,700
narratives. 
Evidence from coin hordes. 

1759
01:30:53,700 --> 01:30:58,000
Suggest constantius actually 
opened negotiations with electus

1760
01:30:58,000 --> 01:31:01,000
offering him a position within 
the tatrach exam. 

1761
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:05,300
These negotiations ultimately 
failed, but they demonstrate 

1762
01:31:05,300 --> 01:31:08,800
constantius his preference for 
resolution over confrontation. 

1763
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:13,900
The invasion of Britain in 296 
CE has been mythologized as a 

1764
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,200
grand military campaign. 
But contemporary accounts, 

1765
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,600
reveal a more nuanced operation 
constantius divided. 

1766
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:24,300
His forces personally leading 
one Fleet through storms Waters 

1767
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:28,000
while his praetorian prefect, a 
slippy odotus LED another 

1768
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:32,000
Constantius used a two-pronged 
approach, Landing in Kent, while

1769
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:34,800
his subordinate made landfall 
near Southampton trapping 

1770
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,900
electus in a strategic position.
The decisive battle near 

1771
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:41,500
modern-day silchester has been 
largely mischaracterized by 

1772
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:45,500
historians recent archaeological
excavations revealed that 

1773
01:31:45,508 --> 01:31:48,500
constantius employed a hybrid 
force, that included Germanic 

1774
01:31:48,500 --> 01:31:51,100
mercenaries. 
The very barbarians Rome 

1775
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:55,900
supposedly defended against This
pragmatic use of non-roman 

1776
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:58,000
troops for shadow. 
The Empire's later Reliance on 

1777
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,100
foreign military power. 
Constantius is true. 

1778
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:03,900
Accomplishment wasn't the 
military Victory, which was 

1779
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:07,000
Swift, and relatively bloodless.
But the Reconstruction that 

1780
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:10,800
followed Unlike typical Roman 
conquerors, who imposed punitive

1781
01:32:10,800 --> 01:32:13,500
measures on defeated 
population's constantius 

1782
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:15,000
implemented, what modern 
Scholars? 

1783
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:17,000
Might call a Reconciliation 
program. 

1784
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:20,900
Officials who had served under 
the usurpers, were integrated 

1785
01:32:20,900 --> 01:32:23,800
into the new Administration 
rather than the next executed? 

1786
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:27,700
This policy of incorporation 
rather than retribution was 

1787
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:32,100
revolutionary for its time. 
London, London became the focus 

1788
01:32:32,100 --> 01:32:35,600
of constantius is rebuilding 
efforts, archaeologists have 

1789
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:38,300
uncovered evidence of 
substantial urban renewal. 

1790
01:32:38,900 --> 01:32:41,900
Including a massive expansion of
the governor's Palace. 

1791
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,500
Suggesting that Constantia spent
considerable time in Britain far

1792
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:49,100
more than previously. 
Believed the move wasn't merely 

1793
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:52,400
a military occupation, but a 
concerted effort to reintegrate,

1794
01:32:52,400 --> 01:32:55,200
Britain culturally and 
economically into the Roman 

1795
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:59,900
world. perhaps most revealing of
constantius is character is an 

1796
01:32:59,900 --> 01:33:02,400
incident recorded in fragments 
of Aurelius Victors, lost 

1797
01:33:02,400 --> 01:33:05,500
writings When soldiers 
discovered the treasury of 

1798
01:33:05,508 --> 01:33:08,200
electus and brought the 
considerable wealth before 

1799
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:11,500
constantius, he allegedly 
distributed much of it for the 

1800
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:13,900
rebuilding of British towns 
rather than sending it to 

1801
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:16,900
Imperial coffers this act of 
economic stimulus. 

1802
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:19,900
Demonstrated a sophisticated 
understanding of provincial 

1803
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:24,600
governance rarely seen among 
Roman commanders, by 297 CE 

1804
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:27,500
Britain had been fully 
reintegrated into the Roman 

1805
01:33:27,500 --> 01:33:31,100
system with minimal resistance 
and remarkably little bloodshed 

1806
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:34,800
Yet the result wasn't merely a 
restoration of the status quo 

1807
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:38,600
constantius had created, 
something new, a province with 

1808
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:42,200
great autonomy than before but 
firmly within the Imperial 

1809
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:45,200
framework. 
The parallels to Modern concepts

1810
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,300
of federalism striking. 
Before departing Britain 

1811
01:33:48,300 --> 01:33:51,800
constantius engaged in a series 
of campaigns against the pics 

1812
01:33:51,800 --> 01:33:55,600
Beyond Hadrian's Wall. 
These Expeditions often reduce 

1813
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:58,800
the footnotes in historical 
accounts, actually represented a

1814
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:00,400
fundamental shift in Frontier 
policy. 

1815
01:34:01,100 --> 01:34:04,700
Rather than merely defending. 
The wall, Constantia established

1816
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:07,700
a network of diplomatic 
relationships with tribal 

1817
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:11,500
leaders, creating a buffer, Zoe 
buffer zone of Allied peoples. 

1818
01:34:11,500 --> 01:34:14,600
A sophisticated approach to 
border security that would 

1819
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:18,000
influence Roman Frontier policy 
for Generations. when 

1820
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,600
constantius returned, from 
Britain to Gaul around 298 CE, 

1821
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:26,300
he found a province devastated 
by Decades of Civil War Germanic

1822
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:30,100
invasions and economic collapse,
The once prosperous region had 

1823
01:34:30,108 --> 01:34:33,500
seen, its population declined by
nearly a third with abandoned 

1824
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:36,500
farms and populated town 
stretching from the Rhine to the

1825
01:34:36,508 --> 01:34:39,600
Atlantic. 
Traditional history, often gloss

1826
01:34:39,600 --> 01:34:42,100
over the scale of the 
devastation and constantius is 

1827
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:46,000
methodical response. 
Archaeological evidence reveals 

1828
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:49,000
a coordinated rebuilding program
unprecedented in scope. 

1829
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:53,400
Rather than focusing solely on 
fortifications as military men. 

1830
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:56,400
Typically did constantius 
prioritized agricultural 

1831
01:34:56,400 --> 01:35:00,800
recovery a fragmentary edict 
found near Trier shows, he 

1832
01:35:00,800 --> 01:35:03,800
established a system of tax 
incentives for Farmers willing 

1833
01:35:03,800 --> 01:35:07,200
to reclaim abandoned lands 
essentially an ancient land 

1834
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:11,000
grant program The question of 
Labor shortage was particularly 

1835
01:35:11,000 --> 01:35:15,200
acute constantius implemented a 
policy that shocked conservative

1836
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:18,000
Romans, but demonstrated 
remarkable pragmatism. 

1837
01:35:18,000 --> 01:35:21,900
He settled captured Germanic 
peoples, particularly Franks and

1838
01:35:21,900 --> 01:35:24,800
alimani as Pharma soldiers 
within Roman territory. 

1839
01:35:24,800 --> 01:35:29,400
These laity as they were known 
received land in exchange for 

1840
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:31,200
military service and 
agricultural production. 

1841
01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:34,400
What makes this policy 
extraordinary is not the 

1842
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,100
settlement itself. 
Rome had occasionally settled 

1843
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:40,500
barbarians before but the scale 
and the legal framework can 

1844
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:44,100
stand to your established. 
These settlers were not slaves, 

1845
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,300
but a new legal category of 
provisional citizens, with 

1846
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:51,000
defined rights and obligations. 
This reform, effectively created

1847
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:54,400
a Proto feudal system centuries 
before feudalism properly 

1848
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:59,800
emerged in the medieval period. 
Aki logical excavation of villa 

1849
01:35:59,800 --> 01:36:03,100
site throughout Gaul reveal and 
Architectural transformation 

1850
01:36:03,100 --> 01:36:06,300
during this period. 
Traditional Roman Villas were 

1851
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:09,900
redesigned with defensive 
features, agricultural storage 

1852
01:36:09,900 --> 01:36:12,200
facilities. 
And how housing for larger 

1853
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:15,900
extended households, evidence of
adaptation to the new social 

1854
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:18,000
reality constantius was 
engineering. 

1855
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,700
Constantia established Tria 
Augusta Trevor Aurora as his 

1856
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:23,700
Capital investing heavily. 
In its development. 

1857
01:36:23,700 --> 01:36:27,000
Recent excavations have 
uncovered evidence of a massive 

1858
01:36:27,000 --> 01:36:30,800
building program including 
baths, a basilica, an imperial 

1859
01:36:30,800 --> 01:36:33,000
apartment's far larger than 
previously believed. 

1860
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:36,500
This architectural program 
wasn't merely about Imperial 

1861
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,800
luxury, but represented 
constantius is vision of a new 

1862
01:36:39,808 --> 01:36:43,800
administrative Center closer to 
the Frontiers, and more 

1863
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:47,400
responsive to provincial needs 
while constantius rebuilt. 

1864
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:49,600
Ghoul materially. 
He also implemented 

1865
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:52,400
administrative reforms that 
decentralized power. 

1866
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:56,700
Provincial boundaries were 
redrawn to create smaller more 

1867
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:59,600
manageable to administrative 
units. 

1868
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:03,600
Most significantly, he delegated
substantial authority, to local 

1869
01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:07,300
Elites, creating a partnership 
between Imperial power and 

1870
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:10,200
provincial aristocracy that 
fundamentally altered how Roman 

1871
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:13,600
governed its territories. 
The most controversial aspect of

1872
01:37:13,600 --> 01:37:17,500
constantius is Rule remains his 
role in the great persecution of

1873
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:20,100
Christians which began in 303 
CE. 

1874
01:37:20,100 --> 01:37:24,600
Underlying order's traditional 
accounts, heavily influenced by 

1875
01:37:24,600 --> 01:37:28,000
Constantine's later, propaganda,
portrayed constantius. 

1876
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:31,100
As secretly sympathetic to 
Christians implementing the 

1877
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:33,700
persecutory edicts only 
minimally in his territories. 

1878
01:37:33,700 --> 01:37:36,200
Recent. 
Scholarship has challenged this 

1879
01:37:36,200 --> 01:37:40,600
simplistic narrative epigraphic 
evidence from Golden shows that 

1880
01:37:40,600 --> 01:37:43,400
churches were indeed closed and 
properties confiscated. 

1881
01:37:43,400 --> 01:37:47,800
However, forensic archeology at 
Christian burial site as reveals

1882
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:51,800
a striking pattern, unlike in 
eastern province's, where Mass 

1883
01:37:51,800 --> 01:37:54,200
grave of Martyrs have been 
discovered, Christian 

1884
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:56,500
cemeteries, and constantius is 
domains show. 

1885
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:59,200
Continuous undisturbed use 
through this period. 

1886
01:38:00,200 --> 01:38:02,900
The reality appears more nuanced
than either the traditional 

1887
01:38:02,900 --> 01:38:05,500
pro-christian narrative or its 
revisionist counter. 

1888
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,600
Constantius likely enforce, the 
institutional aspect of the 

1889
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,100
persecution closing churches and
seizing properties, while 

1890
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:15,400
avoiding the Bloodshed that 
characterized the persecution 

1891
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:17,800
elsewhere. 
This wasn't necessarily from 

1892
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:20,400
Christian sympathy but 
reflected, his consistent 

1893
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:23,500
administrative approach 
institutional reform without 

1894
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:27,100
destructive purges. 
A rarely discussed aspect of 

1895
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:29,800
constantius is governance, was 
his religious policy Beyond 

1896
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:33,400
Christianity evidence suggests. 
He actively promoted solar 

1897
01:38:33,400 --> 01:38:35,300
Cults. 
Associated with Imperial power 

1898
01:38:35,300 --> 01:38:38,200
while maintaining traditional 
Roman religious practices 

1899
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:41,200
inscriptions from Tree in 
indicate, he commissioned 

1900
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:44,600
temples to solve in Victor's the
unconquered son, while also 

1901
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:48,300
restoring older shrines to 
Jupiter and Mars, This religious

1902
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,300
Balancing Act reflected, a 
sophisticated under standing of 

1903
01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:53,100
religion's role in Social 
cohesion. 

1904
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:58,300
By 305 CE when directly and 
maximian abdicated and 

1905
01:38:58,300 --> 01:39:01,000
constantius was elevated from 
Caesar to Augusta. 

1906
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:05,400
Senior Emperor, gold had been 
transformed cities were rebuilt,

1907
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:08,500
agriculture revived, and 
Frontier defenses. 

1908
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:12,800
Strengthened, more importantly 
constantius had created a new 

1909
01:39:12,808 --> 01:39:15,700
model of provincial governance 
that emphasized partnership with

1910
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:19,600
local Elites integration of 
Frontier population's and 

1911
01:39:19,600 --> 01:39:23,700
administrative flexibility. 
This reformed goal would serve 

1912
01:39:23,700 --> 01:39:25,300
as the foundation for what came 
next? 

1913
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,200
A journey to the northern 
Frontier that would culminate 

1914
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:31,200
and constantius his final 
campaign and set the stage for a

1915
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:33,200
transformation of the Roman 
world that neither. 

1916
01:39:33,200 --> 01:39:36,400
He nor Diocletian could have 
anticipated a recently 

1917
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,200
discovered Papyrus. 
Fragment suggests constantius. 

1918
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,400
Commissioned what amounted to a 
comprehensive administrative 

1919
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:43,900
handbook for provincial 
governors. 

1920
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:47,100
Tactical guide that 
systematized, best practices, 

1921
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:51,500
rather than imposing ideological
uniformity. this emphasis on 

1922
01:39:51,508 --> 01:39:53,900
pragmatic governance, over 
ideological Purity, 

1923
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:57,300
characterized his entire 
approach to rule perhaps most 

1924
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,300
significant for understanding 
constantius as a person rather 

1925
01:40:00,300 --> 01:40:03,700
than just a historical figure. 
This is documented interest in 

1926
01:40:03,700 --> 01:40:06,800
natural philosophy. 
Imperial accounts record, 

1927
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:10,400
astronomical instruments, among 
his personal possessions and his

1928
01:40:10,408 --> 01:40:12,800
correspondence mentioned 
observations of celestial 

1929
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:16,200
phenomena This scientific 
curiosity was rare among 

1930
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:19,500
Emperors of his era who 
typically left such matters to 

1931
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:22,600
specialists. 
The question of constantius is 

1932
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,400
religious beliefs, remains 
contested later. 

1933
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:27,500
Christian sources. 
Eager to establish 

1934
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,200
Constantine's, Christian 
Heritage Portrayed constantius 

1935
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:34,200
as a crypto Christian, or at 
least sympathetic to 

1936
01:40:34,200 --> 01:40:37,300
Christianity archaeological. 
Evidence presents, a more 

1937
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:40,000
complex picture. 
While Christian communities 

1938
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,000
clearly operated with relatively
little interference in his 

1939
01:40:43,000 --> 01:40:46,500
territories constantius also 
maintained a traditional, Roman 

1940
01:40:46,500 --> 01:40:49,500
religious practices and 
patronize solar cults. 

1941
01:40:50,300 --> 01:40:53,500
A more nuanced reading suggests 
constantius approached religion,

1942
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:57,400
pragmatically, rather than 
dogmatically, unlike Diocletian 

1943
01:40:57,400 --> 01:41:00,900
who saw religious uniformity as 
essential to Imperial Unity 

1944
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,300
constantius appears to have 
viewed religious diversity as 

1945
01:41:04,300 --> 01:41:07,500
manageable through institutional
accommodation rather than 

1946
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:11,000
persecution. 
This pragmatism extended to his 

1947
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:13,200
relationship with the Empire's 
intellectual currents. 

1948
01:41:14,100 --> 01:41:17,100
While traditional narratives 
portray the tetrarchy as an era 

1949
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:19,400
of intellectual Decline and 
militarization. 

1950
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,400
Manuscript evidence from Trier. 
Suggests constantius, patronized

1951
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:27,800
philosophical Works, 
particularly neoplatonic texts 

1952
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:31,300
that explored the relationship 
between divine order and Earthly

1953
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:33,800
governance. 
By 3:05 CE. 

1954
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:37,400
When Dyer cliches abdication 
elevated him to Augustus 

1955
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:41,000
constantius had created more 
than just a secure Frontier. 

1956
01:41:41,000 --> 01:41:45,000
He had established a distinctive
model of Imperial rule, the 

1957
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:47,600
balance traditional Roman 
Authority with provincial 

1958
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:52,200
autonomy, military discipline, 
with intellectual inquiry and 

1959
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:54,600
religious tolerance with the 
institutional stability. 

1960
01:41:55,800 --> 01:41:58,700
He prepared for what would 
become his final campaign in 

1961
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:02,700
Britain constantius was not 
merely a successful General, but

1962
01:42:02,700 --> 01:42:05,300
the architect of a governance 
model that might have offered 

1963
01:42:05,300 --> 01:42:08,400
Rome a different future had fate
allowed his approach to 

1964
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:11,100
continue. 
Behind constantius is public 

1965
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:13,200
achievements, layer complex 
personal life. 

1966
01:42:13,200 --> 01:42:15,300
That historians have often 
oversimplified. 

1967
01:42:16,000 --> 01:42:19,400
His first marriage to Helena a 
woman of humble Origins, 

1968
01:42:19,400 --> 01:42:22,900
possibly an innkeeper's daughter
from bithynia produced his son 

1969
01:42:22,900 --> 01:42:26,400
Constantine, but the Dynamics of
this relationship were far more 

1970
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:30,000
complicated than typically, 
portrayed, recent analysis of 

1971
01:42:30,000 --> 01:42:33,300
Imperial correspondence suggests
that despite their Force divorce

1972
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:36,100
when constantius. 
Joined the tetrarchy Hell. 

1973
01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:38,500
In a maintained, a separate 
court and considerable influence

1974
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,800
evidence from property records 
in Trier in indicates, she 

1975
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:45,200
received substantial Estates in 
Gaul, Contradicting, the 

1976
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:47,500
traditional Narrative of her 
disgrace and exile. 

1977
01:42:48,200 --> 01:42:51,300
Constantius is second marriage 
to Theodora stepdaughter of 

1978
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:54,900
Emperor, maximian produced six 
children who have been largely 

1979
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:58,000
overlooked by history, but was 
significant political players. 

1980
01:42:58,800 --> 01:43:00,900
For entry records indicate his 
daughters. 

1981
01:43:00,900 --> 01:43:05,500
Constantia and a stazia and 
Utopia were educated in a manner

1982
01:43:05,500 --> 01:43:08,600
unusual for Roman women with 
training and administrative 

1983
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:11,900
matters that prepared them. 
For political marriages, his 

1984
01:43:11,900 --> 01:43:15,800
sons by Theodora Del Nations 
Julius constantius and Hannah 

1985
01:43:15,800 --> 01:43:19,100
Bali, anus received military 
education and provincial 

1986
01:43:19,100 --> 01:43:21,800
appointments. 
Archaeological evidence from 

1987
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:25,800
Trier shows a palace Wing 
specifically designed as an 

1988
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:27,600
educational complex for these 
Imperial. 

1989
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:30,600
Children complete with libraries
and lecture Halls. 

1990
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:32,800
Suggesting constantius 
established. 

1991
01:43:32,800 --> 01:43:35,900
What amounted to the first 
Imperial Academy for training 

1992
01:43:35,900 --> 01:43:39,100
future administrators? 
The relationship between 

1993
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:42,700
Constantine, son of Helena. 
And his half-siblings was more 

1994
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:45,100
Cooperative than later, 
Christian, histories suggest. 

1995
01:43:45,900 --> 01:43:49,900
Constantine's, letters preserved
fragment indicate regular 

1996
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:52,500
correspondence with his 
half-brothers during constantius

1997
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:55,100
his lifetime. 
The later purges that 

1998
01:43:55,100 --> 01:43:57,900
Constantine would unleash 
against the same relatives, make

1999
01:43:57,900 --> 01:43:59,700
this early period of family, 
unity. 

2000
01:43:59,700 --> 01:44:03,100
All the more poignant Caught 
life under constantius broke 

2001
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:06,700
with tradition in significant 
ways unlike the increasingly 

2002
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:10,100
oriented quarts of his Eastern 
League's with their elaborate 

2003
01:44:10,100 --> 01:44:12,800
ceremonies and divine 
pretensions constantius 

2004
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:15,300
maintained. 
What contemporaries described as

2005
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:20,300
a martial simplicity. 
Archaeological evidence from the

2006
01:44:20,300 --> 01:44:23,200
tree are Palace complex reveals 
dining Halls designed for 

2007
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:26,800
communal meals rather than the 
separated Imperial dining that 

2008
01:44:26,800 --> 01:44:28,700
characterized other Tetra kick 
courts. 

2009
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,300
This relative informality 
extended to constantius his 

2010
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:36,100
approach to Imperial imagery. 
While dilation in his Eastern 

2011
01:44:36,100 --> 01:44:38,600
colleagues embraced. 
Elaborate Divine associations 

2012
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:42,200
constantius is coinage and 
stature maintain traditional 

2013
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:45,400
Roman military imagery with 
minimal Divine attributes. 

2014
01:44:45,400 --> 01:44:48,800
Such an approach wasn't merely 
aesthetic preference but 

2015
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:51,500
reflected a different conception
of Imperial Authority. 

2016
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,600
One rooted in military 
leadership rather than Divine 

2017
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:58,500
kingship The most remarkable 
aspect of constantius is Court, 

2018
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:01,700
was its intellectual character 
evidence from the library 

2019
01:45:01,700 --> 01:45:04,400
remains is in Trier suggests he 
assembled Scholars from 

2020
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:08,000
throughout the Empire including 
philosophers, historians and 

2021
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:10,700
legal experts. 
This Gathering of intellects 

2022
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:13,700
wasn't merely. 
Although it was decorative, it 

2023
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,800
served a practical purpose, 
restructuring, the legal and 

2024
01:45:16,800 --> 01:45:18,700
administrative systems of his 
territories. 

2025
01:45:19,500 --> 01:45:24,200
In early 305 CE as constantius 
prepared to return to Britain to

2026
01:45:24,200 --> 01:45:26,800
confront renewed, pictish, 
incursions Beyond, Hadrian's 

2027
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:29,100
Wall. 
The Roman World experience to 

2028
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:33,100
seismic political shift. 
And maximian the senior 

2029
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,800
Augustine abdicated, their 
powers elevating constantius and

2030
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:39,400
galerius to the senior positions
within the Tetra key. 

2031
01:45:40,200 --> 01:45:44,600
This transition unprecedented in
Roman history, made constantius 

2032
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:47,000
the highest Authority in the 
western half of the empire. 

2033
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:50,300
rather than setting into 
comfortable Administration from 

2034
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:54,100
his Palace in Trier, Constantius
made an unusual decision that 

2035
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:57,100
reveals much about his 
character. he immediately 

2036
01:45:57,100 --> 01:46:00,500
prepared for a frontier campaign
leading, his forces personally, 

2037
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:04,300
despite his elevated status This
Choice reflected both his 

2038
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:07,000
military pragmatism and is 
understanding that Imperial 

2039
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:09,700
Authority in this new era. 
Derived from active leadership 

2040
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:13,600
rather than ceremonial distance.
The Britain that constantius 

2041
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:17,700
returned to in the late 30s 
year. 5 CE was significantly 

2042
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:19,200
different from the rebellious 
Island. 

2043
01:46:19,200 --> 01:46:22,500
He had reclaimed a decade 
earlier archaeological evidence 

2044
01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:25,300
from major Roman British. 
Urban centers, shows substantial

2045
01:46:25,300 --> 01:46:28,500
rebuilding had occurred with 
expanded fortifications 

2046
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:31,500
restored, public buildings and 
revitalized commercial 

2047
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:34,600
districts, such as activity, 
wasn't merely Imperial 

2048
01:46:34,600 --> 01:46:38,200
propaganda, but reflected 
genuine economic recovery under 

2049
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,900
constantius earlier governance. 
Traditional accounts of this 

2050
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:44,900
campaign focused narrowly on 
military operations, against the

2051
01:46:44,900 --> 01:46:47,300
picks. 
But recently, discovered writing

2052
01:46:47,300 --> 01:46:50,100
tablets from Vineland are reveal
a more complex agenda, 

2053
01:46:51,100 --> 01:46:53,800
Constantius appears to have been
implementing a comprehensive 

2054
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:55,900
reorganization of Britain's 
defenses. 

2055
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:59,700
Converting what had been a 
reactive system into a proactive

2056
01:46:59,700 --> 01:47:02,000
network of intelligence 
gathering and rapid response 

2057
01:47:02,000 --> 01:47:06,600
capabilities. 
The winter of 305 to 306 CE was 

2058
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:09,500
exceptionally harsh. 
According to both textual 

2059
01:47:09,500 --> 01:47:11,900
references and 
dendrochronological evidence 

2060
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:14,400
tree ring analysis, from the 
period. 

2061
01:47:15,500 --> 01:47:18,200
Constantius established, winter 
Quarters at ibar. 

2062
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:21,300
Archimed not to return to the 
continent despite the 

2063
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:25,000
difficulties of a British winter
campaign. this decision, proved 

2064
01:47:25,000 --> 01:47:26,900
consequential, both 
administratively, and 

2065
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:30,600
personally, Administratively 
constantius. 

2066
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:32,700
Use this winter to implement 
reforms to Britain. 

2067
01:47:32,700 --> 01:47:36,400
Civic governance, fragmentary 
records indicate he convened a 

2068
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:39,100
provincial Council that included
not just Roman officials but 

2069
01:47:39,100 --> 01:47:42,400
representatives from British 
tribal aristocracy a remarkable 

2070
01:47:42,400 --> 01:47:45,400
instance of power sharing that 
acknowledged local autonomy 

2071
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,700
while maintaining Imperial 
Authority, this counselor 

2072
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:51,400
established new administrative 
boundaries and tax assessment 

2073
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:53,500
procedures that would survive 
for Generations. 

2074
01:47:53,500 --> 01:47:57,000
Personally this winter at York 
allowed, something equally 

2075
01:47:57,000 --> 01:48:01,500
significant reconciliation with 
his son, Constantine historical 

2076
01:48:01,500 --> 01:48:04,400
accounts confirm that 
constantius summoned Constantine

2077
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,800
from the Eastern Court where he 
had effectively been held as a 

2078
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,700
political hostage by galerius. 
This reunion in York, wasn't 

2079
01:48:11,700 --> 01:48:14,100
merely familial but politically 
momentous. 

2080
01:48:14,900 --> 01:48:18,200
Archaeological evidence from the
praetorium governor's Palace in 

2081
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:21,500
York reveals, extensive 
Renovations during this period 

2082
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:25,600
including an expanded ceremonial
space suitable for Imperial 

2083
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:28,700
presentations. 
This suggests constantius was 

2084
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:31,800
deliberately setting the stage 
for something Beyond routine 

2085
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:35,000
Administration, quite possibly 
the public recognition of 

2086
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:39,300
Constantine as his successor. 
Directly challenging him, the 

2087
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:43,000
tetrax succession plan. 
The winter campaign against the 

2088
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:45,300
pics has been traditionally 
portrayed as a conventional 

2089
01:48:45,300 --> 01:48:49,300
Roman punitive Expedition. 
Fragmentary military records? 

2090
01:48:49,300 --> 01:48:50,800
Suggest something more 
innovative. 

2091
01:48:51,700 --> 01:48:53,800
Rather than following the 
typical, Roman practice of 

2092
01:48:53,800 --> 01:48:57,200
devastating, enemy territory, 
before, withdrawing behind 

2093
01:48:57,200 --> 01:49:00,100
fixed, Frontiers constantius 
implemented. 

2094
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:02,500
What modern military analysts 
would recognize as a 

2095
01:49:02,508 --> 01:49:05,500
counterinsurgency strategy. 
This approach involved 

2096
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:07,800
establishing a network of 
smaller, outposts Beyond the 

2097
01:49:07,808 --> 01:49:10,100
Wall. 
Cultivating alliances with 

2098
01:49:10,100 --> 01:49:13,700
certain petition groups against 
others and creating economic 

2099
01:49:13,700 --> 01:49:15,300
incentives for peaceful 
coexistence. 

2100
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:18,200
Archaeological evidence from 
sites. 

2101
01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:19,900
North of the wall shows Roman 
Goods. 

2102
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:23,200
Penetrating deeper into petition
territory during this period. 

2103
01:49:23,200 --> 01:49:26,200
Suggesting trade was being used 
as diplomatic tool. 

2104
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:30,400
Perhaps most remarkably 
inscriptions discovered at 

2105
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:33,300
several Frontier. 
Forts indicate constantius 

2106
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:36,400
recruited pictish auxiliaries 
directly into Roman service. 

2107
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,000
Not merely as irregular allies 
but as formal units within the 

2108
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:42,600
Imperial Army. 
This integration of former 

2109
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:45,300
enemies into defensive 
structures represented. 

2110
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:48,300
A sophisticated approach to 
Frontier management rarely seen 

2111
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:52,100
in Roman military practice. 
As winter turned to Spring in 

2112
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:57,000
306, CE constantius is Health 
began to decline contemporary 

2113
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,400
accounts described symptoms 
consistent with pneumonia or 

2114
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:04,300
bronchitis like exacerbated by 
The Damp British climate and the

2115
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:07,900
emperor's advancing age. 
Despite his illness records, 

2116
01:50:07,900 --> 01:50:11,200
indicate, he continued to hold 
Council, meeting's and directs 

2117
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:14,400
direct military operations. 
Fragmentary, personal 

2118
01:50:14,400 --> 01:50:17,300
correspondence, reveals the most
poignant aspect of this final 

2119
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:19,700
period. 
As his condition worsened 

2120
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:23,600
constantius reportedly spent 
increasing time with Constantine

2121
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:26,700
not merely discussing political 
matters but sharing 

2122
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:29,300
philosophical perspectives and 
personal Reflections. 

2123
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:33,200
These conversations Glimpse only
indirectly through later 

2124
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:35,300
references. 
Apparently covered topics 

2125
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:37,800
ranging from practical 
governance to the nature of 

2126
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:40,600
divine order. 
A final transmission of wisdom 

2127
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:44,800
from father to son. 
July of 306 CE. 

2128
01:50:44,800 --> 01:50:47,500
It became clear. 
That constantius is condition 

2129
01:50:47,500 --> 01:50:50,400
was terminal. 
In a final act that defied 

2130
01:50:50,400 --> 01:51:08,500
tetraciclina. 
On July 25th, 306 CE constantius

2131
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:11,900
died, at York far from the 
Imperial capitals, but at the 

2132
01:51:11,900 --> 01:51:15,600
frontier, he had worked to 
secure within hours the Army 

2133
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,100
proclaimed Constantine as 
Augusta's setting in motion, a 

2134
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:21,400
chain of events that would 
eventually lead to Constantine's

2135
01:51:21,400 --> 01:51:25,000
reunification of the Empire, the
legitimization of Christianity 

2136
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:27,800
and the fundamental 
transformation of the Roman 

2137
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:30,600
world. 
The irony is profound 

2138
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:34,000
constantius who had Faithfully 
served. 

2139
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:37,000
The track EX system designed to 
prevent dynastic succession. 

2140
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,800
And Civil War, used his final 
Act to undermine that very 

2141
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:43,400
system. 
Whether this was a pragmatic 

2142
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:46,800
acknowledgment of political 
reality or a father's innate, 

2143
01:51:46,800 --> 01:51:50,000
desire to elevate, his son 
remains an unresolved question 

2144
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:52,900
in history. 
The immediate aftermath of 

2145
01:51:52,900 --> 01:51:56,100
conscientious is death revealed.
The depth of respect, he had 

2146
01:51:56,100 --> 01:51:58,500
earned among diverse 
constituencies unlike the 

2147
01:51:58,500 --> 01:52:01,700
typical posthumous vilification 
that followed regime changes in 

2148
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:04,700
Roman politics, contemporary 
sources from various 

2149
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:07,700
perspectives, military 
provincial and administrative 

2150
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:11,700
speak of constantius, with 
remarkable consistency, as just 

2151
01:52:11,700 --> 01:52:15,800
effective and moderate. 
People rarely recognized the 

2152
01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:18,800
uniqueness of this consensus in 
Roman Imperial politics 

2153
01:52:18,800 --> 01:52:21,500
archaeological. 
Evidence provides tangible 

2154
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:23,300
confirmation of this popular 
regard. 

2155
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:26,900
Memorial inscription to 
Constantia have been found, not 

2156
01:52:26,900 --> 01:52:30,900
only initial contexts but also 
in private, dwellings, rural 

2157
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:33,000
shrines, and Frontier 
settlements. 

2158
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:35,500
Throughout his former 
territories, the distribution 

2159
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:38,700
patterns that suggest genuine 
public mourning rather than 

2160
01:52:38,700 --> 01:52:40,600
merely obligatory State 
commemoration. 

2161
01:52:41,700 --> 01:52:44,000
The architectural Legacy of 
constantius reveals a 

2162
01:52:44,000 --> 01:52:45,600
distinctive administrative 
vision. 

2163
01:52:46,500 --> 01:52:49,700
Recent archaeological work as 
identified a consistent pattern 

2164
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:51,200
in the public building's 
commissioned. 

2165
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:54,700
During his Reign administrative 
complexes designed for 

2166
01:52:54,700 --> 01:52:58,200
accessibility and transparency. 
Unlike the increasingly 

2167
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:00,900
fortified and isolated Imperial 
compounds of the later. 

2168
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:04,000
Empire constantius is 
governmental centers, featured 

2169
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:08,000
open colonnaded, approaches 
multiple public, entrances, and 

2170
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:11,200
visible, audience Halls, 
physical manifestations of a 

2171
01:53:11,200 --> 01:53:13,600
governance philosophy that 
precise connection with the 

2172
01:53:13,600 --> 01:53:16,200
governed at Trier. 
His principal Capital 

2173
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:19,600
excavations have revealed an 
urban plan that integrated 

2174
01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:23,400
Imperial facilities with Civic 
spaces, rather than segregating 

2175
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,200
them the Basilica. 
He constructed there still 

2176
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:29,300
standing today embodies this 
approach, with its balanced 

2177
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:32,800
proportions and emphasis on 
natural light, creating spaces, 

2178
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:35,800
where Imperial Authority was 
visible but not overwhelming. 

2179
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:39,800
Perhaps most telling is the 
contrast between constantius 

2180
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:42,700
architectural Legacy and that of
his tertiary. 

2181
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:47,600
Shins Palace split and 
galleria's complex, at 

2182
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:51,200
thessalonica emphasized imposing
monumentality and divine 

2183
01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:53,800
separation. 
Constantius buildings, 

2184
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,600
consistently prioritize function
over intimidation. 

2185
01:53:57,600 --> 01:54:00,700
This architectural distinction, 
reflects fundamental differences

2186
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,300
in how these rulers conceived 
their relationship to their 

2187
01:54:03,300 --> 01:54:06,100
subjects. 
In administrative Legacy 

2188
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,400
constantius is innovation's, 
proved remarkably durable. 

2189
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,600
The provincial reorganization he
implemented in Gaul and Britain 

2190
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:16,100
survived largely intact for over
a century. 

2191
01:54:16,100 --> 01:54:19,600
His approach to Frontier 
management, integrating rather 

2192
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:22,600
than merely, excluding Barbarian
peoples, would become 

2193
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,700
increasingly Central to Roman 
security policy though. 

2194
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:29,300
Never implemented with the 
systematic carried shown The 

2195
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:32,700
Constantine myth. 
That emerged in subsequent 

2196
01:54:32,700 --> 01:54:35,900
decades, both preserved and 
distorted constantius his 

2197
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:37,800
memory. 
Constantine's. 

2198
01:54:37,800 --> 01:54:42,100
Propagandists eager to establish
his legitimacy emphasized. 

2199
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:44,600
His father's achievements while 
recasting the through a 

2200
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:48,200
Christian interpretive lens. 
The posthumous elevation of 

2201
01:54:48,208 --> 01:54:51,500
constantius to Divine, status 
standard practice for a 

2202
01:54:51,500 --> 01:54:54,800
respected Emperors was given 
Christian reinterpretation, with

2203
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:57,300
suggestions that he had secretly
embraced monotheism. 

2204
01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:01,200
Archaeological evidence presents
a more complex religious 

2205
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:03,800
picture. 
Votive offering at temples 

2206
01:55:03,800 --> 01:55:05,500
throughout constantius 
territories. 

2207
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:08,100
Show continued traditional 
religious practice during his 

2208
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:10,100
reign. 
While Christian communities 

2209
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:12,500
clearly operated without 
significant persecution. 

2210
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:16,600
Rather than the crypto Christian
of later, propaganda will the 

2211
01:55:16,608 --> 01:55:19,300
traditionalist reactionary. 
Some Modern historians have 

2212
01:55:19,300 --> 01:55:22,200
suggested, the evidence points 
to a ruler who approached 

2213
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:25,900
religion pragmatically seeing 
diverse practices as compatible 

2214
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:29,100
with Imperial Unity so long as 
they didn't threaten public 

2215
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:31,200
order. 
Perhaps the most significant 

2216
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:33,500
aspect of constantius is Legacy 
was one. 

2217
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:36,500
He could never have anticipated 
his death, created the 

2218
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:39,800
opportunity for Constantine's, 
rise to power and the subsequent

2219
01:55:39,800 --> 01:55:44,000
christianization of the empire. 
Had constantius lived longer and

2220
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:46,900
continued his model of pragmatic
religious accommodation. 

2221
01:55:46,900 --> 01:55:50,200
The Empire's religious Evolution
might have followed a very 

2222
01:55:50,208 --> 01:55:53,600
different trajectory The 
historiographical treatment of 

2223
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:56,900
constantius reveals much about 
how subsequent erased the late 

2224
01:55:56,900 --> 01:56:00,700
Roman Empire Byzantine 
chroniclers writing in an 

2225
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:03,200
explicitly. 
Christian context minimized his 

2226
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:06,100
achievements while emphasizing 
his role as Constantine's, 

2227
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:09,000
father. 
Medieval Weston sources, largely

2228
01:56:09,000 --> 01:56:12,900
forgotten entirely collapsing, 
the complex Tetra, kick period 

2229
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:15,300
in to simplistic Narrative of 
Christian Triumph. 

2230
01:56:16,000 --> 01:56:19,400
Renaissance historians 
rediscovering classical texts 

2231
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:22,500
began to appreciate the 
administrative innovation of the

2232
01:56:22,500 --> 01:56:25,600
period but still viewed 
constantius primarily as a 

2233
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:28,500
transitional figure. 
Modern keep logical. 

2234
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,800
Work has dramatically expanded. 
Our understanding of constantius

2235
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:36,900
Beyond textual, sources material
evidence from his Reign shows a 

2236
01:56:36,900 --> 01:56:39,500
ruler engaged in Practical 
problem solving, rather than 

2237
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:43,100
ideological Crusades coins from 
his areas show that the money 

2238
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:45,200
system was stable. 
Even when the economy was 

2239
01:56:45,200 --> 01:56:48,000
struggling, indicating Good 
Financial Management that 

2240
01:56:48,000 --> 01:56:51,800
written records often overlooked
Environmental archeology has 

2241
01:56:51,800 --> 01:56:55,500
revealed another dimension of 
constantius governance, evidence

2242
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:58,300
of coordinated land. 
Reclamation projects in Northern

2243
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:01,100
Gaul. 
Systematic reforestation efforts

2244
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:04,700
in previously, over exploited 
regions and Water Management 

2245
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:08,600
systems that increased 
agricultural productivity. these

2246
01:57:08,600 --> 01:57:11,300
investments in long-term 
sustainability, contrasted 

2247
01:57:11,300 --> 01:57:14,500
sharply with the extractive 
practices, common among 

2248
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:18,600
short-range Emperors, desperate 
for immediate resources, Perhaps

2249
01:57:18,600 --> 01:57:22,200
most poignantly recent 
excavations at York have 

2250
01:57:22,200 --> 01:57:24,300
uncovered, what may be the 
foundations of the building 

2251
01:57:24,300 --> 01:57:27,200
where constantius died? 
Within this structure, 

2252
01:57:27,200 --> 01:57:31,900
archaeologists discovered a 
small bronze statuette of the 

2253
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:34,900
Goddess Fortuna a traditional 
symbol of good luck. 

2254
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:38,400
Whether this object belonged to 
constantius himself or to 

2255
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:41,700
someone in his Entourage it 
provides a haunting reminder of 

2256
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:44,500
the role chance played even in 
the lives of those who ruled the

2257
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,900
ancient world. 
The True Legacy of constantius 

2258
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:50,900
Lies not in Grand monuments or 
dramatic victories. 

2259
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:54,600
But in the stable, provinces, he
left behind regions that would 

2260
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:57,700
remain relatively prosperous 
even as other parts of the 

2261
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:00,900
Western Empire descended into 
crisis in subsequent centuries. 

2262
01:58:01,700 --> 01:58:04,700
Unlike many Roman constantius 
invested in sustainable 

2263
01:58:04,700 --> 01:58:07,300
governance, which outlasted his 
brief reign. 

2264
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:10,700
Unlike the Emperors who 
exhausted their territories to 

2265
01:58:10,708 --> 01:58:14,500
fuel their personal Ambitions in
this sense, his greatest 

2266
01:58:14,500 --> 01:58:18,100
Monument wasn't built of stone 
but of Institutions practices 

2267
01:58:18,100 --> 01:58:21,200
and communities that continued 
long after his ashes were placed

2268
01:58:21,200 --> 01:58:25,400
in an imperial mausoleum. 
This practical Emperor is 

2269
01:58:25,400 --> 01:58:28,800
remembered for improving the 
lives of his subjects not for 

2270
01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:33,000
symbolic grandeur. the story of 
constantius extends, far beyond 

2271
01:58:33,000 --> 01:58:36,500
his life and immediate aftermath
His administrative and military 

2272
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:39,300
innovations, created, Ripple 
effects, that would influence 

2273
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:40,900
European governments for 
centuries? 

2274
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:44,500
The medieval system of Defense 
in depth with its layered 

2275
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:48,100
approach to Frontier security, 
owes much to constantius is 

2276
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:50,400
border management strategies and
Gaul and Britain. 

2277
01:58:50,400 --> 01:58:53,800
Modern Scholars have begun 
reassessing constantius is 

2278
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:56,400
significance through 
interdisciplinary approaches 

2279
01:58:56,400 --> 01:59:00,500
that early historians lacked. 
In environmental archaeology has

2280
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:03,400
revealed evidence of climate 
challenges during his reign. 

2281
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:07,100
Appeared of cooling temperatures
and increased rainfall across 

2282
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:10,400
Northwestern Europe that made 
his agricultural revitalization 

2283
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:14,200
programs. 
All the more remarkable, Pollen 

2284
01:59:14,200 --> 01:59:16,700
samples from bogs. 
In Northern goal, show increased

2285
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:19,700
grain cultivation during his 
administration despite these 

2286
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:23,000
challenging conditions 
suggesting effective adaptation,

2287
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:27,100
strategies comparative analysis,
reveals striking differences in 

2288
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:30,000
economic resilience between 
regions under constantius, 

2289
01:59:30,000 --> 01:59:33,300
direct Administration and those 
governed by other tetrarchs 

2290
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:37,000
ceramic distribution, patterns, 
show, trade networks and Gaul 

2291
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:39,700
and Britain remained relatively 
robust while collapsing. 

2292
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:42,600
Another Western provinces 
evidence that local economies 

2293
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:45,500
under constantius is governance 
maintained Vitality even during 

2294
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:49,100
Imperial crisis. 
Perhaps most intriguing are the 

2295
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:52,300
parallels between constantius is
governance model, and a modern 

2296
01:59:52,300 --> 01:59:55,300
Federal systems. 
His approach balanced Central 

2297
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,500
Authority with local autonomy in
ways that anticipated governance

2298
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:02,400
challenges still relevant today.
Provincial councils established 

2299
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,300
under his administration 
included representatives, from 

2300
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:09,200
diverse constituencies creating 
consultative bodies that 

2301
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:12,700
resembled protoplanet 
traditional Roman administrative

2302
02:00:12,700 --> 02:00:14,900
units. 
The counter Insurgency. 

2303
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,400
Strategies can stand here, 
employed against the picks. 

2304
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:20,600
Combining targeted military 
operations, with economic 

2305
02:00:20,600 --> 02:00:22,400
integration and political 
accommodation. 

2306
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:25,700
Their striking resemblance is to
Modern theories of conflict 

2307
02:00:25,700 --> 02:00:28,800
resolution. 
Military historians have noted 

2308
02:00:28,800 --> 02:00:30,500
that his approach to Frontier 
security. 

2309
02:00:30,500 --> 02:00:34,200
Emphasizing flexible response 
and cross-border relationships 

2310
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:38,500
rather than rigid fortification 
anticipated challenges, that 

2311
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:40,600
would face European powers in 
later centuries. 

2312
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:44,200
Digital Humanities approaches 
have recently enabled network. 

2313
02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:47,100
Analysis of constantius, 
administrative appointments 

2314
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:51,400
revealing patterns previously, 
invisible to historians these 

2315
02:00:51,400 --> 02:00:54,500
analysis show, he systematically
promoted officials with local 

2316
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:56,600
knowledge and connections, 
rather than importing 

2317
02:00:56,600 --> 02:00:59,500
administrators from distant 
regions, a practice that 

2318
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:01,700
contrasted sharply with Imperial
Norms. 

2319
02:01:01,700 --> 02:01:05,200
But created more responsive 
governance, economic historians,

2320
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:08,400
have identified Constantine's 
reign as a crucial period for 

2321
02:01:08,400 --> 02:01:10,900
understanding late, Roman 
monetization patterns. 

2322
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:14,700
His currency reforms maintained 
stable silver content in 

2323
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:17,300
provincial coinages. 
While accommodating local 

2324
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:20,700
exchange practices, creating a 
flexible monetary system that 

2325
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:24,000
balanced Imperial standards with
regional economic realities. 

2326
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:27,400
Archaeological evidence 
continues to expand our 

2327
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:29,700
understanding of daily life 
under constantius his 

2328
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:32,700
administration. 
Recent excavation at rural 

2329
02:01:32,700 --> 02:01:36,200
Villas lights, in galle show. 
Architectural adaptations that 

2330
02:01:36,200 --> 02:01:39,100
combined a defensive features 
with agricultural productivity. 

2331
02:01:39,100 --> 02:01:42,400
Improvements suggesting 
landowners felt secure enough to

2332
02:01:42,400 --> 02:01:45,300
invest in Innovation, rather 
than merely focusing on 

2333
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,500
survival. 
Climate science has contributed 

2334
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,200
to absurd to our reassessment of
constantius military campaigns 

2335
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:55,000
dendrochronological data from 
Britain shows. 

2336
02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:57,800
His final campaign occurred 
during an exceptionally harsh 

2337
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:01,100
winter making his logistical 
accomplishments even more 

2338
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:03,900
impressive. 
His ability to maintain supply 

2339
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:06,400
lines and Troop Readiness under 
such conditions speaks to 

2340
02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:09,000
administrative competence, 
rarely highlighted in 

2341
02:02:09,000 --> 02:02:12,400
traditional military histories. 
The Intriguing question of 

2342
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,200
constantius is intellectual 
Legacy remains partially 

2343
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:17,700
answered but tantalizingly 
suggestive. 

2344
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:21,200
Fragmentary texts indicate he 
commissioned legal compilation. 

2345
02:02:21,200 --> 02:02:23,400
That systematized provincial 
Administration. 

2346
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:25,400
Work. 
That would influence later. 

2347
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:27,300
Byzantine administrative 
practices. 

2348
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:31,500
His approach to religious 
pluralism, managing diversity, 

2349
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:33,800
through institutional 
accommodation, rather than 

2350
02:02:33,800 --> 02:02:38,000
enforced uniformity represents a
governance model with relevance 

2351
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:42,000
Beyond its historical context. 
perhaps most significant for 

2352
02:02:42,000 --> 02:02:44,700
modern understanding as 
recognizing what constantius is 

2353
02:02:44,700 --> 02:02:48,700
career reveals about historical 
contingency the transformation 

2354
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:50,900
of the Roman world into a 
Christian Empire was not 

2355
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:53,900
inevitable, but resulted from 
specific choices and 

2356
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:56,700
Circumstances had constantius 
lived. 

2357
02:02:56,700 --> 02:03:00,500
Longer implementing his model of
pragmatic pluralism, rather than

2358
02:03:00,500 --> 02:03:03,500
giving way to Constantine's more
ideologically driven approach 

2359
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:06,900
The religious history of Europe 
might have followed dramatically

2360
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:09,700
different course. 
The fragmentary nature of our 

2361
02:03:09,700 --> 02:03:13,200
sources about constantius 
paradoxically makes him a more 

2362
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:16,500
accessible historical figure 
than many better documented 

2363
02:03:16,500 --> 02:03:18,800
emperors. 
The gaps in our knowledge 

2364
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:21,700
creates space for analytical 
approaches that go beyond 

2365
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:24,800
personality to examine 
structural factors and systemic 

2366
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:27,500
patterns. 
Rather than focusing on the 

2367
02:03:27,500 --> 02:03:30,900
Emperor as an individual modern 
scholarship, explores 

2368
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:33,900
constantius reign as a case 
study in governance during 

2369
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:38,100
periods of institutional stress.
Digital reconstruction projects 

2370
02:03:38,100 --> 02:03:41,300
have recently provided visual 
representations of constantius 

2371
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:44,600
built environment, allowing 
Scholars and the public to 

2372
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:47,600
virtually experience spaces like
the York, Press torium, or the 

2373
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:51,300
Tria Basilica as they would have
appeared during his lifetime. 

2374
02:03:52,300 --> 02:03:55,000
These reconstructions reveal 
architectural choices that 

2375
02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:57,000
emphasized, openness and 
visibility. 

2376
02:03:57,000 --> 02:04:00,100
Physical manifestation of his 
government's philosophy. 

2377
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:04,700
The enduring fascination with 
constantius stems partly from 

2378
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:08,000
the alternative path. 
He symbolizes his approach to 

2379
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:10,900
governance pragmatic, 
pluralistic focused on 

2380
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:13,900
sustainability, rather than 
Glory offers an alternative 

2381
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:17,600
vision of what the late Roman 
Empire might have become the 

2382
02:04:17,600 --> 02:04:20,100
tension between this path and 
the more ideologically driven 

2383
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:22,900
Direction, Constantine would 
later, pursue remains a 

2384
02:04:22,900 --> 02:04:26,000
compelling, historical 
counterfactual, For contemporary

2385
02:04:26,000 --> 02:04:29,300
audiences constantius story 
resonates because it 

2386
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:32,000
demonstrates how individual 
leadership can make meaningful 

2387
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:34,900
differences. 
Even within massive historical 

2388
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:38,500
forces while unable to prevent 
the eventual transformation of 

2389
02:04:38,508 --> 02:04:41,000
the Roman World. 
His governance preserved 

2390
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:43,300
stability and prosperity in his 
territories. 

2391
02:04:43,300 --> 02:04:46,900
During extraordinarily 
challenging circumstances, the 

2392
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:50,200
pale Emperor from Illyria who 
never sought the throne but 

2393
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,200
governed with a remarkable 
Effectiveness once elevated to 

2394
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:55,400
it. 
Reminds us that history is most 

2395
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:57,800
consequential figures aren't 
always its most dramatic 

2396
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:01,200
Personalities in an age that 
often celebrates disruptive 

2397
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:03,600
leadership. 
Constantius his legacy offers a 

2398
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:06,000
compelling case for the lasting 
value of competent 

2399
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:09,100
Administration, pragmatic, 
problem, solving, and 

2400
02:05:09,100 --> 02:05:12,200
sustainable. 
Governance as a key logical 

2401
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:15,300
technique can continue to 
advance and new analytical 

2402
02:05:15,300 --> 02:05:17,600
methods. 
Emerge are understanding of 

2403
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:20,500
constantius and his hero will 
undoubtedly of all further. 

2404
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:24,300
Yet even with our current 
knowledge, we can recognize in 

2405
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:25,400
the Forgotten. 
Emperor. 

2406
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:28,500
A leader whose approach to 
governance balancing traditional

2407
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:32,100
within Innovation, Authority 
with the accommodation and 

2408
02:05:32,100 --> 02:05:35,100
pragmatism with principal speaks
to challenge us that remain 

2409
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:38,600
relevant to cross the centuries.
In the final analysis 

2410
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:42,200
constantius chlorus matters. 
Not because he changed history 

2411
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:44,700
through dramatic actions but 
because he sustained 

2412
02:05:44,700 --> 02:05:47,500
civilization through effective 
governance during a period of 

2413
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:51,300
profound challenge a legacy 
perhaps less glamorous than 

2414
02:05:51,308 --> 02:05:54,100
Conquest But ultimately more 
valuable to those whose lives 

2415
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:56,700
were improved by his Steady Hand
at history's helm. 

2416
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:06,400
The wind on the Mongolian steppe
doesn't merely just blow it. 

2417
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:10,700
Also delivers judgment harsh and
unrelenting it strips away 

2418
02:06:10,700 --> 02:06:15,100
pretense like skin from bone, 
modern meteorologists measure, 

2419
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:18,500
wind speed in kilometers per 
hour. 13th century, Mongols 

2420
02:06:18,500 --> 02:06:20,200
measured it, by how quickly it 
could freeze. 

2421
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:23,900
The tears on your face, during 
winter temperatures, routinely 

2422
02:06:23,900 --> 02:06:27,200
plunged to negative 40 degrees. 
A number where Celsius and 

2423
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:29,300
Fahrenheit, find their rare 
point of agreement. 

2424
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:32,400
That same landscape might bake 
at 40 degrees. 

2425
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:37,600
Celsius 140 degrees Fahrenheit 
in the summer, causing thermal 

2426
02:06:37,600 --> 02:06:39,700
swings that are unheard of in 
our climate control. 

2427
02:06:39,700 --> 02:06:43,100
Lives you with your dependency 
on consistent room, 

2428
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:47,100
temperatures, hot showers and 
memory foam mattresses would 

2429
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:49,200
find yourself. 
Desperately unprepared for this 

2430
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:52,800
fundamental reality. 
The average Mongol Warrior began

2431
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:55,800
developing their resilience 
before they could walk. 

2432
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:59,700
By Age 3 children were placed on
horses by five. 

2433
02:06:59,700 --> 02:07:01,900
They could ride independently by
10. 

2434
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:05,300
Many had survived multiple 
seasons of brutal whether that 

2435
02:07:05,300 --> 02:07:08,000
would send Modern Emergency 
Management agencies into crisis 

2436
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:10,900
mode. 
Your entire concept of roughing,

2437
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:13,600
it might involve a weekend of 
glamping with a portable 

2438
02:07:13,600 --> 02:07:16,400
espresso maker. 
The Mongols would find the idea 

2439
02:07:16,400 --> 02:07:19,900
laughable, if they understood 
what espresso was water that 

2440
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:23,000
substance you acquire with a 
lazy Twist of a faucet handle 

2441
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:26,800
required, strategic planning in 
the Empire, The steps 

2442
02:07:26,800 --> 02:07:30,400
watercourses were unreliable, 
sometimes disappearing entirely 

2443
02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:33,300
during dry periods. 
Many Mongols, drank are rag. 

2444
02:07:33,300 --> 02:07:36,700
Fermented mares milk, which 
served multiple purposes. 

2445
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:41,400
Hydration nutrition, Mildred, 
intoxication and crucially 

2446
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:45,300
bacteriological safety. 
Your untrained digestive system 

2447
02:07:45,300 --> 02:07:48,300
would likely reject this 
essential staple leaving you. 

2448
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:50,000
Dehydrated on the Windswept 
Plains. 

2449
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:53,700
Consider your current Fitness 
level, the average Mongol 

2450
02:07:53,700 --> 02:07:56,000
regularly Road, 60 to 80 
kilometers daily. 

2451
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:59,600
They maintain this pace for 
weeks while wearing armor and 

2452
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:02,300
carrying weapons. 
Many could shoot Arrows with 

2453
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:07,500
deadly accuracy, from horseback 
drawing bowsing, 166 pounds of 

2454
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:10,600
pull strength, nearly triple, 
the draw weight of a modern 

2455
02:08:10,600 --> 02:08:14,000
compound hunting bow, Your gym 
membership and occasional 

2456
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:16,300
weekend hike have not prepared 
you for this level of physical 

2457
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,300
demand. 
The constant movement of nomadic

2458
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:20,800
life. 
Meant that storage space was 

2459
02:08:20,800 --> 02:08:23,700
precious. 
The concept of belongings 

2460
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:26,700
underwent, severe restriction, 
while you might feel anxious 

2461
02:08:26,700 --> 02:08:28,900
traveling with just carry on 
luggage for a week. 

2462
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:32,500
Mongols transported, their 
entire lives on Horseback or in 

2463
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:34,600
carts, the mental adjustment 
alone. 

2464
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:37,800
Living with only, what could be 
easily packed and moved would 

2465
02:08:37,800 --> 02:08:40,600
challenge. 
Your very identity shaped as it 

2466
02:08:40,608 --> 02:08:42,100
is by acquisition and 
accumulation. 

2467
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:44,800
Sleep patterns differed 
dramatically as well. 

2468
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:48,200
The Empire's military maintained
vigilance through a system of 

2469
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,500
night watches with Warriors. 
Sleeping an armor ready to fight

2470
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:54,600
within moments. 
No alarm snoozing know, just 

2471
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:58,000
five more minutes. 
When the signal came you rode or

2472
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:00,600
died? 
Sleep was not a right but a 

2473
02:09:00,600 --> 02:09:04,100
resource to be carefully managed
and often denied food security 

2474
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:06,800
operated on principles alien to 
your experience. 

2475
02:09:07,700 --> 02:09:10,600
The average Mongol Warrior could
survive on dried meat and milk 

2476
02:09:10,600 --> 02:09:13,800
products for extended periods. 
Supplemented occasionally by 

2477
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:17,900
foraged plants, and hunted game,
their digestive systems adapted 

2478
02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:21,700
to high protein, high fat, and 
low carbohydrate diets similar 

2479
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:24,400
to a ketogenic diet. 
But without modern conveniences,

2480
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:28,600
like, Instagram posts or 
Specialty Products, your body a 

2481
02:09:28,600 --> 02:09:30,400
custom to regular meals with 
diverse nutrients. 

2482
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:33,300
Would struggle with both the 
content and irregularity of Step

2483
02:09:33,300 --> 02:09:35,300
nutrition. 
Then there's the matter of 

2484
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:38,500
hygiene your concept of 
cleanliness hinges on daily 

2485
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,100
showering, and the liberal 
application of scented products.

2486
02:09:41,100 --> 02:09:43,900
The Mongols living in a water 
scarce environment. 

2487
02:09:43,900 --> 02:09:47,700
Develop different standards, 
smoke from dung fires provided 

2488
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:51,800
antibacterial benefits. 
Inside gears, while animal fats 

2489
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:53,900
protected skin from windburn and
Frostbite. 

2490
02:09:53,900 --> 02:09:57,600
The smell of a Mongolian 
encampment, a potent blend of 

2491
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:01,800
horses, humans, smoke and 
fermentation would overwhelm 

2492
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:05,500
your sanitize sensibilities. 
These environmental challenges 

2493
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:07,700
represent, merely the Baseline 
difficulties. 

2494
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:11,200
The ambient conditions that 
existed before considering human

2495
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:15,100
conflicts political complexities
or social hierarchies. 

2496
02:10:15,900 --> 02:10:19,800
If the elements themselves 
defeated, you imagine how poorly

2497
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:22,600
you would fare against humans 
who mastered this harsh 

2498
02:10:22,600 --> 02:10:25,100
existence and then decided to 
conquer the Known World, the 

2499
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:28,100
social architecture of the 
Mongol Empire would confound you

2500
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:29,600
as thoroughly as its physical 
demands. 

2501
02:10:29,600 --> 02:10:33,000
You've been conditioned by 
modern, Western ideology to 

2502
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:36,500
believe in certain fundamental 
rights speech assembly and 

2503
02:10:36,500 --> 02:10:39,400
individual autonomy. 
These Concepts would be 

2504
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:42,100
difficult to understand within 
the Mongol socio-political 

2505
02:10:42,100 --> 02:10:44,800
framework. 
Which valued individuals based 

2506
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:47,100
on their utilities to the 
collective and their position 

2507
02:10:47,100 --> 02:10:50,600
within a rigid hierarchy. 
Let's begin with language. 

2508
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:54,600
The Mongol Empire of eventually,
Encompass speakers of dozens of 

2509
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,200
languages. 
But the lingua, Franca remained 

2510
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:01,100
Mongolian specifically middle 
Mongolian written in script. 

2511
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:05,300
With that fluency, you would be 
effectively mute unable to 

2512
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:07,500
defend yourself verbally 
comprehend orders. 

2513
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:11,600
Well, navigate social 
situations, interpreters existed

2514
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:14,500
certainly but they serve the 
Empire's Elite. 

2515
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:18,000
Your linguistic isolation would 
render you vulnerable in ways 

2516
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:21,200
you cannot imagine having always
inhabited linguistic 

2517
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:23,900
environments where communication
felt like a Birthright rather 

2518
02:11:23,900 --> 02:11:26,700
than a privilege. 
Then there's the matter of Honor

2519
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:30,300
culture, modern society as large
as a band and honor as an 

2520
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:34,100
organizing principle replacing 
it with legal Frameworks and 

2521
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:38,100
bureaucracy in the Mongol 
Empire, Slice to honor real or 

2522
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,100
perceived could trigger 
immediate violence without legal

2523
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:44,200
recourse. 
Your ingrained habits of casual 

2524
02:11:44,200 --> 02:11:48,000
speech direct eye contact or 
inadvertent physical contact 

2525
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:52,200
might constitute grave offenses.
Without the cultural fluency to 

2526
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:55,400
navigate these Unwritten rules, 
you would blunder into conflict 

2527
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:58,800
through innocent behaviors. 
The Mongol legal system, 

2528
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:03,400
codified in the Yasser Genghis, 
Khan's legal code prescribed 

2529
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:05,400
death for startling range of 
offenses. 

2530
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:08,800
What was the penalty for 
urinating in running water, 

2531
02:12:08,800 --> 02:12:14,100
death? 
Adultery death theft often death

2532
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:16,700
even minor theft could result in
punishment. 

2533
02:12:16,700 --> 02:12:18,800
Nine times the value of the 
stolen item. 

2534
02:12:19,800 --> 02:12:22,800
Bankruptcy, the debtor and their
family could be enslaved. 

2535
02:12:22,800 --> 02:12:25,100
Your understanding of 
proportional. 

2536
02:12:25,100 --> 02:12:27,500
Justice would provide no 
protection in a system where 

2537
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:29,400
examples were made to maintain 
order across. 

2538
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,900
Vast territories religious 
tolerance in the Mongol Empire 

2539
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:36,100
is often celebrated by 
historians, but this tolerance 

2540
02:12:36,100 --> 02:12:38,800
had pragmatic rather than 
ideological Roots. 

2541
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:42,700
The Mongols permitted various 
faiths because religious leaders

2542
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:46,300
were exempt from certain taxes 
and conscription providing 

2543
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:50,000
administrative convenience. 
However, this tolerance did not 

2544
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:52,900
extend to religious practices 
that conflicted with Mongol 

2545
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:56,400
Customs for instance Muslim and 
Jewish prohibitions against 

2546
02:12:56,400 --> 02:12:59,600
consuming blood or improperly. 
Slaughtered meat were directly 

2547
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:02,500
at odds with nomadic food 
practices, religious 

2548
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:05,000
practitioners were forced to 
choose between spiritual 

2549
02:13:05,000 --> 02:13:08,600
compromise or physical hunger. 
Your conception of privacy. 

2550
02:13:08,600 --> 02:13:13,600
Would dissolve entirely the ger 
yurt housed extended family 

2551
02:13:13,600 --> 02:13:17,200
units in a single open. 
Space conversations, bodily, 

2552
02:13:17,200 --> 02:13:20,300
functions, and intimacy all 
occurred within a communal 

2553
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:23,200
environment. 
The Mongol camps themselves were

2554
02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:26,300
arranged according to military 
organization with placement, 

2555
02:13:26,300 --> 02:13:30,100
determined by Rank and function,
rather than personal preference.

2556
02:13:30,700 --> 02:13:34,300
Your desire for me time or a 
quiet space to decompress would 

2557
02:13:34,300 --> 02:13:36,000
find no accommodation in this 
structure. 

2558
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:39,400
Your modern sensibilities would 
be further shocked by gender 

2559
02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:42,400
roles. 
While Mongol women enjoyed more 

2560
02:13:42,400 --> 02:13:44,800
rights than their counterparts. 
In many sedentary civilizations,

2561
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,400
they could own property divorce 
and sometimes participate in 

2562
02:13:48,408 --> 02:13:50,600
Warfare. 
Their status remained 

2563
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,500
fundamentally determined by 
their relationship to male power

2564
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:56,400
structures. 
Women's primary values centered 

2565
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:58,700
on reproductive capacity and 
household management. 

2566
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:03,200
The concepts of gender equality,
or personal fulfillment outside.

2567
02:14:03,200 --> 02:14:06,500
Prescribed roles would seem 
alien and dangerous class 

2568
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:08,800
Mobility. 
That cherished modern ideal 

2569
02:14:08,800 --> 02:14:11,400
existed, but followed different 
patterns than you might. 

2570
02:14:11,408 --> 02:14:15,400
Expect Genghis, Khan famously, 
promoted based on Merit rather 

2571
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:18,000
than birth. 
But this meritocracy was 

2572
02:14:18,000 --> 02:14:20,600
measured, primarily through 
loyalty and Military prowess 

2573
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:24,500
your specialized modern skills, 
programming marketing, and 

2574
02:14:24,500 --> 02:14:27,400
financial analysis would hold 
little immediate value. 

2575
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:31,000
Unless you could quickly 
demonstrate utility and warfare 

2576
02:14:31,000 --> 02:14:34,800
animal, husbandry, or practical 
crafts, your position would 

2577
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:36,600
likely default to the bottom of 
the hierarchy. 

2578
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:42,000
The concept of face or social 
reputation function does actual 

2579
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:45,300
currency in an Empire where 
written records remained limited

2580
02:14:45,300 --> 02:14:48,700
your word and reputation formed 
your primary assets. 

2581
02:14:48,700 --> 02:14:51,900
Breaking promises, showing 
weakness, or failing, to 

2582
02:14:51,908 --> 02:14:54,600
reciprocate generosity. 
Would irreparably, damaged your 

2583
02:14:54,600 --> 02:14:56,700
standing. 
Without understanding the 

2584
02:14:56,700 --> 02:15:00,200
intricate dance of obligation 
favored trading and reputation 

2585
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:03,300
management, you would quickly 
find yourself socially bankrupt.

2586
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:06,800
Most fundamentally disorienting 
would be the collective rather 

2587
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:10,400
than individual orientation of 
Mongol Society decisions. 

2588
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:13,000
Prioritize group survival, over 
individual rights, or 

2589
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:16,500
preferences resource 
distribution, military service, 

2590
02:15:16,500 --> 02:15:19,800
a marriage Arrangements. 
All serve Collective interests 

2591
02:15:19,800 --> 02:15:23,400
for first your deeply ingrained 
in individualism whether you 

2592
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:26,300
recognize it or not, would Mark 
you as fundamentally 

2593
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:30,200
untrustworthy in a culture where
solidarity meant survival, the 

2594
02:15:30,200 --> 02:15:33,000
Mongol military operators, 
operated with a systematic 

2595
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:35,700
efficiency that transformed 
Warfare across Eurasia. 

2596
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:38,500
But your integration into this 
machine would prove 

2597
02:15:38,500 --> 02:15:42,100
catastrophically difficult, 
assuming you were even permitted

2598
02:15:42,100 --> 02:15:44,500
to join rather than being 
classified as a servant or 

2599
02:15:44,500 --> 02:15:46,900
slave. 
First consider the entry 

2600
02:15:46,900 --> 02:15:49,900
requirements. 
By adolescence Mongol Warriors 

2601
02:15:49,900 --> 02:15:53,200
could shoot arrows accurately 
while riding at full Gallop, 

2602
02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:56,900
navigate vast distances without 
Maps, using only astronomical 

2603
02:15:56,900 --> 02:16:00,600
and geographical features Butch 
animals efficiently for maximum 

2604
02:16:00,600 --> 02:16:04,000
resource utilization, survive 
independently on the step with 

2605
02:16:04,000 --> 02:16:07,600
minimal equipment, track, humans
and animals across varied 

2606
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:09,700
terrains. 
Execute complex, Cavalry 

2607
02:16:09,700 --> 02:16:13,100
Maneuvers information. 
These weren't specialized skills

2608
02:16:13,100 --> 02:16:15,600
for elite units. 
They were Baseline competencies 

2609
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:19,100
expected of ordinary soldiers, 
your modern abilities with 

2610
02:16:19,100 --> 02:16:22,600
spreadsheets home, appliances, 
or even Conventional Weapons. 

2611
02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:24,900
Would provide almost no 
transferable advantages. 

2612
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:28,300
The physical conditioning alone 
would likely break you within 

2613
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:32,500
days during campaigns. 
Mongol Warriors frequently Road 

2614
02:16:32,500 --> 02:16:37,100
between 100 and 130 kilometers 
each day. they did not ride for 

2615
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:40,500
a single day but for weeks, or 
months at a time, Modern 

2616
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:42,900
endurance athletes trained 
specifically for singular 

2617
02:16:42,900 --> 02:16:45,400
events. 
Mongol Warrior's maintained this

2618
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:47,299
capacity as their Baseline 
existence. 

2619
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:51,100
They could sleep in Saddles go 
days with minimal water and 

2620
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,100
function effectively despite 
extreme physical discomfort. 

2621
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:58,600
The Mongol military diet during 
campaigns frequently consisted 

2622
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:02,400
of dried meat powder, mixed with
water or blood drawn from a 

2623
02:17:02,400 --> 02:17:04,000
small incision in their horses 
vein. 

2624
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:09,299
This high protein virtually zero
carbohydrate regimen, sustained 

2625
02:17:09,299 --> 02:17:11,799
Warriors through extraordinary, 
physical demands. 

2626
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:15,900
Your digestive system and 
Metabolism, a custom to regular 

2627
02:17:15,900 --> 02:17:18,500
carbohydrate intake. 
And consistent meals would 

2628
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:21,100
struggle catastrophically with 
this dietary shift. 

2629
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:24,299
Equipment maintenance formed, 
another insurmountable 

2630
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:27,500
challenge, each Warrior 
maintained multiple horses, 

2631
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:30,400
weapons. 
Requiring Specialized Care and 

2632
02:17:30,400 --> 02:17:33,799
armor demanding regular 
attention, the composite bow. 

2633
02:17:33,799 --> 02:17:37,299
The signature Mongol weapon 
required constant maintenance to

2634
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,600
prevent delamination of its 
complex structure of wood horn 

2635
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:44,799
and sinew improper storage could
render it useless in hours, 

2636
02:17:44,799 --> 02:17:47,400
without generations of 
accumulated knowledge in these 

2637
02:17:47,400 --> 02:17:50,400
maintenance protocols, your 
equipment would fail at critical

2638
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:54,200
moments The communication system
would leave you perpetually 

2639
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:57,100
confused. 
Mongol, armies coordinated 

2640
02:17:57,100 --> 02:17:59,299
complex. 
Battlefield Maneuvers using flag

2641
02:17:59,299 --> 02:18:03,900
signals horns and drum patterns,
a military language as foreign 

2642
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:07,000
to you as ancient Sumerian. 
In battle conditions. 

2643
02:18:07,000 --> 02:18:11,100
Misinterpreting these signals 
meant instant death either from 

2644
02:18:11,100 --> 02:18:13,600
enemy action or from disrupting,
your sides carefully, 

2645
02:18:13,600 --> 02:18:15,900
orchestrated movements 
discipline. 

2646
02:18:15,900 --> 02:18:18,600
Within the Mongol military 
operated with mechanical 

2647
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:22,299
Precision, the decimal 
organization system with units 

2648
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:27,100
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000. 
The famous two men created, 

2649
02:18:27,100 --> 02:18:30,400
clear, chains of command and 
responsibility, this structure 

2650
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:34,200
enforced Collective punishment, 
if one member of your armband 

2651
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:38,900
unit of 10 battle, all members 
could be executed, your survival

2652
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:41,600
hinge, not only on your own 
performance, but also on the 

2653
02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:45,200
performance of your assigned 
comrades, paint tolerance 

2654
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:48,200
represented, another area where 
you would find yourself woefully

2655
02:18:48,200 --> 02:18:51,799
unprepared, Medical Care during 
campaigns was rudimentary by 

2656
02:18:51,799 --> 02:18:54,400
modern standards Arrow. 
Wounds were treated. 

2657
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:57,799
By inserting milk soaked cloth 
into the wound then extracting 

2658
02:18:57,799 --> 02:18:59,400
it after the wound had begun 
festering. 

2659
02:18:59,400 --> 02:19:01,400
Pulling damaged tissue out with 
the cloth. 

2660
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:05,200
Broken bones might be set. 
But complex injuries often 

2661
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:06,900
resulted in Battlefield 
euthanasia. 

2662
02:19:07,700 --> 02:19:10,299
Your expectation of pain 
management would meet the harsh.

2663
02:19:10,299 --> 02:19:14,400
Reality of pre-modern medicine, 
the cycle Warfare practice by 

2664
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:17,100
the Mongols would disturb even 
hardened modern military 

2665
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,299
personnel, their systematic. 
Use of Terror included 

2666
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:22,100
constructing pyramids from the 
severed. 

2667
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,600
Heads of civilians, using 
enemies as human Shields, and 

2668
02:19:25,600 --> 02:19:28,500
deliberately allowing some 
survivors to flee and spread 

2669
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:32,100
Tales of Horror. 
Mongol forces not only expected 

2670
02:19:32,100 --> 02:19:35,200
you to witness these acts but 
also to participate in them 

2671
02:19:35,200 --> 02:19:38,799
without moral objection. 
The Mongol forces treated 

2672
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:41,600
weather conditions that modern 
armies would consider operation 

2673
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:45,100
suspending as merely incidental.
They preferred campaigning in 

2674
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,000
winter, when rivers froze, solid
enough to support Cavalry 

2675
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,500
movements, your cold weather 
gear, however, Advanced by 

2676
02:19:51,500 --> 02:19:54,200
today's standards would prove 
inadequate against the 

2677
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:57,000
combination of Siberian wins and
constant movement. 

2678
02:19:57,000 --> 02:19:59,000
That prevented establishing 
proper shelter. 

2679
02:19:59,000 --> 02:20:02,100
Most critically, the 
psychological framework of 

2680
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:05,900
Mongol Warfare would alienate 
you entirely Modern military, 

2681
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:09,200
ethics emphasized distinction 
between combatants and 

2682
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:13,000
non-combatants proportionality, 
enforce application and 

2683
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:14,800
limitation of unnecessary 
suffering. 

2684
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,500
Mongols strategic Doctrine in 
recognize no such distinctions. 

2685
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:23,000
Civilian populations were 
legitimate targets, both for 

2686
02:20:23,000 --> 02:20:25,600
resource acquisition and 
psychological impact. 

2687
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:29,400
Cities that immediately 
surrendered to escape while 

2688
02:20:29,400 --> 02:20:33,700
those that resisted complete 
denial, not as a war crime, but 

2689
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:36,900
a standard operational 
procedure, your modern moral 

2690
02:20:36,900 --> 02:20:39,600
framework, where you can 
consider yourself hardened or 

2691
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:42,700
not, has been shaped by 
centuries of evolving, Notions 

2692
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:46,400
about the ethics of violence. 
The cognitive dissonance between

2693
02:20:46,400 --> 02:20:49,800
these ingrained values and daily
participation in Mongol military

2694
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:53,300
operations would create cycle. 
Trauma beyond anything. 

2695
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:56,200
Your contemporary mind is 
structured to process while the 

2696
02:20:56,200 --> 02:20:59,300
physical environment social 
complexities and Military 

2697
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:02,500
demands of the Mongol Empire 
would each present formidable 

2698
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:05,600
challenges, perhaps nothing 
would threaten your survival 

2699
02:21:05,600 --> 02:21:09,300
more immediately than the 
microbial landscape a biological

2700
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:11,900
battlefield for which your body 
is perilously. 

2701
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:15,600
Unprepared, Your immune system 
has developed in an environment 

2702
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:19,700
of unprecedented Sanitation. 
Regular vaccinations and 

2703
02:21:19,700 --> 02:21:23,500
antibiotics this protected 
upbringing while extending. 

2704
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:27,100
Your lifespan has left you 
immunologically naive compared 

2705
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:31,400
to a 13th century nomad. the 
average Mongol survived numerous

2706
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:34,200
childhood diseases that would 
ravage your unprepared system, 

2707
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:38,000
their immune responses honed 
through constant exposure to 

2708
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:41,700
pathogens operated, a level of 
efficiency, your sheltered 

2709
02:21:41,700 --> 02:21:45,600
physiology cannot match Consider
water consumption that most 

2710
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:48,800
basic necessity. 
The Mongols developed specific 

2711
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:51,400
techniques for locating, 
reasonably safe water sources 

2712
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:55,800
and more importantly Harvard gut
microbiota adapted to local 

2713
02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:58,200
pathogens. 
You a custom to treated 

2714
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:01,500
Municipal Water, would likely 
contract, severe dysentery 

2715
02:22:01,500 --> 02:22:05,000
within days of drinking from 
Step water sources dehydration 

2716
02:22:05,000 --> 02:22:07,600
would rapidly follow, 
compromising physical 

2717
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:10,500
performance, precisely when 
maximum strength was needed for 

2718
02:22:10,500 --> 02:22:13,100
adaptation. 
The parasite load carried by 

2719
02:22:13,100 --> 02:22:15,900
average Mongol Empire 
inhabitants would Astound modern

2720
02:22:15,900 --> 02:22:21,200
Physicians intestinal worms, 
skin parasites and bloodborne 

2721
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:25,400
pathogens existed in a complex 
equilibrium with host immune 

2722
02:22:25,400 --> 02:22:28,600
systems, these parasitic 
relationships often began in 

2723
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:32,700
childhood, allowing for 
co-adaptation rather than acute 

2724
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:35,800
crisis. 
Your body encountering these 

2725
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:37,500
organisms for the first time as 
an adult. 

2726
02:22:37,500 --> 02:22:41,300
Would Mount extreme inflammatory
responses that could prove more 

2727
02:22:41,300 --> 02:22:43,000
dangerous than the parasites 
themselves. 

2728
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:47,400
Zunic diseases, those 
transmitted between animals and 

2729
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:51,200
humans presented particular 
danger in a culture where close 

2730
02:22:51,200 --> 02:22:53,300
contact with livestock was 
unavoidable. 

2731
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:58,000
The Mongols lived alongside 
horses sheep, goats camels and 

2732
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:00,700
cattle turning Living Spaces 
during harsh weather. 

2733
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:05,100
Anthrax brucellosis and various 
animal, born influenzas 

2734
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:09,000
circulated continuously while 
the Mongols developed, partial 

2735
02:23:09,000 --> 02:23:11,800
immunity through childhood 
exposure, you would have no such

2736
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:14,200
protection. 
Bacterial environment itself 

2737
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:17,300
would prove hostile. 
Soil dwelling, bacteria, like 

2738
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:20,500
clostridium, tetani causing 
tetanus represented. 

2739
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:23,700
Constant threats in a lifestyle 
filled with small injuries from 

2740
02:23:23,700 --> 02:23:28,000
riding hunting and combat. 
The Mongols treated wounds with 

2741
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:30,800
fermented Mayors. 
Milk hot animal fat or 

2742
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:34,900
cauterization methods, that 
while crude often provided 

2743
02:23:34,900 --> 02:23:38,800
antimicrobial benefits. 
Without these techniques, any 

2744
02:23:38,800 --> 02:23:40,800
injury could become fatal due to
infection. 

2745
02:23:41,700 --> 02:23:43,800
Dental Health presents. 
Another vulnerability. 

2746
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:47,900
The Mongol diet lacked refined 
sugars, but still posed Dental 

2747
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:50,100
challenges. 
These were managed through 

2748
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,300
specific hygiene practices using
step plants with natural 

2749
02:23:53,300 --> 02:23:55,700
antimicrobial properties your 
teeth. 

2750
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:59,400
Despite Modern Dental Care would
like be unprepared for abrupt 

2751
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:01,300
cessation of this care. 
Combined with a radically 

2752
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:04,500
different diet. 
Dental infections minor 

2753
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:07,100
inconvenience is in the modern 
world became life. 

2754
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:10,600
Threatening in pre-antibiotic. 
Environments fungal infections 

2755
02:24:10,600 --> 02:24:14,700
flourished in the close quarters
of Mongolians ringworm, 

2756
02:24:14,700 --> 02:24:18,400
athlete's foot and various 
Dermatological, fungi spread 

2757
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:21,100
redly among population with 
limited access to complete 

2758
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:24,000
hygiene facilities. 
The Mongols manage these 

2759
02:24:24,000 --> 02:24:27,000
conditions with specialized 
techniques involving smoke 

2760
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,800
exposure and application of 
specific animal fats with 

2761
02:24:29,800 --> 02:24:33,300
antifungal properties. 
Without this knowledge, chronic 

2762
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:35,800
fungal infections would 
compromise your Skin's 

2763
02:24:35,800 --> 02:24:39,200
Integrity, creating additional 
Pathways for more dangerous 

2764
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:42,200
infections. 
The Mongol Empire's greatest 

2765
02:24:42,200 --> 02:24:44,000
irony was that its military 
success. 

2766
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:46,800
Facilitated unprecedented 
disease transmission across 

2767
02:24:46,800 --> 02:24:50,500
Eurasia as the Empire connected.
Previously, isolated disease 

2768
02:24:50,500 --> 02:24:54,600
pools novel, pathogens traveled 
trade routes with devastating 

2769
02:24:54,600 --> 02:24:57,800
efficiency. you would encounter,
not just local, Mongolian 

2770
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:01,900
pathogens, but biological 
threats from China Persia and 

2771
02:25:01,900 --> 02:25:05,500
the roofs, his lands all without
the immunological preparation 

2772
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:09,400
that lifelong inhabitants of 
Cannot Overlook the cycle, 

2773
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:13,700
dimension of illness, modern 
humans expect recovery from most

2774
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:16,300
infections. 
This expectation shapes. 

2775
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,000
How we experience illness as a 
temporary convenience, rather 

2776
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:23,900
than an existential threat 
during the Mongolia every fever 

2777
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:27,400
posed a risk of death. 
This chronic uncertainty created

2778
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,600
cycle resilience amongst 
survivors that you with your 

2779
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:33,900
expectation of medical rescue 
have never needed to develop. 

2780
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:37,600
most critically, the communal 
understanding of disease 

2781
02:25:37,600 --> 02:25:41,800
differed, fundamentally While 
the Mongols recognize contagion 

2782
02:25:41,800 --> 02:25:45,000
patterns and practiced forms of 
isolation for certain 

2783
02:25:45,000 --> 02:25:47,600
conditions. 
There are explanatory Models, 

2784
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:51,200
Incorporated, spiritual and 
humoral, Concepts alien to your 

2785
02:25:51,200 --> 02:25:54,800
biomedical framework. 
Treatments focused on restoring 

2786
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:58,200
balance rather than eliminating 
specific pathogens, your 

2787
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:01,300
inability to conceptualize 
illness within their framework 

2788
02:26:01,300 --> 02:26:04,200
would prevent you from accessing
what limited effective 

2789
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:08,100
treatments existed. 
Ultimately your body represents 

2790
02:26:08,100 --> 02:26:12,500
a naive immunologicals system, 
entering an environment of 

2791
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:16,800
hardened, pathogens and limited,
medical interventions diseases 

2792
02:26:16,800 --> 02:26:19,900
that were minor for the Mongols.
Could severely affect you due to

2793
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:23,500
your biological vulnerabilities.
Modern medicine has not made you

2794
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:26,100
stronger, it has allowed 
physiological weaknesses to 

2795
02:26:26,100 --> 02:26:29,200
persist that would become fatal 
liabilities and 13th century 

2796
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:32,100
disease landscape you would be 
as unfamiliar with Mongol 

2797
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:34,800
Empire, survival psychology as 
with its physical challenges. 

2798
02:26:34,800 --> 02:26:38,500
Your mental architecture formed 
by a wealth of information. 

2799
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:43,000
Psychological safety nets and 
individualistic Frameworks would

2800
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:47,400
crumble in the 13th century 
wandering landscape Consider how

2801
02:26:47,408 --> 02:26:51,000
you use time, the modern mind 
divides time into hours 

2802
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:55,100
scheduled days ahead, minutes 
recorded on computer screens and

2803
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:58,800
seconds before deadlines or 
meetings, Moon cycles, seasonal,

2804
02:26:58,800 --> 02:27:02,200
migrations and animal diurnal 
habits shaped Mongol. 

2805
02:27:02,200 --> 02:27:07,100
Temporal perception instead of 
calendars weather Grass and 

2806
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:10,700
animal behavior were considered.
Your artificially scheduled 

2807
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:13,700
internal clock would struggle to
match these fundamental needs 

2808
02:27:13,700 --> 02:27:16,100
leaving you confused and out of 
sync. 

2809
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:19,900
Information processing includes 
another major discontinuity. 

2810
02:27:20,600 --> 02:27:23,700
Due to information overload, 
your swimming, through mountains

2811
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:26,500
of data, and constructing 
sophisticated filtering systems,

2812
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:29,900
because of a lack of 
information, Mongols or every 

2813
02:27:29,900 --> 02:27:32,300
observation as potentially 
useful for survival. 

2814
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,600
Their hyper-awareness of mineral
animal activity, distant dust 

2815
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:39,900
clouds and small wind direction 
changes showed cognitive 

2816
02:27:39,900 --> 02:27:41,800
adaptations to a low information
world. 

2817
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:45,300
Your attention patterns are used
to get a lot of information with

2818
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:49,000
little meaning so you would miss
critical environmental cues. 

2819
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:54,000
Risk assessment Frameworks very 
wide, widely modern psychology 

2820
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:56,700
indicates human's employee 
probability estimation and 

2821
02:27:56,700 --> 02:28:00,200
outcomes of verity to judge 
danger these systems developed 

2822
02:28:00,200 --> 02:28:02,900
in environments with long-term 
well-controlled dangers. 

2823
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:06,600
existential threats in the 
Mongol cognitive environment 

2824
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:09,300
required being assessed 
immediately, without probability

2825
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:13,600
calculations in a world where 
everyday choices May kill your 

2826
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:18,100
brain's risk assessment software
Updated for modern risks would 

2827
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,200
cause constant anxiety, identity
would change. 

2828
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:24,600
Totally Personal narratives 
regarding your past, 

2829
02:28:24,600 --> 02:28:29,000
professional tasks and chosen 
connections, likely shape your 

2830
02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:32,400
sense of self. 
Mongol identity was based on 

2831
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:36,300
Ancestry tribe and military unit
only when an individual's 

2832
02:28:36,300 --> 02:28:38,100
attributes assisted these 
collectives. 

2833
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:41,300
Did they matter few modern 
brains can make the leap, from 

2834
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,200
who I am to whose I am in 
self-concept. 

2835
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:46,500
It goes beyond, cultural 
adaptability. 

2836
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:49,300
Emotional management methods 
would fail. 

2837
02:28:49,300 --> 02:28:52,600
You modern emotional management 
involves verbalization 

2838
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:56,300
introspection and discussion or 
therapy for the Mongols, 

2839
02:28:56,300 --> 02:29:00,200
physical expression. 
Emotional strength, and stoicism

2840
02:29:00,200 --> 02:29:03,800
were more important than words. 
Emotions were largely expressed 

2841
02:29:03,800 --> 02:29:07,100
in ritualized circumstances. 
Like funeral laments and Triumph

2842
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:10,400
celebrations, your persistent. 
Emotional transparency, might be

2843
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:13,400
risky due to your ongoing unmet 
need for emotional processing. 

2844
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:16,700
Another psychological barrier is
sleep. 

2845
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,300
Okay, texture modern human 
sleep. 

2846
02:29:19,300 --> 02:29:23,000
Consolidated in temperature, 
controlled, gloomy environments,

2847
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:26,600
security requirements. 
Dictated, the Mongols segmented.

2848
02:29:26,600 --> 02:29:28,600
Sleep patterns, which often 
occurred in. 

2849
02:29:28,608 --> 02:29:32,600
So, so as both locations with 
little calm your brain was 

2850
02:29:32,600 --> 02:29:35,100
conditioned for deep sleep 
cycles under regulated 

2851
02:29:35,100 --> 02:29:38,300
conditions, thus persistent 
sleep disturbance, would damage 

2852
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:41,600
it severely When survival 
demands, Optimum cognitive 

2853
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:44,100
performance. 
Such disruptions hinder 

2854
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:46,100
decision, making your moral 
landscape. 

2855
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,500
Change may be most puzzling 
modern morality centers on 

2856
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,800
rights Justice and harm 
minimisation across fictitious 

2857
02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:56,200
population's Mongol, ethical 
Frameworks, emerged from 

2858
02:29:56,200 --> 02:29:59,700
communal bonding resource 
acquisition and lineage 

2859
02:29:59,700 --> 02:30:02,600
continuation. 
Actions that help short-term 

2860
02:30:02,600 --> 02:30:06,900
aims were good regardless of our
groups. your deep-rooted moral 

2861
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:10,200
intuitions about Universal, 
human value would not help in a 

2862
02:30:10,200 --> 02:30:13,300
moral World whose ethical limits
rarely, extended Beyond familial

2863
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:16,700
Networks, Spiritual systems 
would also alienate. 

2864
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:21,600
Modern spirituality emphasizes 
belief, emotional connection and

2865
02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:25,200
personal meaning, even when 
religious Mongol spiritual 

2866
02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:28,000
practices focused on balancing 
the visible, and invisible 

2867
02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:31,100
Realms through rituals, 
animistic beliefs held that 

2868
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:33,700
natural atmospheric. 
And Celestial phenomena were 

2869
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:37,000
aware due to this fundamental 
disparity between your 

2870
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:39,300
Consciousness bounds. 
And the Mongol spiritual 

2871
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,300
environment, you would 
repeatedly commits significant 

2872
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:45,700
spiritual transgressions, your 
association with violence would 

2873
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:48,800
be emphasized. 
Modern psychology says, violence

2874
02:30:48,800 --> 02:30:50,600
is traumatic and requires 
recovery. 

2875
02:30:51,300 --> 02:30:54,000
Violence involvement and 
observation were commonplace in 

2876
02:30:54,008 --> 02:30:57,400
Mongol, cognitive environments, 
requiring minimal psychological 

2877
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:00,900
processing. 
Your brain was never educated to

2878
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,900
be exposed to violence, so it 
would react to Everyday 

2879
02:31:03,900 --> 02:31:07,300
occurrences with traumatic, 
stress generating, a chain 

2880
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:10,300
reaction of sight yet in 
stability that no 13th century 

2881
02:31:10,300 --> 02:31:13,000
framework could handle. 
Your relationship with 

2882
02:31:13,000 --> 02:31:16,100
uncertainty may be your final 
and most difficult psychological

2883
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:19,500
challenge. 
Modern life is complicated, but 

2884
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:23,600
institutional stability, medical
prognosis and weather, forecasts

2885
02:31:23,600 --> 02:31:26,100
are predictable. 
Mongols had to be comfortable 

2886
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:29,400
with unclear information, and 
unpredictable consequences. 

2887
02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:33,300
Since they lived in a world of 
tremendous uncertainty in a 

2888
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,600
world, where uncertainty is the 
norm your underlying need? 

2889
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,100
For predictability would 
generate constant worry. 

2890
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:42,200
The Mongol Empires technology 
would be both familiar and 

2891
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:45,600
unfamiliar to modern humans. 
You may assume your more 

2892
02:31:45,600 --> 02:31:48,900
technologically sophisticated 
than 1300 Travelers but you 

2893
02:31:48,900 --> 02:31:51,600
don't grasp what technology 
implies in diverse contexts. 

2894
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,700
Mongol weapons include the 
composite bow Material Science 

2895
02:31:55,700 --> 02:31:59,200
by a mechanical engineering and 
generational knowledge went into

2896
02:31:59,200 --> 02:32:01,900
this little device. 
These weapons were fashioned of 

2897
02:32:01,900 --> 02:32:06,500
wood horn, sinew, birchbark, and
glues correcting them. 

2898
02:32:06,500 --> 02:32:08,700
Took two years, the resulting 
device. 

2899
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:12,500
Could penetrate armor at 200 
meters for expert Shooters, not 

2900
02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:14,700
being able to produce maintain 
or use. 

2901
02:32:14,700 --> 02:32:16,600
This primitive. 
Technology would leave you 

2902
02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:18,500
unarmed in a weapon, Rich 
civilization. 

2903
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:23,300
Another seemingly easy field was
textile production, which was 

2904
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:26,600
exceedingly, difficult. 
Mongol felt making developed 

2905
02:32:26,600 --> 02:32:28,600
wool in to a water resistant, 
warm. 

2906
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:31,600
Textile protecting against 
severe weather was crucial. 

2907
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:34,800
The process required, a 
profound, understanding of 

2908
02:32:34,800 --> 02:32:38,100
animal fibers, how to manipulate
them, and how to mechanically 

2909
02:32:38,100 --> 02:32:40,600
apply pressure, moisture and 
Heat. 

2910
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:45,300
Without understanding these 
procedures, you can't create or 

2911
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:48,600
fix safety gear. 
This process exposes you to the 

2912
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:51,300
outdoors. 
Fire control methods would also 

2913
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,700
be inaccessible. 
The Mongols were knowledgeable 

2914
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:58,800
about using animal excrement 
wood and dried grasses as fuel 

2915
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:02,000
sources, each burn differently, 
and had varied uses. 

2916
02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:05,800
They started fires even in windy
or damp conditions, using Flint 

2917
02:33:05,800 --> 02:33:09,200
striking and specific Tinder. 
You would be vulnerable if 

2918
02:33:09,200 --> 02:33:12,000
matches or lighters broke down 
and you had no other options. 

2919
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:15,700
Navigation technology, may be 
the most extreme example of 

2920
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:19,800
development versus reality. 
GPS would stop operating after a

2921
02:33:19,800 --> 02:33:23,500
few hours if the battery died. 
However, the Mongols navigated 

2922
02:33:23,500 --> 02:33:27,300
using star positions landmarks, 
whether patents an animal 

2923
02:33:27,300 --> 02:33:29,600
behavior. 
These techniques didn't require 

2924
02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:33,200
power or infrastructure. 
The Mongols crossed thousands of

2925
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:36,100
kilometers of flat desert 
without charts, which you 

2926
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:38,100
probably can't do with paper 
directions. 

2927
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:40,900
Similar variants is exist. 
In food preservation 

2928
02:33:40,900 --> 02:33:44,500
refrigerators industrial canning
and chemical. 

2929
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:48,000
Preservatives keep food fresh 
nowadays, they didn't exist in 

2930
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,900
the 1300s. 
Mongol Technologies like 

2931
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:55,600
fermentation dehydration smoking
and salt curing preserved Foods,

2932
02:33:55,600 --> 02:33:57,800
caloric value, year-round, 
without energy. 

2933
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,200
If you're unfamiliar with these 
strategies, you might need to 

2934
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:02,700
rely on others for food 
preservation. 

2935
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:07,300
Transportation technology. 
Revolutionizes progress, you may

2936
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:10,200
be proud of your driving skills,
but their meaningless without 

2937
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:13,000
proper equipment. 
The Empire's principal mode of 

2938
02:34:13,008 --> 02:34:16,500
transportation was horseback 
riding which required biological

2939
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:19,900
knowledge years of practice and 
intricate equipment maintenance 

2940
02:34:19,900 --> 02:34:22,500
abilities. 
Horses were self-repairing 

2941
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:25,000
self-replicating transportation 
systems. 

2942
02:34:25,000 --> 02:34:28,500
That converted grass into engine
energy, not being able to use 

2943
02:34:28,500 --> 02:34:30,600
primitive. 
Transportation would make 

2944
02:34:30,600 --> 02:34:32,500
getting around and socializing 
difficult. 

2945
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:36,900
Communication technology also 
turned growth around without 

2946
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:40,000
modern infrastructure. 
Interaction was impossible in 

2947
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:43,300
the 1300s Mongols used. 
Yams for long distance 

2948
02:34:43,300 --> 02:34:46,100
communication. 
A complicated relay Network 

2949
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:49,500
carried messages up to 300 
kilometers daily across the 

2950
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:53,200
world's largest land Empire. 
messages were conveyed through 

2951
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:57,700
memory multilingual scripts an 
equine relay systems without any

2952
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,400
infrastructure without your 
communication equipment, you 

2953
02:35:01,400 --> 02:35:03,900
wouldn't be able to communicate 
like a Mongol messenger 

2954
02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:08,700
Disparities in medical tools 
matter drugs, electronic 

2955
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:11,500
Diagnostics and Specialists 
power, modern medicine. 

2956
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:15,400
However, Mongol medicine used 
localized, Botanical knowledge, 

2957
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,700
physical manipulation 
technique's, an environmental 

2958
02:35:18,700 --> 02:35:21,200
remedies gleaned from 
generations of observation. 

2959
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:26,000
Their farmer contained, hundreds
of plant mineral and animal 

2960
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:27,200
treatments for different 
ailments. 

2961
02:35:28,200 --> 02:35:30,900
Has your body faced new 
pathogens, you would have fewer 

2962
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:33,900
medical care options without 
contemporary medical systems or 

2963
02:35:33,900 --> 02:35:36,200
traditional knowledge, bases 
technological. 

2964
02:35:36,200 --> 02:35:40,700
Epistemology how knowledge was 
gained verified and shared maybe

2965
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:42,200
the most confounding 
development. 

2966
02:35:43,100 --> 02:35:46,400
Today we understand technology 
through theoretical theories, 

2967
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:49,600
mathematical modeling and 
standard documentation. 

2968
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:54,000
The Mongols learn technology via
talking practicing and teaching 

2969
02:35:54,000 --> 02:35:57,100
I learned technology by 
practicing under Professionals 

2970
02:35:57,100 --> 02:36:00,200
for years. 
Not reading manuals If people 

2971
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:02,800
understood about technology in 
stead of reading directions, 

2972
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,300
watching tutorials and 
experimenting with setting, your

2973
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:09,000
regular methods of learning new 
technologies would not function.

2974
02:36:09,900 --> 02:36:12,600
From infrastructure dependent 
externalized Technologies to 

2975
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:14,600
knowledge base in embedded 
Technologies. 

2976
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:18,300
This move may be the hardest to 
adjust to modern technology 

2977
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:22,400
makes human smarter by providing
external devices, by providing 

2978
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,000
internalized information and 
embodied abilities. 

2979
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:28,900
Mongol technology made people 
Wiseau even more fundamental 

2980
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:31,500
Than Physical. 
Hardships, social complexity, 

2981
02:36:31,500 --> 02:36:35,100
military demands disease, 
susceptibility cycle, logical, 

2982
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:38,100
barriers and technological. 
Inversions is the fact that your

2983
02:36:38,100 --> 02:36:40,200
modern Consciousness would still
be unable to access. 

2984
02:36:40,200 --> 02:36:42,300
The existential. 
Meaning framework that gave 

2985
02:36:42,300 --> 02:36:45,600
Mongols suffering purpose. 
Think about time Horizons, 

2986
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:50,100
Modern Life encourages long-term
planning, retirement plans, for 

2987
02:36:50,100 --> 02:36:52,900
decades health habits, for life 
and career. 

2988
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:57,200
Routes for 50 years urgency, 
seasonal preparation and 

2989
02:36:57,200 --> 02:36:58,900
generational continuity, 
limited. 

2990
02:36:58,900 --> 02:37:01,700
Meaningful temporal 
contemplation in the Mongol 

2991
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:05,600
existential framework, which 
operated on compressed time. 

2992
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:08,700
Horizons compression was an 
Adaptive response to the 

2993
02:37:08,708 --> 02:37:11,100
environment, not a cognitive 
restriction. 

2994
02:37:11,100 --> 02:37:14,400
Your natural ability to project 
into distant possibilities, 

2995
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:16,900
would not help you survive in an
unpredictable world. 

2996
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,500
Different meanings were given to
suffering modern paradigms view 

2997
02:37:21,500 --> 02:37:24,300
suffering as a problem to be 
solved rather than a part of 

2998
02:37:24,308 --> 02:37:28,100
life social Technical and 
Medical Systems aim to alleviate

2999
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:31,800
discomfort and promote Comfort. 
A meaningful life required 

3000
02:37:31,800 --> 02:37:35,000
hardship, which showed once 
value, demonstrated character, 

3001
02:37:35,000 --> 02:37:37,500
through resilience, and 
reinforced, communal, 

3002
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:39,300
relationships via common 
suffering. 

3003
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:43,400
According to the Mongol 
existential Paradigm, a version 

3004
02:37:43,400 --> 02:37:46,000
to discomfort would be 
considered a sign of dangerous 

3005
02:37:46,000 --> 02:37:49,500
weakness, in a society where 
accepting adversity deliberately

3006
02:37:49,500 --> 02:37:53,800
was a sign of maturity. 
You would be confused by value 

3007
02:37:53,800 --> 02:37:58,400
hierarchies self-actualization 
expression and fulfillment of 

3008
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:00,000
valued in modern Western 
culture. 

3009
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:03,400
The Mongol value system, 
prioritized ceremonial 

3010
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:07,800
attendance communal survival and
lineage continuation to maintain

3011
02:38:07,800 --> 02:38:11,000
Cosmic order. 
The ideal death for Mongols was 

3012
02:38:11,000 --> 02:38:14,700
often dying in battle for their 
Master which ensured spiritual 

3013
02:38:14,700 --> 02:38:18,300
transition and familial 
Prestige, modern ideas of a 

3014
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,800
beneficial, death include 
Comfort, despite from Pain and 

3015
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:24,600
family. 
In a culture that values social 

3016
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:28,500
status over individual identity,
your individualistic ideals are 

3017
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:31,300
irrelevant. 
Justice would also look strange.

3018
02:38:32,200 --> 02:38:35,000
The primary principles of modern
justice theory are proportional 

3019
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:38,400
punishment. 
Procedural fairness an 

3020
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,400
individual rights. 
Restoring Cosmic social and 

3021
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:43,000
outcomes. 
Stability was Paramount in 

3022
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:46,000
Mongol Justice. 
The severity of the penalty. 

3023
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:48,700
Often reflected the victim 
offender status Gap rather than 

3024
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:51,600
the crime. 
Significant crimes against low 

3025
02:38:51,600 --> 02:38:55,000
status victims, carried nominal 
finds while minor offenses 

3026
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:57,700
against High status, victims, 
carried, death sentences. 

3027
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:01,000
These Arrangements offended, 
your daily sense of Fairmont. 

3028
02:39:01,800 --> 02:39:04,600
Therefore, they wouldn't help 
you adapt to the real Judicial 

3029
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:09,000
System translation is especially
challenging in religion, even 

3030
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,800
while they preserve ancient 
elements, modern spiritual 

3031
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:14,400
systems have adapted 
individualism and science. 

3032
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:18,400
Mongol religion, integrated 
animistic Traditions, shamanic 

3033
02:39:18,400 --> 02:39:21,400
intermediation, and ancestor 
veneration in a cosmic 

3034
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:24,100
perspective, where spiritual and
material Realms were 

3035
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:26,000
interconnected to please 
invisible. 

3036
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:28,600
Entities rituals had to be 
performed regularly. 

3037
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:32,400
Your secularized worldview or 
modern religious framework. 

3038
02:39:32,400 --> 02:39:35,400
Might discourage you from 
engaging in spiritual practices 

3039
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:37,500
that were once considered 
necessary. 

3040
02:39:37,500 --> 02:39:41,100
Social technology for regulating
invisible forces, political 

3041
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:42,800
engagement, definitions would 
shift. 

3042
02:39:42,800 --> 02:39:46,600
Similarly voting speaking out. 
And joining institutions are all

3043
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:50,100
elements of modern politics, 
Mongol politics centered on 

3044
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:54,400
personal Allegiance as shown by 
military duty resource giving 

3045
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:58,300
and physical presence. 
Political legitimacy was based 

3046
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:02,600
on Military Victory resource 
acquisition or Divine favor, not

3047
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:05,300
procedure. 
If might and write was still 

3048
02:40:05,300 --> 02:40:08,500
linked, rather than conceptually
distinct, your good governance 

3049
02:40:08,500 --> 02:40:11,800
idea would fail your new 
relationship with nature may be 

3050
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:15,100
the most complicated Modern 
environmental Frameworks, 

3051
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:18,800
represent humans as independent 
of an influencing natural 

3052
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:20,800
systems. 
Whether exploitative or 

3053
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:24,000
conservationist. 
Mongol existential philosophy 

3054
02:40:24,000 --> 02:40:27,200
holds that humans are part of 
ecological systems impacted by 

3055
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:31,800
seasonal flows weather patterns,
and animal, Migration human 

3056
02:40:31,800 --> 02:40:34,200
communities were little 
subsystems of nature that were 

3057
02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:37,900
the primary reality, not a 
resource or aesthetic backdrop. 

3058
02:40:38,700 --> 02:40:41,200
In a worldview where humans were
integrated into natural 

3059
02:40:41,200 --> 02:40:44,000
processes. 
Your role as Nature's spectator 

3060
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:48,100
consumer or protector would 
change Different meanings, 

3061
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:51,600
surrounded death, most deaths 
today, occur in sterile 

3062
02:40:51,600 --> 02:40:54,500
medicalized and artificially, 
delayed conditions. 

3063
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:58,300
Death was a constant presence in
the Mongol Empire often 

3064
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:01,700
violently this proximity, 
fostered, practical acceptance 

3065
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:04,200
of mortality rather than 
callousness or despair. 

3066
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:06,600
Happy lives included planning 
for death. 

3067
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:10,900
Ensuring lineage continuity, 
adopting Memorial rights and 

3068
02:41:10,900 --> 02:41:12,900
keeping spiritual links Beyond 
physical life. 

3069
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:15,700
Your possible, death phobia 
bread. 

3070
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:18,700
In a culture of mortality, 
denial would not exist in a 

3071
02:41:18,708 --> 02:41:21,200
society where accepting death 
was normal emotional 

3072
02:41:21,200 --> 02:41:23,900
development. 
Integration of purpose is the 

3073
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:27,900
final existential challenge. 
Today, purpose is often 

3074
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:30,700
considered a human Enterprise of
meaning-making through identity 

3075
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:34,500
construction, work choices and 
purchase decisions. 

3076
02:41:34,500 --> 02:41:38,600
The Mongol existential framework
gave meaning to societal roles 

3077
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:42,800
Cosmic order and ancestry. 
Pre-existing systems 

3078
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:45,900
externalized, the goal. 
You would not get much social 

3079
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:48,800
support for self-determined, 
meaning in a setting where 

3080
02:41:48,800 --> 02:41:52,100
purpose comes from doing 
prescribed tasks, well, rather 

3081
02:41:52,100 --> 02:41:55,600
than pushing or exceeding them. 
Existential a strange moment 

3082
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:58,400
would make you a lifelong 
Outkast more than physical 

3083
02:41:58,400 --> 02:42:04,100
hardship, illness or technology.
Even if you physically adapt and

3084
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:11,000
shit. 
We think of the Great 

3085
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:14,000
Depression, we see dust storms 
and bread, lines and sepia. 

3086
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:17,100
Before we can appreciate the 
psychological impact of the 

3087
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:19,800
economic collapse. 
We must remember the world that 

3088
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:22,800
was lost a world of 
extraordinary optimism and 

3089
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:27,000
excessive consumerism that few 
today can imagine by 1988 

3090
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:30,500
Americans believed in Endless 
Prosperity, almost religiously. 

3091
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:33,800
The typical manufacturing pay 
has increased by approximately 

3092
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:38,400
40% since the early 1920s, most 
new, urban homes have indoor 

3093
02:42:38,400 --> 02:42:42,100
plumbing longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

3094
02:42:42,100 --> 02:42:44,300
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

3095
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:49,000
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

3096
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:53,600
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

3097
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:56,300
stock market. 
We thought we discovered 

3098
02:42:56,300 --> 02:42:58,200
economic immortality so 
Philadelphia. 

3099
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:00,500
Radio salesperson, Martin 
Steinberg. 

3100
02:43:00,500 --> 02:43:04,900
My customers bought philco and 
RCA's on installment player's 

3101
02:43:04,900 --> 02:43:08,100
with 10% down. 
I set up their new consoles as 

3102
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:11,300
they discuss their Investments 
Milton gave stock advice. 

3103
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:13,300
Stock tips were to the shoe 
shine. 

3104
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,300
Boy, those should have been 
warning signs, but we were drunk

3105
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:19,400
with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

3106
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:22,500
times generated. 
A strange isolation extended 

3107
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:25,200
families, that live together for
economic reasons, split into 

3108
02:43:25,200 --> 02:43:28,400
nuclear units. 
Many uncouples bought homes in 

3109
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:29,900
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

3110
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:32,700
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

3111
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,100
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

3112
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:38,500
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

3113
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:42,000
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

3114
02:43:42,000 --> 02:43:46,100
establishments, When the crash 
came we discovered how much we'd

3115
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:49,400
sacrificed for material Goods, 
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 

3116
02:43:49,400 --> 02:43:53,500
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

3117
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:57,200
My father was well, positioned, 
we owned a Packard Frigidaire 

3118
02:43:57,200 --> 02:44:01,100
and phone, we scaredly new our 
neighbor's everyone competed for

3119
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:05,000
new gadgets and things we had 
little when my father lost his 

3120
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:08,500
job in 1930. 
We had limited resources. 

3121
02:44:09,600 --> 02:44:12,300
They didn't know us, well enough
to help and we were ashamed to 

3122
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:15,700
ask for assistance. 
American society is atomization 

3123
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:18,800
would be deadly. 
During the economic crisis, many

3124
02:44:18,800 --> 02:44:21,700
families suffered a loan without
Community safety nets. 

3125
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:25,200
American Banks were unexpectedly
vulnerable to financial 

3126
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:29,000
instabilities. 
First tremors in the 1920s bank 

3127
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:32,000
accounts were uninsured unlike 
today's FDI. 

3128
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,700
Insured deposits. 
Most Americans didn't know their

3129
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:37,800
deposits. 
Finance speculative Investments.

3130
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:41,400
people viewed, the collapse of 
rural banks in the late, 19th 

3131
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:45,100
and early 20th, centuries as a 
local issue, affecting backward,

3132
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:48,700
rural communities, Continental, 
Illinois Banks teller Harold 

3133
02:44:48,700 --> 02:44:51,200
Jenkins, recalls the denial, 
Management. 

3134
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:53,700
Assured us. 
These rural bank failures in 28,

3135
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,600
were isolated cases attributable
to deteriorating. 

3136
02:44:56,600 --> 02:45:00,900
Agricultural prices, The crucial
connections were missed our 

3137
02:45:00,900 --> 02:45:03,000
loan, officers approved 
mortgages with low down, 

3138
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:06,600
payments, and margin loans, for 
stock buyers after the crash are

3139
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:10,200
leaders to correction. 
This institutional, blindness 

3140
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:14,100
included government in early 
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 

3141
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:17,200
Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

3142
02:45:17,200 --> 02:45:20,700
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

3143
02:45:21,400 --> 02:45:24,600
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic mix 

3144
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:28,500
held, that economic hardship was
necessary to purify and rebuild 

3145
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:30,800
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

3146
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:35,200
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt the cycle

3147
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:37,100
modifications forced on 
everyday. 

3148
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:41,200
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer 

3149
02:45:41,200 --> 02:45:44,500
Behavior significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

3150
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:46,600
as convenience's and identity 
markers. 

3151
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:50,000
Car or cigarette brand to find 
one social status. 

3152
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:53,700
Many suffered financial and 
existential crisis when these 

3153
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:57,400
material indicators disappeared.
We lost more than our money 

3154
02:45:57,400 --> 02:45:59,700
said, Mildred Hayes a store 
Clark. 

3155
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:03,100
We forgot who we were the life 
and future stories. 

3156
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:06,300
We told us crashed. 
My husband was promoted to floor

3157
02:46:06,300 --> 02:46:08,400
manager. 
We saved for a Suburban house 

3158
02:46:08,400 --> 02:46:10,500
down payment, after his job 
loss. 

3159
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:13,200
We moved in with his parents and
slept on a fold-out couch, in 

3160
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:15,400
their parlor. 
How do you explain this 

3161
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,600
reversal? 
For millions of Americans. 

3162
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,600
This cognitive dissonance 
between expectations and reality

3163
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:25,200
to find the early depression. 
The world, they were promised to

3164
02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:28,500
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

3165
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,200
maps. 
All goal guide, the financial 

3166
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:35,600
collapse of 1929 to 1933 wasn't 
just about stock market losses 

3167
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:39,300
affecting wealthy investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

3168
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:42,300
America's was the destruction of
the banking system and with it 

3169
02:46:42,300 --> 02:46:47,900
their life-saving between 1930 
and 1933 over 9,000 banks 

3170
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:50,600
failed. 
Nearly 40% of all banks in the 

3171
02:46:50,600 --> 02:46:53,100
United States. 
Each closure triggered, 

3172
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:55,400
cascading losses, and 
communities where those Banks 

3173
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,300
operated unlike today's news 
cycle, which might report bank 

3174
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:02,900
failures as abstract statistics.
Those closures were visceral 

3175
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:06,600
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

3176
02:47:06,608 --> 02:47:09,300
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

3177
02:47:09,300 --> 02:47:11,800
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg, Illinois. 

3178
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,800
When her Town's largest Bank 
closed, people were pounding on 

3179
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,300
the doors. 
Some women were crying Mr. 

3180
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:21,000
Hobart. 
Who owned the hardware store, 

3181
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:25,000
sat on the curb with his head in
his hands my father, lost 800 

3182
02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:29,600
dollars his entire savings. 
That night mother cut up an old 

3183
02:47:29,608 --> 02:47:31,200
dress to make me a new one for 
school. 

3184
02:47:31,200 --> 02:47:34,600
We have to be creative. 
Now, she said her voice all 

3185
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:36,200
tight, like she was holding 
something back. 

3186
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:39,000
What's really discussed in 
depression? 

3187
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:42,100
History is how the crisis 
transformed attitudes toward 

3188
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:46,100
money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

3189
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,000
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as American's 

3190
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:52,500
Embrace financial institutions. 
After the banking collapse, many

3191
02:47:52,500 --> 02:47:54,700
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks that would last 

3192
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:57,600
generation's Community has 
responded by developing 

3193
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,400
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

3194
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:04,400
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

3195
02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:08,100
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

3196
02:48:08,100 --> 02:48:12,200
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

3197
02:48:13,100 --> 02:48:16,600
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

3198
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:19,100
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

3199
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:22,300
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton a plumbing 

3200
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:24,400
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

3201
02:48:25,100 --> 02:48:28,600
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

3202
02:48:28,600 --> 02:48:32,100
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home. 

3203
02:48:32,100 --> 02:48:35,200
Canned vegetables and even 
furniture and exchange for work.

3204
02:48:35,200 --> 02:48:37,800
My secretary kept a ledger of 
who owed. 

3205
02:48:37,800 --> 02:48:41,800
What by 1922 I was only getting 
about 30% of my payments in 

3206
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:44,500
actual currency. 
The rest was barter or promises.

3207
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:47,800
This collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

3208
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:51,300
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

3209
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:53,800
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

3210
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:57,300
When that agreement faltered 
communities improvised 

3211
02:48:57,300 --> 02:49:00,000
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

3212
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:02,500
For children. 
The depression's monetary 

3213
02:49:02,500 --> 02:49:04,100
lessons were particularly 
complex. 

3214
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:08,000
Kathryn Wagner who grew up in 
San Francisco, recalled. 

3215
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:11,000
My father had been a successful 
attorney before the crash 

3216
02:49:11,000 --> 02:49:13,300
suddenly. 
He was accepting payment in 

3217
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:16,100
firewood or fish. 
I remember asking for a nickel 

3218
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:19,000
for candy, and my mother cried, 
not because we didn't have a 

3219
02:49:19,008 --> 02:49:22,400
nickel, we did, but because she 
understood that money now had to

3220
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:25,300
be hoarded for absolute 
necessities. 

3221
02:49:26,300 --> 02:49:29,000
The depression's monetary 
transformation was also visible 

3222
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:31,700
in how physical currency was 
treated bills. 

3223
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:36,000
Were pressed, flat coins were 
counted repeatedly and cache was

3224
02:49:36,000 --> 02:49:38,300
hidden, increasingly creative 
locations. 

3225
02:49:39,000 --> 02:49:42,200
Laura Hillman, whose father was 
a bank manager in Cincinnati 

3226
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:45,000
described finding money 
throughout their home after his 

3227
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:48,300
death in 1940. 
There were silver dollars sown 

3228
02:49:48,300 --> 02:49:51,100
into the hems of curtains bills,
tucked between book, pages, 

3229
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:54,000
coins and sealed mason jars, 
buried in the garden. 

3230
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,100
Father knew better than anyone, 
how fragile Banks were, and it 

3231
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,600
marked in permanently beyond the
Practical aspects of monies, 

3232
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:04,200
transformation was a deeper 
philosophical shift. 

3233
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:08,100
Americans who had embraced 
consumer culture and defined 

3234
02:50:08,100 --> 02:50:10,600
themselves through purchases. 
Now found themselves questioning

3235
02:50:10,600 --> 02:50:14,400
the basis of value itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

3236
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:16,400
value, became unavoidably 
apparent. 

3237
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:20,000
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

3238
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,600
And when a skilled laborers, 
daily wage fell from four 

3239
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:26,100
dollars to one dollar. 
If work could be found at all. 

3240
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:30,100
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

3241
02:50:30,100 --> 02:50:32,400
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money. 

3242
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:36,300
But the whole concept. 
A house didn't change physically

3243
02:50:36,300 --> 02:50:40,300
when its price dropped 80%, but 
suddenly the banks said, it was 

3244
02:50:40,300 --> 02:50:42,500
worth a 5th of what they'd 
claimed last year. 

3245
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:45,300
A man's labor didn't change when
his wage was cut. 

3246
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:48,600
But now an hour of sweat was 
worth half ordered Bean. 

3247
02:50:49,200 --> 02:50:51,200
This change made people question
everything. 

3248
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:55,800
This questioning extended to 
Authority itself when presidents

3249
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:57,900
Hoover and Roosevelt made 
pronouncements about the 

3250
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:00,300
economy. 
Many Americans had become 

3251
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:03,500
skeptical of official 
narratives, having watched sound

3252
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:06,600
Banks collapse and blue chip 
stocks become worthless, they 

3253
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:09,600
developed a weariness toward 
institutional pronouncements 

3254
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:11,700
that would influence American 
politics for decades. 

3255
02:51:11,700 --> 02:51:15,100
The depression's monetary chaos.
Also produced, unexpected, 

3256
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:18,100
social effects as cash became 
scarce. 

3257
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,700
Those who still had it gained. 
Outsized influence, small town 

3258
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:23,400
Bankers. 
Who had maintained liquidity. 

3259
02:51:23,400 --> 02:51:26,700
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

3260
02:51:26,700 --> 02:51:29,400
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

3261
02:51:29,400 --> 02:51:32,700
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

3262
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:36,000
hierarchies, based Less on 
traditional status markers and 

3263
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:39,500
more on financial Prudence a 
virtue that had been largely 

3264
02:51:39,500 --> 02:51:41,800
dismissed during the exuberant 
1920s. 

3265
02:51:42,600 --> 02:51:46,100
The social order flipped 
observed Harriet, Crawley a 

3266
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:50,000
school teacher from Virginia. 
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 

3267
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:53,100
were now destitute while 
cautious, Savers became 

3268
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,100
Community leaders. 
Everyone thought our principal 

3269
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:59,200
was a Frugal Miser. 
But he was the only one who 

3270
02:51:59,200 --> 02:52:01,800
could provide small loans to 
prevent faculty members from 

3271
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:05,100
losing their homes. 
His influence grew tremendously,

3272
02:52:05,100 --> 02:52:08,600
the psychological impact of the 
depression created wounds that 

3273
02:52:08,600 --> 02:52:12,000
statistics can't capture 
invisible scars. 

3274
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:15,300
That shaped behaviors 
relationships and worldviews for

3275
02:52:15,300 --> 02:52:18,300
Generations. 
While historians often focus on 

3276
02:52:18,300 --> 02:52:21,700
economic metrics, the True 
Legacy lived in changed minds 

3277
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:24,600
and hearts. 
For adults who had established 

3278
02:52:24,600 --> 02:52:27,600
identities and expectations 
before the crash, the 

3279
02:52:27,600 --> 02:52:29,800
psychological toll was 
particularly severe. 

3280
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:33,700
Dr. Edwin Matthews who practiced
medicine in Cleveland throughout

3281
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:37,200
the 1930s observed. 
I treated physical ailments, 

3282
02:52:37,200 --> 02:52:40,500
malnutrition tuberculosis 
exacerbated by poor housing 

3283
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:43,900
industrial injuries but the most
common problems were 

3284
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:47,300
psychological insomnia. 
Played former businessman 

3285
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:51,000
digestive disorders, affected 
women, trying to feed families 

3286
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:54,400
on inadequate budgets. 
I observe Tremors in hands that 

3287
02:52:54,400 --> 02:52:57,900
had previously been steady. 
These stress-related ailments 

3288
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:01,000
rarely appear in depression. 
Statistics, their affected 

3289
02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:03,400
Millions. 
More startling with the 

3290
02:53:03,408 --> 02:53:04,900
invisible. 
Behavioral changes. 

3291
02:53:04,900 --> 02:53:07,600
People who had been outgoing 
became withdrawn 

3292
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:10,500
decision-making, became 
Paralyzed by fear. 

3293
02:53:11,200 --> 02:53:13,800
Marriage is strained under 
Financial pressure, developed 

3294
02:53:13,800 --> 02:53:16,500
communication patterns centered 
on avoidance, rather than 

3295
02:53:16,500 --> 02:53:19,400
confrontation. 
My mother changed completely 

3296
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,300
said, Richard Neville, who was 
10 years old when his father 

3297
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:24,600
lost his accounting position in 
1931. 

3298
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:27,400
Before she'd been the 
neighborhood social organizer 

3299
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:31,000
card, parties Community, Theater
Church events, after we lost our

3300
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:33,500
home, and moved to a rental 
across town, she stopped seeing 

3301
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:36,900
friends entirely, she'd say, she
was too busy, but I'd find her 

3302
02:53:36,900 --> 02:53:38,800
sitting motionless by the window
for hours. 

3303
02:53:38,800 --> 02:53:42,100
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

3304
02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:46,000
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

3305
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:49,700
Shame about downward Mobility 
led many to isolate themselves 

3306
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:52,100
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

3307
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:54,400
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

3308
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:57,800
compounded, depression creating 
cycles of emotional decline that

3309
02:53:57,808 --> 02:54:00,600
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

3310
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:04,900
primitive and stigmatized For 
children, the cycle, impacts 

3311
02:54:04,900 --> 02:54:08,200
manifested differently, many 
developed extreme risk of 

3312
02:54:08,208 --> 02:54:10,700
versions and preoccupation with 
security that would influence 

3313
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:15,100
their adult decisions decades 
later School, teachers reported 

3314
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:17,600
students hoarding lunch, 
leftovers and school supplies 

3315
02:54:17,600 --> 02:54:21,300
children as young as six began 
asking anxious questions about 

3316
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:24,700
family finances. 
Clara mortonson who taught third

3317
02:54:24,700 --> 02:54:28,600
grade in Omaha noted for the 
depression children would trade 

3318
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:32,900
Sam which halves or share treats
by. 1932 I observed students 

3319
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:35,400
carefully wrapping uneaten 
portions to take home. 

3320
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:38,600
They'd count crayons repeatedly 
to ensure none were lost. 

3321
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:41,000
These weren't behaviors. 
Their parents are directly 

3322
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:42,800
taught them. 
The children were absorbing 

3323
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:44,700
anxiety from the atmosphere 
around them. 

3324
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:48,900
What's particularly striking 
about depression neuropsychology

3325
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:50,900
was the disproportionate impact 
on men. 

3326
02:54:51,700 --> 02:54:54,300
In a culture that primarily 
defined masculine Success 

3327
02:54:54,300 --> 02:54:56,900
Through provider ship 
unemployment, profoundly 

3328
02:54:56,900 --> 02:55:00,500
impacted the core of male 
identity women, though, 

3329
02:55:00,500 --> 02:55:01,800
certainly not immune to 
depression. 

3330
02:55:01,800 --> 02:55:05,500
Trauma often had secondary 
identities as caregivers and 

3331
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:07,600
home managers. 
That remained intact despite 

3332
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:10,900
Financial collapse, Henry 
Gladwell who spent two years, 

3333
02:55:10,900 --> 02:55:13,500
riding the rails after losing 
his Factory job in Akron. 

3334
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:17,000
Described this gender, 
differential, A man with out 

3335
02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:18,900
work in those days, wasn't a man
at all. 

3336
02:55:18,900 --> 02:55:22,100
Women could still be mothers and
wives without paychecks. 

3337
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:25,600
Women faced severe, hardships, 
but their experiences were 

3338
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:29,000
different from Men. 
For us men unemployment wasn't 

3339
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:31,800
just economic hardship. 
It was a masculine. 

3340
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:34,800
Some fellows are new would leave
home each morning pretending to 

3341
02:55:34,800 --> 02:55:37,300
seek employment, but would 
actually spend the day in the 

3342
02:55:37,300 --> 02:55:40,300
public library just to maintain 
the fiction that they were still

3343
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:43,700
trying. 
This gendered experience created

3344
02:55:43,700 --> 02:55:47,200
lasting imprints on family, 
Dynamics children, who watched 

3345
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:50,600
father's struggle with identity 
loss, often developed complex 

3346
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:52,700
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

3347
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:56,300
Many Depression era children 
grew up to become Workaholics 

3348
02:55:56,300 --> 02:55:59,700
driving themselves, relentlessly
to avoid the vulnerability, they

3349
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:01,400
had witnessed in their at 
parents. 

3350
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:04,800
The psychological impact 
extended to how people viewed 

3351
02:56:04,800 --> 02:56:07,900
institutions, trust in Banks 
corporations and government 

3352
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:11,600
suffered damage that would never
fully heal. for many, who had 

3353
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:14,900
believed in American capitalism 
as an essentially fast system 

3354
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:17,900
that rewarded hard work, the 
depression destroyed, this 

3355
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:22,800
foundational, assumption my 
father was a True Believer in 

3356
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:27,000
the American dream explained, 
Catherine Oaks whose family lost

3357
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:30,600
their Michigan Farm to 
foreclosure He emigrated from 

3358
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:34,700
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,
and saved every penny. 

3359
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:39,100
When the bank took off far Farm 
something broke in him. 

3360
02:56:39,100 --> 02:56:43,600
Not just sadness, his entire 
worldview collapsed. 

3361
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:47,000
He'd believed there was a moral 
order where virtue was rewarded.

3362
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:51,200
After that, he viewed all 
institutions with suspicion, he 

3363
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:53,400
wouldn't even trust the Post 
Office with packages. 

3364
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:57,700
This institutional distrust 
manifested in behaviors that 

3365
02:56:57,700 --> 02:57:01,100
outside as often found in 
comprehensible people who had 

3366
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:03,800
survived bank failures might 
divide their modest savings 

3367
02:57:03,800 --> 02:57:07,900
between multiple hiding places. 
In Portland documents were kept 

3368
02:57:07,900 --> 02:57:11,200
at home rather than in safe 
deposit boxes government 

3369
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:12,900
assistance. 
Programs were viewed with 

3370
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:17,000
suspicion even by those who 
desperately needed help, perhaps

3371
02:57:17,000 --> 02:57:21,400
most profoundly The depression 
altered America's relationship 

3372
02:57:21,400 --> 02:57:24,700
with possibility itself. 
The assumption that tomorrow 

3373
02:57:24,700 --> 02:57:26,400
would likely be better than 
today. 

3374
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,800
A quintessentially, American 
Outlook was replaced for many by

3375
02:57:29,800 --> 02:57:31,900
persistent expectation of 
calamity. 

3376
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:36,300
This anticipatory anxiety became
so ingrained that many 

3377
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:39,100
depression survivors maintained 
emergency preparations 

3378
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,900
throughout their lives long 
after economic recovery. 

3379
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:45,700
Grandmother kept a suitcase 
packed until the day she died in

3380
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:48,400
1992. 
Recalled, Tom Whittaker about 

3381
02:57:48,400 --> 02:57:51,800
his grandmother who had lived 
through bank runs in 1931. 

3382
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,400
She insisted every family member
memorized, a meeting location, 

3383
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:58,600
if things fell apart again. 
She maintained a pantry that 

3384
02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:01,500
could feed 20 people for months.
When we cleaned out her 

3385
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:04,700
apartment, we found gold coins. 
Sewn into the lining of her 

3386
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:07,000
winter coat. 
Depression never ended in her 

3387
02:58:07,000 --> 02:58:09,900
mind when we examine the 
depression Beyond economic 

3388
02:58:09,900 --> 02:58:12,300
statistics. 
We discover how profoundly it 

3389
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:16,800
transformed every day routines 
and practices necessity forced 

3390
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:19,700
innovation in ways that 
fundamentally reshaped American 

3391
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:22,600
domestic life. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

3392
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:26,100
transformation happened in 
kitchens Across America cooking 

3393
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:29,000
practices that had been trending
toward convenience Foods in the 

3394
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:31,900
1920s. 
Reverse dramatically women, who 

3395
02:58:31,900 --> 02:58:34,100
had never baked bread found 
themselves studying their 

3396
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:37,000
grandmother's recipes complex 
systems for food. 

3397
02:58:37,000 --> 02:58:38,800
Preservation emerged in Urban 
Apartments. 

3398
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:42,400
Never designed for such 
activities evening Heroes, who 

3399
02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:44,800
managed to household in 
Baltimore described, this 

3400
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:48,900
culinary Revolution? 
Before 29, I bought Baker's 

3401
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,000
bread and canned vegetables 
without thinking after my 

3402
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,200
husband's pay was cut by 2/3. 
I had to relearn everything. 

3403
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:58,700
I converted our fire escape into
a cooling rack for bread. 

3404
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:02,100
I learned to make five different
meals from a single chicken. 

3405
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,900
Nothing was wasted. 
Potato peels became super stock 

3406
02:59:05,900 --> 02:59:07,900
and meat bones were boiled 
repeatedly. 

3407
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:10,700
We strained the bacon, grease 
and used it for cooking 

3408
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:13,600
throughout the week. 
This color Andre transformation 

3409
02:59:13,600 --> 02:59:16,900
wasn't merely about frugality, 
it represented a fundamental 

3410
02:59:16,900 --> 02:59:19,200
change in how Americans related 
to their food. 

3411
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:23,200
The direct involvement in food 
production, created new 

3412
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:26,800
relationships with ingredients 
and nutrition. despite financial

3413
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:29,900
hardship, many depression 
survivors reported that their 

3414
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:33,900
diets improved in quality as 
they replaced processed foods 

3415
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:36,800
with scratch cooking, Home 
Maintenance underwent. 

3416
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:39,600
Similarly invention. 
The service economy that had 

3417
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:41,800
begun emerging in the 1920s 
collapsed. 

3418
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:45,200
As families could no longer 
afford repairman cleaners or 

3419
02:59:45,200 --> 02:59:48,600
delivery services. 
This scenario necessitated a 

3420
02:59:48,600 --> 02:59:50,400
massive reskilling of the 
American population. 

3421
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,400
Particularly among middle class 
men who had specialized 

3422
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:56,100
professionally but now needed to
become generalists. 

3423
02:59:57,200 --> 03:00:00,000
Robert Thornhill who had worked 
as an accountant in Chicago 

3424
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:03,900
exemplified this transition. 
Before the crash I called 

3425
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:06,100
Professionals for everything 
electricians. 

3426
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:09,600
Plumbers Carpenters. 
After losing my position, I 

3427
03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:12,600
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 
Streetcar, fare let alone 

3428
03:00:12,608 --> 03:00:15,800
dollars for repairs. 
I traded accounting help to a 

3429
03:00:15,800 --> 03:00:17,500
hardware store owner for tools 
and manuals. 

3430
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:21,900
I rewired our lighting, fix the 
toilet, and rebuilt, our kitchen

3431
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:25,100
table. 
My father had been a farmer, who

3432
03:00:25,100 --> 03:00:27,100
could fix anything? 
Skills. 

3433
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:29,600
I dismissed as unnecessary and 
modern times. 

3434
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:32,800
The depression brought me back 
to his world with humility. 

3435
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:37,000
This reskilling extended Beyond 
maintenance to a complete 

3436
03:00:37,000 --> 03:00:40,300
re-imagining of household 
objects Americans developed 

3437
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:42,400
ingenious systems for 
repurposing items. 

3438
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:43,700
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

3439
03:00:44,600 --> 03:00:47,700
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

3440
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:50,900
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

3441
03:00:50,900 --> 03:00:54,700
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

3442
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:57,000
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

3443
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,500
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

3444
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:04,400
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renit the yarn into socks, 

3445
03:01:04,400 --> 03:01:08,300
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

3446
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:12,700
set. she couldn't afford 
upholstery she needed fabric, so

3447
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:15,500
she gathered, burlap coffee 
sacks from local shops died, 

3448
03:01:15,500 --> 03:01:18,500
them with walnut, husks to 
achieve a consistent color and 

3449
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:21,500
refinished our worn out 
furniture She stuffed the 

3450
03:01:21,500 --> 03:01:25,400
cushions with unraveled cotton 
from worn-out mattresses guests 

3451
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:28,800
complemented, our rustic decor. 
Never realizing it was born of 

3452
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:31,900
desperation Transportation. 
Underwent the most visible 

3453
03:01:31,900 --> 03:01:35,000
transformation. 
The automobile, which had become

3454
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:38,500
Central to American identity in 
the 1920s was now often 

3455
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:41,700
unaffordable to operate. 
Families who kept their cars 

3456
03:01:41,700 --> 03:01:45,300
developed elaborate systems to 
extend their utility adding 

3457
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:48,900
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 
Converting sedans into pickup 

3458
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,400
trucks by removing rear sections
and modifying engines to burn 

3459
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:55,400
lower quality fuels. 
Many families return to pre 

3460
03:01:55,400 --> 03:02:00,700
Automotive Transportation, Urban
bicycle usage, Alan Parker who 

3461
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:02,500
delivered groceries and 
Philadelphia noted. 

3462
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:07,200
A 1932 the streets had changed 
completely, for weeks at a time 

3463
03:02:07,208 --> 03:02:09,000
people Park. 
Their cars up on blocks to 

3464
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,300
reduce tire. 
Wear bicycle's were everywhere. 

3465
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:16,700
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

3466
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:18,700
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on the back. 

3467
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:22,200
Fender people rigged, incredible
trailers to bite for moving 

3468
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:25,200
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

3469
03:02:25,200 --> 03:02:29,800
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment movies, nightclubs

3470
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:32,800
and sports events became 
unaffordable luxuries for many 

3471
03:02:32,800 --> 03:02:36,900
in response Americans. 
Rediscovered, participatory and 

3472
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:39,900
entertainment, Community 
singing, amateur theatricals and

3473
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:43,000
storytelling circles 
experienced, unexpected, 

3474
03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:47,200
revivals or games enjoyed, 
unprecedented popularity with 

3475
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,000
families, often making their own
versions of commercial games. 

3476
03:02:50,800 --> 03:02:53,200
The depression also forced 
reconsideration of living 

3477
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,100
arrangements. 
Extended families, Consolidated 

3478
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,400
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

3479
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:03,100
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

3480
03:03:03,100 --> 03:03:06,900
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

3481
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:08,900
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

3482
03:03:09,900 --> 03:03:12,500
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

3483
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:14,200
other women. 
Describe these Arrangements. 

3484
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:18,000
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

3485
03:03:18,000 --> 03:03:21,400
a secretary and provided most of
our cashing come with my sewing 

3486
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:22,700
machine. 
Still in working order. 

3487
03:03:22,700 --> 03:03:25,700
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

3488
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:28,800
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

3489
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:31,100
as any Factory. 
Scheduled for cooking cleaning 

3490
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:33,900
and job hunting. 
We were not relatives but 

3491
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:36,000
necessity made us close of the 
many families. 

3492
03:03:37,600 --> 03:03:40,700
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

3493
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:44,800
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

3494
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:49,900
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

3495
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:51,500
available might come at any 
hour. 

3496
03:03:51,500 --> 03:03:54,500
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

3497
03:03:54,500 --> 03:03:57,400
structure to days, no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

3498
03:03:58,100 --> 03:04:00,700
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

3499
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:04,700
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

3500
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:08,700
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred despair 

3501
03:04:08,700 --> 03:04:13,100
so I created a schedule as rigid
as the Mills up at 5:30 

3502
03:04:13,100 --> 03:04:15,100
breakfast job hunting until 
noon. 

3503
03:04:15,100 --> 03:04:18,900
After noon for repair work or 
gardening, I dedicate my 

3504
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:22,800
evening's to reading in order to
enhance my skills on Sundays, I 

3505
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:25,600
dedicate myself to church and 
spending time with my family, it

3506
03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:28,400
wasn't about efficiency. 
It was about maintaining sanity 

3507
03:04:28,400 --> 03:04:30,100
when the clock no longer ruled 
my life. 

3508
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:33,300
This reinvention of daily 
routines wasn't merely 

3509
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:35,600
adaptation. 
It represented a profound 

3510
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,600
cultural shift in how Americans 
related to material Goods 

3511
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:42,800
services and time itself. 
The depression forced a 

3512
03:04:42,800 --> 03:04:46,200
nationwide reassessment of needs
versus wants durability. 

3513
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:50,300
Vs disposability and 
self-reliance vs specialization 

3514
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:53,900
These values would influence 
consumption, patterns, and 

3515
03:04:53,900 --> 03:04:56,400
domestic practices for decades 
after economic recovery. 

3516
03:04:56,400 --> 03:05:00,200
The depression is famous for 
individual hardships, but its 

3517
03:05:00,200 --> 03:05:02,900
most impressive story may be how
communities devise survival 

3518
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:05,800
strategies, that changed 
American Social organization. 

3519
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,700
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

3520
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:11,300
individual efforts failed, 
highly sophisticated 

3521
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:15,200
neighborhood supports systems 
arose, informal communication, 

3522
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:18,600
networks, convey information 
about jobs Assistance, programs 

3523
03:05:18,600 --> 03:05:21,000
and local credit providers in 
metropolitan areas. 

3524
03:05:21,700 --> 03:05:24,600
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

3525
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:28,200
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

3526
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:30,400
information. 
Before the crash. 

3527
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:32,000
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

3528
03:05:32,000 --> 03:05:33,800
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

3529
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:36,100
Two floors down, said, 
Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

3530
03:05:36,100 --> 03:05:38,100
Goldstein. 
Mrs. Esposito. 

3531
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:41,300
And my mother ran a Soup pot for
both families in 1931. 

3532
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:45,000
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

3533
03:05:45,000 --> 03:05:47,900
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

3534
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:51,800
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

3535
03:05:51,800 --> 03:05:54,900
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

3536
03:05:54,900 --> 03:05:57,400
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

3537
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,700
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic, 

3538
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:03,000
Child Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job. 

3539
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:05,900
Hunting days tool. 
Libraries let neighbors share 

3540
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:09,200
expensive gear. 
Urban vacant sites become 

3541
03:06:09,200 --> 03:06:11,100
fertile land with communal 
Gardens. 

3542
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:15,000
The depression also saw formal 
mutual help organizations grow, 

3543
03:06:15,000 --> 03:06:17,900
many histories focus on 
government relief programs, 

3544
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:21,200
although community-based 
structures delivered faster and 

3545
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:24,900
more culturally relevant Aid. 
Religious fraternal and ethnic 

3546
03:06:24,900 --> 03:06:27,800
benefit societies extended their
roles to meet economic 

3547
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:30,800
requirements. 
The black fraternal group Prince

3548
03:06:30,800 --> 03:06:33,400
Hall Masons exhibited this 
expansion. 

3549
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:36,500
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 
Washington said. 

3550
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:40,300
Our organization, traditionally 
provides burial benefits and 

3551
03:06:40,300 --> 03:06:42,900
social connections. 
We became a job office Food, 

3552
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:46,100
Distribution Center and housing,
referral agency overnight during

3553
03:06:46,100 --> 03:06:48,900
the Depression, every working 
brother supported the 

3554
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,400
unemployed. 
When the economy faild, our 

3555
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:55,300
community retained dignity, 
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 

3556
03:06:55,300 --> 03:06:57,500
workplace activism to provide 
overall support. 

3557
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,000
The international ladies garment
Workers Union in New York 

3558
03:07:01,000 --> 03:07:04,700
sponsored Health, Clinic's 
Cooperative, housing, and adult 

3559
03:07:04,700 --> 03:07:08,300
education. 
Michigan United Auto Workers 

3560
03:07:08,300 --> 03:07:10,800
unemployment council's. 
Organized, direct action to 

3561
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:14,200
avoid eviction later, UAB 
leader, Walter Ruth or 

3562
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:16,000
remembered early, Depression era
activities. 

3563
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:18,600
Hundreds of workers blocked, the
sheriff. 

3564
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,300
When a family received an 
eviction notice, then we 

3565
03:07:21,308 --> 03:07:23,700
negotiate lower, rent, or 
payment schedule with the 

3566
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:26,600
landlord, we'd return. 
The family's possession after 

3567
03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:30,000
authorities left. 
If eviction was inevitable, now 

3568
03:07:30,000 --> 03:07:32,700
we fought for Community 
survival, not pay. 

3569
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:37,000
Rural communities established 
unique mutual help systems. 

3570
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:40,900
Besides advocacy, The Grange 
coordinated seed exchanges, 

3571
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:43,000
equipment, sharing and labor 
pooling. 

3572
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:47,000
Farmers formed, communal lending
circles, based on European and 

3573
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:49,500
African Customs. 
When bank failures devastated, 

3574
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:53,200
the conventional credit system, 
Transformations were especially 

3575
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:56,500
profound in churches, religion 
became a distribution 

3576
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:58,500
employment, and housing 
coordinators. 

3577
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:01,300
In addition, to spiritual 
assistance, when public 

3578
03:08:01,300 --> 03:08:04,300
education funds, fell Church, 
basements became schools, 

3579
03:08:04,300 --> 03:08:07,300
religious communities, that had 
focused on spirituality. 

3580
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:11,300
Now, addressed material, 
concerns directly, Before the 

3581
03:08:11,300 --> 03:08:13,700
depression, charity was a minor 
part of our ministry. 

3582
03:08:13,700 --> 03:08:16,500
Said data. 
First Methodist Church Pastor, 

3583
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:19,500
Michael Thompson, We turned our 
refuge into a nighttime 

3584
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:23,500
dormitory by 1932. 
Our Sunday School classes became

3585
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:27,200
Healthcare Clinic with volunteer
nurse's, we broadened Christian 

3586
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:29,300
responsibility from Spirits to 
bodies. 

3587
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,000
Theological consequences were 
huge. 

3588
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:33,800
We couldn't preach about 
Paradise. 

3589
03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:35,100
While neglecting Earthly 
Missouri. 

3590
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:39,000
The crosscutting aspect of these
Community Systems was 

3591
03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:42,900
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

3592
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:45,900
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

3593
03:08:45,900 --> 03:08:48,300
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

3594
03:08:48,300 --> 03:08:51,800
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

3595
03:08:51,800 --> 03:08:55,000
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

3596
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:57,900
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

3597
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:01,100
like West, Virginia's arthurdale
community and spontaneous 

3598
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:03,600
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

3599
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:07,600
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

3600
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:09,300
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

3601
03:09:09,300 --> 03:09:13,200
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

3602
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:17,900
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

3603
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:19,900
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

3604
03:09:20,700 --> 03:09:24,400
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

3605
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:27,000
restaurant, veterans, ran our 
shared kitchen. 

3606
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:31,000
We printed labor-backed script. 
It was more than survival. 

3607
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:33,600
We were developing an 
alternative to the fail to 

3608
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,500
economy. 
These Villages were social and 

3609
03:09:36,508 --> 03:09:39,600
economic Innovation Labs. 
Many tried Cooperative 

3610
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:42,900
ownership, labor exchange, and 
non-monetary economies to 

3611
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:45,800
replace capitalism. 
Most of these attempts were 

3612
03:09:45,800 --> 03:09:49,000
absorbed into mainstream 
Economic Institutions that the 

3613
03:09:49,000 --> 03:09:50,900
shaped American Community 
organization. 

3614
03:09:51,900 --> 03:09:54,900
Community structures generated 
psychological resilience that 

3615
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:56,800
individuals couldn't most 
notably. 

3616
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:01,000
Mutual Aid, participants had 
lower depression and suicide 

3617
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:02,500
rates than those who struggled 
alone. 

3618
03:10:03,300 --> 03:10:05,700
Community responses brought 
meaning to suffering, that may 

3619
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:09,500
have seemed useless. 
Chicago settlement house. 

3620
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:13,200
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 
Community connections kept 

3621
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:16,300
Spirits alive. 
A huge psychological difference,

3622
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:19,600
existed between unemployed men 
who joined our workers Council. 

3623
03:10:19,600 --> 03:10:23,500
And those who stayed alienated 
meaning and perseverance came 

3624
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:26,300
from shared hardship. 
The council members endured 

3625
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:29,100
hunger and pain with friends not
shamefully alone. 

3626
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:31,600
These Collective survival 
structures. 

3627
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:34,400
Challenged American 
individualism greatly, they 

3628
03:10:34,400 --> 03:10:37,600
showed that interdependence not 
self-reliance, determined 

3629
03:10:37,600 --> 03:10:42,300
economic disaster, survivability
Long after the Depression, this 

3630
03:10:42,300 --> 03:10:44,400
lesson shaped social policy and 
Community. 

3631
03:10:44,400 --> 03:10:47,700
Organizing the Great Depression 
affected, almost all Americans, 

3632
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,900
all though, some of events are 
forgotten black American 

3633
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:53,700
suffered greatly during the 
Depression but conventional 

3634
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:57,600
narrative, rarely mention it 
already discriminated against in

3635
03:10:57,600 --> 03:11:00,700
work housing and education. 
Black communities saw the 

3636
03:11:00,708 --> 03:11:02,700
depression as a worsening of 
their poverty. 

3637
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:06,500
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian
Thompson characterized this 

3638
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:09,000
continuity. 
White's discussed the 

3639
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:10,600
depression. 
Like it ended the world. 

3640
03:11:10,600 --> 03:11:15,400
Historically colored people were
economically insecure last hired

3641
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:17,700
first. 
Dismissed his arm or we lost 

3642
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:21,400
even our minimal security, my 
spouse, and I saved 400 dollars 

3643
03:11:21,400 --> 03:11:23,700
for a house. 
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 

3644
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:26,500
that money vanished. 
No government officials worried 

3645
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:28,600
about black Banks, like they did
white ones. 

3646
03:11:29,500 --> 03:11:33,100
Black agricultural workers 
suffered most in rural areas in 

3647
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:35,700
addition to Chronic debt from 
sharecropping, they faced 

3648
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:37,900
falling cotton prices and 
agricultural mechanization. 

3649
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:41,900
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 
eliminated, thousands of jobs in

3650
03:11:41,900 --> 03:11:44,400
the 1930s when Alternatives were
scarce. 

3651
03:11:44,400 --> 03:11:47,800
This agricultural, displacement 
spurred the great migration of 

3652
03:11:47,808 --> 03:11:50,800
black Americans to Northern 
cities, the housing 

3653
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:54,000
discrimination forced them into 
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 

3654
03:11:54,900 --> 03:11:58,100
many New Deal initiatives helped
Americans find housing but 

3655
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:01,200
redlining excluded black 
neighborhoods indigenous. 

3656
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,000
Populations experience the 
depression through a complicated

3657
03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:07,700
mix of economic breakdown and 
Colonial policy. 

3658
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:10,900
The failure of the cash economy 
had less of an impact on 

3659
03:12:10,900 --> 03:12:14,700
traditional subsistence tribes 
than on non-natives those forced

3660
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:16,700
into wage labor by previous 
government. 

3661
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:20,500
Legislation were especially 
vulnerable, Joseph, Blackhawk 

3662
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:23,700
and Omaha tribal member, who 
worked in Nebraska Meatpacking 

3663
03:12:23,700 --> 03:12:26,300
for facilities said, government 
schools and reservation 

3664
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:29,000
regulations, destroyed our 
grandparents Land Based 

3665
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:31,700
abilities. 
Any of us relied on wage work, 

3666
03:12:31,700 --> 03:12:34,600
that disappeared during the 
Depression, the transformation 

3667
03:12:34,600 --> 03:12:37,300
of our hunting grounds into 
farms and our plant Gathering 

3668
03:12:37,300 --> 03:12:40,000
sights into paved areas. 
Prevented us from reverting to 

3669
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:43,000
our ancient Customs, the 
simultaneous failure of both 

3670
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:47,700
systems, put us Between Worlds. 
The 1934 Indian reorganization 

3671
03:12:47,700 --> 03:12:51,800
Act, despite its promotion as a 
progressive reform, resulted in 

3672
03:12:51,800 --> 03:12:54,200
increased economic dependency 
during the Depression 

3673
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:57,800
constitutions, that prioritize 
resource exploitation have 

3674
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:00,800
reformed tribes promoting 
outside interests over 

3675
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:03,900
indigenous communities. 
Mexican-americans in the 

3676
03:13:03,908 --> 03:13:07,200
south-west had particular, 
depression problems, large 

3677
03:13:07,200 --> 03:13:09,100
producers slashed wages 
drastically. 

3678
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:12,100
That still demanded hard work 
when crop prices, plummeted, 

3679
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:15,600
Mexican and Mexican-American 
workers faced violence, 

3680
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,700
oppression and deportation due 
to their organizing efforts. 

3681
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:21,800
The federal government's 
repatriation plans, demonstrate 

3682
03:13:21,800 --> 03:13:26,100
economic, distress, and racial 
targeting about 60% of the one 

3683
03:13:26,100 --> 03:13:29,000
to two million, Mexican 
Americans, deported, or pushed 

3684
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:32,000
to leave. 
The US between 1929 and 1936. 

3685
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:35,300
Were US citizens. 
The result was one of the 

3686
03:13:35,300 --> 03:13:38,600
largest forced migration in 
American history frequently with

3687
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:42,900
without legal procedure. 
Elena Ramirez whose family was 

3688
03:13:42,900 --> 03:13:47,000
deported to Mexico in. 1932 
said, immigration agents in 

3689
03:13:47,008 --> 03:13:49,700
circled, our Los Angeles 
neighborhood and loaded everyone

3690
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:52,000
onto trucks. 
The fact that my brother and I 

3691
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:55,100
were born in California and held
a American citizenship did not 

3692
03:13:55,100 --> 03:13:57,700
matter. 
We only had a few hours to pack.

3693
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:00,800
My father worked at the same 
Factory for nine years. 

3694
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:03,400
Our church school and Friends 
vanished. 

3695
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:07,900
Overnight we landed in Mexico as
strangers, 20 years, after my 

3696
03:14:07,900 --> 03:14:10,500
parents departed. 
We were considered pochos, 

3697
03:14:10,500 --> 03:14:13,500
neither Mexican nor American 
Urban Americans. 

3698
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:17,000
Rarely saw the hardship of rural
white populations in Appalachia 

3699
03:14:17,000 --> 03:14:20,300
and the Ozarks economic 
deterioration in these areas 

3700
03:14:20,300 --> 03:14:24,100
began before, 1929 owing to 
Resource extraction and changing

3701
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:27,800
agricultural markets, the 
depression sank economically 

3702
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:31,000
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

3703
03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:33,800
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

3704
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:37,300
undeserving poor. 
New Deal initiatives favored, 

3705
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:39,700
recent middle-class dropouts 
over multi-generational. 

3706
03:14:39,700 --> 03:14:42,100
Poor. 
Such multi-tiered assistance 

3707
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:44,400
schemes, occasionally excluded, 
the most desperate. 

3708
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:48,400
Disability, during depression is
another underestimated pain 

3709
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:50,700
Factor. 
Family support systems and 

3710
03:14:50,700 --> 03:14:54,000
philanthropic institutions 
crumbled, putting Americans with

3711
03:14:54,000 --> 03:14:56,100
Disabilities in unparalleled 
hardship. 

3712
03:14:57,000 --> 03:14:59,900
When demand for disabled 
American Services expanded 

3713
03:14:59,900 --> 03:15:02,900
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 
their facilities. 

3714
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,900
A Massachusetts state 
psychiatric hospitals. 

3715
03:15:05,900 --> 03:15:09,700
Dr. Margaret Chen. 
Observe this declined we were 

3716
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:13,800
under staffed and underfunded 
before the crash after State. 

3717
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:16,000
Budgets fell circumstances were 
terrible. 

3718
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:19,400
Our patient base increased while
staff shrank by a third. 

3719
03:15:20,000 --> 03:15:22,900
Food quality, plummeted 
treatment became confinement. 

3720
03:15:23,700 --> 03:15:26,000
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

3721
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:28,700
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

3722
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:33,100
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

3723
03:15:33,100 --> 03:15:35,800
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

3724
03:15:35,800 --> 03:15:38,900
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

3725
03:15:38,900 --> 03:15:41,700
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

3726
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:44,100
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

3727
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:47,100
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

3728
03:15:47,100 --> 03:15:50,700
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

3729
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,500
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

3730
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:57,100
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

3731
03:15:57,100 --> 03:15:59,900
depression related, 
psychological, trauma caused 

3732
03:15:59,900 --> 03:16:03,100
untreated mental health issues. 
However, economic disaster. 

3733
03:16:03,100 --> 03:16:05,800
Affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

3734
03:16:05,800 --> 03:16:09,500
schools in various locations, 
cut academic years or shuttered,

3735
03:16:09,500 --> 03:16:13,000
due to budget, limitations child
labor, which had been falling 

3736
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:15,900
for decades rows as families, 
required cash from everyone 

3737
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:19,400
malnutrition, at Key development
had lifelong physical and 

3738
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:22,700
cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky. 

3739
03:16:22,700 --> 03:16:26,300
Teacher saw these changes. 
Planting and harvest attendance 

3740
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,200
was intermittent before the 
catastrophe, many children 

3741
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:33,500
vanished by 1932, I found them 
working full-time at anything 

3742
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:35,600
they could find when I visited 
their home's. 

3743
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,500
Some families had broken up with
children, living with relatives 

3744
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:40,700
or neighbors while parents 
looked for jobs. 

3745
03:16:40,700 --> 03:16:44,300
Many of my students lost the 
idea of infancy as a protected 

3746
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:47,500
period of development. 
These forgotten depression 

3747
03:16:47,500 --> 03:16:50,000
scenes, show how economic 
disaster deep and social 

3748
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,200
divisions, while popular 
narratives highlight shared pain

3749
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:56,700
that linked Americans, these 
Forgotten Tales show how crises 

3750
03:16:56,700 --> 03:16:59,300
reinforced race region, aptitude
and age. 

3751
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,600
Hierarchies the Great Depression
created enduring legacies. 

3752
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,700
That shaped American Society for
Generations, in ways, few could 

3753
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:08,900
have predicted these influences 
transformed behaviors and 

3754
03:17:08,900 --> 03:17:11,800
attitudes that would persist 
long after economic recovery. 

3755
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:15,100
The most visible Legacy was 
American's relationship with 

3756
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,400
Financial Risk. 
Depression survivors developed 

3757
03:17:18,400 --> 03:17:21,800
what marketers later called, 
depression syndrome, Financial 

3758
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:24,500
behaviors that prioritize 
security over opportunity. 

3759
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:28,700
Even when economically 
irrational, Millionaires who had

3760
03:17:28,700 --> 03:17:31,200
survived bank failures 
maintained multiple modest 

3761
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:33,400
accounts rather than 
Consolidated ones. 

3762
03:17:33,400 --> 03:17:36,800
Successful professionals refused
more mortgages despite having 

3763
03:17:36,800 --> 03:17:40,000
ample income. 
Families stockpiled Necessities 

3764
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:44,000
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 

3765
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:47,300
consumer researcher in the 1950s
noted that conventional 

3766
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,200
advertising could not persuade 
depression survivors, they 

3767
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:52,500
evaluated purchases through a 
trauma lens. 

3768
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:56,100
I interviewed a doctor who kept 
25 pounds of coffee in his 

3769
03:17:56,100 --> 03:17:58,400
Pantry. 
When coffee was Raton during the

3770
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:00,100
war. 
He developed anxiety about 

3771
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:04,300
shortages, 20 years later 
despite abundant supplies, he 

3772
03:18:04,300 --> 03:18:07,100
maintained this buffer against a
threat that no longer existed. 

3773
03:18:08,100 --> 03:18:11,100
This security oriented mindset 
was passed down to children, 

3774
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:15,200
raised by depression survivors. 
The silent generation and early 

3775
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:17,400
baby boomers inherited their 
parents risk. 

3776
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:21,600
Aversion, despite growing up in 
unprecedented prosperity, This 

3777
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:24,400
generational transmission of 
financial trauma influenced 

3778
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:26,800
banking, housing and Retail 
sectors for decades. 

3779
03:18:26,800 --> 03:18:30,400
As these sectors are knowingly, 
catered to customers whose 

3780
03:18:30,400 --> 03:18:33,000
decision-making was influenced 
by psychological patterns 

3781
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,500
formed. 
During the 1930s, The 

3782
03:18:35,500 --> 03:18:37,800
depression, fundamentally 
altered, Americans relationship 

3783
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:41,900
with government. 
Before 1929 most citizens had 

3784
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,100
minimal interaction with federal
agencies. 

3785
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:47,900
By 1940, government had become 
an everyday presence through 

3786
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:51,000
relief, programs employment 
projects and Regulatory 

3787
03:18:51,000 --> 03:18:54,700
Frameworks this created 
expectations that transcended 

3788
03:18:54,700 --> 03:18:58,600
traditional political division. 
Frank Holloway who administered 

3789
03:18:58,600 --> 03:19:03,400
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.
Before the depression mentioning

3790
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:06,400
I worked for the federal 
government, Drew suspicion by 

3791
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:08,900
1936. 
People welcome to me because I 

3792
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:12,100
represented jobs and assistance 
people who philosophically 

3793
03:19:12,100 --> 03:19:15,600
opposed government interference.
Now, expect Government 

3794
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:19,400
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't
about liberal or conservative 

3795
03:19:19,400 --> 03:19:22,600
was at a fundamental 
recalibration of what government

3796
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:25,800
was for. 
Cultural expressions, underwent 

3797
03:19:25,800 --> 03:19:29,300
profound transformation the Arts
developed dual, impulses that 

3798
03:19:29,300 --> 03:19:31,500
seemed contradictory, but often 
existed. 

3799
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:34,900
Within the same Works 
unflinching documentation of 

3800
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:36,900
suffering alongside Escapist 
entertainment. 

3801
03:19:37,900 --> 03:19:40,500
The documentary tradition 
emerged in photography, Walker 

3802
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:43,800
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 
literature Steinbeck Wright 

3803
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:46,900
while escapism flourished in 
Hollywood musicals, and 

3804
03:19:46,900 --> 03:19:50,000
superhero comics. 
Playwright Arthur Miller 

3805
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:52,200
explained this Duality the 
theater. 

3806
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:55,100
Swung between Agate prop realism
and Pure Fantasy. 

3807
03:19:55,100 --> 03:19:58,100
What endured were works that 
somehow managed both 

3808
03:19:58,100 --> 03:20:01,100
acknowledging suffering. 
While suggesting Transcendence 

3809
03:20:01,100 --> 03:20:04,100
audience is needed both truth 
and hope reality and 

3810
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:06,200
possibility. 
The depression created a 

3811
03:20:06,208 --> 03:20:08,400
generation that approached 
community building with 

3812
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:11,100
deliberate intention. 
Having experience helped 

3813
03:20:11,100 --> 03:20:14,100
economic disaster. 
Could isolate individuals, many 

3814
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:16,500
survivors became what 
sociologists later called, 

3815
03:20:16,500 --> 03:20:19,900
intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

3816
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:22,300
Community connections, as 
insurance against future 

3817
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:25,900
hardship, the explosion of Civic
organizations in post 

3818
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,500
depression, America, from pta's 
to Neighborhood association's 

3819
03:20:29,500 --> 03:20:34,200
reflected this impulse. 
While often viewed as expression

3820
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:37,900
of 1950s Conformity. 
These organizations actually 

3821
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:42,700
represented lessons learned from
1930s isolation, Perhaps most 

3822
03:20:42,700 --> 03:20:45,400
profound was the depression's 
impact, on Americans 

3823
03:20:45,400 --> 03:20:49,700
relationship, with work itself 
employment became more than an 

3824
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:52,400
economic necessity. 
It became psychological 

3825
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:55,100
validation. 
Experience of involuntary 

3826
03:20:55,100 --> 03:20:58,600
joblessness created lasting 
associations between work and 

3827
03:20:58,600 --> 03:21:00,200
identity. 
That influenced retirement 

3828
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:04,300
patterns for decades. 
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied

3829
03:21:04,300 --> 03:21:08,300
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 
survivors approached retirement 

3830
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:11,300
differently than subsequent 
Generations, they often could 

3831
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:12,200
not articulate. 
Why? 

3832
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,700
Continued work felt essential 
Once successful businessman told

3833
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:18,700
me, I know, I don't need the 
money but I need to be needed. 

3834
03:21:19,500 --> 03:21:23,300
their concern was about income, 
but about avoiding the cycle of 

3835
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:25,500
uselessness, they had 
experienced during unemployment 

3836
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:29,700
decades earlier, Looking back, 
many aspects of American life, 

3837
03:21:29,700 --> 03:21:32,800
we take for granted from Social 
Security, to bank deposit, 

3838
03:21:32,800 --> 03:21:36,900
Insurance emerged directly from 
depression experience's these 

3839
03:21:36,900 --> 03:21:40,300
institutional responses to 
catastrophe became so normalized

3840
03:21:40,300 --> 03:21:44,100
that their Origins and crisis 
were forgotten their existence 

3841
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:47,800
seemingly natural rather than a 
response to specific historical 

3842
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:51,200
trauma. 
What remains most remarkable 

3843
03:21:51,200 --> 03:21:54,000
about the depression's legacy is
how it demonstrated both human 

3844
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:56,900
vulnerability and resilience is 
simultaneously. 

3845
03:21:56,900 --> 03:22:00,200
It revealed how quickly 
Prosperity could vanish and how 

3846
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:02,100
fragile social structures could 
prove. 

3847
03:22:03,000 --> 03:22:05,300
Yet it also showed how 
communities could adapt and 

3848
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:07,700
societies could reimagine 
themselves in response to 

3849
03:22:07,700 --> 03:22:09,900
catastrophe. 
As depression. 

3850
03:22:09,900 --> 03:22:11,900
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 
reflected. 

3851
03:22:11,900 --> 03:22:15,100
What stayed with me wasn't the 
hardship itself but the 

3852
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:18,200
discovery of what humans could 
withstand and create from ruins,

3853
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:21,800
we lost our innocence, about 
Economic Security, but gained 

3854
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:25,200
wisdom about human connection. 
The Disappearance of the money 

3855
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:27,300
did not diminish. 
The value of the ingenious 

3856
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:31,000
adaptations, extraordinary 
kindnesses and communities 

3857
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:32,800
forged in struggle. 
That replaced it. 

3858
03:22:33,800 --> 03:22:36,500
The Paradox of catastrophe is 
that it takes with one hand, but

3859
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:39,600
gives with the other and 
sometimes the gifts out last, 

3860
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:47,400
the losses. 
Picture yourself standing 

3861
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:51,700
outside a towering Manhattan 
mansion in 1885 clutching A Worn

3862
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:54,000
carpet bag and wearing your only
decent dresses. 

3863
03:22:54,700 --> 03:22:57,700
The marble steps stretch up like
a mountain, but you're not 

3864
03:22:57,708 --> 03:23:00,500
headed that way. 
Your entrance is around back 

3865
03:23:00,500 --> 03:23:03,100
through a narrow door. 
Marked only by the constant 

3866
03:23:03,100 --> 03:23:06,600
stream of delivery boys and 
other working, folks, Welcome to

3867
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:10,000
your new life as a housemaid in 
America's Gilded Age where the 

3868
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:13,000
rich got richer and you got to 
scrub their chamber pots. 

3869
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:17,300
The servants entrance opens into
a different Universe entirely. 

3870
03:23:18,000 --> 03:23:21,100
While the family upstairs lives,
surrounded by velvet, drapes, 

3871
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:24,200
and crystal chandeliers, you're 
entering a maze of narrow 

3872
03:23:24,200 --> 03:23:28,000
hallways steep staircases and 
rooms that never see proper 

3873
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,300
sunlight. 
The basement kitchen feels like 

3874
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:34,300
a ship's Galley, cramped hot, 
and buzzing with activity. 

3875
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:38,300
The downstairs is your world now
and it operates by rules as 

3876
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:42,000
rigid as any Royal Court. 
Your first shot comes, when the 

3877
03:23:42,000 --> 03:23:44,100
housekeeper Mrs. Patterson 
hands. 

3878
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:45,900
You a list of Duties longer than
your arm. 

3879
03:23:45,900 --> 03:23:48,900
Did you assume that housework 
only involves sweeping and 

3880
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:51,600
dusting? 
Think again, your responsible 

3881
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:54,700
for everything from blackening, 
the Cold Stone's Before Dawn, to

3882
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:58,000
polishing door handles with such
Precision that the Master of the

3883
03:23:58,000 --> 03:24:01,100
House, shouldn't see a single 
fingerprint and that's just 

3884
03:24:01,100 --> 03:24:02,500
Monday. 
The uniform. 

3885
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:06,200
Comes next, a gray wolf dressed.
That itches something fierce 

3886
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:08,500
covered by a white apron that 
must remain spotless. 

3887
03:24:08,500 --> 03:24:11,900
Despite the fact that you'll be 
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 

3888
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,800
floors and Hauling buckets of 
water up, three flights of 

3889
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:17,600
stairs. 
The little white cap perched on 

3890
03:24:17,600 --> 03:24:20,600
your head serves as both 
identification and humiliation. 

3891
03:24:20,600 --> 03:24:24,100
Your invisible, until your 
needed and needed until the job 

3892
03:24:24,100 --> 03:24:27,400
is perfect. 
Your bedroom is a closet sized 

3893
03:24:27,400 --> 03:24:30,300
space under the eaves shared 
with another Maiden named, Sarah

3894
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:34,700
who snores like a freight train.
The single window faces an air 

3895
03:24:34,700 --> 03:24:38,300
shaft offering a view of 
absolutely nothing except the 

3896
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:39,800
brick wall of the house next 
door. 

3897
03:24:39,800 --> 03:24:43,500
But hey, at least you get your 
own chamber pod though, you'll 

3898
03:24:43,500 --> 03:24:47,300
be emptying everyone else's too.
The pace sounds decent at first 

3899
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:49,700
maybe eight dollars a month plus
room and board. 

3900
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:53,700
But then you discover the board 
consists of whatever leftovers. 

3901
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,600
The family doesn't want served 
at a wooden table in the 

3902
03:24:56,600 --> 03:24:58,100
kitchen. 
After the family has finished, 

3903
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:01,400
their elaborate meals up stairs,
your lead to lot of bread and 

3904
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:05,000
gravy and you'll be grateful for
it because jobs are scarce and 

3905
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:08,000
this beats, the factory work 
that slowly killing your cousin 

3906
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:10,500
back home. 
What nobody tells you is, how 

3907
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:12,100
the hierarchy Works below 
stairs. 

3908
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:16,200
The butler rules like a king. 
The housekeeper like a queen and

3909
03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:18,300
you're somewhere near the bottom
of the pecking order with the 

3910
03:25:18,308 --> 03:25:21,000
scullery maid. 
And the boot boy everyone has a 

3911
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:22,600
boss and someone else bosses 
them around. 

3912
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:25,500
It's like a pyramid scheme 
except instead of selling 

3913
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:27,900
overpriced vitamins. 
You're all selling your dignity 

3914
03:25:27,900 --> 03:25:31,400
one scrubbed floor at a time. 
The Strangers part isn't the 

3915
03:25:31,408 --> 03:25:33,700
work, it's becoming a ghost in 
your life. 

3916
03:25:33,700 --> 03:25:37,500
You dust around the family as 
the breakfast invisible as 

3917
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:40,100
Furniture. 
You change sheets while they're 

3918
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:42,500
at the Opera racing, any sign 
that you exist. 

3919
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:45,400
You know, intimate details about
their lives. 

3920
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:48,400
Who's having Affairs, whose 
losing money at cards, who can't

3921
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:51,400
sleep without Lord and them, but
they couldn't pick you out of a 

3922
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:54,300
police lineup. 
Yet somehow in this strange 

3923
03:25:54,300 --> 03:25:56,400
never World between upstairs and
downstairs. 

3924
03:25:56,400 --> 03:25:59,900
You'll find a community, the 
other servants become your 

3925
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:03,100
family, sharing gossip over 
Stolen Moments, and leftover 

3926
03:26:03,100 --> 03:26:06,800
cake, you'll discover that Mrs. 
Patterson isn't as Stern as she 

3927
03:26:06,800 --> 03:26:09,900
seems and that even the stuffy 
Butler wants sneaked you an 

3928
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:12,800
extra blanket during cold. 
Snap, your hands will become 

3929
03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:15,300
rough and read your back. 
Will ache from bending over 

3930
03:26:15,300 --> 03:26:18,400
scrub brushes and you'll fall 
into bed each night exhausted. 

3931
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,200
But you'll also develop muscles,
you never need. 

3932
03:26:21,200 --> 03:26:24,600
You had learn skills that would 
impress any modern efficiency 

3933
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:28,100
expert and gain a perspective on
wealth and privilege that few 

3934
03:26:28,100 --> 03:26:30,000
people ever get to see from the 
inside. 

3935
03:26:30,000 --> 03:26:33,100
Five in the morning marks the 
start of your day with the 

3936
03:26:33,100 --> 03:26:36,900
world, still in darkness and the
house in a quiet that Echoes 

3937
03:26:36,900 --> 03:26:40,400
with every footstep you've 
learned to dress by feel 

3938
03:26:40,400 --> 03:26:42,300
fumbling for your uniform, in 
the pitch black. 

3939
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:44,700
Because lighting, a candle would
wake, Sarah. 

3940
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:47,900
And a cranky roommate makes an 
already difficult day. 

3941
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:51,600
Downright miserable. 
First task is creeping down 

3942
03:26:51,600 --> 03:26:53,700
stairs, like a burglar in your 
workplace. 

3943
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,100
Those beautiful hardwood floors,
that the family walks on. 

3944
03:26:57,108 --> 03:27:01,000
So elegantly, become your enemy 
in the pre-dawn hours every 

3945
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,800
board seems designed to Creak at
the worst possible moment. 

3946
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:07,700
You've mapped out the quiet 
spots like a criminal Heist. 

3947
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,400
Stepping only where the 
floorboards meet the joists. 

3948
03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:13,100
Once you reach the kitchen, it's
time for the morning miracle 

3949
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:16,100
bringing the house to life 
without anyone upstairs, knowing

3950
03:27:16,100 --> 03:27:18,500
how it happens. 
The Cold Stone needs to be 

3951
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:22,200
cleaned out fresh coal added and
the fire coaxed back to life, 

3952
03:27:22,200 --> 03:27:25,700
your hands turn black within 
minutes and you'll spend the 

3953
03:27:25,708 --> 03:27:28,100
rest of the day trying to scrub 
the evidence from under your 

3954
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:30,800
fingernails. 
But this temperamental iron 

3955
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:35,100
Beast is your life line. 
No, fire means no hot water, no 

3956
03:27:35,100 --> 03:27:37,200
cooking and no heat for the 
families. 

3957
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:40,100
Mourning comfort. 
While the stove heats up your 

3958
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:42,700
racing against time to complete 
what servants called The 

3959
03:27:42,700 --> 03:27:46,300
Invisible ballet, every surface 
that the family might touch 

3960
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,600
needs to be perfect before. 
They wake up door, knobs become 

3961
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:52,800
polished, until they gleam 
carpets become beaten free of 

3962
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:55,900
yesterday's dust, and windows 
are cleaned with a mixture of 

3963
03:27:55,908 --> 03:27:58,800
vinegar and newspaper. 
That leaves your hands, smelling

3964
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:02,500
like a Pickle Factory. 
The state of the bathroom, 

3965
03:28:02,500 --> 03:28:05,700
warrant a separate narrative 
indoor, plumbing is still a 

3966
03:28:05,700 --> 03:28:08,800
luxury even in wealthy homes. 
So, you're dealing with chamber 

3967
03:28:08,800 --> 03:28:11,900
pots, wash basins, and the 
occasional newfangled water 

3968
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:14,400
closet that breaks down more 
often than it works. 

3969
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,000
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 
Pots becomes as routine as 

3970
03:28:18,008 --> 03:28:20,700
brushing your teeth though, 
considerably less Pleasant. 

3971
03:28:20,700 --> 03:28:24,200
You develop a technique that 
involves holding your breath and

3972
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:27,100
contemplating, literally 
anything else breakfast. 

3973
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:29,100
Preparation happens in 
Controlled Chaos. 

3974
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:32,900
Cook maintains strict Authority 
in the kitchen wielding. 

3975
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:35,100
A wooden spoon with 
determination to ensure that 

3976
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:39,900
anyone who obstructs her efforts
is swiftly dealt with. your 

3977
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:42,600
responsible for setting the 
dining room table with military 

3978
03:28:42,600 --> 03:28:46,800
precision, Every 4K exactly one.
Inch from the edge of the plate,

3979
03:28:46,800 --> 03:28:51,100
every napkin folded into perfect
triangles, the family's 

3980
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:52,900
breakfast. 
Must be delivered up stairs as 

3981
03:28:52,900 --> 03:28:55,700
if by Magic hot and impeccably 
arranged. 

3982
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:59,400
While you hastily grab cold 
leftover, biscuits and hope your

3983
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:01,600
stomach remains silent enough to
go unnoticed. 

3984
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,100
The washing routine would make a
modern person, week, everything 

3985
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:09,100
is scrubbed by hand with a lie 
soap, that could strip paint 

3986
03:29:09,100 --> 03:29:12,300
from a barn door. 
Bed sheets are boiled in large 

3987
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:15,500
copper tubs and stirred with 
wooden paddles, reminiscent of 

3988
03:29:15,500 --> 03:29:17,800
preparing, an exceedingly, 
tedious stew. 

3989
03:29:17,800 --> 03:29:20,300
Your hands develop calluses in 
places. 

3990
03:29:20,300 --> 03:29:23,000
You didn't know could grow 
blisters and the constant 

3991
03:29:23,000 --> 03:29:25,400
moisture makes your skin crack 
like dried leather. 

3992
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:29,500
Laundry day transforms the 
basement into a steamy jungle. 

3993
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:34,100
Clothesline stretch everywhere. 
Creating a maze of damp, Linens 

3994
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:36,500
and undergarments. 
You learn to navigate this. 

3995
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:40,000
Textile, obstacle course or 
carrying baskets of wet laundry 

3996
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:41,600
that weigh more than small 
children. 

3997
03:29:42,500 --> 03:29:45,400
The air becomes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

3998
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:49,000
like drowning in slow motion and
your hair escapes from your cap.

3999
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:51,100
In rebellious wisps that make 
you look like, you've been 

4000
03:29:51,108 --> 03:29:54,700
struck by lightning. 
The ironing comes next using 

4001
03:29:54,700 --> 03:29:58,600
heavy metal ions heated on the 
stove, these weapons of domestic

4002
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:01,200
destruction weigh about five 
pounds, each and retain heat 

4003
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:04,300
like tiny furnaces. 
You'll burn yourself at least 

4004
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:07,500
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars that 

4005
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:09,300
Mark, you as permanently as any 
Sailors. 

4006
03:30:09,300 --> 03:30:12,700
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge crisp and perfect 

4007
03:30:12,700 --> 03:30:15,800
while your own uniform looks 
like you slept in it, which 

4008
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:19,400
somedays you practically did. 
Between all these tasks, your 

4009
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:21,100
constantly running up and down 
stairs. 

4010
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,800
That seemed designed by someone 
who hated servant's your legs 

4011
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,700
develop the strength of a 
mountain climber, but you'll 

4012
03:30:27,700 --> 03:30:31,700
need start protesting before you
turn. 25 each trip up stairs. 

4013
03:30:31,700 --> 03:30:33,400
Feels like scaling Mount 
Everest. 

4014
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,600
Especially when your carrying 
heavy buckets, or baskets of 

4015
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:40,200
clean laundry. 
The morning routine ends around 

4016
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:43,400
9 when the family finally makes 
their grand appearance 

4017
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:46,500
downstairs by. 
Then you've been working for 

4018
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:50,300
four hours accomplished enough, 
tasks to exhaust a small army 

4019
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:52,700
and somehow managed to make it 
all look effortless. 

4020
03:30:53,700 --> 03:30:56,400
The family effortlessly 
navigates their morning, routine

4021
03:30:56,400 --> 03:30:59,400
unaware that a team of servants 
has been working tirelessly 

4022
03:30:59,400 --> 03:31:01,400
behind the scenes to ensure 
their comfort. 

4023
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:04,300
The invisible line between 
upstairs and downstairs isn't 

4024
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:08,000
marked on any blueprint, but it 
might as well be painted in neon

4025
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:10,500
cross it at the wrong time, or 
in the wrong way. 

4026
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,700
And you'll face consequences 
ranging from sharp words to 

4027
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:17,100
outright dismissal. 
Learning to navigate this social

4028
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:20,000
Minefield becomes as crucial as 
mastering the art of silver 

4029
03:31:20,000 --> 03:31:22,500
polish. 
Your training in invisibility 

4030
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:26,600
starts immediately, when family 
members enter a room, you become

4031
03:31:26,600 --> 03:31:31,300
a piece of furniture useful when
needed ignored otherwise You 

4032
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:33,400
learned to dust around 
conversations about family, 

4033
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:37,300
finances, clean fireplaces, 
while dramatic arguments on fold

4034
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:39,700
and change bed. 
Linens while pretending not to 

4035
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:41,600
notice the Love Letters hidden 
under pillows. 

4036
03:31:42,400 --> 03:31:44,500
It's akin to operating as a 
secret agent. 

4037
03:31:44,500 --> 03:31:47,600
Within your own organization 
yet, the information you collect

4038
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:50,600
is utterly insignificant and 
could pose a threat of 

4039
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,100
discovered The bail system 
becomes your master. 

4040
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:57,900
Every room has a cord that 
connects to a series of bells in

4041
03:31:57,900 --> 03:32:00,400
the servants Hall each with a 
different tone that you must 

4042
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:03,900
memorize, like a musical scale. 
The library bell sounds 

4043
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:06,500
different from the morning room 
Bell, which sounds different 

4044
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:09,500
from the master bedroom bell. 
Every room is equipped with a 

4045
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:12,700
cord that connects to a series 
of bells located in the servants

4046
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:14,900
Hall. 
Each producing a distinct tone, 

4047
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:17,300
that one must memorize akin to a
musical scale. 

4048
03:32:18,200 --> 03:32:20,600
The bell in the library, has a 
different sound than that of the

4049
03:32:20,608 --> 03:32:23,000
morning room, which in turn 
differs from the bell in the 

4050
03:32:23,000 --> 03:32:25,200
master bedroom. 
Should you make an arrow? 

4051
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:27,900
You may find yourself in the 
position of having to explain 

4052
03:32:27,900 --> 03:32:31,100
why you deliver T service to 
someone who actually desired 

4053
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:34,200
their boots to be polished. 
Engaging in conversation with 

4054
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:38,000
family members and necessitate 
its own set of protocols, one 

4055
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:40,800
should never initiate dialogue 
unless there is an urgent 

4056
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:43,700
situation such as someone's hair
being on fire. 

4057
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:47,800
Speaking to family members 
requires its own protocol, you 

4058
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:49,700
should never start a 
conversation unless someone's 

4059
03:32:49,700 --> 03:32:53,200
hair is in danger. 
When spoken to you respond with?

4060
03:32:53,200 --> 03:32:57,200
Yes sir or yes, ma'am. 
Followed by immediate action. 

4061
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,400
Extended conversation, 
forbidden, even if the family 

4062
03:33:01,400 --> 03:33:04,500
member seems friendly. 
They might ask about your family

4063
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:07,300
back home or comment on the 
weather, but these aren't 

4064
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:09,100
invitations for genuine human 
connection. 

4065
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:11,900
They're just rich people being 
polite in the same way they 

4066
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:14,900
might Pat a well-behaved dog. 
The children of the house 

4067
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:17,400
presents, special challenges 
little Master. 

4068
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:20,800
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit but he's also a tiny

4069
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:24,200
dictator who's never heard the 
word know applied to himself. 

4070
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:27,300
He'll demand that you drop 
everything to build him a fort 

4071
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:29,800
out of dining room, chairs, then
cry to his mother. 

4072
03:33:29,800 --> 03:33:32,300
When you explain that, you need 
to finish your actual work. 

4073
03:33:32,300 --> 03:33:36,000
First, the result. 
You'll build the fort and work 

4074
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:39,100
twice as fast to catch up 
because Rich children's tears, 

4075
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:41,500
carry more weight than servants 
explanations. 

4076
03:33:42,300 --> 03:33:44,200
Privacy becomes a foreign 
concept. 

4077
03:33:44,200 --> 03:33:48,000
Your employers expect you to see
in here, everything or somehow 

4078
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:51,400
remaining mentally absent. 
You'll witness family fights 

4079
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:54,700
that would scan the neighbor's, 
observe personal habits that 

4080
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:58,100
range from quirky to discussing 
and over here Financial 

4081
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:00,200
discussion that could tax stock 
prices. 

4082
03:34:01,100 --> 03:34:04,400
But you're not supposed to 
remember discuss or use any of 

4083
03:34:04,400 --> 03:34:06,600
it. 
The family's guest provide their

4084
03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:09,600
own entertainment, wealthy 
guests, treat their servants, 

4085
03:34:09,600 --> 03:34:12,900
like interactive wallpaper. 
Discussing intimate details of 

4086
03:34:12,900 --> 03:34:16,400
their lives as if they've left 
you deaf and mute you'll learn 

4087
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,300
about Affairs, business deals 
and family, scandals, that would

4088
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:22,800
fill a dozen gossip columns. 
All while polishing silver or 

4089
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:25,700
arranging flowers with the 
focused concentration of a monk 

4090
03:34:25,708 --> 03:34:28,500
meal, service becomes a 
choreographed dance where one 

4091
03:34:28,500 --> 03:34:30,600
wrong step can ruin the entire 
performance. 

4092
03:34:30,600 --> 03:34:34,200
You must appear at exactly the 
right moment with the right item

4093
03:34:34,200 --> 03:34:36,600
served from the correct side. 
And vanish. 

4094
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:39,900
Before anyone notices, you are 
there, drop a fork and the 

4095
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:43,000
entire table Falls, silent spill
wine on a guest. 

4096
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:45,800
And you'll be lucky to find work
cleaning Stables, the Family 

4097
03:34:45,800 --> 03:34:47,800
schedule, dictates your entire 
existence. 

4098
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:51,100
When they decide to host a 
dinner party for 20, people, 

4099
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:55,300
your schedule explodes into 16 
hour days of preparation either 

4100
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:57,900
pack you along like luggage or 
leave you behind to maintain an 

4101
03:34:57,900 --> 03:35:00,100
empty house when they travel to 
their summer house. 

4102
03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:03,800
Your needs for rest. 
So, social contact or personal 

4103
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:07,400
time, simply don't factor into 
their calculations yet within 

4104
03:35:07,400 --> 03:35:10,000
this rigid system, small 
rebellions blue. 

4105
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:13,200
Servants develop their own 
communication networks. 

4106
03:35:13,200 --> 03:35:16,200
Passing information through a 
complex system of glances 

4107
03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:19,400
gestures and carefully coded 
conversations. 

4108
03:35:20,000 --> 03:35:22,800
You learn to read the subtle 
signs that indicate when cook is

4109
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:24,700
in a poor mood. 
When the butler has been 

4110
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:27,800
sampling the wine or when Mrs, 
Patterson is actually pleased 

4111
03:35:27,800 --> 03:35:29,800
with your work despite her Stern
expression. 

4112
03:35:29,800 --> 03:35:33,200
The hypocrisy becomes almost 
comical once you adjust to it. 

4113
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:36,600
The same family that lectures, 
their children about honesty 

4114
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:39,600
will lie, smoothly to social 
callers about their whereabouts.

4115
03:35:39,600 --> 03:35:43,000
They'll preach Christian. 
Charity at Sunday dinner, then 

4116
03:35:43,000 --> 03:35:44,700
do your wages for breaking a 
plate. 

4117
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,600
They'll discuss the moral 
degradation of the working 

4118
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:50,400
classes, while running their 
household through a system that 

4119
03:35:50,400 --> 03:35:54,000
would make a medieval Lord 
blush. your fellow servants, 

4120
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:58,700
become your real family, united 
by shared exhaustion, and mutual

4121
03:35:58,700 --> 03:36:01,200
understanding of the 
absurdities, you witness daily 

4122
03:36:02,300 --> 03:36:04,400
Late night conversations in the 
servants Hall. 

4123
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:08,300
Create bonds, stronger than 
blood forged by the knowledge 

4124
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,000
that you're all surviving the 
same bizarre, social experiment 

4125
03:36:11,000 --> 03:36:14,000
together below stairs operates, 
like its own small Kingdom 

4126
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:17,700
complete with rigid, social 
rankings, unspoken rules and 

4127
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:19,400
enough political Intrigue to 
rival. 

4128
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:22,800
Any Royal Court? 
Understanding your place in this

4129
03:36:22,808 --> 03:36:25,900
hierarchy becomes crucial for 
survival because stepping out of

4130
03:36:25,908 --> 03:36:28,700
a line can make your already 
difficult life absolutely 

4131
03:36:28,700 --> 03:36:31,800
miserable. 
At the top of this domestic 

4132
03:36:31,800 --> 03:36:34,900
pyramid sits the butler. 
A man who carries himself with 

4133
03:36:34,900 --> 03:36:38,600
more dignity than most senators 
and considerably more Authority 

4134
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,600
than the average Army General. 
He controls The Wine, Cellar. 

4135
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:45,000
Manages the male servants and 
serves as the family's public 

4136
03:36:45,000 --> 03:36:46,700
face when they are receiving 
guests. 

4137
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:50,400
In his perfectly pressed, 
uniform and white gloves, he 

4138
03:36:50,400 --> 03:36:53,900
Glides through the house. 
Like he owns it which in many 

4139
03:36:53,900 --> 03:36:59,000
practical ways he does cross him
and you'll find yourself a sign 

4140
03:36:59,000 --> 03:37:01,900
to the worst jobs until you 
either quit or learn proper 

4141
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:04,700
respect. 
The housekeeper holds a dominant

4142
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:06,300
position among the female 
servants. 

4143
03:37:06,300 --> 03:37:09,300
Dictating everything from 
uniform standards to room 

4144
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:12,400
assignments. 
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 

4145
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:14,400
gentle. 
Grandmother to some yet. 

4146
03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:16,900
She manages her domain with the 
efficiency of a military 

4147
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:20,300
commander and the meticulousness
of a Swiss watchmaker. 

4148
03:37:21,100 --> 03:37:24,300
She keeps track of every towel, 
every bar of soap, and every 

4149
03:37:24,300 --> 03:37:27,200
minute of your day. 
Her approval means protection 

4150
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:31,300
and slightly better assignments.
Her disapproval means scrubbing,

4151
03:37:31,300 --> 03:37:35,000
flaws and your knees bleed, cook
occupies her own special 

4152
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:38,700
category, technically below the 
housekeeper in rank but wielding

4153
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:42,800
enormous practical power because
she controls the food Skilled 

4154
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:45,700
cook has the power to shape the 
social status of a wealthy 

4155
03:37:45,700 --> 03:37:50,700
family inspiring, both respect 
and fear in everyone, including 

4156
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:53,800
the family members themselves. 
She rules her kitchen. 

4157
03:37:53,800 --> 03:37:57,300
Like a benevolent dictator 
capable of creating masterpieces

4158
03:37:57,300 --> 03:37:59,100
with one hand, while boxing 
ears. 

4159
03:37:59,100 --> 03:38:02,100
With the other, if you manage to
gain her favor, you'll never 

4160
03:38:02,100 --> 03:38:04,800
face hunger. 
If you provoke her anger, you'll

4161
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:06,900
have to rely on bread, crusts 
and regret. 

4162
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:11,400
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,
the aristocracy of servant land 

4163
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:15,000
these personal attendants 
dressed their employers style, 

4164
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:18,000
their hair and no intimate 
details about their daily lives.

4165
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:21,700
They earn higher wages, where 
better uniforms and often 

4166
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:24,300
receive cast off clothing worth 
more than your annual salary. 

4167
03:38:25,200 --> 03:38:28,300
They also tend to adopt an air 
of superiority behaving as 

4168
03:38:28,300 --> 03:38:30,100
though, they are somehow 
elevated above others. 

4169
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:33,100
Simply because they assist to 
fluent in individuals in 

4170
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:35,800
dressing rather than performing 
more menial tasks. 

4171
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,400
Footman represent the peacocks 
of the servant World chosen more

4172
03:38:40,400 --> 03:38:41,900
for their appearance than their 
skills. 

4173
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:45,700
They need to be tall handsome 
and capable of standing 

4174
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:47,700
motionless for hours while 
looking decorative. 

4175
03:38:48,400 --> 03:38:52,000
Their primary duties include 
opening, doors serving meals and

4176
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:55,000
providing visual stimulation for
the families, female guests. 

4177
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:58,400
The Beneficial news is, they're 
often too, pretty to be truly 

4178
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:00,800
bright. 
The adverse news is they know 

4179
03:39:00,800 --> 03:39:02,500
they're pretty and act 
accordingly. 

4180
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:06,500
You occupy the vast Middle 
Ground of General housemates, 

4181
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:09,900
along with your fellow soldiers 
in the war against dust dirt and

4182
03:39:09,900 --> 03:39:12,500
disorder. 
You're above the scullery maid, 

4183
03:39:12,500 --> 03:39:15,600
who spends her entire existence,
washing dishes and scrubbing 

4184
03:39:15,600 --> 03:39:17,700
pots. 
And the boot boy whose life 

4185
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:20,400
revolves around. 
Making leather shine, but below 

4186
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:23,100
practically everyone else. 
It's like being middle 

4187
03:39:23,100 --> 03:39:26,000
management in a company that 
specializes in thankless labor 

4188
03:39:26,000 --> 03:39:29,000
kitchen politics, make 
international diplomacy look 

4189
03:39:29,000 --> 03:39:31,200
simple. 
Cook in the housekeeper 

4190
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:33,000
maintained. 
An uneasy Alliance based on 

4191
03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:36,200
mutual respect, and territorial 
boundaries that shifted like 

4192
03:39:36,200 --> 03:39:39,000
Desert Sands. 
The butler considers himself 

4193
03:39:39,000 --> 03:39:42,800
above such Petty concerns, which
makes everyone else consider him

4194
03:39:42,800 --> 03:39:46,300
an arrogant peacock. 
Personal Maids gossip about 

4195
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:49,400
their employers while somehow 
maintaining superiority over 

4196
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:52,100
everyone who doesn't have access
to such intimate information. 

4197
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:55,900
meals in the servants, Hall 
follow protocol stricter than 

4198
03:39:55,908 --> 03:39:58,700
State, dinners at the head of 
the table, the Butler and 

4199
03:39:58,700 --> 03:40:01,800
housekeeper received the first 
service and consume the tastiest

4200
03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:05,800
portions Personal servants are 
seated next then upper 

4201
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:09,600
housemates then lower house 
maids and lastly the truly 

4202
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:12,400
unfortunate individuals who 
clean pots and polish boots. 

4203
03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:16,600
Conversation follows equally 
rigid rules no discussion of 

4204
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:19,100
family business. 
No complaints about working 

4205
03:40:19,100 --> 03:40:22,900
conditions and absolutely no 
questioning of decisions made by

4206
03:40:22,900 --> 03:40:25,700
your superiors. 
Romance below stairs. 

4207
03:40:25,700 --> 03:40:28,300
Provides endless. 
Entertainment and occasional 

4208
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,500
heartbreak. 
Relationships between servants 

4209
03:40:31,500 --> 03:40:35,400
face constant scrutiny from both
the staff hierarchy and the 

4210
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:37,900
family upstairs. 
A housemaid dating. 

4211
03:40:37,900 --> 03:40:40,500
A footman might find herself 
reassigned to less desirable 

4212
03:40:40,500 --> 03:40:42,400
duties if the housekeeper 
disapproved. 

4213
03:40:43,200 --> 03:40:45,600
Marriage, usually, means one 
partner, must locate employment 

4214
03:40:45,600 --> 03:40:48,800
elsewhere, since most families 
won't employ married couples who

4215
03:40:48,800 --> 03:40:52,300
might prioritize each other over
their duties, the contrast 

4216
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,600
between your circumstances, and 
those of the family creates its 

4217
03:40:55,600 --> 03:40:58,500
own psychological challenges, 
you handle their money. 

4218
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:01,100
While earning action of what 
they spend on a single dinner 

4219
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,100
party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

4220
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:05,700
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day. 

4221
03:41:05,700 --> 03:41:08,800
After day, you prepare their 
luxurious meals while eating 

4222
03:41:08,800 --> 03:41:13,200
leftovers that wouldn't satisfy 
a prison inmate The irony 

4223
03:41:13,200 --> 03:41:15,700
thickens to such an extent that 
it could be sliced. 

4224
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,400
With the silver knives, you 
meticulously polish every day, 

4225
03:41:19,300 --> 03:41:23,000
Yet, within this strange system.
Genuine friendships develop 

4226
03:41:23,800 --> 03:41:25,200
Sarah. 
You're snoring. 

4227
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:27,700
Roommate becomes your closest 
Confidant. 

4228
03:41:27,700 --> 03:41:30,500
The scullery maid, despite her 
lowly status. 

4229
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:32,600
Possesses a wicked sense of 
humor. 

4230
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:36,200
That makes even the worst days 
bearable even, Mrs. Patterson 

4231
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:39,700
for all her Stern, efficiency, 
occasionally shows flashes of 

4232
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:42,000
motherly concern. 
That remind you she was once 

4233
03:41:42,000 --> 03:41:45,600
young and overmeld too. 
Information becomes current 

4234
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:48,800
currency in this closed World 
knowing which family members are

4235
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:52,300
traveling which guests are 
expected or Which social events 

4236
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:54,500
require extra. 
Preparation provides you 

4237
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:57,800
leverage and protection. 
The servant who overhears plans 

4238
03:41:57,800 --> 03:41:59,500
for a dinner party can prepare 
accordingly. 

4239
03:41:59,500 --> 03:42:03,200
The one caught off guard ends up
working until midnight with no 

4240
03:42:03,200 --> 03:42:05,300
warning. 
Nothing tests, a servants 

4241
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:07,100
endurance, quite like the social
season. 

4242
03:42:07,100 --> 03:42:09,800
When wealthy families 
transformed from merely 

4243
03:42:09,800 --> 03:42:13,700
demanding employers into social 
climbing tornadoes, that sweep 

4244
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:17,300
through your life, leaving 
Kale's exhaustion, and 

4245
03:42:17,300 --> 03:42:19,100
occasionally broken china, in 
their wake. 

4246
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:22,800
From November, through February,
your employers shed, any 

4247
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:25,400
pretense of normal living and 
dive head first, into a 

4248
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:29,000
whirlwind of dinner, parties, 
Falls, and social events, that 

4249
03:42:29,000 --> 03:42:30,500
would exhaust a professional 
athlete. 

4250
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:33,900
Preparing for a dinner party, 
feels like planning, a military 

4251
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:37,600
Invasion, two days before the 
event, the house erupts into 

4252
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:40,600
controlled pandemonium. 
Every piece of silver must be 

4253
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,600
polished until it blinds anyone.
Foolish enough to look directly 

4254
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:46,500
at it. 
Crystal glasses, get washed in 

4255
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:49,200
special solutions that cost more
per bottle than you earn in a 

4256
03:42:49,200 --> 03:42:51,700
week. 
Mrs. Patterson meticulously 

4257
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:55,100
scrubs polishes and inspects 
every surface in the dining 

4258
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:57,500
room. 
A process typically reserved for

4259
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,800
operating, Theatres the floral 
arrangements alone could drive 

4260
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:04,000
you to drink if you had access 
to anything stronger than Cooks 

4261
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:06,900
cooking Sherry. 
Flowers arrive from the florist 

4262
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:10,100
in carefully packed boxes each 
Bloom worth more than your 

4263
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:13,700
monthly wages, you'll spend 
hours, arranging roses lilies 

4264
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:17,600
and exotic blooms whose names 
you can't pronounce creating 

4265
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:20,300
centerpieces that will be 
admired for precisely three 

4266
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:23,800
hours before being relegated to 
the servants Hall, where they'll

4267
03:43:23,800 --> 03:43:25,800
brighten your Drury meals for 
the rest of the week. 

4268
03:43:26,700 --> 03:43:29,800
Planing the menu turns into a 
challenge in culinary 

4269
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:33,000
mathematics comparable to that 
of a university Professor. 

4270
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:36,100
The family wants to impress 
their guests without appearing 

4271
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,100
to try too hard. 
Surf sophisticated food without 

4272
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:41,300
being pretentious and 
accommodate dietary, 

4273
03:43:41,300 --> 03:43:44,400
restrictions, that change daily 
based on the latest medical 

4274
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:47,000
fans. 
Cook transforms into a 

4275
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:49,600
temperamental artists creating 
elaborate dishes. 

4276
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,600
While simultaneously managing a 
kitchen staff that multiplies 

4277
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:56,900
mysteriously during party 
preparations, Your uniform gets 

4278
03:43:56,900 --> 03:44:01,100
upgraded for special events. 
Slightly better dress a crispr 

4279
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:03,400
apron and shoes that haven't 
been resolved. 

4280
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:07,300
Three times your expected to 
serve guests with the grace of a

4281
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,100
ballet dancer and the efficiency
of a factory worker while 

4282
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:11,800
remaining, as invisible as 
furniture. 

4283
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:15,700
Spill wine on a guest gown and 
you'll find yourself explaining 

4284
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:19,400
to potential future employers 
why your last position ended so 

4285
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:21,900
abruptly. 
The guest bedrooms become 

4286
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:23,700
monuments to excessive 
hospitality. 

4287
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,000
Fresh Linens appear on beds that
may not even be used but the 

4288
03:44:28,008 --> 03:44:30,300
possibility that the 
Vanderbilt's cousin might need a

4289
03:44:30,300 --> 03:44:33,800
place to rest between courses 
requires preparation, worthy of 

4290
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:37,900
visiting royalty, you'll arrange
flowers, stock wash basins with 

4291
03:44:37,900 --> 03:44:41,200
the finest soaps and ensure that
chamber pots are spotless and 

4292
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:44,200
discreetly positioned. 
Because nothing ruins a social 

4293
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:47,900
evening like inadequate bathroom
facilities, Christmas sees him 

4294
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:52,200
multiplies, the Insanity by 
roughly 10,000% Families. 

4295
03:44:52,200 --> 03:44:55,200
Gift-giving requires, military 
level Logistics coordination. 

4296
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:59,000
You'll spend December wrapping 
presents with paper that costs. 

4297
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:01,900
More than most people's winter 
coats arranging, elaborate 

4298
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:04,300
displays that transformed the 
house into something. 

4299
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:07,700
Resembling a particularly 
expensive Museum and somehow 

4300
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:10,500
maintaining normal daily 
operations while accommodating. 

4301
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:13,800
The constant stream of 
deliveries social calls and 

4302
03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:17,300
holiday preparations. 
Holiday, entertaining reaches 

4303
03:45:17,300 --> 03:45:19,900
levels of absurdity, that would 
impress Roman emperors. 

4304
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:24,200
New Year's Eve parties, stretch 
until dawn requiring, you to 

4305
03:45:24,200 --> 03:45:26,300
work shifts. 
That would violate modern labor 

4306
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:29,800
laws by several decades. 
You'll serve champagne that cost

4307
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,200
more per bottle. 
The new earn in three months, 

4308
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:35,300
clean up after revelers, whose 
idea of fun involves 

4309
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:38,300
considerable property damage and
somehow maintain a pleasant 

4310
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,600
demeanor while running on three 
hours of sleep. 

4311
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:43,000
And pure caffeine the laundry 
situation. 

4312
03:45:43,000 --> 03:45:45,800
During the social season, 
deserves its own chapter, in the

4313
03:45:45,800 --> 03:45:49,200
annals of human suffering. 
Evening gowns, require special 

4314
03:45:49,200 --> 03:45:53,000
handling with beading lace and 
fabric so delicate that 

4315
03:45:53,000 --> 03:45:55,300
breathing on the wrong could 
cause a reputable damage. 

4316
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:58,500
Men's Formal Wear involved, 
starching shirt from France to 

4317
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,400
cardboard, stiffness, pressing 
steel Coast, that Mustang 

4318
03:46:01,400 --> 03:46:04,100
perfectly and managing White 
Tiles. 

4319
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:06,300
That require the Precision of a 
Swiss clockmaker. 

4320
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:09,900
Guest management becomes a 
diplomatic challenge, that would

4321
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,400
stump professional ambassadors. 
Wealthy visitors arrive with 

4322
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,300
their servants, creating 
temporary hierarchies and 

4323
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:19,000
territorial disputes that make 
international border 

4324
03:46:19,000 --> 03:46:20,200
negotiations. 
Look, simple. 

4325
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:23,600
Sharing already cramped, 
quarters with ladies, Maids, who

4326
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:27,200
consider themselves, your social
superiors competing for kitchen 

4327
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:29,900
space with visiting Cooks, who 
have strong opinions about 

4328
03:46:29,900 --> 03:46:33,100
proper techniques and navigating
personality conflicts, that 

4329
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:35,400
could destabilize small 
governments or all common 

4330
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:38,400
experiences. 
The aftermath of large parties 

4331
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:41,900
resembles Battlefield. 
Cleanup wine stains on Persian 

4332
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:45,000
carpets require immediate 
attention with special cleaning 

4333
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:48,100
solutions and techniques passed 
down through generations of 

4334
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:50,900
servants. 
Broken crystal is collected with

4335
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:53,500
the reverence, usually, reserved
for Gathering fragments of 

4336
03:46:53,500 --> 03:46:56,400
religious relics. 
Leftover food will be 

4337
03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:59,300
redistributed through a complex 
system that ensures nothing 

4338
03:46:59,300 --> 03:47:02,600
edible goes to waste though. 
The definition of edible is 

4339
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:04,300
stretched considerably after 
midnight. 

4340
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,800
Your social life disappears 
entirely during party season, 

4341
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,700
any hope of personal time of 
evaporates under the constant 

4342
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:14,000
demands of preparation, service 
and clean up. 

4343
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:18,300
Letters from home pile up unread
friendships with other servants.

4344
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:21,500
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 
in hallways and your health 

4345
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:22,900
become. 
Secondary to maintaining the 

4346
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:26,600
family's social standing yet 
somehow you develop skills that 

4347
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:28,600
would impress. 
Modern event planners. 

4348
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:32,800
You learn to coordinate complex,
Logistics manage multiple tasks 

4349
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:35,800
simultaneously and solve 
problems with creativity born 

4350
03:47:35,800 --> 03:47:38,700
from desperation. 
You can estimate quantities for 

4351
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:40,900
50. 
People arrange flowers that 

4352
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:43,700
would make professional 
florists, weep with envy and 

4353
03:47:43,700 --> 03:47:46,500
serve formal meals with 
Precision, that would satisfy 

4354
03:47:46,500 --> 03:47:49,100
military inspection. 
Strangers. 

4355
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:51,700
Part is how normal It all 
becomes after. 

4356
03:47:51,700 --> 03:47:54,900
Your first social season, you 
develop the stamina of a 

4357
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:57,200
marathon runner. 
And the organizational skills of

4358
03:47:57,200 --> 03:48:01,000
a general staff officer What 
once seemed impossible becomes 

4359
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:03,700
merely exhausting. 
What once seemed exhausting 

4360
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:06,300
becomes just another Tuesday in 
the life of a Gilded Age. 

4361
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:09,900
Housemaid finding space for your
Humanity within the rigid 

4362
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:12,500
structure of domestic service 
requires the Ingenuity of a 

4363
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:17,000
master criminal and the stealth 
of a professional spy, your 

4364
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:20,500
personal life exists in 
fragments Stolen Moments between

4365
03:48:20,500 --> 03:48:24,500
duties whispered conversations 
in hallways and relationships 

4366
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:27,100
that bloom in the shadows of 
other people's Grand lives. 

4367
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,700
Your correspondents becomes a 
Lifeline to the world beyond the

4368
03:48:30,700 --> 03:48:33,800
servants door. 
Letters from home arrives 

4369
03:48:33,800 --> 03:48:36,300
sporadically, their contents, 
both comforting and 

4370
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,100
heartbreaking. 
Your mother writes about crops 

4371
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:41,900
and weather, and neighbors, 
who've married or died painting,

4372
03:48:41,900 --> 03:48:45,000
pictures of a life that feel 
simultaneously familiar and 

4373
03:48:45,000 --> 03:48:48,700
impossibly distant, you save 
your pennies to send money home 

4374
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:51,500
knowing that your wages, might 
mean the difference between your

4375
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:54,500
younger siblings, eating, well, 
or going hungry, even as you 

4376
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:56,700
survive on kitchen scraps, and 
leftover bread. 

4377
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:00,600
Romance and service requires 
navigating obstacles that were 

4378
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:04,000
challenged a diplomat. 
Meeting someone from outside the

4379
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:05,700
household means coordinating 
schedules. 

4380
03:49:05,700 --> 03:49:09,100
That change daily finding time 
when you're not exhausted from 

4381
03:49:09,100 --> 03:49:12,200
14-hour, workdays and somehow 
maintaining a relationship. 

4382
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:14,500
When you can't predict whether 
you'll have an evening free 

4383
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:16,300
until about five minutes before 
it happens. 

4384
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:20,900
Dating fellow servants creates 
its own complications, workplace

4385
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:24,100
relationships under the constant
scrutiny of superiors who view 

4386
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,100
any personal attachment as a 
potential distraction from Duty.

4387
03:49:27,900 --> 03:49:30,900
Your half day off, become more 
precious than gold and twice as 

4388
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:34,500
rare every other Sunday 
afternoon from two until 10 in 

4389
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:38,100
the evening, your theoretically 
free to live your life. in 

4390
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:41,300
reality, your often to exhausted
to do anything more ambitious 

4391
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:44,100
than sleeping in a real bed, or 
taking a bath with without 

4392
03:49:44,100 --> 03:49:47,600
worrying about someone needing 
immediate service When you do 

4393
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:50,700
venture outside, the world feels
foreign after spending weeks in 

4394
03:49:50,700 --> 03:49:52,700
the artificial environment of 
wealth and privilege. 

4395
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,900
Friendships among servants 
develop their own peculiar 

4396
03:49:55,900 --> 03:49:58,600
intensity. 
Shared hardship, forges bonds, 

4397
03:49:58,600 --> 03:50:02,100
that might not otherwise exist. 
The scullery maid transforms 

4398
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:04,800
into your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

4399
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:08,200
comedic relief and Sarah becomes
your sister Beyond blood. 

4400
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,000
These relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments and 

4401
03:50:12,000 --> 03:50:15,800
make the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

4402
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:18,500
means sharing a stolen apple 
tart in the servants Hall. 

4403
03:50:18,500 --> 03:50:22,000
After midnight, reading becomes 
a form of rebellion and Escape 

4404
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:24,700
You Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

4405
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,200
newspapers reading by 
candlelight and your eyes strain

4406
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:29,900
and your candle budget 
disappears. 

4407
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:32,800
But books transport you to 
Worlds, where women have 

4408
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:36,400
choices, where love, overcomes 
social barriers, and where 

4409
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:38,500
hardworking people sometimes 
find happiness. 

4410
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:42,500
A family's discarded magazines, 
provide glimpses into fashion 

4411
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,000
and Lifestyles that seem as 
exotic as Tales From distant 

4412
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:48,400
countries. 
Your health suffers in ways, 

4413
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:51,700
both obvious and subtle The 
constant physical labor, 

4414
03:50:51,700 --> 03:50:54,300
strengthens your muscles but 
whereas down your joints. 

4415
03:50:55,100 --> 03:50:57,400
Poor nutrition leaves you 
vulnerable to every passing 

4416
03:50:57,400 --> 03:51:00,000
illness. 
The lack of sunlight and fresh 

4417
03:51:00,000 --> 03:51:02,400
air creates a power that marks 
you as any uniform. 

4418
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:05,100
Back pain. 
Becomes your constant companion,

4419
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:09,000
along with hands that crack and 
bleed from exposure to harsh, 

4420
03:51:09,000 --> 03:51:13,100
cleaning, chemicals and cold 
water. personal hygiene presents

4421
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:16,200
its challenges in an era when 
hot water is a luxury and 

4422
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:20,400
privacy is non-existent Your 
weekly bath become a cherished 

4423
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:23,500
ritual, even if it takes place 
in a tin tub, in the kitchen, 

4424
03:51:23,500 --> 03:51:25,800
after everyone else is finished 
their evening duties. 

4425
03:51:26,700 --> 03:51:29,200
Washing your hair requires 
planning and coordination, 

4426
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:31,900
worthy of a military operation, 
since you need access to hot 

4427
03:51:31,900 --> 03:51:34,300
water. 
Sufficient time for drying and 

4428
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:36,100
privacy, that's rare than 
diamonds. 

4429
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:40,100
Your few personal possessions, 
take on enormous significance. 

4430
03:51:40,100 --> 03:51:43,900
A locket from your mother, a 
pressed flower from your last 

4431
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:47,200
walk in the countryside or a 
photograph of family members 

4432
03:51:47,200 --> 03:51:49,600
becomes a treasure guarded more 
carefully than the family 

4433
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:52,300
silver. 
These small tokens represent 

4434
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:55,700
your identity beyond, the gray, 
uniform and White Cap reminders 

4435
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:57,800
that you exist. 
As More Than Just A Pair of 

4436
03:51:57,800 --> 03:52:01,600
Hands that scrub and clean. 
Dreams and aspirations are 

4437
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:05,200
modified rather than a Band-Aid 
instead of opening your shop, 

4438
03:52:05,200 --> 03:52:07,900
you dream of becoming a 
housekeeper with authority of 

4439
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:10,900
your staff. 
Instead of marrying a prosperous

4440
03:52:10,900 --> 03:52:14,600
farmer, you hope to locate a 
butler or valet whose combined 

4441
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:17,600
income might allow for a small 
apartment and maybe even 

4442
03:52:17,600 --> 03:52:21,200
children someday. 
Your goals shrink to fit reality

4443
03:52:21,200 --> 03:52:25,200
but they don't disappear 
entirely the seasonal rhythms of

4444
03:52:25,200 --> 03:52:28,000
the household create their own 
calendar of anticipation and 

4445
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:30,900
Dread. 
Summer might bring opportunities

4446
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:34,100
to accompany the family to their
country house, offering glimpses

4447
03:52:34,100 --> 03:52:36,800
of different scenery and 
slightly modified routines. 

4448
03:52:37,700 --> 03:52:40,700
Winter social season means 
exhausting work, but also 

4449
03:52:40,700 --> 03:52:44,300
excitement and the possibility 
of glimpsing famous guests. 

4450
03:52:45,600 --> 03:52:49,300
Bring cleaning represents weeks 
of backbreaking labor but also 

4451
03:52:49,300 --> 03:52:51,300
the satisfaction of 
transformation and renewal. 

4452
03:52:52,100 --> 03:52:54,200
Small Pleasures. 
Take on enormous importance. 

4453
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:57,900
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson
carries more weight than praise 

4454
03:52:57,900 --> 03:53:01,100
from royalty. 
An evening when cooked shares 

4455
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:03,000
left over desert feels like 
Christmas morning. 

4456
03:53:03,800 --> 03:53:06,500
Sunday, when your healthy enough
to walk to the park and sit 

4457
03:53:06,500 --> 03:53:09,800
under actual trees becomes a 
memory to sustain you through 

4458
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:13,200
difficult weeks ahead. 
Your relationship with money 

4459
03:53:13,200 --> 03:53:16,500
becomes complex and 
contradictory handle more wealth

4460
03:53:16,500 --> 03:53:18,600
daily than most people see in 
their entire lives. 

4461
03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:21,400
Yet your own financial situation
remains precarious. 

4462
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:26,700
Every penny saved represents 
enormous sacrifice less food, 

4463
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,600
fewer letters home, and no small
luxuries. 

4464
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:31,800
That might make your hard life 
slightly more bearable. 

4465
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:35,300
Your bank account grows slowly 
while your hands grow rough and 

4466
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:38,700
your back grows. 
Crooked The strange intimacy of 

4467
03:53:38,708 --> 03:53:40,900
service creates its own 
emotional complications. 

4468
03:53:40,900 --> 03:53:44,400
You know, details about your 
employer's lives that their 

4469
03:53:44,400 --> 03:53:46,300
relatives. 
Don't share, yet, they remain 

4470
03:53:46,300 --> 03:53:48,900
strangers, who could dismiss you
without reference. 

4471
03:53:48,900 --> 03:53:52,700
And Barely remember your name? 
This one side, it intimacy 

4472
03:53:52,700 --> 03:53:55,400
breeds both affection and 
resentment creating 

4473
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:58,200
relationships that are 
simultaneously personal, and 

4474
03:53:58,200 --> 03:54:02,000
completely impersonal as the 
1890s draw to a close. 

4475
03:54:02,000 --> 03:54:05,500
You've survived nearly a decade 
of service, in the grand houses,

4476
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:09,000
of America's wealthy Elite, and 
the world around you is changing

4477
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:11,000
in ways, both subtle and 
dramatic. 

4478
03:54:12,100 --> 03:54:15,000
From your perspective in the 
servants quarters, these changes

4479
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:19,400
feel both impossibly distant and
intimately personal. technology 

4480
03:54:19,400 --> 03:54:23,500
creeps into the household like a
slow-moving Revolution, electric

4481
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,600
light begin replacing gas, 
fixtures transforming your 

4482
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:29,600
morning routine of lamp cleaning
but introducing new mysteries of

4483
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:32,200
switches and bulbs that 
sometimes work and sometimes 

4484
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:35,700
don't The telephone appears in 
the front hall, like a magical 

4485
03:54:35,700 --> 03:54:39,000
device, bringing the outside 
world directly into the house 

4486
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:40,800
while creating new 
responsibilities. 

4487
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:44,700
Someone must answer it and that 
person often turns out to be you

4488
03:54:45,400 --> 03:54:48,200
Your body tells the story of 
your service in ways that no 

4489
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:51,500
employment record could capture 
your hands bear, the permanent 

4490
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:54,500
stains and scars of countless 
cleaning chemicals and burns 

4491
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:57,900
from Hot Irons your shoulders, 
curve slightly forward from 

4492
03:54:57,900 --> 03:55:00,500
years of bending over scrub 
brushes and laundry. 

4493
03:55:00,500 --> 03:55:03,800
Tubs, your knees protest. 
When climbing the endless, 

4494
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:06,100
flights of stairs, that connect 
your basement world to the 

4495
03:55:06,108 --> 03:55:09,800
families, elevated existence, 
these marks of service will stay

4496
03:55:09,800 --> 03:55:11,500
with you long. 
After you've left domestic work 

4497
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:14,400
behind the skills you've 
developed would impress, any 

4498
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:17,700
modern efficiency expert? 
You can manage complex household

4499
03:55:17,700 --> 03:55:21,300
Logistics coordinate, multiple 
tasks simultaneously and 

4500
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:23,800
maintain impossibly high 
standards under constant 

4501
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:25,800
pressure. 
You've learned to read people's 

4502
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:28,600
moods and needs from subtle cues
mastered. 

4503
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:31,400
The art of diplomatic problem 
solving and developed the 

4504
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:33,400
physical stamina of a 
professional athlete. 

4505
03:55:34,200 --> 03:55:36,700
These abilities will serve you. 
Well, whether you can continue 

4506
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:40,900
in service or Venture into other
forms of work, Daily proximity 

4507
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:44,200
to extreme luxury and the labor 
required, to maintain it, to 

4508
03:55:44,200 --> 03:55:46,100
shape, your perspective on 
wealth and privilege. 

4509
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:49,900
You've witnessed the ease with 
which one can spend money and 

4510
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:53,000
the challenge of earning it, 
you've witnessed the isolation 

4511
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:56,100
that wealth can create even as 
you've experienced the 

4512
03:55:56,100 --> 03:56:00,100
exhaustion that poverty demands.
this understanding of both sides

4513
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:02,900
of America's growing economic 
divide provides you insights 

4514
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:07,100
that few people possess the 
friendships forged in service. 

4515
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,300
Carry a special intensity born 
from shared hardship and mutual 

4516
03:56:10,300 --> 03:56:12,900
dependence. 
Sarah, your long-suffering 

4517
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:16,100
roommate has become closer than 
any sister cook. 

4518
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:19,700
Despite her graphic stereo has 
served as a mentor and mother 

4519
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:24,100
figure even Mrs. Patterson with 
all her Stern efficiency as 

4520
03:56:24,100 --> 03:56:27,200
shown moments of genuine care 
that transcended the employer 

4521
03:56:27,200 --> 03:56:30,400
employee relationship. 
These bonds will Outlast your 

4522
03:56:30,400 --> 03:56:33,800
employment and provide emotional
support for decades to come. 

4523
03:56:34,600 --> 03:56:37,600
Years of separation and 
financial responsibilities have 

4524
03:56:37,600 --> 03:56:39,900
complicated, your relationship 
with your own family. 

4525
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:44,000
The money you've sent home has 
made real difference, is your 

4526
03:56:44,000 --> 03:56:46,200
youngest brother, finish school 
in stead of working in 

4527
03:56:46,200 --> 03:56:49,900
factories, your sister avoided 
and unfortunate marriage and 

4528
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:51,600
your parents kept their small 
farm. 

4529
03:56:51,600 --> 03:56:55,300
Despite several bad harvests Yet
the physical and emotional 

4530
03:56:55,300 --> 03:56:58,600
distance has created gaps that 
letters can't entirely Bridge. 

4531
03:56:58,600 --> 03:57:01,700
You've become somewhat foreign 
to your Origins shaped by 

4532
03:57:01,708 --> 03:57:05,000
experiences, your family can't 
fully understand marriage and 

4533
03:57:05,008 --> 03:57:08,300
family planning in service posts
special difficulties that will 

4534
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:10,700
influence your future choices. 
If you marry. 

4535
03:57:10,700 --> 03:57:12,700
Another servant, you'll 
understand each other's 

4536
03:57:12,700 --> 03:57:14,800
experiences. 
But face continued economic 

4537
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:17,500
uncertainty. 
If you marry outside, domestic 

4538
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:19,300
service, you'll need to explain 
a world. 

4539
03:57:19,300 --> 03:57:21,800
That sounds almost fictional to 
people who have not lived. 

4540
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:25,000
It children, complicate 
everything servants with 

4541
03:57:25,000 --> 03:57:28,100
families obtain fewer employment
opportunities, and face the 

4542
03:57:28,108 --> 03:57:31,100
constant struggle of balancing 
parental responsibilities with 

4543
03:57:31,100 --> 03:57:34,300
professional demands. 
The broader social changes 

4544
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:35,900
Rippling through American 
society. 

4545
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:38,500
Will eventually transform 
domestic Services itself. 

4546
03:57:38,500 --> 03:57:41,600
Women are beginning to discover 
other employment opportunities, 

4547
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:45,400
and offices, shops and factories
labor. 

4548
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:47,800
Movements are questioning the 
working conditions that you've 

4549
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:51,600
simply accepted as natural. 
New technologies will gradually 

4550
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:53,400
reduce the need for armies of 
servants. 

4551
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:56,800
To maintain wealthy households. 
Your generation represents the 

4552
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:58,500
peak of an era that won't last 
forever. 

4553
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,900
Your dreams have evolved through
your years of service, the naive

4554
03:58:02,900 --> 03:58:04,600
girl, who first walked through 
the servants. 

4555
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:07,700
Entrance has been replaced by a 
woman who understands both her 

4556
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:10,300
capabilities and the realistic 
limits of her opportunities. 

4557
03:58:10,300 --> 03:58:13,900
Even when your hard work remains
largely unnoticed, you've 

4558
03:58:13,900 --> 03:58:15,400
learned to find satisfaction in 
it. 

4559
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:18,900
You've discovered that dignity 
can be maintained even in 

4560
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:20,600
situations designed to minimize 
it. 

4561
03:58:20,600 --> 03:58:24,000
The education you've received 
through observation and 

4562
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:26,700
experience Rivals anything 
offered in formal schools. 

4563
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:30,100
You've learned about art by 
dusting Priceless paintings 

4564
03:58:30,100 --> 03:58:33,300
about music by overhearing. 
Private concerts about 

4565
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:36,800
literature by reading discarded 
books and about human nature by 

4566
03:58:36,800 --> 03:58:39,300
witnessing how people behave 
when they think no one important

4567
03:58:39,300 --> 03:58:42,000
is watching. 
This informal education has 

4568
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:45,200
expanded your mind in ways that 
will continue paying dividends 

4569
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,200
throughout your life. 
Looking back on your years and 

4570
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:50,000
service. 
The Experience defies simple 

4571
03:58:50,000 --> 03:58:54,200
categorization it has been 
simultaneously degrading and a 

4572
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:56,700
nobling exhausting and 
educational and isolating and 

4573
03:58:56,700 --> 03:58:59,800
Community Building. 
You've sacrificed your Youth and

4574
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:02,300
health to maintain other 
people's Comfort yet. 

4575
03:59:02,300 --> 03:59:05,000
You've also developed strengths 
and skills that you might never 

4576
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:08,000
have discovered otherwise, 
You've lived through one of the 

4577
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,600
most economically unequal 
periods in American history. 

4578
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:14,900
Not as a victim or a hero. 
But as a working woman doing 

4579
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:18,300
what was necessary to survive 
and help your family survive? 

4580
03:59:19,200 --> 03:59:22,400
As you consider your future 
where the continuing in service 

4581
03:59:22,400 --> 03:59:24,900
marrying and starting your 
family or venturing into the 

4582
03:59:24,900 --> 03:59:27,600
changing world of women's work, 
you carry with you, the 

4583
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:30,400
knowledge that you've already 
overcome challenges that would 

4584
03:59:30,400 --> 03:59:33,600
break weaker sprits, you've 
maintained your Humanity in a 

4585
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:36,900
system designed to reduce you to
a function, you found friendship

4586
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:40,800
in unlikely, places, dignity and
humble work, and strengthen 

4587
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:44,400
circumstances that seem designed
to crush it, the Gilded ages 

4588
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:47,900
ending taking with it. 
Some of the extreme social rigid

4589
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:51,300
structures that Define your 
working life but the lessons 

4590
03:59:51,300 --> 03:59:55,000
you've learned about resilience 
community and the true nature of

4591
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:57,200
both wealth and poverty will 
serve you. 

4592
03:59:57,200 --> 04:00:00,300
Well, in whatever comes next, 
you've been invisible to the 

4593
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:03,800
wealthy families, you've served,
but your story and the stories 

4594
04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:07,600
of millions of women, like you 
represents the real Foundation 

4595
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:17,600
upon which America's grandest 
era was built, William Tecumseh,

4596
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:23,400
Sherman was born on February 8th
1820 in Lancaster Ohio, Frontier

4597
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:25,500
Town, on the verge of tremendous
development. 

4598
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:29,300
His mother dubbed him come. 
And he displayed a Restless 

4599
04:00:29,300 --> 04:00:32,400
Spirit from a young age for 
shadowing, the vast influence, 

4600
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:34,700
he would one day wheeled on the 
nation's battlefields. 

4601
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:38,400
Although his father, Charles 
Robert, Sherman was a respected,

4602
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:41,700
Ohio, Supreme Court Judge the 
family struggled, financially, 

4603
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,500
then tragedy came. 
When Sherman was nine years old,

4604
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:47,500
his father died, abruptly 
leaving behind a poor household.

4605
04:00:48,500 --> 04:00:52,100
The boys future while uncertain 
found a guiding influence in the

4606
04:00:52,100 --> 04:00:55,300
form of his father's close 
friend, Thomas Ewing who 

4607
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:58,600
welcomed him into his own Lively
home, growing up in the Ewing 

4608
04:00:58,600 --> 04:01:01,800
household exposure and to a more
privileged Society, but it was 

4609
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:04,500
not Carefree Ewing was 
politically connected. 

4610
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:07,700
Having worked in government 
positions, that expose Sherman 

4611
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:11,000
to the complexity of national 
policy and political squabbling.

4612
04:01:11,700 --> 04:01:14,400
Something about those encounters
prepared him to see the country 

4613
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:18,800
as a web of dynamic forces, law 
Commerce, and ambition, 

4614
04:01:18,800 --> 04:01:22,800
interacting in ways that altered
entire neighborhoods despite his

4615
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:25,900
academic abilities. 
He was never a standout student 

4616
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:28,900
in the traditional sense. 
His true, aptitude was in 

4617
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,300
observation and the ability to 
translate what he saw into Deer 

4618
04:01:32,300 --> 04:01:35,600
strategic insights Sherman. 
Absorb the action with an 

4619
04:01:35,600 --> 04:01:37,800
intensity that occasionally 
surprised others. 

4620
04:01:37,800 --> 04:01:41,600
Whether it was a local election 
or heated dinner table dispute, 

4621
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:45,200
Sherman was 16 when he received 
a coveted invitation to the 

4622
04:01:45,200 --> 04:01:49,100
United States Military Academy 
at West Point, thanks in part to

4623
04:01:49,100 --> 04:01:52,600
Ewing's political clout. 
When he arrived at West Point in

4624
04:01:52,600 --> 04:01:55,900
1836, he discovered that the 
regiment was both difficult and 

4625
04:01:55,900 --> 04:01:59,600
stimulating, mathematics 
engineering and tactics. 

4626
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:02,800
Dominated the curricular 
combining practical skills with 

4627
04:02:02,800 --> 04:02:06,300
theoretical knowledge, although 
he did not Excel academically 

4628
04:02:06,300 --> 04:02:10,700
graduated sixth in his class. 
He was known for being clever 

4629
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:13,800
pragmatic, unromantic about his 
military service. 

4630
04:02:14,900 --> 04:02:18,100
Classmates noticed is Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

4631
04:02:18,100 --> 04:02:20,100
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

4632
04:02:20,100 --> 04:02:23,500
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

4633
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:25,000
a second lieutenant in the 
third. 

4634
04:02:25,000 --> 04:02:28,800
US Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840, He 

4635
04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:31,700
served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

4636
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:36,100
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation, the Florida job.

4637
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,200
Embroiled him in the Seminole 
Wars, a brutal milieu of swamp 

4638
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:42,200
Warfare and uncertain goals. 
Sherman quietly. 

4639
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,400
Recorded the lessons combat was 
chaotic objectives, shifted 

4640
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:48,200
quickly, and success, required a
combination of planning and 

4641
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:51,400
sheer tenacity. 
He also developed a dislike for 

4642
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:54,400
half-hearted confrontations 
believing that, if a battle was 

4643
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:57,000
unavoidable, it must be pursued 
with utmost. 

4644
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:00,600
Determination despite periodic 
promotions and the Allure of new

4645
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:03,200
assignments. 
Sherman, never felt completely 

4646
04:03:03,200 --> 04:03:06,600
at ease in the peace time Army. 
Bureaucratic, red tape 

4647
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:10,600
restricted chances, for growth 
and a desire for new experience 

4648
04:03:10,600 --> 04:03:13,600
is Nord at him. 
His restlessness prompted him to

4649
04:03:13,600 --> 04:03:17,500
quit from the Army in 1853 in 
the decade that followed, he 

4650
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,600
dabbled in various Endeavors, 
including banking in San 

4651
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,700
Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

4652
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:26,900
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

4653
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:29,900
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

4654
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:33,300
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

4655
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:37,400
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

4656
04:03:37,400 --> 04:03:40,800
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

4657
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:42,800
richest might vanish when 
markets crashed. 

4658
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:46,600
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

4659
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:49,800
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

4660
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:52,700
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

4661
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:56,100
over slavery, state rights, and 
economic disparities. 

4662
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:59,600
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

4663
04:03:59,600 --> 04:04:02,500
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

4664
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:05,400
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. 

4665
04:04:06,400 --> 04:04:09,100
He was recognized for his 
organizational talents, but he 

4666
04:04:09,108 --> 04:04:11,300
treaded carefully when 
discussions became political 

4667
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:15,500
Despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist, he did not take to

4668
04:04:15,500 --> 04:04:18,300
the concept of secession. 
For Sherman. 

4669
04:04:18,300 --> 04:04:21,600
Unity was America's best Hope 
For Success. 

4670
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:25,900
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 
signals of Discord and concluded

4671
04:04:25,900 --> 04:04:27,500
that the country was on the 
verge of War. 

4672
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:31,100
Sherman on the verge of the 
Civil War stood at a pivotal 

4673
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:34,000
juncture. 
He had a family a diverse set of

4674
04:04:34,008 --> 04:04:36,200
experience is in both service 
and civilian sectors. 

4675
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:39,100
And a perspective that grassed 
how badly the country was 

4676
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:42,100
fracturing. 
He was concerned war occurred, 

4677
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:44,900
it would be unlike the 
small-scale battles of previous 

4678
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:48,000
decades, the tremendous 
industrial potential of both 

4679
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:50,700
parts. 
Combined with the moral further 

4680
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:54,700
around slavery, predicted a 
devastating Clash, despite his 

4681
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:58,000
reluctant to enter the battle. 
Sherman returned to service in 

4682
04:04:58,000 --> 04:05:02,100
early, 1861 motivated by a sense
of responsibility to maintain 

4683
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:05,100
the Union. 
In the early months of the Civil

4684
04:05:05,100 --> 04:05:07,800
War, William to come to Sherman.
Served in several positions 

4685
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:11,400
looking for a secure footing, in
a war that appeared chaotic from

4686
04:05:11,400 --> 04:05:14,400
the start, initially assigned to
a training facility. 

4687
04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:17,700
He disagreed with authorities 
when he anticipated that the 

4688
04:05:17,700 --> 04:05:21,100
fight would require at least 
200,000 men in his area alone. 

4689
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:24,800
his forthright remarked that the
union was underestimating, the 

4690
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,000
scale of the Insurrection 
enlisted suspicion if not 

4691
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:31,400
derision However, time would 
vindicate, his misgivings? 

4692
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:35,500
By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

4693
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:39,200
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

4694
04:05:39,200 --> 04:05:41,800
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, but he quickly

4695
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:45,400
became overwhelmed reports of 
Confederate, military movements 

4696
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:48,800
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington, left, 

4697
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:51,400
him tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

4698
04:05:51,400 --> 04:05:52,500
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

4699
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:57,000
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

4700
04:05:57,000 --> 04:06:00,200
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

4701
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,700
threatened to his career in an 
era, when mental stress was less

4702
04:06:03,700 --> 04:06:06,800
tolerated. 
Nevertheless Sherman, recovered 

4703
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:10,800
gained new Purpose with General 
Ulysses, S Grant's direct help. 

4704
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:14,100
Their bond will form the 
foundation of Union success. 

4705
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:20,100
Grant was calm silent and 
unyielding under duress, whereas

4706
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:23,700
Sherman was more combustible 
publicly expressing concerns or 

4707
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:27,700
complaints, Their Mutual regard,
however, was established through

4708
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:31,800
shared Battlefield experiences 
in early 1862. 

4709
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,800
Grants daring Maneuvers at Fort 
Henry, and Fort, Donaldson 

4710
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,400
secured, critical Confederate. 
Outposts and Sherman's role 

4711
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:40,300
though. 
Subordinate, displayed 

4712
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:41,800
dependability in the face of 
Fire. 

4713
04:06:43,100 --> 04:06:46,000
The Battle of Shiloh in April, 
1862 would be Sherman's. 

4714
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:50,200
True baptism into large-scale 
fighting Confederate, surprise 

4715
04:06:50,200 --> 04:06:53,600
strike near Pittsburgh upon 
Landing in Tennessee waves of 

4716
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:55,800
enemy soldiers. 
Smashed the union defenses, 

4717
04:06:55,800 --> 04:06:58,800
Sherman's division took the 
brunt of the early fighting 

4718
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:03,000
despite being taken by surprise.
He rallied his troops riding 

4719
04:07:03,000 --> 04:07:05,200
along. 
The front lines, ignoring her 

4720
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:07,200
personal danger, and encouraging
them to hold. 

4721
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:11,300
Despite massive fatalities 
Union, with stood the attack and

4722
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:14,100
Grant's counter-attack the 
following day Force. 

4723
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:17,400
The Confederates to retire. 
Sherman's leadership under 

4724
04:07:17,400 --> 04:07:20,600
duress gained him to a promotion
to Major General and more 

4725
04:07:20,600 --> 04:07:24,500
crucial, strengthened, his 
alliance with Grant, The two men

4726
04:07:24,500 --> 04:07:26,700
came from Shiloh with the 
stronger determination to 

4727
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:30,300
achieve total Victory, ignoring 
the confederacy's tenacity. 

4728
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:33,600
Sherman followed Shiloh with 
operations along the Mississippi

4729
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:37,400
River ending in the Vicksburg 
campaign Vicksburg. 

4730
04:07:37,400 --> 04:07:40,900
A fortress stronghold was 
essential to Confederate control

4731
04:07:40,900 --> 04:07:44,200
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

4732
04:07:44,200 --> 04:07:47,200
seizing, it would split the 
Confederacy in two isolating, 

4733
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:50,600
the states west of the river. 
Grant, Siege was long with 

4734
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:53,700
supply lines strained and 
morale, shaky Sherman's, 

4735
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:56,500
involvement included, 
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 

4736
04:07:56,500 --> 04:07:58,800
that Confederate reinforcements,
could not break through the 

4737
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:01,900
siege. 
Vicksburg finally fell on July 

4738
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:06,800
4th 1863 marking a watershed 
moment in the western theater. 

4739
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:10,900
Sherman's fames sword. 
Well though, he frequently 

4740
04:08:10,900 --> 04:08:14,000
downplayed personal 
responsibility publicly praising

4741
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,700
Grant strategic vision. 
Sherman did not take command of 

4742
04:08:17,700 --> 04:08:21,500
Union forces in the west until 
1864, when Grant was ordered to 

4743
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:25,900
the Eastern theater to confront 
property, Lee His primary aim is

4744
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:28,600
Atlantis. 
The city was a confederate hub 

4745
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:31,000
for railroads manufacturing and 
supply. 

4746
04:08:31,900 --> 04:08:34,200
Taking, it could jeopardize the 
southern battle effort. 

4747
04:08:35,100 --> 04:08:37,100
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

4748
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:42,000
1864 moving across North Eastern
Georgia, confederate, general 

4749
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:46,300
Joseph E, Johnson utilized an 
effective defensive plan but 

4750
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,500
Sherman's numerical superiority,
and willingness to engage in 

4751
04:08:49,500 --> 04:08:52,100
flanking actions, gradually 
pushed Johnston back. 

4752
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,200
Johnston's replacement, by the 
more aggressive, John Bell Hood 

4753
04:08:56,200 --> 04:09:00,000
increased Confederate 
casualties. by September 

4754
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:04,200
Sherman's Army, had conquered 
Atlanta, dealing a strategic and

4755
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:07,500
psychological blow to the South,
the cities fall echoed 

4756
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,000
throughout the north helping 
President, Lincoln's 

4757
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:13,600
re-election, chances, Sherman 
believed that simply occupying 

4758
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,800
Atlanta would be insufficient. 
He wanted to crippled the 

4759
04:09:16,808 --> 04:09:19,100
Confederate capacity for future 
resistance. 

4760
04:09:20,100 --> 04:09:23,000
After ordering civilian 
evacuations, he permitted 

4761
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:25,400
elements of the city's 
infrastructure to be destroyed. 

4762
04:09:26,200 --> 04:09:28,700
fueling suspicions that he was 
carrying out a destruction 

4763
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:32,300
campaign, Sherman then focused 
on a bold and controversial 

4764
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:34,500
strategy, the marched to the 
Sea. 

4765
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:38,600
The plan was to cut line of 
communication damage resources 

4766
04:09:38,600 --> 04:09:41,300
critical to the southern War 
Machine and show that 

4767
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:44,100
Confederate authorities could no
longer Safeguard their heart. 

4768
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:49,600
In mid-november 1864, he led 
60,000 men from Atlanta to 

4769
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:52,800
Savannah, cutting a path across 
Georgia and like traditional 

4770
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:55,900
movements tethered by supply 
lines Sherman's columns. 

4771
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:59,500
Would live off the land, 
foraging freely demolishing, 

4772
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:01,500
railroads, and targeting 
factorize. 

4773
04:10:01,500 --> 04:10:05,700
This bold tactic at the time the
tempted to break the South's 

4774
04:10:05,700 --> 04:10:09,700
resolve to continue fighting. 
During these campaigns Sherman's

4775
04:10:09,700 --> 04:10:12,700
views on Wars, solidified. 
He believed that the faster and 

4776
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:15,400
harder the conflict was pursued 
the sooner, it would be 

4777
04:10:15,400 --> 04:10:18,100
resolved. 
In his letters to subordinates. 

4778
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:21,100
He emphasized a harsh door 
logic. 

4779
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:24,100
If southern people felt the 
effects of the war, the 

4780
04:10:24,100 --> 04:10:27,800
confederacy's morale would 
plummet While many union leaders

4781
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:29,700
sought Victory, through pitched 
battles alone. 

4782
04:10:29,700 --> 04:10:33,200
Sherman embraced Total War 
leaving a reputation. 

4783
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:35,700
That would Eclipse his other 
accomplishments, and his place 

4784
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:39,600
in American military history The
march to the Seas started on 

4785
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:44,100
November 15th 1864. 
As Union troops departed, from 

4786
04:10:44,100 --> 04:10:47,400
the charred remains of Atlanta, 
the trip to Savannah covered 

4787
04:10:47,400 --> 04:10:52,600
about 300 miles, calculating 
about 483 kilometers and lasted 

4788
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:55,300
almost a month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

4789
04:10:55,300 --> 04:10:58,000
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

4790
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:01,300
farming, countered. 
However, the foraging so 

4791
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:04,600
wide-spread, occasionally 
turning into looting, the local 

4792
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:07,200
population's remembered the 
campaign with lasting bitterness

4793
04:11:07,200 --> 04:11:11,300
Union Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

4794
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:13,900
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

4795
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:19,200
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

4796
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:22,500
livestock taken. 
Many Southern civilians fled 

4797
04:11:22,500 --> 04:11:25,000
before the advancing columns 
While others remained, 

4798
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:28,700
witnessing Gardens Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

4799
04:11:28,708 --> 04:11:31,600
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

4800
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:35,000
Sherman's official position, was
that his troop should only 

4801
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:38,600
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

4802
04:11:38,600 --> 04:11:42,800
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

4803
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:44,900
later. 
The question lingered were these

4804
04:11:44,900 --> 04:11:48,200
acts Justified militarily or 
simply a vengeful Rampage. 

4805
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:52,000
Sherman supporters claimed that 
the confederacy's capacity to 

4806
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:55,300
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources. 

4807
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:58,700
Rendering such destruction are 
regrettable necessity. 

4808
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:02,500
Critics argued that the campaign
violated moral boundaries by 

4809
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:05,900
punishing innocent civilians. 
Sherman believed that only by 

4810
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:09,100
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight the wars 

4811
04:12:09,100 --> 04:12:13,100
violence be decisively ended. 
Sherman's forces entered 

4812
04:12:13,100 --> 04:12:17,100
Savannah on December the 20th. 
1864 faceing, minimal 

4813
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:19,800
resistance. 
He sent a telegram to President 

4814
04:12:19,800 --> 04:12:23,000
Lincoln proposing the city of 
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 

4815
04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:27,200
The capture of the nearly intact
Port offered a strategic base on

4816
04:12:27,200 --> 04:12:30,700
the Atlantic coast. 
Enabling Union forces to advance

4817
04:12:30,700 --> 04:12:34,000
into the Carolinas Northern 
newspapers, celebrated the 

4818
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:38,100
success lauding Sherman as a 
master strategist, Southern 

4819
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:41,400
newspapers erupted in Anger, 
portraying him as a ruthless 

4820
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:45,000
Destroyer Confederate civilians.
Criticized, the perceived 

4821
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:48,800
barbarism in Diaries and letters
while some Northern voices also 

4822
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:52,300
voiced discomfort at the 
campaign's brutality, the union 

4823
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:56,100
War Machine continued and 
Sherman's prominence grew in 

4824
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:59,300
early 1865. 
Sherman, turn north to unite 

4825
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:02,000
with Grant. 
The Carolinas campaign sought to

4826
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:04,100
pressure Confederate resources 
from a new angle. 

4827
04:13:04,100 --> 04:13:08,400
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 
Lee's army between 24 Union 

4828
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:11,100
forces as his men. 
Moved through South Carolina, 

4829
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:15,500
the birthplace of succession 
Sherman's tactics, became even 

4830
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:19,300
harsher. 
In February 1865, Columbia 

4831
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:22,800
burned with ongoing debate over 
where the union or Confederate, 

4832
04:13:22,800 --> 04:13:26,300
forces started the fire. 
Sherman denied starting the 

4833
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:29,500
fire, that suspicion remains 
woven into local. 

4834
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:31,900
Tales that the union 
intentionally set, a blaze, the 

4835
04:13:31,908 --> 04:13:35,300
birthplace of rebellion. 
Sherman Advanced into North 

4836
04:13:35,300 --> 04:13:38,700
Carolina with a slightly softer 
approach, recognizing that the 

4837
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:41,000
state had not been. 
As eager to see the South 

4838
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:43,900
Carolina, the operational logic 
persisted. 

4839
04:13:43,900 --> 04:13:49,000
We can Confederate capabilities,
disrupt, railroads and harassed.

4840
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:51,900
The demoralized southern forces 
in April. 

4841
04:13:51,900 --> 04:13:55,200
It was reported that Lee's army 
of Northern Virginia surrendered

4842
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:58,800
to granted at Appomattox 
Sherman's men sense the war was 

4843
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:01,800
nearing its conclusion, hopes 
rose that they could finish the 

4844
04:14:01,800 --> 04:14:05,300
campaign without more major. 
Clashes And unforeseen twist 

4845
04:14:05,300 --> 04:14:08,400
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 
assassinated President Lincoln 

4846
04:14:08,400 --> 04:14:13,300
on April 14th 1865. 
Shocking the entire Union High 

4847
04:14:13,300 --> 04:14:17,300
command, grief and anger surged 
through Sherman's ranks. 

4848
04:14:18,100 --> 04:14:21,600
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 
with confederate general, Joseph

4849
04:14:21,600 --> 04:14:24,500
E Johnston in North Carolina 
became increasingly strained. 

4850
04:14:25,300 --> 04:14:29,000
Sherman aiming for a quick 
reconciliation proposed terms 

4851
04:14:29,000 --> 04:14:31,600
that many in Washington viewed. 
As excessively generous 

4852
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:34,900
including political concessions 
that exceeded his authority. 

4853
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:38,800
The ward Apartments shaken by 
Lincoln's assassination and 

4854
04:14:38,800 --> 04:14:41,900
favoring tougher actions 
rejected Sherman's agreement, 

4855
04:14:42,700 --> 04:14:45,100
Reports suggested that Sherman 
was either naive or 

4856
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,000
overreaching. 
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his

4857
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:50,900
reputation. 
A revised negotiation resulted 

4858
04:14:50,900 --> 04:14:53,200
in Johnston. 
Surrender on April 26th, 

4859
04:14:53,200 --> 04:14:57,400
effectively ending the war in 
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 

4860
04:14:57,400 --> 04:14:59,700
to heal wounds quickly 
conflicted with the mood in 

4861
04:14:59,700 --> 04:15:02,400
Washington creating 
misunderstanding that would 

4862
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,700
persist for years. 
Despite the friction points, the

4863
04:15:05,700 --> 04:15:09,100
north celebrated Sherman as a 
hero, his soldiers, admired him 

4864
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,600
referring to him as Uncle Billy 
impressed by his Relentless 

4865
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:14,700
energy and talent for boosting 
morale. 

4866
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:18,200
Southerners condemned him as the
cause of Devastation. 

4867
04:15:18,200 --> 04:15:22,000
He rarely attempted to soften 
that image stating that war was 

4868
04:15:22,000 --> 04:15:24,800
cruelty and efforts to refine. 
It were pointless. 

4869
04:15:25,900 --> 04:15:28,500
That straightforward view shaped
his strategic approach. 

4870
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:31,900
Sherman believed that war should
be pursued with full commitment 

4871
04:15:31,900 --> 04:15:35,900
or not at all after the four 
Sherman oversaw military 

4872
04:15:35,900 --> 04:15:38,400
districts in the South 
attempting to maintain order 

4873
04:15:38,400 --> 04:15:41,300
during reconstructions tumult. 
He found the political 

4874
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:45,200
squabbling exhausting, favoring 
direct military leadership over 

4875
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:47,000
the complexities of civil 
policy. 

4876
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:50,700
Sherman's Legacy was solidified 
by his wartime campaigns. 

4877
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,300
Despite the post-war 
complexities that overshadowed 

4878
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:55,300
it. 
The challenge for him. 

4879
04:15:55,300 --> 04:15:58,500
And for the nation was how to 
address the resentment caused by

4880
04:15:58,508 --> 04:16:02,200
Total War, while also focusing 
on rebuilding a unified country.

4881
04:16:03,100 --> 04:16:06,400
After hostilities concluded, 
William to come to Sherman 

4882
04:16:06,400 --> 04:16:08,900
expected. 
The clear structure of War time 

4883
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:11,500
command, to translate into a 
simple post-war position. 

4884
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:15,500
However, the aftermath of 
conflict, rarely produces smooth

4885
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:19,400
transitions in 1865. 
He was appointed commander of 

4886
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:22,300
the military division of the 
Mississippi covering most of the

4887
04:16:22,300 --> 04:16:26,300
devastated South During 
Reconstruction conflicts arose 

4888
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:29,100
between President and Andrew 
Johnson's, consolation approach 

4889
04:16:29,100 --> 04:16:31,600
and the severe demands of 
Radical Republicans and 

4890
04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:35,000
Congress. 
Sherman proceeded gingerly in 

4891
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:37,500
this climate avoiding political 
disputes. 

4892
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:41,100
Constantly differed with civil 
officials and politicians about 

4893
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:43,800
how to best manage the 
emancipated African-American 

4894
04:16:43,800 --> 04:16:46,400
population. 
Former Confederates and the 

4895
04:16:46,408 --> 04:16:49,600
regions destroyed 
infrastructure, Sherman believed

4896
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:52,700
the Army's job was to maintain 
order, not to influence, the 

4897
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:56,600
inevitable social upheaval. 
He questioned whether Union 

4898
04:16:56,600 --> 04:16:58,700
troops should remain in the 
South indefinitely. 

4899
04:16:58,700 --> 04:17:01,000
Citing the lack of a quick way 
to heal. 

4900
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:04,200
Grave wounds his reluctance to 
fully Embrace reconstruction 

4901
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:06,600
ideas. 
Frustrated, radical reformers, 

4902
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:09,200
who wanted strong Federal 
enforcement of civil rights, 

4903
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:12,800
white Southerners, apprehensive 
of the northern presents 

4904
04:17:12,800 --> 04:17:17,400
frequently, opposed even basic 
Army commands understanding that

4905
04:17:17,400 --> 04:17:20,200
he was in a precarious 
situation, Sherman, sought 

4906
04:17:20,200 --> 04:17:25,000
solace in his family life in 
1866, he relocated Lewis 

4907
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:28,100
Missouri to oversee the military
division of Missouri. 

4908
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:31,700
The territory stretched from the
Mississippi River to the 

4909
04:17:31,700 --> 04:17:36,400
Rockies. conflict Fred Westwood 
as American expansion, collided,

4910
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:39,800
with numerous indigenous groups,
Sherman's orders, required him, 

4911
04:17:39,808 --> 04:17:43,000
to protect, settlers and 
railroads, Which frequently 

4912
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:45,500
resulted in battles with tribes 
that opposed the invasion of 

4913
04:17:45,508 --> 04:17:48,600
their areas this period of 
Sherman's career is not as well.

4914
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:50,300
Known as his Civil War 
achievements. 

4915
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:54,300
Native people beset with 
violated treaties and forced 

4916
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:57,800
relocations met Sherman. 
A military figure who advocated 

4917
04:17:57,800 --> 04:18:00,300
employing Superior, Force to 
achieve Federal objectives 

4918
04:18:00,300 --> 04:18:03,400
Sherman's perspective. 
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his

4919
04:18:03,408 --> 04:18:07,400
entire War philosophy. 
Decisively smash resistance to 

4920
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:10,400
minimize prolonged Carnage. 
He ordered campaigns that 

4921
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:13,900
destroyed communities, 
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 

4922
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:17,000
pushed people onto reserves, 
historians, decried, his 

4923
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,000
measures, likening them to his 
previous, scorched-earth 

4924
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:24,200
policies, Sherman's strategy was
straightforward, smash any 

4925
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:27,200
opposition as quickly and 
decisively as possible. 

4926
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:30,500
He perceived, no, ethical, 
dilemma in forcefully. 

4927
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:33,100
Displaying indigenous people's 
in pursuit of the nation's 

4928
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:36,500
ultimate goal. 
This unwavering stance cemented 

4929
04:18:36,500 --> 04:18:38,800
his reputation as a sort of 
strong answers. 

4930
04:18:39,900 --> 04:18:43,500
Changes in Washington impacted 
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 

4931
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:47,500
S Grant became president in 1869
and Sherman was appointed 

4932
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:51,200
Commanding General of the United
States Army, His new position 

4933
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:53,700
allowed wide oversight of 
military operations but 

4934
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:56,300
disagreements with the water 
department arose fast. 

4935
04:18:57,100 --> 04:18:59,500
Sherman believed that the line 
of command was harmed by 

4936
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:02,500
civilian authorities, desire for
greater control, over Army 

4937
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:05,100
matters. 
The tension Rose under Secretary

4938
04:19:05,100 --> 04:19:08,800
of War, William W. 
Belknap who resigned under 

4939
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:12,100
scandal? 
Sherman's private letters into 

4940
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,100
dedicated, this displeasure with
the political maliar and a 

4941
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:17,400
desire for the disciplined 
cooperation of wartime. 

4942
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:21,700
Sherman suffered family issues, 
Ellen, hailed from a devout 

4943
04:19:21,700 --> 04:19:24,700
Catholic household where a 
Sherman had no interest in 

4944
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,200
organized religion, there are 
opposing viewpoints 

4945
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:31,600
occasionally, produced tension, 
one son, Willie died, tragically

4946
04:19:31,600 --> 04:19:35,000
during the war leaving an 
emotional scar on the family and

4947
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:38,000
other son Thomas. 
Ewing, Sherman became a Jesuit 

4948
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:41,800
priest, which Sherman? 
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 

4949
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:43,800
composed. 
His Memoirs during these changes

4950
04:19:43,800 --> 04:19:46,000
and they were first published in
1875. 

4951
04:19:47,200 --> 04:19:50,700
This two volume book, Memoirs of
General, William t-shirt and 

4952
04:19:50,700 --> 04:19:53,800
gives a plain account of his 
life from birth and to, the 

4953
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:56,900
Civil War critics praised, its 
readability, and honesty. 

4954
04:19:56,900 --> 04:19:59,900
While several Express concern 
about a mission and biases. 

4955
04:19:59,900 --> 04:20:03,500
He openly said at the outset 
that he would report events as 

4956
04:20:03,500 --> 04:20:06,500
he saw them, regardless of 
whether they Disturbed anyone, 

4957
04:20:07,600 --> 04:20:10,400
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 
perception of him as a general 

4958
04:20:10,400 --> 04:20:13,300
who believed in direct action 
and open communication. 

4959
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:16,600
Sherman, headed, an army that 
was struggling to find its place

4960
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:18,600
in a changing country in the 
1870s. 

4961
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:22,600
Industrialization accelerated 
questions about global 

4962
04:20:22,600 --> 04:20:25,400
development arose and the 
frontier vanished. 

4963
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:29,100
The Army shrank overshadowed by 
new Millionaires and the 

4964
04:20:29,100 --> 04:20:31,300
volatile politics of the Gilded 
Age. 

4965
04:20:32,000 --> 04:20:34,400
Sherman frequently, bemoan that 
the populace had grown 

4966
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:35,900
complacent about National 
Defense. 

4967
04:20:36,900 --> 04:20:40,600
Ignoring the painful lessons of 
the Civil War in quieter 

4968
04:20:40,600 --> 04:20:43,400
moments, he realized that a 
diminished Army presence was 

4969
04:20:43,400 --> 04:20:45,500
precisely what a reunited 
country needed. 

4970
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:50,000
Even if it left him feeling a 
little lost, the great Railroad 

4971
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:53,600
Strike of 1877, which saw 
federal troops dispatched to 

4972
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:57,000
quell labor unrest. 
Was the final major dispute of 

4973
04:20:57,008 --> 04:20:59,800
his tenure. 
Sherman struck a compromise 

4974
04:20:59,800 --> 04:21:03,100
between compassion for workers 
concerns and the city for order.

4975
04:21:03,100 --> 04:21:06,300
Directing a reaction that sought
to minimize Bloodshed. 

4976
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,700
The incident pointed as a new 
sort of internal conflict 

4977
04:21:09,700 --> 04:21:14,500
industrial turmoil, planting 
sectional conflicts Sherman 

4978
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:18,100
noted for his directness and 
rigidity was reminded that war 

4979
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:20,700
is never static. 
It changes with the intricacies 

4980
04:21:20,700 --> 04:21:25,300
of civilization As the 1880s 
began William to come to Sherman

4981
04:21:25,300 --> 04:21:29,500
entered retirement but stayed a 
notable public figure in 1882 he

4982
04:21:29,500 --> 04:21:33,000
stepped down as Commanding 
General concluding nearly 20 

4983
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:35,500
years of consistent leadership 
in a transforming Army. 

4984
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:39,700
Civic groups, lecture circuits 
and political activists often 

4985
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:42,200
pursued him. 
Some urged him to run for 

4986
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:44,700
president thinking. 
His combat experience and 

4987
04:21:44,700 --> 04:21:47,600
integrity would resonate with 
Americans Sherman famously 

4988
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:51,300
declined stating. 
I will not accept if nominated 

4989
04:21:51,300 --> 04:21:54,500
and will not serve if elected 
the statement reflected his 

4990
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:57,000
post-war identity as a someone 
who had witnessed the harsh 

4991
04:21:57,000 --> 04:22:00,000
reality of politics, leading him
to avoid more profound 

4992
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:02,700
involvement. 
His reluctant to run for 

4993
04:22:02,700 --> 04:22:04,500
government came from several 
factors. 

4994
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,800
He was wary of the constant 
maneuvering that characterized 

4995
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:10,700
national elections, his 
straightforward attitude 

4996
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,500
conflicted with the need to 
appease groups and trade favors.

4997
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:17,000
He understood that his 
reputation forged through tough 

4998
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:19,600
tactics in Georgia, and the 
Carolinas could provoke 

4999
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:22,800
significant backlash in the 
South and among modern voters. 

5000
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:26,500
He felt his skills were better 
suited for organizing and 

5001
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:28,100
leading in challenging 
situations. 

5002
04:22:28,100 --> 04:22:30,800
Rather than in standard 
governance. 

5003
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:34,800
Negotiations Sherman traveled 
extensively, giving speeches on 

5004
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:37,800
Civil War events, and promoting 
a strong practical military 

5005
04:22:37,800 --> 04:22:41,700
policy, even after leaving 
formal duties, he seldom 

5006
04:22:41,700 --> 04:22:45,500
softened his remarks a veterans 
reunions, he portrayed the 

5007
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:48,900
stern, Uncle reminding formats, 
that war was not a glorious 

5008
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:52,500
Adventure, he emphasized to 
younger audiences that the Civil

5009
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:55,100
War was much more complex than 
just heroes and villains. 

5010
04:22:55,100 --> 04:22:58,700
He stood firm in his decisions 
asserting that his aggressive 

5011
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:00,600
campaigns had reduced the 
conflicts length. 

5012
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,500
He was honest about his views on
reconstructions outcomes, he 

5013
04:23:04,500 --> 04:23:07,600
observed the South's economic 
recovery, the emergence of Jim 

5014
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:11,800
Crow laws and ongoing social 
inequalities he did not advocate

5015
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:15,300
for radical solutions to racial 
disparity viewing, it mainly. 

5016
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:18,300
As a civilian issue, some 
critics viewed Sherman's 

5017
04:23:18,300 --> 04:23:21,000
attitude as a veces claiming he 
was dodging moral 

5018
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:23,800
responsibility. 
He said, his name was to 

5019
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,300
preserve the union, not to 
create an equal Society. 

5020
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:29,800
Although Sherman was 
strategically skilled his 

5021
04:23:29,800 --> 04:23:32,800
limited view on social fairness 
reflects the shortcomings of his

5022
04:23:32,800 --> 04:23:37,800
era which is clear in hindsight.
Now the same time narrative is 

5023
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:39,500
about his private life became 
gentler. 

5024
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:43,800
He enjoyed engaging with former 
allies, especially Ulysses, S 

5025
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:47,200
Grant whose presidency concluded
amid controversy and failure. 

5026
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:50,400
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 
honoring their bond from the 

5027
04:23:50,408 --> 04:23:53,800
warders by any controversies. 
They occasionally gathered to 

5028
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:56,600
voice their discontent regarding
how their legacies turned into 

5029
04:23:56,600 --> 04:24:00,800
political issues. 
When grant deed in 1885 Sherman 

5030
04:24:00,800 --> 04:24:03,700
mourned publicly, delivering 
eulogies that highlighted 

5031
04:24:03,700 --> 04:24:06,700
Loyalty, The Virtue that had 
United them, through numerous 

5032
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:10,600
conflicts, In the 1880s, new 
Industries and Technologies, 

5033
04:24:10,600 --> 04:24:13,500
captured public attention 
railroaded. 

5034
04:24:13,500 --> 04:24:16,600
The continent telephones, 
connected people, and 

5035
04:24:16,600 --> 04:24:20,100
corporations grew. 
Sherman felt torn after 

5036
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:23,400
observing these changes, he 
appreciated America's ambition 

5037
04:24:23,400 --> 04:24:26,300
for growth, but worried about 
possible, societal instability. 

5038
04:24:27,200 --> 04:24:30,000
The great Railroad Strike 
indicated, Rising unrest among 

5039
04:24:30,000 --> 04:24:33,400
industrial workers. 
He warned that class tensions 

5040
04:24:33,400 --> 04:24:36,800
were handled correctly. 
They could erupt violently well,

5041
04:24:36,800 --> 04:24:38,500
though. 
He wasn't an economist, he 

5042
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:41,200
identified conflict patterns, 
and warned political leaders 

5043
04:24:41,200 --> 04:24:44,500
that neglecting labor demands 
could lead to chaos, similar to 

5044
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:48,100
the devastation of War. 
Sherman, who relocated to New 

5045
04:24:48,100 --> 04:24:51,500
York City later in the decade 
joined various clubs and wrote 

5046
04:24:51,500 --> 04:24:53,800
letters condemning the rise of 
Sensational journalism. 

5047
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:57,000
He was accustomed to Media 
scrutiny during the war. 

5048
04:24:57,000 --> 04:25:00,900
He was portrayed as either a 
hero or a criminal tabloids 

5049
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:04,400
thrived on sensationalism making
him cautious about interviews. 

5050
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:07,400
Young journalists sought his 
views on military issues. 

5051
04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:10,900
He emphasized that future Wars 
could lead to unimaginable 

5052
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:13,700
destruction. 
If not quickly contained 

5053
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:17,700
particularly with Advanced 
Weaponry, he insisted that the 

5054
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,800
only real strategy was to either
fully engage in war or not at 

5055
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:25,000
all. 
Sherman's Health declined as he 

5056
04:25:25,000 --> 04:25:27,800
got older. 
Stiff joints, persistent pain, 

5057
04:25:27,800 --> 04:25:30,600
and years of fatigue, in uniform
consumed him. 

5058
04:25:31,300 --> 04:25:34,900
He refused to discuss himself as
a weak elderly General. 

5059
04:25:35,700 --> 04:25:37,900
He walked through the streets of
Manhattan and casual clothes 

5060
04:25:37,900 --> 04:25:40,400
tipping his hat. 
To those who noticed his 

5061
04:25:40,400 --> 04:25:43,500
distinctive gray hair. 
He visited West Point and other 

5062
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:45,900
Army locations. 
Rarely providing straightforward

5063
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:49,900
advice train with discipline. 
That hope you never have to use 

5064
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,900
it in a civil war. 
Listeners felt that beneath his 

5065
04:25:52,900 --> 04:25:55,000
tough. 
Exterior would deep wounds shape

5066
04:25:55,000 --> 04:25:58,700
by the harsh realities of war. 
In his later years, the people 

5067
04:25:58,700 --> 04:26:01,200
embraced him as a grandfather 
figure his once. 

5068
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:04,400
Fierce demeanor mellowed over 
time fundamentally. 

5069
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,700
He was the man who bravely 
marched through Georgia firmly, 

5070
04:26:07,700 --> 04:26:09,900
believe in that. 
Such harshness was essential. 

5071
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:14,100
In the evolving landscape of 
modern America, William to come 

5072
04:26:14,100 --> 04:26:17,200
to Sherman remained prominent 
his influence softened rather 

5073
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:19,800
than faded. 
A reminder of when cities 

5074
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:22,900
trembled at the sight of 
blue-clad troops, William to 

5075
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:25,900
comes as Sherman spent his final
months in New York, surrounded 

5076
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:29,200
by family and friends. 
He was stoic, Yeti occasionally,

5077
04:26:29,200 --> 04:26:32,200
made sad remarks about how the 
Civil War ruined his reputation.

5078
04:26:33,000 --> 04:26:35,700
He recognized that for many 
Southerners, his name, 

5079
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:39,600
symbolized Terror, a reminder of
burned houses, ruined railroads 

5080
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:42,900
and the unrelenting. 
March of Union forces to many 

5081
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:45,700
particularly in the north, he 
was the driving Factor behind 

5082
04:26:45,700 --> 04:26:49,000
the confederacy's demise 
ultimately sparing, many lives, 

5083
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:53,600
by ending the war, The dichotomy
left him, resigned historical 

5084
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:57,300
assessments are really balanced,
especially for those who shape 

5085
04:26:57,300 --> 04:27:00,800
conflict in new disputed ways. 
Sherman became ill with 

5086
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:04,400
pneumonia, in January 1891, 
doctors tried to restore his 

5087
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:07,700
health, but difficulties 
occurred by early February. 

5088
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:10,400
It was clear. 
He was unlikely to recover, he 

5089
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:14,300
faced his decline, discreetly, 
assuming some treatments and his

5090
04:27:14,300 --> 04:27:18,300
mortality with the same candle, 
he used in strategy Family 

5091
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:20,900
members watched him closely 
recalling how the once 

5092
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:23,800
Unstoppable man appeared weak 
under the light of the bedside 

5093
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:27,200
lamp. 
He died on February 14th, 1891 

5094
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:32,200
at the age of 71 new spread 
across the country Southerners 

5095
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:34,800
reacted, calmly to the 
announcement, some newspapers, 

5096
04:27:34,800 --> 04:27:37,800
ran brief obituaries, While 
others recalled, the misery 

5097
04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:41,900
caused in the north. 
Praises poured in hailing him as

5098
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:44,300
a hero who broke the walls 
Illusions, and drove the South 

5099
04:27:44,300 --> 04:27:47,200
to its knees. 
Foreign commentators reflected 

5100
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,300
on how the American Civil War 
influenced worldwide military 

5101
04:27:50,300 --> 04:27:53,000
thinking. 
Observing that Sherman's death 

5102
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:55,900
marked, the end of an era of 
bold large-scale. 

5103
04:27:55,900 --> 04:27:59,000
Maneuver a Warfare. 
Sherman's funeral in New York 

5104
04:27:59,000 --> 04:28:02,200
during massive crowds to the 
streets veterans, wearing 

5105
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:04,600
uniforms saluted, the casket 
young. 

5106
04:28:04,600 --> 04:28:07,400
Observers were captivated by The
Legend and listened to Serious 

5107
04:28:07,400 --> 04:28:09,400
comments from generals who had 
served under him. 

5108
04:28:10,100 --> 04:28:12,900
The Army provided full honors as
a final, homage to the man, 

5109
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:15,700
whose worldview was defined by 
his dedication to duty. 

5110
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:18,900
Pall, bearers included, notable 
Civic and Military figures, 

5111
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:21,900
emphasizing his life's impact on
American growth. 

5112
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:25,200
They brought his remains to 
Saint Louis with quiet Selena 

5113
04:28:25,200 --> 04:28:28,900
tea where he was buried. 
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 

5114
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:31,900
had died a few years before 
afterward newspapers and 

5115
04:28:31,900 --> 04:28:34,100
magazines began to look back 
writers. 

5116
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:37,800
Debated Morality In necessity to
Sherman's campaigns, enhance, 

5117
04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:42,000
combat, or spark new conflicts. 
Some editorial lists credited 

5118
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:45,600
him with inventing the concept 
of modern Total War emphasizing 

5119
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:49,500
how entire communities not just 
soldiers become involved in 

5120
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,600
massive Warfare. 
Some voiced worried about the 

5121
04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:54,400
impact on civilian, life and 
property. 

5122
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:56,900
Claiming that his approach 
called into question. 

5123
04:28:56,900 --> 04:29:00,000
The ethics of War military 
academies around the world 

5124
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:02,600
evaluated. 
His Maneuvers adopting or 

5125
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:06,700
criticizing his ideas before 
World War 1 German officers 

5126
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:10,000
thoroughly researched the march 
to the sea to establish their 

5127
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:12,800
philosophy. 
Sherman's notion that war should

5128
04:29:12,800 --> 04:29:15,800
be conducted. 
Decisively eliminating Illusions

5129
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:17,800
and safe. 
Haven's has far reaching 

5130
04:29:17,800 --> 04:29:19,700
consequences Beyond American 
borders. 

5131
04:29:20,600 --> 04:29:23,700
Many nations romanticized, 
notion of combat, would conflict

5132
04:29:23,700 --> 04:29:26,900
with the brutal reality. 
He highlighted Decades. 

5133
04:29:26,900 --> 04:29:29,100
Later, European nations would 
participate. 

5134
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:31,300
In even more divesting Wars 
prompting. 

5135
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:34,300
The question was Sherman. 
A Visionary, a prophet of 

5136
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:37,700
mechanized destruction. 
Personal stories about Uncle. 

5137
04:29:37,700 --> 04:29:41,100
Billy were well known among 
aging Union, veterans Panic 

5138
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:43,900
notes, show him pausing to speak
with a terrified child or having

5139
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:45,500
a humble lunch with aural 
household. 

5140
04:29:46,300 --> 04:29:48,700
These pieces are tempted to 
portray the man who was 

5141
04:29:48,700 --> 04:29:50,600
frequently despised by many 
Southerners. 

5142
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:54,200
Historians who read his letters 
discovered that he had a comic 

5143
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:57,800
side frequently calming tense 
situations with dry humor. 

5144
04:29:58,400 --> 04:30:02,200
Contradictions are bound a kind,
Father Figure to his men and 

5145
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:05,700
unrelenting Terror to his 
adversaries and escaping critic 

5146
04:30:05,700 --> 04:30:09,200
of half measures in combat. 
Sherman along with Grant Lee and

5147
04:30:09,208 --> 04:30:12,400
Jackson was recognized as 
pivotal figures in the Civil War

5148
04:30:12,400 --> 04:30:17,000
over time, statues appeared some
in the north depicting him on 

5149
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:19,700
Horseback with a determined 
expression and fewer in the 

5150
04:30:19,708 --> 04:30:22,700
South where he was frequently 
overshadowed by Local Heroes. 

5151
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:26,100
The older generation that lived 
through the conflict as died 

5152
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:28,400
away. 
Leaving a legacy characterized 

5153
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:31,400
by textbooks speeches and 
Battlefield tours. 

5154
04:30:32,100 --> 04:30:34,500
Sherman's historical 
significance, was substantial, 

5155
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:36,100
but challenging for a nice and 
Nation. 

5156
04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:39,400
Historians developed fresh 
perspectives over time. 

5157
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,900
Some of them have investigated 
the cycle impact of the Florida 

5158
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:44,200
Wetlands on the young 
Lieutenant. 

5159
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:47,400
Some of suggested that his 
family's links to Thomas, Ewing 

5160
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:49,300
had an important impact on his 
early success. 

5161
04:30:50,400 --> 04:30:52,800
Many questioned his performance 
during the Indian Wars 

5162
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:55,700
questioning, how a commander 
known for defending the union 

5163
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:59,500
could Advocate harsh measures 
against indigenous tribes these 

5164
04:30:59,500 --> 04:31:01,700
layers on scored the 
complexities of his life. 

5165
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:05,700
He was neither a simple hero or 
a villain but rather a figure of

5166
04:31:05,700 --> 04:31:09,400
a changing America managing 
crises technological 

5167
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:11,800
developments and expanding 
Frontiers. 

5168
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:15,900
Sherman's name conjures up, 
pictures of Relentless columns 

5169
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:18,900
flaming Depots and a war that 
changed the face of conflict. 

5170
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:22,600
William to comes, as Sherman is 
still regarded as a key 

5171
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:25,400
character in The Civil War 
Pantheon, yet views of his 

5172
04:31:25,408 --> 04:31:29,800
actions continue to shift over 
130 years after his death, 

5173
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:33,100
historians military Scholars and
interested. 

5174
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:36,300
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 
search of nuanced insights. 

5175
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,400
Many people are talking about 
his hardwar theory, which holds 

5176
04:31:40,400 --> 04:31:43,200
that determinator struggle and 
Nation must attack. 

5177
04:31:43,200 --> 04:31:46,100
The opponent's ability to 
sustain itself rather than 

5178
04:31:46,100 --> 04:31:50,200
simply defeating forces in open 
battle His Effectiveness in this

5179
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:53,300
area is widely attributed to 
hastening the confederacy's 

5180
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:56,000
demise. 
Sherman's technique's are 

5181
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:57,900
sometimes compared to those used
in 20th century. 

5182
04:31:57,900 --> 04:32:01,400
Total conflicts in which entire 
economies and civilian 

5183
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,100
populations are targeted 
critics, questioned. 

5184
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:07,000
If the practice establishes a 
troubling precedent that moral 

5185
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,800
barriers can be crossed for the 
sake of expediency, others argue

5186
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:13,500
that Sherman's, tough attitude, 
undoubtedly shorten the walls 

5187
04:32:13,500 --> 04:32:16,500
duration, preventing thousands 
of further, Battlefield 

5188
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,600
casualties. 
When military doctrines develop 

5189
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:23,100
Beyond Frontline, engagements 
the tension between practicality

5190
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:25,100
and morality becomes 
increasingly essential. 

5191
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:29,000
In the South memories of Sherman
are still shaped by 

5192
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,100
generational. 
Stories families, carry down 

5193
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:35,300
stories about ancestors. 
Who lost my houses animals. 

5194
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:39,000
Were Enterprises along his path 
museums in Georgia, South 

5195
04:32:39,000 --> 04:32:41,700
Carolina and other states. 
Periodically display, 

5196
04:32:41,700 --> 04:32:44,400
exhibitions about the march to 
the Seas local influence. 

5197
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,600
Some historians work to 
differentiate myth from reality 

5198
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:52,300
was not every fire was started 
by a Union soldier nor was every

5199
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:55,600
structured torched. 
However, the psychological toll 

5200
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:58,600
of an Unstoppable Army marching 
across the countryside was 

5201
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:02,600
evident Meanwhile, Northern 
cities that formerly supported 

5202
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:04,700
him attempt to analyze his full 
Legacy. 

5203
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:08,599
War memorials in areas like New 
York and Ohio depict him as a 

5204
04:33:08,599 --> 04:33:10,200
pivotal figure in the Union's 
Deliverance. 

5205
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:14,099
School textbooks, stress his 
Devotion, to Grant his 

5206
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:16,800
operational genius. 
And the conclusion, he helped 

5207
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:19,800
bring to a war that threatened 
to fracture the country of 

5208
04:33:19,800 --> 04:33:22,599
Africa, Lee. 
A few paragraphs might describe 

5209
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:25,400
how he disliked political power 
and preferred clear command. 

5210
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:29,700
Younger generation's perceive 
nearly cinematic, figure Brazen 

5211
04:33:29,700 --> 04:33:33,800
Unstoppable, a contradiction of 
savagery and compassion who 

5212
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:35,800
altered Americans perceptions of
battle. 

5213
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:39,900
Sherman's personal documents, 
which are preserved in 

5214
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:43,500
libraries, Illustrate, the 
intricacies of his relationships

5215
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,900
letters to his wife, Ellen 
express love, and parental care.

5216
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:49,500
Particularly, when they lost 
their son, William Memphis. 

5217
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:53,599
Correspondence with fellow 
officers illustrates the stress 

5218
04:33:53,599 --> 04:33:55,900
that weighed on him, 
particularly in the Dark 

5219
04:33:55,900 --> 04:33:58,400
Knights, preceding important 
operations. 

5220
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:01,700
There's a fleeting impression 
that beneath the stern generals 

5221
04:34:01,700 --> 04:34:04,400
public face. 
A man struggled with the 

5222
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:07,400
internal reservation of the 
Unstoppable machine. 

5223
04:34:07,400 --> 04:34:12,000
He'd set in Motion in scholarly 
areas studies of reconstruction 

5224
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:15,500
address his post-war Deeds. 
Some argue that despite his 

5225
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:18,700
ability to affect Southern 
reintegration, he mostly 

5226
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:21,500
deferred to Civil Authorities 
and focused on limited Army 

5227
04:34:21,500 --> 04:34:23,800
duties. 
Did he demonstrate smart 

5228
04:34:23,800 --> 04:34:25,800
statesmanship? 
Or did he allow systemic 

5229
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:29,200
Injustice to continue? 
The discussion continues, 

5230
04:34:29,200 --> 04:34:33,300
according to the record Sherman,
considered himself, first and 

5231
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:36,000
foremost, to Soldier. 
And he rarely saw the Army as an

5232
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:37,900
instrument for sweeping social 
engineering. 

5233
04:34:38,700 --> 04:34:41,599
This perspective aligning with 
his pragmatic approach 

5234
04:34:41,599 --> 04:34:45,099
significantly shaped the course 
of reconstruction, both 

5235
04:34:45,099 --> 04:34:48,099
positively and negatively, 
Sherman's image appears in 

5236
04:34:48,108 --> 04:34:51,400
novels documentaries and 
historical dramas, that aim to 

5237
04:34:51,400 --> 04:34:52,900
capture the passion of the Civil
War. 

5238
04:34:53,599 --> 04:34:57,200
Filmmakers show, him poised on 
Horseback watching a horizon. 

5239
04:34:57,200 --> 04:35:00,900
Tinged orange by fires or in 
frenetic staff meetings with 

5240
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:04,200
maps strewn out over. 
Rickety tables these portrayals 

5241
04:35:04,200 --> 04:35:06,300
frequently exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

5242
04:35:07,099 --> 04:35:10,599
But they reflect a long-standing
fascination with the man who 

5243
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:14,599
accepted the brutal facts of war
and forced the South to taste 

5244
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:18,099
the bitter fruit of defeat. 
The conflict between actuality 

5245
04:35:18,099 --> 04:35:21,500
and myth is, rarely fully 
resolved expressing the essence 

5246
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:23,500
of a character who thrived on 
contradiction. 

5247
04:35:24,300 --> 04:35:27,900
Finally, Sherman story is a 
microcosm of American history in

5248
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:31,500
the mid-19th century, a country.
Stumbling from compromised, to 

5249
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:34,700
confrontation debating, whether 
to remain a single political 

5250
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,099
unit or split irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

5251
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:40,900
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

5252
04:35:40,908 --> 04:35:44,300
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

5253
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:47,200
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

5254
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:49,500
battle. 
His traces are still visible, 

5255
04:35:49,500 --> 04:35:52,900
not only on Georgian territory, 
but also in how America deals 

5256
04:35:52,900 --> 04:35:55,099
with the duties and costs of 
military conflict. 

5257
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:59,200
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

5258
04:35:59,200 --> 04:36:02,300
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

5259
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,200
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

5260
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:08,000
tragedy. 
Sculpted by the Steely will of 

5261
04:36:08,008 --> 04:36:11,099
individuals who wants marched 
across the stage of an evolving 

5262
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:20,200
National drama. 
Battle of Gettysburg began on 

5263
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:25,900
the morning of July 1st 1863, it
was a warm summer day the kind 

5264
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:28,700
where the golden light of dawn 
touched the fields and forests 

5265
04:36:28,700 --> 04:36:31,599
with a Serene glow. 
But the Tranquility of the 

5266
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:34,500
Pennsylvania Countryside, would 
soon be shattered by the Thunder

5267
04:36:34,500 --> 04:36:36,900
of battle. 
This Clash was not merely 

5268
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:39,599
another Skirmish in the long and
bloody conflict of the Civil 

5269
04:36:39,599 --> 04:36:41,400
War. 
It was a turning point. 

5270
04:36:41,400 --> 04:36:44,700
A moment where the fate of the 
union and the Confederacy hung 

5271
04:36:44,700 --> 04:36:48,300
precariously, in the balance 
general property, Lee commanding

5272
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:50,900
the Confederate Army of 
Northern, Virginia had set his 

5273
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:53,800
sights on a bold invasion of the
north, his army. 

5274
04:36:53,800 --> 04:36:56,500
Emboldened by a string of 
Victory is marched in 

5275
04:36:56,500 --> 04:36:59,800
Pennsylvania with the hope of 
striking a decisive blow that 

5276
04:36:59,800 --> 04:37:01,500
would force the union to sue for
peace. 

5277
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:04,800
Strategy was not just about 
military conquest. 

5278
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:08,000
It was about shaking the 
northern resolve bringing the 

5279
04:37:08,000 --> 04:37:11,300
water to Union soil and perhaps,
swaying, foreign powers to 

5280
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:15,000
recognize the Confederacy. 
On the union side General, 

5281
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,400
George G Meade. 
Had recently taken command of 

5282
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:21,300
the army of the Potomac. 
His task was daunting to stop 

5283
04:37:21,300 --> 04:37:24,900
Lisa Advanced and protect the 
Union's Heartland, the soldiers 

5284
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:27,900
under his command, will weary 
from years of conflict, but 

5285
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:30,599
their resolve to defend their 
Homeland and preserve the union 

5286
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:34,900
burned brightly. the two armies 
converge near the small town of 

5287
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:39,300
Gettysburg, a place of Rolling 
Hills fertile, farmland and 

5288
04:37:39,300 --> 04:37:42,500
winding roads, It was an 
unlikely setting for one of the 

5289
04:37:42,508 --> 04:37:44,599
most significant battles in 
American history. 

5290
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:49,500
On the first day, the fighting 
began west of the town as 

5291
04:37:49,500 --> 04:37:51,700
Confederate, forces encountered,
Union Cavalry. 

5292
04:37:52,500 --> 04:37:55,200
Clash was fierce and chaotic 
with both sides. 

5293
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:56,700
Scrambling to gain the upper 
hand. 

5294
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:00,500
By Days end, the Confederates 
had pushed Union forces, back 

5295
04:38:00,500 --> 04:38:03,300
through the town and onto The 
High Ground to the South 

5296
04:38:03,300 --> 04:38:07,500
securing an early advantage. 
The second day of the battle, 

5297
04:38:07,500 --> 04:38:10,500
dawned with tension thick in the
air, the Union Army had 

5298
04:38:10,500 --> 04:38:13,900
established a strong defensive 
position along a series of hills

5299
04:38:13,900 --> 04:38:17,300
and ridges known as Cemetery 
Hill, Cults Hill, and little 

5300
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:20,099
Roundtop. 
Lee confident in his army, 

5301
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:22,599
strength launched a series of 
attacks to break the union 

5302
04:38:22,599 --> 04:38:28,000
lines. the fighting on July 2nd 
was intense and bloody at Little

5303
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:30,900
Round Top Union Colonel, Joshua 
Lawrence Chamberlain, and the 

5304
04:38:30,908 --> 04:38:34,500
20th, Maine regiment made a 
heroic stand to defend the hills

5305
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,400
Southern flank. 
Outnumbered and nearly out of 

5306
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:40,800
ammunition, Chamberlain ordered 
a desperate bayonet charge that 

5307
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:43,500
drove the Confederates back and 
secured the Union's position. 

5308
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:46,500
It was a moment of extraordinary
courage. 

5309
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:49,300
One, that would later be 
remembered as a turning point in

5310
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:53,099
the battle elsewhere, the fields
of Wheat and Peach Orchards 

5311
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:56,400
became Killing Grounds, their 
beauty scarred by the Carnage of

5312
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:58,800
War. 
The air was thick with smoke and

5313
04:38:58,808 --> 04:39:02,099
the cries of the wounded 
soldiers on both sides fought 

5314
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:05,000
with ferocious determination 
knowing that the stakes were 

5315
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:07,800
higher than ever. 
By the end of the day, the union

5316
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:10,700
lines had held. 
But at a terrible cost, The 

5317
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:13,400
third and final day of the 
battle July 3rd. 

5318
04:39:13,400 --> 04:39:17,300
Brought the infamous assault 
known as Pickett's Charge Lee 

5319
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:20,599
believing that concentrated on 
the Union Center could break 

5320
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:25,400
their lines ordered 12,500 
Confederate soldiers to march 

5321
04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:29,500
across Open Fields under heavy 
Union, artillery fire, The sight

5322
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:32,800
of that charge was both or 
inspiring and harrowing the 

5323
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:36,000
Confederate soldiers advanced in
tight ranks, their banners 

5324
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,300
waving their determination 
unyielding. 

5325
04:39:39,500 --> 04:39:42,500
But the union Defenders, 
entrenched on Cemetery Ridge 

5326
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:46,100
Unleashed a devastating barrage 
of Canon and musket fire. 

5327
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:49,200
The fields became a scene of 
chaos as men fell by the 

5328
04:39:49,208 --> 04:39:52,900
hundreds despite their bravery 
the Confederate soldiers could 

5329
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:54,600
not overcome the Union's 
defense's. 

5330
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,000
Charge was repelled and the 
fields were littered with the 

5331
04:39:58,000 --> 04:40:02,300
Fallen. 
As the sun set on July 3rd, the 

5332
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:04,100
Battle of Gettysburg came to an 
end. 

5333
04:40:04,100 --> 04:40:07,200
Lee realizing that his army 
could not sustain. 

5334
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:10,200
Another assault began the long 
retreat back to Virginia. 

5335
04:40:11,000 --> 04:40:14,200
The Union Army, though, battered
and exhausted had won a decisive

5336
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:17,100
Victory, it was a moment of 
relief and Triumph for the 

5337
04:40:17,108 --> 04:40:20,200
north, a turning point, that 
shifted the momentum of the war.

5338
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:24,200
The cost of the battle was 
staggering over. 50,000 soldiers

5339
04:40:24,200 --> 04:40:28,200
were killed wounded or missing. 
Fields of Gettysburg once 

5340
04:40:28,200 --> 04:40:31,300
peaceful and Lush were now 
marked by the scars of War. 

5341
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:34,700
Families in both the North and 
the South mourned, the loss of 

5342
04:40:34,708 --> 04:40:37,200
loved ones. 
Their lives forever changed by 

5343
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:39,600
the conflict. 
In the months that followed 

5344
04:40:39,600 --> 04:40:42,900
Gettysburg became a symbol of 
sacrifice and resilience. 

5345
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:48,400
On November 19th, 1863 President
Abraham Lincoln delivered, the 

5346
04:40:48,400 --> 04:40:50,700
Gettysburg address at the 
dedication of the soldiers. 

5347
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,500
National Cemetery. 
His words though. 

5348
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:55,900
Brief captured. 
The essence of what the battle 

5349
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,400
had come to represent. 
He spoke of a nation conceived 

5350
04:40:59,400 --> 04:41:02,700
in liberty and dedicated to the 
proposition that all men are 

5351
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:05,500
created equal. 
He reminded the audience that 

5352
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:08,200
the soldiers who had fought and 
died at Gettysburg had done. 

5353
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:11,900
So to ensure that freedom and 
democracy would endure The 

5354
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:14,500
Battle of Gettysburg remains one
of the most studied and 

5355
04:41:14,500 --> 04:41:15,900
remembered events in American 
history. 

5356
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:20,200
It was a moment of profound 
struggle and sacrifice, a 

5357
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:22,700
reminder of the costs of War and
the resilience of the human 

5358
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,300
spirit. 
The Bravery of the soldiers on 

5359
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:29,100
both sides, their dedication to 
their causes, and the impact of 

5360
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:31,300
their actions continue to echo 
through time. 

5361
04:41:32,100 --> 04:41:35,400
As you drift into sleep, let the
story of Gettysburg, fill your 

5362
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:37,300
mind with a sense of reverence 
and reflection. 

5363
04:41:37,300 --> 04:41:40,500
Imagine the Stillness of the 
fields after the battle. 

5364
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:43,700
The quiet, wind carrying the 
memory of those who fought and 

5365
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:45,700
fell. 
Feel the weight of their 

5366
04:41:45,700 --> 04:41:49,300
sacrifice but also the hope that
their struggle helped to shape a

5367
04:41:49,300 --> 04:41:52,100
better future. 
The aftermath of the Battle of 

5368
04:41:52,108 --> 04:41:55,700
Gettysburg left, an indelible 
Mark, not only on the landscape 

5369
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:58,800
of Pennsylvania but also on the 
hearts and minds of the American

5370
04:41:58,800 --> 04:42:01,600
people. 
The quiet town that had seen a 

5371
04:42:01,600 --> 04:42:03,900
horrific convergence of armies. 
Now, bore the weight of, 

5372
04:42:03,908 --> 04:42:06,900
countless Grave's. 
Hastily dug for the Fallen 

5373
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:10,200
Soldiers. 
The once Lush feels Orchards and

5374
04:42:10,200 --> 04:42:13,600
Rolling Hills were now etched 
with scars of War, trenches 

5375
04:42:13,600 --> 04:42:15,600
shattered, fences, and abandoned
artillery. 

5376
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:18,100
In the days. 
Immediately following the 

5377
04:42:18,100 --> 04:42:20,800
Battle, the townspeople of 
Gettysburg Rose to meet the Grim

5378
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:24,500
reality of what had unfolded. 
Civilians who had sought shelter

5379
04:42:24,500 --> 04:42:25,700
during the three days of 
fighting. 

5380
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:27,900
Now, ventured out to help the 
wounded and dying. 

5381
04:42:28,500 --> 04:42:31,400
Holmes Barnes and churches were 
transformed into makeshift 

5382
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:34,400
hospitals. 
Women men and even children 

5383
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:37,400
worked tirelessly to bring 
Comfort to soldiers regardless 

5384
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:40,200
of the uniforms. 
They wore the lines of battle 

5385
04:42:40,200 --> 04:42:44,000
blurred in the face of shared 
Humanity, doctors and nurses 

5386
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:47,700
were overwhelmed by the sheer 
number of wounded Medical Supply

5387
04:42:47,700 --> 04:42:51,200
was scarce and the knowledge of 
Sanitation was rudimentary at 

5388
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:53,300
best. 
Despite the Primitive 

5389
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:57,000
conditions, countless acts of 
compassion, unfolded, as towns. 

5390
04:42:57,000 --> 04:43:00,300
People did what they could to 
save lives or bring Solace to 

5391
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:04,400
those whose time was short. as 
the Confederate Army, retreated,

5392
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:08,800
Southward General lead bore the 
burden of his armies defeat The 

5393
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:11,700
invasion of the North had failed
and the high hopes of a quick 

5394
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:15,100
Victory and a potential, peace 
agreement were dashed. for Lee 

5395
04:43:15,100 --> 04:43:18,800
Gettysburg marked, a turning 
point, a moment, when the tide 

5396
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:20,900
of the War Began to turn 
decisively against the 

5397
04:43:20,900 --> 04:43:25,100
Confederacy, the loss of so many
men and the inability to break 

5398
04:43:25,100 --> 04:43:28,300
Union resolve were blows from 
which his forces would never 

5399
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:31,300
fully recover. 
For the union, the victory at 

5400
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:35,300
Gettysburg was a critical morale
boost General Meade, despite 

5401
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:37,100
some criticism. 
For not pursuing Lee's 

5402
04:43:37,100 --> 04:43:39,800
retreating Army, more 
aggressively, had achieved, what

5403
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:42,900
many thought, impossible, the 
army of the Potomac could stood 

5404
04:43:42,900 --> 04:43:45,800
firm against Lee's forces 
proving that the union could 

5405
04:43:45,800 --> 04:43:48,000
hold its ground and turn the 
tide of the war. 

5406
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:51,200
The significance of Gettysburg 
reached far beyond the 

5407
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:53,400
battlefield. 
It became a symbol of the 

5408
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:55,900
broader struggle. 
The fight to preserve the union 

5409
04:43:55,900 --> 04:43:57,800
and the principles upon, which 
it was founded. 

5410
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:01,600
In the months, following the 
Battle efforts began to ensure 

5411
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:04,100
that the sacrifices made there 
would not be forgotten. 

5412
04:44:05,300 --> 04:44:09,900
One of the most poignant moments
came on November 19th, 1863 with

5413
04:44:09,900 --> 04:44:12,700
the dedication of the soldiers 
National Cemetery at Gettysburg.

5414
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,000
President Abraham Lincoln was 
invited to deliver a few remarks

5415
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:20,700
following a lengthy, oration by 
Edward Everett a renowned 

5416
04:44:20,700 --> 04:44:23,400
speaker of the time, Lincoln's 
address though. 

5417
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:25,900
Brief would become one of the 
most enduring speeches in 

5418
04:44:25,900 --> 04:44:28,900
American history. 
Standing on the blood soaked 

5419
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:32,300
fields of Gettysburg. 
Lincoln spoke not only to honor 

5420
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:34,700
the dead but to remind the 
living of the greater cause, for

5421
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,800
which they had fought. 
His words, beginning with the 

5422
04:44:37,800 --> 04:44:41,900
now iconic phrase, four score 
and seven years ago frame, the 

5423
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:44,800
battle within the context of the
nation's founding ideals. 

5424
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:47,700
He reminded the audience that 
the soldiers would give them 

5425
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:51,500
their lives so that government 
of the People by the people for 

5426
04:44:51,500 --> 04:44:53,700
the people shall not perish from
the Earth. 

5427
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,400
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address was
met with a mixed reception at 

5428
04:44:57,400 --> 04:45:00,500
the time with some viewing, it 
as two brief and simplistic. 

5429
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,400
However history would Elevate 
his words to the status of a 

5430
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:07,000
National Treasure. the 
addressing capsulated, the 

5431
04:45:07,000 --> 04:45:10,300
purpose of the war and the 
vision of a Nation United not by

5432
04:45:10,300 --> 04:45:15,600
force, but by shared values and 
ideals the legacy of the Battle 

5433
04:45:15,600 --> 04:45:18,500
of Gettysburg continued to shape
the course of the Civil War. 

5434
04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:21,800
While the conflict raged on for 
nearly two more years, 

5435
04:45:21,800 --> 04:45:25,600
Gettysburg marked, a critical 
turning point, it showed that 

5436
04:45:25,600 --> 04:45:28,400
the union could resist, the 
might of the Confederacy and 

5437
04:45:28,400 --> 04:45:30,600
that the resolve of its people 
would not be broken. 

5438
04:45:31,500 --> 04:45:34,800
The walls conclusion in 1865, 
brought an end to the fighting, 

5439
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:37,000
but left the nation, grappling 
with the wounds, it had 

5440
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:40,400
inflicted upon itself. 
The fields of Gettysburg became 

5441
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:43,300
a place of reflection and 
Remembrance a site where the 

5442
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:47,000
cost of division was laid bare. 
Over the years, Gettysburg 

5443
04:45:47,000 --> 04:45:49,800
transformed from a battlefield 
to a place of education and 

5444
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:51,900
pilgrimage monuments and 
markers. 

5445
04:45:51,900 --> 04:45:55,000
Were erected to honor the 
soldiers who had fought and died

5446
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:59,000
there preserving their memory 
for future Generations, visitors

5447
04:45:59,000 --> 04:46:01,400
from across the country and 
around the world came to walk, 

5448
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:05,200
the Hallowed Ground to reflect 
on the sacrifices made and to 

5449
04:46:05,200 --> 04:46:09,100
ponder the lessons of history 
today, Gettysburg stands as a 

5450
04:46:09,108 --> 04:46:11,300
testament to the resilience of 
the human Spirit. 

5451
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:13,500
And the enduring struggle for 
freedom and equality. 

5452
04:46:13,500 --> 04:46:17,500
It reminds us of the fragility 
of unity and the strength 

5453
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:21,400
required to preserve it. 
The lessons of Gettysburg echo 

5454
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,200
through time, challenging us to 
remember that the cost of 

5455
04:46:24,208 --> 04:46:26,800
division is far greater than the
effort required to come 

5456
04:46:26,800 --> 04:46:30,100
together. 
As you rest tonight, let the 

5457
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:32,400
story of Gettysburg. 
Remind you of the courage and 

5458
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:36,300
sacrifice of those who came 
before us, Imagine The Quiet 

5459
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:39,900
fields at dawn the softer rustle
of the wind and the Stillness 

5460
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:42,100
that now blankets are placed 
once filled with chaos. 

5461
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:45,500
Let the strength of their 
resolve bring you a sense of 

5462
04:46:45,508 --> 04:46:48,800
peace and may their legacy 
Inspire hope and understanding 

5463
04:46:48,800 --> 04:46:52,500
in your heart the legacy of 
Gettysburg extends far beyond 

5464
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:55,400
the battlefield itself. 
It remains a Cornerstone of 

5465
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:58,800
American History not only as the
site of a pivotal Clash during 

5466
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:02,000
the Civil War but also as a 
symbol of the nation's enduring 

5467
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:05,600
struggled to reconcile, its 
ideals with its realities, the 

5468
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:07,500
battlefields and memorials at 
Gettysburg. 

5469
04:47:07,500 --> 04:47:11,300
Now stand as a reminder of the 
courage, sacrifice and Humanity,

5470
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:14,400
displayed by those who fought 
there, as well as the immense 

5471
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:17,800
costs of division and conflict. 
In the Years, following the 

5472
04:47:17,800 --> 04:47:20,900
Civil War Gettysburg became a 
focus for National healing. 

5473
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:24,600
Veterans from both the union and
the Confederacy returned to the 

5474
04:47:24,600 --> 04:47:27,800
site to honor, their comrades 
and reflect on the events that 

5475
04:47:27,800 --> 04:47:30,800
had shaped their lives. 
These reunions particularly 

5476
04:47:30,800 --> 04:47:33,200
those held on significant 
anniversaries of the battle. 

5477
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:36,600
Fostered, a sense of 
reconciliation and shared 

5478
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:40,600
purpose Despite the lingering 
wounds of War, these gatherings 

5479
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:44,100
underscored, a shared Humanity 
that transcended the divisions 

5480
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:47,000
of the past. 
One of the most moving examples 

5481
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:49,500
of this came during the 50th 
anniversary of the battle in 

5482
04:47:49,500 --> 04:47:52,500
1913. 
Veterans from both sides. 

5483
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:55,800
Now old men came together to 
remember their shared history. 

5484
04:47:55,800 --> 04:47:59,300
The event culminated in a 
symbolic handshake across the 

5485
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:01,800
stone wall. 
At the site of Pickett's, Charge

5486
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:04,600
a powerful gesture. 
That reflected, the desire for 

5487
04:48:04,600 --> 04:48:07,500
Unity and peace. 
These reunions were not without 

5488
04:48:07,500 --> 04:48:10,600
their complexities, but they 
marked an important step in the 

5489
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:12,700
nation's journey toward healing 
and understanding. 

5490
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,300
Over time, Gettysburg evolved in
to a place of education and 

5491
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:20,300
reflection. 
The Gettysburg National military

5492
04:48:20,300 --> 04:48:22,600
Park established in the late 
19th century. 

5493
04:48:22,600 --> 04:48:26,000
And further developed in the 
20th, preserves the battlefield 

5494
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:29,100
in his many monuments ensuring 
that future Generations. 

5495
04:48:29,100 --> 04:48:31,700
Can walk the same paths and 
learn the same lessons. 

5496
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:35,400
The parks Museum and Visitor 
Center, provide context and 

5497
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:38,300
insight into the events of the 
battle, offering a deeper 

5498
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:40,500
understanding of its 
significance, and the people who

5499
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:43,200
shaped it. 
The Gettysburg address too 

5500
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:45,900
continues to resonate as a 
defining moment in American 

5501
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:49,100
history. 
Lincoln's words spoken with such

5502
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,400
Clarity and purpose serve. 
As a reminder of the ideals 

5503
04:48:52,400 --> 04:48:55,700
upon, which the United States 
was founded, they challenge us 

5504
04:48:55,700 --> 04:48:58,800
to honor the sacrifices of those
who fought by striving to create

5505
04:48:58,800 --> 04:49:00,500
a more just and Equitable 
society. 

5506
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:04,500
Today Gettysburg stands as a 
Living testament to the enduring

5507
04:49:04,500 --> 04:49:08,100
importance of History. 
It draws visitors from the globe

5508
04:49:08,100 --> 04:49:10,900
who come to honor the past 
reflect on the present and 

5509
04:49:10,900 --> 04:49:14,400
consider the future. the 
battlefield with its Rolling 

5510
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:18,100
Hills, stone walls and quiet, 
Woods invites contemplation 

5511
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:22,300
Walking its paths, one cannot 
help but feel a connection to 

5512
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:25,200
the stories of those who stood 
there to the bravery and 

5513
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:28,300
determination that Define them. 
And to the lessons, they left 

5514
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:32,400
behind The Battle of Gettysburg 
teaches us that even in the 

5515
04:49:32,400 --> 04:49:36,200
darkest times there is hope for 
a Redemption for reconciliation 

5516
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:39,900
and for a brighter tomorrow. 
It reminds us of the cost of 

5517
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:42,700
division and the strength 
required, to build Unity. 

5518
04:49:42,700 --> 04:49:46,100
It challenges us to live up to 
the ideals of Liberty and 

5519
04:49:46,100 --> 04:49:49,800
equality to honor the sacrifices
of those who came before us by 

5520
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:51,300
working to create a better 
world. 

5521
04:49:52,300 --> 04:49:55,800
As you settle into rest tonight,
let the story of Gettysburg, 

5522
04:49:55,800 --> 04:49:59,400
fill your heart with a sense of 
reflection and gratitude. 

5523
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,400
Picture the fields bathed in the
soft light of the Setting Sun, 

5524
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:07,100
the gentle rustle of leaves in 
the breeze, and the quiet piece 

5525
04:50:07,100 --> 04:50:10,600
that now blankets the land. 
Let The Echoes of courage and 

5526
04:50:10,600 --> 04:50:13,300
sacrifice guide. 
Your thoughts and may their 

5527
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,300
legacy Inspire hope and 
understanding in your dreams. 

5528
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:20,400
The story of Gettysburg is not 
only about the Battle itself but

5529
04:50:20,400 --> 04:50:23,800
also about the enduring lessons.
It offers it is a story of 

5530
04:50:23,808 --> 04:50:27,100
Courage, Under Fire of ordinary 
people facing extraordinary 

5531
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:30,400
challenges and of a Nation 
striving to find its way through

5532
04:50:30,400 --> 04:50:33,700
the darkness of conflict. 
Gettysburg reminds us that 

5533
04:50:33,700 --> 04:50:37,300
history is not just a series of 
dates and events but a tapestry 

5534
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:41,600
of Human Experience woven with 
threads of sacrifice resilience 

5535
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:45,400
and Hope. 
As we reflect on Gettysburg, we 

5536
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:48,200
were reminded of the power of 
unity and the dangers of 

5537
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:50,900
division. 
The Civil War of which 

5538
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:54,300
Gettysburg was a turning point 
was born out of deep seated, 

5539
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:56,600
disagreements, and unresolved 
tensions. 

5540
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,000
The soldiers who fought at 
Gettysburg came from different 

5541
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:03,900
walks of life, different regions
and different perspectives, but 

5542
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:07,500
they shared a common Humanity, 
their bravery and sacrifice 

5543
04:51:07,500 --> 04:51:09,200
speak to the strength of the 
human Spirit. 

5544
04:51:09,200 --> 04:51:13,500
Even in the face of unimaginable
hardship, In the Years, 

5545
04:51:13,500 --> 04:51:16,400
following the Battle, the memory
of Gettysburg became a source of

5546
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:19,900
inspiration for those working to
rebuild and reconcile a 

5547
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:22,700
fractured Nation. 
The scars of War randeep. 

5548
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,400
But so too, did the 
determination to heal. 

5549
04:51:26,100 --> 04:51:28,600
Gettysburg became a symbol of 
what could be achieved when 

5550
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:31,700
people came together to confront
their shared challenges and 

5551
04:51:31,700 --> 04:51:35,500
embrace their common Humanity. 
The stories of the individuals 

5552
04:51:35,500 --> 04:51:38,700
who fought at Gettysburg add 
depth and texture to the history

5553
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:41,400
of the battle. 
From generals like Robert E, Lee

5554
04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:44,100
and George Meade, whose 
decisions shaped the course of 

5555
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:47,100
the conflict to the rank and 
file soldiers, who carried out 

5556
04:51:47,100 --> 04:51:48,900
these orders with bravery and 
resolve. 

5557
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:52,000
Each story adds a layer of 
understanding to the larger 

5558
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,700
narrative. 
These men from both the Union 

5559
04:51:54,700 --> 04:51:58,100
and Confederate, armies faced 
unimaginable adversity with 

5560
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:01,600
courage and dignity. 
One of the most enduring 

5561
04:52:01,600 --> 04:52:04,500
legacies of Gettysburg is its 
role in shaping the collective 

5562
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:08,200
memory of the Civil War. 
The battlefield now a Serene and

5563
04:52:08,208 --> 04:52:11,900
solemn place serves as a 
reminder of the costs of War and

5564
04:52:11,900 --> 04:52:14,500
the value of Peace, monuments 
and markers. 

5565
04:52:14,500 --> 04:52:17,500
Dot the landscape. 
Each telling a story of the men 

5566
04:52:17,500 --> 04:52:19,300
who fought and the sacrifices 
they made. 

5567
04:52:20,200 --> 04:52:23,200
Visitors to Gettysburg off often
struck by the quiet beauty of 

5568
04:52:23,200 --> 04:52:25,900
the place. 
Start contrast to the violence 

5569
04:52:25,900 --> 04:52:27,000
that once engulfed. 
It. 

5570
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:30,900
The Gettysburg Address delivered
by President Lincoln, just 

5571
04:52:30,900 --> 04:52:34,000
months after the battle 
continues to resonate, as a call

5572
04:52:34,000 --> 04:52:36,100
to action and a statement of 
purpose. 

5573
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:40,300
Lincoln's words, remind us of 
the importance of dedication of 

5574
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:42,800
recommitting ourselves to the 
principles of freedom and 

5575
04:52:42,800 --> 04:52:45,500
equality. 
His speech though, brief 

5576
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:49,300
captures the essence of what 
Gettysburg represents, not just 

5577
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:51,200
a battle. 
But a turning point in the 

5578
04:52:51,208 --> 04:52:53,600
ongoing struggle to create a 
more perfect union. 

5579
04:52:54,800 --> 04:52:58,200
Today Gettysburg remains a place
of pilgrimage for those seeking 

5580
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:01,200
to understand the complexities 
of the past and draw inspiration

5581
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:04,100
for the future. 
The stories of those who fought 

5582
04:53:04,100 --> 04:53:06,100
there. 
The lessons of unity and 

5583
04:53:06,100 --> 04:53:09,300
perseverance and the enduring 
called to honor their sacrifices

5584
04:53:09,300 --> 04:53:12,700
to guide us. 
Gettysburg is not just a place 

5585
04:53:12,700 --> 04:53:15,900
on a map. 
It is a symbol of resilience, a 

5586
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,200
reminder of what we can achieve,
when we come together to face 

5587
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:22,700
our challenges, As you drift off
to sleep tonight, let the story 

5588
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:25,600
of Gettysburg wrap around you 
like a warm blanket of 

5589
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:28,700
reflection and peace. 
Imagine the Stillness of the 

5590
04:53:28,700 --> 04:53:32,300
battlefield, at dawn, the quiet 
hum of nature reclaiming, a 

5591
04:53:32,300 --> 04:53:36,300
place once filled with chaos. 
Let the courage and sacrifice of

5592
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,100
those who stood there. 
Inspire you reminding you that 

5593
04:53:39,108 --> 04:53:41,700
even in the darkest times, there
is light to be found. 

5594
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,300
Thank you for spending this time
with us on history and sleep. 

5595
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:48,800
May the story of Gettysburg 
bring you a sense of calm 

5596
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:50,800
perspective and Hope. 
Sleep. 

5597
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:54,200
Well, and may your dreams be 
filled with peace, understanding

5598
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:56,900
and the enduring strength of the
human spirit. 

5599
04:53:57,800 --> 04:54:06,100
Sweet dreams. 
Now if you will imagine that 

5600
04:54:06,100 --> 04:54:09,000
your great great, great great 
great times are 1000 is sitting 

5601
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,700
around a fire some 40,000 years 
ago and she has just created the

5602
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:15,700
most groundbreaking technology 
of her era know. 

5603
04:54:15,700 --> 04:54:18,900
It won't be the wheel for 
another 35,000 years. 

5604
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:22,100
She has discovered a way to 
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 

5605
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:25,900
Walls prior to this point, human
knowledge was like water 

5606
04:54:25,900 --> 04:54:29,300
attempting to survive. 
In a sieve entire library of 

5607
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:31,100
knowledge, just vanished into 
the Smoky. 

5608
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:33,700
Prehistoric are whenever an 
elder passed away. 

5609
04:54:33,700 --> 04:54:37,100
Imagine having no other way to 
transmit that knowledge than 

5610
04:54:37,100 --> 04:54:39,400
through the delicate telephone 
game of human memory. 

5611
04:54:39,400 --> 04:54:43,000
Imagine being the one who knew, 
exactly, which berries wouldn't 

5612
04:54:43,000 --> 04:54:45,700
kill you. 
Which animal tracks meant dinner

5613
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:47,300
vs. 
Which meant you were about to 

5614
04:54:47,300 --> 04:54:50,500
become dinner or how to track, 
Mammoth migration patterns 

5615
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:53,600
across Seasons. 
Remember, your forefathers were 

5616
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:57,600
sluggish, their brains were 
identical to ours in every way 

5617
04:54:57,600 --> 04:55:01,900
including their ability to think
abstractly and solve challenging

5618
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:04,300
problems. 
They simply did not have the 

5619
04:55:04,300 --> 04:55:07,900
convenience of filing systems, 
Post-it notes or even the most 

5620
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,400
basic written reminder. 
They created extremely complex, 

5621
04:55:11,400 --> 04:55:14,500
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival. 

5622
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:18,400
Knowledge into stories songs and
rituals that could be remembered

5623
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:20,900
for weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable 

5624
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:23,600
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

5625
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:27,400
amazing examples of human 
creativity epic poetry that 

5626
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,400
masqueraded as Heroes Journeys 
and included intricate 

5627
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:32,900
Geographic details. 
There were songs that 

5628
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:35,900
communicated water source 
locations over great distances, 

5629
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:39,100
children were tall which plants 
to stay away from through 

5630
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:42,100
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

5631
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:44,600
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures. 

5632
04:55:45,600 --> 04:55:48,300
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge, essential to the 

5633
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:51,700
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind in 

5634
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:54,900
to a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

5635
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:58,000
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

5636
04:55:58,000 --> 04:56:00,000
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

5637
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:04,000
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty our

5638
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:06,600
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

5639
04:56:06,600 --> 04:56:09,300
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

5640
04:56:09,300 --> 04:56:12,200
party over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

5641
04:56:12,200 --> 04:56:15,600
medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

5642
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:18,600
That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

5643
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:21,100
breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

5644
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:24,000
print on a cave, wall, could 
mean more than just una was 

5645
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:27,100
here, it could mean una herself,
even when she wasn't there, 

5646
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:29,500
let's call her owner. 
Because history, forgot to 

5647
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:31,500
record her name which is 
deliciously. 

5648
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,900
Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

5649
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:38,600
present in part permanent to the
transient and build a bridge 

5650
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:40,700
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

5651
04:56:40,700 --> 04:56:44,700
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

5652
04:56:44,700 --> 04:56:48,400
that this signified, Luna needed
to realize that a static Mark 

5653
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:51,400
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

5654
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,400
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

5655
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:56,900
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

5656
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,500
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

5657
04:57:01,500 --> 04:57:04,500
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

5658
04:57:04,500 --> 04:57:07,100
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

5659
04:57:07,100 --> 04:57:11,600
social media sites ever used by 
humans images of horses bison, 

5660
04:57:11,600 --> 04:57:14,600
and the occasional self-portrait
of a cave artists who was quite 

5661
04:57:14,600 --> 04:57:17,600
proud of their hunting skills 
were interspersed with hand 

5662
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:19,900
stencils. 
But these weren't just old 

5663
04:57:19,900 --> 04:57:22,400
Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

5664
04:57:22,408 --> 04:57:26,800
Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

5665
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:30,800
Remember us not only with the 
caves at lascaux Chauvet and 

5666
04:57:30,800 --> 04:57:33,900
Altamira galleries, but they 
also represented the first 

5667
04:57:33,900 --> 04:57:36,100
attempts by humans to 
communicate permanently. 

5668
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:40,300
The painters their realized 
something profound pictures 

5669
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:42,600
could have deeper meanings than 
just their visual impact. 

5670
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:46,100
Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

5671
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:48,800
patterns, or the religious 
beliefs, that govern, the 

5672
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:50,600
relationship between humans and 
animals. 

5673
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:53,900
May be included in a painting, 
depicting a bison hunt. 

5674
04:57:53,900 --> 04:57:56,400
This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

5675
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,300
Simple representation. 
Wasn't enough for those early 

5676
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:01,600
artists. 
They started to symbolize and 

5677
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:06,600
Abstract as zigzag line could 
stand for lightning water or a 

5678
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:11,200
River's course, the Sun, the 
moon or the idea of completeness

5679
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:15,100
could all be represented by a 
circle dots could stand for 

5680
04:58:15,100 --> 04:58:18,600
seeds stars or the concept of 
plurality. 

5681
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:22,700
Before you knew it, people are 
discovered the groundbreaking 

5682
04:58:22,700 --> 04:58:26,700
notion that symbols could stand 
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract

5683
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:28,600
relationships. 
In addition, to tangible 

5684
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:31,800
objects, it's similar to when 
your dog discovers that the word

5685
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,700
walk can actually call forth, 
leashes excitement and the 

5686
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,400
prospect of Adventure in 
addition, to describing the 

5687
04:58:38,400 --> 04:58:42,700
activity of moving on four legs.
However, our ancestors received 

5688
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:45,400
the foundation of civilization, 
in stead of tail, wagging. 

5689
04:58:45,400 --> 04:58:48,500
These early symbol systems were 
not writing as we know it today 

5690
04:58:48,500 --> 04:58:51,900
because they could not capture 
the full complexity of spoken 

5691
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:54,600
language. 
However, this realization by 

5692
04:58:54,600 --> 04:58:57,900
humans was the pivotal First 
Step demonstrating, that 

5693
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:00,800
meaning, could be permanently 
encoded and decoded by other 

5694
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:05,000
Minds, even though, separated by
great time and space in ancient 

5695
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:10,400
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the
Samaritans attacking a problem 

5696
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:12,300
that would make any contemporary
accountant. 

5697
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:15,800
Cry with recognition, how to 
keep track of, who owes what to 

5698
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:18,600
whom when you're economy is 
twice as dramatic and more 

5699
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:20,400
complicated than a soap. 
Opera family. 

5700
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:23,400
Tree agriculture may seem 
straightforward but it's 

5701
04:59:23,408 --> 04:59:26,300
actually a highly intricate 
system of resource management, 

5702
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:29,100
seasonal planning and economic 
coordination. 

5703
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:33,300
That the Sumerians had perfected
The temples collected offerings 

5704
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:37,400
from worshipers provided daily 
rations to priests and workers 

5705
04:59:37,400 --> 04:59:40,300
organized labor, gangs for 
large-scale construction 

5706
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:43,700
projects and oversaw 
cross-continental trade networks

5707
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:47,100
that brought silver from 
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 

5708
04:59:47,100 --> 04:59:49,600
Afghanistan and cedar wood from 
Lebanon. 

5709
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,700
Try using just your memory and a
few knots in string to keep 

5710
04:59:52,708 --> 04:59:55,300
track of all that. 
Something had to give because 

5711
04:59:55,300 --> 04:59:58,300
the Sumerian economy, had 
expanded Beyond human memories 

5712
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,500
of ability to control. 
They would have to discover a 

5713
05:00:01,500 --> 05:00:04,600
method to expand, human memory 
beyond the confines of the 

5714
05:00:04,600 --> 05:00:07,000
individual mind, while they 
would have to reduce their 

5715
05:00:07,000 --> 05:00:09,000
society to the level of a small 
village. 

5716
05:00:10,000 --> 05:00:11,600
The tankiness of our tail is an 
anonymous. 

5717
05:00:11,600 --> 05:00:14,500
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 
most likely the archetypal 

5718
05:00:14,500 --> 05:00:16,400
counterpart of the person in 
your workplace. 

5719
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:18,500
Who remembers. 
Everyone's birth days 

5720
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:21,000
organizers. 
The Supply Closet without being 

5721
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:24,700
asked, and actually reads the 
terms and conditions, This 

5722
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:27,300
administrative Wiz thought there
has to be a better way. 

5723
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:30,800
After observing the disarray of 
record, keeping the initial 

5724
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:35,800
attempts were exquisitely, basic
tiny tokens made of clay each 

5725
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:37,700
signifying. 
A certain amount of a particular

5726
05:00:37,700 --> 05:00:40,200
good. 
A sheep is worth one token. 

5727
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:43,800
A bushel of barley is worth 
another and an oil jar is worth 

5728
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:47,100
a third. 
To represent real transactions. 

5729
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:49,100
These tokens could be 
transferred, counted. 

5730
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:51,800
And stored you could give 
someone 10 sheep tokens. 

5731
05:00:51,800 --> 05:00:55,200
If you owed them 10 sheep and 
the debt was noted in a way that

5732
05:00:55,200 --> 05:00:58,100
was more flexible than engraving
marks on Stone but more 

5733
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:01,500
permanent than memory tokens, 
however had their own issues. 

5734
05:01:01,500 --> 05:01:05,400
They were tiny challenging to 
store securely and prone to 

5735
05:01:05,400 --> 05:01:08,200
being misplaced. 
The discovery was made that it 

5736
05:01:08,200 --> 05:01:09,800
was possible to permanently 
record. 

5737
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:12,900
The meaning of the tokens by 
pressing them into clay tablets 

5738
05:01:12,900 --> 05:01:16,900
rather than storing them loose. 
The tangible tokens turned into 

5739
05:01:16,900 --> 05:01:19,300
Clay impressions and writing 
appeared out of nowhere. 

5740
05:01:19,300 --> 05:01:22,400
They developed cuneiform, which 
is a system of wedge-shaped 

5741
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:26,000
marks the pressed into clay 
tablets using a reed stylus. 

5742
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:30,600
The literal meaning of cuneiform
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 

5743
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:34,400
All About Sumerian priorities. 
They were pragmatic individuals 

5744
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:37,600
who named their writing system 
after the marks shape rather 

5745
05:01:37,600 --> 05:01:41,500
than after Cosmic principles or 
Gods, the Sumerian soon realized

5746
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:43,700
they were onto something more 
significant than livestock 

5747
05:01:43,700 --> 05:01:47,600
inventories even though it began
beautifully simple, one sheep 

5748
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:52,200
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 

5749
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:53,900
different Mark that meant many 
sheep. 

5750
05:01:54,800 --> 05:01:56,700
In the future. 
The system could represent the 

5751
05:01:56,700 --> 05:02:00,300
sounds of words that refer to 
things in addition to quantities

5752
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:03,000
of things. 
Imagine the moment when a scribe

5753
05:02:03,000 --> 05:02:05,300
likely working through the night
with flickering Lamplight, 

5754
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:08,900
discovered that the symbol for 
Bali could also stand for the 

5755
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:12,100
sound. 
She because that was how Bali 

5756
05:02:12,100 --> 05:02:15,300
was pronounced in Sumerian. 
It was like learning that Lego 

5757
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:18,700
blocks could create not just 
spaceships and castles but whole

5758
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:21,600
worlds of emotion, abstract, 
thought and Imagination. 

5759
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:26,000
All of a sudden you could write 
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 

5760
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:29,200
by fusing the symbol for Bali 
for the sound. 

5761
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:33,100
She with the symbol for man? 
After this phonetic Discovery 

5762
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:36,800
cuneiform evolved from a basic 
accounting system to a complete 

5763
05:02:36,800 --> 05:02:39,800
writing system that could 
represent any spoken idea. 

5764
05:02:40,800 --> 05:02:43,400
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

5765
05:02:43,400 --> 05:02:47,200
just 10 sheep, but the shepherd 
who tends ten sheep is my 

5766
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:49,200
brother. 
And he lives beyond the hill 

5767
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:52,600
where the barley grows tall in 
the spring rains for the first 

5768
05:02:52,600 --> 05:02:55,600
time in human history. 
At First, Look, the clay tablets

5769
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:58,100
that emerge from this discovery 
are delightfully ordinary. 

5770
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,900
These old sheets conceal the 
seeds of literature, lore and 

5771
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:04,600
human expression. 
But the majority of them read, 

5772
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:08,200
like the most dull email in box 
in the world received three, 

5773
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:12,200
bushels of Bali from in little 
Barney due to Sheep by the new 

5774
05:03:12,200 --> 05:03:15,100
moon witnessed by. 
Unammo one of the most 

5775
05:03:15,100 --> 05:03:18,300
prestigious occupations in human
history, was that of the scribes

5776
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,800
who produced these tablets. 
acquiring knowledge of cuneiform

5777
05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:25,200
was akin to mastering an ancient
language, accounting software 

5778
05:03:25,200 --> 05:03:28,700
and artistic technique all at 
once they were intricate 

5779
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:31,900
grammatical rules to learn 
hundreds of symbols to commit to

5780
05:03:31,908 --> 05:03:35,600
memory and Professional 
Standards to uphold These 

5781
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,200
individuals knew they were 
engaging in Magic because they 

5782
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:41,200
were the first to actually 
solidify thoughts and turn 

5783
05:03:41,200 --> 05:03:43,200
spoken words into permanent 
objects. 

5784
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:46,100
Is it understandable that they 
developed a sense of 

5785
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:48,100
Professional Pride that bordered
on overconfidence? 

5786
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:52,400
They were the Defenders of 
civilization itself contracts 

5787
05:03:52,400 --> 05:03:55,500
laws, literature and history 
would all be impossible without 

5788
05:03:55,500 --> 05:03:58,200
scribes. 
They served as a tangible link 

5789
05:03:58,200 --> 05:04:01,500
between their societies memory. 
And Eternity, young men spent 

5790
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:04,800
years copying classical, texts 
honing their handwriting and 

5791
05:04:04,800 --> 05:04:07,200
acquiring the sophisticated 
legal and mathematical 

5792
05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:08,800
knowledge. 
Necessary for professional 

5793
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:12,100
administration at Sumerian 
scribes schools which resembled 

5794
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:15,700
medieval monasteries. 
They preserve this tale of 

5795
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:18,600
friendship mortality, and the 
pursuit of meaning for future 

5796
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:20,900
Generations. 
By copying the Epic of 

5797
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:23,500
Gilgamesh. 
Humanity's first, Monumental 

5798
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:27,500
literary Masterpiece, thousands 
of times the ancient Egyptians 

5799
05:04:27,500 --> 05:04:30,500
were creating their own method 
of permanent communication while

5800
05:04:30,500 --> 05:04:33,000
the Sumerians were busy 
refining, their wedge-shaped 

5801
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:36,700
filing system, And because they 
were Egyptians, they decided to 

5802
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:40,100
make it utterly beautiful. 
Why settle for something that 

5803
05:04:40,100 --> 05:04:41,700
works? 
When you can make something that

5804
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:44,800
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 
Around the same time as 

5805
05:04:44,800 --> 05:04:48,500
cuneiform hieroglyphics 
appeared, however, Egyptian 

5806
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:51,300
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 
intricate picture book in the 

5807
05:04:51,308 --> 05:04:54,400
world where a Sumerian writing 
appeared as though someone had 

5808
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:56,800
been piercing clay with a very 
methodical Fork. 

5809
05:04:57,700 --> 05:05:01,300
Every symbol was a miniature 
artwork eyes that followed you 

5810
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:04,700
with age-old wisdom, birds that 
appeared ready to take flight 

5811
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:08,300
and human figures that posed 
with such dignity that even 

5812
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:10,700
grocery lists appeared to be 
statements of cosmic 

5813
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:13,300
significance. 
The definition of hieroglyph, 

5814
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:15,400
which literally translates to 
Sacred. 

5815
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:18,400
Carving provides all the 
information you require about 

5816
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:20,500
the Egyptians perspective on 
their writing system. 

5817
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:23,200
This was more than just useful 
communication. 

5818
05:05:23,200 --> 05:05:27,300
It was a gift from God, a 
conduit between the world of the

5819
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:30,200
Gods of the mortal world, a 
means of engaging, with the 

5820
05:05:30,200 --> 05:05:33,400
Eternal through writing, 
according to Egyptian creation 

5821
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:35,200
myths. 
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 

5822
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,900
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 
noticing the footprints. 

5823
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:40,800
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

5824
05:05:41,600 --> 05:05:44,300
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

5825
05:05:44,300 --> 05:05:46,900
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

5826
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:48,500
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

5827
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:50,800
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

5828
05:05:50,800 --> 05:05:54,200
believe, in divine inspiration, 
thought who was said to have 

5829
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,600
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

5830
05:05:57,600 --> 05:06:01,000
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they had their own Patron deity.

5831
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:04,700
Imagine working in a profession.
So, esteemed that it was 

5832
05:06:04,700 --> 05:06:08,300
believed the gods themselves 
practiced it The instruction of 

5833
05:06:08,300 --> 05:06:11,300
dwarf from ancient Egypt. 
Asserts that scribes are the 

5834
05:06:11,308 --> 05:06:14,100
best at what they do. 
There is no trade without a 

5835
05:06:14,108 --> 05:06:16,000
director except that Of The 
Scribe. 

5836
05:06:16,000 --> 05:06:19,300
He is the director. 
However, the intricacy of 

5837
05:06:19,308 --> 05:06:21,300
hieroglyphs would make 
contemporary computer, 

5838
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,700
programmers cry. 
Depending on the situation, the 

5839
05:06:24,700 --> 05:06:28,100
same symbol May stand for a word
sound or concept. 

5840
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:33,400
A picture of a house could stand
for house the sound PR or 

5841
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:35,400
something related to domestic 
life in general. 

5842
05:06:36,800 --> 05:06:40,300
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

5843
05:06:40,300 --> 05:06:43,700
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice and a

5844
05:06:43,700 --> 05:06:46,600
mine that could suspend several 
possible meanings until the 

5845
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:50,200
context clarified, the intended.
Meaning with typical Egyptian 

5846
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:52,400
Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

5847
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,200
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

5848
05:06:56,200 --> 05:07:00,200
Social contexts and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

5849
05:07:00,200 --> 05:07:03,800
future Generations, Egyptians 
used hieroglyphs for important 

5850
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:08,200
religious or Monumental texts. 
For common religious and 

5851
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:11,600
administrative documents higher 
attic, which means Priestly 

5852
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:15,200
refers to hire a glyphs written 
in cursive, which are quicker to

5853
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:18,000
write while still retaining the 
dignity required for official 

5854
05:07:18,000 --> 05:07:21,400
business. 
Later Egyptian writing adopted 

5855
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:25,100
demotic, which means of the 
people for both personal and 

5856
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:28,000
professional correspondence, 
it's similar to using different 

5857
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,100
writing systems for grocery 
lists office memos and wedding 

5858
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,900
invitations realistic maybe not 
in terms of Effectiveness 

5859
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:38,800
classy. 
Of course the Egyptians realized

5860
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:40,600
that different forms of 
communication required. 

5861
05:07:40,600 --> 05:07:43,300
Varying degrees of aesthetic 
appeal that the medium was an 

5862
05:07:43,300 --> 05:07:46,100
integral part of the message and
that writing was about honoring 

5863
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:49,400
information rather than merely 
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 

5864
05:07:49,400 --> 05:07:51,900
becoming a scribe was akin to 
joining a sacred order. 

5865
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:54,700
In addition to learning how to 
write young boys. 

5866
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:57,900
And sometimes girls, though, 
this was uncommon would spend 

5867
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:00,600
years in scribble schools, 
learning how to mix inks, 

5868
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:04,500
prepare Papyrus and make the 
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled

5869
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:07,400
hieroglyphic writing. 
They practiced by learning 

5870
05:08:07,400 --> 05:08:11,500
grammar and Mathematics copying 
classical texts, and honing, the

5871
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:14,600
exact hand eye, coordination 
needed to produce beautiful and 

5872
05:08:14,600 --> 05:08:18,700
readable symbols, in addition to
writing, Egyptian scribes served

5873
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:22,400
as the pharaoh's Confidant and 
Ministers of the Empire Lauren 

5874
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:25,700
forces and historians. 
They oversaw the intricate 

5875
05:08:25,700 --> 05:08:28,000
irrigation systems that enabled 
Egyptian, agriculture. 

5876
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:31,400
Plan the enormous building 
projects that produced the 

5877
05:08:31,400 --> 05:08:34,700
temples and pyramids and kept up
the Diplomatic correspondence 

5878
05:08:34,700 --> 05:08:37,300
that allowed Egypt to remain in 
touch with the outside world 

5879
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:40,800
Egyptian writing was as 
beautiful as its instruments. 

5880
05:08:41,700 --> 05:08:45,200
Pyrus was a smooth flexible 
writing surface that could be 

5881
05:08:45,200 --> 05:08:47,600
rolled into Scrolls for 
convenient storage and 

5882
05:08:47,600 --> 05:08:50,200
transportation. 
It was made from the pith of 

5883
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:54,400
Papyrus plants which grew along 
the Nile, the delicate curves 

5884
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:56,800
and fine lines. 
That characterized hieroglyphic 

5885
05:08:56,800 --> 05:09:00,500
writing were made possible by 
Reed pens which were carved from

5886
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,500
Marsh plants and precisely 
shaped to hold ink. 

5887
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,100
Rich blacks and Vivid. 
Reds could be produced with ink 

5888
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:10,300
made from soot and plant gums, 
which would stay readable and 

5889
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:11,800
clear. 
For Millennia, most 

5890
05:09:11,800 --> 05:09:14,600
significantly, though Egyptian 
writing was intended to be 

5891
05:09:14,600 --> 05:09:17,400
permanent. 
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved

5892
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,800
into stone temples and tombs 
with the express purpose of 

5893
05:09:20,800 --> 05:09:23,700
remaining forever. 
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 

5894
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,500
tablets were prone to Breaking 
or crumbling and many other 

5895
05:09:26,500 --> 05:09:28,900
ancient writing systems have 
completely vanished. 

5896
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:32,300
The Egyptians held that writing 
could Grant him mortality. 

5897
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:35,100
And that a part of oneself 
persisted in the world. 

5898
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:37,800
As long as one's name could be 
read, Al story. 

5899
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:40,800
Now, takes a turn, that would be
proudly featured in any Underdog

5900
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:43,300
Sports film. 
A small group of people in the 

5901
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:45,900
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 
the verge of unintentionally 

5902
05:09:45,900 --> 05:09:48,100
revolutionizing human 
communication forever. 

5903
05:09:48,100 --> 05:09:50,700
While the Egyptians were 
perfecting, their beautiful 

5904
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:54,500
complexity and the Mesopotamians
were growing their empire based 

5905
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:57,100
on wedges. 
The Phoenicians were academics. 

5906
05:09:57,100 --> 05:09:59,900
They were Traders. 
They were the equivalent of that

5907
05:09:59,900 --> 05:10:02,600
friend who always knows where to
get the best bargains in the 

5908
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:05,500
ancient world. 
Except instead of selling cheap 

5909
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,500
electronics, they dealt in 
purple dye that was worth more 

5910
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:11,900
than gold Cedar would so fine 
that it was used in King's 

5911
05:10:11,900 --> 05:10:15,200
temples and silver, so pure that
it became the Benchmark for 

5912
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:16,700
Value throughout the 
Mediterranean. 

5913
05:10:17,600 --> 05:10:21,200
They required a portable easily 
learned and effective writing 

5914
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:23,300
system. 
Cuneiform required too much. 

5915
05:10:23,300 --> 05:10:26,300
Specialized equipment 
hieroglyphs were too complicated

5916
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:29,900
for Fast, Business records. 
And to be honest, they had no 

5917
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:32,000
time for either. 
When there were fortunes to be 

5918
05:10:32,008 --> 05:10:35,600
made in every port from Spain to
the Black Sea living in a 

5919
05:10:35,600 --> 05:10:37,900
practical era. 
The Phoenicians were pragmatic 

5920
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:43,000
individuals their cities Tyre 
sidon and byblos were erected on

5921
05:10:43,008 --> 05:10:46,400
Slender coastal plains, with 
their faces toward the sea and 

5922
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,700
their backs to the mountains. 
They had to trade in order to 

5923
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:52,200
survive because they couldn't 
produce enough food to sustain 

5924
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:56,100
large populations, additionally,
contracts, correspondence and 

5925
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:58,800
record keeping that were 
comprehensible, despite 

5926
05:10:58,800 --> 05:11:01,700
linguistic, and cultural 
barriers were necessary for 

5927
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,500
successful trade. 
Therefore, the most elegant Act 

5928
05:11:04,500 --> 05:11:07,200
of simplification in human 
history was carried out by a 

5929
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:09,800
brilliant Venetian, Merchants 
around 1200 BCE. 

5930
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:13,400
Let's imagine him as the ancient
equivalent of someone who 

5931
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:17,700
unintentionally revolutionizes 
storage technology and finds a 

5932
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:20,600
better way to organize their 
garage, the Phoenicians produced

5933
05:11:20,600 --> 05:11:24,100
only 22 symbols Each of which 
represented a single consonant 

5934
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:28,700
sound as a posts of symbols. 
That represented words, sounds 

5935
05:11:28,700 --> 05:11:32,400
and Concepts. 
That's all No, images of birds 

5936
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:36,100
that depending on the context 
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 

5937
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:39,600
There are no abstract ideas that
take years of study to grasp. 

5938
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:42,600
There was no Divine symbolism, 
that linked writing to Cosmic 

5939
05:11:42,600 --> 05:11:45,700
laws any word in their language 
could be represented by 

5940
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:49,600
combining just 22 basic marks. 
It was incredibly useful. 

5941
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:53,600
Instead of the years needed to 
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 

5942
05:11:53,600 --> 05:11:56,900
a Merchants child, could learn 
the entire system in months. 

5943
05:11:57,600 --> 05:12:00,200
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

5944
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:03,500
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

5945
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:07,400
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

5946
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:10,700
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

5947
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:13,300
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

5948
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:16,200
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

5949
05:12:16,200 --> 05:12:19,300
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

5950
05:12:19,300 --> 05:12:22,100
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

5951
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:24,100
letters. 
You could write any word you 

5952
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:26,900
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

5953
05:12:26,900 --> 05:12:29,300
sound. 
There was no need for costly 

5954
05:12:29,300 --> 05:12:30,900
materials or specialized 
training. 

5955
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:32,700
No. 
Need to memorize hundreds of 

5956
05:12:32,708 --> 05:12:35,700
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

5957
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:39,300
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

5958
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:41,900
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity, 

5959
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:43,600
the secret to widespread 
literacy. 

5960
05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:46,500
There are only goals were to 
improve business records, 

5961
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:50,500
expedite correspondence, and 
shorten the time needed to train

5962
05:12:50,500 --> 05:12:53,500
new scribes. 
However, Phoenician Traders 

5963
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:56,000
brought their alphabet to every 
port where they conducted 

5964
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:58,100
business. 
And it quickly spread like the 

5965
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:00,500
most popular viral video in the 
ancient world. 

5966
05:13:00,500 --> 05:13:04,200
The Phoenicians system, only 
marked consonant sounds leaving 

5967
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:06,300
readers to infer the vowels from
Context. 

5968
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:10,400
It would be like reading BTT 
cheese s, and knowing it means 

5969
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:13,800
by the house. 
This worked well in Semitic 

5970
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:16,700
languages like Phoenicians and 
Hebrew, where the consonants 

5971
05:13:16,700 --> 05:13:18,800
carry, the majority of the 
meaning, but it was problematic 

5972
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:22,200
for Greek, where vowels sounds 
were essential for 

5973
05:13:22,208 --> 05:13:24,800
comprehension. 
Greek Traders commented. 

5974
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:28,400
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

5975
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:31,400
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

5976
05:13:31,400 --> 05:13:33,400
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

5977
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:37,200
The Greeks used those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

5978
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:40,000
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present in 

5979
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:42,600
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 
letter. 

5980
05:13:42,608 --> 05:13:45,900
A was derived from The 
Phoenician alif, the Greek beta 

5981
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:49,600
and our letter b and so forth. 
Vowels were added to the 

5982
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:52,800
alphabet, making it much more 
accurate and simpler to learn. 

5983
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:57,200
readers could see the precise 
pronunciation of words, rather 

5984
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:01,100
than having to guess the missing
vowel sounds Because of its 

5985
05:14:01,100 --> 05:14:03,600
accuracy. 
The Greek alphabet was ideal for

5986
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:06,600
recording, not only business 
transactions, but also intricate

5987
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:08,500
literary works like poetry and 
philosophy. 

5988
05:14:08,500 --> 05:14:11,500
Where precise wording was 
crucial through their 

5989
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:14,100
interactions with Greek colonies
in southern Italy. 

5990
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:17,400
The Romans came into contact 
with the Greek, alphabet, and 

5991
05:14:17,400 --> 05:14:21,100
recognized its potential for use
in law and administration right 

5992
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:23,700
away. 
By standardizing the alphabet 

5993
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,000
throughout their empire and 
using it to produce the 

5994
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:28,300
administrative and legal 
documents that bound their 

5995
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,600
enormous territories together. 
Roman efficiency, transformed 

5996
05:14:31,600 --> 05:14:35,400
the alphabet into an instrument 
of Empire and that Latin script 

5997
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,300
perfected and refined by Roman 
scribes. 

5998
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,300
And bureaucrats it is currently 
being read by you. 

5999
05:14:42,300 --> 05:14:45,400
The 26 letters that you see on 
your keyboard, a direct 

6000
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:48,700
descendants of those 22, 
Phoenician consonants, they were

6001
05:14:48,708 --> 05:14:52,200
altered by Greek creativity, and
Roman pragmatism and were passed

6002
05:14:52,200 --> 05:14:54,800
down through centuries and 
continents to reach the page or 

6003
05:14:54,800 --> 05:14:57,800
screen in front of you. 
The success of the alphabet was 

6004
05:14:57,800 --> 05:15:01,400
neither inevitable, nor 
instantaneous, Co-existed with 

6005
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,400
various writing systems for 
centuries, each with unique 

6006
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:07,100
benefits. 
For more than a millennium 

6007
05:15:07,100 --> 05:15:10,400
following, the invention of the 
alphabet cane form continued to 

6008
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,200
be the language of scholarship 
and diplomacy and Mesopotamia. 

6009
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:17,000
Up until the Roman era 
hieroglyphs were still utilized 

6010
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:19,300
in Egypt for religious and 
ceremonial purposes. 

6011
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:23,100
The fact that Chinese characters
evolved on their own and are 

6012
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:24,600
still in use today. 
Shows that there are other 

6013
05:15:24,600 --> 05:15:26,300
options for solving the writing 
problem. 

6014
05:15:26,300 --> 05:15:28,900
Besides the alphabet one 
significant benefit of the 

6015
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:31,900
alphabet however, was that it 
significantly reduced the 

6016
05:15:31,900 --> 05:15:34,700
barrier to literacy. 
A person could become 

6017
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:38,100
functionally literate in months 
as a supposed to years of 

6018
05:15:38,100 --> 05:15:40,100
learning, hundreds, or thousands
of symbols. 

6019
05:15:41,300 --> 05:15:44,500
As a result writing was no 
longer the sole domain of 

6020
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,800
affluent Elites and 
professional, scribes soldiers, 

6021
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:50,600
Artisans merchants and 
eventually common. 

6022
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:53,700
People could all learn to read 
and write writing remained the 

6023
05:15:53,708 --> 05:15:56,000
domain of specialist. 
For approximately a millennium, 

6024
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:57,700
following the adoption of the 
alphabet. 

6025
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:01,100
But these Specialists were far 
more numerous than in the past. 

6026
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:04,700
Books were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

6027
05:16:04,700 --> 05:16:08,200
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

6028
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,500
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

6029
05:16:11,500 --> 05:16:14,500
it took a monk, three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

6030
05:16:14,500 --> 05:16:18,600
Stone Monastery on bread and we 
killed on the Latin word marus 

6031
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:21,600
which means hand and scriptus 
which means written. 

6032
05:16:21,600 --> 05:16:23,600
This was the era of the 
manuscript. 

6033
05:16:24,400 --> 05:16:28,100
Letter by letter word by word 
Page by Page each book was 

6034
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:31,900
literally written by hand. 
A single book was worth months 

6035
05:16:31,900 --> 05:16:34,600
or years of human labor, due to 
the labor-intensive nature of 

6036
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:38,600
the process, making each volume 
extremely valuable the 

6037
05:16:38,600 --> 05:16:41,000
improbable stewards of human 
knowledge turned out to be 

6038
05:16:41,008 --> 05:16:44,700
medieval monasteries. 
Imagine brother Benedict bent 

6039
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:48,200
over his writing desk in a 
scriptorium, a special room used

6040
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:51,300
for copying manuscripts 
carefully, copying the writings 

6041
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:54,500
of ancient philosophers as his 
back ached from hours of 

6042
05:16:54,500 --> 05:16:57,900
painstaking exacting work and 
his fingers gradually turned 

6043
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:01,300
blue from the cold. 
In their meticulously copied 

6044
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:03,800
books. 
These monks preserved everything

6045
05:17:03,800 --> 05:17:07,100
from agricultural methods to 
mathematical theorems to 

6046
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:10,400
theological arguments making 
them more than just scribes. 

6047
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,700
They were the first backup hard 
drives of human civilization. 

6048
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:16,600
It was almost Supernatural. 
How much work it took to create 

6049
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:20,600
a medieval manuscript. initially
you needed parchment or Vellum, 

6050
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,500
which required weeks of 
meticulous, preparation, using 

6051
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:29,200
the skins of dozens of animals 
such as goats, sheep or cars, To

6052
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:31,500
produce a smooth, long lasting 
writing surface. 

6053
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:35,900
The Skins needed to be soaked 
scraped stretched and lime 

6054
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:39,800
treated. 300 sheep skins could 
be needed for one Bible. 

6055
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:43,000
The creation of inks followed 
some of which called for 

6056
05:17:43,000 --> 05:17:46,000
substances more unusual than 
anything found in a contemporary

6057
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:49,500
chemistry set. 
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 

6058
05:17:49,500 --> 05:17:53,400
Oak Galls growth produced by 
wasp larvae were used to make 

6059
05:17:53,400 --> 05:17:57,300
blacking Cinnabar or red Oaker 
were used to make the red ink 

6060
05:17:57,300 --> 05:17:59,200
that was used for chapter 
headings and significant 

6061
05:17:59,200 --> 05:18:02,200
passages. 
Real gold leaf was ground with 

6062
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:05,600
gum and honey to create gold ink
which was saved for the most 

6063
05:18:05,600 --> 05:18:09,500
valuable writing the writing 
itself, necessitated specific 

6064
05:18:09,500 --> 05:18:13,000
instruments and methods to hold 
ink and create accurate marks 

6065
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:16,000
quill pens, which were fashioned
from the flight feathers of 

6066
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:18,800
geese or swans. 
Had to be precisely cut and 

6067
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:23,600
shaped Sand was used to block 
excess ink and speed drying and 

6068
05:18:23,600 --> 05:18:26,000
the scribes desk was angled to 
avoiding pooling. 

6069
05:18:26,000 --> 05:18:29,900
However, the illumination the 
addition of ornamental elements 

6070
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:33,400
that transformed every page into
a work of art was where the true

6071
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:36,700
Artistry was found. 
Details initial letters, that 

6072
05:18:36,700 --> 05:18:40,100
could include whole Mitchell 
Landscapes marginal decorations 

6073
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:43,200
that told visual stories and 
full page illustrations, that 

6074
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,800
infused text with Rich details, 
and vibrant colors were all 

6075
05:18:46,800 --> 05:18:50,100
characteristics of illuminated 
manuscripts among the most 

6076
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:52,500
Exquisite items ever made by 
human hands. 

6077
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:55,500
Are the most well, known 
illuminated manuscripts such as 

6078
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:58,900
the Book of Kells or the caliche
Urdu, Barry. 

6079
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:02,800
Hours of Labor by talented 
artists employing methods that 

6080
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:05,500
took decades to perfect a 
represented on each page. 

6081
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:07,600
The pigments were made from 
Vellum. 

6082
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:08,900
So fine, it was almost 
translucent. 

6083
05:19:08,900 --> 05:19:13,400
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 
made from single hairs and Lapis

6084
05:19:13,400 --> 05:19:15,000
Lazuli imported from 
Afghanistan. 

6085
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:18,700
It sounds romantic to say that 
each book was unique, but it 

6086
05:19:18,700 --> 05:19:21,200
also means that each one cost 
enough to wipe out a small 

6087
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:23,300
Kingdom. 
A complete collection of 

6088
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:26,000
Aristotle's writings could cost 
more than a small farm. 

6089
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:29,800
A single Bible could cost as 
much as a house and even basic 

6090
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:32,500
prayer books were luxury items. 
Only the wealthy could afford 

6091
05:19:32,500 --> 05:19:35,600
because of this scarcity. 
The majority of people can 

6092
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:39,100
continue to rely on memory oral 
tradition and the occasional 

6093
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:42,300
helpful neighbor who could read 
while the wealthy and the clergy

6094
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:44,300
can continue to enjoy the 
privilege of literacy. 

6095
05:19:44,300 --> 05:19:48,400
However, something significant 
was taking place, even in this, 

6096
05:19:48,400 --> 05:19:51,300
secluded realm of handwritten 
books in a way. 

6097
05:19:51,308 --> 05:19:55,300
Never seen before, knowledge was
becoming portable from Monastery

6098
05:19:55,300 --> 05:19:58,600
to Monastery, a manuscript could
spread Concepts across centuries

6099
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:01,800
and continents. these 
meticulously reproduced books 

6100
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:04,600
brought the writings of Greek 
philosophers, who had been 

6101
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,600
preserved by Islamic scholars 
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 

6102
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:11,600
back to Christian Europe, 
through Thomas aquinas's work, 

6103
05:20:11,600 --> 05:20:15,800
Aristotle's physics, which was 
translated from Greek to Arabic,

6104
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:18,900
to Latin, had an impact on 
Christian theology, during the 

6105
05:20:18,900 --> 05:20:22,300
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's 
geography, which has been 

6106
05:20:22,308 --> 05:20:25,600
reproduced and recouped for 
centuries served as a guide for 

6107
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:28,500
the exploration Expeditions that
brought Europeans to the new 

6108
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:30,500
world. 
The scribes and monks who 

6109
05:20:30,500 --> 05:20:32,600
produced these manuscripts 
established a culture of 

6110
05:20:32,608 --> 05:20:34,100
knowledge preservation of their 
own. 

6111
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:37,500
Each book became a dialogue 
across time as a result of the 

6112
05:20:37,500 --> 05:20:40,700
marginalia comments and 
observations in the margins that

6113
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:43,300
they added. 
Reading a medieval manuscript 

6114
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:45,800
today is similar to listening to
a group of academics who are 

6115
05:20:45,808 --> 05:20:49,000
centuries apart debate the same 
text adding their own 

6116
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:51,600
interpretations and insights 
while also agreeing and 

6117
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:54,000
disagreeing. 
While some of these side remarks

6118
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:56,700
are academic and somber. 
Others are surprisingly, 

6119
05:20:56,700 --> 05:21:00,300
relatable and human. 
The whether it's raining heavily

6120
05:21:00,300 --> 05:21:02,700
outside. 
The scriptorium complaints about

6121
05:21:02,700 --> 05:21:06,300
the cold, my hand is numb from 
writing and even drawing of 

6122
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:09,900
cats, which it seems medieval 
monks found just as adorable as 

6123
05:21:09,900 --> 05:21:12,300
we do today. 
Can all be found in medieval 

6124
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:15,800
manuscripts new types of books 
with distinct functions also 

6125
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:17,500
emerge during the manuscript 
era. 

6126
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:21,200
Both clergy and lay people 
adopted the sultan as they go to

6127
05:21:21,200 --> 05:21:25,200
prayer book because it contained
the 150 biblical Farms. 

6128
05:21:25,900 --> 05:21:28,200
Among the most popular 
manuscripts for affluent, people

6129
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:31,200
were books of hours which 
contained prayers for various 

6130
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:34,500
times of the day. 
Through their descriptions of 

6131
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:38,000
mythical and real animals. 
Best juries Blended natural 

6132
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:41,600
history with moral teaching in 
ways that were both entertaining

6133
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:45,300
and instructive when universe is
first appeared in the 12th 

6134
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:47,100
century. 
They brought with them new 

6135
05:21:47,108 --> 05:21:49,200
production, techniques and 
demands for books. 

6136
05:21:49,900 --> 05:21:52,900
Multiple copies of the same text
could be produced more quickly. 

6137
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:57,200
Thanks to the PCS system, which 
divided text into sections. 

6138
05:21:57,200 --> 05:21:59,500
That could be copied by multiple
scribes at once. 

6139
05:22:00,200 --> 05:22:03,500
Although it still took months to
produce a single book, this was 

6140
05:22:03,500 --> 05:22:05,600
the Medieval equivalent of mass 
production. 

6141
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:08,900
China had been subtly 
transforming, the very medium of

6142
05:22:08,900 --> 05:22:12,300
writing while Europe continued 
to treat books as Priceless 

6143
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:15,000
artifacts that needed the 
sacrifice of whole herds of 

6144
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,600
sheep. 
Making paper from plant. 

6145
05:22:17,600 --> 05:22:20,000
Fibers was a technique that 
would eventually change the 

6146
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:23,300
world and it was perfected by a 
court official name, Cai Lun 

6147
05:22:23,300 --> 05:22:26,400
around 105 CE during the 
Huntington estate. 

6148
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:29,300
When you take into account, the 
Alternatives, that dominated 

6149
05:22:29,300 --> 05:22:32,900
writing surfaces for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

6150
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:35,900
a game changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

6151
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:39,300
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

6152
05:22:39,300 --> 05:22:41,500
and brittle, though. 
Stone was permanent. 

6153
05:22:41,500 --> 05:22:43,200
It was not practical for 
inscriptions. 

6154
05:22:43,200 --> 05:22:44,900
Other than the most significant 
ones. 

6155
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:49,000
The Pirates was costly to make 
and transport and it required 

6156
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:52,000
particular plants that only 
thrived in particular climates. 

6157
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:55,800
Parchment was extremely costly 
and required animal skins. 

6158
05:22:55,800 --> 05:22:59,800
A single book could require 
hundreds of animal skins Rags 

6159
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:02,600
bark, bamboo mulberry, trees, 
and pretty much. 

6160
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:05,100
Any other plant fiber could be 
used to make paper. 

6161
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:08,700
This made it possible to produce
writing materials in large 

6162
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:11,400
quantities locally and at a low 
cost. 

6163
05:23:12,400 --> 05:23:14,500
The cost of the information 
written on the writing. 

6164
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,100
Surface became insignificant for
the first time in human history.

6165
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:22,000
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 
into pulp combined with water 

6166
05:23:22,000 --> 05:23:25,100
and then lifted out on screens 
to form, thin sheets that 

6167
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:29,200
eventually dried into paper. 
Kailens method was elegantly 

6168
05:23:29,200 --> 05:23:32,500
straightforward, the method 
became so wide spread in China 

6169
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:34,500
that paper was used for more 
than just righting. 

6170
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,800
It was also used for packaging 
decoration and even clothing 

6171
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:41,400
paper served as a medium for art
decoration and even money for 

6172
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:44,100
the Chinese who used it for more
than just writing. 

6173
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:47,400
Centuries before the rest of the
world realized that you could 

6174
05:23:47,400 --> 05:23:50,100
use something other than piece 
of metal to represent value, 

6175
05:23:50,100 --> 05:23:53,700
they created paper money. 
Chinese Traders were using 

6176
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:57,300
exquisitely designed paper notes
backed by Imperial authority to 

6177
05:23:57,300 --> 05:24:00,400
pay for goods while European 
Merchants continued to carry 

6178
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:04,000
bags of gold and silver coins. 
Additionally, new forms of 

6179
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:06,300
artistic expression were made 
possible by Chinese. 

6180
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:10,500
Papermaking Writing itself was 
regarded as a visual art form 

6181
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:14,000
when calligraphy the art of 
beautiful writing Advanced to 

6182
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:16,900
new heights. 
Chinese poets produced versus 

6183
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,100
that were as Exquisite to look 
at as they were to read with the

6184
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:22,600
ink flow and brushwork adding to
the poem's meaning. 

6185
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:25,600
This type of creative. 
Experimentation was made 

6186
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:29,200
feasible and affordable by paper
along trade routes the 

6187
05:24:29,200 --> 05:24:32,900
technology gradually spread. 
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 

6188
05:24:32,900 --> 05:24:38,900
tourists who saw its potential 
Around 750 CE it made its way to

6189
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:42,700
the Islamic world. 
Most likely via Chinese pose 

6190
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:44,300
taken during the battle of 
talas. 

6191
05:24:45,100 --> 05:24:47,500
With the same further as those 
who had been attempting to 

6192
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:51,100
preserve library on pricey, 
animal hides, Islamic scholars 

6193
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:54,000
and administrators embraced. 
Paper paper books. 

6194
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:56,900
Flooded The Great Library of 
Baghdad Cairo and Cordoba 

6195
05:24:56,900 --> 05:25:00,200
establishing educational hubs 
that preserved and advanced 

6196
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:04,300
ancient knowledge. 
Greek Persian Sanskrit and other

6197
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:07,300
works were translated into 
Arabic and printed as paper 

6198
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:10,400
books at the house of wisdom in 
Baghdad, which developed into a 

6199
05:25:10,408 --> 05:25:14,200
translation hub. cheap paper 
made this enormous translation 

6200
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,300
project possible saving 
classical education that might 

6201
05:25:17,300 --> 05:25:20,800
have been lost forever otherwise
Islamic papermakers improved 

6202
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:23,800
upon Chinese processes and 
created new ones that were 

6203
05:25:23,800 --> 05:25:27,600
appropriate for various climates
and the materials at hand From 

6204
05:25:27,600 --> 05:25:30,700
Spain to Central Asia, they set 
up paper mills across their 

6205
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:34,000
lands establishing a production 
Network that made books more 

6206
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:36,400
widely available and more 
reasonably priced than ever. 

6207
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:38,800
Before in the 12th century 
paper. 

6208
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:41,700
Finally made its way to Europe 
where it encountered, the kind 

6209
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,500
of opposition usually reserved 
for National Security threats. 

6210
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:48,100
To safeguard their business. 
Parchment manufacturers 

6211
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:51,300
organized, strong guilds, and 
pushed policy makers to limit 

6212
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:54,200
the use of paper. 
Despite the fact that many paper

6213
05:25:54,200 --> 05:25:56,500
manuscripts are fared better 
than parchment ones. 

6214
05:25:56,500 --> 05:25:59,700
In terms of survival religious, 
authorities were concerned. 

6215
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:02,900
That paper books might not be 
robust enough to preserve sacred

6216
05:26:02,900 --> 05:26:06,200
texts in certain locations. 
Using paper for official 

6217
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:07,800
documents is outright 
prohibited. 

6218
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:11,200
The Holy Roman Emperor. 
Frederick the second insisted 

6219
05:26:11,200 --> 05:26:13,600
that only parchment was 
appropriate for significant 

6220
05:26:13,600 --> 05:26:17,600
legal records, declaring, in 
1231 That official documents 

6221
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:19,600
written on paper would be deemed
invalid. 

6222
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:23,500
This opposition to paper was 
partially cultural reflecting 

6223
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:26,000
long held ideas about the 
appropriate materials for 

6224
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:29,300
significant writing and 
partially economic as the 

6225
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:32,000
production of parchment was a 
significant industry that 

6226
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:35,700
employs thousands of people, 
however, paper had a compelling 

6227
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:39,900
Advantage, it was inexpensive. 
Parchment was unable to keep up 

6228
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:42,800
with the growing number of 
universities in Europe and the 

6229
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:45,800
resulting demand for books. 
Throughout their studies. 

6230
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:48,900
The University student may 
require access to dozens of 

6231
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:51,700
different texts. 
More animal, skins were needed 

6232
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:55,000
for even a small Library than 
most areas could provide in the 

6233
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:58,500
13th and 14th centuries. 
Paper mill started to appear all

6234
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:01,000
over Europe. 
They were frequently constructed

6235
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:03,400
next to rivers, that could 
Supply electricity for the 

6236
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:06,700
equipment that was used to 
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 

6237
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:09,900
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

6238
05:27:09,900 --> 05:27:13,300
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

6239
05:27:13,300 --> 05:27:16,300
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

6240
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:19,300
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

6241
05:27:19,300 --> 05:27:20,600
the cheap papers of 
availability. 

6242
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:24,500
For the first time writing 
supplies were reasonably priced 

6243
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:28,700
allowing people to try out novel
written Expressions because 

6244
05:27:28,700 --> 05:27:31,400
paper made writing more 
affordable personal letters 

6245
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:34,200
increased in frequency. 
Business records became more 

6246
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:37,700
details and governments became 
more bureaucratic Johannes. 

6247
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:41,200
Gutenberg was arguably the most 
irritated metal work in mine's 

6248
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:44,300
Germany, and perhaps all of 
Europe by the 1440s. 

6249
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,000
He had invested years and a lot 
of money into creating a system 

6250
05:27:48,008 --> 05:27:51,800
of movable type, which consisted
of separate metal letters that 

6251
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:53,900
could be rearranged to print 
various texts. 

6252
05:27:54,500 --> 05:27:57,400
However, each prototype, he 
created brought with it. 

6253
05:27:57,400 --> 05:28:00,300
New problems that seemed to 
arise more quickly than he could

6254
05:28:00,300 --> 05:28:02,700
resolve them. 
The intricacy of the technical 

6255
05:28:02,700 --> 05:28:06,300
issues was astounding, the 
printing would be uneven with 

6256
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:08,400
some letters, pressing harder 
into the paper than others. 

6257
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:12,200
If the letters weren't all 
precisely the same height, to 

6258
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:14,900
account for the inherent 
proportions of various letters, 

6259
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:18,100
they also needed to have 
slightly different widths for 

6260
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:21,700
example, our eyes should be 
narrower than a w, but both had 

6261
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:24,300
to line up precisely with every 
other letter in the alphabet, 

6262
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:28,500
the type required, a carefully, 
formulated metal alloy, If it 

6263
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:31,200
were too soft pressure would 
cause the letters to distort, 

6264
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:33,800
they would chip or shatter, if 
they were too hard. 

6265
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:38,000
The alloy needed to be able to 
capture find Details, be robust 

6266
05:28:38,000 --> 05:28:41,100
enough to print thousands of 
copies and be affordable enough 

6267
05:28:41,100 --> 05:28:44,100
to make the system as a whole 
profitable to transfer from 

6268
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,600
metal to paper without smearing 
or fading, the ink needed to be 

6269
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:49,100
precisely the correct 
consistency. 

6270
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:53,300
Metal type on paper, just didn't
work with traditional manuscript

6271
05:28:53,300 --> 05:28:57,100
Inc which was made for quill 
pens on parchment in order to 

6272
05:28:57,100 --> 05:29:00,500
stick to metal and transfer 
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 

6273
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,700
to create a completely new kind 
of ink that was oil-based rather

6274
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:07,600
than water-based a Pages whole 
surface required, precisely the 

6275
05:29:07,600 --> 05:29:09,500
correct amount of pressure from 
the Press itself. 

6276
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:12,700
Some letters would print lightly
or not at all if there was 

6277
05:29:12,708 --> 05:29:15,800
insufficient pressure. 
Excessive pressure could cause 

6278
05:29:15,800 --> 05:29:18,300
the paper to tear or the type to
be pushed. 

6279
05:29:18,300 --> 05:29:20,400
So deeply into the paper that 
holds would form. 

6280
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:24,000
However, the economic issue was 
arguably the most difficult. 

6281
05:29:25,200 --> 05:29:28,100
With no Assurance of return. 
Starting a printing business, 

6282
05:29:28,100 --> 05:29:31,400
required, a significant up front
investment in supplies, 

6283
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:36,500
machinery and trained labor. 
Single misaligned letter, a 

6284
05:29:36,500 --> 05:29:40,200
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue
could destroy 100 of copies and 

6285
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:41,600
cause the business to go 
bankrupt. 

6286
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:45,100
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 
only in his individual solutions

6287
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:47,700
to these issues. 
But also in his realization, 

6288
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,600
that printing was an entirely 
new method of book production. 

6289
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:55,000
Manuscripts were copied one at a
time, by medieval scribes who 

6290
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:58,500
worked for months on each copy, 
After the initial setup was 

6291
05:29:58,500 --> 05:30:01,200
finished printing produced a 
template that could create 

6292
05:30:01,200 --> 05:30:04,100
hundreds of identical copies. 
There was significant. 

6293
05:30:04,100 --> 05:30:07,500
Ramifications of this transition
from artisanal to industrial 

6294
05:30:07,500 --> 05:30:10,100
production that went well beyond
the printing shop. 

6295
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:14,400
Printed books were identical 
rather than distinct each with 

6296
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:17,600
its own unique qualities and 
possible mistakes because 

6297
05:30:17,600 --> 05:30:20,400
everyone else reading the same 
book would find the same text in

6298
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:22,800
the same place scholars in 
different cities. 

6299
05:30:22,800 --> 05:30:26,300
Could now, refer to particular 
pages and lines naturally, the 

6300
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:28,800
Bible was the first book that 
didn't work decided to print. 

6301
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,400
However this was a wise business
move, as well as a religious 

6302
05:30:32,400 --> 05:30:35,500
one, the one book that was sure 
to have a sizeable and steady 

6303
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:38,900
Market was the Bible. 
Every Church required copies 

6304
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:42,500
affluent, people desired their 
own copies and the text was 

6305
05:30:42,500 --> 05:30:45,100
sufficiently uniformed to 
eliminate any doubts regarding 

6306
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:48,700
its veracity or correctness. 
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 

6307
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:51,600
finished around 1455 and is 
still regarded as one of the 

6308
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:53,800
most Exquisite books ever 
created. 

6309
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:57,000
Demonstrated that hand 
illumination could compete with 

6310
05:30:57,000 --> 05:31:01,500
mechanical reproduction in terms
of artistic quality Gutenberg 

6311
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:03,900
created books, that fuse, the 
Elegance of traditional 

6312
05:31:03,900 --> 05:31:07,200
manuscript art with the accuracy
of printing by hiring. 

6313
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:10,000
Talented artists to add 
decorative elements to each copy

6314
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,300
more significantly though. 
The good and Berg Bible, proved 

6315
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:15,800
that books could be produced in 
large quantities without 

6316
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:19,700
compromising their quality. 
With hand added decorations, 

6317
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:24,300
each of the 180 copies was 
unique, despite having the same 

6318
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:28,300
text and layout resulting in a 
hybrid form that connected medal

6319
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:30,900
crafts from ship and 
contemporary industry with the 

6320
05:31:30,908 --> 05:31:32,900
rapidity of a particularly 
potent play. 

6321
05:31:32,900 --> 05:31:36,600
But with far greater advantages,
the printing, press spread 

6322
05:31:36,600 --> 05:31:41,200
throughout Europe by 1500 more 
than 2005 cities. 

6323
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:45,300
Ranging from Stockholm to Naples
and Lisbon to Moscow had 

6324
05:31:45,300 --> 05:31:48,100
printing presses. 
Millions of books were being 

6325
05:31:48,100 --> 05:31:51,700
produced by these presses every 
year changing, Europe from a 

6326
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:54,600
place where books were rare and 
valuable to one, where printed 

6327
05:31:54,600 --> 05:31:56,400
materials were becoming widely 
available. 

6328
05:31:56,400 --> 05:32:00,800
The ramifications for society, 
were profound, the simultaneous 

6329
05:32:00,800 --> 05:32:03,800
existence of identical copies of
the same text in several 

6330
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:06,400
locations was unprecedented in 
human history. 

6331
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:09,800
With the assurance that their 
peers would be reading the same 

6332
05:32:09,800 --> 05:32:12,600
words academics. 
Could now participate in 

6333
05:32:12,600 --> 05:32:15,200
authentic, intellectual 
discourse by citing particular 

6334
05:32:15,200 --> 05:32:18,800
passages and page numbers. 
Scholarly discourse became more 

6335
05:32:18,800 --> 05:32:22,800
cumulative, more collaborative 
and more precise after being 

6336
05:32:22,800 --> 05:32:25,700
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 
door in 1517. 

6337
05:32:25,700 --> 05:32:29,600
Martin, Luther's 95 Theses were 
reprinted and disseminated 

6338
05:32:29,600 --> 05:32:32,500
throughout Germany. 
In a matter of weeks translated 

6339
05:32:32,500 --> 05:32:35,200
into several languages in a 
matter of months, and then 

6340
05:32:35,200 --> 05:32:36,900
dispersed throughout Europe in a
year. 

6341
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:40,900
Luther's accusations of church. 
Corruption might have remained a

6342
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:43,300
local theological dispute in the
absence of printing. 

6343
05:32:44,100 --> 05:32:46,500
Their invention of printing 
served as the Catalyst for the 

6344
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:49,100
Protestant Reformation, which 
fundamentally altered 

6345
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:51,700
Christianity in Europe. 
Researchers on different 

6346
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:54,800
continents could now instantly 
share, scientific discoveries, 

6347
05:32:55,700 --> 05:32:58,600
Within months of its publication
in the Revolutionary bus in 

6348
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,300
1543. 
Copernicus is groundbreaking 

6349
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:05,100
theory that the Earth revolved 
around the Sun was known to 

6350
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:09,200
astronomers all over Europe. 
Published in the humani corporis

6351
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,300
Fabrica that same year. 
The salius is precise 

6352
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:14,500
anatomical. 
Illustrations provided medical 

6353
05:33:14,500 --> 05:33:18,000
students worldwide with access 
to intricate illustrations that 

6354
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:20,600
were previously limited to a 
small number of hand-drawn 

6355
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:24,000
manuscripts in both subtle and 
Revolutionary Ways, the printing

6356
05:33:24,000 --> 05:33:28,300
press democratized knowledge 
with less expensive bindings, a 

6357
05:33:28,300 --> 05:33:30,100
farmer's son. 
Could now own the same books as 

6358
05:33:30,100 --> 05:33:33,400
a nobleman instead of competing 
based on the wealth of their 

6359
05:33:33,400 --> 05:33:36,100
Patron ideas could do so on 
their own Merit. 

6360
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:40,100
Simply being able to reproduce 
text at low cost and disseminate

6361
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:43,500
it, widely enabled, the 
Protestant Reformation, the 

6362
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:47,400
Scientific Revolution and the 
enlightenment, however, printing

6363
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:49,400
all gave rise to new kinds of 
control. 

6364
05:33:49,400 --> 05:33:53,200
And inequality, even though the 
cost of books decreased their 

6365
05:33:53,200 --> 05:33:55,200
production still required a 
large investment. 

6366
05:33:56,200 --> 05:33:59,300
By determining which texts were 
worthy of being printed and 

6367
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:01,900
which Concepts merited. 
Wide-spread dissemination 

6368
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,900
Publishers, took on the role of 
new information Gatekeepers 

6369
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,300
Governments implemented, license
programs, censorship, and 

6370
05:34:09,300 --> 05:34:12,200
printing, press control. 
After realizing the power of 

6371
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:15,100
printing, the spread of 
protestant text through printing

6372
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:18,200
prompted the Catholic Church to 
create the index Libra and 

6373
05:34:18,200 --> 05:34:21,300
prohibitorum a list of books 
that Catholics were prohibited 

6374
05:34:21,300 --> 05:34:24,900
from reading Realizing that 
controlling the presses meant, 

6375
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:27,900
controlling the information flow
governments across Europe, set 

6376
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:30,500
up official, printers and 
mandated, licenses for printing 

6377
05:34:30,500 --> 05:34:32,600
businesses. 
It was impossible to fully 

6378
05:34:32,600 --> 05:34:35,200
regulate printing in spite of 
these control attempts, 

6379
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:38,700
Smugglers transported, banned 
texts across borders, 

6380
05:34:38,700 --> 05:34:42,200
underground, presses produced 
books that were prohibited and 

6381
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:43,800
the sheer volume of printed 
material. 

6382
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:47,200
Made complete censorship in 
practicable Since mass 

6383
05:34:47,200 --> 05:34:50,200
communication had escaped, it 
would never be able to be reined

6384
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:53,000
in in the 17th and 18th. 
Centuries, something 

6385
05:34:53,000 --> 05:34:56,800
extraordinary occurred, common 
people started reading for 

6386
05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:00,600
enjoyment, not for Religious 
Education, not for work-related 

6387
05:35:00,600 --> 05:35:03,600
reasons, but just because 
reading was now a fun 

6388
05:35:03,600 --> 05:35:07,000
inexpensive and socially 
acceptable Pastime. 

6389
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:09,900
In addition to reflecting 
broader shifts in European 

6390
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:12,100
Society. 
This change was partially 

6391
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:15,000
brought about by the printing 
press, which made books more 

6392
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:18,400
affordable and accessible more 
people had free time and 

6393
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,100
disposable income as a result of
growing prosperity. 

6394
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:25,600
A cities grew more populated, 
bookshops lending, libraries and

6395
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:29,300
literary discussions became 
commonplace as literacy rates. 

6396
05:35:29,300 --> 05:35:32,400
Increased more people were able 
to read the increasingly 

6397
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:34,900
accessible books. 
Most significantly, though 

6398
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:37,700
author started producing content
specially for this new 

6399
05:35:37,700 --> 05:35:41,100
readership. 
Published in 1719, Daniel 

6400
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:44,300
defoe's Robinson. 
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for

6401
05:35:44,300 --> 05:35:48,800
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 
and anybody else with a few free

6402
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:52,400
hours and the cost of a book It 
was not written for academics or

6403
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:55,500
Aristocrats written in simple 
terms that anyone could 

6404
05:35:55,500 --> 05:35:57,700
understand. 
And appreciate the book told the

6405
05:35:57,708 --> 05:36:00,100
tale of an average man, dealing 
with extraordinary 

6406
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:03,600
circumstances, the 18th century.
Social media platforms, were 

6407
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:07,200
coffee shops, more than 3,000 
coffee shops in London, 

6408
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,200
functioned as Gathering spots, 
where people congregated to read

6409
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:13,800
newspapers, talk about pamphlets
and debate, the concepts that 

6410
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:17,000
were being discussed in print, 
these were places where common 

6411
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,500
people could engage in the 
intellectual life of their era, 

6412
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:23,400
debating politics science, 
literature and philosophy, over 

6413
05:36:23,400 --> 05:36:25,300
coffee cups and Clay tobacco 
pipes. 

6414
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:28,800
They were not official 
educational institutions, every 

6415
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:30,600
coffee shop. 
Had its own personality and 

6416
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:34,300
customer base after becoming the
epicenter of Maritime Insurance.

6417
05:36:34,300 --> 05:36:37,600
Lloyds Coffee House changed, its
name to Lloyds of London. 

6418
05:36:38,600 --> 05:36:41,200
Publishers and booksellers came 
to the chapter Coffee House. 

6419
05:36:42,000 --> 05:36:44,700
Jonathan's Coffee House 
developed into a hub for stock 

6420
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:46,800
trading. 
While Wills was well known for 

6421
05:36:46,800 --> 05:36:50,000
its literary discussions. 
The coffee shop served as a hub 

6422
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:53,600
for social networks business 
transactions, and the formation 

6423
05:36:53,600 --> 05:36:56,700
of public opinion, a literary 
genre that was ideal for this. 

6424
05:36:56,700 --> 05:37:00,100
New reading culture, was the 
novel novels told stories about 

6425
05:37:00,100 --> 05:37:03,000
people like the readers 
themselves in contrast to 

6426
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:06,400
philosophical treatises or epic 
poems, which required 

6427
05:37:06,400 --> 05:37:09,300
specialized knowledge or 
classical education to fully 

6428
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,800
appreciate They looked at the 
moral dilemmas of daily life, 

6429
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:16,600
the social dynamics of modern 
society and the inner lives of 

6430
05:37:16,600 --> 05:37:20,600
Regular People, the popularity 
of Samuel, Richardson's 1740 

6431
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:24,000
novel, Pamela was so great that 
readers wrote fan letters to the

6432
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:27,300
fictional heroine sent the 
author ideas for new plot points

6433
05:37:27,300 --> 05:37:30,200
and convened in groups to debate
the moral decisions and 

6434
05:37:30,208 --> 05:37:33,300
motivations of the characters in
individuals were developing 

6435
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:36,400
emotional bonds with fictional 
characters in ways that any 

6436
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:39,300
contemporary fiction. 
Reader would recognize Pamela 

6437
05:37:39,300 --> 05:37:41,700
became a literary phenomenon as 
a result of its success. 

6438
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,500
The 18th century equivalent of 
appointment, television was 

6439
05:37:46,500 --> 05:37:50,400
created by Richardson subsequent
publication of Clarissa and even

6440
05:37:50,400 --> 05:37:53,100
longer novel that was released 
in installments over a year. 

6441
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:56,600
As each new book came out 
reader's scheduled their months 

6442
05:37:56,600 --> 05:37:59,700
in advance congregating, in 
coffee shops, and private 

6443
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:02,200
residences to talk about the 
most recent events, in 

6444
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:05,500
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 
in previously, unheard of 

6445
05:38:05,500 --> 05:38:08,900
numbers, women began to produce 
and consume this new literary 

6446
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:11,700
culture. 
Because the novel was regarded. 

6447
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:15,300
As a new literary form, devoid 
of long-standing masculine 

6448
05:38:15,300 --> 05:38:18,000
traditions and because women 
were acknowledged for their 

6449
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:20,700
unique understanding of the 
emotional and domestic themes 

6450
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:23,900
that novels addressed. 
It was one of the few literary 

6451
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:26,600
genres in which female authors 
could compete on an equal 

6452
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,700
footing with men in the late 
17th century Africa. 

6453
05:38:29,700 --> 05:38:32,800
Bayan often regarded as the 
first professional English woman

6454
05:38:32,800 --> 05:38:35,800
writer proved that women could 
produce fiction that was 

6455
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:39,600
profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 

6456
05:38:39,600 --> 05:38:43,200
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

6457
05:38:43,200 --> 05:38:46,400
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

6458
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:48,400
English. 
Literature were among the many 

6459
05:38:48,400 --> 05:38:51,100
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

6460
05:38:51,100 --> 05:38:55,100
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

6461
05:38:55,100 --> 05:38:58,100
complexity, and intelligence of 
women while writing for female 

6462
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:00,600
readers. 
Their novels directly addressed.

6463
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:02,700
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

6464
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:06,700
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

6465
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:10,200
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

6466
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:13,800
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

6467
05:39:13,800 --> 05:39:16,700
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

6468
05:39:16,708 --> 05:39:19,600
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

6469
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:23,000
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

6470
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:24,700
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

6471
05:39:24,700 --> 05:39:27,900
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

6472
05:39:27,900 --> 05:39:31,000
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

6473
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:33,400
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

6474
05:39:33,400 --> 05:39:36,900
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

6475
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:39,800
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

6476
05:39:39,800 --> 05:39:44,300
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

6477
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:48,000
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

6478
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:52,300
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

6479
05:39:52,300 --> 05:39:56,300
commentary in a monthly format. 
Soon after came Magazine's for 

6480
05:39:56,300 --> 05:39:59,400
women kids and people with 
particular interests are 

6481
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,800
occupations, reading became even
more accessible and communal 

6482
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:05,100
with the circulation of 
libraries readers. 

6483
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:07,800
Could check out books from the 
library return them when they 

6484
05:40:07,800 --> 05:40:10,600
were done and choose new ones 
from the collection for a 

6485
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:14,900
subscription fee, Through the 
creation of reader communities, 

6486
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:17,500
that exchange recommendations 
and discussed what they had 

6487
05:40:17,500 --> 05:40:20,200
read. 
This system made pricey novels 

6488
05:40:20,200 --> 05:40:23,500
accessible to those who couldn't
afford to buy them, Reading had 

6489
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:25,500
become so wide. 
Spread by the end of the 18th 

6490
05:40:25,500 --> 05:40:28,600
century that social critics 
began to worry that it might 

6491
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:31,200
jeopardize moral order and 
social stability. 

6492
05:40:32,200 --> 05:40:35,200
Young people were accused of 
reading too much fiction and 

6493
05:40:35,200 --> 05:40:38,100
ignoring their practical 
obligations especially young 

6494
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:40,600
women. 
Novels were accused of fostering

6495
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:44,200
dangerous, Notions of social 
equality fostering, female 

6496
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:47,400
Independence, and generating 
irrational, expectations about 

6497
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:49,800
romance. 
Later, panics about radio 

6498
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:53,400
television video games and 
social media, or striking 

6499
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:55,900
similarities to these fears 
about the consequences of 

6500
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:59,300
reading fiction. 
Every new Mass entertainment 

6501
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:01,900
medium has been charged with 
destroying Traditional Values. 

6502
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:05,000
Corrupting young people and 
eroding social ties. 

6503
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:08,900
The first instance of moral 
panic over mass media was the 

6504
05:41:08,900 --> 05:41:12,300
reading of the 18th century, 
which established trends that 

6505
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:15,200
would be replicated with every 
new communication technology 

6506
05:41:15,200 --> 05:41:18,800
writing and reading became 
industrial processes in the 19th

6507
05:41:18,800 --> 05:41:21,200
century. 
An information once a limited 

6508
05:41:21,200 --> 05:41:24,800
resource accessible, only to the
elite became a mass produced 

6509
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:27,600
good that was accessible to all 
societal levels. 

6510
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:31,800
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

6511
05:41:31,800 --> 05:41:35,600
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

6512
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:39,000
facet of economic life. 
Also drove, this change books 

6513
05:41:39,000 --> 05:41:41,900
and newspapers could be produced
more quickly than anyone had 

6514
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:43,500
thought possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

6515
05:41:43,500 --> 05:41:47,000
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

6516
05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:50,600
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

6517
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:54,500
changed since gutenberg's day, 
could possibly produce 300 pages

6518
05:41:54,500 --> 05:41:56,900
every day. 
With little assistance, from 

6519
05:41:56,900 --> 05:42:00,800
humans steam, powered presses 
could generate 3,000 pages per 

6520
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:03,000
hour. 
The same need for an expensive 

6521
05:42:03,000 --> 05:42:04,700
materials that was 
revolutionizing. 

6522
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:08,500
Textile production also drove 
the mechanization and efficiency

6523
05:42:08,500 --> 05:42:12,600
of paper making The handmade 
sheets that had restricted paper

6524
05:42:12,600 --> 05:42:15,700
production for centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

6525
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,100
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness. 

6526
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,800
Thanks to the Foreigner machine,
which was created in the early 

6527
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:25,100
1800s. 
Rag started to give away to wood

6528
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:28,100
as the main raw material for 
paper, which increased its 

6529
05:42:28,100 --> 05:42:31,200
affordability and availability 
for the first time in human 

6530
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:33,300
history. 
The dissemination of knowledge 

6531
05:42:33,300 --> 05:42:36,300
was not hampered by the physical
creation of reading materials. 

6532
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,600
At prices, lower enough for 
working class families, to 

6533
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:42,800
afford, books, and newspapers 
Publishers could print as many 

6534
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:44,400
copies as the market would 
demand. 

6535
05:42:44,400 --> 05:42:47,000
The first real mass media was 
thus produced. 

6536
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:50,900
Newspapers evolved from pricey 
weekly indulgences that were 

6537
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:54,100
mostly read by professionals and
Merchants to inexpensive 

6538
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:56,900
everyday essentials that were 
accessible to all societal 

6539
05:42:56,900 --> 05:42:59,700
classes. 
By the 1830s. 

6540
05:42:59,700 --> 05:43:03,300
America's Penny press was 
printing, one cent newspapers 

6541
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,500
that were jam-packed with local 
news, since Sensational, 

6542
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,700
stories, and advertisements, 
meant to reach as many people as

6543
05:43:09,700 --> 05:43:12,100
possible, compared to the 
commercial and political 

6544
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:13,600
newspapers of the previous 
Century. 

6545
05:43:13,600 --> 05:43:17,600
The content of these Penny 
papers was very different The 

6546
05:43:17,600 --> 05:43:21,300
penny press reported on crime, 
accidents, human interest, 

6547
05:43:21,300 --> 05:43:24,000
stories, and entertainment, 
rather than politics 

6548
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:27,700
international trade, and topics 
of interest to affluent readers.

6549
05:43:28,900 --> 05:43:31,600
They were the forerunners of 
contemporary tabloid journalism 

6550
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:34,700
which was created to be 
interesting readable and 

6551
05:43:34,700 --> 05:43:37,300
accessible to those with little 
free time or education. 

6552
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:40,200
When ships arrived with the 
newest edition of the old 

6553
05:43:40,200 --> 05:43:43,900
curiosity shop or Great 
Expectations readers on both 

6554
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:47,100
sides of the Atlantic lined up 
at docks, making Charles 

6555
05:43:47,100 --> 05:43:49,600
Dickens, possibly, the first 
True Media celebrity. 

6556
05:43:50,400 --> 05:43:53,400
His novels was serialized in 
magazines, which created the 

6557
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:55,600
19th century equivalent of 
appointment television. 

6558
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,100
People devoted their entire 
month to learning the fate of 

6559
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:00,700
their favorite fictional 
characters. 

6560
05:44:00,700 --> 05:44:03,600
And Dickens earnings from 
writing allowed him to live like

6561
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,900
a King novels published in 
serial form, gave rise to new 

6562
05:44:06,900 --> 05:44:09,400
kinds of authorial response and 
redirect interaction. 

6563
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:12,800
Dickens is renowned for 
altering, plot points in 

6564
05:44:12,800 --> 05:44:15,200
response to read a responses to 
previous chapters. 

6565
05:44:16,100 --> 05:44:19,000
Dickens changed his plans for 
other characters in the old 

6566
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:22,600
curiosity, shop after readers, 
expressed dissatisfaction with 

6567
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:26,000
little nails fate. 
A more responsive and Democratic

6568
05:44:26,000 --> 05:44:29,300
form of literature was produced 
by this direct feedback, loop 

6569
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:31,700
between writers and readers as 
education. 

6570
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:36,700
Grew basic literacy ceased to be
an elite became a practical 

6571
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:39,400
necessity. 
Workers who could follow written

6572
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:42,900
instructions, read, simple 
instructions and comprehend, 

6573
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:45,900
basic contracts and legal 
documents were needed during the

6574
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:49,700
Industrial Revolution. 
Commercial activities, railroad 

6575
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:53,600
operations and factory work all 
required literacy skills that 

6576
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:56,800
were previously optional for the
majority of people the majority 

6577
05:44:56,800 --> 05:44:59,600
of industrialized nations 
implemented, public education 

6578
05:44:59,600 --> 05:45:02,500
systems in the 19th century, 
with the goal of creating 

6579
05:45:02,500 --> 05:45:05,700
literate workers who could 
navigate an increasingly complex

6580
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:09,400
economy, Using standardized 
techniques that could be used on

6581
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:12,000
a large scale, children learn to
read, and write quickly. 

6582
05:45:12,000 --> 05:45:14,600
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

6583
05:45:14,600 --> 05:45:17,300
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

6584
05:45:17,308 --> 05:45:20,900
nature of communication, Written
messages could be sent across 

6585
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:23,500
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

6586
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:27,700
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spread

6587
05:45:27,700 --> 05:45:29,800
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

6588
05:45:29,800 --> 05:45:33,600
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism and 

6589
05:45:33,600 --> 05:45:36,900
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

6590
05:45:37,800 --> 05:45:40,300
Markets, thousands of miles 
apart, could coordinate their 

6591
05:45:40,300 --> 05:45:43,600
stock prices, nearly 
instantaneous, news reporting 

6592
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:45,400
was possible from remote 
locations. 

6593
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:49,300
In real-time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

6594
05:45:49,300 --> 05:45:52,600
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

6595
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:54,900
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System. 

6596
05:45:54,900 --> 05:45:58,600
The telegraph produced the first
genuinely worldwide Information.

6597
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:02,200
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

6598
05:46:02,200 --> 05:46:04,500
speed were necessary for 
telegraph communication. 

6599
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:08,300
Messages had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

6600
05:46:08,300 --> 05:46:10,400
money. 
Other writing styles were 

6601
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:13,600
impacted by the telegram style 
which pushed for directness and 

6602
05:46:13,600 --> 05:46:16,900
efficiency The headlines of 
newspapers became more witty 

6603
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:20,300
business letters, became more 
targeted, the clipped 

6604
05:46:20,300 --> 05:46:23,100
cost-effective style, originally
created for telegraph, 

6605
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:26,100
communication started to be 
adopted, even in private 

6606
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:28,800
correspondence. 
The act of writing itself was 

6607
05:46:28,800 --> 05:46:32,100
mechanized with the invention of
the typewriter in the 1870s. 

6608
05:46:33,000 --> 05:46:34,500
Expert. 
Typhus could create more 

6609
05:46:34,500 --> 05:46:39,100
readable text used, less space 
and produce clean, identical 

6610
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:42,000
copies of documents more quickly
than any handwriter. 

6611
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:45,400
The typewriter gave women. 
Their first wide-spread office 

6612
05:46:45,400 --> 05:46:48,600
job opportunity and the sound of
typing became the background 

6613
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:50,300
music of contemporary office 
work. 

6614
05:46:50,300 --> 05:46:53,600
Additionally, typewriting 
standardized written documents 

6615
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:57,700
appearance in ways that had 
unanticipated repercussions, the

6616
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,400
handwriting on handwritten 
documents provided insight into 

6617
05:47:00,400 --> 05:47:02,600
the author's. 
Social class, educational 

6618
05:47:02,600 --> 05:47:05,600
attainment, emotional state, and
personal traits. 

6619
05:47:07,100 --> 05:47:10,100
Due to the anonymity and 
consistency of type documents. 

6620
05:47:10,100 --> 05:47:13,900
Written communication became 
more democratic, an ideas could 

6621
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:16,508
be evaluated without regard to 
the personal traits of their 

6622
05:47:16,516 --> 05:47:20,500
authors writing, was not only 
altered by the 20th century, but

6623
05:47:20,500 --> 05:47:23,700
it was also multiplied, 
exponentially resulting, in an 

6624
05:47:23,700 --> 05:47:26,200
information environment. 
So complex and Rich that it 

6625
05:47:26,208 --> 05:47:28,300
would have been overwhelming to 
earlier, centuries. 

6626
05:47:29,100 --> 05:47:32,300
However, each new technology 
seemed to increase the desire 

6627
05:47:32,300 --> 05:47:34,800
for more written content, rather
than replace written 

6628
05:47:34,800 --> 05:47:37,700
communication despite their 
apparent threats to written 

6629
05:47:37,700 --> 05:47:40,800
communication radio, and 
television, actually increase 

6630
05:47:40,800 --> 05:47:42,200
the demand for written 
materials. 

6631
05:47:42,200 --> 05:47:45,800
People wanted to read more in 
depth articles in newspapers and

6632
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:48,400
magazines after hearing, 
fascinating news on the radio. 

6633
05:47:49,500 --> 05:47:52,200
Watches of Television looked for
books written by authors they 

6634
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:55,500
had heard on talk shows. 
Instead of taking the place of 

6635
05:47:55,500 --> 05:47:59,400
the others, each new medium seem
to enhance the development of 

6636
05:47:59,400 --> 05:48:02,700
offset printing in the early 
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,

6637
05:48:02,700 --> 05:48:05,300
and increase the versatility of 
high-quality reproduction. 

6638
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:08,800
Any image or text that could be 
photographed, could be 

6639
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:12,000
reproduced using offset printing
as a posed to traditional 

6640
05:48:12,000 --> 05:48:14,800
Letterpress printing, which 
required the manual setting of 

6641
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:18,700
individual pieces of metal type.
This allowed Publishers to 

6642
05:48:18,700 --> 05:48:22,300
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

6643
05:48:22,300 --> 05:48:25,600
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

6644
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:29,000
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

6645
05:48:29,000 --> 05:48:32,300
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

6646
05:48:32,300 --> 05:48:36,200
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

6647
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:39,200
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

6648
05:48:39,200 --> 05:48:42,800
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

6649
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:45,600
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

6650
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,600
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

6651
05:48:48,600 --> 05:48:51,800
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

6652
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:55,100
sparked a national dialogue, 
among women about fashion social

6653
05:48:55,100 --> 05:48:58,400
issues and domestic life, 
Popular Science helped, make 

6654
05:48:58,400 --> 05:49:00,600
technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

6655
05:49:00,600 --> 05:49:03,300
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain and 

6656
05:49:03,300 --> 05:49:05,700
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

6657
05:49:05,700 --> 05:49:09,200
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

6658
05:49:09,200 --> 05:49:13,100
Complete novels collections of 
poetry, or non-fiction could be 

6659
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:16,100
published in paperback books, 
that cost, no more than a 

6660
05:49:16,100 --> 05:49:18,500
magazine. 
All of a sudden, serious 

6661
05:49:18,500 --> 05:49:21,600
literature was as disposable as 
magazines and as easily 

6662
05:49:21,600 --> 05:49:25,000
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities and reading

6663
05:49:25,000 --> 05:49:28,700
habits were spawned by this 
accessibility Individuals could 

6664
05:49:28,700 --> 05:49:31,800
afford to gamble on, unproven 
writers or Uncharted Territory. 

6665
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:36,100
Book stopped being significant 
Investments and instead became 

6666
05:49:36,100 --> 05:49:39,400
impulsive purchases. 
Millions of people were exposed 

6667
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:41,500
to authors and genres. 
They might not have otherwise 

6668
05:49:41,500 --> 05:49:43,300
come across in traditional 
bookstores. 

6669
05:49:43,300 --> 05:49:46,900
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 
pharmacies and airports over the

6670
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:49,700
course of the industrialized 
World typewriters went from 

6671
05:49:49,700 --> 05:49:52,700
being a luxury piece of office 
equipment to become everyday 

6672
05:49:52,700 --> 05:49:56,500
household objects, that were 
used in homes, schools and small

6673
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,300
businesses ordinary. 
People were able to create 

6674
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:01,600
documents that looked 
professional in their homes. 

6675
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:04,700
For the first time in ways that 
would have astounded medieval 

6676
05:50:04,700 --> 05:50:06,600
scribes. 
Who spent years honing, their 

6677
05:50:06,600 --> 05:50:10,800
handwriting, the typewriter 
democratized neat readable 

6678
05:50:10,800 --> 05:50:13,000
writing the nature of private 
correspondence. 

6679
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:15,700
Was also altered by the 
widespread of availability of 

6680
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:18,200
typewriters for Speed and 
Clarity. 

6681
05:50:18,200 --> 05:50:21,200
Letters could be typed while 
retaining the unique writing 

6682
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,600
style of each individual. 
Standardized format and 

6683
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:27,100
appearance for business letters,
led to the development of 

6684
05:50:27,100 --> 05:50:30,200
templates and conventions, that 
continue to shape formal 

6685
05:50:30,200 --> 05:50:33,000
correspondence today, the speed 
and reach of written 

6686
05:50:33,000 --> 05:50:35,100
communication. 
However, were undergoing a true 

6687
05:50:35,108 --> 05:50:37,900
Revolution. 
With the Advent of the airmail, 

6688
05:50:37,900 --> 05:50:42,000
service in the 1920s, and 1930s 
letters could now be sent to 

6689
05:50:42,000 --> 05:50:44,800
cross Ocean's in a matter of 
days as a weeks. 

6690
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:48,300
International trade and 
cooperation were made possible 

6691
05:50:48,300 --> 05:50:51,100
at a speed that would have seen 
miraculous to earlier 

6692
05:50:51,100 --> 05:50:53,700
Generations. 
A business letter sent from New 

6693
05:50:53,700 --> 05:50:57,000
York on Monday could arrive in 
London, by Thursday newspapers 

6694
05:50:57,000 --> 05:50:59,700
were able to instantly share 
stories across continents. 

6695
05:50:59,700 --> 05:51:04,100
Thanks to telepreneur services. 
A more integrated Global 

6696
05:51:04,100 --> 05:51:06,400
awareness of current events 
could result from the 

6697
05:51:06,408 --> 05:51:10,100
simultaneous, publication of the
same news story in newspapers 

6698
05:51:10,100 --> 05:51:13,400
from Tokyo to New York. 
Reports from the front lines, 

6699
05:51:13,400 --> 05:51:15,600
can be filed by War 
correspondents, and published 

6700
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:18,200
the following day. 
In local newspapers, due to the 

6701
05:51:18,208 --> 05:51:20,700
extraordinary demand for 
communication and information 

6702
05:51:20,700 --> 05:51:23,800
brought about by World War Two. 
Many of these Trends were 

6703
05:51:23,800 --> 05:51:27,000
accelerated improvements. 
In information processing, 

6704
05:51:27,000 --> 05:51:30,400
Printing and Telecommunications 
were driven by military 

6705
05:51:30,400 --> 05:51:33,100
requirements. 
Markets for new kinds of 

6706
05:51:33,100 --> 05:51:35,800
Publications and Reporting 
techniques were opened by the 

6707
05:51:35,800 --> 05:51:38,900
demand for news. 
Millions of people were exposed 

6708
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:41,600
to writers and Concepts that 
they might not have otherwise 

6709
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:43,900
come across. 
Thanks to the pocket sized books

6710
05:51:43,900 --> 05:51:47,200
that soldiers carried perhaps no
single publishing initiative in 

6711
05:51:47,208 --> 05:51:49,900
history has contributed more to 
the democratization of 

6712
05:51:49,908 --> 05:51:53,300
literature than the arms of 
additions, which were small 

6713
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:55,600
paperback books, sent to 
American soldiers during World 

6714
05:51:55,600 --> 05:51:58,100
War 2. 
These books were printed on 

6715
05:51:58,100 --> 05:52:02,300
inexpensive paper made to fit in
uniform pockets, and given away 

6716
05:52:02,308 --> 05:52:04,600
for free to all active military 
personnel. 

6717
05:52:05,200 --> 05:52:08,500
They created a reading program 
that transcended all social and 

6718
05:52:08,500 --> 05:52:11,100
educational boundaries by 
including everything from 

6719
05:52:11,100 --> 05:52:14,100
technical manuals to popular 
novels to classical literature 

6720
05:52:14,100 --> 05:52:16,500
expanded. 
Expectations and tastes in 

6721
05:52:16,508 --> 05:52:19,700
literature were brought back by 
veterans from the war. the 

6722
05:52:19,700 --> 05:52:22,400
greatest expansion of higher 
education in American history 

6723
05:52:22,400 --> 05:52:26,000
was made possible by the g bill 
which offered educational 

6724
05:52:26,000 --> 05:52:29,400
benefits to returning veterans, 
The explosion of college 

6725
05:52:29,400 --> 05:52:32,100
enrollment opened up enormous 
new markets for serious 

6726
05:52:32,100 --> 05:52:35,300
non-fiction academic 
Publications and textbooks. 

6727
05:52:35,300 --> 05:52:39,100
The first truly Mass literate 
Society in human history was 

6728
05:52:39,100 --> 05:52:41,200
brought about by the post-war 
economic boom. 

6729
05:52:42,100 --> 05:52:45,100
Instead of being exceptional, 
college education, became the 

6730
05:52:45,108 --> 05:52:47,700
norm, everyone could now afford 
literature. 

6731
05:52:47,700 --> 05:52:51,100
Thanks to paperback, books 
Public, Library's developed into

6732
05:52:51,100 --> 05:52:52,600
Community. 
Hubs, were anyone seeking 

6733
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:55,300
information from any social or 
economic background? 

6734
05:52:55,300 --> 05:52:58,500
Could obtain it for free new 
reading and writing habits were 

6735
05:52:58,500 --> 05:53:00,100
brought about by Suburban 
development? 

6736
05:53:01,000 --> 05:53:03,800
On their daily commutes 
commuters used busses and trains

6737
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:07,100
as makeshift reading rooms where
they read paperback novels, 

6738
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:11,000
periodicals and newspapers. 
Because most suburban homes had 

6739
05:53:11,000 --> 05:53:14,400
a den or family room with 
built-in bookcases middle-class,

6740
05:53:14,400 --> 05:53:17,500
people were accustomed to owning
and displaying books, social 

6741
05:53:17,500 --> 05:53:20,200
critics started to worry about 
information overload, by the 

6742
05:53:20,200 --> 05:53:23,100
1960s because written 
communication had become so 

6743
05:53:23,100 --> 05:53:27,000
commonplace books, magazines and
newspapers were all over the 

6744
05:53:27,008 --> 05:53:30,000
place with all the written 
material being produced daily, 

6745
05:53:30,000 --> 05:53:34,500
how could anyone keep up in his 
1970 book, Future Shock? 

6746
05:53:34,500 --> 05:53:37,700
Alvin Toffler made the case that
the amount of information and 

6747
05:53:37,700 --> 05:53:40,800
the rate of change were becoming
too much for the average person 

6748
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:43,800
to handle psychologically, the 
explosion of information in the 

6749
05:53:43,808 --> 05:53:46,400
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 
what was to come. 

6750
05:53:46,400 --> 05:53:48,400
But no one could have predicted 
that. 

6751
05:53:48,400 --> 05:53:52,800
It was only the beginning in the
1940s and 1950s computers looked

6752
05:53:52,800 --> 05:53:55,600
like a enormous calculators with
text processing as an 

6753
05:53:55,600 --> 05:53:59,200
afterthought. 
These compact devices which were

6754
05:53:59,200 --> 05:54:02,800
packed with Magnetic drums and 
vacuum tubes were made mainly 

6755
05:54:02,800 --> 05:54:06,100
for mathematical computations 
used in large-scale data 

6756
05:54:06,100 --> 05:54:09,200
processing military applications
and scientific research. 

6757
05:54:10,200 --> 05:54:12,700
The notion that they could 
transform human communication 

6758
05:54:12,700 --> 05:54:16,200
seemed as unrealistic as the 
notion that locomotives might 

6759
05:54:16,200 --> 05:54:17,800
one day be employed for space 
travel. 

6760
05:54:17,800 --> 05:54:21,300
Punched cards were fed into 
these devices by early computer 

6761
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:24,600
operators who then had to wait 
hours or even days for the 

6762
05:54:24,608 --> 05:54:28,700
results to print compared to 
typewriters writing on computers

6763
05:54:28,700 --> 05:54:32,300
was slower and more difficult. 
And it took months to acquire 

6764
05:54:32,300 --> 05:54:34,600
the specialized knowledge of 
operating systems and 

6765
05:54:34,600 --> 05:54:38,400
programming languages needed. 
Text processing, was viewed as a

6766
05:54:38,400 --> 05:54:41,200
trivial use of computing, power 
by the few individuals who 

6767
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:44,100
worked with computers, who are 
highly skilled technicians and 

6768
05:54:44,100 --> 05:54:47,600
scientists, however, computers 
had a huge advantage over all 

6769
05:54:47,600 --> 05:54:50,800
earlier writing Technologies. 
They could transmit edit and 

6770
05:54:50,800 --> 05:54:53,100
copy text without any physical 
restrictions. 

6771
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:57,200
A computer-generated document 
was made up of electrical or 

6772
05:54:57,200 --> 05:54:59,700
magnetic signal patterns. 
That could be precisely 

6773
05:54:59,700 --> 05:55:02,300
duplicated as many times as 
necessary without losing 

6774
05:55:02,300 --> 05:55:05,400
quality. 
It was possible to make changes 

6775
05:55:05,400 --> 05:55:07,200
without having to retype whole 
pages. 

6776
05:55:08,000 --> 05:55:11,700
Electronically, stored searched 
and retrieved text could be done

6777
05:55:11,700 --> 05:55:14,300
with speed and accuracy, that 
physical documents could not 

6778
05:55:14,300 --> 05:55:17,200
match the Revolutionary. 
Potential of computerized 

6779
05:55:17,200 --> 05:55:21,600
writing became apparent in the 
1960s and 1970s the development 

6780
05:55:21,600 --> 05:55:25,800
of word processing software. 
With previously unheard of ease 

6781
05:55:25,800 --> 05:55:30,000
and efficiency, authors could 
alter text on screen rearranging

6782
05:55:30,000 --> 05:55:34,100
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and
updating content, without having

6783
05:55:34,100 --> 05:55:38,900
to retype entire documents. 
By doing away with the tiresome 

6784
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:42,300
mechanical parts of writing such
as retyping rearranging and 

6785
05:55:42,300 --> 05:55:45,300
proofreading. 
Several drafts authors were free

6786
05:55:45,300 --> 05:55:47,900
to concentrate on ideas and 
content rather than the actual 

6787
05:55:47,900 --> 05:55:51,500
Act of writing this power was 
brought to Common desks in homes

6788
05:55:51,500 --> 05:55:54,800
and offices across the developed
world in the 1980s with the 

6789
05:55:54,800 --> 05:55:58,400
Advent of personal computers, in
addition to being sufficiently 

6790
05:55:58,400 --> 05:56:01,700
powerful, to manage complex, 
word processing data management,

6791
05:56:01,700 --> 05:56:05,000
and communication tasks 
computers, such as the Apple 2, 

6792
05:56:05,000 --> 05:56:09,100
Commodore 64, and IBM PC were 
reasonably priced for individual

6793
05:56:09,100 --> 05:56:11,700
homes and small. 
Enterprises in addition to 

6794
05:56:11,700 --> 05:56:15,200
making editing as simple as 
typing word processing programs.

6795
05:56:15,200 --> 05:56:19,100
Like wordstar wordperfect and 
eventually Microsoft Word added 

6796
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:21,800
capabilities that were 
previously unattainable with 

6797
05:56:21,800 --> 05:56:25,500
mechanical writing instruments. 
Spell checking automatically 

6798
05:56:25,500 --> 05:56:28,900
detected typos. 
Find and replace features could 

6799
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:31,400
instantly make Global changes to
lengthy documents. 

6800
05:56:32,100 --> 05:56:35,700
With the help of numerous fonts 
and formatting choices, authors 

6801
05:56:35,700 --> 05:56:38,400
were able to manipulate the text
appearance in ways that were 

6802
05:56:38,400 --> 05:56:40,300
previously exclusive to 
professional Publishers, 

6803
05:56:40,300 --> 05:56:43,100
professional quality. 
Documents could now be produced 

6804
05:56:43,100 --> 05:56:44,800
at home. 
Thanks to personal printers. 

6805
05:56:44,800 --> 05:56:48,500
Anyone with a computer could now
create documents that looked as 

6806
05:56:48,500 --> 05:56:50,600
professional as those from 
specialized print shops. 

6807
05:56:50,600 --> 05:56:54,400
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 
which were followed by inkjet 

6808
05:56:54,400 --> 05:56:57,500
and Laser Printers. 
As revolutionary as the original

6809
05:56:57,500 --> 05:57:00,300
printing invention, the 
democratization of document 

6810
05:57:00,300 --> 05:57:02,900
production made publishing 
accessible to anyone with a 

6811
05:57:02,900 --> 05:57:06,900
computer however, networking 
which linked individual PCS into

6812
05:57:06,900 --> 05:57:10,000
Global Communication networks 
was the true Revolution. 

6813
05:57:11,200 --> 05:57:14,000
Originally restricted to users 
of the same computer system. 

6814
05:57:14,000 --> 05:57:17,800
Electronic mail developed into a
Global Communication tool that 

6815
05:57:17,800 --> 05:57:20,300
could link anyone with computer 
access to anybody else. 

6816
05:57:20,300 --> 05:57:23,300
Anywhere in the world, written 
communication became 

6817
05:57:23,300 --> 05:57:27,200
instantaneous and interactive 
with email instead of days or 

6818
05:57:27,200 --> 05:57:30,600
weeks, you could compose a 
message, send it to someone on 

6819
05:57:30,600 --> 05:57:33,400
the other side of the globe and 
get a response in a matter of 

6820
05:57:33,408 --> 05:57:36,500
minutes or hours. 
While maintaining the accuracy 

6821
05:57:36,500 --> 05:57:39,700
and permanent that set writing 
apart from speech, written 

6822
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:43,400
Communications started to catch 
up to conversational speed, more

6823
05:57:43,400 --> 05:57:45,700
sophisticated forms of 
computer-mediated communication,

6824
05:57:45,700 --> 05:57:48,900
were made possible by the 
protocols and standards that 

6825
05:57:48,900 --> 05:57:52,200
made e-mail possible. 
Anyone with system access could 

6826
05:57:52,200 --> 05:57:55,200
read the messages, that users 
posted on bulletin board systems

6827
05:57:55,200 --> 05:57:58,900
BBS, Global discussion forum 
centered on particular. 

6828
05:57:58,900 --> 05:58:01,600
Topics of Interest were 
established by Usenet newsgroups

6829
05:58:02,300 --> 05:58:05,000
these early online communities 
showed that new kinds of social 

6830
05:58:05,000 --> 05:58:08,600
interaction that relied solely 
on written communication could 

6831
05:58:08,600 --> 05:58:10,400
be supported by computer 
networks. 

6832
05:58:10,400 --> 05:58:13,700
The largest library in human 
history was created almost 

6833
05:58:13,700 --> 05:58:17,300
instantly after the worldwide. 
Web was made available to the 

6834
05:58:17,300 --> 05:58:19,200
general public in the early 
1990s. 

6835
05:58:19,200 --> 05:58:23,400
You could access millions of 
documents from any computer with

6836
05:58:23,400 --> 05:58:26,100
an internet connection. 
Eliminating, the need to 

6837
05:58:26,100 --> 05:58:27,900
physically visit places to find 
information. 

6838
05:58:29,200 --> 05:58:32,100
Most of the obstacles that had 
previously restricted access to 

6839
05:58:32,100 --> 05:58:35,700
information and publication were
removed by the internet, which 

6840
05:58:35,700 --> 05:58:38,800
turned every computer into a 
printing press and every person 

6841
05:58:38,800 --> 05:58:41,900
in a potential publisher, the 
markup language used to create 

6842
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:46,100
web pages HTML, was flexible 
enough to support complex, 

6843
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:49,200
multi-media, presentations, 
while still being easier enough 

6844
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:50,800
for anyone to learn and publish 
online. 

6845
05:58:51,700 --> 05:58:54,800
Since the majority of early 
websites were text-based, the 

6846
05:58:54,800 --> 05:58:57,500
internet was essentially a huge 
collection of links documents 

6847
05:58:57,500 --> 05:59:01,100
that could be read searched and 
linked to one another in ways 

6848
05:59:01,100 --> 05:59:03,300
that were not possible with 
traditional books and papers. 

6849
05:59:03,300 --> 05:59:06,300
No one completely for saw the 
consequences of this 

6850
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:11,000
democratization of publishing 
Publishers editors Librarians, 

6851
05:59:11,000 --> 05:59:13,400
journalists and other 
traditional information. 

6852
05:59:13,400 --> 05:59:16,600
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 
themselves in competition with 

6853
05:59:16,600 --> 05:59:19,500
anyone with an internet 
connection and something to say.

6854
05:59:20,500 --> 05:59:23,500
Information grew exponentially 
in quantity and accessibility 

6855
05:59:23,500 --> 05:59:26,100
but its quality and 
dependability became 

6856
05:59:26,100 --> 05:59:28,900
increasingly erratic. 
The challenge of locating 

6857
05:59:28,900 --> 05:59:30,700
information. 
In this enormous Digital 

6858
05:59:30,700 --> 05:59:34,400
Library, was resolved by search 
engines, web specific search 

6859
05:59:34,400 --> 05:59:37,700
engines like Alta Vista, and 
Yahoo replaced early, search 

6860
05:59:37,700 --> 05:59:41,800
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 
And finally, Google The entire 

6861
05:59:41,800 --> 05:59:43,500
Corpus of human written 
knowledge. 

6862
05:59:43,500 --> 05:59:46,400
Could be searched in a matter of
seconds from any location in the

6863
05:59:46,400 --> 05:59:48,400
world. 
Thanks to Google's page rank 

6864
05:59:48,400 --> 05:59:51,800
algorithm, which could sift 
through billions of web pages to

6865
05:59:51,800 --> 05:59:54,900
find the most pertinent results 
for any query Universal. 

6866
05:59:54,900 --> 05:59:58,800
Search ability had significant 
ramifications researchers, could

6867
05:59:58,800 --> 06:00:02,000
locate pertinent information, 
nearly instantly rather than 

6868
06:00:02,000 --> 06:00:04,800
spending hours in libraries 
searching through card catalogs 

6869
06:00:04,800 --> 06:00:07,800
and indexes. 
Writers had access to more 

6870
06:00:07,800 --> 06:00:10,200
sources than the greatest 
Scholars of early centuries. 

6871
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:13,100
Could have hoped for rather than
depending on their own 

6872
06:00:13,100 --> 06:00:15,000
collections or institutional 
Holdings. 

6873
06:00:15,000 --> 06:00:18,700
Any writing projects, research 
phase was shortened from weeks 

6874
06:00:18,700 --> 06:00:20,300
or months to a few hours or 
days. 

6875
06:00:20,300 --> 06:00:23,700
Additionally, digital text 
opened up new Avenue for 

6876
06:00:23,700 --> 06:00:25,600
multimedia and interactive 
writing. 

6877
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:29,100
Authors were able to produce 
non-linear documents, with 

6878
06:00:29,100 --> 06:00:31,700
hypertext links that readers 
could navigate based on their 

6879
06:00:31,700 --> 06:00:35,800
own needs and interests. 
Compared to traditional print 

6880
06:00:35,800 --> 06:00:38,100
media websites. 
Could create richer and more 

6881
06:00:38,100 --> 06:00:42,200
captivating reading experiences 
by fusing text with images audio

6882
06:00:42,200 --> 06:00:46,600
and video websites email, and 
forums that mirrored traditional

6883
06:00:46,600 --> 06:00:48,600
publishing models were 
transplanted to digital 

6884
06:00:48,600 --> 06:00:50,800
platforms. 
And the early internet was 

6885
06:00:50,800 --> 06:00:53,600
largely used for publishing and 
consuming relatively formal 

6886
06:00:53,600 --> 06:00:56,600
written content. 
However, the emergence of a new 

6887
06:00:56,608 --> 06:00:59,500
generation of online platforms, 
at the turn of the 21st century,

6888
06:00:59,500 --> 06:01:01,900
drastically altered. 
The nature of digital 

6889
06:01:01,900 --> 06:01:05,700
communication unexpectedly, 
social media sites, like French 

6890
06:01:05,700 --> 06:01:08,700
star, Myspace, and eventually 
Facebook restored. 

6891
06:01:08,700 --> 06:01:10,300
Writing as a means of 
communication. 

6892
06:01:11,100 --> 06:01:13,800
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

6893
06:01:13,800 --> 06:01:18,000
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal, documents or 

6894
06:01:18,000 --> 06:01:20,000
well. 
Written letters, instead of 

6895
06:01:20,000 --> 06:01:23,000
publishing information, these 
platforms were made to promote 

6896
06:01:23,000 --> 06:01:26,200
social interaction and they were
successful in developing new 

6897
06:01:26,200 --> 06:01:29,300
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

6898
06:01:29,300 --> 06:01:31,800
conventional writing. 
People's use of written 

6899
06:01:31,800 --> 06:01:34,500
language, was significantly 
impacted by this return to 

6900
06:01:34,500 --> 06:01:38,300
conversational writing. 
Emotional connection, an 

6901
06:01:38,300 --> 06:01:41,200
instantaneous expression, took 
precedence over formal grammar. 

6902
06:01:41,900 --> 06:01:45,700
In ways that traditional texts 
could not emoticons and acronyms

6903
06:01:45,700 --> 06:01:48,200
evolved into a new type of 
written shorthand that could 

6904
06:01:48,200 --> 06:01:52,200
express emotion and tone. 
Started writing as they spoke 

6905
06:01:52,200 --> 06:01:56,400
using slang, informal 
constructions and interruptions.

6906
06:01:56,400 --> 06:01:58,600
That would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

6907
06:01:58,600 --> 06:02:01,000
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

6908
06:02:01,000 --> 06:02:04,400
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

6909
06:02:04,400 --> 06:02:08,000
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

6910
06:02:08,000 --> 06:02:11,600
autobiographical writing in 
which users shared brief posts 

6911
06:02:11,600 --> 06:02:13,200
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

6912
06:02:14,300 --> 06:02:16,500
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

6913
06:02:16,508 --> 06:02:19,900
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and Casual 

6914
06:02:19,900 --> 06:02:23,400
thoughts in ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

6915
06:02:23,400 --> 06:02:27,200
insignificant record rather than
the meticulously planned 

6916
06:02:27,200 --> 06:02:30,900
self-presentation of traditional
autobiography by restricting 

6917
06:02:30,900 --> 06:02:36,100
post to 140 characters later 
increased to 280 Twitter, which 

6918
06:02:36,100 --> 06:02:39,200
was launched in 2006 took 
conversational writing to the 

6919
06:02:39,200 --> 06:02:42,200
next level. 
Extreme concision was required 

6920
06:02:42,200 --> 06:02:44,900
by this restriction. 
Which prompted the creation of 

6921
06:02:44,900 --> 06:02:47,500
new brevity optimized, forms of 
writing. 

6922
06:02:48,200 --> 06:02:51,500
Twitter users developed a poetic
form that prioritized wit 

6923
06:02:51,500 --> 06:02:55,300
insight and emotional impact 
over conventional literary 

6924
06:02:55,300 --> 06:02:58,300
elaboration by learning to 
convey the most meaning in the 

6925
06:02:58,300 --> 06:03:01,100
least amount of space. 
Additionally, the character 

6926
06:03:01,100 --> 06:03:03,300
limit altered the Cadence of 
written correspondence. 

6927
06:03:04,100 --> 06:03:06,600
Twitter users posted short 
updates throughout the day 

6928
06:03:06,600 --> 06:03:08,900
rather than writing long 
messages that were sent 

6929
06:03:08,900 --> 06:03:12,400
occasionally resulting, in a 
constant flow of written content

6930
06:03:12,400 --> 06:03:15,200
that was more akin to ongoing 
conversation than traditional 

6931
06:03:15,200 --> 06:03:18,300
correspondence. 
Millions of users were able to 

6932
06:03:18,300 --> 06:03:20,700
engage in simultaneous 
conversations about current 

6933
06:03:20,700 --> 06:03:24,500
affairs, individual experiences 
and cultural phenomena on the 

6934
06:03:24,500 --> 06:03:27,100
platform which evolved into a 
global chat room. 

6935
06:03:27,108 --> 06:03:29,700
Beginning as a straightforward 
method of sending quick 

6936
06:03:29,700 --> 06:03:33,500
messages, between mobile phones 
in the 1990s, text messaging, 

6937
06:03:33,500 --> 06:03:36,100
Rose to prominence as a written 
communication method in the 

6938
06:03:36,100 --> 06:03:40,000
early 2000s. 
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages

6939
06:03:40,000 --> 06:03:43,300
were restricted to 160 
characters and emphasized, 

6940
06:03:43,300 --> 06:03:45,500
private communication over 
public broadcasting. 

6941
06:03:45,500 --> 06:03:49,000
There are linguistic conventions
and abbreviations and cultural 

6942
06:03:49,000 --> 06:03:54,400
norms specific to texting. 
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB

6943
06:03:54,400 --> 06:03:59,200
be right back and TTYL talk to 
you later became wide widely 

6944
06:03:59,200 --> 06:04:01,700
used. 
The way people formed written 

6945
06:04:01,700 --> 06:04:04,600
thoughts was altered by 
predictive text and autocorrect 

6946
06:04:04,600 --> 06:04:07,300
features which occasionally 
resulted in misunderstandings 

6947
06:04:07,300 --> 06:04:10,600
but also made composition 
faster, mobile technology. 

6948
06:04:10,600 --> 06:04:13,900
Also changed the physical act of
writing texting could be done 

6949
06:04:13,900 --> 06:04:17,100
with thumbs on small screens 
while walking taking public 

6950
06:04:17,100 --> 06:04:19,900
transit or doing other 
activities, whereas traditional 

6951
06:04:19,900 --> 06:04:22,500
writing had been done with pens 
on paper or fingers on 

6952
06:04:22,500 --> 06:04:25,500
keyboards. 
Writing was genuinely portable 

6953
06:04:25,500 --> 06:04:28,300
and incorporated into everyday 
life in previously, Unthinkable 

6954
06:04:28,300 --> 06:04:32,800
ways with the 2007 release of 
the iPhone smartphones further 

6955
06:04:32,800 --> 06:04:35,900
expanded the accessibility and 
versatility of mobile writing. 

6956
06:04:36,700 --> 06:04:39,300
Every phone became a portable 
writing and Publishing tool. 

6957
06:04:39,300 --> 06:04:43,300
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards
voice to text capabilities and 

6958
06:04:43,300 --> 06:04:47,100
constant internet connectivity. 
The amount and speed of written 

6959
06:04:47,100 --> 06:04:50,100
communication increased 
dramatically, as a result of 

6960
06:04:50,100 --> 06:04:53,100
people being able to create and 
share written content at any 

6961
06:04:53,100 --> 06:04:56,500
time and from any location in 
Instagram, which debuted in 

6962
06:04:56,500 --> 06:05:00,400
2010, created new storytelling 
formats by fusing textual and 

6963
06:05:00,400 --> 06:05:04,100
visual communication users 
posted pictures with captions, 

6964
06:05:04,100 --> 06:05:06,900
that varied from brief summaries
to in-depth stories. 

6965
06:05:07,800 --> 06:05:10,700
People's writing about their 
experiences was impacted by a 

6966
06:05:10,700 --> 06:05:14,000
new kind of categorization and 
search ability brought about by 

6967
06:05:14,000 --> 06:05:17,200
the platform's hashtag system. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

6968
06:05:17,200 --> 06:05:20,600
However, social media brought 
writing back into the mainstream

6969
06:05:20,600 --> 06:05:22,500
in ways not seen since 
prehistoric. 

6970
06:05:22,500 --> 06:05:26,800
Cultures, oral traditions 
Writing had been a solitary act 

6971
06:05:26,800 --> 06:05:29,700
for the majority of human 
history producing a document 

6972
06:05:29,700 --> 06:05:32,600
that would later be read by 
others, writing became 

6973
06:05:32,600 --> 06:05:36,300
instantaneous interactive and 
collaborative with social media.

6974
06:05:37,100 --> 06:05:39,800
Responding to each other's posts
within minutes or seconds of 

6975
06:05:39,800 --> 06:05:42,500
their publication. 
People could collaborate in real

6976
06:05:42,500 --> 06:05:45,400
time, fostering conversations 
across various platforms and 

6977
06:05:45,400 --> 06:05:48,800
time zones, new kinds of group 
meaning making were spawned by 

6978
06:05:48,800 --> 06:05:51,700
the comment sections that sprang
up beneath news articles, blog 

6979
06:05:51,700 --> 06:05:55,600
entries and social media posts 
hundreds of responses to a 

6980
06:05:55,600 --> 06:05:58,700
single post could challenge 
expand or totally 

6981
06:05:58,700 --> 06:06:01,900
recontextualize. 
The original message as readers 

6982
06:06:01,900 --> 06:06:04,300
began to co-create, meaning 
through their responses and 

6983
06:06:04,300 --> 06:06:06,700
interactions. 
The line between author and 

6984
06:06:06,708 --> 06:06:09,400
reader became less. 
Clear, new types of collective 

6985
06:06:09,400 --> 06:06:11,700
authorship were also spawned by 
the collaborative nature of 

6986
06:06:11,700 --> 06:06:14,500
digital writing. 
When Wikipedia was first 

6987
06:06:14,500 --> 06:06:18,400
launched in 2001, it showed that
volunteer contributors could 

6988
06:06:18,400 --> 06:06:21,900
collaborate online to create and
maintain extensive reference 

6989
06:06:21,900 --> 06:06:24,200
works. 
Through a collaborative writing 

6990
06:06:24,200 --> 06:06:27,000
and editing process, that would 
not have been feasible without 

6991
06:06:27,000 --> 06:06:30,800
digital technology. 
The encyclopedia expanded to 

6992
06:06:30,800 --> 06:06:33,300
include millions of articles in 
hundreds of languages, 

6993
06:06:33,300 --> 06:06:36,900
traditional beliefs regarding 
authorship Authority and quality

6994
06:06:36,900 --> 06:06:39,300
control in written work were 
called into question by 

6995
06:06:39,300 --> 06:06:43,300
Wikipedia's success. 
Wikipedia used peer review and 

6996
06:06:43,300 --> 06:06:46,200
crowdsourcing to produce content
that was frequently more up to 

6997
06:06:46,208 --> 06:06:48,700
date and thorough than 
traditional reference works. 

6998
06:06:48,700 --> 06:06:51,600
Despite occasionally, being less
trustworthy than professional 

6999
06:06:51,600 --> 06:06:54,800
editors and expert, authors, 
social media and digital 

7000
06:06:54,800 --> 06:06:57,700
communication have produced an 
unprecedented amount of writing.

7001
06:06:58,500 --> 06:07:01,000
Humans were creating more 
written material every day by 

7002
06:07:01,000 --> 06:07:03,900
the 2010s, that had been 
contained in all of the ancient 

7003
06:07:03,900 --> 06:07:07,400
world's libraries put together. 
Although, the majority of this 

7004
06:07:07,400 --> 06:07:10,100
writing was conversational 
transient and informal. 

7005
06:07:10,700 --> 06:07:15,200
Status updates comments, text 
messages, tweets, it marked a 

7006
06:07:15,200 --> 06:07:17,200
significant change. 
In the way people use written 

7007
06:07:17,200 --> 06:07:19,300
language. 
You are living through the most 

7008
06:07:19,300 --> 06:07:21,800
significant change in writing 
since the creation of the 

7009
06:07:21,800 --> 06:07:24,600
alphabet. 
So keep this in mind as you curl

7010
06:07:24,600 --> 06:07:27,400
up with your blankets and feel 
your eyelids getting heavier. 

7011
06:07:28,700 --> 06:07:31,500
What is taking place in your 
immediate surroundings is as 

7012
06:07:31,500 --> 06:07:33,900
revolutionary as anything that 
took place in gutenberg's 

7013
06:07:33,900 --> 06:07:36,600
printing shop, medieval 
monasteries or ancient 

7014
06:07:36,600 --> 06:07:39,600
Phoenician these days. 
Artificial intelligence can 

7015
06:07:39,600 --> 06:07:42,800
produce text that looks human 
and his frequently identical to 

7016
06:07:42,800 --> 06:07:46,500
content written by humans. 
Poetry business letters, 

7017
06:07:46,500 --> 06:07:50,400
technical documentation and even
intricate conversations are all 

7018
06:07:50,400 --> 06:07:53,100
possible with large language 
models like GPT and its 

7019
06:07:53,100 --> 06:07:55,000
Offspring. 
Which showing awareness of 

7020
06:07:55,000 --> 06:07:59,200
context subtlety and emotional 
nuances, The distinction between

7021
06:07:59,200 --> 06:08:02,100
machine and human writing is 
becoming more and more hazy. 

7022
06:08:02,100 --> 06:08:04,100
People can now write by 
speaking. 

7023
06:08:04,100 --> 06:08:06,600
Instead of typing thanks to 
advancements in voice, 

7024
06:08:06,600 --> 06:08:10,200
recognition, software, that can 
now convert speech to text with 

7025
06:08:10,200 --> 06:08:14,100
astounding accuracy. 
While walking driving or doing 

7026
06:08:14,100 --> 06:08:18,000
other tasks writers can compose 
text at the speed of speech with

7027
06:08:18,008 --> 06:08:21,500
Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Siri 
dictation and Google Voice 

7028
06:08:21,500 --> 06:08:24,600
typing. 
Writing which involves moving a 

7029
06:08:24,600 --> 06:08:27,700
pain across paper or fingers 
across a keyboard is becoming a 

7030
06:08:27,700 --> 06:08:30,300
less necessary. 
Activity can be instantly 

7031
06:08:30,300 --> 06:08:33,300
translated between languages 
using real-time translation. 

7032
06:08:33,300 --> 06:08:36,500
Algorithms, removing the 
barriers that have divided human

7033
06:08:36,500 --> 06:08:40,200
communities for millennia One 
can write in their native tongue

7034
06:08:40,200 --> 06:08:43,100
and have it instantly understood
by readers anywhere in the 

7035
06:08:43,108 --> 06:08:44,700
world. 
Thanks to Google Translate and 

7036
06:08:44,700 --> 06:08:47,900
similar Services which can 
handle dozens of languages with 

7037
06:08:47,900 --> 06:08:51,200
increasing sophistication new 
types of spatial writing in 

7038
06:08:51,200 --> 06:08:52,800
which text is embedded in 
three-dimensional. 

7039
06:08:52,800 --> 06:08:56,300
Environments, a starting to be 
made possible by augmented 

7040
06:08:56,300 --> 06:08:59,000
reality and virtual reality 
Technologies. 

7041
06:09:00,400 --> 06:09:03,700
Future authors May create text 
that floats in space reacts to 

7042
06:09:03,708 --> 06:09:07,000
movement and changes depending 
on the readers perspective and 

7043
06:09:07,000 --> 06:09:09,500
interaction as an alternative to
writing on flat. 

7044
06:09:09,500 --> 06:09:12,600
Surfaces all though, they are 
still in the experimental stage 

7045
06:09:12,600 --> 06:09:15,600
brain, computer interface is 
raised the prospect of direct 

7046
06:09:15,600 --> 06:09:18,900
neural control over text 
composition. people may 

7047
06:09:18,900 --> 06:09:21,300
eventually be able to think 
words that are automatically 

7048
06:09:21,300 --> 06:09:24,200
translated into written 
communication rather than 

7049
06:09:24,200 --> 06:09:27,800
speaking typing or writing by 
hand, the permanence and 

7050
06:09:27,808 --> 06:09:30,300
accuracy of writing could be 
paired with the quickness and 

7051
06:09:30,300 --> 06:09:33,500
closeness of thought, despite 
all of these technological 

7052
06:09:33,500 --> 06:09:36,800
advancements, writings primary 
function hasn't changed since 

7053
06:09:36,800 --> 06:09:41,200
the first cave paintings were 
created 40,000 years ago, We 

7054
06:09:41,200 --> 06:09:44,500
continue to use writing to leave
behind traces of our existence 

7055
06:09:44,500 --> 06:09:47,300
that will outlive our actual 
physical presence in the world. 

7056
06:09:47,300 --> 06:09:51,700
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

7057
06:09:51,700 --> 06:09:55,700
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

7058
06:09:55,700 --> 06:09:59,600
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

7059
06:09:59,600 --> 06:10:01,400
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

7060
06:10:01,400 --> 06:10:04,400
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a hand 

7061
06:10:04,400 --> 06:10:08,300
print and showcase, and the 
social media user, who posts a 

7062
06:10:08,300 --> 06:10:11,700
status update today in reality, 
the story of writing is the 

7063
06:10:11,700 --> 06:10:15,700
story of human connection and 
the tenacious will to transcend 

7064
06:10:15,700 --> 06:10:17,000
the boundaries of personal 
awareness. 

7065
06:10:18,000 --> 06:10:21,700
From Sumerian cuneiform to 
contemporary digital text, every

7066
06:10:21,700 --> 06:10:25,100
writing system aims to address 
the same fundamental issue. 

7067
06:10:25,100 --> 06:10:27,900
How can we communicate our 
thoughts to those who aren't 

7068
06:10:27,900 --> 06:10:30,600
there in person? 
How can we ensure that our 

7069
06:10:30,600 --> 06:10:32,200
thoughts and beyond our own 
death? 

7070
06:10:32,200 --> 06:10:36,100
From those initial symbolic 
inscriptions on Cave walls, we 

7071
06:10:36,100 --> 06:10:38,600
have come along way. 
The greatest Scholars of 

7072
06:10:38,608 --> 06:10:41,200
antiquity could not have 
predicted, the amount of written

7073
06:10:41,200 --> 06:10:43,500
knowledge available to a child 
learning to read today. 

7074
06:10:44,300 --> 06:10:45,800
Professional scribes in 
medieval. 

7075
06:10:45,800 --> 06:10:48,400
Monasteries are not as quick at 
writing as the teen texting 

7076
06:10:48,400 --> 06:10:50,700
friends. 
Compared to the most powerful 

7077
06:10:50,700 --> 06:10:53,900
rulers of previous centuries, 
the office worker writing an 

7078
06:10:53,900 --> 06:10:56,300
email has greater access to 
information and communication 

7079
06:10:56,300 --> 06:10:58,500
tools. 
However, the magic is 

7080
06:10:58,500 --> 06:11:02,400
essentially unchanged, same 
miracle that astounded our 

7081
06:11:02,400 --> 06:11:05,700
ancestors and still astounds us 
when we pause to consider. 

7082
06:11:05,700 --> 06:11:08,300
It is happening to you as you 
read these words right now, 

7083
06:11:08,300 --> 06:11:12,600
ideas generated in one mind 
being replicated in another mind

7084
06:11:12,600 --> 06:11:17,000
across time and space using only
marks on a Surface, he had a 

7085
06:11:17,000 --> 06:11:21,700
printed page, a digital screen, 
a Papyrus scroll, a cave wall or

7086
06:11:21,700 --> 06:11:23,700
a clay tablet. 
The Wander endures. 

7087
06:11:23,700 --> 06:11:27,400
Despite changes in technology. 
Although the particular tools 

7088
06:11:27,400 --> 06:11:31,400
change over time the basic human
desire to connect communicate 

7089
06:11:31,400 --> 06:11:33,600
and share Consciousness, never 
changes. 

7090
06:11:35,200 --> 06:11:38,400
From ancient pictographs to 
contemporary Emoji writing in 

7091
06:11:38,400 --> 06:11:41,700
all its forms symbolizes 
Humanity's, continuous effort to

7092
06:11:41,700 --> 06:11:44,500
go beyond the confines of 
personal experience and 

7093
06:11:44,500 --> 06:11:47,500
establish a common meaning of 
across the enormous gaps that 

7094
06:11:47,500 --> 06:11:51,200
divide different Minds every 
text message, email and comment 

7095
06:11:51,200 --> 06:11:53,500
you send contributes to the 
extensive dialogue. 

7096
06:11:53,500 --> 06:11:56,400
That people have been having via
writing for more than 5,000 

7097
06:11:56,400 --> 06:11:58,900
years. 
Not only are you utilizing 

7098
06:11:58,900 --> 06:12:02,200
technology but you are also 
engaging in one of the oldest 

7099
06:12:02,200 --> 06:12:05,600
and most fundamental human 
Endeavors which has been updated

7100
06:12:05,600 --> 06:12:08,400
with contemporary instruments 
while maintaining its Timeless 

7101
06:12:08,400 --> 06:12:11,000
objectives. 
Today's kids will grow up in a 

7102
06:12:11,000 --> 06:12:13,100
world where voice recognition 
replaces typing. 

7103
06:12:13,100 --> 06:12:16,500
Artificial intelligence helps 
with writing real-time 

7104
06:12:16,500 --> 06:12:19,900
translation eliminates language 
barriers and new technologies 

7105
06:12:19,900 --> 06:12:22,700
that we can hardly fathom will 
continue to revolutionize the 

7106
06:12:22,700 --> 06:12:25,900
way people write and 
communicate, however, they will 

7107
06:12:25,900 --> 06:12:28,200
continue to use writing for the 
same purposes. 

7108
06:12:28,200 --> 06:12:31,500
That humans have always used it 
for memory preservation, 

7109
06:12:31,500 --> 06:12:35,700
knowledge, exchange creative, 
expression, relationship, 

7110
06:12:35,700 --> 06:12:38,300
building and Bridging the Gap 
between two, different 

7111
06:12:38,300 --> 06:12:40,400
consciousnesses one, word at a 
time. 

7112
06:12:40,408 --> 06:12:43,500
Billions of people worldwide are
writing the future of writing 

7113
06:12:43,500 --> 06:12:46,000
today. 
The great human endeavor of 

7114
06:12:46,000 --> 06:12:48,800
making thoughts, permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

7115
06:12:48,800 --> 06:12:52,400
scientist recording, new 
discoveries students taking 

7116
06:12:52,400 --> 06:12:56,100
notes and class poets, writing 
verses journalist covering 

7117
06:12:56,100 --> 06:12:58,700
current affairs. 
Friends communicating over 

7118
06:12:58,700 --> 06:13:01,700
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

7119
06:13:01,700 --> 06:13:04,800
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

7120
06:13:04,800 --> 06:13:07,808
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

7121
06:13:07,816 --> 06:13:10,200
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

7122
06:13:10,200 --> 06:13:13,400
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

7123
06:13:13,400 --> 06:13:15,800
the Cozy space as between waking
and sleeping. 

7124
06:13:16,800 --> 06:13:20,200
Your connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

7125
06:13:20,200 --> 06:13:24,100
share an idea, preserve a 
thought or reach across time to 

7126
06:13:24,108 --> 06:13:27,200
touch another Mind through the 
book, you're reading the device 

7127
06:13:27,200 --> 06:13:30,200
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

7128
06:13:30,200 --> 06:13:33,400
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

7129
06:13:33,400 --> 06:13:36,200
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

7130
06:13:36,200 --> 06:13:39,500
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

7131
06:13:39,500 --> 06:13:42,000
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

7132
06:13:42,000 --> 06:13:44,800
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about Faraway 

7133
06:13:44,800 --> 06:13:48,000
places and made up friends. 
Their eyes enlarged from 

7134
06:13:48,000 --> 06:13:51,100
medieval apprentices learning to
form letters with quill pens to 

7135
06:13:51,100 --> 06:13:54,400
children in one room School 
houses laboriously copying 

7136
06:13:54,400 --> 06:13:57,500
letters on slate boards. 
They are continuing a tradition 

7137
06:13:57,500 --> 06:13:59,800
that dates back to ancient 
Samaritan school children 

7138
06:13:59,800 --> 06:14:01,900
practicing their cuneiform on 
clay tablets. 

7139
06:14:01,900 --> 06:14:05,200
A writer is working on a story 
that could be read for centuries

7140
06:14:05,200 --> 06:14:08,500
to come somewhere tonight. 
Picking every word with the same

7141
06:14:08,500 --> 06:14:11,500
care that unites all 
storytellers who have ever 

7142
06:14:11,500 --> 06:14:14,000
attempted to permanently depict 
Human Experience. 

7143
06:14:14,000 --> 06:14:17,500
Even though they are writing on 
a computer, they are performing 

7144
06:14:17,500 --> 06:14:20,600
the same, fundamental tasks, as 
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.

7145
06:14:20,600 --> 06:14:24,100
The scribes who documented King,
Arthur stories, all the 

7146
06:14:24,108 --> 06:14:27,500
innumerable bars who turned oral
Traditions into written works 

7147
06:14:27,500 --> 06:14:30,100
tonight. 
A scientist is adding their 

7148
06:14:30,100 --> 06:14:32,600
observations to the extensive 
body of human knowledge that 

7149
06:14:32,600 --> 06:14:35,900
started with Mesopotamian 
astronomers recording the motion

7150
06:14:35,900 --> 06:14:38,200
of planets and stars 
documenting. 

7151
06:14:38,200 --> 06:14:41,000
A discovery that has the 
potential to fundamentally alter

7152
06:14:41,100 --> 06:14:44,700
Our understanding of the world. 
Their lab notebook or digital 

7153
06:14:44,700 --> 06:14:47,500
file will become part of the 
Legacy that includes the 

7154
06:14:47,500 --> 06:14:51,300
research notes of Marie Curie. 
The sketches of Leonardo da 

7155
06:14:51,300 --> 06:14:54,000
Vinci and the Journal of 
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,

7156
06:14:54,000 --> 06:14:56,900
in a tradition that includes. 
Victorian love letters. 

7157
06:14:56,900 --> 06:15:00,500
Sent across continents, medieval
courtly letters and wartime 

7158
06:15:00,500 --> 06:15:03,000
correspondence, that kept 
relationships, strong over years

7159
06:15:03,000 --> 06:15:07,100
of separation, lovers who are 
separated by distance, ascending

7160
06:15:07,100 --> 06:15:09,200
each other messages, that 
bridge, the gap between their 

7161
06:15:09,200 --> 06:15:12,700
hearts somewhere tonight. 
Whether the medium is video 

7162
06:15:12,700 --> 06:15:16,300
calls or text messages, the 
impulse is the same for all 

7163
06:15:16,300 --> 06:15:18,300
people. 
Who have ever attempted to stay 

7164
06:15:18,300 --> 06:15:20,000
in touch via a written 
communication. 

7165
06:15:20,000 --> 06:15:23,400
In the same spirit that inspired
ancient Chronicles to document, 

7166
06:15:23,400 --> 06:15:25,000
the exploits of kings and 
heroes. 

7167
06:15:25,000 --> 06:15:28,000
A grandparent is somewhere 
tonight recording family. 

7168
06:15:28,000 --> 06:15:31,800
Tales for grandchildren who have
not yet been born conserving, 

7169
06:15:31,800 --> 06:15:35,600
memories and wisdom The 
fundamental purpose of these 

7170
06:15:35,600 --> 06:15:38,500
family histories is the same as 
that of the great historical 

7171
06:15:38,500 --> 06:15:42,300
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any
other Chronicle of Human 

7172
06:15:42,300 --> 06:15:44,700
Experience. 
Even though they may never be 

7173
06:15:44,700 --> 06:15:48,900
published or readily somewhere 
tonight, a student is engaged in

7174
06:15:48,900 --> 06:15:51,400
the same process of acquiring 
and preserving knowledge. 

7175
06:15:51,400 --> 06:15:54,100
That has propelled human 
learning since the founding of 

7176
06:15:54,108 --> 06:15:57,500
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

7177
06:15:57,500 --> 06:15:59,600
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

7178
06:15:59,600 --> 06:16:02,100
world. 
The computer files and notebooks

7179
06:16:02,100 --> 06:16:04,500
represent the most recent 
development in Humanities 

7180
06:16:04,500 --> 06:16:08,200
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

7181
06:16:08,200 --> 06:16:10,500
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

7182
06:16:10,500 --> 06:16:13,400
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

7183
06:16:13,400 --> 06:16:16,000
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

7184
06:16:16,000 --> 06:16:19,500
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

7185
06:16:19,500 --> 06:16:22,100
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

7186
06:16:22,100 --> 06:16:25,600
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

7187
06:16:25,600 --> 06:16:29,600
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experiences 

7188
06:16:29,600 --> 06:16:32,900
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

7189
06:16:32,900 --> 06:16:35,800
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

7190
06:16:35,800 --> 06:16:39,500
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

7191
06:16:39,500 --> 06:16:43,700
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

7192
06:16:43,700 --> 06:16:46,900
trying to find the perfect words
to convey an emotion or 

7193
06:16:46,900 --> 06:16:49,700
experience that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

7194
06:16:50,700 --> 06:16:54,400
They are part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

7195
06:16:54,400 --> 06:16:58,200
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

7196
06:16:58,200 --> 06:17:00,700
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

7197
06:17:00,700 --> 06:17:04,000
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

7198
06:17:04,000 --> 06:17:07,500
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions,

7199
06:17:07,500 --> 06:17:11,100
more a contributing, their words
to the extensive dialogue that 

7200
06:17:11,100 --> 06:17:13,000
started. 
When the first human decided 

7201
06:17:13,000 --> 06:17:16,800
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

7202
06:17:17,900 --> 06:17:20,900
And this means that the story of
writing is not yet complete 

7203
06:17:20,900 --> 06:17:24,400
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

7204
06:17:24,400 --> 06:17:27,900
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

7205
06:17:27,900 --> 06:17:30,900
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

7206
06:17:30,900 --> 06:17:34,300
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader, but you are also 

7207
06:17:34,300 --> 06:17:37,500
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

7208
06:17:37,500 --> 06:17:41,100
write an email, write a note or 
Express an idea in writing 

7209
06:17:41,100 --> 06:17:44,300
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

7210
06:17:44,300 --> 06:17:47,400
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

7211
06:17:47,400 --> 06:17:49,900
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

7212
06:17:49,900 --> 06:17:53,700
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly 

7213
06:17:53,700 --> 06:17:55,500
imagine what writing 
Technologies are. 

7214
06:17:55,500 --> 06:17:58,800
Great grandchildren will take 
for granted the Lasko cave 

7215
06:17:58,800 --> 06:18:00,400
painters. 
Could never have imagined 

7216
06:18:00,400 --> 06:18:04,100
smartphones and social media. 
However, despite all 

7217
06:18:04,100 --> 06:18:07,700
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

7218
06:18:07,700 --> 06:18:11,400
writing the need to remember. 
Communicate, share preserve and 

7219
06:18:11,400 --> 06:18:15,100
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

7220
06:18:15,100 --> 06:18:18,500
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

7221
06:18:18,500 --> 06:18:21,200
might dream of future 
Technologies in ancient scribes 

7222
06:18:21,200 --> 06:18:24,600
of writers at glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

7223
06:18:24,600 --> 06:18:27,800
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders. 

7224
06:18:27,800 --> 06:18:30,900
Keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

7225
06:18:30,900 --> 06:18:33,300
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

7226
06:18:33,300 --> 06:18:35,600
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

7227
06:18:35,600 --> 06:18:38,200
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

7228
06:18:38,200 --> 06:18:41,000
been documented, all the 
connections that have not yet 

7229
06:18:41,000 --> 06:18:44,400
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

7230
06:18:44,400 --> 06:18:49,300
from page to page in your mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer, 

7231
06:18:49,300 --> 06:18:52,500
dear participant in this ancient
and continuing Human Adventure 

7232
06:18:52,500 --> 06:18:55,600
will contribute to the writing 
of the greatest chapters of the 

7233
06:18:55,608 --> 06:18:57,400
writing story. 
Good night. 

7234
06:18:57,400 --> 06:18:58,900
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow.