How the Earth Slowly Became Habitable and more | Boring History

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Tonight, my friends, there's 
nothing you need to understand 

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all at once. 
This is a story that unfolds on 

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its own time scale long before 
life could settle in the earth 

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changed slowly and patiently 
shaped by cooling Stone quiet. 

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Oceans and cycles that repeated 
for millions of years before. 

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Anything noticed they were 
ready. 

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We're continuing to monitor the 
audio issues in case they 

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randomly appear. 
So keep us in the loop. 

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If you notice anything. 
Now, if you enjoy these long, 

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unhurried Journeys, through the 
Deep history of our world, you 

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can like the video subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from, and what time it
is for you. 

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Dim the light, let a fan or soft
background noise. 

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Fill the room and let's begin. 
Welcome to a time before memory,

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before witness before any living
thing existed to observe the 

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world. 
You're settling in to the story 

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of Earth's early years when the 
planet was simply becoming 

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itself through processes. 
So gradual, they would be 

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invisible to any single 
Observer. 

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Here, change happens across 
millions of years and there is 

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no urgent. 
See, only the steady work of 

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rock and water and are finding 
their rhythms together. 

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You wake on a planet that has 
been turning for hundreds of 

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millions of years already 
though. 

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Nothing has ever woken here 
before The sun rises over an 

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ocean that covers most of the 
surface and the light touches 

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water that has never reflected a
living. 

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I the day begins as it always 
has with warmth, spreading 

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across the curve of the world. 
The early Earth rotates faster 

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than it will in later ages, a 
full day passes and perhaps, 18 

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hours and the cycle of light and
darkness moves quickly across 

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the empty Seas, you watch the 
sun climb and you notice how the

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light changes the temperature of
the rock beneath shallow water. 

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The stone warms through the 
morning. 

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Holds that warmth through this 
brief off, to noon, then 

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releases its slowly as Darkness 
Returns. 

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This happens every day. 
The pattern never breaks. 

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Light arrives, warmth follows 
darkness comes and coolness. 

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Settles in No drama marks these 
transitions. 

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The sun's simply moves through 
its Ark while the planet turns 

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beneath it and the temperature 
shifts in response to buy degree

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predictable and steady Rainfall 
somewhere on Earth, nearly all 

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the time during these early ages
clouds form over the warm ocean 

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drift with winds that follow 
their own consistent patterns 

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and release water that returns 
to the Sea. 

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You stand on a rocky Shore and 
watch Reign approach across the 

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waves. 
A gray curtain moving steadily 

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toward you bringing coolness and
the sound of water striking 

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water. 
The rainfall here is not 

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violent. 
It arrives continues for hours 

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or days, then passes the clouds,
move on the sky clears, and the 

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sun, returns to begin warming. 
The surface again. 

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This cycle repeats with without 
fail, creating a rhythm, you 

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could set your breathing to if 
you needed to breathe. 

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Tides rise and fall with the 
moon's pool, which is stronger 

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now than it will be later 
because the moon orbits closer 

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to Earth. 
Twice each day water, advances 

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up, the rocky slope at the 
Ocean's Edge. 

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Then withdraws. 
You watch the waterline climb 

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over familiar. 
Stones. 

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Pause at its height. 
Then Retreat to reveal the same 

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stones again, dark and dripping.
The title Rhythm connects to the

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moon's position overhead and the
moon's position, connects to the

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time of day and the time of day,
connects back to the Sun's 

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light. 
Everything moves in relation to 

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everything else. 
Creating patterns within 

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patterns, all of them, regular 
all of them repeating at 

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intervals. 
You could learn to anticipate at

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night. 
The Stars wheel overhead in 

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their own slow circles 
unchanging in their positions 

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relative to one another The same
constellations that marked the 

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sky a million years ago Market 
to night. 

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They will Market a million years
from now, you lie on a warm Rock

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and watch them turn. 
Knowing they will return to 

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these exact positions tomorrow 
night and the night after that. 

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the volcanic vents scattered 
across the ocean floor pulse 

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with heat on their own, 
schedule's releasing warmth and 

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a minerals into the water in 
steady streams, some vent 

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continuously, others, follow 
cycles of activity and rest that

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span decades or centuries But 
each vent maintains its 

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particular Rhythm reliable in 
its patent even as the pattern 

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differs from neighbor to 
neighbor. 

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You notice how the cooling of 
lava follows its own predictable

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path. 
When molten rock meets seawater 

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it hardens from the outside, in 
Wood, creating pillow shape that

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stack and Tumble. 
According to the slope, they 

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float down. 
Process happens the same way 

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each time. 
The outcome varies in detail but

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never in principle. 
Temperature. 

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Differentials Drive wins that 
Circle the planet in bands and 

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these winds, push surface water 
into currents. 

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That also Circle in their own 
patterns. 

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Warm water flows toward the 
poles, cools and returns to all 

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the equator. 
The circulation continues day 

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and night year after year, 
moving heat around the planet in

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a system that balances itself 
through its own motion. 

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Lightning flashes Somewhere Over
The Ocean. 

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Every few seconds, during these 
ages, the storms build and 

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release electricity through the 
atmosphere. each bolt follows 

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the path of least resistance 
between cloud and water and no 

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no, two paths are identical, the
principal remains constant 

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Charge bills, resistance breaks 
down, energy flows and balance 

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returns. 
You watched the sun set over the

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Western Horizon and, you know, 
it will rise again in the east. 

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He watched the tide Retreat and 
you know it will return you 

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watch clouds gather and you know
they will release their water 

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and clear again. 
The early Earth operates through

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cycles that Nest. 
Inside one another, each one 

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completing itself before 
beginning again. 

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None of them require 
intervention or adjustment from 

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any outside force. 
The day ends as it began with 

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the planet turning toward 
darkness of the same rate. 

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It turned toward light, nothing 
has changed in any way that you 

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could measure from one day to 
the next. 

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Everything has happened exactly 
as it should, in the order, it 

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should at the pace. 
It should tomorrow will be the 

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same and the day after tomorrow.
And the day after that for 

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millions of years to come you 
stand on rock that was once 

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liquid and has only recently 
become solid. 

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The Earth's crust is still 
forming. 

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Its permanent features during 
these ages but the process 

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happens slowly with each change 
building on the last in an 

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orderly progression. 
The surface is taking shape but 

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it takes its time doing so 
water. 

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Condenses from the atmosphere 
and collects and Low Places and 

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as it collects it begins to 
Define what is ocean and what is

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land. the distinction emerges 
gradually over millions of years

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at first water and rock share, 
space, in uncertain, boundaries 

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with shallow Seas covering 
platforms that are almost land 

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and almost not Then as more 
waterfalls and more time passes,

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the deepest basins, fill 
completely and the highest 

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platforms rise. 
Clear of the water and the 

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difference between sea and 
continent becomes real, The Rock

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itself is cooling From the 
Inside Out. 

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Releasing heat that built up 
during the planet's formation. 

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This cooling continued for 
hundreds of millions of years 

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and it continues still though 
more slowly now. 

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You can feel the warmth Rising 
through the stone Beneath Your 

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Feet steady and gentle like 
standing on a surface that 

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remembers being hot and is 
slowly forgetting continents 

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form, where light rock floats, 
on dense and material below. 

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And these floating platforms 
drift with currents in the 

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layer, beneath them. 
The movement is extraordinarily,

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slow measured in fingernail 
widths per year but it is 

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continuous. a continent drifts 
northward or Eastwood or 

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intercoll with another continent
and the Collision raises 

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Mountains and the mountains rise
at the same patient Pace, the 

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continents drift, Erosion begins
as soon as land rises above 

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water rainfalls on high ground 
and runs downward carrying tiny 

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particles of dissolved rock with
it. 

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Particles washing to streams the
streams, carry them to rivers 

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and the rivers deliver them to 
the ocean. 

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This process never stops and 
over time, it wears down 

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mountains and fills in valleys, 
smoothing the landscape toward a

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gentler average. 
Minerals crystallize out of 

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cooling Rock in predictable 
sequences. 

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First, the minerals that require
the highest temperatures form 

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and settle, then as cooling 
continues minerals, that form at

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lower temperatures, crystallize 
and join them. 

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The result is Stone made of 
different components arranged in

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layers and Pockets each mineral 
in its proper place. 

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According to the temperature at 
which is solidified, the 

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atmosphere is dense and now than
it will be later, thick with 

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water vapor and carbon dioxide 
release from volcanic activity. 

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This density holds heat close to
the surface, keeping 

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temperatures warm and stable, 
even during the long nights. 

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The airfields heavy. 
When you breathe it, 

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substantial, like something you 
could almost swim through. 

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Chemical reactions happen 
constantly wherever water meets 

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rock. 
Certain minerals dissolve more 

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easily than others and as water 
flows over and through stoned 

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it, preferentially removes the 
soluble minerals leaving behind 

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what does not dissolve. 
This creates gradual changes in 

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the composition of both the 
water and the rock with each 

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becoming more defined in its 
character over time sediment 

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accumulates on the ocean floor 
in layers that record the 

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passage of time. 
Fine particles settle 

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continuously. 
Drifting down through the water 

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column and coming to rest on top
of what settled before them. 

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Each layer is thin, sometimes 
representing only a few years of

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accumulation but the layer stack
into sequences that growth thick

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enough to compress their own 
lower portions into New Stone. 

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Island chains form where 
volcanic vents break through the

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ocean floor repeatedly as 
tectonic plates move over them. 

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One volcano builds until it 
rises above the water line. 

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Then the plate carries it away 
from the heat source and it goes

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dormant. 
Behind it. 

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A new volcano begins building 
from the same deep source. 

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The result is a line of islands.
Each one slightly older than the

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one behind it. 
All of them recording the 

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plates, steady motion. 
The ocean Selene increases 

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gradually as Rivers delivered 
dissolved, minerals to the sea, 

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the water, evaporates and Falls 
as rain. 

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Again, the mineral stay behind 
concentrating slowly over 

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millions of years. 
The ocean is becoming saltier, 

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but the change happens. 
So slowly that at any given 

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moment, the ocean tastes the 
same as it did a thousand years 

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before. 
Glaciers will form later in 

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colder ages, but during these 
Early times, the polls are warm 

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and Ice free. 
Water circulates from equator to

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pole without freezing. 
And the temperature difference 

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between tropical and polar 
regions is smaller than it will 

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become the planet maintains 
warmth more evenly across its 

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surface. 
Creating less variation in 

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climate from one latitude to 
another. 

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Assault and granite established 
themselves as the primary rock 

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types with Basalt forming the 
ocean floor and granite forming 

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the continents. 
This division happens because 

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bass, salt is denser and granite
is lighter. 

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And the denser material sinks 
while the lighter material rise,

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is the arrangement is stable and
self-maintaining, requiring, no 

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outside adjustment to preserve 
it. 

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The landscape develops patterns 
of drainage with water following

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the lowest of available path 
downward until it reaches the 

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sea. 
These drainage patterns 

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organized themselves, according 
to the slope and composition of 

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the land. 
Creating branching networks that

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look similar, whether you view 
them at the scale of a small 

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water shared or an entire 
continent. 

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Minerals whether out of rock, 
dissolving water react, with 

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other dissolved, substances, and
precipitate out again as new 

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minerals. 
The ocean floor is paved with 

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these precipitates and places 
forming deposits that will 

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eventually become Limestone and 
other sedimentary rocks. 

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The process is chemical rather 
than biological driven by 

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concentration, gradients and 
temperature changes rather than 

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living activity. 
The crust. 

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Thickens as lighter materials, 
continue to separate from denser

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ones and as the crust thickens 
it becomes more stable. 

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What was once a surface that 
shifted and reorganized 

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00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:23,300
frequently becomes a surface 
that shifts and reorganizes 

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slowly the changes not towards 
Stillness. 

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But to order slower, more 
gradual, kind of movement that 

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allows features to persist for 
longer spans of time. 

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00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:38,600
You watch a river carry sediment
to the Sea and you know that 

236
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,500
this River has been carrying 
settlement for millions of years

237
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:46,300
grain by grain building a Delta 
heard its mouth that grows 

238
00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:49,900
outward into the ocean. 
Your watch reigned dissolve 

239
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:52,900
minerals from a cliff face and 
you know that this Cliff has 

240
00:13:52,900 --> 00:13:57,200
been dissolving for millions of 
years, retreating Inland at a 

241
00:13:57,200 --> 00:13:59,700
pace too slow for any single 
lifetime to measure. 

242
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:04,400
The surface is being built and 
maintained simultaneously, with 

243
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,700
construction and erosion 
balancing each other in a slow 

244
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:10,700
equilibrium. 
You notice how water connects 

245
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:14,900
everything to everything else. 
Rain that falls on High Ground 

246
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:18,000
flows, downward carrying 
minerals, that will nourish 

247
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,400
later. 
Life, ocean, water, evaporates, 

248
00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:23,400
and forms clouds, that will 
become that rain. 

249
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:28,100
The cycle, links atmosphere to 
Ocean to land and Back Again. 

250
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:32,000
Moving material and energy 
through each component in turn. 

251
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:35,600
The atmosphere and ocean 
exchange heat continuously. 

252
00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:40,200
When air moves over warm water, 
it absorbs warmth and carries it

253
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,800
to cooler regions. 
When air cools, it releases that

254
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,600
warmth to the water below or the
land beneath. 

255
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:49,700
This exchange evens out 
temperatures. 

256
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:53,800
Preventing any part of the 
planet from becoming too hot or 

257
00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:59,100
too cold relative to the rest? 
Carbon moves between are water 

258
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:01,400
and rock in its own slow 
circulation. 

259
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:06,200
Carbon dioxide dissolves in 
ocean water, reacts with 

260
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:10,000
minerals, and eventually becomes
part of sedimentary rock. 

261
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,700
Volcanic activity releases 
carbon from Rock, back into the 

262
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:17,500
atmosphere. 
The cycle takes millions of 

263
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:19,700
years to complete one full 
circuit. 

264
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:24,400
But it operates continuously 
keeping carbon in motion rather 

265
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,900
than allowing it to concentrate 
in any single Reservoir tectonic

266
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:31,400
plates. 
Interact at their boundaries and

267
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,000
these interactions take 
different forms depending on 

268
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:36,200
what kind of plate meets? 
What kind of plate? 

269
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:41,000
Where two plates, move apart, 
new ocean floor, forms between 

270
00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,800
them where they move together 
one plate, slides beneath the 

271
00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,100
other or both crumble and Rise 
into mountains. 

272
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:52,500
Each type of boundary creates 
its own characteristic landforms

273
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:55,800
and the boundaries collectively 
organized the surface into 

274
00:15:55,800 --> 00:16:00,500
distinct sections. energy from 
the Sun drives winds, which 

275
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:04,500
Drive ocean currents, which 
distribute Heat Which affects 

276
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:07,600
where clouds form, which 
determines where rain falls, 

277
00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:11,200
Which shapes the land through 
erosion, which changes the 

278
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,100
patterns of drainage, which 
Alters were sediment 

279
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:17,100
accumulates. 
Each process can connects to the

280
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:19,200
next in a chain that Loops back 
on itself. 

281
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,300
So that the end of one cycle 
becomes the starting condition 

282
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:26,600
for another The oceans 
temperature affects how much 

283
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:30,900
carbon dioxide it can hold in 
solution warmer water holds less

284
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:35,700
colder water holds more. 
As current circulate water 

285
00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:39,400
between warm and cold regions, 
they also circulate carbon 

286
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,000
between surface and atmosphere 
participating in the larger 

287
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,600
carbon cycle through this 
temperature dependent Exchange. 

288
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:51,200
Weathering of rock requires both
water and Thyme, and the rate of

289
00:16:51,208 --> 00:16:52,800
weathering. 
Depends on temperature and 

290
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,900
rainfall. 
In warm wet regions, rock, 

291
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:58,900
breaks down more quickly, 
releasing minerals into 

292
00:16:58,900 --> 00:17:03,100
solution. 
In cool dry regions, Rock 

293
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:07,000
weathers more slowly remaining 
intact for longer periods. 

294
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,700
This variation creates different
kinds of soil in different 

295
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,200
climates. 
Each one suited to the 

296
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:16,800
conditions that produced it. 
The daylight cycle creates 

297
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,700
temperature, variations that 
expand and contract Rock, and 

298
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:23,599
this expansion and contraction 
contributes to mechanical 

299
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:26,400
weathering. 
The effect is small on any 

300
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:30,100
single day, but repeated 
millions of times over millions 

301
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,400
of years, it becomes significant
rock fractures along lines of 

302
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,600
weakness, creating smaller 
pieces, that wear the chemically

303
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,500
more quickly than solid Stone. 
Volcanic gases feed the 

304
00:17:41,508 --> 00:17:43,600
atmosphere and the atmosphere 
feeds. 

305
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:47,100
The ocean through rain and the 
ocean feeds back to vulkanisme 

306
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:51,000
by carrying Waters down into 
subduction zones, where it 

307
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,000
lowers the melting point of rock
and enables magma to form. 

308
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:58,000
The system is circular with each
component supplying. 

309
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:01,600
What another component needs to 
continue its own processes. 

310
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:06,300
Seasonal, variations develop as 
the Earth's tilted axis causes 

311
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:09,100
different parts of the planet to
receive more or less direct 

312
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:13,100
sunlight at different times of 
year. the variation is subtle 

313
00:18:13,100 --> 00:18:16,300
during these early ages, when 
the climb is generally warm but 

314
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:20,400
it exists You can observe how 
rainfall patterns shift with the

315
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:23,700
seasons following the sons 
apparent movement, North and 

316
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:25,900
South. 
Of the formation of new ocean 

317
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,800
floor at spreading ridges 
pushes, older floor outward, 

318
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:32,200
toward the edge of ocean basins.
And at those edges, the old 

319
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:33,800
floor sinks back into the 
mantle. 

320
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:37,300
The ocean floor is there for 
young near The Ridges and old 

321
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:41,000
near the margins and it exists 
and constant, circulation, 

322
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:44,900
renewing itself completely every
few hundred million years. 

323
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,900
Minerals transported by Rivers, 
accumulate in deltas and coastal

324
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:53,500
areas and these accumulations 
become resources for later 

325
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:57,000
processes. 
Iron settles in certain 

326
00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:01,800
conditions, silica and others, 
and calcium carbonate, in still 

327
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:04,700
others. 
Each mineral Finds Its preferred

328
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:06,600
environment and concentrates 
there. 

329
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:09,700
Creating variety across the 
landscape. 

330
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:13,300
The atmosphere Shields the 
surface from harmful radiation 

331
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:17,000
while allowing, visible light 
through, and this selective 

332
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,100
filtering creates conditions 
where chemistry can proceed 

333
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,600
moderate temperatures without 
being disrupted by high energy 

334
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:27,000
particles. 
The Shield is not perfect but it

335
00:19:27,008 --> 00:19:30,300
is sufficient maintaining a 
protected space between the 

336
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,500
vacuum of space and the solid 
surface of the planet. 

337
00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:38,100
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean 
floor, create zones of chemical 

338
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:42,000
activity where hot mineral Rich 
water meets cold sea water. 

339
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:44,900
Minerals precipitate out of 
solution. 

340
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:47,800
Forming chimney like structures 
around the vents. 

341
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,600
The chemicals released by these 
vents in Rich, the surrounding 

342
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,100
water. 
Distributing elements, that will

343
00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:55,800
later prove useful to living 
systems. 

344
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,600
The gravitational pull of the 
moon and sun together creates 

345
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,700
title forces that Flex the 
Earth's crust slightly and this 

346
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:06,700
flexing generates a small amount
of heat through friction. 

347
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:11,100
The heat is minor compared to 
the heat from radioactive decay 

348
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:14,900
in the planet's interior, but it
contributes to the total energy.

349
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:19,000
Budget adding one more source to
the mix of energy that keeps the

350
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,100
planet active. 
Ocean currents transport. 

351
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:25,800
Not just heat but also dissolved
minerals Distributing resources 

352
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,000
around the planet. 
Water that rises from the deep 

353
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,900
ocean in upwelling zones, brings
nutrients to the surface. 

354
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,500
Water that sinks in downwelling 
zones, carries oxygen to depth. 

355
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:41,400
The circulation ensures that the
ocean does not stratify into 

356
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:44,800
permanently separate layers, but
remains mixed and accessible. 

357
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:49,500
The land surface channels water 
into rivers and the rivers carve

358
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:52,800
valleys that channel water more 
efficiently and the improved 

359
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:56,600
drainage allows the land to dry 
out between Reigns and the 

360
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,300
drying and wetting Cycles 
whether the rock more 

361
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,400
effectively. 
Each change enables, the next 

362
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,400
change so that the landscape 
gradually becomes more 

363
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:09,300
organized, more defined in its 
features and more distinctly 

364
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,100
itself. 
You stand at the edge of the 

365
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:16,200
ocean and watch waves arrive 
from far out at Sea, their 

366
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,800
energy delivered by winds that 
gathered force over hundreds of 

367
00:21:19,808 --> 00:21:23,900
miles of Open Water. 
The waves break on the shore and

368
00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:27,200
their energy goes into moving, 
sand and grinding Rock. 

369
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:30,800
Contributing to the ongoing 
reshaping of the coastline. 

370
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:35,400
Nothing is wasted every bit of 
energy does work and the work 

371
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,200
accumulates into lasting 
changes, you notice that the 

372
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,100
Earth settles into long periods 
where little seems to change. 

373
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:45,700
After the initial Cooling and 
the formation of the first 

374
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:49,200
permanent Ocean's the planet 
enters stretches of time 

375
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:52,300
measured in tens of millions of 
years, where conditions remain 

376
00:21:52,300 --> 00:21:55,800
remarkably steady. 
The temperature holds within a 

377
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:58,700
narrow range. 
The ocean stays at roughly the 

378
00:21:58,708 --> 00:22:01,000
same level. 
The composition of the 

379
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,600
atmosphere shifts. 
But slowly without sudden 

380
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:08,000
transitions, these periods are 
not Stillness, erosion continues

381
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:12,200
tectonic plates, continued 
drifting, and volcanic activity 

382
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,400
continues, adding material to 
the surface. 

383
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,300
But the rate of change is slow 
enough, that the planet of the 

384
00:22:18,308 --> 00:22:21,400
end of a 10 million year span 
looks much like it did at the 

385
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:23,600
beginning. 
The changes are real. 

386
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,900
But gradual creating a sense of 
deep stability. 

387
00:22:26,900 --> 00:22:29,900
Even while nothing actually 
stops moving. 

388
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,900
The ocean, reaches, an 
equilibrium, where the rate of 

389
00:22:32,908 --> 00:22:36,600
evaporation matches the rate of 
precipitation and where the rate

390
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,500
of sediment washing into the sea
matches, the rate of settlement 

391
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:43,800
being subducted and returned to 
the mantle, Water enters and 

392
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,700
leaves the ocean constantly, but
the total volume remained stable

393
00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:51,900
with the same amount present 
year after year Millennium after

394
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,600
millennium. 
Temperature fluctuations, even 

395
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,600
out over time. 
Early and Earth's history, 

396
00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,000
volcanic activity was more 
intense and less predictable. 

397
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:06,000
Creating periods of unusual. 
Warmth, followed by relative 

398
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,600
Cooling. 
As the planet ages, volcanic 

399
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:13,000
activity, becomes more regular 
and more distributed across the 

400
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,300
surface and less prone to 
clustering in ways that would 

401
00:23:16,300 --> 00:23:19,800
create climate extremes. 
The result is a more stable 

402
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:23,200
climate one that varies from 
season to season but not 

403
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:27,500
drastically from age to age. 
You observe how the daylight 

404
00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,600
cycle provides a rhythm of 
activity and rest during the 

405
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:36,400
day, solar energy, warms the 
surface evaporates, water drives

406
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,900
wins and Powers photo chemical 
reactions in the atmosphere. 

407
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:45,400
During the night, the surface 
cools wins Carmen and chemical 

408
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:49,200
processes that required Darkness
or cooler temperatures take 

409
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,200
their turn. 
The alternation creates a 

410
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,700
natural pacing a rhythm that. 
Prevent anyone process from 

411
00:23:55,700 --> 00:24:00,000
running continuously without 
pause Tides provide another 

412
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:05,000
Rhythm independent of daylight 
but equally regular The rise and

413
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,000
fall of water at the Ocean's 
Edge creates alternating periods

414
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,900
of exposure and submersion for 
the intertidal zone. 

415
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:14,800
Rock that is underwater. 
During high tide is exposed to 

416
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:18,500
air during low tide and this 
alternation creates conditions 

417
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:21,700
that will later prove useful for
organisms transitioning between 

418
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:26,300
Aquatic and terrestrial life. 
The seasons, even though mild 

419
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:29,800
during these warm ages create 
their own rhythms of variation 

420
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,300
and return rainfall patterns 
shift with the sun's position 

421
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:35,900
creating wetter and drier 
periods. 

422
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:40,000
That alternate in predictable 
ways These variations are gentle

423
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:44,000
never extreme but they add 
texture to the passing of time. 

424
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,100
Making one part of the Year 
distinguishable from another. 

425
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,400
Volcanic Cycles follow longer 
rhythms with periods of 

426
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,800
increased activity separated by 
periods of relative quiet. 

427
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:59,500
These Cycles are irregular, not 
tied to any particular schedule,

428
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:03,000
but they averaged out over time 
into a background level of 

429
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,800
activity, that feeds the 
atmosphere and ocean without 

430
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:09,700
overwhelming them. the planet 
has time to process what each 

431
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:12,900
eruption releases before the 
next eruption arrives, 

432
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:18,200
Continental drift proceeds at 
its unhurried Pace moving land 

433
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:20,700
masses across the surface over 
millions of years. 

434
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,000
A continent that begins near the
equator will eventually drift 

435
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,600
toward a pole? 
And then perhaps back toward the

436
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:31,100
equator again, the movement is 
slow enough, that climate zones 

437
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:34,600
shift gradually allowing the 
surface to adjust a new 

438
00:25:34,608 --> 00:25:38,700
conditions without sudden 
disruptions The carbon cycle 

439
00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:41,500
maintains a rough balance 
between carbon stored in rocks, 

440
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:45,200
carbon dissolved in the ocean 
and carbon present in the 

441
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,200
atmosphere. 
The balance is not perfect. 

442
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:52,900
Carbon concentration shift over 
time sometimes, increasing, 

443
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:57,600
sometimes, decreasing, but the 
shifts happen slowly and the 

444
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,900
system has mechanisms that 
prevent carbon from accumulating

445
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:03,400
entirely and one reservoir at 
the expense of the others. 

446
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,600
Between periods of mountain 
building, the land has time to 

447
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:12,300
erode back towards sea level. 
Mountains, rise, when continents

448
00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:15,000
Collide creating Highlands that 
stand? 

449
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:18,500
Well, above the surrounding 
Plains, then over the following 

450
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:21,200
10s of millions of years 
erosion. 

451
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,500
Whereas those mountains down 
grain by grain returning, the 

452
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:30,400
material to the ocean, the land 
surface Rises and falls in Long 

453
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,500
cycles. 
Never remaining at one elevation

454
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:36,000
permanently. 
You notice how the ocean floor 

455
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,000
records these rhythms in its 
sediments. 

456
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:42,300
Layers of fine clay alternate 
with layers of coarser material 

457
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:45,000
recording changes in the 
strength of ocean. 

458
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,700
Currents. 
The layer stack in regular 

459
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,300
patterns. 
Each one representing a 

460
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:53,600
particular set of conditions 
that repeated at intervals too 

461
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,400
long for any single Observer to 
witness. 

462
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:59,100
But clear enough in the 
geological record to show that 

463
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:02,500
they happened regularly. 
The atmosphere is composition 

464
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:06,500
stabilizes as the initial 
outgassing from volcanism slows 

465
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:09,400
and the various chemical 
reactions reach a kind of 

466
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,700
working balance. 
The still contains more carbon 

467
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:14,700
dioxide than it will in later 
ages. 

468
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:18,300
But the amount is not increasing
as rapidly as it did earlier. 

469
00:27:19,300 --> 00:27:21,800
The atmosphere is finding its 
functional composition. 

470
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,100
The mix of gases that will 
support the chemistry of the 

471
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:28,000
surface without requiring 
constant adjustment. 

472
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:32,600
Hydrothermal circulation at 
mid-ocean, ridges provides a 

473
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:36,500
rhythm of water heating, and 
cooling cold sea water, seeps 

474
00:27:36,500 --> 00:27:40,300
into cracks in the ocean floor, 
circulates through Hot Rock, and

475
00:27:40,300 --> 00:27:42,600
emerges heated, and enriched 
with minerals. 

476
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:47,600
The cycle takes years to decades
to complete depending on the 

477
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:51,000
path, the water follows, but it 
operates continuously at 

478
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,600
spreading centers around the 
planet. 

479
00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,600
Providing a slow steady flow of 
chemical energy to the ocean. 

480
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:01,000
The planets rotation is slowing 
due to Tidal friction and this 

481
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,100
slowing adds a few seconds to 
the length of the day, every few

482
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:07,000
million years. 
The changes in perceptible, on 

483
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,100
human time scales. 
But real over geological time, 

484
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:13,200
the Earth is settling into a 
rhythm that will eventually 

485
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:15,800
stabilize at a 24-hour day, 
though. 

486
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,000
It is not there yet. 
You stand on a coast and watch 

487
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,300
the same waves arrive day after 
day. 

488
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,800
Year after year. 
The waves are driven by wind, 

489
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,200
the wind is driven by 
temperature differences. 

490
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:30,500
And the temperature differences 
are driven by the sun's heat. 

491
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:34,700
The chain of causation is long 
but unbroken, and it operates 

492
00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:38,400
continuously creating patterns 
that repeat without requiring 

493
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,900
intervention. 
The ocean Rises and falls with 

494
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:46,100
the tides, the surface of varies
with the time of day and the 

495
00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:49,700
planet turns beneath the sun all
of it happening in rhythms that 

496
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:52,400
Nest inside one. 
Another like the gears of a vast

497
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,100
patient clock. 
You notice that the planet is 

498
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:58,000
preparing conditions, that will 
later. 

499
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,500
Support living things though. 
Nothing is alive yet during most

500
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,900
of these early ages. 
The preparation happens with Our

501
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:08,300
intention simply as a 
consequence of chemistry and 

502
00:29:08,300 --> 00:29:10,900
physics playing out according to
their rules. 

503
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,100
Water accumulates in places 
where it will be accessible. 

504
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:18,900
Minerals dissolve and 
precipitate in forms that will 

505
00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:22,600
be useful energy flows through 
the system in ways that will 

506
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,200
later be captured and used water
is everywhere. 

507
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:30,600
It fills the ocean basins 
saturates the atmosphere, as 

508
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:34,800
Vapor Falls as rain flows 
through rivers and seeps into 

509
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,200
rock. 
This abundance means that when 

510
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,900
chemistry begins producing, the 
first simple organic molecules 

511
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:45,200
those molecules will have a 
medium to interact in water, is 

512
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:49,200
the universal solvent capable of
dissolving, a wide range of 

513
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,400
substances and bringing them 
into contact with one another. 

514
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:58,200
The ocean contains iron sulfur, 
phosphorus nitrogen, and other 

515
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,700
elements that will become 
essential to living chemistry. 

516
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:05,700
These elements wash into the sea
from weathering rock or emerge 

517
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:09,500
from hydrothermal vents or 
arrive in volcanic gases that 

518
00:30:09,500 --> 00:30:12,500
dissolve in seawater. 
They are present in small 

519
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:16,700
concentrations but in reliable 
Supply distributed throughout 

520
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:19,800
the ocean rather than 
concentrated in a few and 

521
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,700
accessible locations. 
Energy is available in multiple 

522
00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:28,100
forms sunlight reaches the 
surface, providing a constant 

523
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:31,500
input of energy that drives 
photochemical reactions. 

524
00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:36,500
Lightning ads, brief bursts of 
high energy, capable of forging 

525
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:38,000
chemical bonds, that would not 
form. 

526
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:42,100
Otherwise hydrothermal vents 
provide thermal energy and 

527
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:46,600
chemical gradients radioactivity
and rocks provides a slow steady

528
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:50,000
background of energy. 
The planet offers many sources 

529
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,400
in that chemistry has options to
draw from The atmosphere 

530
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:57,000
contains the building blocks of 
organic chemistry. 

531
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:01,800
Carbon in the form of carbon 
dioxide nitrogen and hydrogen in

532
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,700
water vapor. 
These simple molecules can 

533
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,000
combine into more complex ones, 
giving the right conditions and 

534
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,000
enough time. 
The atmosphere is like a 

535
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,800
cupboard stopped with 
ingredients, waiting for the 

536
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,200
right recipe to emerge from 
trial and error. 

537
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,700
Tidal pools form in Rocky, 
coastal areas, and these pools 

538
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:24,300
provide natural Laboratories 
where concentrated Solutions can

539
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:28,400
undergo chemical reactions. 
When The Tide is High sea, water

540
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:30,300
fills the pools bringing fresh 
minerals. 

541
00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:33,500
When the tide is low, 
evaporation concentrates, 

542
00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:35,100
whatever is dissolved in the 
water. 

543
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,500
Increasing the chances that 
molecules will encounter one 

544
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:41,900
another and react the pools, 
fill and empty on a regular 

545
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:45,700
schedule, creating a rhythm that
repeats, the experiment over and

546
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:48,500
over. 
Clay minerals form from the 

547
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,800
weathering of volcanic rock and 
these Clays have useful 

548
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:54,600
properties. 
They provide surfaces where 

549
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,700
molecules can absorb and be held
in close proximity increasing 

550
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:02,100
the likelihood of reaction. 
They can also catalyze certain 

551
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,100
reactions, speeding them up 
without being consumed 

552
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,800
themselves. 
The ocean floor and coastal 

553
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,600
areas are rich in Clays 
offering, countless microscopic,

554
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,800
reaction Chambers The 
temperature of the early Earth 

555
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,900
is warm but not too hot Kool but
not too cold. 

556
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:22,300
Water remains liquid over most 
of the surface maintaining the 

557
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:25,000
range where chemistry proceeds 
at useful rates. 

558
00:32:25,900 --> 00:32:29,100
If the planet were hotter, water
would evaporate in, chemistry 

559
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,300
would slow. 
If it were colder, water would 

560
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,400
freeze and chemistry would stop.
The temperature is in the range 

561
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,800
where things can happen cycles 
of wet and dry provide 

562
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,000
opportunities for molecules to 
form in solution and then 

563
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:44,800
concentrate as water, 
evaporates. 

564
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:49,500
Some chemical reactions, proceed
better in concentrated Solutions

565
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,300
and others proceed better in 
dilute ones. 

566
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:55,400
The alternation between wet and 
dry periods. 

567
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,400
Allows both types of reactions 
to occur in sequence. 

568
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:02,500
Creating Pathways to complexity,
that would not be available. 

569
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:04,100
If conditions were always the 
same. 

570
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,300
Volcanic activity continues to 
add fresh material, to the 

571
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:12,300
surface replacing what erosion 
removes and ensuring that the 

572
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:14,000
supply of minerals does not run 
out. 

573
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:18,300
Each volcanic eruption brings 
Rock from the mantle to the 

574
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:22,600
surface rock that has never been
weathered before rich in 

575
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:26,300
elements that dissolve readily 
once exposed to Water and Air. 

576
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,900
The planet is not running down, 
but renewing itself. 

577
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:33,700
Maintaining the conditions that 
support chemical activity. 

578
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:37,900
The day-night cycle creates 
temperature variation that can 

579
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:41,400
drive chemical processes. 
Some reactions, proceed better 

580
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:46,100
in warmth others in coolness. 
The alternation between day and 

581
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:49,700
night provides a natural cycling
between conditions, allowing 

582
00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:53,000
different types of chemistry to 
take turns using the same space.

583
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:57,000
Rivers deliver nutrients from 
the continents to the ocean 

584
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,400
concentrating, minerals in 
deltas and estuaries. 

585
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,100
These transitions owns between 
freshwater and saltwater, 

586
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:09,199
provide, gradients and salinity 
temperature and mineral content 

587
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,500
creating diverse chemical 
environments in close, 

588
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:15,600
proximity. 
What does not react in one 

589
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:17,500
environment May react in the 
next? 

590
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:21,400
The ocean circulation ensures 
that no part of the water 

591
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,800
becomes permanently isolated 
surface water, eventually sinks 

592
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:30,400
deep water, eventually Rises and
The Mixing distributes whatever,

593
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:32,699
forms in one location to other 
locations. 

594
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,000
This circulation prevents 
resources from becoming trapped 

595
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:41,500
and unavailable, keeping them in
motion and accessible phosphorus

596
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:45,300
crucial for later biochemistry. 
Whether it's out of rock and 

597
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,800
accumulates inside of sediments,
it is not abundant, but it is 

598
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,100
present. 
And the process is that 

599
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:55,000
concentrated in particular 
locations are slow and reliable.

600
00:34:55,699 --> 00:34:58,400
The planet is gathering 
phosphorus in places where it 

601
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:02,600
will be available when needed. 
The magnetic field generated by 

602
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,200
the Earth's molten core Shields 
the surface from solar wind 

603
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,500
preventing the atmosphere from 
being Stripped Away over time. 

604
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:13,700
This protection ensures that the
atmosphere remains thick enough 

605
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:17,300
to support chemistry at the 
surface maintaining pressure and

606
00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:21,300
retaining water vapor. 
The Shield is invisible, but 

607
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,600
essential preserving the 
conditions that make everything 

608
00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:28,100
else possible. 
You stand at the edge of a warm 

609
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:31,500
shallow sea and observe. 
How gentle waves stir the 

610
00:35:31,500 --> 00:35:34,500
sediment. 
Keeping particles suspended and 

611
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:36,600
in contact with dissolved 
nutrients. 

612
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:41,100
The water is Rich with potential
holding everything that will be 

613
00:35:41,108 --> 00:35:44,400
needed but not yet assembled 
into the forms that will use it.

614
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:48,100
The planet is ready, stocked 
with materials and energy. 

615
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:51,800
Maintaining stable conditions, 
and simply waiting for chemistry

616
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:54,900
to find its way to the patterns,
that will eventually become 

617
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,300
life. 
You notice that the Earth is 

618
00:35:57,300 --> 00:35:59,200
entering longer periods of 
predictable. 

619
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,900
Calm. 
The initial intensity of 

620
00:36:01,908 --> 00:36:05,900
planetary formation has passed. 
The atmosphere is thick and 

621
00:36:05,900 --> 00:36:08,200
stable. 
The ocean has reached its 

622
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,900
long-term volume. 
The continents of taking shape 

623
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:15,900
and a drifting slowly no longer 
reorganizing dramatically from 

624
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:19,500
one age to the next. 
The planet is settling into a 

625
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,500
mature Rhythm like an evening 
after a day of activity, the 

626
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:26,200
Sun's light is gentle and now 
that it was billions of years 

627
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:29,200
ago. 
Slightly dimmers The Starry ages

628
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:32,500
but still sufficient to warm the
surface and drive the water 

629
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:35,500
cycle. 
The light arrives each morning 

630
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:39,300
at the same angle for any given 
location and season creating 

631
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,800
patterns of warmth and Shadow 
that repeat with comforting 

632
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:45,900
regularity. 
Temperatures across the planet 

633
00:36:45,900 --> 00:36:49,200
full within a moderate range. 
The equator is warm. 

634
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:52,200
The poles are cool, but the 
difference is less extreme than 

635
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:56,000
it will become in later ages. 
The atmosphere and ocean 

636
00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:59,200
currents distribute heat 
effectively preventing any 

637
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:01,700
region from becoming too hot or 
too cold. 

638
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:05,900
The climate is mild and stable 
without the swings that will 

639
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,800
characterize later periods when 
ice ages develop. 

640
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,800
Volcanic activity has decreased 
from the intense levels of the 

641
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:16,400
planet's youth. 
Eruptions still occur, but they 

642
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:19,900
are less frequent and less. 
Massive, the crust is thickened 

643
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:23,300
and cool making it harder for 
magma to reach the surface. 

644
00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:28,000
What vulkanisme remains is 
spread across many small vents 

645
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:32,100
rather than concentrated in a 
few large ones, creating a 

646
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:34,900
background level of activity. 
That is steady rather than 

647
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:38,800
punctuated. 
The ocean's, chemistry, a 

648
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,300
stabilized. 
The salinity is set. 

649
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:45,500
The pH is buffered by dissolved 
minerals, and the concentration 

650
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:48,800
of various elements remains 
roughly constant over long 

651
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:51,400
periods. 
The water is clear in the open 

652
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:55,200
ocean allowing sunlight to 
penetrate to significant depths 

653
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:58,300
Near the coast sediment clouds, 
the water. 

654
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,600
But even this is a regular 
feature, not A disruption. 

655
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:06,000
Coastlines have taken on 
familiar shapes bays and 

656
00:38:06,008 --> 00:38:08,800
Headlands repeat patterns, 
determined by the underlying 

657
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:13,400
geology with resistant, rock 
forming promontories and softer 

658
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:17,600
Rock eroding into embayments. 
Shapes are not permanent but 

659
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,000
they are persistent lasting for 
millions of years before. 

660
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,100
Erosion significantly Alters 
them. 

661
00:38:23,900 --> 00:38:26,900
River systems of carve their 
valleys and established their 

662
00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:29,700
courses. 
The rivers flow in the same 

663
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:33,900
channels year after year moving 
water and sediment from 

664
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:37,100
Highlands to Sea. 
The drainage patterns are 

665
00:38:37,100 --> 00:38:39,800
mature. 
Officially moving water without 

666
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:42,600
the frequent flooding and 
channeled changes that 

667
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,600
characterize young river 
systems. 

668
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:49,000
The atmosphere's transparency 
allows you to see the stars at 

669
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:52,600
night without obstruction. 
The skies clear more often than 

670
00:38:52,608 --> 00:38:56,000
not with clouds forming, and 
dispersing and predictable 

671
00:38:56,000 --> 00:39:00,100
patterns You can observe the 
full moon rising over the ocean.

672
00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:02,900
It's light reflecting off. 
Calm water. 

673
00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:06,800
Creating a path of silver that 
reaches from Horizon to shore. 

674
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,600
Tides continue their rhythmic 
rise and fall, but the Moon is 

675
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,900
slightly farther from Earth now,
and the tides are slightly less 

676
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:19,900
extreme than they were earlier. 
The changes gradual a slow 

677
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:22,800
lessening of the moon's 
gravitational grip as orbital 

678
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:24,700
mechanics. 
Carry it farther away over 

679
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,900
millions of years. 
The tides remained strong enough

680
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:30,200
to mix Coastal Waters and 
shapes. 

681
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,200
Shorelines, the gentle enough 
not to cause disruption. 

682
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,100
Sediment accumulates on the 
ocean floor in regular layers. 

683
00:39:37,100 --> 00:39:40,000
Each one recording a particular 
interval of time. 

684
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:44,200
The layers are undisturbed in 
the deep ocean, far from the 

685
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:47,800
turbulence of currents and 
storms, they like flat and 

686
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:52,000
parallel like pages in a book, 
waiting to be read by anyone, 

687
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:55,500
who learns to interpret them. 
The land surface has been 

688
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:58,700
weathered into soil. 
In many places with rock, broken

689
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,600
down into particles, that can 
hold water and support. 

690
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:06,000
The chemical processes that will
later nourish plants. he soil is

691
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:10,400
thin during these early ages, 
but it is present a transitional

692
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:15,100
layer between solid bedrock and 
open air clouds form in the same

693
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:19,600
Region's day after day, driven 
by reliable patterns of heating 

694
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:23,200
and evaporation, You can look at
the sky in the afternoon and 

695
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:26,800
predict where rain will fall by 
evening based on where clouds 

696
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:29,800
are building. 
Patterns are not rigid but they 

697
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:34,000
are consistent enough to learn. 
The ocean's surface is calmed 

698
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,900
between storms waves rise and 
fall with the wind but when the 

699
00:40:37,908 --> 00:40:41,800
wind drops the water Smooths 
into gentle swells that travel 

700
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:46,900
400 of Miles without breaking. 
The swells are regular spaced 

701
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:49,800
evenly and the product of 
distant weather systems that 

702
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:52,900
have already passed. 
The ocean carries memory in its 

703
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:55,100
motion reflecting events that 
happen. 

704
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:59,800
Far away in time and space sun 
sets paint, the sky in shades of

705
00:40:59,808 --> 00:41:03,700
orange and pink as dust and 
water vapor scatter. 

706
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:06,600
The Sun's light. 
The colors are vivid during 

707
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:08,600
these ages. 
When the atmosphere is thick and

708
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:12,200
Volcanic dust adds particles to 
scatter light. 

709
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:16,800
You watch the sun descend toward
the Horizon, the color shifting,

710
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:20,400
as the angle changes until the 
sun slips below, the edge of the

711
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:25,300
world and Twilight takes over. 
The transition from day to night

712
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:29,400
is gradual, not abrupt. 
The sky remains bright for some 

713
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:33,400
time after the sun sets, then 
slowly darkens as the last 

714
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:34,300
Light. 
Fades. 

715
00:41:35,100 --> 00:41:38,800
Stars appear one by one. 
The brightest first then the 

716
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,500
dimmer ones until the full array
is visible. 

717
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,900
The transition is gentle giving 
the surface time to release the 

718
00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:49,000
days heat before the coolness of
night fully settles in. 

719
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:52,100
You stand on a hillside as 
evening arrives. 

720
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:55,100
Watching the landscape. 
Soften in the fading light. 

721
00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:59,200
The temperature is dropping but 
slowly and the air is still 

722
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:01,700
below you a river. 
Reflects the last of the 

723
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:05,300
daylight, the ribbon of silver 
winding through darker land. 

724
00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:10,300
The plan it is calm and settled 
at rest in the way that a system

725
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:12,100
at equilibrium can be set to 
rest. 

726
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,600
While still maintaining all its 
processes in Perfect Balance. 

727
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:19,100
You settle into the planet's 
darkness and discover that 

728
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:22,000
Knight Is Not absent, but 
another kind of presence. 

729
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:26,900
The Sun's light is gone, but 
other rhythms can continue the 

730
00:42:26,900 --> 00:42:28,900
Earth turns Eastwood through its
own shadow. 

731
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:32,500
And as it turns the Stars wheel 
overhead in their ancient 

732
00:42:32,500 --> 00:42:35,800
patterns unchanging markers of 
the planets rotation. 

733
00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:41,600
The surface cools after Sunset 
releasing the warmth at 

734
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:45,700
accumulated during the day. 
The cooling is gradual a slow, 

735
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:48,500
return toward equilibrium with 
the surrounding air. 

736
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:51,300
Rock. 
That was hot to the touch at 

737
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:54,700
midday becomes merely warm by 
midnight and will be cool by 

738
00:42:54,700 --> 00:42:57,200
Dawn. 
The heat does not disappear but 

739
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,400
radiates outward into the 
atmosphere, then upward into 

740
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:04,100
space, continuing the energy 
flow that began when sunlight 

741
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:07,800
first struck the surface, The 
atmosphere remains active at 

742
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:09,500
night. 
Winds. 

743
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:12,400
Continue blowing though, they 
often calm as temperature 

744
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:13,500
differences. 
Even out. 

745
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:18,400
Are that Rose during the day now
sinks completing convection 

746
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,800
cycles that span 12 hours or 
more? 

747
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:24,900
The movement is invisible in 
darkness, but no less real 

748
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:29,300
redistributing heat and moisture
across the landscape. 

749
00:43:30,300 --> 00:43:33,000
Clouds that form during the 
afternoon May linger into the 

750
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:37,200
night or they may dissolve as 
cooling air loses its ability to

751
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:41,000
hold water vapor. 
When they dissolve, the moisture

752
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,200
Falls as due. 
Or light, rain wetting surfaces 

753
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:47,900
that dried during the day. 
The water cycle continues in 

754
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:50,400
darkness. 
Just operating through different

755
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:52,300
mechanisms that it doesn't 
daylight. 

756
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,300
The ocean remains warmer than 
the land after Sunset because 

757
00:43:56,300 --> 00:43:59,500
water holds heat longer than 
rock this temperature difference

758
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:03,900
drives Coastal winds that blow 
from land to sea at night. the 

759
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,500
reverse of the pattern that 
prevails during the day, The 

760
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,200
winds are gentle that. 
They persist Through The Dark 

761
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:14,400
Hours part of the daily Rhythm 
that ties Land and Sea together.

762
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:19,300
Stars provide a small amount of 
light enough to distinguish Sea 

763
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:22,900
from Sky enough to navigate by 
if you know their positions. 

764
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:27,400
The light is steady unlike the 
flickering of flames because 

765
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:29,800
stars are so distant that 
they're light arrives as 

766
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:34,000
parallel rays, unaffected by any
turbulence close to Earth. 

767
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:38,500
The Starlight is traveled for 
years to reach this surface, and

768
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:41,100
it arrives softly without 
fanfare. 

769
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:46,000
The moon, when it's above the 
Horizon provides brighter light 

770
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:50,600
than the Stars, During a full 
moon, you can see clearly enough

771
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:54,300
to walk without stumbling to 
watch waves break on the shore 

772
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:58,000
and to observe the texture of 
rock, beneath your feet, the 

773
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:01,800
Moonlight is reflected sunlight,
arriving second-hand, but 

774
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:03,600
sufficient for the lights 
purposes. 

775
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:08,200
Tied to rise and fall regardless
of whether the Sun is up. 

776
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:12,100
The gravitational pull that 
drives tied to does not depend 

777
00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:15,900
on light only on the positions 
of the Moon and Sun relative to 

778
00:45:15,908 --> 00:45:18,800
Earth. 
A high tide arrives at midnight 

779
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,400
as reliably as one arrives at 
noon, bringing water up the 

780
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,700
shore and then withdrawing it, 
keeping the coastal zone in 

781
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:28,500
motion, even while the rest of 
the landscape rests. 

782
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:32,500
Temperature dependent chemical 
reactions slow at night as the 

783
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:36,300
surface cools but other 
reactions proceed more readily 

784
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:37,900
and darkness or cooler 
conditions. 

785
00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:42,300
The chemistry of the surface 
shifts and character from day to

786
00:45:42,300 --> 00:45:44,800
night. 
Not stopping, but changing its 

787
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:48,800
emphasis allowing processes that
cannot occur in heat or light to

788
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:51,400
take their turn. 
The absence of sunlight 

789
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,800
provides, a respite from 
ultraviolet radiation, which is 

790
00:45:54,808 --> 00:45:57,100
more intense. 
During these early ages before 

791
00:45:57,100 --> 00:46:00,800
oxygen accumulates in the 
atmosphere and forms an ozone 

792
00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:03,800
layer. 
Night offers protection from 

793
00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:07,900
this radiation, a daily reprieve
that allows chemical processes 

794
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:11,000
sensitive to UV, light to 
proceed without disruption. 

795
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:15,400
Darkness creates gradients 
between surfaces that face the 

796
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:17,900
Open Sky and those that are 
sheltered. 

797
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,200
Surfaces that radiates heat 
freely to the night. 

798
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,900
Sky, cool more than surfaces 
protected by overhangs, or 

799
00:46:24,908 --> 00:46:28,600
surrounded by other rocks. 
These temperature variations 

800
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:33,100
create microclimates at small 
scales, diversify the conditions

801
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:35,400
of available for chemistry 
across the landscape. 

802
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:39,800
The planets rotation ensures 
that Knight is temporary know 

803
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:41,800
part of the surface remains in 
darkness. 

804
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,300
Permanently every location that 
experiences night will 

805
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:49,000
experience day again after a few
hours and the alternation 

806
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,700
continues without interruption 
creating a rhythm that divides 

807
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:56,400
time into manageable intervals 
and provides both activity and 

808
00:46:56,400 --> 00:47:00,900
rest in regular succession. 
You notice that sounds carry 

809
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:04,700
differently at night without the
sun's heating creating turbulent

810
00:47:04,700 --> 00:47:06,800
air currents. 
The atmosphere becomes more 

811
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,800
stratified and Soundwave travel 
farther before dissipating. 

812
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:14,300
Crash of waves on a distant 
Shore. 

813
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:18,100
Reaches you clearly the rumble 
of a far-off volcanic vent 

814
00:47:18,100 --> 00:47:20,300
carries across miles of Open 
Water. 

815
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,600
The night is not silent. 
But filled with the Quiet Sounds

816
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,800
of ongoing processes. 
The stars move across the sky as

817
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:31,800
the Earth rotates rising in the 
East and setting in the West. 

818
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:36,500
Their motion is steady and 
predictable, completing one full

819
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:40,200
circuit in approximately 18 
hours during these early ages. 

820
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:43,800
When the day is shorter than it 
will later become, you can use 

821
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,100
their positions to track. 
The passage of time to know how 

822
00:47:47,100 --> 00:47:51,600
much of the night is elapsed and
how much remains The ocean glows

823
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,600
faintly in places where certain 
chemical reactions occur 

824
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:58,800
producing light without heat. 
The glow is subtle. 

825
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,700
A pale Shimmer on the water's 
surface visible, only in 

826
00:48:02,700 --> 00:48:06,600
complete darkness. 
It is not biological yet, just 

827
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:09,600
chemistry, that happens to emit 
photons as a byproduct. 

828
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:12,800
But it adds a gentle 
luminescence to the night. 

829
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:17,000
Sea Cooling Rock contracts, like
Lee. and the contraction 

830
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:21,100
sometimes produces small 
cracking sounds like the ticking

831
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:26,400
of cooling metal The sounds are 
occasional not constant, they 

832
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:30,000
remind you that the landscape is
active, even in Stillness that 

833
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,400
motion continues at Scales, too.
Small to see, but large enough 

834
00:48:33,408 --> 00:48:36,700
to hear the night sky is 
perfectly dark between the 

835
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:40,700
Stars, unaffected, by any 
artificial light and clear 

836
00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:43,900
enough to see the Milky Way, as 
a band of concentrated Starlight

837
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:46,900
across the heavens. 
The darkness is complete and 

838
00:48:46,900 --> 00:48:51,000
clean offering contrast that 
makes the Stars seem brighter by

839
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,200
comparison. 
You lie on warm Rock and feel 

840
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:57,400
the stored heat of the day, rise
in through Stone in your body. 

841
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:02,300
The sky above is vast and 
Scattered with stars the ocean. 

842
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:05,500
Murmurs at the shore. 
The planet turns Eastwood 

843
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:09,200
carrying you with it, bringing 
the dawn that will arrive in a 

844
00:49:09,208 --> 00:49:11,300
few hours. 
When the rotation carries this 

845
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:16,200
location back in to the Sun's 
light, Night is balanced. 

846
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,300
Part of the Rhythm that prevents
the surface from overheating or 

847
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:23,400
over Cooling. 
Providing the alternation that 

848
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,900
makes stability possible. 
You watch the Earth maintain 

849
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:30,100
itself across millions of years,
through simple repetition. 

850
00:49:31,100 --> 00:49:34,700
The same processes that operated
yesterday operate today, and 

851
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:38,900
will operate tomorrow water 
evaporates, condenses and Falls 

852
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:43,700
Rocky Roads, sediment, 
accumulates and new rock forms. 

853
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:47,700
The planet does not innovate or 
adjust or intervene in its own 

854
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,900
Cycles, it simply continues 
letting physics and chemistry 

855
00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:53,700
follow their rules without 
guidance. 

856
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:57,300
The reliability of these 
processes creates a kind of 

857
00:49:57,300 --> 00:50:00,600
predictability that extend 
across deep time. 

858
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,800
The Sun will rise tomorrow 
because the Earth will continue 

859
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:07,000
rotating rain will fall 
somewhere because the water 

860
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:10,800
cycle will continue operating 
Tides will rise because the moon

861
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:15,300
will continue orbiting none of 
these outcomes requires any 

862
00:50:15,300 --> 00:50:19,300
special conditions to be 
maintained or any external input

863
00:50:19,300 --> 00:50:23,200
beyond what is already present. 
Erosion will eventually wear 

864
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:27,000
down every Mountain that rises 
returning the material to the 

865
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:32,600
ocean, where it will accumulate 
sediment, be subducted melt and 

866
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:36,000
potentially rise again as new 
mountains, millions of years 

867
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,300
later. 
The cycle is long but it is 

868
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:42,200
reliable. 
And it ensures that the surface 

869
00:50:42,200 --> 00:50:45,100
is constantly being renewed 
rather than wearing out. 

870
00:50:45,100 --> 00:50:48,900
The atmosphere will continue to 
exist as long as gravity holds 

871
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:52,400
it in place and volcanic 
activity continues to replace 

872
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:56,600
gases that react or Escape. 
These conditions are stable 

873
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,500
built into the planet structure 
and composition, and not 

874
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:03,500
dependent on anything that might
cease unexpectedly. 

875
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,000
The ocean will continue to exist
as long as the temperature 

876
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:09,200
remains within the range where 
water is liquid. 

877
00:51:10,100 --> 00:51:13,000
The Earth orbits the Sun at a 
distance where this condition is

878
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,500
met and the orbit is stable 
maintained by the same 

879
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,700
gravitational forces that have 
held it for billions of years 

880
00:51:19,700 --> 00:51:24,000
and will hold it for billions. 
More living organisms will 

881
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:26,700
eventually emerge from the 
chemistry that is already 

882
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:29,600
occurring, entitled pools and 
hydrothermal vents. 

883
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:33,200
When they emerge, they will find
a planet that is ready for the 

884
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:37,700
them with water, minerals energy
and stable conditions all of 

885
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:39,900
available. 
The planet did not create these 

886
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,300
conditions for life's benefit, 
but simply by following its own 

887
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:46,900
processes, which happened to 
produce a habitable environment 

888
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:50,800
as a side effect. 
Life once it begins will 

889
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:53,100
participate in the cycles that 
already exist. 

890
00:51:54,000 --> 00:51:56,600
Organisms will take in water and
release it. 

891
00:51:57,200 --> 00:52:00,900
Take in minerals and incorporate
them into structures and capture

892
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:03,200
energy and use it to build 
complexity. 

893
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,400
These are extensions of 
processes that already occur in 

894
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:10,800
nonliving, chemistry. 
Just organized in ways that can 

895
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:14,000
reproduce and persist. 
The carbon cycle will 

896
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:16,300
incorporate living chemistry 
once life appears. 

897
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,800
But the cycle itself will 
continue operating on the same 

898
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:23,200
principles as before. 
Carbon will still move between 

899
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:27,100
atmosphere ocean and rock, just 
with an additional pathway 

900
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:29,900
through all organisms. 
The cycle will become more 

901
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:32,000
complex but not fundamentally 
different. 

902
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:36,700
The planets ability to maintain 
habitable conditions does not 

903
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:41,200
depend on life, the conditions 
existed before life appeared and

904
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:45,300
will continue if life ever ends.
Habitability is a product of 

905
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:49,700
size distant from the Sun 
geological activity and 

906
00:52:49,700 --> 00:52:53,400
Atmospheric composition. 
None of which require biology to

907
00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,400
maintain. 
You noticed that the Earth's 

908
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:59,200
stability comes from having 
multiple overlapping cycles. 

909
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:01,900
Each one buffering variations in
the others. 

910
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:06,500
If one process speeds up another
compensates by slowing down. 

911
00:53:06,500 --> 00:53:11,100
If one reservoir fills another 
empties, the system 

912
00:53:11,100 --> 00:53:14,000
self-regulates through feedback 
loops that are built into the 

913
00:53:14,008 --> 00:53:17,600
physics and chemistry, not added
on a separate control 

914
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:20,700
mechanisms. 
Temperature stability comes from

915
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:24,400
the oceans thermal inertia the 
atmosphere's ability to 

916
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:28,000
redistribute Heat and the 
planets distance from the Sun. 

917
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:31,900
These factors work together to 
keep surface temperature within 

918
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:35,800
a range that allows water to 
remain liquid which in turn 

919
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:38,000
allows all the other processes 
to continue. 

920
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:41,600
Chemical stability comes from 
the buffering capacity of the 

921
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:45,800
ocean, which can absorb excess 
acids, or bases without large pH

922
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:49,100
changes and from the slow 
cycling of elements, through 

923
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:53,400
Rock, which prevents any element
from accumulating toxic levels 

924
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:57,100
or depleting entirely. 
Energy balance comes from the 

925
00:53:57,100 --> 00:54:01,000
match, between incoming solar 
radiation and outgoing thermal 

926
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:04,100
radiation. 
The planet, absorbs, sunlight, 

927
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,800
and re-radiates it has improved.
And the balance between these 

928
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:09,800
flows determines the surface 
temperature. 

929
00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:14,200
The balance is not perfect at 
every moment, but it averages 

930
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:18,200
out over time to a stable state.
The Earth does not rest but it 

931
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,700
does not hurry either. it 
operates at the pace that its 

932
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:25,800
processes require some fast like
lightning some slow like 

933
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:28,900
continental drift. 
All of them finding their 

934
00:54:28,900 --> 00:54:32,000
natural rates without external 
pressure to speed up or slow 

935
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,900
down. 
The pace is suited to the scale 

936
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:38,900
with fast processes, handling 
small scale variations and slow.

937
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:41,200
Processes handling large-scale 
changes. 

938
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:44,600
You stand on a beach, a Dawn and
watch the sun rise over the 

939
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,400
ocean, knowing that the same 
scene has played out every day 

940
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:52,400
for 100s of millions of years 
and will continue for hundreds 

941
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:56,000
of millions more The waves that 
break at your feet are driven by

942
00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:58,400
winds that are driven by 
temperature, differences that 

943
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,000
are driven by the sun's Heat. 
Pain. 

944
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:05,000
Of course, nation is clear 
unbroken and will continue 

945
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:08,400
operating as long as the 
Sunshine's, and the Earth turns,

946
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:12,800
The habitability of Earth is not
a gift or an accident, but a 

947
00:55:12,800 --> 00:55:15,900
consequence of how matter 
behaves under these particular 

948
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:19,000
conditions of size composition 
and solely distance. 

949
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:23,700
Planet became habitable by being
what it is and where it is and 

950
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,400
it remains habitable by 
continuing to be those things. 

951
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:31,200
There is no mystery in, it only 
physics and chemistry playing 

952
00:55:31,200 --> 00:55:34,200
out across time. 
Creating complexity through 

953
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:38,600
repetition, maintaining balance 
through circulation and offering

954
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,700
stability through the simple 
Persistence of its Cycles. 

955
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:45,400
You breathe the air, feel the 
warmth of the sun on your face 

956
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:48,400
and listen to the waves. 
And you know, that these 

957
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:51,500
experiences are possible because
the Earth has spent billions of 

958
00:55:51,500 --> 00:55:55,700
years preparing conditions where
they can occur, The planet has 

959
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,500
done this work without awareness
or intention just by following 

960
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:03,200
the rules that govern matter and
energy and those same rules will

961
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:05,200
keep it habitable. 
As long as the fundamental 

962
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:09,800
conditions remain in place, the 
Earth continues, quiet and 

963
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:14,200
reliable turning through its 
days and nights cycling. 

964
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:19,000
Its materials maintaining, its 
temperature, simply being itself

965
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:21,200
across the vast stretches of 
time. 

966
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:28,400
Imagine waking up one morning 
and finding out that your 

967
00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:31,200
neighbor became a millionaire by
picking up shiny rocks from a 

968
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:33,400
riverbed. 
That's pretty much what happened

969
00:56:33,400 --> 00:56:36,600
in 1848 when James Marshall saw 
something shining in the 

970
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:38,400
American river at such as 
Milling, California. 

971
00:56:39,500 --> 00:56:43,100
What began as one man's curious?
Observation would soon lead to 

972
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:45,400
the largest voluntary migration 
in human history. 

973
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:49,000
People from every continent 
except Antarctica loaded their 

974
00:56:49,008 --> 00:56:52,900
lives into wagons and ships and 
set off in search of dreams that

975
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:55,000
Shone like fool's gold in their 
minds. 

976
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:57,100
The California. 
Gold Rush. 

977
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:00,200
Wasn't the first in the world 
but it was the most famous. 

978
00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:03,200
This is partly because it 
happened at the same time as the

979
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:06,500
invention of the Telegraph and 
mass-produced newspapers within 

980
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:10,800
months word, spread to the east 
coast Europe, Australia and even

981
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:14,400
small villages in China, it 
spread faster than a fire in dry

982
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,200
grass farmers in Iowa were 
leaving their Plows. 

983
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:20,400
Shopkeepers in Boston, were 
closing their stores and whole 

984
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:21,600
families were selling 
everything. 

985
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:24,000
They owned to try to get rich in
the Sierra, Nevada. 

986
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:28,600
Foothills But California was 
only the start gold discoveries 

987
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:32,100
in Australia in 1851 caused 
their own Rush bringing people 

988
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:33,800
looking for wealth to the hot 
outback. 

989
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:38,000
The Klondike Gold Rush of 1896 
Cent people looking for gold to 

990
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:41,200
the other end of the world. 
The Frozen Wilderness of Alaska 

991
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:45,300
and Canada where temperatures 
could drop to 50 below zero and 

992
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:48,400
it was dark for months. 
The Whit Waters ran goldfields 

993
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,600
in South Africa. 
Turned empty veiled into one of 

994
00:57:50,608 --> 00:57:52,700
the world's largest cities. 
Almost overnight. 

995
00:57:52,700 --> 00:57:55,800
There were different things 
about each gold rush but they 

996
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:58,500
all had some things in common. 
That seem almost magical. 

997
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:01,400
When you think about them, 
people like teachers Farmers 

998
00:58:01,400 --> 00:58:04,400
blacksmiths and seamstresses, 
suddenly thought they could 

999
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:07,200
survive in places, that would be
hard for even experienced, 

1000
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,100
Outdoorsman it was like having 
gold gave you some kind of 

1001
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:13,300
magnetic power that made. 
You ignore common sense and the 

1002
00:58:13,300 --> 00:58:16,200
need to protect yourself. 
It's interesting to think about 

1003
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:19,500
the psychology of Gold Fever. 
As you go to sleep, gold doesn't

1004
00:58:19,500 --> 00:58:23,400
go bad rossed or lose its value 
overnight, like other kinds of 

1005
00:58:23,408 --> 00:58:26,200
wealth. 
For thousands of years people 

1006
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:29,700
have thought it was valuable. 
It was used in the burial masks 

1007
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:33,500
of pharaohs and the crowns of 
Kings the weight of gold in your

1008
00:58:33,508 --> 00:58:35,700
hand. 
How it catches light and how it 

1009
00:58:35,700 --> 00:58:38,300
doesn't tarnish or Decay or all 
very satisfying. 

1010
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:41,300
In a world that is always 
changing gold. 

1011
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:44,300
Stands for stability and safety 
in a universe. 

1012
00:58:44,300 --> 00:58:47,100
That is always changing for the 
miners going west. 

1013
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:49,400
Gold was the ultimate American 
Dream. 

1014
00:58:49,400 --> 00:58:53,400
The idea that anyone no matter 
where they came from, or how 

1015
00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:57,100
much they knew could change 
their life with hard work, and a

1016
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,000
little luck gold, didn't care if
you were a Harvard graduate or 

1017
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:02,700
couldn't read your own name, it 
didn't care about your family 

1018
00:59:02,700 --> 00:59:04,200
tree. 
What mattered? 

1019
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:07,600
Most was your willingness to go 
through hard times, your ability

1020
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:10,100
to see opportunities when they 
were right in front of you. 

1021
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:13,900
Getting to the goldfields was 
often just as hard as mining for

1022
00:59:13,900 --> 00:59:16,100
gold. 
Think about putting everything 

1023
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:19,700
you might need for months or 
years into a space smaller than 

1024
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:22,600
your bedroom closet. 
And then traveling thousands of 

1025
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:25,400
miles through places that were 
more in your head that on 

1026
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,100
reliable Maps. 
The Overland route to California

1027
00:59:28,100 --> 00:59:30,800
went through deserts, where 
water was hard to find and 

1028
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:34,800
valuable, Mountain passes, that 
could be blocked by snow even in

1029
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:38,200
the summer and rivers, that 
could be calm one day and raging

1030
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,900
torrents. 
The next people who took the sea

1031
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:42,300
route had to deal with different
problems. 

1032
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:45,900
It could take six months to 
sail, around Cape Horn, and the 

1033
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:48,800
water was some of the roughest 
on Earth, men, who had never 

1034
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:51,300
been to see were crammed into 
ships that were meant to carry 

1035
00:59:51,308 --> 00:59:54,900
cargo not passengers. 
This would make modern cruise 

1036
00:59:54,900 --> 00:59:56,500
ship passengers, ask for their 
money back. 

1037
00:59:56,500 --> 00:59:59,200
Those who could afford to go 
through Panama, had to deal with

1038
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:02,400
tropical diseases, dangerous 
river, Crossings and sometimes 

1039
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:05,800
weeks of waiting for ships on 
the Pacific side, but people 

1040
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:08,900
came anyway drawn by stories 
that got more and more amazing. 

1041
01:00:08,900 --> 01:00:12,100
With each telling stories about 
miners finding nuggets. 

1042
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:15,400
The size of turkey eggs, Rivers.
So, full of gold that you could 

1043
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:19,100
fill up in minutes and regular 
people becoming incredibly rich 

1044
01:00:19,100 --> 01:00:21,900
in just a few weeks. 
Most of the time, the stories 

1045
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:25,200
were exaggerated or made up, but
they had just enough truth in 

1046
01:00:25,200 --> 01:00:28,100
them to keep the dream alive. 
It's amazing how these 

1047
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:30,900
individual dreams were added 
together changed whole 

1048
01:00:30,900 --> 01:00:33,600
continents. 
In places where only coyotes and

1049
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:36,000
rattlesnakes had lived before 
cities sprang up overnight. 

1050
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:39,600
The search for gold led to the 
growth of economies 

1051
01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:43,300
transportation systems and 
social structures in whole 

1052
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:45,900
areas, the effects on the 
environment and culture would 

1053
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,000
last for Generations long. 
After the goal that was easy to 

1054
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:51,300
get was gone as you drift off to
sleep. 

1055
01:00:51,300 --> 01:00:54,700
Think about how Brave or maybe 
foolish, it was to give up 

1056
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:57,300
everything you for the chance of
something that might not be 

1057
01:00:57,300 --> 01:00:59,700
real. 
These weren't trained explorers 

1058
01:00:59,700 --> 01:01:02,600
or professional adventurers. 
They were just regular people 

1059
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,000
who thought the chance of making
a lot of money was worth the 

1060
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:06,900
risk. 
Their stories show us. 

1061
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:10,100
That sometimes the most 
important events in history are 

1062
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:13,000
caused by people who refused to 
believe that their situation 

1063
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:15,700
will never change. 
Imagine yourself standing in the

1064
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:18,900
middle of what would become 
Downtown Sacramento on a July. 

1065
01:01:18,900 --> 01:01:22,700
After noon, in 1850, the 
temperature is around 100 

1066
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:25,900
degrees Fahrenheit and the air 
above the hot pavement looks 

1067
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:28,900
like water. 
The sun is as hot as a forge and

1068
01:01:28,900 --> 01:01:30,300
there's no way to get away from 
it. 

1069
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:33,600
There's no air conditioning ice 
or tall buildings to block the 

1070
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:37,000
Sun, a picture of this, instead 
of going inside, you're going, 

1071
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,500
To spend the next 12 hours, bent
over a creek bed, sifting 

1072
01:01:40,500 --> 01:01:43,000
through gravel and sand with 
just a metal pan and your 

1073
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,200
willpower, this was the case for
thousands of gold miners. 

1074
01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:48,800
Who went to areas where summer 
temperatures often went above 

1075
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:50,900
what most people today would 
consider survivable. 

1076
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:54,300
The California Central Valley, 
the Australian Outback, and 

1077
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,400
parts of Nevada, and Arizona 
weren't places where people were

1078
01:01:57,400 --> 01:01:59,800
supposed to work outside during 
the hottest times of the year, 

1079
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:04,100
but they worked driven by dreams
that burned hotter than the sun 

1080
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:06,700
above their heads. 
The human body wasn't meant to 

1081
01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:08,900
be in such extreme heat for long
periods of time. 

1082
01:02:08,900 --> 01:02:12,500
This weekly, when doing hard 
physical work, your body 

1083
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:15,400
regulates its temperature in a 
way that is similar to a simple 

1084
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:18,300
air conditioner. 
Sweats to cool the skin. 

1085
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:21,700
Through evaporation, it changes 
the flow of blood to release 

1086
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:25,200
heat and it breathes more to get
rid of warm air from the lungs. 

1087
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:29,800
But these systems could only do 
so much and mine is in the 1800s

1088
01:02:29,800 --> 01:02:31,400
pushed them to their limits 
every day. 

1089
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:34,200
Smart miners, learn to change 
their plans. 

1090
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:37,400
Based on the sun's movement, 
they would get up before Dawn. 

1091
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:40,000
When the air was still a little 
cool from the night before and 

1092
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:42,500
start working. 
As soon as the sun came up, the 

1093
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:45,000
early morning hours were very 
important because you could get 

1094
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:47,200
things done before the heat made
it too much to handle. 

1095
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:51,200
Has the sun rose higher 
experienced miners, would look 

1096
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:54,400
for any shade they could find. 
They would often work in shifts 

1097
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,300
so that some could rest while 
others kept looking for gold 

1098
01:02:57,300 --> 01:03:00,700
miners called the time between 
noon and 4 in the afternoon the 

1099
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:03,100
devil's time. 
This was when the sun was at its

1100
01:03:03,108 --> 01:03:05,800
hottest, and the heat from rocks
and sand could literally cook 

1101
01:03:05,800 --> 01:03:08,300
skin that was exposed during 
these hours. 

1102
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:10,700
Smart miners, went back to 
whatever shelter they could 

1103
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:13,500
find. 
Some people dug shallow caves 

1104
01:03:13,500 --> 01:03:16,800
into hillsides to make cool 
places to hide that were 10 to 

1105
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:18,300
20 degrees cooler than the 
surface. 

1106
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,200
Some people put canvas between 
trees or over, wooden frames to 

1107
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:24,600
make patches of blessed shade 
where people could gather to 

1108
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:27,700
rest and talk. 
The clothes that miners wore 

1109
01:03:27,700 --> 01:03:30,300
tell an interesting story about 
how they adapted and used their 

1110
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:33,500
brains, forget the Hollywood 
image of shirtless men working 

1111
01:03:33,500 --> 01:03:35,800
in the hot sun. 
That was a sure way to get 

1112
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:37,500
burned badly and have a heat 
stroke. 

1113
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:41,000
Instead experienced miners 
learned how to cover almost 

1114
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,100
every inch of skin. 
That was showing while still 

1115
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:46,500
letting airflow, they wore wide 
brimmed hats that cast Shadows 

1116
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:49,600
on their faces and necks long 
sleeve shirts that were loose 

1117
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,700
enough to let air flow and 
bandanas that could be soaked in

1118
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:55,400
water and tied around their 
necks to cool off. 

1119
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,900
Many miners will close that they
learned from Mexico for Heroes 

1120
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:01,400
and Native American tribes that 
had been living in these areas 

1121
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:04,100
for a long time. 
Eastern gentlemen, like Doc will

1122
01:04:04,100 --> 01:04:07,300
suit better than loose like 
colored cotton clothes because 

1123
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:10,400
they reflected heat better. 
Some miners even started wearing

1124
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:14,000
multiple layers, a thin in a 
layer to soak up sweat and an 

1125
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:16,700
outer layer to keep the Sun out,
while letting air flow between 

1126
01:04:16,700 --> 01:04:20,300
the Fabrics. finding shade 
became almost as important as 

1127
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,700
finding gold in mining camps 
trees were valuable because they

1128
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:27,400
provided shade and lumber A 
single Big Oak or pine tree 

1129
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:30,700
could decide where a whole cap 
would be set up tents and lean 

1130
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:33,700
twos will be set up in careful 
patterns to get the most shade 

1131
01:04:33,700 --> 01:04:36,700
possible during the day. 
Water wasn't just for drinking. 

1132
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:39,200
It was also very important for 
staying cool. 

1133
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:42,200
When there was water, mine was, 
would soak their shirts and 

1134
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:45,600
hats, which worked as a simple, 
but effective way to cool off, 

1135
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,000
some smart people. 
Even came up with complicated 

1136
01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:50,800
ways to move water over Canada's
awnings, which were like 

1137
01:04:50,808 --> 01:04:52,800
evaporative coolers in the 
1800s. 

1138
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:56,500
The Mental effects of extreme 
heat were just as hard to deal 

1139
01:04:56,500 --> 01:04:59,400
with as the physical ones. 
Not only does heat exhaustion, 

1140
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,400
make you feel bad, physically. 
But it also changes the way you 

1141
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:07,000
think, feel and make decisions 
when miners worked in very hot 

1142
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:10,500
or very cold weather. 
They often got cranky made, bad 

1143
01:05:10,500 --> 01:05:13,700
decisions and got what we now, 
call heat induced depression. 

1144
01:05:14,500 --> 01:05:17,700
The constant pain made mental 
strength weaker, just like it 

1145
01:05:17,700 --> 01:05:20,700
made physical strength weaker, 
but people were very good at 

1146
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:23,400
adapting. 
Bodies that had never been in 

1147
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:24,400
such heat before. 
Slowly. 

1148
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:28,300
Got used to, it becoming better 
at handling heat sweating more 

1149
01:05:28,300 --> 01:05:32,200
effectively and circulating 
blood better when miners made it

1150
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:34,900
through their first summer in 
the goldfields they often found 

1151
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:37,500
the second year easier to handle
because their body's got used to

1152
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:39,800
conditions that would have 
seemed impossible when they 

1153
01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:41,900
first got there. 
Some of the best mining 

1154
01:05:41,900 --> 01:05:44,100
companies were the ones that 
knew how important it was to 

1155
01:05:44,100 --> 01:05:46,800
keep workers safe from the heat 
companies that gave their 

1156
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:49,500
workers enough shelf shelter. 
Encourage them to rest during 

1157
01:05:49,500 --> 01:05:52,500
the hottest parts of the day and
made sure they could get to call

1158
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:54,200
water. 
Usually had healthier and more 

1159
01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:56,700
productive workers. 
It was an early lesson in 

1160
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,000
industrial safety that most 
people wouldn't learn for 

1161
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:01,800
decades, as you picked to 
yourself, in those hot mining 

1162
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:04,300
camps feeling the sun on your 
shoulders and the coolness of 

1163
01:06:04,308 --> 01:06:07,000
the Evening Shade. 
Remember that these were not 

1164
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,000
superhuman people. 
They were just regular people 

1165
01:06:10,000 --> 01:06:12,100
who learned to deal with unusual
situations. 

1166
01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:15,200
The fact that they were able to 
live and even thrive in such 

1167
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:18,700
conditions shows how strong the 
human Spirit can be when it is 

1168
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,300
driven by strong dreams. 
In romantic stories about the 

1169
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:24,800
Gold Rush. 
Water is always there. 

1170
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:28,000
There are babbling Creeks where 
minors pan for gold and Clear 

1171
01:06:28,008 --> 01:06:30,400
Mountain Streams that show off 
the Sierra Peaks. 

1172
01:06:30,400 --> 01:06:33,400
But the truth was often very 
different and much harder 

1173
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:36,900
getting Clean. 
Safe water was often a matter of

1174
01:06:36,900 --> 01:06:38,900
life and death and getting 
enough food. 

1175
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:41,600
In remote mining camps took a 
lot of creativity that would 

1176
01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:44,000
impress modern survivalists. 
Ironically. 

1177
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:46,700
Mine is often valued water more 
than the gold they were looking 

1178
01:06:46,700 --> 01:06:50,300
for on a hot afternoon. 
A glass of cool clean water. 

1179
01:06:50,300 --> 01:06:53,500
Could be worth more than a 
handful of gold dust especially 

1180
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:56,900
if the water cost a dollar a 
gallon which is like 30 or 40 

1181
01:06:56,900 --> 01:06:58,900
dollars. 
Now in some of the more remote 

1182
01:06:58,900 --> 01:07:01,800
mining areas on entrepreneurs, 
made a lot of money, not by 

1183
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:04,800
finding gold, but by bringing 
water in barrels, from far away 

1184
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:07,300
places and selling it to minors 
who needed it. 

1185
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:12,000
Finding water turned into both a
science and an art experienced 

1186
01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:14,000
miners could read the landscape 
like a book. 

1187
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,000
They looked for small signs that
showed where water was 

1188
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:19,500
underground. 
Some plants only grew where 

1189
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:22,900
their Roots could get to water 
tables, animals Behavior such as

1190
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,700
where they gathered at dawn and 
Dusk and the paths, they wore 

1191
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:28,800
through the landscape often 
revealed Hidden Springs or 

1192
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:32,000
seasonal water sources. 
Some liners became very good at 

1193
01:07:32,000 --> 01:07:34,800
dowsing, which is the art of 
finding underground water with 

1194
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:38,500
forked sticks or metal rods. 
Modern science still doesn't 

1195
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:39,900
fully understand how they did 
it. 

1196
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,700
These methods became a big part 
of mining camp folklore, whether

1197
01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:46,000
they really worked or just made 
mine as feel more. 

1198
01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:48,200
Sure, about digging in places 
where they thought they might 

1199
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:50,200
find water. 
It was like playing the 

1200
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:52,700
geological Lottery to dig wells 
in mining country. 

1201
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:55,900
The same Rocky ground that might
hide gold deposits. 

1202
01:07:55,900 --> 01:07:58,100
Could make it very hard to get 
to the water table. 

1203
01:07:58,100 --> 01:08:01,600
Sometimes would spend weeks 
chiseling through, solid rock 

1204
01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:04,600
hoping to find water before 
their current Supply ran out. 

1205
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:07,300
The deeper, they dug the cooler,
the water. 

1206
01:08:07,300 --> 01:08:11,200
They might find this was a great
bonus in places where surface 

1207
01:08:11,200 --> 01:08:13,200
water could get too warm to be 
refreshing. 

1208
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:17,600
When water was hard to come by 
miners, came up with very clever

1209
01:08:17,600 --> 01:08:19,100
ways to save it. 
That would impress 

1210
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:22,200
environmentalists today, you 
could save the water used to 

1211
01:08:22,200 --> 01:08:25,399
cook with to wash dishes, then 
use it again to do laundry. 

1212
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:27,700
And finally use it to clean up 
dust around. 

1213
01:08:27,700 --> 01:08:31,800
The campsite there was no waste 
some camps, set up strict 

1214
01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:34,700
rationing systems with Community
leaders, keeping an eye on, how 

1215
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:38,000
much water people used, and 
making sure everyone had access 

1216
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:41,700
to basic supplies. the quality 
of the water that was available 

1217
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:45,000
was often just as bad as the 
amount minerals that made people

1218
01:08:45,000 --> 01:08:47,399
sick could be in Mountain 
Streams that looked crystal 

1219
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:51,300
clear or Worse bacteria from 
mining operations or natural 

1220
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:55,200
sources Upstream Miners learned 
how to tell, if water was good 

1221
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:59,100
by its taste color and smell. 
They also figured out how to 

1222
01:08:59,100 --> 01:09:00,600
clean up water that wasn't 
clean. 

1223
01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:04,500
Boiling water was the best way 
to clean it but it needed Fuel 

1224
01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:05,899
and time. 
That weren't always available 

1225
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:08,399
some miners. 
Use Simple filters made of 

1226
01:09:08,399 --> 01:09:11,500
cloth, charcoal and sand to 
clean their water. 

1227
01:09:11,500 --> 01:09:14,800
Some people learned how to add 
chemicals, like, Alan or other 

1228
01:09:14,800 --> 01:09:17,399
minerals that would make 
impurities settle to the bottom.

1229
01:09:17,399 --> 01:09:20,800
Leaving cleaner water at the 
top, getting food in mining 

1230
01:09:20,800 --> 01:09:23,300
camps, took a lot of creativity 
that would be hard for modern 

1231
01:09:23,300 --> 01:09:25,500
campers. 
There were any grocery stores, 

1232
01:09:25,500 --> 01:09:28,600
refrigerators or Dependable 
Supply chains. 

1233
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:32,100
Everything had to be kept safe 
moved over, rough ground or 

1234
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:34,100
hunted and gathered from the 
area around them. 

1235
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:37,200
The outcome was a Cuisine that 
mixed old recipes with whatever 

1236
01:09:37,200 --> 01:09:40,600
was on hand, resulting in some 
surprisingly creative dishes. 

1237
01:09:40,600 --> 01:09:44,000
Beans became the main food from 
Miners and were known as minor 

1238
01:09:44,000 --> 01:09:46,300
strawberries. 
They were cheap easy to carry 

1239
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,300
didn't spoil easily and gave 
them the protein and carbs they 

1240
01:09:49,300 --> 01:09:52,300
needed for hard work. 
A part of beans that was slowly 

1241
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:54,900
cooked over A campfire and 
seasoned with whatever was on 

1242
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:57,900
hand could feed several Miners 
and give them energy for days of

1243
01:09:57,908 --> 01:10:00,400
work salt, pork and bacon did 
the same thing. 

1244
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:03,800
They gave you fat and protein 
and could last for weeks without

1245
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:07,000
being kept, cold, The salt used 
to keep things fresh. 

1246
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:09,600
Also help to replace 
electrolytes lost through 

1247
01:10:09,600 --> 01:10:12,900
sweating in very hot weather. 
Smart miners, learned how to get

1248
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:15,200
the fat out of these meats. 
So they could cook other foods 

1249
01:10:15,200 --> 01:10:19,400
and make lamp oil hardtack which
is made by mixing flour, water 

1250
01:10:19,400 --> 01:10:22,408
and salt and baking it into 
biscuits that are as hard as 

1251
01:10:22,416 --> 01:10:25,200
rocks became another staple 
because it could last for 

1252
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:28,600
months, without going bad to 
make hard tack easier to eat. 

1253
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:32,300
Mine is would soak it in coffee 
or water sometimes they would 

1254
01:10:32,300 --> 01:10:34,400
fry it with bacon fat to make it
taste better. 

1255
01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:37,000
The joke was that hard tack was 
so hard. 

1256
01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:40,100
It could stop a bullet, but it 
kept mine as from starving when 

1257
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:43,400
they ran out of other food. 
People didn't just enjoy coffee.

1258
01:10:43,400 --> 01:10:45,200
They thought it was necessary 
for survival. 

1259
01:10:45,200 --> 01:10:48,500
The caffeine helped mine as stay
awake during long work days. 

1260
01:10:48,500 --> 01:10:50,600
And the hot drink kept them warm
at night. 

1261
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:54,000
In the cold mountains coffee, 
could be stretched by reusing 

1262
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:56,400
the ground. 
Several times in very bad 

1263
01:10:56,400 --> 01:10:58,800
situations. 
Miners, made coffee substitutes 

1264
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:01,500
from chicory acorns or even 
roasted grain. 

1265
01:11:02,300 --> 01:11:04,700
Hunting and fishing added to 
basic supplies when there was 

1266
01:11:04,708 --> 01:11:08,300
game to be caught, deer rabbits 
and game birds, gave us fresh 

1267
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,300
meat and streams and rivers 
might have fish in them when 

1268
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:12,700
they were too muddy. 
From mining. 

1269
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:16,000
Some miners, learned how to find
edible plants by learning from 

1270
01:11:16,000 --> 01:11:19,700
Native Americans, which routes 
berries and greens could add to 

1271
01:11:19,708 --> 01:11:22,500
their diet, It was very 
important to learn how to 

1272
01:11:22,508 --> 01:11:24,700
preserve things to make fresh 
food. 

1273
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:28,200
Last longer, mine has learned 
how to smoke meat, dry fruits 

1274
01:11:28,200 --> 01:11:32,200
and vegetables and salt fish. 
Some camps set up community 

1275
01:11:32,200 --> 01:11:34,300
smokehouses so that everyone 
could keep meat. 

1276
01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:36,600
When they had too much to eat 
right away after a successful 

1277
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:38,800
hunt. 
People in mining camps can't 

1278
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,600
ignore the social side of food. 
Shared meals became important 

1279
01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:46,700
community events where miners 
could relax catch up on news and

1280
01:11:46,700 --> 01:11:50,100
keep the social ties that made 
living alone, bearable a minor. 

1281
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:52,500
Who could cook well, often 
became well known for more than 

1282
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:55,900
just his gold finding skills. 
You can start to understand how 

1283
01:11:55,900 --> 01:11:58,700
the simple things in life became
very important in the harsh 

1284
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:01,700
environment of the mining camps.
When you think about how good 

1285
01:12:01,700 --> 01:12:04,900
strong coffee would taste around
a campfire, how good a hot meal 

1286
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:07,500
would taste after a long day of 
hard work? 

1287
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:09,700
And how good clean water would 
feel on a hot day? 

1288
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:11,900
These work just skills for 
Staying Alive. 

1289
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:14,400
They were the building blocks of
communities. 

1290
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,900
That would last long after the 
Gold was gone, imagine seeing a 

1291
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:21,300
city come to life, one week, 
there are only rocks, empty 

1292
01:12:21,300 --> 01:12:24,400
Wilderness and maybe a thin 
stream running through a valley.

1293
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:28,000
The following week, tents start 
to pop up like mushrooms after 

1294
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:32,300
rain storm in a month, you might
see the Outlines of streets the 

1295
01:12:32,300 --> 01:12:35,200
General Store and maybe even a 
saloon with canvas walls and 

1296
01:12:35,200 --> 01:12:38,200
dreams of painted signs. 
The amazing thing about mining 

1297
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:40,600
camp communities. 
Was that whole societies could 

1298
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:43,600
come together almost overnight 
with rules that had to be made 

1299
01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:45,800
up on the spot? 
It was amazing and a little 

1300
01:12:45,808 --> 01:12:48,200
chaotic, how quickly these 
communities came together. 

1301
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,300
There were no zoning laws 
building codes or an urban 

1302
01:12:51,300 --> 01:12:54,100
planning department. 
People just showed up found a 

1303
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:55,900
good place to stay and started 
building. 

1304
01:12:55,900 --> 01:12:57,800
The infrastructure they needed 
to stay alive. 

1305
01:12:57,800 --> 01:13:01,400
The result was towns that grew 
naturally following the shape of

1306
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:03,600
the land and the needs of the 
people who lived there. 

1307
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:06,600
Instead of following a master 
plan people in early mining 

1308
01:13:06,600 --> 01:13:09,100
camps had to be creative with 
the few materials they had to 

1309
01:13:09,100 --> 01:13:12,100
build their homes. 
The classic miners tent was 

1310
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:15,200
often just the start it was a 
temporary place to stay. 

1311
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:17,900
While a more permanent structure
was built, miners, became 

1312
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,300
amateur Architects. 
Coming up with plans for 

1313
01:13:20,300 --> 01:13:22,700
buildings, that could be built 
quickly with materials that were

1314
01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:25,500
easy to find. 
People like to lock cabins, 

1315
01:13:25,500 --> 01:13:28,700
where there were trees, but most
mining areas had their trees cut

1316
01:13:28,700 --> 01:13:31,500
down quickly. 
Instead miners learned how to 

1317
01:13:31,508 --> 01:13:35,700
build with stone mud bricks or 
even canvas and wood frames that

1318
01:13:35,708 --> 01:13:38,200
could be taken apart and moved, 
if the gold ran out. 

1319
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:41,300
Some of the more clever 
buildings used more than one 

1320
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:43,700
material. 
For example, they had Stone 

1321
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:48,000
foundations for stability log 
walls for insulation and canvas 

1322
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:49,600
roofs. 
That could be easily replaced 

1323
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:52,800
when they wore out. 
The way mining camps were set up

1324
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:56,500
looked random, but they actually
made sense for both convenience 

1325
01:13:56,500 --> 01:13:59,500
and Mining the most valuable 
real estate was usually near 

1326
01:13:59,500 --> 01:14:02,500
water sources. 
Secondary locations were chosen 

1327
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:06,200
because they were sheltered from
the wind had access to shade or 

1328
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:09,400
were close to promising 
geological formations streets. 

1329
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:12,500
If you could call them that 
often followed animal paths or 

1330
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,500
mining Trails, instead of the 
neat grid patterns that planned 

1331
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:17,400
cities. 
Have this gave mining towns. 

1332
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:20,400
A natural almost medieval feel 
that visitors either loved or 

1333
01:14:20,408 --> 01:14:22,100
hated depending on how they saw 
it. 

1334
01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:26,500
In mining camps, people ran 
things democratically miners. 

1335
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:29,600
Had to make up their own rules 
and ways to enforce them because

1336
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:31,800
there were no established legal 
systems or government 

1337
01:14:31,800 --> 01:14:34,000
authorities. 
The outcome was frequently 

1338
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,700
unexpectedly Advanced systems of
community governance, the 

1339
01:14:37,700 --> 01:14:39,900
reconciled personal Liberty, 
with communal safety. 

1340
01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:43,700
Most of the time mining camps 
held Community meetings to set 

1341
01:14:43,700 --> 01:14:47,600
basic rules for claims fights 
and how people should act these 

1342
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:50,600
weren't official court cases. 
They were just people talking to

1343
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:52,100
each other as equals and 
agreeing. 

1344
01:14:52,100 --> 01:14:54,700
That some kind of organization 
was needed for everyone to stay 

1345
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:56,700
alive. 
They often put their rules on 

1346
01:14:56,700 --> 01:14:59,300
trees or buildings and enforce 
them through pressure from the 

1347
01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:01,000
community. 
Instead of through the police 

1348
01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:04,700
claimed jumping which is taking 
someone else's mining clay was 

1349
01:15:04,700 --> 01:15:07,100
one of the worst things you 
could do in mining communities, 

1350
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:09,200
depending on how bad the crime 
was. 

1351
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:12,300
And how the community felt the 
punishment could be anything 

1352
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:14,700
from Forced payment to being 
kicked out of the camp. 

1353
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,300
People usually didn't want 
minors to hurt each other 

1354
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:20,200
because it made it hard for them
to work not because it was 

1355
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:22,700
wrong. 
The way people were divided up 

1356
01:15:22,700 --> 01:15:25,300
in mining camps was different 
from how they were in their old 

1357
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:27,700
lives. 
A man's education, family, 

1358
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:31,000
background, or previous wealth 
mattered, much less than how, 

1359
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:33,400
well, he could help the 
community survive and thrive. 

1360
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:37,200
A former Professor might have to
listen to an illiterate farmer, 

1361
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:39,500
who happened to be better at 
finding gold. 

1362
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:42,800
This social fluidity led to both
chances and problems. 

1363
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:45,900
Men who had never been treated 
as equals suddenly found that 

1364
01:15:45,900 --> 01:15:49,100
their ideas were important in 
community meetings, others who 

1365
01:15:49,108 --> 01:15:50,800
had been in charge in their past
lives. 

1366
01:15:50,800 --> 01:15:53,900
Had to get used to being judged,
only on what they could do in 

1367
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:56,900
the early days of mining. 
There were many women, but those

1368
01:15:56,900 --> 01:15:59,700
who did come often found jobs 
that were not available in more 

1369
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:03,100
stable communities, some became 
successful, businesswoman, and 

1370
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:05,600
ran boarding houses, restaurants
or General Stores. 

1371
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:08,700
Others offered much needed and 
highly valued services like 

1372
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:12,400
laundry cooking or medical care.
Families with kids in mining 

1373
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:13,800
camps have their own set of 
problems. 

1374
01:16:13,800 --> 01:16:17,600
There were no schools. 
No plans activities for kids and

1375
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:18,900
not many other kids to play 
with. 

1376
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,700
Some communities set up in 
formal schools, where literate 

1377
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:26,100
miners, took turns teaching, 
basic reading, and writing kids 

1378
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:28,800
who grew up in mining camps. 
Often learned a lot of practical

1379
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:31,500
skills and became very 
independent but they didn't 

1380
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:34,100
always get the formal education 
that would help them later in 

1381
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:38,300
life in mining camps, religion 
was often informal but very 

1382
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,100
important because many camps 
didn't have an ordained 

1383
01:16:41,100 --> 01:16:43,200
minister. 
Anyone who felt called to give 

1384
01:16:43,208 --> 01:16:45,400
spiritual guidance, could lead 
religious Services. 

1385
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:48,300
These Services often brought 
together people from different 

1386
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:51,700
denominations and traditions, 
making a kind of practical 

1387
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:55,200
humanism that came about out of 
need rather than theology. 

1388
01:16:56,500 --> 01:16:59,300
The General Store was the center
of most mining towns. 

1389
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:02,500
It was a place to get supplies, 
hang out with friends and talked

1390
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:04,100
to people. 
Store owners. 

1391
01:17:04,100 --> 01:17:08,000
Often acted as informal Banks, 
keeping mine as gold dust and 

1392
01:17:08,000 --> 01:17:10,300
Nuggets safe. 
They also worked as post 

1393
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:13,500
offices, places to send messages
and places to get news from the 

1394
01:17:13,500 --> 01:17:15,600
outside world. 
Medical Care. 

1395
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:19,200
And Mining camps was basic. 
But often new communities had to

1396
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:22,500
rely on folk medicine, trial and
error and whatever medical 

1397
01:17:22,500 --> 01:17:25,000
knowledge individual miners 
might have because there weren't

1398
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:27,900
any trained doctors, around some
miners learned, how to treat 

1399
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:30,800
common injuries and illnesses 
and the respect and thanks they 

1400
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:32,600
got for, it could be worth more 
than gold. 

1401
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:37,000
Entertainment in mining camps 
showed how hard life was and how

1402
01:17:37,000 --> 01:17:40,300
much people needed to have fun 
and relax music was very 

1403
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:43,000
important to the miners. 
They loved people who could play

1404
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:45,500
instruments or sing. 
Well, dance dancing telling 

1405
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:48,000
stories and playing cards. 
Helped people forget about the 

1406
01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:50,600
hard work of Mining and the 
loneliness of living in a camp. 

1407
01:17:50,608 --> 01:17:53,600
When you think about how these 
Roth communities Grew From 

1408
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,000
nothing, but people's willpower 
and need for each other, you 

1409
01:17:57,000 --> 01:17:59,600
start to see that the American 
frontier Spirit was about 

1410
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:02,700
working together as much as 
being independent, these ones 

1411
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:05,500
stories of a lone Wolf's, 
Conquering the wild but of 

1412
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:07,800
regular people building amazing 
communities. 

1413
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:11,100
In the hardest of time's the 
romance of gold mining often 

1414
01:18:11,100 --> 01:18:14,000
centers on the moment of 
Discovery, the glint of metal in

1415
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,900
a pan, the thrill of finding a 
nugget, the hope of getting 

1416
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:19,500
rich. 
The truth is that successful 

1417
01:18:19,500 --> 01:18:22,600
mining was mostly about learning
how to use tools and techniques 

1418
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:25,800
that were much more complicated 
and advanced than most people 

1419
01:18:25,800 --> 01:18:29,700
think successful miners had a 
mix of science art, physical 

1420
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:33,000
skill and sheer determination 
that set them apart from those 

1421
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:36,500
who went home empty-handed, the 
basic gold pan which is probably

1422
01:18:36,500 --> 01:18:39,600
the most famous tool from the 
Gold Rush, was actually a 

1423
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:41,500
Precision Tool that required a 
lot of skill to use. 

1424
01:18:41,500 --> 01:18:45,300
Well, a good pan was made of 
steel or iron and had sloped 

1425
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:48,300
sides and a flat bottom that let
you carefully separate things by

1426
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:50,300
weight. 
He could take months to learn 

1427
01:18:50,300 --> 01:18:53,200
how to pan properly, which means
moving water and sediment in 

1428
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,300
just the right way. 
So that heavy gold, settles and 

1429
01:18:55,308 --> 01:18:58,600
lighter materials wash away. 
Imagine standing in a Cold 

1430
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:01,800
Mountain stream with a pan full 
of gravel sand, and hopefully a 

1431
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:04,400
few gold flakes. 
The water is moving around. 

1432
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:06,600
Your legs. 
Your back is starting to hurt 

1433
01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:09,100
from bending over and your hands
are getting numb. 

1434
01:19:09,100 --> 01:19:11,500
From the cold, you need to find 
the right Rhythm. 

1435
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:14,100
If you go to fast, you'll wash 
away the gold. 

1436
01:19:14,100 --> 01:19:17,400
If you go to slowly, you'll 
never process enough material to

1437
01:19:17,400 --> 01:19:19,500
make the work. 
Worth it Hannah's, who had been 

1438
01:19:19,500 --> 01:19:21,500
doing it for a while? 
Could tell if they were likely 

1439
01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:24,600
to find gold in a certain spot, 
by the way, the gravel felt the 

1440
01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:27,300
color of the sand and the way 
the water moved in their pan, 

1441
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,200
they had a connection with their
tools and their surroundings. 

1442
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,000
That was almost magical and they
could read subtle signs. 

1443
01:19:33,000 --> 01:19:36,200
That new mine as couldn't. 
The panning was only the start 

1444
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,400
as miners, learned more about 
their work and found places with

1445
01:19:39,400 --> 01:19:42,100
good gold deposits. 
They came up with more advanced 

1446
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:44,500
methods that could process more 
material faster. 

1447
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:48,500
The Rocker, which is also called
a cradle, was like a gold pan 

1448
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,700
that worked mechanically It was 
a wooden box with a screen 

1449
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:54,300
bottom, that was rocked back and
forth, while water flowed 

1450
01:19:54,300 --> 01:19:58,100
through it, separating gold from
lighter materials, many miners 

1451
01:19:58,100 --> 01:19:59,900
had to learn how to do carpentry
on the job. 

1452
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:02,900
In order to build a good rocker,
the proportions had to be just 

1453
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:05,300
right. 
If they were too steep, the gold

1454
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:06,600
would wash away with everything 
else. 

1455
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:09,200
And if they were too shallow, 
the machine wouldn't work. 

1456
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:12,700
Well, the rocking had to be 
smooth and rhythmic like rocking

1457
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:16,300
a baby to sleep, but the baby 
was a few hundred pounds of wood

1458
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:19,900
metal and wet gravel. 
The long Tom was an even more 

1459
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:23,100
ambitious piece of equipment. 
It was basically a long wooden 

1460
01:20:23,100 --> 01:20:25,800
trough with different screens 
riffles and catching devices 

1461
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:27,600
that could handle a lot of dirt 
and gravel. 

1462
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:31,200
Most of the time a group of mine
has worked together to run along

1463
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:33,500
Tom. 
Some would shovel material into 

1464
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:35,200
the machine. 
While others would clean out the

1465
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:37,100
gold catching parts and keep the
water flowing. 

1466
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:40,400
The most advanced way to get 
gold was through hydraulic 

1467
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:42,800
mining. 
Mine is would use strong streams

1468
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:45,500
of water to wash away tons of 
soil and rock from Hillside 

1469
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:47,800
revealing gravel that contained 
gold. 

1470
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:51,800
The water pressure was so strong
that it could Blast Away whole 

1471
01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:54,100
Mountain sides. 
This kind of destruction of the 

1472
01:20:54,100 --> 01:20:57,300
environment would horrify people
today, but it was seen as the 

1473
01:20:57,300 --> 01:20:59,200
height of technological progress
at the time. 

1474
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:02,800
Hydraulic mining had a terrible 
effect on the environment that 

1475
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:05,600
could not be undone. 
Debris, filled hole, valleys 

1476
01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:07,500
streams, were permanently 
changed. 

1477
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:10,500
And Landscapes that had taken 
millions of years to form were 

1478
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:13,500
destroyed in just a few seasons.
But for minors, who wanted to 

1479
01:21:13,500 --> 01:21:16,800
get the most gold with the least
amount of work hydraulic mining,

1480
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:20,500
was a huge step forward in terms
of efficiency, The serious 

1481
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:23,200
miners knowing about geology 
became very important. 

1482
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,600
Gold doesn't just spread out 
randomly across the landscape. 

1483
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:29,400
It follows patterns, that have 
been there for millions of 

1484
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:31,800
years. 
Like the flow of ancient Rivers,

1485
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:36,300
volcanic activity and geological
processes that made and moved 

1486
01:21:36,300 --> 01:21:39,000
gold, deposits miners who could 
read the Rocks. 

1487
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:42,500
Find formations that looked like
they might contain gold and 

1488
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:45,400
guess where gold was likely to 
be found, had a big Edge over 

1489
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:48,400
those who just dug, where they 
thought they were lucky to mine 

1490
01:21:48,400 --> 01:21:50,500
quartz you needed a whole 
different set of skills and 

1491
01:21:50,500 --> 01:21:52,600
methods. 
Instead of looking for loose 

1492
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:55,700
gold in streams and on the 
surface quartz miners, had to 

1493
01:21:55,700 --> 01:21:59,000
find veins of gold in Solid 
Rock, and then take that rock 

1494
01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:00,800
out and process it to get the 
gold out. 

1495
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:04,100
This meant learning how to drill
blast and tunnel through solid 

1496
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:06,600
rock, which is more like 
engineering than farming. 

1497
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:10,400
Which is what most miners came 
from to protest quartz or the 

1498
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,500
rock had to be crushed into a 
fine powder and then Mercury had

1499
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:15,400
to be used to mix with the gold 
particles. 

1500
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:18,900
This job was both dangerous and 
hard to do because it needed 

1501
01:22:18,900 --> 01:22:21,500
knowledge of chem. 
Rear Metallurgy mercury 

1502
01:22:21,500 --> 01:22:24,700
poisoning, was a big health 
problem in mining towns, but 

1503
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:26,900
people didn't know much about 
what it did to them at the time.

1504
01:22:26,900 --> 01:22:30,500
Mine is often made their own 
tools or changed existing ones 

1505
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:32,900
to suit their needs in mining 
towns. 

1506
01:22:32,900 --> 01:22:35,900
A good blacksmith was very 
useful, they didn't just shoe 

1507
01:22:35,900 --> 01:22:38,000
horses. 
They also made specialized 

1508
01:22:38,000 --> 01:22:41,000
mining tools, fixed broken 
equipment and figured out how to

1509
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:43,100
fix mechanical problems, that 
came up. 

1510
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:45,700
When tools were used in ways, 
they weren't meant to be used, 

1511
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:49,400
miners were very creative when 
it came to using technology that

1512
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:50,900
was already there for their own 
needs. 

1513
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:55,100
People turned Wagon Wheels into 
water wheels to power machines. 

1514
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:59,500
Kitchen tools were changed to do
specific, mining jobs miners. 

1515
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:02,500
Even changed their clothes. 
They learned how to sow extra 

1516
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,500
Pockets into their clothes. 
So they could carry tools, gold 

1517
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:07,700
samples, and other small but 
important things. 

1518
01:23:08,600 --> 01:23:11,800
Don't forget about the social 
side of mining technology like 

1519
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:15,700
recipes successful method 
through mining communities with 

1520
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:18,400
minors, sharing new ideas, and 
ways to make things better. 

1521
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:21,300
For everyone's benefit. 
If a minor came up with a better

1522
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:24,600
way to build a sluice box or use
a rocker, he might teach his 

1523
01:23:24,600 --> 01:23:27,300
neighbor's how to do it, which 
would create communities of 

1524
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:29,800
practice that sped up 
technological progress. 

1525
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:33,200
Quality control in mining was 
mostly about how skilled each 

1526
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:36,300
person was and how much they 
paid attention to the details. 

1527
01:23:37,100 --> 01:23:39,700
There were no set ways of doing 
things or ways to ensure 

1528
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:42,600
quality, a minor success 
depended on how. 

1529
01:23:42,600 --> 01:23:46,500
Well, he could find gold uses 
tools and avoid the many small 

1530
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:49,600
mistakes that could cost him 
gold or time as you picture 

1531
01:23:49,600 --> 01:23:51,100
yourself. 
Learning these old skills, 

1532
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,400
feeling the weight of the tools 
in your hands and developing the

1533
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:57,000
small skills that made the 
difference between success and 

1534
01:23:57,000 --> 01:23:59,700
failure. 
You start to realize that gold 

1535
01:23:59,700 --> 01:24:02,400
mining was much more than just 
digging in the dirt. 

1536
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:05,100
It was a skill that required, a 
lot of physical strength, 

1537
01:24:05,100 --> 01:24:08,800
technical knowledge, artistic 
intuition, and scientific 

1538
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:12,100
observation, and it was hard for
even the most skilled people to 

1539
01:24:12,100 --> 01:24:15,000
do the blazing sun and extreme 
temperatures. 

1540
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:17,700
Were certainly some of the most 
obvious problems that gold mine 

1541
01:24:17,700 --> 01:24:20,700
has had to deal with but they 
were not the only ones that 

1542
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:22,500
tested people strength and 
creativity. 

1543
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,700
The full picture of Life as a 
minor includes a list of 

1544
01:24:25,708 --> 01:24:28,600
problems that would test even 
the best survival experts today.

1545
01:24:28,600 --> 01:24:32,400
Each one needs a different plan,
set of skills, and amount of 

1546
01:24:32,408 --> 01:24:35,600
mental and physical strength 
disease was probably the most 

1547
01:24:35,600 --> 01:24:37,200
feared enemy in mining. 
Camps. 

1548
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:40,400
It spread quickly through 
crowded areas and wiped out 

1549
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:43,300
whole communities before. 
Anyone knew how to stop it, 

1550
01:24:43,300 --> 01:24:46,600
waterborne diseases like 
cholera, typhoid and dysentery. 

1551
01:24:46,600 --> 01:24:49,500
Could turn a busy mining camp 
into a ghost town in just a few 

1552
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:51,300
weeks. 
Miners, were basically 

1553
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:54,300
defenseless against epidemic 
diseases that thrived in the 

1554
01:24:54,300 --> 01:24:56,700
conditions they created. 
Because they didn't know about 

1555
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:58,600
germ Theory or how to keep 
things clean. 

1556
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:02,400
I only was cool. 
Communities, that formed around 

1557
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,900
water sources to make mining 
easier often polluted those same

1558
01:25:05,900 --> 01:25:09,400
water sources with human waste, 
which made it easy for diseases 

1559
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:13,400
to spread miners who survived 
bullets, heat, stroke and 

1560
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:15,800
accidents in the mines. 
Could die from something. 

1561
01:25:15,800 --> 01:25:18,700
As simple as drinking from the 
wrong stream at the wrong time. 

1562
01:25:19,400 --> 01:25:23,100
At best the medical knowledge in
mining camps was basic most 

1563
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:26,300
miners used folk remedies patent
medicines that may not have 

1564
01:25:26,300 --> 01:25:28,100
worked and any medical 
knowledge. 

1565
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:30,700
They had from family traditions 
or trial and error. 

1566
01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:33,000
If a broken bone isn't set, 
right? 

1567
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:35,400
It could mean permanent 
disability or death. 

1568
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,000
If basic antiseptic steps 
weren't taking a simple cut, 

1569
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:41,400
could get infected and require 
amputation or worse. 

1570
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:44,600
Some miners learned how to do 
Battlefield medicine out of 

1571
01:25:44,600 --> 01:25:46,500
necessity. 
They learned how to stitch 

1572
01:25:46,500 --> 01:25:50,300
wounds, set bones and treat, 
common illnesses, by practicing 

1573
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:53,300
and watching others people in 
the community often looked up to

1574
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,600
these informal Medics as leaders
and their medical skills were 

1575
01:25:56,600 --> 01:25:59,000
just as valuable as their 
ability to find gold. 

1576
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:02,800
Mining operations were always at
risk of accidents. 

1577
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:05,500
Cave-ins could bear in mind as 
alive without much. 

1578
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:07,900
Warning. 
Explosives, used to break up. 

1579
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:09,900
Rock were often unstable and 
unpredictable. 

1580
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,000
They would sometimes go off too 
soon or not at all. 

1581
01:26:13,008 --> 01:26:15,600
When they were supposed to 
people often made their own 

1582
01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:18,800
mining tools and they didn't 
have basic safety features that 

1583
01:26:18,800 --> 01:26:21,600
we think are necessary. 
Now, the mental challenges of 

1584
01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:25,000
mining life would just as hard 
as the physical ones being away 

1585
01:26:25,000 --> 01:26:27,300
from family and friends, had a 
big effect on mental health. 

1586
01:26:27,300 --> 01:26:31,100
A lot of miners had what we now 
called, depression, anxiety, and

1587
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:34,100
post-traumatic stress disorder, 
because of the hard times, they 

1588
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:37,000
went through, people who were 
physically tired, socially 

1589
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:40,000
isolated and always worried 
about the future found at hard 

1590
01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:42,500
to deal with these things. 
Miners? 

1591
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:44,800
Who had left their families 
behind to look for work? 

1592
01:26:44,800 --> 01:26:47,200
Were specially lonely. 
Let us from home. 

1593
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:49,700
Could take months to get there 
and cost a lot of money compared

1594
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:52,500
to what a minor made. 
It was impossible to measure the

1595
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,300
emotional toll of being away 
from loved ones in ounces of 

1596
01:26:55,308 --> 01:26:57,800
gold. 
And it was always there, even 

1597
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:00,700
miners who found gold on a 
regular basis often had trouble 

1598
01:27:00,700 --> 01:27:04,300
with money in remote, mining 
areas, the same supplies could 

1599
01:27:04,300 --> 01:27:07,000
cost 10 to 20 times. 
As much as they would in settled

1600
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:10,700
areas, a simple meal could cost 
a whole day's pay and basic 

1601
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:13,200
tools could cost weeks of 
carefully saved gold dust. 

1602
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:17,000
Mining communities went through 
boom and bust Cycles, which 

1603
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:20,100
added to the stress, a minor 
might spend months getting a 

1604
01:27:20,100 --> 01:27:21,800
claim and building the tools you
need to work. 

1605
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:25,500
It only to find out that the 
gold deposit is smaller than he 

1606
01:27:25,500 --> 01:27:28,300
thought or that the water levels
have changed and made his 

1607
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:32,400
location unusable to start over 
you needed more than just money.

1608
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:35,100
You also needed a lot of 
emotional strength. 

1609
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,700
Extreme heat wasn't the only 
problem with the weather sudden 

1610
01:27:38,700 --> 01:27:41,800
storms could hit Mountain Mining
areas and flood claims brake 

1611
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:44,800
equipment and leave minus stuck 
for days or weeks. 

1612
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:48,100
Minus who didn't have enough 
shelter or Supply could die in 

1613
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:49,700
the winter. 
If they were at higher 

1614
01:27:49,700 --> 01:27:53,400
elevations flash, floods were a 
dangerous in mining areas 

1615
01:27:53,400 --> 01:27:56,200
because mining activities often 
change the landscape in ways 

1616
01:27:56,200 --> 01:27:59,400
that made floods, more likely 
streams that had been redirected

1617
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:02,300
for mining could suddenly change
course, during heavy rains 

1618
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:04,900
destroying months of work in 
just a few hours. 

1619
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:08,100
Living in all male communities 
was hard on social 

1620
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:11,900
relationships, which sometimes 
led to violence in communities 

1621
01:28:11,900 --> 01:28:14,000
where everyone was armed. 
And stress levels were always 

1622
01:28:14,008 --> 01:28:18,000
high arguments over claims 
equipment or even small personal

1623
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,000
insults could quickly, get out 
of hand, because there were no 

1624
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:24,000
established legal systems. 
Justice was often informal and 

1625
01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:28,500
sometimes harsh For many minors.
Gambling was both a way to have 

1626
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:30,000
fun, and a way to make things 
harder. 

1627
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:33,300
After weeks of hard work, it was
hard to resist the urge to 

1628
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:35,400
gamble with the gold. 
They had saved up on cards or 

1629
01:28:35,400 --> 01:28:38,100
dice. 
Some miners, lost months of work

1630
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:40,000
in one night because of bad luck
or bad. 

1631
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,600
Judgment this made cycles of 
boom and bust that lasted much 

1632
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:45,300
longer than the normal risks of 
mining. 

1633
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:48,900
Substance abuse was another way 
to get away from the hard life 

1634
01:28:48,900 --> 01:28:51,200
of mining, but it often made 
things worse. 

1635
01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:55,000
Most mining camps had easy 
access to alcohol, which helped 

1636
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:58,400
people deal with physical pain 
and emotional stress, and being 

1637
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:02,200
alone, but it made people less 
able to think clearly made 

1638
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:05,600
accidents more likely and made 
people dependent on it, which 

1639
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:08,600
could be hard to break. 
Because mining work is seasonal.

1640
01:29:08,600 --> 01:29:11,300
There were times when workers 
had to sit around and do nothing

1641
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:14,300
which was almost as hard as the 
times, when they had to work 

1642
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:16,700
hard when the weather made 
mining impossible. 

1643
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:19,900
Miners had to live off of stored
resources, while keeping their 

1644
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:23,000
Tools in good shape, and hoping 
for better weather for men who 

1645
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:26,500
Define themselves by their work.
These times of inactivity could 

1646
01:29:26,500 --> 01:29:30,200
be very bad for their Mental 
Health, For individual miners or

1647
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:33,700
small Partnerships equipment, 
failure or theft could be a 

1648
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:36,300
disaster. 
If a sluice box breaks or tools 

1649
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:38,500
are stolen. 
It could mean weeks or months of

1650
01:29:38,500 --> 01:29:40,900
investment that would be hard or
impossible to replace. 

1651
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:43,600
Because people, shared equipment
and resources. 

1652
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:46,900
One person's bad luck, often 
hurt, whole communities. 

1653
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:49,300
Even with all of these problems,
it's amazing. 

1654
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:51,800
How many miners? 
Not only lived through them but 

1655
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:54,700
also kept their spirits up and 
their sense of humor, the 

1656
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:57,900
capacity to discover joy and 
companionship amidst, adversity,

1657
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,500
illustrates the inherent 
resilience of humanity, which 

1658
01:30:01,500 --> 01:30:05,200
facilitated the establishment of
enduring communities, in some of

1659
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:07,300
the most formidable environments
globally. 

1660
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:10,600
As you get more comfortable. 
Think about how these individual

1661
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,400
stories of hardship and hope 
changed whole continents, 

1662
01:30:13,400 --> 01:30:17,000
imagine the last Embers of a 
mining campfire glowing against 

1663
01:30:17,000 --> 01:30:20,000
the dark desert. 
The gold rushes were just things

1664
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:22,600
that happened in the past. 
They were events that changed 

1665
01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:24,700
the world and still affect your 
daily life today. 

1666
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,500
Most obvious thing that will 
last is geography, gold 

1667
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,500
discoveries in the 1800s, led to
the creation of cities, like San

1668
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:36,800
Francisco, Denver Johannesburg, 
and many smaller towns in the 

1669
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:40,800
American, West Australia, and 
South Africa, but the effect is 

1670
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:42,500
much bigger than just the city 
limits. 

1671
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:45,800
The transportation networks 
built to supply mining camps, 

1672
01:30:45,800 --> 01:30:48,300
became the basis for 
transcontinental railroads 

1673
01:30:48,300 --> 01:30:51,800
interstate highways and shipping
routes that are still used for 

1674
01:30:51,800 --> 01:30:54,100
business today. 
Think about the Transcontinental

1675
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:58,600
Railroad which was finished in 
1869, people often say that it 

1676
01:30:58,608 --> 01:31:00,700
was a great achievement of 
American engineering and 

1677
01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:03,400
willpower, but it was really 
built to meet the needs of 

1678
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:06,200
mining communities. 
In the western territories, the 

1679
01:31:06,200 --> 01:31:08,800
economic reason for such a big 
project was the need to move 

1680
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:11,500
supplies to minors and gold back
to markets in the East. 

1681
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:14,700
The railroad could have been 
delayed by decades without the 

1682
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:17,300
Gold Rush which would have 
changed the way the American 

1683
01:31:17,300 --> 01:31:20,500
West grew up. 
The environmental effect of gold

1684
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:23,900
mining are more complicated and 
sometimes worrying California's 

1685
01:31:23,900 --> 01:31:27,100
hydraulic mining moved more dirt
than building the Panama Canal, 

1686
01:31:27,100 --> 01:31:29,800
changing the landscape and river
systems forever. 

1687
01:31:30,700 --> 01:31:33,300
Some places are still dealing 
with Mercury pollution from 

1688
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:36,500
mining that happened in the 
1800s, but the same mining 

1689
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:39,200
activities also led to some of 
the first laws to protect the 

1690
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,300
environment. 
Communities Downstream fought 

1691
01:31:42,300 --> 01:31:44,100
against mining debris, 
destroying Farmland. 

1692
01:31:44,100 --> 01:31:46,300
The social Legacy of gold 
mining. 

1693
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:48,600
Communities calls into question,
many ideas. 

1694
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:50,200
We have about life on the 
frontier. 

1695
01:31:50,200 --> 01:31:53,200
These weren't Lawless places 
where people were violent and 

1696
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:55,700
selfish. 
They were communities that built

1697
01:31:55,700 --> 01:31:59,600
complex systems of cooperation 
and mutual Aid in very difficult

1698
01:31:59,600 --> 01:32:02,800
situations, the Democratic 
governance systems, they 

1699
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:06,700
established direct democracy 
Community, Justice and 

1700
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,800
Collective, decision-making 
shaped political evolution of 

1701
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,100
cross, the west, and territories
and Beyond social structures in 

1702
01:32:13,100 --> 01:32:15,800
mining camps were very equal 
compared to the more divided 

1703
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:19,200
societies that most miners had 
left behind instead of his 

1704
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:22,200
family, background, education, 
or previous wealth. 

1705
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:25,100
A man's worth was based on what 
he did for the community. 

1706
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:28,700
This idea of meritocracy became 
part of the mythology of the 

1707
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:31,600
American West and changed how 
people thought in the growing 

1708
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:35,000
country in the 19th century. 
Mining communities were made up 

1709
01:32:35,000 --> 01:32:38,000
of people from many different 
countries which led to a level 

1710
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:40,100
of cultural mixing that had 
never been seen before. 

1711
01:32:40,100 --> 01:32:43,900
Chinese miners working with 
Mexican vicaros German 

1712
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:46,700
immigrants teaching Irish 
workers new skills and 

1713
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:50,100
Australian, Prospectors learning
from American 49ers all 

1714
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:52,700
contributed to cultural 
exchanges that benefitted 

1715
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:55,800
everyone involved and set. 
Stage for the Multicultural 

1716
01:32:55,800 --> 01:32:58,200
societies that would form in the
20th century. 

1717
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:01,100
In mining towns. 
Women's roles were often very 

1718
01:33:01,100 --> 01:33:03,500
different from the strict. 
Victorian ideals that were 

1719
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:06,900
common in more settled areas, 
the Practical needs of life on 

1720
01:33:06,900 --> 01:33:10,200
the frontier, and the lack of 
women gave women chances to 

1721
01:33:10,200 --> 01:33:13,500
start businesses, the 
independent and have an impact 

1722
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:16,500
on society that wouldn't be 
common in mainstream Society for

1723
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:18,800
decades. 
Some of the first successful 

1724
01:33:18,800 --> 01:33:22,100
female business owners, 
political leaders and social 

1725
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:24,000
reformers came from mining 
towns. 

1726
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:26,600
Where necessity was more 
important than traditional 

1727
01:33:26,600 --> 01:33:29,400
gender roles, the new 
technologies that were made in 

1728
01:33:29,400 --> 01:33:31,100
mining camps. 
Could be used for a lot more 

1729
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:34,700
than just getting gold. 
For decades methods for moving 

1730
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:37,700
big amounts of dirt and rock 
affected how buildings were made

1731
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:40,200
Water Management. 
Systems made for mining 

1732
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:43,300
operations were used as models 
for irrigation projects all over

1733
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:46,900
the dry West, when former miners
returned to settle communities, 

1734
01:33:46,900 --> 01:33:49,900
even simple new ideas like 
better, camping gear and 

1735
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:53,000
portable cooking methods. 
Spread throughout Society, the 

1736
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:56,000
financial systems that grew up 
around gold mining helped make 

1737
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:57,800
modern Banking and investing 
possible. 

1738
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,300
The need to store move and trade
gold. 

1739
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:04,100
Let the creation of safe volts, 
Dependable scales, and assaying 

1740
01:34:04,100 --> 01:34:07,300
methods and standardized ways to
judge the value of precious 

1741
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:09,300
metals. 
Some of the biggest banks in the

1742
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:11,000
world. 
Today, started as banks, that 

1743
01:34:11,000 --> 01:34:14,600
served mining communities, the 
boom, and bust cycle that mining

1744
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:17,100
areas went through. 
Also taught important lessons 

1745
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:20,300
about how to diversify the 
economy and make it last 

1746
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:23,400
communities that were able to 
move away from economies that 

1747
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,600
relied on mining and toward more
varied economic bases. 

1748
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:28,200
Often did the best in the long 
run. 

1749
01:34:28,200 --> 01:34:31,300
These experiences were some of 
the first examples of how 

1750
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:34,100
communities that depend on. 
Sources could change when the 

1751
01:34:34,108 --> 01:34:37,600
economy changes the tales and 
myths that came out of mining 

1752
01:34:37,600 --> 01:34:40,600
camps became part of the 
national mythology and have had 

1753
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,400
an impact on literature movies 
and popular culture for 

1754
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:45,500
Generations. 
The idea of the independent 

1755
01:34:45,500 --> 01:34:49,300
perspective, the idealized view 
of life in mining camps and the 

1756
01:34:49,300 --> 01:34:51,400
hope of getting rich through 
hard work, became important 

1757
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:53,300
parts of American and Australian
culture. 

1758
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,400
But maybe the most important 
Legacy was psychological and 

1759
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:58,500
spiritual. 
The Gold Rush is showed that 

1760
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:01,600
regular people could go through 
very hard times when they were 

1761
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:05,000
driven by strong dreams, they 
showed that social hierarchies 

1762
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:08,200
were set in stone that new 
communities could be from 

1763
01:35:08,200 --> 01:35:11,300
scratch with just human 
willpower and that the promise 

1764
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:15,100
of change, both personal and 
social was worth, almost any 

1765
01:35:15,100 --> 01:35:18,300
sacrifice the mining camps, all 
so taught people how to be 

1766
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:21,800
strong as a community. 
Strangers could get together for

1767
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:24,800
useful societies and help each 
other through problems. 

1768
01:35:24,800 --> 01:35:27,800
That would be too much for one 
person to handle people in 

1769
01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:30,500
mining communities helped. 
Each other out in emergencies, 

1770
01:35:30,500 --> 01:35:33,500
took care of sick and injured 
people, and gave each other 

1771
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:35,500
emotional support. 
During tough times. 

1772
01:35:35,500 --> 01:35:38,600
These informal support systems 
became models for how to 

1773
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:40,800
organize communities. 
That had an impact on Social 

1774
01:35:40,800 --> 01:35:43,600
Development throughout the 
frontier period, the gold 

1775
01:35:43,600 --> 01:35:46,400
rushes, were the first, truly 
international migration patterns

1776
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,200
of the modern era because they 
happened all over the world, 

1777
01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:53,900
people from all over the world 
except Antarctica took part in 

1778
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,900
Gold rushes which made it 
possible for people to talk to 

1779
01:35:56,900 --> 01:35:58,300
each other and share their 
cultures. 

1780
01:35:58,300 --> 01:36:01,500
Former miners brought back to 
their home countries, new ideas 

1781
01:36:01,500 --> 01:36:05,300
stories and ways of doing things
which spread across borders, the

1782
01:36:05,300 --> 01:36:07,500
entrepreneurial spirit that was 
common in mining towns. 

1783
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:10,100
Had an effect on the way, 
economies grew in the areas 

1784
01:36:10,100 --> 01:36:12,200
where gold was found the 
willingness. 

1785
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:14,900
To take risks, try new things 
and quickly. 

1786
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:17,900
Adjust to new situations became 
part of the business cultures in

1787
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:19,400
the area that still existed 
today. 

1788
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,400
The entrepreneurial energy that 
first came out during gold 

1789
01:36:22,400 --> 01:36:25,200
rushes is still going strong in 
some of the world's most dynamic

1790
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:28,100
economies. 
Early conservation movements 

1791
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:31,400
were also helped by experiences 
in mining camps miners were 

1792
01:36:31,400 --> 01:36:34,700
among the first people to see 
how bad the could get on a large

1793
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:37,900
scale and to understand how 
important it is for communities 

1794
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:40,100
to be healthy. 
Some of the first laws to 

1795
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:42,100
protect the environment were 
passed, because mining was 

1796
01:36:42,100 --> 01:36:45,400
hurting the environment these 
laws, set the stage for later 

1797
01:36:45,400 --> 01:36:48,200
conservation efforts, the 
medical knowledge that miners 

1798
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:51,000
learned in camps, through trial 
and error helped to improve 

1799
01:36:51,000 --> 01:36:54,400
field medicine, emergency 
treatment, and public health 

1800
01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:58,600
methods for treating injuries in
remote areas preventing disease 

1801
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:01,100
in crowded places and caring for
mental health. 

1802
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:04,300
In isolated communities. 
All worked in places other than 

1803
01:37:04,300 --> 01:37:06,600
mining camps in Innovations in 
education. 

1804
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:08,300
That came from mining 
communities. 

1805
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:11,600
Had a long-lasting effect, the 
informal schools and adult 

1806
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:14,500
education programs that sprang 
up in mining camps showed that 

1807
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,600
people could learn anywhere. 
The communities could offer 

1808
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:20,700
educational opportunities even 
when things were tough and that 

1809
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:24,300
practical skills were just as 
important as formal academic 

1810
01:37:24,300 --> 01:37:27,100
knowledge, as you're breathing 
slows and you start to fall 

1811
01:37:27,100 --> 01:37:29,900
asleep, think about how the 
resourcefulness and strength of 

1812
01:37:29,908 --> 01:37:34,400
gold miners in the 1800s, still 
affect our world today, their 

1813
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:37,100
problems with extreme heat, lack
of water, building communities, 

1814
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,100
and adjusting to harsh. 
Environments can teach us a lot 

1815
01:37:40,100 --> 01:37:41,400
about the problems we face 
today. 

1816
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:44,800
Climate change has made extreme 
heat, a bigger problem for 

1817
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:47,900
millions of people all over the 
world communities that are 

1818
01:37:47,900 --> 01:37:50,700
dealing with record-breaking 
heat, waves and droughts a 

1819
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:53,000
rediscovering and adapting the 
ways that miners learn to 

1820
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:54,400
survive. 
In dangerous temperatures. 

1821
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,500
These include scheduling work 
around the sun's intensity, 

1822
01:37:57,500 --> 01:38:01,300
making effective shade and 
cooling systems and conserving 

1823
01:38:01,300 --> 01:38:04,800
and managing precious Water 
Resources, Modern urban planners

1824
01:38:04,800 --> 01:38:07,200
who want to design cities that 
will last often look to new 

1825
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:09,200
ideas. 
From mining camps, the quick 

1826
01:38:09,200 --> 01:38:12,100
formation of communities. 
The smart use of limited 

1827
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:15,100
resources, and the Democratic 
governance structures that were 

1828
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:18,500
common in successful. 
Communities can be used as 

1829
01:38:18,500 --> 01:38:21,500
examples for modern problems, 
like Refugee resettlement, 

1830
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:25,000
disaster recovery and 
sustainable development in 

1831
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:28,400
places with few resources. 
The miners water-saving methods,

1832
01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:31,700
like careful rationing systems 
that can be used more than once 

1833
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:35,600
a new ways to purify water. 
A very similar to the methods 

1834
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:38,100
being developed for areas where 
water is scarce today. 

1835
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,200
People living in areas that are 
affected by drought are dealing 

1836
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:44,000
with the same problems that 
Miners did how to live and 

1837
01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:48,200
Thrive when water is scarce and 
unreliable the cycle, resilience

1838
01:38:48,200 --> 01:38:51,900
that allowed minors to endure 
isolation, uncertainty and 

1839
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:54,500
physical hardship. 
Provides valuable insights for 

1840
01:38:54,500 --> 01:38:56,900
mental health professionals, 
assisting individuals 

1841
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,300
confronting contemporary 
stresses, the informal supports 

1842
01:39:00,300 --> 01:39:03,600
systems Community, Building 
practices and strategies for 

1843
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:06,300
making meaning that helped 
miners stay hopeful during tough

1844
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:09,800
times can also help people today
who are dealing with economic 

1845
01:39:09,800 --> 01:39:14,400
uncertainty, social isolation 
and environmental problems. 

1846
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:17,500
Many modern business owners. 
Look, To Gold Rush stories for 

1847
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:19,700
inspirational and there are real
similarities. 

1848
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:24,200
Modern entrepreneurs often. 
Leave safe situations to chase 

1849
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:28,300
risky chances in tough 
situations, just like minors, 

1850
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,900
the same traits that made minor 
successful being willing to 

1851
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:34,300
change quickly. 
Learn new skills and keep going.

1852
01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:37,300
Even when things go wrong or 
what make businesses successful 

1853
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:39,600
today. 
The way that mining camps came 

1854
01:39:39,600 --> 01:39:42,600
up with new ways to use old 
tools, made new things with 

1855
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:45,600
limited resources and shared 
improvements with the rest of 

1856
01:39:45,608 --> 01:39:49,600
the community, is similar to how
modern tech startups and make a 

1857
01:39:49,600 --> 01:39:51,800
community's. 
Come up with new ideas, the 

1858
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:54,100
spirit of, finding practical 
solutions to problems. 

1859
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:56,700
That helped minus survive and 
thrive is still what drives 

1860
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:59,200
human progress today. 
Efforts to restore the 

1861
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:01,500
environment in areas where 
mining used to take place. 

1862
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:05,400
Have taught us a lot about how 
ecosystems can recover how to 

1863
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:08,300
develop sustainably and the 
long-term costs of getting 

1864
01:40:08,300 --> 01:40:11,100
resources. 
These experiences shape modern 

1865
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:14,400
choices about protecting the 
environment developing in a way 

1866
01:40:14,408 --> 01:40:17,500
that is good for the future and 
figuring out how much it really 

1867
01:40:17,500 --> 01:40:20,000
cost to use natural resources. 
Mining. 

1868
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:23,600
Is where International which was
a sign of our modern globalized 

1869
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:25,600
world. 
The cultural exchange 

1870
01:40:25,600 --> 01:40:28,600
communication networks and 
economic relationships that 

1871
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:31,600
formed among minors from various
countries established, initial 

1872
01:40:31,600 --> 01:40:34,900
Frameworks for international 
collaboration, and cultural 

1873
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:39,100
comprehension that persists in 
contemporary relevance, the 

1874
01:40:39,100 --> 01:40:41,900
simple daily routines. 
That miners came up with, like, 

1875
01:40:41,900 --> 01:40:43,500
working around environmental 
limits. 

1876
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:47,000
Keeping equipment in good shape,
with limited resources and 

1877
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,300
making comfort and community, 
and tough situations can help 

1878
01:40:50,300 --> 01:40:53,200
anyone who is trying to live, 
well, in less than ideal 

1879
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:56,300
conditions, the medical and 
health practices that developed 

1880
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:58,600
in mining camps. 
As specially their focus on 

1881
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:02,200
prevention Community Health and 
making do with what they had. 

1882
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,500
Have had an impact on how we 
provide Health Care in places 

1883
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:08,500
where resources are limited the 
ideas that came up in mining 

1884
01:41:08,500 --> 01:41:11,600
community, in the 1800s are 
still used in remote medicine. 

1885
01:41:11,600 --> 01:41:16,100
Care, and public health 
strategies mining camps had a 

1886
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:19,200
galatian social structures that 
weren't perfect but they were 

1887
01:41:19,200 --> 01:41:22,600
some of the first examples of 
Merit-based Society is what you 

1888
01:41:22,608 --> 01:41:24,600
did mattered more than what you 
inherited. 

1889
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:28,400
These experiences shape, the 
growth of democracy and still 

1890
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:32,200
Inspire movements for social and
economic equality, the boom and 

1891
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:34,200
bust economic cycles. 
That were common in mining 

1892
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:36,900
areas, taught early lessons 
about how to diversify the 

1893
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,300
economy. 
Develop in a way that is good 

1894
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:41,600
for the environment and make 
communities stronger. 

1895
01:41:41,600 --> 01:41:44,700
These lessons are still used in 
modern economic planning and 

1896
01:41:44,708 --> 01:41:47,400
development. 
Communities that successfully 

1897
01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:50,600
transitioned away from mining 
dependents offered models for 

1898
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:53,400
economic adaptation, that 
continued to be applicable 

1899
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:56,600
today, the stories and legends 
that came out of mining camps 

1900
01:41:56,600 --> 01:41:58,400
are still a big part of popular 
culture today. 

1901
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:01,900
They also teach us important 
lessons about what people can 

1902
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:06,300
do, how communities form, and 
how individual dreams can lead 

1903
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:08,800
to group success. 
These stories remind us that 

1904
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:12,000
regular people can do amazing 
things when they need to, as you

1905
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:14,500
drift off to sleep, think about 
all the people who are able to 

1906
01:42:14,508 --> 01:42:17,700
get through the heat, lack of 
water, loneliness and 

1907
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:20,100
uncertainty because they 
believed that change was 

1908
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:22,300
possible. 
Their Legacy isn't just the 

1909
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:24,400
goal, they found or the 
communities, they build. 

1910
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:27,300
It's so the fact that they 
showed that people can adapt 

1911
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:32,000
survive and even thrive in the 
most difficult situations, the 

1912
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:35,100
miners who worked in the hot sun
saved every drop of precious 

1913
01:42:35,100 --> 01:42:38,800
water and built communities out 
of shared need and hope left us 

1914
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:40,300
more than just stories from the 
past. 

1915
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:44,200
They showed us how to be strong.
Come up with new ideas and build

1916
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:45,800
communities that are still 
useful. 

1917
01:42:45,800 --> 01:42:48,800
When we Face problems, that seem
impossible to solve their 

1918
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:52,100
capacity to discover joy and 
camaraderie amidst adversity, 

1919
01:42:52,100 --> 01:42:56,000
sustained hope in the face of 
uncertainty and derive meaning 

1920
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:59,200
from challenging experiences 
serves as a model for 

1921
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:01,600
Individuals, navigating the 
complexities of modern 

1922
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:05,400
existence, the same human traits
that help them survive and even 

1923
01:43:05,408 --> 01:43:08,500
do well in the tough conditions 
of mining camps in the 1800s, 

1924
01:43:08,500 --> 01:43:11,500
being able to change being 
persistent, helping each other 

1925
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:15,100
and being stubbornly hopeful are
still what make people strong 

1926
01:43:15,100 --> 01:43:19,300
today as the last Embers of our 
pretend campfire fade away and 

1927
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:21,500
the stars in the desert sky 
become clearer. 

1928
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:24,800
Take a moment to think about the
amazing journey we've taken 

1929
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:27,100
through the world of gold mining
communities. 

1930
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:30,700
These words superhuman people. 
They were normal people who 

1931
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:33,700
found amazing amounts of 
strength, creativity and 

1932
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:35,700
Community Spirit. 
When they were faced with 

1933
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:38,800
challenges that were test, 
anyone's limits the miners who 

1934
01:43:38,808 --> 01:43:41,500
worked in the Heat and kept 
their spirits up who built 

1935
01:43:41,500 --> 01:43:44,200
thriving communities, out of 
nothing, but determination, and 

1936
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:47,600
need and who used old tools and 
came up with new ways to get 

1937
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:50,300
gold from the earth. 
Remind us, that people are much 

1938
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:54,100
more resilient and creative than
we think their stories aren't 

1939
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:55,700
just interesting bits of 
History. 

1940
01:43:55,700 --> 01:43:59,000
They show that we all have 
abilities that are just waiting 

1941
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:02,600
to Be used when the time is, 
right, in today's world with air

1942
01:44:02,600 --> 01:44:05,500
conditioning, Dependable, Water 
Systems GPS, navigation, and 

1943
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:08,700
Emergency Medical Services. 
It's easy to forget that our 

1944
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:10,200
ancestors didn't have these 
things. 

1945
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,300
The miners ability to do well, 
with without modern technology 

1946
01:44:13,300 --> 01:44:16,200
and to make things safe and 
comfortable through working 

1947
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:17,700
together, and using their own 
skills. 

1948
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:21,100
As both humbling and inspiring. 
We can learn about how to adapt 

1949
01:44:21,100 --> 01:44:23,700
and keep going from their 
experience with extreme heat. 

1950
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:27,200
The ways of saving water reminds
us not to waste, valuable 

1951
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:29,300
resources, their ability to 
build. 

1952
01:44:29,300 --> 01:44:31,300
Communities shows us how people 
who don't know. 

1953
01:44:31,300 --> 01:44:34,100
Each other can become family 
when they work toward a common 

1954
01:44:34,108 --> 01:44:36,700
goal. 
Their technological advances, 

1955
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:39,600
show how useful it is to work 
together to solve problems and 

1956
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,600
share information, but maybe 
most importantly their stories 

1957
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:46,000
show us that changes possible. 
People can change who they are. 

1958
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:49,200
Communities can grow from 
nothing, and hope can help 

1959
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:51,000
people get through the hardest 
times. 

1960
01:44:51,000 --> 01:44:54,300
The Same Spirit that drove an 
Iowa farmer, to leave his plow, 

1961
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:57,300
for a mining pan, or a Boston 
teacher to leave her classroom 

1962
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,400
for a tent in the Sierra. 
Nevada, still drives people to 

1963
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:03,900
take risks, follow their dreams 
and make their lives and the 

1964
01:45:03,908 --> 01:45:05,800
lives of those around them 
better. 

1965
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:09,100
As you drift off to sleep, think
of the tough miners coming back 

1966
01:45:09,100 --> 01:45:11,200
to their camps after a long day 
in the hot sun. 

1967
01:45:11,900 --> 01:45:14,900
They would gather around fires 
to eat tell stories and make 

1968
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:18,100
plans, for the next day their 
ability to find comfort and 

1969
01:45:18,100 --> 01:45:21,400
Community Under the Stars. 
Keep their dignity and Humanity 

1970
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:24,200
in the face of the toughest 
challenges and keep working 

1971
01:45:24,200 --> 01:45:26,500
toward better. 
Futures despite daily hardships 

1972
01:45:26,500 --> 01:45:30,200
is a powerful reminder of what 
people can do when they work 

1973
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,000
together and support each other.
They may have spent the goal, 

1974
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,100
they found a long time ago and 
the communities they build may 

1975
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:39,000
have changed into something 
completely different, but the 

1976
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:43,100
spirit of resilience in 
Innovation, hope and community, 

1977
01:45:43,100 --> 01:45:45,400
that they embodied is still as 
valuable. 

1978
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:49,400
Today as any precious metal they
ever took from the ground sleep.

1979
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:52,700
Well, knowing that you have the 
same ability to adapt, keep 

1980
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,900
going and build community. 
That helped those miners survive

1981
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,500
and thrive in the blazing sun 
long ago, their legacy lives on 

1982
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:02,000
not only in the cities and 
institutions they helped build 

1983
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:06,000
but also in the ongoing story of
humanity which you are a part of

1984
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:09,100
this story is about regular 
people, doing amazing things. 

1985
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:13,200
When life demands it and finding
ways to find Comfort meaning and

1986
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:15,400
hope even in the toughest 
situations. 

1987
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:19,900
Sweet dreams, may your sleep be 
as peaceful as a mining camp 

1988
01:46:19,900 --> 01:46:22,500
Under the Stars when the days 
work was done and the 

1989
01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:24,800
possibilities for tomorrow 
stretched out forever on the 

1990
01:46:24,800 --> 01:46:38,900
horizon. 
Picture. 

1991
01:46:38,900 --> 01:46:42,200
This, you're living in ancient 
Rome around 58. 

1992
01:46:42,200 --> 01:46:45,300
You've got your Toga pressed, 
your sandals polished and you 

1993
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:48,100
think life is pretty good. 
Then you discover your spouse 

1994
01:46:48,100 --> 01:46:51,200
has been spending that afternoon
with someone else and suddenly 

1995
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:53,700
you're carefully. 
Ordered World feels about a 

1996
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:55,300
stable as a house of cards in a 
windstorm. 

1997
01:46:56,200 --> 01:46:59,600
Now, if you are just any regular
Roman citizen, you might have 

1998
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:01,100
done what most people did back 
then. 

1999
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,900
Maybe thrown some pottery 
started, a public shouting match

2000
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,800
or plotted, some elaborate 
Revenge involving questionable 

2001
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:11,200
Seafood left in strategic 
locations, but you're different.

2002
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:15,100
You've been studying this new 
philosophy called stoicism in. 

2003
01:47:15,100 --> 01:47:17,400
You're about to find out whether
all those hours spent reading 

2004
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:21,800
epic Titus were worth it. 
The stoics proposed the radical 

2005
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,900
notion that you could master 
your reaction, to betrayal, the 

2006
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:27,800
Betrayal itself had already 
occurred likely, while you were 

2007
01:47:27,800 --> 01:47:31,000
occupied with rearranging your 
collection of Scrolls, but your 

2008
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:33,000
reaction that was entirely up to
you. 

2009
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,100
And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy class not

2010
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:37,900
since these were practical 
people. 

2011
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:40,700
Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

2012
01:47:40,700 --> 01:47:44,900
thousands of years later Marcus 
Aurelius, who spent his days, 

2013
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:47,000
running an Empire. 
And his Knights writing, what 

2014
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:50,100
essentially amounted to diary 
entries about not losing his 

2015
01:47:50,100 --> 01:47:53,300
mind, understood the 
circumstances better than most 

2016
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:55,800
He knew that people would do 
what they wanted. 

2017
01:47:55,800 --> 01:47:59,500
No matter what you wanted or 
expected your spouse choosing to

2018
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:01,100
be. 
Unfaithful wasn't really about 

2019
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:04,100
you controlling them. 
It was about you controlling you

2020
01:48:04,900 --> 01:48:08,100
Taking a deep breath and asking 
yourself a simple question. 

2021
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:10,800
What exactly can you control in 
this situation? 

2022
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:13,400
Is the first thing, a stoic 
would advise. 

2023
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:16,000
You can't control what your 
partner did yesterday. 

2024
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:18,700
You can't control whether 
they'll do it again. 

2025
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:21,900
You cannot influence the actions
of your partner from yesterday. 

2026
01:48:21,900 --> 01:48:24,800
Nor can you determine if they 
will repeat those actions? 

2027
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:27,900
Additionally, you have no 
control over whether the 

2028
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:29,500
individual with whom they were 
Unfaithful. 

2029
01:48:29,500 --> 01:48:31,900
Possesses more appealing hair 
than you. 

2030
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:35,900
However, you do have the power 
to decide how you will think 

2031
01:48:35,900 --> 01:48:39,700
about the situation, how you 
will respond and what actions 

2032
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:43,200
you will take moving forward. 
This may seem almost overly 

2033
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:46,400
simplistic but the stoics held a
strong belief, in the value of 

2034
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:49,500
straightforward truths, but you 
can control your thoughts 

2035
01:48:49,500 --> 01:48:53,400
reactions. 
And next steps These principles 

2036
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:56,800
might sound almost ridiculously 
simple, but the stoics were big 

2037
01:48:56,800 --> 01:48:59,900
Believers in simple truths. 
They figured that most of human 

2038
01:48:59,900 --> 01:49:02,100
suffering came from trying to 
control things that were 

2039
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:03,800
completely outside our 
influence. 

2040
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:06,600
While ignoring the things that 
were actually within our power, 

2041
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:09,100
it's like spending all your 
energy, trying to change the 

2042
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:12,200
weather while for getting to 
grab an umbrella, Seneca. 

2043
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:15,200
Another famous stoic who had 
plenty of experience with life's

2044
01:49:15,200 --> 01:49:17,600
unexpected. 
Curveballs would probably remind

2045
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,300
you that betrayal hurts, 
precisely because we had 

2046
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:22,500
expectations about how other 
people should behave. 

2047
01:49:23,500 --> 01:49:26,000
Create these elaborate mental 
contracts with the people in our

2048
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:30,500
lives unspoken agreements about 
loyalty honesty and not sneaking

2049
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,400
around behind our backs. 
When someone breaks that 

2050
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,300
contract, we feel violated not 
just by their actions but also 

2051
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:39,700
by the shattering of our 
assumptions about how the world 

2052
01:49:39,700 --> 01:49:42,100
should work. 
But here's where it gets 

2053
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:45,300
interesting. 
The stoics would suggest that 

2054
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:47,700
those expectations were the real
problem all along. 

2055
01:49:48,400 --> 01:49:50,900
It's not that your desire for 
faithfulness and honesty was 

2056
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:53,100
incorrect. 
Those are entirely valid 

2057
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:57,300
desires, rather, it's because 
you mistakenly believe that your

2058
01:49:57,300 --> 01:50:00,100
strong desire for faithfulness 
and honesty could ensure their 

2059
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:03,200
fulfillment. 
So there you are standing in 

2060
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:06,700
your Roman villa or your modern 
apartment holding the pieces of 

2061
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:10,100
what you thought was your life. 
And some ancient philosopher is 

2062
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:12,900
essentially telling you that 
this moment, this exact moment 

2063
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:15,400
of discovering betrayal is 
actually an opportunity. 

2064
01:50:15,400 --> 01:50:19,600
An opportunity to practice the 
most important skill, any human 

2065
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:23,000
can develop the ability to 
respond rather than simply 

2066
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:25,100
react. 
You know what's amusing about 

2067
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:27,600
finding out you've been cheated 
on your brain. 

2068
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:31,000
Immediately starts working 
overtime, like a detective who's

2069
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:33,200
had way too much coffee and has 
convinced. 

2070
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:34,900
They're about to crack the case 
of the century. 

2071
01:50:34,900 --> 01:50:38,700
You start remembering every 
little detail how they seem 

2072
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:41,900
distracted last Tuesday. 
Why they suddenly needed to work

2073
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:45,100
late on Fridays and what that 
weird smile meant when they 

2074
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:48,300
looked at their phone, your mind
becomes this Relentless 

2075
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:51,400
investigation machine. 
And honestly, it's exhausting 

2076
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:54,700
the ancient stoics would have 
recognized this mental spiral 

2077
01:50:54,700 --> 01:50:57,600
immediately. 
The ancient stoics referred to 

2078
01:50:57,600 --> 01:51:00,400
this mental spiral as getting 
carried away by your initial 

2079
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:03,300
Impressions and they offered 
some surprisingly practical, 

2080
01:51:03,300 --> 01:51:07,000
advice for addressing it. 
Epictetus, who understood a 

2081
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:08,200
thing or two about life. 
Not going. 

2082
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:12,100
According to plan, would suggest
starting by separating facts. 

2083
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:14,300
From the stories, you tell 
yourself about those facts. 

2084
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:18,200
Here's what he meant. 
The fact is that your partner 

2085
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:22,000
was unfaithful, that's it. 
That's the actual event that 

2086
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:25,000
happened in the world. 
But then your mind starts adding

2087
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:28,100
layers to this fact. 
Stories about what it means 

2088
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:31,000
about. 
You about your worth about your 

2089
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:34,000
future about whether you're 
attractive enough or interesting

2090
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:36,400
enough or whether you should 
have seen it coming. 

2091
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:38,600
What do all those additions 
mean? 

2092
01:51:39,400 --> 01:51:42,700
Those aren't facts. 
These are interpretations and 

2093
01:51:42,700 --> 01:51:45,400
interpretations are something 
you can effectively work with 

2094
01:51:45,400 --> 01:51:47,700
this. 
Does not imply, that one should 

2095
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:51,200
disregard the pain or minimize 
the significance of betrayal. 

2096
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:54,900
The stowitts weren't advocating 
for becoming emotionally numb. 

2097
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:56,700
They will wait to smart for 
that. 

2098
01:51:57,500 --> 01:52:00,400
They understood that pain is a 
natural human response to loss 

2099
01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:03,300
and disappointment, but they 
also understood the difference 

2100
01:52:03,300 --> 01:52:06,800
between pain and suffering pain 
is what happens when something 

2101
01:52:06,800 --> 01:52:10,100
undesirable occurs. 
Suffering occurs, when you take 

2102
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:13,500
that pain and amplify it with 
narratives about how terrible 

2103
01:52:13,500 --> 01:52:16,700
everything is, how things will 
never improve and how this 

2104
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,200
validates all your deepest fears
about yourself. 

2105
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:22,400
Mark Serena Williams used to 
write himself little reminders 

2106
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,400
about this distinction. 
He'd note that when something 

2107
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,800
unpleasant happened, he had 
Choice, he could experience it 

2108
01:52:28,800 --> 01:52:30,600
as just, that one unpleasant 
thing. 

2109
01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:33,400
Well, he could let it 
contaminate everything else in 

2110
01:52:33,400 --> 01:52:35,800
his life. 
Getting cheated on could be one 

2111
01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:38,200
of the worst things that 
happened or it could prove that 

2112
01:52:38,200 --> 01:52:41,500
love is impossible that you're 
unlovable that you can't trust 

2113
01:52:41,500 --> 01:52:45,200
anyone and that you should just 
get 17 cats and give up on human

2114
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,600
relationships. 
The stoics were also 

2115
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:50,600
surprisingly practical about the
whole others are going to do 

2116
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:53,700
what other people do thing. 
They weren't naive about human 

2117
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:56,000
nature. 
Seneca, who lived through some 

2118
01:52:56,000 --> 01:52:58,600
pretty dramatic, political 
times, and saw plenty of 

2119
01:52:58,608 --> 01:53:01,700
betrayal up, close, wrote 
extensively about how people 

2120
01:53:01,700 --> 01:53:05,900
often act out of their pain, 
confusion or weakness rather 

2121
01:53:05,900 --> 01:53:09,000
than out of some calculated. 
Desire to hurt you specifically.

2122
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:12,700
This view doesn't lessen the 
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 

2123
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:15,800
but it does take you out of the 
center of someone else's bad 

2124
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:18,000
choices. 
Maybe your partner cheated, 

2125
01:53:18,000 --> 01:53:20,100
because they're going through 
something, you don't understand,

2126
01:53:20,100 --> 01:53:23,400
maybe they cheated, because they
never learned healthy ways to 

2127
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:24,900
resolve problems in 
relationships. 

2128
01:53:24,900 --> 01:53:28,500
Maybe they cheated because their
fundamentally selfish or scared 

2129
01:53:28,500 --> 01:53:31,200
or they just make really poor 
choices when they're feeling 

2130
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:33,900
overwhelmed. 
These reasons, don't justify the

2131
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:37,800
Betrayal, but they do lessen its
impact on your humanity and 

2132
01:53:37,800 --> 01:53:41,300
that's vital, as infidelity can 
make you doubt everything about 

2133
01:53:41,300 --> 01:53:44,400
yourself. 
The stoics would remind you that

2134
01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:46,500
someone else's. 
Poor choices are information 

2135
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:50,600
about them, not about you. 
The really revolutionary part of

2136
01:53:50,608 --> 01:53:54,300
stoic thinking is how they 
approach the whole question of 

2137
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:56,200
what you deserve from other 
people. 

2138
01:53:57,000 --> 01:54:00,000
Most of us operate with the 
underlying assumption that if 

2139
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:04,100
we're good partners loyal loving
and supportive, then we've 

2140
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:06,700
somehow earned the right to be 
treated the same way in return. 

2141
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:09,400
The universe owes us 
faithfulness because we've been 

2142
01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:13,600
faithful But the stoics would 
gently suggest that this entire 

2143
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:15,900
framework is based on a 
misunderstanding of how the 

2144
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:19,100
world actually works. 
Even the best partner can be 

2145
01:54:19,108 --> 01:54:23,200
betrayed, this isn't due to your
deservingness or inadequacy, but

2146
01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:25,800
rather because individuals 
possess their own free will 

2147
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:29,100
intricate in our lives and the 
ability to make Dreadful 

2148
01:54:29,100 --> 01:54:30,800
choices. 
Let's clarify. 

2149
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:33,400
That acceptance does not equate 
to being a doormat. 

2150
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:36,500
This principle is probably one 
of the most misunderstood 

2151
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:39,800
aspects of stoic philosophy and 
it's particularly important when

2152
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:43,100
you're dealing with betrayal. 
When epic Titus talked about 

2153
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:44,700
accepting what you cannot 
control. 

2154
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:47,700
He wasn't suggesting that you 
should just smile and Nod when 

2155
01:54:47,700 --> 01:54:50,500
someone treats you badly. 
He was emphasizing a more 

2156
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,800
practical Point. 
Resisting reality is a futile 

2157
01:54:53,800 --> 01:54:56,500
struggle that depletes your 
energy and leaves you feeling 

2158
01:54:56,500 --> 01:54:59,300
helpless. 
But how do you accept reality? 

2159
01:54:59,300 --> 01:55:02,600
That's actually the first step 
toward figuring out what you can

2160
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:05,300
do about your situation. 
Think about it this way? 

2161
01:55:05,300 --> 01:55:08,100
As long as you're spending all 
your mental energy being 

2162
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:09,800
outraged that this thing 
happened. 

2163
01:55:09,800 --> 01:55:13,100
Trying to figure out how to make
it not happen or spinning. 

2164
01:55:13,100 --> 01:55:15,600
Elaborate fantasies about what 
you should have done differently

2165
01:55:15,600 --> 01:55:18,300
to prevent it. 
You're not available to deal 

2166
01:55:18,300 --> 01:55:19,700
with what's actually in front of
you. 

2167
01:55:19,700 --> 01:55:22,200
Right now. 
You resemble an individual 

2168
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:25,700
standing in the rain, shaking 
your fist at the clouds and 

2169
01:55:25,700 --> 01:55:29,400
insisting that they see being 
wet rather than seeking shelter,

2170
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:32,800
or obtaining an umbrella. 
The stoics understood that 

2171
01:55:32,800 --> 01:55:34,600
acceptance is actually a form of
power. 

2172
01:55:35,400 --> 01:55:38,000
When you accept that your 
partner cheated, not that it was

2173
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:40,800
okay, not that. 
You have to like it that simply 

2174
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:42,200
that it happened and you can't 
change. 

2175
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:46,000
The fact that it happened. 
Suddenly you free up, all, that 

2176
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:47,600
energy, you were using to fight 
reality. 

2177
01:55:47,600 --> 01:55:51,200
And now you can use that energy 
for something useful, like, 

2178
01:55:51,200 --> 01:55:52,600
figuring out what you want to do
next. 

2179
01:55:53,900 --> 01:55:56,800
This is where the stoic approach
gets intriguing because they 

2180
01:55:56,800 --> 01:55:59,600
were big Believers and focusing 
on the future rather than the 

2181
01:55:59,600 --> 01:56:01,100
past. 
Marcus. 

2182
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:03,800
Aurelius used to remind himself 
that he couldn't change what 

2183
01:56:03,800 --> 01:56:07,000
happened yesterday, but he had 
complete control over what he 

2184
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:09,600
chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing with 

2185
01:56:09,608 --> 01:56:12,000
infidelity, this perspective can
be liberating. 

2186
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:16,200
You can't make your partner, not
have cheated, but you can decide

2187
01:56:16,200 --> 01:56:18,000
whether you want to try to work 
things out. 

2188
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:21,200
Or in the relationship, you 
can't control whether they'll be

2189
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,400
faithful in the future. 
That you can decide what your 

2190
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:26,800
boundaries are and what you're 
willing to accept going forward.

2191
01:56:26,800 --> 01:56:30,000
You can't erase the hurt and 
betrayal your feeling. 

2192
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:33,500
Can choose how to process your 
feelings, and what to learn 

2193
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:35,300
about yourself and your 
relationships. 

2194
01:56:36,100 --> 01:56:38,600
The stoics were all. 
So, remarkably practical about 

2195
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:41,800
the whole forgiveness question. 
They didn't think you owed. 

2196
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,800
Anyone forgiveness, especially 
not on someone else's timeline, 

2197
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:47,900
but they did understand that 
carrying around anger and 

2198
01:56:47,900 --> 01:56:51,200
resentment is exhausting and 
ultimately self-destructive. 

2199
01:56:52,200 --> 01:56:55,400
Seneca wrote about how anger is 
like, picking up a hot cold to 

2200
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:57,800
throw at someone else. 
You're the one who receives 

2201
01:56:57,800 --> 01:57:00,000
burned. 
This doesn't mean you have to 

2202
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:02,300
forgive and forget and pretend 
nothing happened. 

2203
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:05,800
It means that at some point, for
your own well-being, you might 

2204
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:09,000
choose to let go of the anger, 
not because the person who hurt,

2205
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:12,100
you deserves it but because you 
deserve to not carry around that

2206
01:57:12,100 --> 01:57:15,000
burden anymore. 
It's less about them and more 

2207
01:57:15,000 --> 01:57:16,800
about you reclaiming, your peace
of mind. 

2208
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:20,100
The ancient stoics also had some
Modern insights about 

2209
01:57:20,100 --> 01:57:22,700
self-worth. 
They understood that basing, 

2210
01:57:22,700 --> 01:57:25,500
your sense of value on how other
people treat you is essentially 

2211
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:27,900
giving other people control over
your emotional well-being. 

2212
01:57:29,000 --> 01:57:31,900
If you're worth depends on your 
partner being faithful, then 

2213
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:34,200
their infidelity doesn't just 
betray the relationship. 

2214
01:57:34,200 --> 01:57:37,000
It attacks, your fundamental 
sense of self. 

2215
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:40,400
But what if you're worth was 
based on something more stable? 

2216
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:44,300
What if it was based on your 
character, your values, your 

2217
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:46,500
choices, and your growth as a 
person. 

2218
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,000
What if it was based on how you 
treat others, how you handle 

2219
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:52,300
difficulties, and how you show 
up in the world? 

2220
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:56,600
These are all things that belong
to you, regardless of what 

2221
01:57:56,600 --> 01:58:01,300
anyone else does or doesn't do. 
Katas, who lived as a slave 

2222
01:58:01,300 --> 01:58:04,300
before, becoming a philosopher 
understood better than most that

2223
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,100
other people might control your 
circumstances, but they could 

2224
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:09,900
not control your character 
unless you let them your 

2225
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:13,000
partner's betrayal, might change
your relationship status but it 

2226
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:15,800
doesn't have to change who you 
are or what you're capable of or

2227
01:58:15,800 --> 01:58:18,600
what you deserve in life. 
Here's something the stoics 

2228
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:20,200
understood that we're still 
figuring out today. 

2229
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:23,500
Emotions are a lot more like 
weather than we usually admit 

2230
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:27,700
emotions, fluctuate and 
frequency, and intensity, and 

2231
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:29,600
attempting. 
Direct Control is akin to 

2232
01:58:29,608 --> 01:58:32,800
attempting to Halt, the rain. 
Just as you can learn to read 

2233
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:34,700
weather patterns and prepare for
storms. 

2234
01:58:34,700 --> 01:58:37,700
You can also learn to work with 
your emotions and stead of being

2235
01:58:37,700 --> 01:58:41,600
completely at their Mercy. 
When you first discover 

2236
01:58:41,600 --> 01:58:45,100
infidelity, the emotional storm 
is usually pretty intense. 

2237
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:48,300
You might feel angry one minute 
devastated, the next, then maybe

2238
01:58:48,300 --> 01:58:51,200
numb and Furious again. 
If you're anything like most 

2239
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:54,000
people, you probably also feel 
guilty about feeling so many 

2240
01:58:54,008 --> 01:58:57,100
different things. 
Shouldn't you just be angry or 

2241
01:58:57,100 --> 01:58:59,700
just be sad? 
while you cycling through 

2242
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:03,400
emotions, like you're trying on 
different outfits, The stoics 

2243
01:59:03,400 --> 01:59:05,800
would tell you that this 
emotional chaos is completely 

2244
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,800
normal and actually kind of 
useful information epic Titus 

2245
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:11,300
taught that emotions are 
signals. 

2246
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:14,400
They tell you something about 
how you're interpreting, what's 

2247
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:17,500
happening to you your anger 
might be telling you that an 

2248
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:20,200
important boundary was crossed 
your sadness. 

2249
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:22,600
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that matters to 

2250
01:59:22,600 --> 01:59:24,500
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

2251
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:26,200
that you're worrying about. 
What comes next? 

2252
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:29,200
None of these emotions are wrong
or bad. 

2253
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:32,500
They're just information, the 
issue arises. 

2254
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:35,100
When you either, let them make 
all your decisions or try to 

2255
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:38,000
shut them down. 
Stoic approach is more like 

2256
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:40,200
being a weather forecaster for 
your own in a climate. 

2257
01:59:40,200 --> 01:59:43,000
You observe, what's happening? 
You acknowledge it. 

2258
01:59:43,000 --> 01:59:45,700
And then you make conscious 
choices about how you want to 

2259
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:49,000
respond markers or really used 
to practice this kind of 

2260
01:59:49,000 --> 01:59:51,700
emotional observation. 
He'd notice when he was feeling 

2261
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:55,000
frustrated or disappointed or 
hurt and instead of immediately 

2262
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:58,200
reacting he'd pause and ask 
himself what story he was 

2263
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,500
telling about the situation. 
Was he making it worse by adding

2264
02:00:01,500 --> 02:00:04,800
layers of interpretation? 
Was he catastrophizing about the

2265
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:07,000
future? 
Was he taking someone else's 

2266
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:10,500
Behavior more personally than he
needed to such Behavior. 

2267
02:00:10,500 --> 02:00:12,800
Doesn't mean you should talk 
yourself out of legitimate 

2268
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:15,200
feelings. 
When someone betrays you, it's 

2269
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:17,000
understandable to feel hurt and 
angry. 

2270
02:00:17,000 --> 02:00:20,300
But there's a difference between
feeling hurt and angry and 

2271
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:23,400
deciding that being hurt and 
angry means your life is ruined,

2272
02:00:23,400 --> 02:00:26,700
and you'll never be happy again.
And you should probably start 

2273
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:30,300
collecting ceramic cats and 
becomes suspicious of everyone 

2274
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:31,700
you meet for the rest of your 
life. 

2275
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:35,800
The stoics were particularly 
adapted distinguishing between 

2276
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,200
what they called First 
Impressions and judgments. 

2277
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,500
Your first impression when you 
discover in Fidelity, might be 

2278
02:00:42,500 --> 02:00:44,900
something like this is terrible 
and painful. 

2279
02:00:44,900 --> 02:00:48,700
That's a pretty accurate first 
impression, but then your mind 

2280
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:51,700
might have judgments. 
Like this means I'm not lovable 

2281
02:00:51,700 --> 02:00:55,900
or this proves that all the 
relationships are doomed or I 

2282
02:00:55,900 --> 02:00:58,700
should have known better. 
Those judgments are where you 

2283
02:00:58,708 --> 02:01:01,700
have some choice. 
You can examine the question 

2284
02:01:01,700 --> 02:01:05,100
them and decide whether they're 
actually beneficial or true. 

2285
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:08,400
Maybe the Betrayal, does it 
indicate some problems with this

2286
02:01:08,400 --> 02:01:11,500
particular relationship? 
But does it really proved that 

2287
02:01:11,500 --> 02:01:14,700
all relationships are doomed? 
You may wish you had seen some 

2288
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:18,300
red flags, but does that mean 
you should have known better or 

2289
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:20,300
just that your partner got good 
at hiding things. 

2290
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:24,600
Seneca wrote about this process 
as being like a judge in your 

2291
02:01:24,608 --> 02:01:27,100
own mental Court. 
You can listen to all the 

2292
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:30,100
different arguments your mind. 
Presents a prosecutor who 

2293
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:33,600
insists that this proves your 
fundamentally flawed, the 

2294
02:01:33,600 --> 02:01:34,800
defense attorney who argues 
that. 

2295
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,100
None of this is your fault and 
the witness who just wants to go

2296
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:41,600
over every detail again. 
And again, But ultimately, you 

2297
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,300
get to decide which arguments 
are convincing and which ones 

2298
02:01:44,300 --> 02:01:46,200
are just your pain and fear 
talks. 

2299
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:49,200
This stoic approach. 
Truly liberates, You by 

2300
02:01:49,200 --> 02:01:51,500
restoring your control, over 
your emotional life. 

2301
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:54,900
You're not just a victim of 
whatever feelings happen to wash

2302
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:56,600
over. 
You, you're an active 

2303
02:01:56,600 --> 02:02:00,000
participant in deciding what 
these feelings mean and how much

2304
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:02,600
power you want to exercise them,
over your choices. 

2305
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:06,000
You know, what's weird about 
major life crises, they have 

2306
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:08,500
this uncomfortable way of 
showing you who you actually are

2307
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:09,900
underneath all the roles you 
play. 

2308
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:13,400
And the image, you try to 
maintain when your world becomes

2309
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:16,400
turned upside down by betrayal, 
all your usual coping, 

2310
02:02:16,400 --> 02:02:20,100
mechanisms and social masks tend
to fall away and your left face 

2311
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:21,900
to face with your raw unfiltered
self. 

2312
02:02:23,000 --> 02:02:25,900
The stomachs actually thought 
that such vulnerability was one 

2313
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:27,800
of the most valuable things 
about difficult. 

2314
02:02:27,800 --> 02:02:31,700
Experience is Epic Titus used to
tell his students that every 

2315
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:34,100
challenge was an opportunity to 
practice virtue. 

2316
02:02:34,100 --> 02:02:37,700
He did this not in a preach, 
your sanctimonious manner, but 

2317
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:41,700
rather in a practical sense when
everything is going well, it's 

2318
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:45,700
easy to think your patient for 
giving resilient and wise but 

2319
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,900
when someone you love betrays 
you, that's when you find out 

2320
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:52,400
what you're actually made of and
more importantly, that's when 

2321
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:56,200
you begin to decide who you want
to become The stoics identified 

2322
02:02:56,200 --> 02:03:01,400
four main virtues wisdom 
Justice, courage and temperance.

2323
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:04,900
These were abstract, ideals 
floating around in some 

2324
02:03:04,900 --> 02:03:07,700
philosophical Cloud. 
They were practical skills. 

2325
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,200
You could develop through 
practice, especially during 

2326
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:12,600
difficult times and dealing with
infidelity. 

2327
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,200
It turns out provides you 
opportunities to practice all 

2328
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:17,500
four. 
Wisdom involves seeing 

2329
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:21,000
situations clearly without the 
Distortion of wishful thinking 

2330
02:03:21,000 --> 02:03:24,200
or catastrophic fear. 
When you've experienced 

2331
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:27,800
infidelity wisdom requires you 
to be truthful about the events 

2332
02:03:27,800 --> 02:03:31,000
without exaggerating or 
downplaying them, it means 

2333
02:03:31,000 --> 02:03:33,600
recognizing the difference 
between what, you know, for 

2334
02:03:33,600 --> 02:03:36,100
sure. 
And what you're assuming, it 

2335
02:03:36,100 --> 02:03:38,200
means acknowledging your 
feelings without letting them 

2336
02:03:38,200 --> 02:03:42,400
completely Cloud your judgment. 
Justice in the stoic sense. 

2337
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:44,700
Wasn't about revenge or 
punishment. 

2338
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:48,100
It was about treating people 
fairly, including yourself. 

2339
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:51,300
Justice Means holding your 
partner accountable for their 

2340
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:53,700
choices without turning them 
into a cartoon villain. 

2341
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:57,300
It means protecting yourself 
from further harm, without 

2342
02:03:57,300 --> 02:03:59,200
unnecessarily inflicting it on 
others. 

2343
02:03:59,200 --> 02:04:02,600
It means being fair to yourself 
about what you deserve and what 

2344
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:05,800
you're willing to accept. 
Courage, doesn't just mean being

2345
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:07,700
brave in the face of physical 
danger. 

2346
02:04:07,700 --> 02:04:11,400
It means being willing to face 
difficult truths to have hard 

2347
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:15,400
conversations and to make 
changes that scare you When you 

2348
02:04:15,400 --> 02:04:18,500
discover infidelity courage, 
might mean confronting your 

2349
02:04:18,500 --> 02:04:21,300
partner, even though you're 
afraid of what you might learn. 

2350
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:25,100
It might mean ending a 
relationship, even though you're

2351
02:04:25,100 --> 02:04:27,900
terrified of being alone, it may
involve remaining in the 

2352
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:30,600
relationship and striving to 
resolve issues, despite 

2353
02:04:30,600 --> 02:04:33,000
uncertainties regarding your 
ability to trust. 

2354
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:36,500
Once more Temperance is about 
moderation and self-control. 

2355
02:04:36,500 --> 02:04:40,400
It's probably the most relevant 
virtue when you're dealing with 

2356
02:04:40,400 --> 02:04:42,400
the intense emotions that come 
with betrayal. 

2357
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:45,500
Temperance means feeling your 
anger without letting it. 

2358
02:04:45,500 --> 02:04:48,300
Consume you. 
It means acknowledging your hurt

2359
02:04:48,300 --> 02:04:51,700
without drowning in self-pity, 
it involves taking care of 

2360
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,000
yourself without completely 
shutting down, or going 

2361
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:57,500
completely out of control. 
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 

2362
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,100
about how every difficult 
situation was like a training 

2363
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,200
ground for these virtues. 
He'd remind himself that he 

2364
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:05,900
couldn't control what other 
people did, but he could control

2365
02:05:05,900 --> 02:05:09,500
whether he responded with 
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 

2366
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:12,000
Temperance. 
And the more he practiced these 

2367
02:05:12,000 --> 02:05:15,000
responses the stronger. 
His qualities became, this 

2368
02:05:15,000 --> 02:05:17,900
perspective can be incredibly 
empowering when you're dealing 

2369
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:20,600
with infidelity rather than 
viewing yourself. 

2370
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:23,700
As merely a victim of someone 
else's poor decisions, you can 

2371
02:05:23,700 --> 02:05:26,000
perceive yourself as an 
individual undergoing, a 

2372
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:29,300
comprehensive education in 
essential life skills. 

2373
02:05:29,300 --> 02:05:32,300
Your learning, how to maintain 
your integrity under pressure. 

2374
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:34,800
Your learning how to make 
difficult decisions with 

2375
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:37,600
incomplete information. 
Your learning how to take care 

2376
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:40,800
of yourself while still treating
others with basic human decency.

2377
02:05:42,600 --> 02:05:45,400
Stoics also recognized that 
character development involves 

2378
02:05:45,400 --> 02:05:47,900
more than just persevering 
through challenging times. 

2379
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,300
It's about consciously choosing 
to use those challenging times 

2380
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,100
as opportunities to become the 
kind of person you want to be. 

2381
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:57,500
Every time you choose to respond
thoughtfully, instead of just 

2382
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:00,500
reacting emotionally, your 
strengthening, your capacity for

2383
02:06:00,508 --> 02:06:04,100
thoughtful responses. 
Every time you choose self-care 

2384
02:06:04,100 --> 02:06:07,200
over self-destruction, you're 
building your ability to take 

2385
02:06:07,200 --> 02:06:09,900
care of yourself. 
This doesn't mean you have to be

2386
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:11,700
perfect or that you won't make 
mistakes. 

2387
02:06:11,700 --> 02:06:15,600
The stoics were compassionate 
about human imperfection, they 

2388
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:17,000
understood that developing 
wisdom. 

2389
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:20,600
And virtue is a lifelong process
and that set backs and failures 

2390
02:06:20,600 --> 02:06:23,500
are part of that process. 
What matters isn't being 

2391
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:26,900
Flawless, it's been committed to
learning and growing from what 

2392
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:30,100
ever life throws at you. 
There's something almost magical

2393
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:33,900
about perspective how the same 
situation can look completely 

2394
02:06:33,900 --> 02:06:37,500
different, depending on how far 
back you step and how much of 

2395
02:06:37,500 --> 02:06:41,400
the bigger picture you can see. 
the ancient stoics were masters 

2396
02:06:41,400 --> 02:06:44,500
of this kind of mental zooming 
out and they applied it to 

2397
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:48,600
everything, including heartbreak
and betrayal Marcus Aurelius who

2398
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:51,300
had plenty of experience with 
both personal loss and the 

2399
02:06:51,300 --> 02:06:54,600
broader challenges of human 
existence used to practice, what

2400
02:06:54,600 --> 02:06:58,100
we might call, the view from 
above He'd imagined looking at 

2401
02:06:58,100 --> 02:06:59,300
his problems from a great 
height. 

2402
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:03,400
First from a cross, the city, 
then from high above the Earth 

2403
02:07:03,400 --> 02:07:07,600
and finally, from the 
perspective of years decades or 

2404
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:11,200
even centuries. 
He aimed to contextualize his 

2405
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:14,100
problems, not to downplay his 
pain, or deny their 

2406
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:16,800
significance. 
When you're in the immediate 

2407
02:07:16,800 --> 02:07:19,900
aftermath of discovering and 
Fidelity, Everything feels 

2408
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:24,400
enormous and permanent the hurt 
feels like it will never end the

2409
02:07:24,400 --> 02:07:27,900
anger feels Justified and 
necessary the whole situation. 

2410
02:07:27,900 --> 02:07:31,000
Feels like it defines everything
about your life and your future.

2411
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:35,000
But the stoics would gently 
encourage you to experiment with

2412
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:38,500
different time perspectives. 
What if you imagine looking back

2413
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:40,800
at this situation from five 
years in the future? 

2414
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:44,500
What would matter most to you 
then the fact that this painful 

2415
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:46,800
thing happened or how you chose 
to handle it. 

2416
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,800
What would you want to tell your
current self about getting 

2417
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:52,400
through this period? 
What would you be proud of 

2418
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:55,900
yourself for doing or not doing?
What if you zoomed out even 

2419
02:07:55,900 --> 02:07:58,100
further in the view from the end
of your life? 

2420
02:07:59,000 --> 02:08:01,200
When you're old and looking 
back, how much of your life 

2421
02:08:01,200 --> 02:08:04,200
story will this betrayal, take 
up what other chapters will 

2422
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:06,100
there be? 
What will you have learned? 

2423
02:08:06,100 --> 02:08:09,000
How will this difficult 
experience of contributed to 

2424
02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:12,300
your growth as a person? 
This isn't about minimizing the 

2425
02:08:12,300 --> 02:08:13,900
real pain, your experience in 
right now. 

2426
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:18,100
It's about remembering that this
moment, however, intents and 

2427
02:08:18,108 --> 02:08:21,000
overwhelming. 
It feels is just one in a much 

2428
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:24,500
larger life. 
The stoics understood that we 

2429
02:08:24,500 --> 02:08:27,000
suffer more. 
When we lose perspective, when 

2430
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:29,800
we let one painful experience 
Eclipse, everything else about 

2431
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,700
our existence, Seneca wrote 
extensively about the temporary 

2432
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:36,600
nature of all human experiences,
both good and bad. 

2433
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:39,900
He reminded himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

2434
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:44,100
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

2435
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:46,800
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

2436
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:49,700
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

2437
02:08:49,708 --> 02:08:52,800
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resolved 

2438
02:08:52,800 --> 02:08:56,600
completely Stoics also had a 
sophisticated understanding of 

2439
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:58,100
how relationships work over 
time. 

2440
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,400
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

2441
02:09:01,400 --> 02:09:03,400
changes. 
And that expecting any 

2442
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:07,100
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

2443
02:09:08,000 --> 02:09:11,100
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

2444
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:13,900
you should accept poor 
treatment, but it does suggest 

2445
02:09:13,900 --> 02:09:15,600
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

2446
02:09:15,600 --> 02:09:19,500
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

2447
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,600
permanence and control consider 
this, you are likely not the 

2448
02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:25,400
same individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

2449
02:09:25,400 --> 02:09:28,200
relationship, you've grown 
changed. 

2450
02:09:28,200 --> 02:09:32,200
Learned new things developed, 
new interests, and maybe even 

2451
02:09:32,200 --> 02:09:35,500
discovered parts of yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

2452
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:37,000
partner has probably changed 
too. 

2453
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:39,700
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways. 

2454
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:43,300
And sometimes they don't, 
sometimes people change in ways 

2455
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:46,300
that make them better partners 
and sometimes they change in 

2456
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:49,700
ways that make them worse 
Partners, the stoic approach 

2457
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:52,300
would be to acknowledge these 
changes without necessarily 

2458
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:55,200
taking them personally. 
It is possible that your 

2459
02:09:55,200 --> 02:09:57,200
partner's infidelity reflects 
changes. 

2460
02:09:57,200 --> 02:09:59,500
They have undergone or 
challenges, they are facing 

2461
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:02,600
Maybe it says something about 
problems in your relationship 

2462
02:10:02,600 --> 02:10:05,000
that neither of you knew how to 
address directly. 

2463
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:08,400
Maybe it doesn't say anything 
particularly meaningful about 

2464
02:10:08,400 --> 02:10:08,900
you. 
At all. 

2465
02:10:08,908 --> 02:10:11,600
This perspective can be oddly 
freeing. 

2466
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:14,700
You can view the Betrayal as 
information about where things 

2467
02:10:14,700 --> 02:10:17,200
stand right now. 
Rather than as proof of some 

2468
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:20,700
fundamental flaw in your self 
your relationship or love in 

2469
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:24,000
general. 
And right now is just one point,

2470
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:26,900
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

2471
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:30,700
The stoics were also realistic 
about the fact that some 

2472
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:32,600
relationships simply run their 
course. 

2473
02:10:32,600 --> 02:10:36,000
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

2474
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:38,700
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

2475
02:10:38,700 --> 02:10:42,200
undergo Transformations that 
render the continuation of a 

2476
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,000
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

2477
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:47,700
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

2478
02:10:47,700 --> 02:10:51,000
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

2479
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:53,600
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

2480
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:56,400
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

2481
02:10:56,400 --> 02:10:59,600
apply this to your own 
situation. the beautiful thing 

2482
02:10:59,600 --> 02:11:02,400
about stoic philosophy is that 
it was always meant to be 

2483
02:11:02,408 --> 02:11:06,500
practical, not just intellectual
ideas to contemplate but actual 

2484
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:10,300
technique you could use in daily
life the stoics developed what 

2485
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,600
they called, spiritual 
exercises, regular practices 

2486
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:16,200
designed to train your mind the 
same way, you might train your 

2487
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:20,400
body, These work religious, or 
mystical practices but practical

2488
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:22,700
mental habits that could help 
you respond to difficult 

2489
02:11:22,700 --> 02:11:26,200
situations with more wisdom, 
courage, and peace of mind. 

2490
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:30,000
One of the most fundamental 
practices is what epic Titus 

2491
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:32,800
call the dichotomy of control 
every morning. 

2492
02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:35,800
Or whenever you're feeling 
overwhelmed, you can take a few 

2493
02:11:35,808 --> 02:11:38,100
minutes to sort your concerns 
into two categories. 

2494
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,700
Things you can control and 
things, you can't control. 

2495
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:45,200
When you're dealing with 
infidelity, your approach might 

2496
02:11:45,208 --> 02:11:48,100
look like acknowledging that you
can't control what your partner 

2497
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,400
did, what they're feeling now, 
or what, they'll choose to do in

2498
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:54,600
the future, but you can choose 
how to care for yourself set, 

2499
02:11:54,600 --> 02:11:56,700
boundaries Converse and 
interpret events. 

2500
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:00,300
Another useful practice is what 
Marcus Aurelius called, 

2501
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:04,400
objective representation, trying
to see situations as clearly as 

2502
02:12:04,400 --> 02:12:06,400
possible. 
Without the emotional coloring 

2503
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:08,900
that can make everything seem 
worse than it actually is. 

2504
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:12,500
Instead of thinking my life is 
ruined, you might practice 

2505
02:12:12,500 --> 02:12:15,400
thinking my partner was 
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 

2506
02:12:15,400 --> 02:12:18,900
and angry about it. 
Instead of saying I'll never be 

2507
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:22,000
able to trust anyone. 
Again, you might think right 

2508
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:24,400
now, I'm having trouble trusting
and that makes sense. 

2509
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:27,600
Given what I've just learned the
stowitts, also practice 

2510
02:12:27,600 --> 02:12:29,000
something. 
We might call negative 

2511
02:12:29,000 --> 02:12:31,200
visualization. 
Not to make themselves 

2512
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:34,000
miserable, but to build 
resilience and gratitude, 

2513
02:12:34,900 --> 02:12:37,200
imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

2514
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,700
completely instead of persuading
your self that the relationship 

2515
02:12:40,700 --> 02:12:44,000
should end, you should reassure 
yourself that you could endure 

2516
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:47,500
it, if it did Often, when we're 
terrified of a particular 

2517
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,600
outcome, half of our suffering 
comes from the fear itself 

2518
02:12:50,600 --> 02:12:52,000
rather than the actual 
situation. 

2519
02:12:53,200 --> 02:12:56,300
Seneca recommended keeping what 
he called a philosophical 

2520
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:59,700
Journal, a regular practice of 
writing about your experiences 

2521
02:12:59,700 --> 02:13:01,400
and examining your thoughts and 
reactions. 

2522
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:04,900
When you're dealing with 
betrayal writing, can help you 

2523
02:13:04,900 --> 02:13:08,200
sort through the complicated mix
of feelings and thoughts that 

2524
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:09,700
tend to swirl around in your 
head. 

2525
02:13:10,500 --> 02:13:13,000
You might write about what 
happened, how you're feeling, 

2526
02:13:13,008 --> 02:13:16,400
what you're afraid of what 
you're learning, and what you 

2527
02:13:16,400 --> 02:13:19,100
want to do next? 
The key to all of these 

2528
02:13:19,100 --> 02:13:23,000
practices is consistency, rather
than Perfection you don't have 

2529
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:26,900
to become a perfectly wise, calm
rational person overnight, you 

2530
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:29,000
just have to be willing to 
practice responding thoughtfully

2531
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:31,300
rather than just reacting 
emotionally. 

2532
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,900
And every time you choose to 
pause and think before you act 

2533
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:38,000
every time you focus on what you
can control rather than what you

2534
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:39,900
can't. 
And every time you treat 

2535
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:42,800
yourself and others with basic 
decent, see despite being hurt 

2536
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:47,000
your strengths and those mental 
muscles, the ancient stoics, 

2537
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:49,500
understood something that we 
sometimes forget in our modern 

2538
02:13:49,500 --> 02:13:52,700
world wisdom, isn't something 
you either have or don't have. 

2539
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:55,700
It's something you develop 
through practice, especially 

2540
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,800
through practicing during 
difficult times, your current 

2541
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:02,100
situation painful as it is, is 
actually an opportunity to 

2542
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:04,100
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

2543
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:07,900
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

2544
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:10,400
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

2545
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:12,700
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

2546
02:14:12,700 --> 02:14:14,600
take care of yourself while 
still treating others. 

2547
02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:17,800
With compassion these skills 
will serve you well beyond your 

2548
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:21,000
current relationship drama, 
they'll help you navigate future

2549
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:23,200
challenges with more confidence 
and less suffering. 

2550
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:26,200
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

2551
02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:28,700
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

2552
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:32,300
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

2553
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:35,000
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

2554
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:37,700
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

2555
02:14:37,700 --> 02:14:40,400
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

2556
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:42,700
life. 
That would be impossible and 

2557
02:14:42,700 --> 02:14:45,900
probably boring anyway. 
The goal was to develop the 

2558
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:48,600
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

2559
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:51,800
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

2560
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:53,900
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

2561
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:56,000
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

2562
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:59,200
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

2563
02:14:59,200 --> 02:15:07,800
grow stronger in the process. 
Before there were goddesses that

2564
02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:10,200
transformed people into spiders 
because they were better. 

2565
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:13,800
Weavers, or gods that through 
lightning bolts, there was just 

2566
02:15:13,800 --> 02:15:16,200
chaos. 
Not the kind of chaos you get 

2567
02:15:16,200 --> 02:15:18,900
when your internet goes down 
during a crucial video call, but

2568
02:15:18,900 --> 02:15:22,400
real primordial emptiness, you 
can see why the ancient Greek 

2569
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:24,400
simply Shrugged and referred to 
it as chaos. 

2570
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:27,900
If you try to explain what 
existed before existence itself,

2571
02:15:27,900 --> 02:15:31,100
the first being appeared from 
this Cosmic of nothingness, 

2572
02:15:31,100 --> 02:15:34,800
Eros, the force of attraction, 
that would later cause more 

2573
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:38,300
trouble than a dating app. 
Algorithm gone, awry Tartarus, 

2574
02:15:38,300 --> 02:15:41,300
the deepest darkest pit. 
You can imagine think of your 

2575
02:15:41,308 --> 02:15:45,900
basement, but infinitely worse, 
and with more screaming and Gaia

2576
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:47,500
who was essentially Mother Earth
before. 

2577
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:49,100
Environmental awareness was 
fashionable. 

2578
02:15:50,100 --> 02:15:53,600
Being the productive type guard 
decided that life was boring on 

2579
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:57,600
its own and made the sky. 
Uranus in ancient Greece, family

2580
02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:00,900
trees, resembled family, reefs 
and everything was connected in 

2581
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,600
awkward ways. 
You might think that having your

2582
02:16:03,600 --> 02:16:06,300
mother create your husband 
sounds like the start of serious

2583
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:07,400
therapy. 
Session's. 

2584
02:16:07,400 --> 02:16:11,100
The fact that Uranus and Gaia 
had children to gather should 

2585
02:16:11,100 --> 02:16:13,700
have been the first clue that 
something was amiss in the 

2586
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:16,100
family. 
Dynamic among their descendants 

2587
02:16:16,100 --> 02:16:19,500
with the Titans giant creatures.
That were essentially the first 

2588
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:23,100
draft of godhood. 
Strong unkillable and devoid of 

2589
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:27,100
all sense of proportion or 
self-control consider them Gods 

2590
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,000
who have never been trained in 
customer, service Cronus. 

2591
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:32,700
Who would have been a perfect 
fit at any corporate takeover 

2592
02:16:32,700 --> 02:16:36,000
was one of these Titans after 
observing his father. 

2593
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:39,799
Uranus Cronus concluded that 
committing patricide was a great

2594
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:43,500
way to advance his career Cronus
castrated his father and tossed 

2595
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:46,100
the parts into the sea. 
Using a scythe that is 

2596
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:47,500
supportive mother Gaia had given
him. 

2597
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:50,400
The fact that this act gave 
birth to the goddess of love, 

2598
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,700
Aphrodite, tells you all, you 
need to know about the Greeks 

2599
02:16:53,700 --> 02:16:57,100
perception of romance, lovely. 
But with a history, you probably

2600
02:16:57,100 --> 02:17:00,500
don't want to delve too deeply 
into since Uranus was no longer 

2601
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:02,500
involved. 
Cronus assumed control of the 

2602
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,000
universe. 
Where does sister Rhea again? 

2603
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,200
The dynamic of ancient Greek. 
Families were complex and began 

2604
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:09,900
what ought to have been a 
peaceful rain. 

2605
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:13,600
But Chronos had heard a prophecy
that like his father, he would 

2606
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:15,200
be overthrown by one of his 
children. 

2607
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:19,000
Being a pragmatic person. 
Cronus came up with a 

2608
02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:23,100
straightforward idea of eating 
each newborn right away at this 

2609
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,400
point, the narrative takes a 
term that makes even the most 

2610
02:17:25,400 --> 02:17:28,600
dysfunctional holiday. 
Dinners seem like fun as real. 

2611
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:30,900
Watched Cronus gobble up. 
Their first five children like 

2612
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:32,900
some kind of immortal baby 
eating monster. 

2613
02:17:32,900 --> 02:17:36,400
She was understandably upset 
about her husband's unusual 

2614
02:17:36,400 --> 02:17:39,600
approach to childcare Rhea had 
finally had enough of this 

2615
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:42,500
particular parenting approach 
when Zeus their sixth child was 

2616
02:17:42,500 --> 02:17:45,900
born Rhea wrapped a stone in 
swaddling cloths and offered it 

2617
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:50,100
to Cronus instead of baby Zeus. 
He was presumably to e-girl too 

2618
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:52,500
naive to notice the difference 
rear spirited. 

2619
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:55,799
The real zoo away to be raised 
in secret by goats and nymphs on

2620
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:59,200
the island of Crete. 
Which explains much about Zeus's

2621
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:02,600
later personality, while Cronus 
swallowed, the rock with his 

2622
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:04,799
usual Zeal. 
Imagine Zeus. 

2623
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:07,600
As a teenager growing up on a 
Mediterranean island surrounded 

2624
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,200
by goats. 
Discovering that he was destined

2625
02:18:10,200 --> 02:18:13,500
to defeat his cannibalistic 
father and free his siblings 

2626
02:18:13,500 --> 02:18:16,600
from their unusual prison. 
This type of origin story would 

2627
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:18,500
make superhero comics seem 
uninteresting. 

2628
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:21,600
And it certainly clarified why? 
Zeus never acquired what one 

2629
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:25,400
could refer to as typical social
skills with the help of metis. 

2630
02:18:25,400 --> 02:18:29,200
A titaness whose name means 
cunning intelligence and who 

2631
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:32,600
would go on to become Zeus's 
first wife, Zeus returned to 

2632
02:18:32,608 --> 02:18:35,799
confront Cronus after. 
He'd reached adulthood Cronus 

2633
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:38,700
became so sick from the emetic 
that metis made him throw up, 

2634
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:41,000
Zeus's five siblings in the 
opposite order that they were 

2635
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:43,400
consumed. 
Just think of how awkward it 

2636
02:18:43,407 --> 02:18:45,799
would be, to be reintroduced to 
siblings who had lived their 

2637
02:18:45,799 --> 02:18:48,700
entire lives in their father's 
stomach beside him. 

2638
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:51,700
The god of the seas, who had 
apparently developed, a 

2639
02:18:51,700 --> 02:18:53,900
permanent case of motion, 
sickness from his time, in 

2640
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:58,100
chronosis stomach, Hades, the 
underworld's destined ruler. 

2641
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:01,100
Who was already displaying signs
of preferring Solitude to 

2642
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:03,500
family? 
Gatherings Hera who would become

2643
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:07,799
Zeus's wife and regret it for 
all eternity Demeter, the Future

2644
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:10,500
goddess of agriculture. 
And the only one who appeared to

2645
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:13,500
have come out of the experience 
with any sense of nurturing and 

2646
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:17,299
Hestia the goddess of the half, 
who looked at her family and 

2647
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,200
decided that staying by the fire
was far more important than 

2648
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:24,200
participating in their drama. 
The titanomachy a 10 year war 

2649
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:26,900
between the Titans and the 
Olympians followed making 

2650
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:29,600
contemporary conflicts seemed 
like parking lot Quarles. 

2651
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:33,200
Prometheus, who was reportedly. 
The only Titan with anything 

2652
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:36,799
approaching foresight, literally
what his name meant and other 

2653
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:39,799
Titans who were fed up with 
kronos's management style formed

2654
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:43,000
an alliance with Zeus and his 
siblings, natural disasters, 

2655
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,000
would seem like minor annoyances
compared to the devastation 

2656
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:48,400
caused by the war that raged 
across the Earth and Heaven. 

2657
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:53,600
Oceans, boiled mountains were 
flung like softballs and reality

2658
02:19:53,600 --> 02:19:55,100
itself was strained to its 
limit. 

2659
02:19:55,100 --> 02:19:58,100
Zeus learned that he had 
inherited the ability to control

2660
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:01,600
lightning and thunder, which 
made him extremely effective in 

2661
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:03,500
combat. 
But for the rest of Eternity, 

2662
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:07,100
utterly awful at having 
conversations indoors, the 

2663
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:10,000
cyclopes were, eventually 
released from Tartarus, where 

2664
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,200
Cronus had imprisoned them, due 
to their different cities by 

2665
02:20:12,208 --> 02:20:16,200
Zeus as a token of appreciation.
These one-eyed Smith's created 

2666
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:20,600
Hades helmet of invisibility 
Poseidon's, trident and Zeus's. 

2667
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:23,700
Well, known Thunderbolts. 
It was like getting the ultimate

2668
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,500
package of divine weapons with 
eternal warranties. 

2669
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:29,800
Zeus, release of the 100 handed,
ones being so strong and 

2670
02:20:29,800 --> 02:20:33,000
terrifying that even Cronus had 
been terrified of the marked. 

2671
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:35,200
A turning point. 
The Titans were ultimately 

2672
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:38,400
vanquished by the Olympians with
the help of these allies and 

2673
02:20:38,400 --> 02:20:41,200
they were banished to Tartarus 
where they would live forever 

2674
02:20:41,200 --> 02:20:43,800
thinking about the consequences 
of choosing the wrong side. 

2675
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:47,500
In a family conflict, the three 
brother Gods, split the universe

2676
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:49,800
like Partners dividing a 
business, After winning the 

2677
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:51,800
battle. 
With all the wisdom and 

2678
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:54,700
self-control of a child who had 
never learned to share toys, 

2679
02:20:54,700 --> 02:20:58,600
Zeus took the sky and assumed 
the role of King of the Gods. 

2680
02:20:58,600 --> 02:21:01,900
Because the Seas were large, 
strong and prone to abrupt 

2681
02:21:01,900 --> 02:21:05,000
violence, storms deciding 
claimed them, which was a 

2682
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:08,100
perfect fit for his temperament 
although his brother's initially

2683
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:09,400
believed. 
They had gotten a better deal. 

2684
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:12,500
Hades would demonstrate that he 
was arguably the most powerful 

2685
02:21:12,500 --> 02:21:15,300
of the three because he 
controlled both death and 

2686
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:18,800
wealth. 
Hades drew, the underworld Zeus 

2687
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:20,900
and his siblings needed a 
headquarters worthy of their 

2688
02:21:20,900 --> 02:21:24,200
Newfound position as universal 
rulers after they defeated their

2689
02:21:24,200 --> 02:21:25,900
father and won the cosmic 
Lottery. 

2690
02:21:25,900 --> 02:21:29,800
They picked Mount Olympus 
Greece's highest peak in part 

2691
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,300
because of the breathtaking 
views and in part because it was

2692
02:21:32,308 --> 02:21:35,500
close enough to humans to meddle
in human Affairs, whenever they 

2693
02:21:35,500 --> 02:21:38,000
felt bored. 
But far enough away to preserve 

2694
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:41,500
a sense of mystery with its 
Golden Palaces and brochure 

2695
02:21:41,500 --> 02:21:45,200
Gardens and overall sense of 
divine superiority Mount Olympus

2696
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:48,200
developed into the first gated 
community in the ancient world. 

2697
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,000
While the other gods set up 
their own Realms within this 

2698
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:54,200
Celestial neighborhood. 
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 

2699
02:21:54,200 --> 02:21:56,900
construct him, a throne room 
that would make any Earthly 

2700
02:21:56,900 --> 02:21:58,600
Palace appear like a garden 
shed. 

2701
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:02,000
A family tree that would make 
any genealogist question their 

2702
02:22:02,000 --> 02:22:05,500
sanity as represented by the 
12th and gods who would govern 

2703
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:08,800
from this mountain Paradise. 
Zeus had never met a Divine 

2704
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:10,400
being. 
He didn't want to have children 

2705
02:22:10,400 --> 02:22:13,500
with regardless of whether he 
was married to someone else at 

2706
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,000
the time. 
So the pantheon grew to include 

2707
02:22:16,000 --> 02:22:18,600
some of Of his children, in 
addition to the original six 

2708
02:22:18,600 --> 02:22:21,700
siblings, Zeus, and the 
tightness Leto, had twin 

2709
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:24,600
children Apollo and Artemis who 
introduced hunting. 

2710
02:22:24,600 --> 02:22:28,300
Archery, poetry and music to the
Divine family Apollo was the 

2711
02:22:28,300 --> 02:22:31,500
first Triple Threat performer in
the ancient world, becoming the 

2712
02:22:31,508 --> 02:22:34,900
god of the sun music and 
prophecy as the goddess of the 

2713
02:22:34,900 --> 02:22:36,600
hunt. 
And the moon Artemis made the 

2714
02:22:36,608 --> 02:22:38,500
decision to remain eternally 
virgin. 

2715
02:22:38,500 --> 02:22:41,800
So, she avoided her relatives 
Drama by spending most family. 

2716
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:44,300
Get togethers in the woods after
Zeus swallowed. 

2717
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:47,400
Her pregnant mother metis to 
stop a prophecy that is 

2718
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,600
children, would overthrow him 
Athena grew fully from his head 

2719
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:54,100
armed and prepared for battle. 
Everyone seemed to be unaware of

2720
02:22:54,100 --> 02:22:56,800
the irony that Zeus was now 
adopting his father's child. 

2721
02:22:56,800 --> 02:22:59,300
Eating tactic will be in a 
different way. 

2722
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:02,200
Being born from your father's 
skull after 88. 

2723
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:04,500
Your mother did not prevent you 
from becoming one of the most 

2724
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:07,800
revered Gods as Athena went on 
to become a goddess of wisdom 

2725
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:11,500
and war after Cronus castrated. 
Uranus Aphrodite. 

2726
02:23:11,500 --> 02:23:14,300
Emerged from the Sea Foam, 
bringing Beauty and love to 

2727
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:17,600
Olympus and more relationship. 
Armor than a soap opera during 

2728
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:19,400
the day. 
She had a knack for making 

2729
02:23:19,400 --> 02:23:20,900
everyone fall in love with the 
wrong. 

2730
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:22,700
People at the worst possible 
times. 

2731
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:26,300
So her, very presence ensure 
that no Divine Gathering would 

2732
02:23:26,308 --> 02:23:30,700
be peaceful Zeus's, son with 
Hera Ari's became a God of War, 

2733
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:34,000
but not the kind of war that 
Athena stood for one, that was 

2734
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:38,200
strategic and Noble Rees, who is
basically the Divine counterpart

2735
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,300
of that relative who turns every
family Barbecue into a political

2736
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:45,300
argument was more interested in 
the violent, bloody and chaotic 

2737
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:47,900
aspects of combat. 
It says something about his 

2738
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:50,000
character that even his own 
parents didn't like him. 

2739
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:53,700
Depending on your preferred 
version of the story of Feist 

2740
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:56,100
us, the god of fire. 
And metalworking was either 

2741
02:23:56,100 --> 02:23:59,900
Heroes Son by himself or another
child of Zeus and Hera Hera 

2742
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:02,400
through him off Mount Olympus 
and shame because he was so ugly

2743
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:06,200
and had a serious disability 
from birth after surviving the 

2744
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:08,600
fall and learning from seen him,
how to make things. 

2745
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,000
A feisty has returned to Olympus
as the main maker of impossible 

2746
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:15,100
things for the gods, his Forge 
evolved into the Heavenly 

2747
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:18,300
equivalent of a posh Shop 
crafting everything from 

2748
02:24:18,300 --> 02:24:21,600
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts anybody who had 

2749
02:24:21,600 --> 02:24:23,600
ever dealt with ancient 
Commerce, would understand why 

2750
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:27,200
Hermes Zeus's son with the nymph
Maya, became the messenger. 

2751
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,500
God, the underworld's guide and 
the patron of Travelers, 

2752
02:24:30,500 --> 02:24:34,900
merchants and thieves, Hermes 
served, as the gods translator 

2753
02:24:34,900 --> 02:24:38,400
and Diplomat as well, which was 
extremely helpful in a household

2754
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:41,500
where poor communication 
frequently resulted in plagues 

2755
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:45,600
Wars and the transformation of 
humans into different plants and

2756
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:48,200
animals because she was 
primarily concerned with 

2757
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:50,600
providing, food for more 
Mortals, rather than becoming 

2758
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:54,100
embroiled in the power struggles
and romantic entanglements, that

2759
02:24:54,100 --> 02:24:57,800
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 
the goddess of agriculture and 

2760
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:00,900
the Harvest remained. 
One of the more stable figures 

2761
02:25:00,900 --> 02:25:04,000
in the pantheon later when her 
daughter Persephone became the 

2762
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:07,200
focus of the first kidnapping 
scandal in the Underworld, her 

2763
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:09,800
major drama would unfold. 
You would think that the 

2764
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:13,300
Olympians would have spent their
time as Sage kind Lords of the 

2765
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,200
universe after they had taken up
residence in their new digs and 

2766
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:18,400
Established their various Divine
portfolios. 

2767
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,300
Rather they acted like a very 
strong hybrid of middle 

2768
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:25,300
management and reality TV stars,
complete with the petty envious 

2769
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:27,600
and bad decision-making. 
Traits that go along with that, 

2770
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:31,200
with his views on marriage, 
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 

2771
02:25:31,200 --> 02:25:34,500
The king of the Gods established
the standard for the entire 

2772
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:37,500
Pantheon, Zeus, pursued, 
romantic relationships with 

2773
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:41,100
Gods, nymphs, and Mortals with 
the Zeal of someone collecting 

2774
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:43,700
rare stamps. 
Treating monogamy as more of a 

2775
02:25:43,708 --> 02:25:46,700
suggestion than a commitment, 
even though he was married to 

2776
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,200
Hera his inventive methods of 
courtship involved changing into

2777
02:25:50,200 --> 02:25:53,100
different animals, natural 
phenomena, and inanimate 

2778
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:55,500
objects. 
Anything, it took to get past is

2779
02:25:55,500 --> 02:25:59,400
Target's common sense, or his 
wife's prying eyes for her part,

2780
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:02,000
Hera handled her husband's 
adultery with the forbearance of

2781
02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:05,500
someone who had long since given
up on a traditional marriage and

2782
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:08,100
determined that retaliation was 
more fulfilling than 

2783
02:26:08,100 --> 02:26:10,600
forgiveness. 
Zeus did control lightning after

2784
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:12,200
all. 
So here are usually vented, her 

2785
02:26:12,200 --> 02:26:14,800
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 
their offspring rather than 

2786
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:18,200
directly facing Zeus. 
With its imaginative, tortures 

2787
02:26:18,200 --> 02:26:20,400
impossible tasks and 
Transformations. 

2788
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:22,200
That would make contemporary 
horror films. 

2789
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:25,800
Seem mild a persecution of 
Zeus's Conquest became so 

2790
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:29,400
methodical that it resembled A 
Small industry, the marriage of 

2791
02:26:29,400 --> 02:26:31,900
the couple turned into an 
example of how to fail at 

2792
02:26:31,900 --> 02:26:36,400
managing relationship issues. 
When Zeus had an affair here, I 

2793
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:38,500
would discover it and punish 
everyone but Zeus. 

2794
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:41,600
Zeus would then get upset about 
Harrah's meddling and the 

2795
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:45,100
ensuing marital conflict would 
materialize as natural disasters

2796
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:48,100
that would make life miserable 
for everyone on the planet 

2797
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:53,400
frequently, earthquakes, floods,
droughts and plagues were merely

2798
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:56,500
unintended consequences of the 
Divine couple resolving their 

2799
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:59,200
problems. 
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 

2800
02:26:59,208 --> 02:27:01,200
governed. 
The Seas approached marriage 

2801
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:04,400
with the same temperament that 
his brother did because Poseidon

2802
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:06,800
was Notorious for taking 
personal offense, as small 

2803
02:27:06,800 --> 02:27:09,800
slights, and expressing his 
refer through storms. 

2804
02:27:09,800 --> 02:27:13,400
That could sink entire fleets 
sea monsters and tsunamis 

2805
02:27:13,400 --> 02:27:16,300
Sailors learned to make 
offerings before every Voyage. 

2806
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:20,100
Not because they were deeply 
religious, he was the type of 

2807
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:23,000
God who would destroy your ship,
because he didn't, like the way 

2808
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,100
you treated him and then accuse 
you of not treating him with the

2809
02:27:26,100 --> 02:27:28,000
respect. 
He deserved with less 

2810
02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:30,500
shapeshifting and more 
involuntary conversion of his 

2811
02:27:30,500 --> 02:27:33,700
romantic interests and to 
various sea creatures, the Sea 

2812
02:27:33,700 --> 02:27:37,700
Gods love life, was nearly as 
complicated as Zeus's beside and

2813
02:27:37,700 --> 02:27:40,300
reportedly thought that the 
ideal way to remember, love 

2814
02:27:40,300 --> 02:27:43,000
affair was to transform his 
ex-lover into a species of fish 

2815
02:27:43,000 --> 02:27:46,800
or a coral reef resulting in a 
Mediterranean teeming with 

2816
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:50,300
aquatic creatures with deeply 
personal history, as the lord of

2817
02:27:50,308 --> 02:27:53,300
the underworld Hades gained a 
reputation for being the most 

2818
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:56,700
practical of the Three Brothers.
Presumably due to the fact that 

2819
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,900
handling the Dead Called for 
more administrative expertise 

2820
02:27:59,900 --> 02:28:02,600
than artistic Flair with 
appropriate admissions. 

2821
02:28:02,600 --> 02:28:06,000
Procedures classification, 
schemes for various Soul types 

2822
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,200
and explicit protocols for 
exceptional situations. 

2823
02:28:09,200 --> 02:28:13,200
The underworld functioned like a
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 

2824
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:15,800
avoided most of his family's 
drama and concentrated on the 

2825
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:18,700
pragmatics of divine rule 
because he seldom left his 

2826
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:21,300
domain. 
Even though they were twins 

2827
02:28:21,300 --> 02:28:24,100
Apollo and Artemis had quite 
different approaches to their 

2828
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,000
Divine duties, with the Zeal of 
a performer who never 

2829
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:30,200
encountered an audience, he 
didn't wish to Dazzle, Apollo 

2830
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:33,700
embraced his role, as the god of
poetry music and the sun 

2831
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:37,900
inspired poets created Music. 
Contests and moved the sun 

2832
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:41,000
across the sky every day with 
the punctuality of someone who 

2833
02:28:41,000 --> 02:28:42,800
knew that crops and plants 
relied on him. 

2834
02:28:42,800 --> 02:28:45,800
On the other hand, Artemis 
approached her responsibilities,

2835
02:28:45,800 --> 02:28:49,100
as the moon and Hunt goddess 
with the gravity of a wildlife 

2836
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:51,500
preserve manager. 
She kept a pack of hunting 

2837
02:28:51,500 --> 02:28:54,500
hounds that could follow anyone 
over any terrain, demanded 

2838
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,700
complete Chastity from her 
followers and dealt with swiftly

2839
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:01,100
and often fatally with those who
disobeyed her a successful hunt 

2840
02:29:01,100 --> 02:29:04,100
followed by an evening with her 
nymphs away from the complexity 

2841
02:29:04,100 --> 02:29:08,500
of Olympic family Dynamics. 
Was her idea of a good time with

2842
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:10,800
the methodical accuracy of a 
military strategist. 

2843
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:14,300
And the intellectual curiosity 
of a scholar Athena approached 

2844
02:29:14,300 --> 02:29:17,400
her dual roles as goddess of 
wisdom and warfare after 

2845
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:20,300
defeating Poseidon in a 
competition to deter, Men who 

2846
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:22,000
could give the city, the most 
useful gift. 

2847
02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:24,500
She was made the patron goddess 
of Athens. 

2848
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:28,000
Athena offered an olive tree 
while Poseidon offered a 

2849
02:29:28,000 --> 02:29:30,100
saltwater Spring by selecting 
the tree. 

2850
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:33,500
The Athenians showed that even 
in Antiquity people valued 

2851
02:29:33,500 --> 02:29:36,600
sustainable agriculture over 
ostentatious, but unworkable 

2852
02:29:36,600 --> 02:29:39,800
gestures examining. 
Aphrodite is distinct role in 

2853
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:42,700
Divine chaos is essential to any
discussion of Olympic 

2854
02:29:42,700 --> 02:29:46,100
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 
The Goddess of beauty and love 

2855
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,200
had the ability to make anyone 
fall in love with anyone else. 

2856
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:52,900
Regardless of their existing 
relationships tastes or common 

2857
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:55,800
sense, with all the Restraint of
someone who had been granted 

2858
02:29:55,800 --> 02:29:58,900
access to a nuclear reactor and 
told it was a new type of 

2859
02:29:58,908 --> 02:30:01,300
NightLight she used this 
ability. 

2860
02:30:02,700 --> 02:30:05,700
Aphrodite is own romantic life 
served as an example of the 

2861
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:07,400
difficulties, her realm could 
bring about. 

2862
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:11,200
She had an egregious affair with
orys the God of War, even though

2863
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,200
she was married to her fists, 
the most loving, and loyal of 

2864
02:30:14,200 --> 02:30:16,600
the Gods. 
The Greeks were fascinated by 

2865
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:18,900
The Cosmic irony. 
That resulted from the 

2866
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:21,500
relationship between the God of 
War and the goddess of love. 

2867
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:24,900
It seemed that the two or more 
closely related than anyone 

2868
02:30:24,900 --> 02:30:27,500
wanted to acknowledge. 
One of Olympus is biggest 

2869
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:29,000
scandals arose from their 
Affair. 

2870
02:30:29,000 --> 02:30:32,500
When her fists leaving, his wife
was cheating, created an 

2871
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:36,400
impenetrable invisible web After
putting it over his marital bed,

2872
02:30:36,400 --> 02:30:39,600
he declared that he would be 
gone for a few days believing. 

2873
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:42,800
They had privacy Aphrodite in 
Aries, were caught in the act 

2874
02:30:42,800 --> 02:30:44,900
when the net and snared them in 
a precarious situation. 

2875
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:49,200
The other gods were then invited
by her Faustus to observe, his 

2876
02:30:49,208 --> 02:30:52,200
wife's disloyalty. 
The goddess is remained at home 

2877
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:55,000
in embarrassment. 
While the male Gods came to gaze

2878
02:30:55,000 --> 02:30:58,500
and chuckle the entire incident 
showed that even Divine beings 

2879
02:30:58,500 --> 02:31:01,400
could suffer public humiliation 
comparable to that of 

2880
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:03,200
contemporary social media 
scandals. 

2881
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:05,800
Greek mythologies. 
Most well known Tales are the 

2882
02:31:05,808 --> 02:31:09,200
result of Aphrodite meddling in 
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite 

2883
02:31:09,200 --> 02:31:12,300
bribed, Paris of Troy with the 
love of Helen who was already 

2884
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:16,000
married to Menelaus of Sparta 
starting the Trojan War, which 

2885
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:18,100
claimed thousands of lives. 
And destroyed. 

2886
02:31:18,100 --> 02:31:21,300
One of the greatest cities in 
Antiquity Paris is choice of 

2887
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:25,300
Aphrodite is offer over here and
Athena's Alternatives set off a 

2888
02:31:25,300 --> 02:31:28,200
series of events that would 
change the ancient world and 

2889
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:30,600
Inspire epic poetry for 
centuries to come. 

2890
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:33,400
Additionally, the goddess was 
skilled at fabricating and 

2891
02:31:33,400 --> 02:31:37,100
probable romantic scenarios. 
She caused King Minos of Crete's

2892
02:31:37,100 --> 02:31:40,100
wife, pacifier to fall in love 
with the ball, which resulted in

2893
02:31:40,108 --> 02:31:42,700
the creation of the Minotaur and
the requirement for a complex 

2894
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,800
Labyrinth to keep the beast in. 
Check she made mirror fall in 

2895
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:49,000
love with Own father which led 
to a family Scandal that even 

2896
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:52,300
the gods found awkward and the 
birth of Adonis, she inspired 

2897
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,000
the sculptor pigmalion to fall 
in love with his own statue. 

2898
02:31:55,000 --> 02:31:58,400
But in that instance she felt 
sorry for him and made the 

2899
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:01,700
Statue come to life as galatea. 
Aphrodite is approached to her 

2900
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:04,500
Divine duties, was exemplified 
by these interventions. 

2901
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:08,400
She felt that love was the most 
potent force in the universe and

2902
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:10,000
that everyone should experience 
it. 

2903
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:13,700
Regardless of whether they 
desired, it were prepared for it

2904
02:32:13,700 --> 02:32:17,900
or could bear its consequences. 
A gift of love was like getting 

2905
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:22,100
a wild animal as a pet. 
Beautiful, thrilling and able to

2906
02:32:22,100 --> 02:32:24,600
ruin your entire life. 
If you don't treat it with the 

2907
02:32:24,608 --> 02:32:28,600
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 
is meddling in their Affairs, 

2908
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:30,200
taught the other gods to be 
cautious. 

2909
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,000
She was not above using her 
power to settle scores, or 

2910
02:32:33,000 --> 02:32:35,900
further her own agenda and she 
could make them fall in love 

2911
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:39,100
with Mortals with each other, or
with totally inappropriate 

2912
02:32:39,100 --> 02:32:41,600
targets. 
The last things you needed was 

2913
02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:44,700
for hero to have Divine help. 
Complicate, his already complex,

2914
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:47,300
love life. 
So even he was cautious, not to 

2915
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:50,300
offend his daughter too much. 
Despite his own difficult 

2916
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:53,500
relationship with Fidelity 
Hermes approached, godhood like 

2917
02:32:53,500 --> 02:32:56,900
someone attempting to construct 
the perfect resume or as his 

2918
02:32:56,900 --> 02:33:00,000
fellow Olympians focused on 
specific facets of divine 

2919
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:03,400
responsibility, despite having 
more job titles than a 

2920
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,800
contemporary startup CEO. 
Hermes was able to excel at all 

2921
02:33:06,800 --> 02:33:09,800
of them. 
Messenger of the Gods Guide, to 

2922
02:33:09,800 --> 02:33:14,000
the underworld hate of merchants
protector of Travelers and 

2923
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:18,100
divine sponsor of Thieves 
Hermes, adaptability resulted 

2924
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:21,500
from both necessity, and his 
personality being Zeus's 

2925
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,200
youngest son, he had to 
establish his own place in a 

2926
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:27,700
Pantheon, or is older more. 
Established relatives had 

2927
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:31,000
already claimed all the evident 
Divine portfolios being the god.

2928
02:33:31,000 --> 02:33:33,700
You called, when you needed 
something done, fast, quietly, 

2929
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:36,700
or creatively was his answer to 
becoming indispensable to 

2930
02:33:36,700 --> 02:33:40,300
everyone, both Divine and 
Mortal, his position, as a 

2931
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:43,300
Divine messenger, demanded 
diplomatic abilities that would 

2932
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:47,200
stump experts in contemporary 
international relations, Hermes 

2933
02:33:47,200 --> 02:33:50,300
frequently, mediated truces in 
Wars, where both sides viewed 

2934
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:53,800
compromises, a sign of weakness 
delivered news that would have 

2935
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:57,100
made recipients want to shoot 
the messenger except that he was

2936
02:33:57,100 --> 02:34:01,400
Immortal and Incredibly Swift. 
And carried messages between 

2937
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:03,800
Gods who were actively 
attempting to kill one another 

2938
02:34:03,800 --> 02:34:06,000
escorting. 
Souls to the underworld was 

2939
02:34:06,000 --> 02:34:08,200
another of the messenger Gods 
responsibilities. 

2940
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:12,000
This task called for a special 
blend of efficiency and empathy 

2941
02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:15,500
without becoming overly invested
in each person's unique story, 

2942
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:18,500
Hermes had to assist recently 
deceased Mortals in 

2943
02:34:18,508 --> 02:34:21,700
comprehending, their predicament
navigating, the formalities of 

2944
02:34:21,708 --> 02:34:25,700
death, and transporting them to 
their ultimate destinations with

2945
02:34:25,700 --> 02:34:28,800
a path that Ended from Earth to 
the lowest reaches of Hades. 

2946
02:34:28,800 --> 02:34:32,700
It was similar to being a cosmic
social worker Hermes recognized 

2947
02:34:32,700 --> 02:34:35,500
that last knee and commerce were
frequently separated by little 

2948
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:37,700
more than legal nuances, and 
clever marketing. 

2949
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:42,000
Which is why he supported both 
thieves and Merchants the 

2950
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:43,800
skills. 
Necessary for ancient trades 

2951
02:34:43,800 --> 02:34:47,200
such as the ability to quickly 
determine value, negotiate under

2952
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:49,400
pressure and occasionally make 
quick exits. 

2953
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,400
When deals went wrong were very 
similar to those needed for 

2954
02:34:52,400 --> 02:34:54,900
theft though. 
He favored his Protege to 

2955
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:57,600
concentrate on the former 
whenever feasible Herm is 

2956
02:34:57,600 --> 02:35:00,500
recognized, the entrepreneurial 
Spirit inherent in both legal 

2957
02:35:00,500 --> 02:35:03,600
business and creative theft 
since Travelers, risky, 

2958
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:06,100
uncertain, and necessary for 
survival. 

2959
02:35:06,100 --> 02:35:09,600
In those days, he was one of the
most widely worshiped gods in 

2960
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:12,200
Antiquity for protecting 
Travelers prayers. 

2961
02:35:12,200 --> 02:35:14,500
To Hermes, could mean the 
difference between arriving at 

2962
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:17,700
your destination and becoming a 
cautionary tale for future 

2963
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:20,900
Travelers. 
His symbols also indicated safe,

2964
02:35:20,900 --> 02:35:24,600
lodging and trusted Merchants. 
Hermes is roadside shrines 

2965
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:27,500
marked, safe, places to rest the
gods creativity. 

2966
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:30,800
Went beyond his work obligations
to include his Hobbies after 

2967
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:33,200
transforming a tortoise shell 
into a musical instrument 

2968
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:37,300
Hermes, created the liar, and 
gave it to Apollo in return for 

2969
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:40,800
being acknowledged as the Divine
patron of animal husbandry, in 

2970
02:35:40,800 --> 02:35:43,600
addition, to creating the first 
alphabet, and the panpipes. 

2971
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:46,300
He also set the rules for 
athletic competitions. 

2972
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:49,000
Like someone who viewed 
immortality as a chance to 

2973
02:35:49,000 --> 02:35:51,700
become an expert in every 
possible skill and Pastime. 

2974
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:55,500
His Creative Energy seemed 
Limitless because of his many 

2975
02:35:55,500 --> 02:35:58,600
roles that kept him busy and on 
the road as well, as the fact 

2976
02:35:58,600 --> 02:36:01,300
that he had mastered, the art of
remaining impartial in family 

2977
02:36:01,300 --> 02:36:05,000
disputes, Hermes is relationship
with his family, was noticeably 

2978
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,400
more harmonious than most 
Olympic relationships in 

2979
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:10,100
general. 
He was the family member who 

2980
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,000
could be relied upon, not to 
exacerbate already, existing 

2981
02:36:13,000 --> 02:36:16,900
issues mediated compromises that
allowed everyone to save face 

2982
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,400
and conveyed messages between 
Warring relatives without taking

2983
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:24,000
sides perhaps because he was too
busy to become deeply involved 

2984
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:26,400
in the kind of dramatic 
relationships that took up so 

2985
02:36:26,400 --> 02:36:29,200
much of his family's time. 
His romantic life was 

2986
02:36:29,200 --> 02:36:31,400
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs, 

2987
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,300
although Hermes had 
relationships and Affairs, they 

2988
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,400
were usually short-lived 
Pleasant and devoid of the 

2989
02:36:37,408 --> 02:36:41,600
curses Metamorphoses and natural
catastrophes, that marked other 

2990
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:45,200
Divine romances Demeter was 
arguably, the most useful and 

2991
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:46,500
necessary of all the Olympic 
Gods. 

2992
02:36:46,500 --> 02:36:50,000
She governed whether people ate 
or starved where the crops 

2993
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:53,700
thrived or failed, and whether 
civilization survived or fell 

2994
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:56,300
apart due to famine as the 
goddess of agriculture, the 

2995
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:58,400
Harvest and the fertility of the
earth. 

2996
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,300
She was one of the more steady 
independable members of the 

2997
02:37:01,300 --> 02:37:04,000
pantheon because of her work, 
which required patience 

2998
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,300
attention to detail and a 
thorough, understanding of 

2999
02:37:07,300 --> 02:37:09,800
natural cycles Demeter. 
Took her Heavenly 

3000
02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:12,800
responsibility. 
Seriously, as if she knew that 

3001
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:16,500
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with the 

3002
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,300
commitment of a scientist and 
the power of Someone who could 

3003
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:21,500
personally modify these 
variables when needed. 

3004
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,600
She kept an eye on plant 
diseases, whether patterns and 

3005
02:37:25,600 --> 02:37:28,700
soil conditions because 
Demeter's mood could affect 

3006
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:31,400
whether their family, survived 
the winter Farmers. 

3007
02:37:31,400 --> 02:37:34,200
Learn to keep an eye out for 
indications of her favor or 

3008
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:36,200
disapproval. 
In contrast to some of her 

3009
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:39,400
relatives who appear to see 
humans, mainly as Amusement. 

3010
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:42,800
She had a generally positive 
relationship with Mortals, 

3011
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:45,900
Demetra established, the 
religious festivals that enabled

3012
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:49,000
communities to commemorate 
Bountiful harvests, while 

3013
02:37:49,000 --> 02:37:52,300
preparing for the upcoming lean 
months, taught agriculture to 

3014
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:55,500
early civilizations and imparted
the knowledge of bread-making 

3015
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:58,900
and food preservation. 
She was the type of goddess who 

3016
02:37:58,900 --> 02:38:01,700
genuinely wished for her 
followers to succeed and was 

3017
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:04,400
prepared to put in the effort 
necessary to achieve that goal. 

3018
02:38:05,500 --> 02:38:06,800
The trauma of losing her 
daughter. 

3019
02:38:06,800 --> 02:38:10,100
Persephone was exacerbated by 
this pragmatic caring approach. 

3020
02:38:10,100 --> 02:38:13,900
The story started, when Hades 
decided he needed a wife because

3021
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:17,100
he was lonely in his underworld 
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 

3022
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:19,600
the dead alone. 
Hades, simply abducted, 

3023
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:22,300
Persephone as she was gathering 
flowers in a meadow and dragged 

3024
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:24,400
her down to his realm through a 
fissure in the ground. 

3025
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:27,300
By passing the intricate 
courtship rights. 

3026
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:29,700
That other gods had to go 
through when her daughter 

3027
02:38:29,700 --> 02:38:31,600
vanished. 
Demeter's response was prompt 

3028
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:34,600
and decisive. 
She neglected, the crops the 

3029
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:37,400
seasons, and the whole natural 
cycle, that kept the world 

3030
02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:39,000
running. 
As she turned her back on her 

3031
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:41,900
Divine duties, and started 
looking for Persephone on the 

3032
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,400
earth. 
Fruit trees, withered Fields, 

3033
02:38:44,400 --> 02:38:46,400
went arid and the planet 
entered. 

3034
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:51,100
What was effectively the first 
nuclear winter only this time a 

3035
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:52,400
grieving mother with 
supernatural. 

3036
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:56,200
Abilities was to blame rather 
than Atomic Fallout the goddess,

3037
02:38:56,200 --> 02:38:58,900
followed every rumor and 
possibility as she searched the 

3038
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:02,000
known world and Beyond while 
living among Mortals, and 

3039
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:04,900
disguising herself as an elderly
woman, she witnessed their 

3040
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:07,300
cruel. 
In kindness first hand and never

3041
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:10,800
gave up on finding her daughter.
Nothing could grow while Demeter

3042
02:39:10,800 --> 02:39:13,500
was in mourning because I grief 
was so deep that it impacted the

3043
02:39:13,500 --> 02:39:15,200
very nature of fertility and 
growth. 

3044
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:17,800
The other gods realized they 
were facing a crisis. 

3045
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,700
When famine swept the planet and
Mortal started to perish from 

3046
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:24,700
starvation, empty temples do not
produce the ore and adoration 

3047
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:27,900
that God's need for their mental
health and dead worshipers do 

3048
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:30,700
not offer sacrifices. 
When it became evident that 

3049
02:39:30,700 --> 02:39:33,500
Demeter's, labor strike would 
bring civilization to an end and

3050
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:36,600
unless something was done. 
Zeus who had previously ignored 

3051
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:39,200
the issue in the hopes that it 
would end on its own was 

3052
02:39:39,200 --> 02:39:42,000
compelled to step in a delicate 
diplomatic issue. 

3053
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:45,200
Confronted the king of the Gods 
since the underworld was Hades 

3054
02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:48,300
Sovereign territory, and forcing
him to give up his bride would 

3055
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:51,100
set a precedent that might 
restrict Zeus's own romantic 

3056
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:53,700
Adventures. 
He couldn't just order Hades to 

3057
02:39:53,700 --> 02:39:57,800
return Persephone since Demeter 
had justifiable complaints and 

3058
02:39:57,800 --> 02:39:59,700
the other gods were beginning to
feel sorry for her. 

3059
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:02,600
He was unable to order her to 
return to her duties. 

3060
02:40:03,200 --> 02:40:06,000
He required a solution that 
would save face for all parties 

3061
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,300
while also satisfying, everyone 
Zeus despatched. 

3062
02:40:09,300 --> 02:40:12,300
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 
proposing to acknowledge the 

3063
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:14,500
Union in return for 
Persephone's, Liberty to visit, 

3064
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:18,100
her mother Hades consented, but 
only on the Proviso that anyone 

3065
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:20,600
who ate in the realm of the 
Dead, would inevitably return 

3066
02:40:20,600 --> 02:40:23,300
there because Persephone had 
eaten pomegranate seeds while in

3067
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,500
the Underworld, the compromise 
reached during the negotiations.

3068
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,400
Gave everyone a sense of partial
success, but did not fully 

3069
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:33,000
satisfy anyone every year. 
Persephone would spend some time

3070
02:40:33,000 --> 02:40:35,600
with her mother on Earth and 
sometime with her husband in the

3071
02:40:35,608 --> 02:40:38,400
Underworld only, when her 
daughter was present, would meet

3072
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,200
her return to her duties. 
The arrangement established the 

3073
02:40:41,200 --> 02:40:44,800
seasons ottoman winter when 
passione returned to Hades and 

3074
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:48,900
Demeter sorrow, put the world to
rest and spring and summer when 

3075
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:52,100
Persephone returned to Earth and
Demeter's happiness, caused 

3076
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:54,700
everything to blue because of 
her exceptional. 

3077
02:40:54,700 --> 02:40:57,900
Blend of military skill and 
intellectual prowess Athena 

3078
02:40:57,900 --> 02:41:01,400
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 

3079
02:41:01,400 --> 02:41:04,900
She stood for the delib. 
Calculated approach to fighting 

3080
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:08,600
as a posed to the violent Mayhem
that defined her half-brother 

3081
02:41:08,600 --> 02:41:12,700
Ari's realm Athena stood for the
strategy tactics and strategic 

3082
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:15,900
application of force that could 
win conflicts with the fewest 

3083
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:18,200
possible. 
Casualties, while Aries, 

3084
02:41:18,200 --> 02:41:20,900
symbolized, the heedless rage 
and bloodlust of combat. 

3085
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:25,100
A peculiar birth emerging fully 
developed an armed from Zeus's 

3086
02:41:25,100 --> 02:41:26,900
head after injected, her 
pregnant mother. 

3087
02:41:27,600 --> 02:41:30,900
Represented the kind of 
instantaneous comprehensive 

3088
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:34,100
knowledge that defined her 
method of problem-solving in 

3089
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:36,300
contrast to other gods who 
acquired knowledge through 

3090
02:41:36,300 --> 02:41:38,600
experience or gradually improve 
their skills. 

3091
02:41:39,300 --> 02:41:43,000
Athena came into being fully in 
control of her Realms and aware 

3092
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:45,800
of the ways in which war and 
wisdom could work in tandem. 

3093
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:49,200
Athena's, wisdom was useful 
actionable intelligence. 

3094
02:41:49,200 --> 02:41:52,600
That could be used to solve 
actual issues, not the abstract 

3095
02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:55,500
philosophical, kind that is 
discussed in academic settings, 

3096
02:41:55,500 --> 02:41:58,700
by teaching Mortals, how to make
better tools, stronger, 

3097
02:41:58,700 --> 02:42:01,900
buildings and innovations that 
enhance their daily lives. 

3098
02:42:01,900 --> 02:42:05,800
She Rose to become the patroness
of craftsmanship, architecture 

3099
02:42:05,800 --> 02:42:08,700
and Technology. 
Her contributions to humanity 

3100
02:42:08,700 --> 02:42:11,600
were practical abilities that 
enabled civilization, rather 

3101
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:15,100
than impersonal ideas. 
This practical wisdom was 

3102
02:42:15,100 --> 02:42:18,700
reflected in her approach to 
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 

3103
02:42:18,700 --> 02:42:21,900
that won battles with few 
resources and casualties or as 

3104
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:24,700
Aries favored direct conflict 
and over Force. 

3105
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:27,200
She was the goddess. 
You prayed to when you had to 

3106
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:30,800
defeat a stronger foe, defend 
your city against insurmountable

3107
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:35,100
odds or win by cunning rather 
than Brute Force, Athena 

3108
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:37,700
strategic thinking was 
exemplified by her competition 

3109
02:42:37,700 --> 02:42:39,900
with Poseidon for the patronage 
of Athens. 

3110
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:43,000
Both gods were asked to present 
gifts that would help the 

3111
02:42:43,000 --> 02:42:46,300
populace when the city needed, a
patron, deity, impressive, 

3112
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:49,100
dramatic, and ultimately 
pointless for a city that 

3113
02:42:49,100 --> 02:42:52,600
already had access to the Sea 
Poseidon, struck the ground with

3114
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:54,800
his Trident and created a spring
of saltwater. 

3115
02:42:54,800 --> 02:42:58,000
By planting an olive. 
Tree Athena gave the city access

3116
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:01,300
to food, lamp oil, building 
materials, and a sustainable 

3117
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:02,800
resource. 
That would last for many 

3118
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:05,700
generations. 
The Athenian selected Athena's 

3119
02:43:05,700 --> 02:43:07,500
gift because they understood 
that its usefulness. 

3120
02:43:07,500 --> 02:43:09,400
Outweighed ostentatious 
displays. 

3121
02:43:09,400 --> 02:43:13,300
This Choice made Athens, a hub 
of knowledge, wisdom and 

3122
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,900
strategic thinking values that 
would go on to produce some of 

3123
02:43:16,908 --> 02:43:20,000
the greatest philosophers 
Architects and Military 

3124
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:23,000
commanders in history. 
Long after faith, in the ancient

3125
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:26,800
gods had waned, Athena's 
influence continued to shape the

3126
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:31,200
city's personality She served as
an example of how Divine wisdom 

3127
02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:34,800
could impact mortal conflicts 
during the Trojan War Athena 

3128
02:43:34,800 --> 02:43:37,100
sided with the Greeks because 
she thought they embodied the 

3129
02:43:37,100 --> 02:43:40,500
values of tactical Innovation 
and strategic thinking that she 

3130
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:43,500
valued while other gods made 
their decisions based on 

3131
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:46,000
personal preferences or familial
allegiances. 

3132
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:49,100
She helped create the Trojan 
Horse strategy that ultimately 

3133
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:52,500
put an end to the 10-year Siege 
and gave advice to Heroes, like 

3134
02:43:52,500 --> 02:43:55,500
Odysseus who approached 
obstacles with cunning rather 

3135
02:43:55,500 --> 02:43:57,700
than force compared to other 
gods. 

3136
02:43:57,700 --> 02:43:59,700
Athena had very different 
relationships. 

3137
02:43:59,700 --> 02:44:03,100
With Mortals, Athena established
mentoring relationships, based 

3138
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:06,800
on respect for one another and a
common interest in ideas as 

3139
02:44:06,800 --> 02:44:09,500
opposed to the intense 
frequently destructive romantic 

3140
02:44:09,500 --> 02:44:11,900
entanglements. 
That defined her relatives 

3141
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:14,800
interactions with humans. 
She inspired inventors to 

3142
02:44:14,808 --> 02:44:18,000
develop new technologies, 
mentored artists to hone their 

3143
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:21,500
craft and Council military 
leaders on tactics to safeguard 

3144
02:44:21,500 --> 02:44:23,500
their troops. 
She made a philosophical 

3145
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:26,500
statement about the nature of 
wisdom by choosing to remain a 

3146
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:29,000
virgin forever. 
Athena was aware that Romantic 

3147
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:32,000
relationships frequently 
weakened judgment and calls 

3148
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,500
loyalties, to be split traits 
that were incompatible with the 

3149
02:44:35,500 --> 02:44:38,800
rational thought, necessary for 
both wisdom and successful 

3150
02:44:38,800 --> 02:44:40,900
combat. 
She was able to maintain the 

3151
02:44:40,900 --> 02:44:43,900
objectively required to base 
decisions on Merit, rather than 

3152
02:44:43,900 --> 02:44:48,000
Emotion by staying unattached. 
When disputes arose between 

3153
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:51,600
Mortals and other gods, the 
goddess also acted as a Divine 

3154
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:55,100
mediator, she was uniquely 
suited to comprehend both sides 

3155
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:57,000
of arguments and come up with 
solutions. 

3156
02:44:57,000 --> 02:45:00,500
That met everyone's justifiable 
interests while averting 

3157
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:04,400
needless violence because of her
wisdom and fighting prowess. 

3158
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:07,300
Not only could she help you win 
but she could do so without 

3159
02:45:07,300 --> 02:45:10,700
causing you any new issues which
made her the god you wanted on 

3160
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:14,500
your side Apollo exemplified 
Divine multitasking on a scale 

3161
02:45:14,500 --> 02:45:17,900
that would impress contemporary 
productivity experts if Athena 

3162
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:22,000
stood for focused expertise as 
the god of the sun music, poetry

3163
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,800
prophecy healing and archery 
Apollo oversaw duties, that 

3164
02:45:25,800 --> 02:45:28,500
would have overwhelmed many 
other gods while upholding 

3165
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:31,100
standards of excellence the 
established benchmarks for 

3166
02:45:31,108 --> 02:45:34,600
Mortals in each of these domains
driving the sun across the sky 

3167
02:45:34,600 --> 02:45:36,600
every day. 
Required a level of consistency 

3168
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:39,700
and punctuality that would be 
difficult for anyone. 

3169
02:45:39,700 --> 02:45:43,100
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 
ensured that daylight reached 

3170
02:45:43,100 --> 02:45:46,500
every corner of the Earth at the
right time and intensity by. 

3171
02:45:46,700 --> 02:45:50,200
Tying his Chariot to four fire 
breathing horses and driving 

3172
02:45:50,200 --> 02:45:53,800
across the heavens every morning
because the entire natural world

3173
02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:57,300
relied on his dependability, it 
was a duty that did not permit 

3174
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,400
sick days vacation time or the 
opportunity to sleep in. 

3175
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:03,500
He became the first crossover 
artists in history. 

3176
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:07,100
Thanks to his musical abilities.
Apollo was more than just a 

3177
02:46:07,100 --> 02:46:09,300
musician. 
He created musical, instruments 

3178
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:12,700
established, the concepts of 
Rhythm and Harmony and served as

3179
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:16,200
an inspiration to his fellow 
gods and Mortal musicians, his 

3180
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:19,000
musical contest established, the
bar for artistic Brilliance, 

3181
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:21,600
that mortal musicians would aim 
to reach for centuries. 

3182
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:24,600
And his liar, became the 
standard instrument for divine 

3183
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:26,600
performances. 
Poetry, that was both 

3184
02:46:26,600 --> 02:46:28,500
entertaining. 
And prophetic was produced by 

3185
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,200
the gods, through a combination 
of technical skill and divine 

3186
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:33,700
inspiration. 
In addition to telling tales and

3187
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:37,000
expressing feelings Apollo's, 
poetry all so offered moral 

3188
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:40,700
advice, disclosed future 
realities and preserved, the 

3189
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:43,500
cultural knowledge that 
societies required to endure, 

3190
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:47,200
and Thrive his impact on Mortal 
poets was so great that 

3191
02:46:47,200 --> 02:46:50,200
inspiration itself, came to be 
seen as a sign of divine 

3192
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:52,400
possession by Apollo or his 
muses. 

3193
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:56,000
The most significant source of 
prophetic guidance. 

3194
02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:59,900
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 

3195
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:02,500
Priestess pythia, gave 
prophecies that affected. 

3196
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:06,700
Greek politics colonization war,
and Private Affairs city-states 

3197
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,300
sorted, Vice, before founding 
new colonies, individual sort 

3198
02:47:10,300 --> 02:47:12,700
advice on everything from 
Marriage prospects to career 

3199
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:15,800
choices, and King sought the 
Oracle before making important 

3200
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,700
decisions, the oracle's 
predictions were renowned for 

3201
02:47:18,700 --> 02:47:22,000
being cryptic, necessitating 
interpretation that frequently 

3202
02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:24,500
became clear only after the 
events had taken place. 

3203
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,700
This ambiguity was a 
characteristic that represented 

3204
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:31,000
Apollo's view of the proper 
operation of Prophecy, not a 

3205
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:34,000
weakness in the system. 
Free Will and the lessons that 

3206
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:37,300
Mortals needed to learn via 
experience would be eliminated 

3207
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:39,800
by direct predictions. 
While maintaining the 

3208
02:47:39,800 --> 02:47:42,100
flexibility to make decisions 
and grow from them. 

3209
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:45,200
Cryptic guidance offered 
guidance because of his 

3210
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:48,600
expertise in medicine Apollo was
able to both cause and cure 

3211
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:52,100
plagues making him. 
The Divine physician Apollo's 

3212
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:54,400
arrows have the power to spread 
disease that wiped out entire 

3213
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:56,500
populations. 
When Mortals offended him or 

3214
02:47:56,500 --> 02:48:00,200
other gods, he could heal wounds
Holt epidemics and in part 

3215
02:48:00,208 --> 02:48:02,400
medical knowledge to Mortals. 
So they could take care of 

3216
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:04,100
themselves. 
If he was duly honored and 

3217
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:06,700
placated, the Greek 
understanding that Health 

3218
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:09,100
depended on upholding 
appropriate, relationships, with

3219
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:13,200
Divine forces, was reflected in 
his dual role as both the cause 

3220
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:15,700
and the Cure of illness. 
Even among the gods. 

3221
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:18,800
His archery prowess was 
legendary fusing Supernatural 

3222
02:48:18,800 --> 02:48:20,500
accuracy with physical 
dexterity. 

3223
02:48:20,500 --> 02:48:24,100
Whether he was hunting, wild 
animals reprimanding Mortals who

3224
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:27,200
had wronged him or engaging in 
competition with other archers 

3225
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:29,800
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 
hit their targets. 

3226
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:32,200
He was the patron deity of 
athletes. 

3227
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:35,200
And competitors, who aimed for 
flawless performance, because 

3228
02:48:35,200 --> 02:48:37,600
his skill with the bow 
represented, the accuracy in 

3229
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:41,200
concentration needed for success
in any Endeavor, despite his 

3230
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:44,800
Divine status and impressive 
array of talents Apollo's 

3231
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:47,300
romantic relationships were 
notably unsuccessful. 

3232
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:50,600
When Daphne changed into a 
laurel tree to get away from 

3233
02:48:50,600 --> 02:48:54,300
him, he stopped pursuing her 
Apollo, cursed Cassandra because

3234
02:48:54,308 --> 02:48:56,900
she had promised to be his lover
in exchange for the gift of 

3235
02:48:56,900 --> 02:48:59,200
Prophecy. 
But she had broken the 

3236
02:48:59,200 --> 02:49:01,200
agreement, making her 
predictions. 

3237
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:03,900
Unbelievable. 
He became more understanding of 

3238
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:05,400
Mortals going through similar 
struggles. 

3239
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:07,100
After learning from these failed
relationships. 

3240
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,800
That even Divine Perfection 
could not ensure love success, 

3241
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:14,600
Artemis chose a path that valued
Solitude Independence and the 

3242
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:18,200
wild places that existed outside
of human civilization while her 

3243
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:21,200
twin brother, Apollo embraced, 
the public aspects of godhood 

3244
02:49:21,200 --> 02:49:24,900
with its contests oracles and 
constant interaction with 

3245
02:49:24,900 --> 02:49:27,600
Mortals. 
Like a cosmic mashup of 

3246
02:49:27,608 --> 02:49:30,000
wilderness guide and emergency 
room directors. 

3247
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:32,000
She carved out a Divine 
identity. 

3248
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:36,300
As the goddess of the hunt, the 
moon and childbirth one, that 

3249
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:39,900
was both nurturing and fiercely 
protective Artemis made of 

3250
02:49:39,908 --> 02:49:42,100
philosophical statement about 
autonomy in self-determination 

3251
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:46,300
when she chose to remain 
eternally virgin in addition to 

3252
02:49:46,300 --> 02:49:49,800
it, being a personal choice, as 
a young girl, she begged Zeus to

3253
02:49:49,808 --> 02:49:52,700
give her chest to tea for all 
the ternatea as well as a bow 

3254
02:49:52,700 --> 02:49:55,800
and arrows a pack of hunting 
hounds and a group of nymphs to 

3255
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,100
be her friends. 
It was akin to requesting the 

3256
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:01,500
Ideal feminist starter kit which
included weapons devoted 

3257
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:05,100
Companions and the absence of 
romantic complications her. 

3258
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,800
Hunting Expeditions through the 
ancient world's mountains and 

3259
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:10,200
forests, were renowned for their
accuracy and efficiency. 

3260
02:50:10,200 --> 02:50:13,700
Artemis hunted to keep the 
balance between civilization and

3261
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:17,200
Wilderness ensuring that wild 
animals remained wild while 

3262
02:50:17,200 --> 02:50:20,400
safeguarding human settlements 
from creatures that posed real 

3263
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:23,500
threats. 
She did not hunt for fun or to 

3264
02:50:23,500 --> 02:50:26,000
collect trophies. 
She was the patroness of moral 

3265
02:50:26,000 --> 02:50:29,400
Hunters because our arrows were 
quick, and kind made to kill 

3266
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:32,300
cleanly and without needless 
suffering, one of the most 

3267
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:35,200
effective instances of female, 
camaraderie, and support in 

3268
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:38,000
mythology, was the goddesses 
bond with her nymphs. 

3269
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:41,200
These nature Spirits formed a 
community that functioned 

3270
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:44,700
without the consent or authority
of men, having taken the same 

3271
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,900
vow of Chastity as their 
mistress with the effectiveness 

3272
02:50:47,900 --> 02:50:49,700
of an old-fashioned security 
detail. 

3273
02:50:49,700 --> 02:50:52,700
They hunted traveled and 
defended one another from 

3274
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:56,500
unwelcome romantic advances. 
This selected family was 

3275
02:50:56,500 --> 02:50:59,500
completely infrequently brutally
protected by Artemis. 

3276
02:50:59,500 --> 02:51:03,100
Acton, the hunter was killed by 
his own hunting dogs after she 

3277
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:06,000
changed to him into a stag when 
he unintentionally witnessed her

3278
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:10,200
bathing, This punishment made it
very evident that privacy and 

3279
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,200
consent should be respected in 
order to prove that intelligence

3280
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:14,500
could overcome physical 
strength. 

3281
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:18,200
Artemis deceive the giant 
Hunters Otis and ify altice into

3282
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:20,200
killing each other with their 
own Spears when they tried to 

3283
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:23,600
take her and hear her as wives, 
her status, as a virgin was 

3284
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,200
interestingly contrasted with 
her role as the goddess of 

3285
02:51:26,200 --> 02:51:28,500
childbirth. 
When their mother Leto was in 

3286
02:51:28,508 --> 02:51:29,900
labor. 
Artemis helped. 

3287
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:32,800
Give birth to her own brother, 
which provided her with unique 

3288
02:51:32,800 --> 02:51:35,900
perspective on the difficulties 
and risks involved in bringing a

3289
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:38,700
new life into the world. 
She evolved into the Divine 

3290
02:51:38,700 --> 02:51:41,900
Midwife called upon by goddesses
going through their own maternal

3291
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:44,400
struggles, as well as mortal 
women having a difficult time. 

3292
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,500
Giving birth. 
Because of this Duty Artemis 

3293
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:50,600
became extremely protective of 
expectant, mothers and new 

3294
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:53,100
mothers, extending her 
guardianship Beyond her 

3295
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,500
immediate nymphal circle to 
Encompass any woman who was 

3296
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:59,300
vulnerable during childbirth, 
regardless of their other 

3297
02:51:59,300 --> 02:52:01,600
religious preferences. 
She was one of the most 

3298
02:52:01,608 --> 02:52:05,200
practically significant deities 
for ancient families because her

3299
02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:07,500
interventions could mean the 
difference between life and 

3300
02:52:07,500 --> 02:52:10,600
death for both mother and child,
since lunar cycles were 

3301
02:52:10,600 --> 02:52:13,700
traditionally linked to both 
female biology and the nocturnal

3302
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:17,100
activities that defined much of 
ancient hunting artemisas 

3303
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:20,100
association with the moon 
complimented her hunting and 

3304
02:52:20,100 --> 02:52:23,500
childbirth responsibilities with
the same dependability that 

3305
02:52:23,500 --> 02:52:26,600
Apollo's son Chariot. 
Exhibited during the day, her 

3306
02:52:26,600 --> 02:52:29,500
silver Chariot pulled by four 
golden horned deer. 

3307
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:33,400
Followed the moon's course. 
Across the night sky, the 

3308
02:52:33,400 --> 02:52:36,500
goddess had high, but reasonable
expectations for her devotees. 

3309
02:52:36,500 --> 02:52:40,200
She required her nymphs to be 
completely chased, fully 

3310
02:52:40,200 --> 02:52:43,100
committed to the hunt and loyal 
to the group at all times. 

3311
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:45,500
She offered them safety 
friendship. 

3312
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:47,800
And the opportunity to live 
their lives. 

3313
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:51,400
As they saw fit independent of 
the expectations of their 

3314
02:52:51,400 --> 02:52:54,100
families, communities or future 
husbands. 

3315
02:52:54,100 --> 02:52:57,800
It was a social contract that 
provided alternatives to the few

3316
02:52:57,800 --> 02:53:00,500
choices that the majority of 
ancient women had because 

3317
02:53:00,500 --> 02:53:03,000
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 
that was fundamentally 

3318
02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,400
incompatible with conventional 
relationships, her infrequent 

3319
02:53:06,400 --> 02:53:09,600
romantic relationships, 
typically ended tragically not, 

3320
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:12,400
because she was naturally, 
unlucky in love her fleeting 

3321
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,400
interest in the hunter, Orion 
ended when according to one 

3322
02:53:15,400 --> 02:53:18,000
version of events, he died and 
became a constellation. 

3323
02:53:18,900 --> 02:53:21,300
Her belief that Independence was
better than the hassles of 

3324
02:53:21,308 --> 02:53:23,400
romance was strengthened by 
these encounters. 

3325
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:26,300
Her relationship with her family
was significantly, more 

3326
02:53:26,300 --> 02:53:29,900
harmonious than most Olympic 
relationships in part because 

3327
02:53:29,900 --> 02:53:32,500
she avoided getting involved in 
their disputes due to her 

3328
02:53:32,500 --> 02:53:35,100
self-imposed seclusion. 
And in part, because she was 

3329
02:53:35,100 --> 02:53:38,500
useful to everyone, due to her 
practical contributions, such as

3330
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:41,400
managing, Wildlife, populations,
and assisting with difficult 

3331
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:43,500
births. 
She was the family member who 

3332
02:53:43,500 --> 02:53:46,100
didn't cause trouble during the 
quiet times, but was there, when

3333
02:53:46,100 --> 02:53:49,600
needed the feisty stood out 
among the many lovely strong and

3334
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:53,000
captivating gods in the pantheon
because he had overcome major 

3335
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:56,500
personal obstacles to become 
indispensable through talent and

3336
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:59,300
willpower alone. 
He turned his early experience 

3337
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:03,000
of rejection and disability into
a special kind of strength that 

3338
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:04,600
made him. 
Perhaps the most practically 

3339
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:06,200
useful member of the Olympic 
family. 

3340
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:10,000
He was the god of fire 
craftsmanship and Technology as 

3341
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:14,200
well as the Divine blacksmith. 
The origin story of Hephaestus 

3342
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:16,800
seems to be an old-fashioned 
tale of triumphing over hardship

3343
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:18,300
by virtue of One's Own 
greatness. 

3344
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:22,700
His mother Hera was ashamed of 
his appearance and threw him 

3345
02:54:22,700 --> 02:54:24,400
from Mount Olympus. 
Because he was born with 

3346
02:54:24,400 --> 02:54:27,600
physical limitations that made 
him ugly by Divine standards. 

3347
02:54:27,600 --> 02:54:31,000
He became even more crippled, as
a result of the fall, but it 

3348
02:54:31,000 --> 02:54:33,600
also brought him to the Sea, 
nymphs the fetus, and your enemy

3349
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:36,900
who saved him and taught him, 
the skills of craftsmanship, and

3350
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:39,800
metalworking growing up, with 
the sea nymphs, taught him how 

3351
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:41,800
to turn disadvantages into 
strengths. 

3352
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:45,300
The face does acquired abilities
that made him indispensable 

3353
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:48,300
because he was unable to match 
other gods in terms of physical 

3354
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:51,600
Perfection or fighting skill. 
He gained skills in working with

3355
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:55,300
fire metal and precious stones, 
producing items that were so 

3356
02:54:55,308 --> 02:54:57,200
beautiful. 
And useful that they were 

3357
02:54:57,200 --> 02:54:59,000
considered legendary and 
Antiquity. 

3358
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:01,900
His Forge evolved into the 
Heavenly counterpart of an 

3359
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,900
upscale custom Workshop. 
Creating everything from 

3360
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:08,200
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts as an adult. 

3361
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:10,900
Her Festus returned to Olympus 
as a master Craftsman, Who 

3362
02:55:10,900 --> 02:55:13,900
services were much needed, 
rather than, as a supplement 

3363
02:55:13,900 --> 02:55:16,700
looking for acceptance, the 
other gods soon realized, that 

3364
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:20,200
only her face to make the tools 
weapons and ornaments needed for

3365
02:55:20,200 --> 02:55:23,600
their Divine way of life. 
He was invaluable to a family 

3366
02:55:23,600 --> 02:55:26,700
that had previously rejected him
due to his appearance because of

3367
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:29,900
his ability to create the 
impossible, his Workshop was the

3368
02:55:29,900 --> 02:55:33,400
Pinnacle of ancient technology, 
the fiestas made tools that 

3369
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,400
could operate on their own, with
his guidance, automated Bellows 

3370
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,100
that kept the forge, at the 
ideal temperature and gold and 

3371
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:42,000
servants to help him because of 
his Superior knowledge of 

3372
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:44,400
engine. 
Design and Metallurgy, he was 

3373
02:55:44,400 --> 02:55:46,900
the patron deity of 
blacksmith's, Crafts, People. 

3374
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:50,200
And anyone else who use their 
hands to make practical things, 

3375
02:55:50,200 --> 02:55:54,000
the gods method of craftsmanship
Blended practical utility with 

3376
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:56,400
Creative Vision. 
In addition, to being 

3377
02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:59,600
aesthetically pleasing, his 
Creations fulfilled functions 

3378
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:01,500
and provided solutions that were
not possible. 

3379
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:05,000
With just Divine, might have 
Feist us created chains that 

3380
02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:08,300
could contain a Titan when Zeus 
needed a means of tying 

3381
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:10,100
Prometheus to a bond for 
stealing fire. 

3382
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:13,800
Her Festus made a shield that 
represented the entire universe 

3383
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:16,800
and offered Achilles the ideal 
defense, when he needed armor. 

3384
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:19,700
That would keep him safe when 
fighting gods and heroes. 

3385
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:22,800
One of the most intricate 
Partnerships in mythology, was 

3386
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:26,000
his Union with Aphrodite, the 
combination of the physically 

3387
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:29,100
impaired, God of craftsmanship, 
and the goddess of beauty 

3388
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:31,400
upended. 
Preconceived, notions about 

3389
02:56:31,400 --> 02:56:35,600
compatibility attraction. 
And the nature of love the 

3390
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:38,400
Fiesta's response revealed his 
intelligence and his grass of 

3391
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:41,000
divine politics. 
Even as Olympic rumors 

3392
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:44,400
circulated about Aphrodite's 
adultery with Ari's instead of 

3393
02:56:44,408 --> 02:56:47,700
facing his wife and her lover 
head on her face to use his 

3394
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:50,700
skill to reveal their fair in a 
way that preserved his own honor

3395
02:56:50,700 --> 02:56:54,500
while making them appear foolish
and iconic illustration of how 

3396
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:57,700
skill and in Overcome physical 
strength, and conventional 

3397
02:56:57,700 --> 02:57:01,000
Beauty was the invisible net. 
That held the lovers in bed. 

3398
02:57:01,000 --> 02:57:03,500
He was different from other 
wronged gods in the. 

3399
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:06,200
His retaliation was both 
imaginative and appropriate. 

3400
02:57:07,100 --> 02:57:10,400
Compared to most other gods, the
fastest had a noticeably more 

3401
02:57:10,400 --> 02:57:13,800
benevolent relationship with 
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 

3402
02:57:13,800 --> 02:57:16,200
and labourers. 
He recognized the importance of 

3403
02:57:16,208 --> 02:57:18,900
hard work and the difficulties 
faced by those who use their 

3404
02:57:18,900 --> 02:57:22,600
hands to create useful objects. 
His festivals honored the kind 

3405
02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:26,000
of fruitful labor that enabled 
civilization and his temples 

3406
02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:29,300
served as meeting spots for 
Artisan guilds his contribution 

3407
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:31,200
to the creation of the first 
mortal woman. 

3408
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:35,000
Pandora, revealed his technical 
prowess as well as his grasp of 

3409
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:37,800
divine politics. 
Zeus ordered her feisty to 

3410
02:57:37,800 --> 02:57:41,400
create a woman who would both 
bless and curse Humanity after 

3411
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:43,800
he decided to punish Mortals for
prometheus's. 

3412
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:46,800
Gift of fire though, he was 
aware that Zeus's gift had 

3413
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:49,200
complications, that would impact
mortal life for Generations. 

3414
02:57:49,200 --> 02:57:53,000
A feisty skillfully, crafted 
Pandora to be indistinguishable 

3415
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:56,600
from a goddess under Mount Etna 
and other active volcanoes. 

3416
02:57:56,600 --> 02:57:59,300
The gods volcanic forges 
developed into hubs of heavenly 

3417
02:57:59,300 --> 02:58:02,000
industrial production. 
These mountains rumbling in 

3418
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,100
eruptions were interpreted as 
the sounds of her fist at work, 

3419
02:58:05,100 --> 02:58:08,500
producing the tools and Weapons.
The gods needed for their 

3420
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:12,000
various escapades and duties 
even by Divine standards. 

3421
02:58:12,000 --> 02:58:15,100
His productivity was legendary 
indicating that he found 

3422
02:58:15,100 --> 02:58:17,500
fulfillment in his work that 
went beyond the need for 

3423
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:20,100
approval from others. 
It's important to consider the 

3424
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:24,400
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs
and most spectacular failures as

3425
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,200
our exploration of their lives 
and times comes to an end, 

3426
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:31,200
despite their immortality and 
Cosmic, might these Divine being

3427
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:34,400
showed that wisdom, happiness, 
and healthy family. 

3428
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:37,800
Relationships are not always the
results of having boundless 

3429
02:58:37,800 --> 02:58:40,700
resources and eternal life. 
Perhaps the creation of 

3430
02:58:40,708 --> 02:58:43,500
civilization itself was the 
greatest accomplishment of the 

3431
02:58:43,500 --> 02:58:45,800
Gods as a whole. 
They gave man kind the 

3432
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:48,800
foundation for everything that 
sets Human Society apart from 

3433
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:52,400
the Animal Kingdom, fire from 
Prometheus agriculture from 

3434
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:54,800
Demeter, craftsmanship from her 
feisty. 

3435
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:59,000
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 
from Apollo their temples 

3436
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:02,600
developed into educational hubs,
their festivals, offered chances

3437
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:05,600
for cross-cultural interaction 
and their moral teachings. 

3438
02:59:05,600 --> 02:59:09,500
Despite the hip Hop of their own
actions provided ethical 

3439
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:12,200
Frameworks that governed human 
conduct for Centuries. 

3440
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:15,800
With each God in charge of 
particular, facets of human and 

3441
02:59:15,800 --> 02:59:19,000
natural activity and working 
with their peers to preserve 

3442
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:21,300
Cosmic Harmony. 
The Olympic system. 

3443
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:24,000
Also produced the first 
multinational management 

3444
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:27,300
structure in history, when it, 
functioned properly, this Divine

3445
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:30,700
bureaucracy, made sure that 
crops grew as planned Seasons 

3446
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:32,900
changed on time and natural 
disasters. 

3447
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:35,500
Only happened when Mortals had 
Gravely offended. 

3448
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:38,300
Someone important, the 
interpersonal relationships of 

3449
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:40,200
the Gods. 
However, showed the same 

3450
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:43,100
dysfunctional patterns that have
flicked any family business, 

3451
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:47,400
managed by conceded relatives 
with unrestricted, Authority and

3452
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:50,900
inadequate communication skills 
from mine and nymphs to Major 

3453
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:53,200
heroes. 
Everyone was impacted by the 

3454
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:56,000
collateral damage, caused by 
Zeus's adultery and her as 

3455
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:59,000
retaliation. 
Poseidon's Outburst destroyed 

3456
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:02,800
coastal cities and sank ship's 
Apollo's romantic rejections 

3457
03:00:02,800 --> 03:00:06,000
changed lovers and produced 
profits who were cursed the 

3458
03:00:06,000 --> 03:00:07,800
political frequently turned 
disastrous. 

3459
03:00:07,800 --> 03:00:10,800
And the personal had a nasty 
habit of turning political 

3460
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:13,600
instead of using mediation, 
their method of resulting 

3461
03:00:13,600 --> 03:00:17,500
disputes usually involved. 
Escalation the Trojan War, ten 

3462
03:00:17,500 --> 03:00:19,500
years of Bloodshed that 
destroyed both sides and 

3463
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:23,500
provided fodder for epic poetry.
Was the outcome of paris's 

3464
03:00:23,500 --> 03:00:27,300
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 
Bribe over those offered by Hera

3465
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:29,900
and Athena. 
It also showed that Divine Pride

3466
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:31,600
was more significant than human 
life. 

3467
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:35,600
Instead of seeking diplomatic 
Solutions, Demeter's response to

3468
03:00:35,600 --> 03:00:38,600
the kidnapping of her daughter, 
brought the world to the verge 

3469
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:41,800
of agricultural collapse the way
the gods treated Mortals, 

3470
03:00:41,800 --> 03:00:45,600
demonstrated their incapacity to
uphold moral principles or grow 

3471
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:48,500
from past errors. 
A penalized disrespect and 

3472
03:00:48,500 --> 03:00:51,200
rewarded devotion. 
But their definitions of these 

3473
03:00:51,200 --> 03:00:53,900
terms were arbitrary and could 
alter according to their 

3474
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:58,000
emotions, hobbies and family 
Dynamics, Mortals who appeared 

3475
03:00:58,000 --> 03:01:01,100
one God, might unintentionally 
offend, another leading to 

3476
03:01:01,100 --> 03:01:04,000
improbable circumstances in 
which virtue was largely 

3477
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:07,600
dependent on Good Fortune. 
However, the Olympic Pantheon 

3478
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:10,600
also produced some of the most 
inspirational Tales of moral 

3479
03:01:10,600 --> 03:01:14,600
courage, inventiveness and 
tenacity in history, by 

3480
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:17,100
supporting Athens. 
Athena established a hub of 

3481
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:20,200
scholarship and democracy that 
shaped civilization for 

3482
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:22,600
thousands of years. 
Communities. 

3483
03:01:22,600 --> 03:01:25,500
Use the advice from Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi to make tough 

3484
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:29,800
choices and steer, clear of 
needless confrontations her 

3485
03:01:29,800 --> 03:01:32,200
fists showed that a person's 
physical limitations need not 

3486
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:34,600
stop them from contributing 
significantly to their 

3487
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,200
Community. 
Ancient people use the stories 

3488
03:01:37,200 --> 03:01:39,700
of the Gods as a kind of 
psychology to help them 

3489
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:43,200
comprehend and deal with the 
complexity of human nature here 

3490
03:01:43,200 --> 03:01:47,000
as jealousy and need for respect
Apollo's, quest for Perfection, 

3491
03:01:47,000 --> 03:01:50,800
Artemis, need for Independence, 
and Zeus's battles with 

3492
03:01:50,808 --> 03:01:53,800
authority, and responsibility, 
were all Divine figures. 

3493
03:01:53,800 --> 03:01:57,200
That represented common human 
experience is while also 

3494
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:01,100
implying the Devon Immortal 
beings had difficulties most 

3495
03:02:01,100 --> 03:02:02,700
significantly. 
The Olympian showed the 

3496
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:04,800
potential and Perils of 
unbridled power. 

3497
03:02:05,600 --> 03:02:08,800
They had the power to change 
reality, as they saw fit before,

3498
03:02:08,800 --> 03:02:11,900
Miracles and resolve, impossibly
challenging issues. 

3499
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:15,200
They could also let personal 
grievances take precedence over 

3500
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:19,000
their obligations to the world, 
they ruled Destroy civilizations

3501
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:22,100
and torture innocent people 
their experiences served as 

3502
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:24,600
warnings about the value of 
restraint discernment and 

3503
03:02:24,600 --> 03:02:27,700
responsibility. 
Lessons that hold true in any 

3504
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:31,100
time period where people, or 
organizations have substantial 

3505
03:02:31,100 --> 03:02:34,600
influence over others, their 
cultural influence was changed 

3506
03:02:34,600 --> 03:02:37,400
rather than eradicated. 
By the slower erosion of belief 

3507
03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:40,400
in the Olympic Gods. 
Their conflicts became metaphors

3508
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,000
for the Timeless human conflicts
between Duty and desire, 

3509
03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:46,600
individual ambition, and 
Collective responsibility and 

3510
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:50,300
reason and passion, and their 
stories became literature rather

3511
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:52,900
than religion think about the 
amazing impact. 

3512
03:02:52,900 --> 03:02:55,600
These ancient Divine figures of 
had on our contemporary world, 

3513
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:59,300
as you curl up deeper under your
blanket and feel the soft pull 

3514
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:02,500
of sleep Drawing Near, even 
though they no longer Reign from

3515
03:03:02,500 --> 03:03:05,600
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods
continue to have an impact on 

3516
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:08,800
our language literature 
psychology, and perception of 

3517
03:03:08,808 --> 03:03:12,100
human nature in ways that would 
have surprised their original 

3518
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:14,500
devotees. 
When you say that someone has an

3519
03:03:14,508 --> 03:03:18,000
Achilles heel your bringing up 
the tail of a hero, whose Divine

3520
03:03:18,000 --> 03:03:21,200
protection fail him at one 
crucial moment, when you refer 

3521
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,400
to a long challenge in Voyage, 
as an odyssey, you're alluding 

3522
03:03:24,400 --> 03:03:27,200
to a decisions wandering. 
Which were both aided and 

3523
03:03:27,200 --> 03:03:29,600
hindered by different Olympian 
gods who couldn't agree on, 

3524
03:03:29,600 --> 03:03:31,300
whether he should be punished or
assisted. 

3525
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,500
The young man who fell in love 
with his own reflection, thanks 

3526
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:37,800
to divine intervention. 
That punished his vanity comes 

3527
03:03:37,800 --> 03:03:41,200
to mind when you call someone 
narcissistic the personalities 

3528
03:03:41,200 --> 03:03:43,600
of the gods have evolved into 
models for comprehending. 

3529
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:47,500
Human psychology Kalyan realized
that the Olympic Pantheon, 

3530
03:03:47,500 --> 03:03:50,300
reflected archetypal patterns 
that have existed throughout 

3531
03:03:50,300 --> 03:03:53,800
history and in many cultures 
aspects of human nature that we 

3532
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:55,400
still recognize and grapple 
with. 

3533
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:58,600
Today, are reflected in the 
Divine personalities of the 

3534
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:03,100
rebellious trickster Hermes. 
The nurturing mother Demeter, 

3535
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:08,600
the creative artist Apollo and 
the wise Mentor Athena, the 

3536
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:11,500
stories of The Olympian gods are
still told and reimagined in 

3537
03:04:11,508 --> 03:04:15,500
contemporary literature film. 
And television, which find fresh

3538
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:18,600
significant in their Antiquated,
Rivals and relationships. 

3539
03:04:18,600 --> 03:04:21,600
Greek mythology, is introduced 
to new generations, through 

3540
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:25,000
Percy, Jackson's Adventures, 
which also modernized Divine 

3541
03:04:25,000 --> 03:04:28,400
figures for audiences Wonder 
Woman, embodies contemporary 

3542
03:04:28,400 --> 03:04:31,000
ideals of justice. 
And equality, while obtaining 

3543
03:04:31,000 --> 03:04:34,300
her abilities from the Olympic 
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of

3544
03:04:34,300 --> 03:04:37,200
powerful beings using their 
abilities to protect or torment.

3545
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:41,500
Common Mortals is even reflected
in superhero comics, our 

3546
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:43,600
conceptions of leadership 
bureaucracy and power 

3547
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:46,900
distribution have been shaped by
the gods approach to governance 

3548
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:50,600
which combines specialized 
duties, familial relationships 

3549
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:53,900
and Cosmic Authority. 
The Notions that leaders must 

3550
03:04:53,900 --> 03:04:56,200
strike a balance between their 
personal interests and their 

3551
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:58,900
public duties. 
That different facets of Life, 

3552
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,700
call for different kinds of 
expertise and that corruption 

3553
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,600
results from Power without 
accountability, can all be 

3554
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:06,700
linked to the myths surrounding 
Zeus. 

3555
03:05:06,700 --> 03:05:09,300
And his Divine kin their 
romantic relationships and 

3556
03:05:09,300 --> 03:05:12,500
family disputes have given rise 
to surprisingly current models 

3557
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,600
for comprehending, the 
intricacies of marriage parent 

3558
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:19,300
hood and love the dysfunctional 
marriage of Zeus and Hera 

3559
03:05:19,300 --> 03:05:21,300
provides insight into the impact
of power. 

3560
03:05:21,300 --> 03:05:24,400
Disparities on interpersonal, 
relationships, Demeter's. 

3561
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:28,100
Ferocious defense of Persephone.
Serves as an example of the 

3562
03:05:28,100 --> 03:05:31,400
difficulties parents and counter
when their kids grow up and are 

3563
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:33,800
on their own. 
Even having the ideal 

3564
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:37,300
credentials, doesn't ensure 
romantic success as Apollo's 

3565
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:38,400
unfilled. 
Love show. 

3566
03:05:38,400 --> 03:05:41,800
A sophisticated understanding of
human nature that predated 

3567
03:05:41,800 --> 03:05:45,700
modern Psychology by Millennia 
is reflected in the gods, moral 

3568
03:05:45,700 --> 03:05:49,200
ambiguity, their capacity for 
both great, kindness and 

3569
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:52,100
terrible, cruelty the Olympic 
Gods, embodied the 

3570
03:05:52,108 --> 03:05:55,200
contradictions that Define real 
people in contrast to the 

3571
03:05:55,208 --> 03:05:58,400
purely, good or purely evil 
deities, found in some religious

3572
03:05:58,400 --> 03:06:00,700
Traditions. 
They were able to exhibit both 

3573
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:04,300
wisdom and foolishness, 
generosity and selfishness, and 

3574
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:08,100
love and hatred frequently 
within the same story, or even 

3575
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:10,600
the same interaction, their 
stories were more 

3576
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:14,200
psychologically, realistic. 
And as a result, more helpful 

3577
03:06:14,200 --> 03:06:16,500
for comprehending, human 
behavior because of their moral 

3578
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:20,100
complexity stories about being 
who had unbounded power but 

3579
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,600
still had very human limitations
help us understand situations 

3580
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:28,100
where people act with unexpected
kindness or cruelty When leaders

3581
03:06:28,100 --> 03:06:30,800
make choices that seem to go 
against their professed values. 

3582
03:06:30,800 --> 03:06:34,300
And when families Go through 
both intense love and bitter 

3583
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:36,700
conflict. 
The Olympic Pantheon also, 

3584
03:06:36,700 --> 03:06:40,500
created ways of thinking about 
cooperation, specialization and 

3585
03:06:40,500 --> 03:06:43,700
diversity, that still shape, the
way we set up complicated 

3586
03:06:43,700 --> 03:06:46,600
institutions, these 
organizational principles were 

3587
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,600
ingrained in myths, about Gods, 
who governed, various facets of 

3588
03:06:49,608 --> 03:06:51,800
the universe. 
While upholding an overall 

3589
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:54,500
Divine government, these 
included the notion that 

3590
03:06:54,500 --> 03:06:57,400
different talents require 
different approaches That 

3591
03:06:57,400 --> 03:07:00,100
effectively leadership, 
frequently entails coordinating 

3592
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:02,300
Specialists, rather than 
micromanaging them. 

3593
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:05,600
And that even the most capable 
individuals require colleague 

3594
03:07:05,600 --> 03:07:09,100
with complementary skills. 
The ancient Greek belief that 

3595
03:07:09,100 --> 03:07:12,200
the Universe was essentially 
understandable and that humans 

3596
03:07:12,200 --> 03:07:15,100
could comprehend their place 
within greater Cosmic, patterns 

3597
03:07:15,100 --> 03:07:18,500
was, perhaps most persistently, 
embodied by the Olympian gods 

3598
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:22,000
despite their strengths and 
immortality the gods were 

3599
03:07:22,000 --> 03:07:24,500
subject to laws. 
Had repercussions for their 

3600
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:26,900
deeds and lived by moral 
standards. 

3601
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:29,500
That Mortals could adopt and use
in their own lives. 

3602
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:32,900
One of the pillars of Western 
civilization was this optimistic

3603
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:36,600
Outlook, which held that life 
had purpose that knowledge was 

3604
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:39,700
achievable and that people could
shape their own Destinies with 

3605
03:07:39,700 --> 03:07:42,600
hard work and wisdom. 
The stories of the Gods taught 

3606
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:45,300
that even the most powerful 
beings were subject to moral 

3607
03:07:45,300 --> 03:07:46,900
laws that went beyond their own 
desires. 

3608
03:07:47,700 --> 03:07:50,500
The creativity could overcome 
constraints and that 

3609
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:52,900
intelligence could triumph over 
Brute Force. 

3610
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:57,000
Dreams of marble temples shining
in Mediterranean sunlight of 

3611
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,900
divine voices resonating across 
ancient valleys, or of immortal 

3612
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,400
families, assembling on a 
mountain peak to discuss the 

3613
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:06,400
fate of both gods and Mortals 
may cross your mind. 

3614
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:10,200
As you drift toward sleep, these
dreams transport you back. 

3615
03:08:10,200 --> 03:08:13,400
Thousands of years of human 
storytelling to innumerable 

3616
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:16,400
Generations who drew inspiration
and meaning from stories about 

3617
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:19,600
creatures who are both 
remarkably similar to us and 

3618
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:23,100
completely different from us, 
the Olympian gods endure because

3619
03:08:23,100 --> 03:08:26,100
they represent Universal truths 
about relationships human nature

3620
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:29,300
and The NeverEnding difficulties
of living in a complex world. 

3621
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,200
Not because we believe in their 
literal existence. 

3622
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:35,700
Their Tales servers are a 
reminder that even Immortal 

3623
03:08:35,700 --> 03:08:37,800
beings must learn to strike a 
balance between their 

3624
03:08:37,800 --> 03:08:41,700
obligations to others and their 
own desires, that stupidity and 

3625
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:45,300
wisdom frequently coexist. 
And that power entails, both 

3626
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:48,700
opportunities and 
responsibilities, you will be 

3627
03:08:48,700 --> 03:08:51,200
using insights that were 
initially, conveyed entails of 

3628
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:55,500
Zeus's lightning bolts, Athena 
strategic Acumen Aphrodite's, 

3629
03:08:55,500 --> 03:08:58,500
intricate gifts and her fastest,
inventive tenacity. 

3630
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:00,900
When you awaken tomorrow and 
confront the difficulties of 

3631
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:04,700
your own mortal existence, even 
though the gods are old, their 

3632
03:09:04,700 --> 03:09:06,900
teachings are still as current 
as the news of the day. 

3633
03:09:06,900 --> 03:09:10,100
And as fresh as your morning, 
Joe rest easy. 

3634
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:12,800
Knowing that you are a part of 
an ongoing, human tradition of 

3635
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:14,500
using storytelling to find 
meaning. 

3636
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:18,100
And that the questions you are 
faced with about power and love 

3637
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:21,100
Justice and wisdom personal 
ambition and group 

3638
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:24,900
responsibility are the same ones
that have inspired and 

3639
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:27,700
challenged people ever since 
they first gazed up at the stars

3640
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:30,300
and wondered what immortal 
beings might think of our Short.

3641
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:38,200
Complex lives. 
The boy, who would reshape 

3642
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:41,500
continents took his first breath
in the shadow of the altai 

3643
03:09:41,500 --> 03:09:44,000
mountains. 
Kublai Khan came into the world 

3644
03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:47,100
in 1215, not as the obvious heir
to power. 

3645
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:51,900
But as the fourth son of Tuli 
and sorghi Becky, while his 

3646
03:09:51,900 --> 03:09:54,800
grandfather Genghis, Khan carved
an Empire with blood and 

3647
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:59,200
Thunder, Young lies education 
took a different path one, that 

3648
03:09:59,200 --> 03:10:01,800
would eventually redefine what 
it meant to rule, the largest 

3649
03:10:01,800 --> 03:10:03,600
contiguous land Empire in 
history. 

3650
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:07,500
Unlike his brothers who mastered
horseback archery before they 

3651
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:09,500
could properly speak. 
Kublai. 

3652
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:11,900
Found his early calling in the 
quieter, Pursuits of the Mind. 

3653
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:15,900
SOG hag Tani? 
His nestorian Christian mother 

3654
03:10:15,900 --> 03:10:18,900
made a calculated decision. 
That history would later 

3655
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,400
vindicate While ensuring her 
son, possessed, the riding and 

3656
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:24,500
shooting skills expected of 
Mongol nobility. 

3657
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:27,700
She also engaged Chinese 
Scholars to tutor him in 

3658
03:10:27,708 --> 03:10:31,100
Confucian, Classics Buddhist 
philosophy, and the 

3659
03:10:31,100 --> 03:10:33,700
sophisticated administrative 
techniques of sedentary 

3660
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:36,800
civilizations. 
This unconventional upbringing 

3661
03:10:36,800 --> 03:10:38,800
wasn't merely academic 
Indulgence. 

3662
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:43,000
It was strategic foresight. 
Saga, Connie, recognized that 

3663
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,200
conquering China the wealthiest 
and most complex society on 

3664
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:48,700
Earth would require more than 
military might. 

3665
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:52,200
It would demand cultural 
understanding and administrative

3666
03:10:52,200 --> 03:10:54,700
finesse that no Calm before had 
possessed. 

3667
03:10:55,700 --> 03:10:59,400
The bow conquers, the throne 
when an old Mongol saying but 

3668
03:10:59,400 --> 03:11:02,800
ink preserves it. 
Kublai internalized. 

3669
03:11:02,800 --> 03:11:06,200
This wisdom in ways his 
predecessors never had While his

3670
03:11:06,200 --> 03:11:08,700
grandfather and uncles ruled 
from horseback and felt most 

3671
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:11,700
comfortable in the open steppe 
Kube lie developed, a 

3672
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:14,000
fascination with urban life and 
permanent structures. 

3673
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:17,800
As a young man, he constructed 
in an experimental chinese-style

3674
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:20,608
Palace, in the Mongolian 
Heartland, a move that 

3675
03:11:20,616 --> 03:11:23,400
scandalized traditionalists who 
saw dwelling in anything but 

3676
03:11:23,400 --> 03:11:26,000
felt tense as an affront to 
their nomadic identity. 

3677
03:11:26,800 --> 03:11:29,600
This cultural flexibility 
extended to religion as well 

3678
03:11:29,600 --> 03:11:33,300
though, raised by a Christian 
mother Kublai never fully 

3679
03:11:33,300 --> 03:11:35,800
embraced her face. 
Instead he developed an 

3680
03:11:35,800 --> 03:11:38,400
intellectuals appreciation for 
philosophical Buddhism while 

3681
03:11:38,400 --> 03:11:41,300
maintaining traditional shamanic
practices for political 

3682
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,100
expediency. 
This religious pragmatism would 

3683
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:46,500
later become a Cornerstone of 
his Imperial policy. 

3684
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:49,300
What often overlooked is how 
cool is early. 

3685
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,000
Governance in northern China 
served as a laboratory for his 

3686
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:55,300
later Imperial vision. 
Appointed as Vice Roy to Chinese

3687
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:58,100
territories in 1251 by his 
brother monka Khan? 

3688
03:11:58,800 --> 03:12:01,400
Kublai surrounded himself with 
advisors from diverse 

3689
03:12:01,400 --> 03:12:05,400
backgrounds. 
The Tibetan Lama, Dragon became 

3690
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:08,200
a spiritual mentor. 
While Chinese Confucian 

3691
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:11,000
Scholars, like looping Jong 
helped him navigate The 

3692
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:13,200
Labyrinth theme, traditions of 
Chinese bureaucracy. 

3693
03:12:14,200 --> 03:12:17,500
In these formative years kubala 
is governance style emerged, 

3694
03:12:17,500 --> 03:12:20,500
where other Mongol, princes, 
treated conquered, territories, 

3695
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:22,500
merely a sources of plunder and 
tax revenue. 

3696
03:12:22,500 --> 03:12:25,800
He attempted to integrate local 
Elites into his administration 

3697
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,300
and adapt governance to Regional
conditions. 

3698
03:12:28,300 --> 03:12:32,200
This approach provoked criticism
from Mongol traditionalists who 

3699
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:34,200
viewed such accommodation as 
weakness. 

3700
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:37,400
Yet it laid the groundwork for 
his later ability to maintain 

3701
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:39,900
control over vastly different 
cultural regions. 

3702
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:43,500
Perhaps most telling about 
Kublai character was his 

3703
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:47,100
relationship with chabi. 
His principal wife, unlike the 

3704
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:49,900
purely political marriages, 
common among Mongol nobility 

3705
03:12:49,900 --> 03:12:52,800
their partnership evolved into a
genuine intellectual 

3706
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:55,600
collaboration. 
Historical records suggest 

3707
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:58,800
Chubby's influence moderated. 
Some of his harsher Tendencies 

3708
03:12:58,800 --> 03:13:01,000
and encouraged his interest in 
Chinese culture. 

3709
03:13:02,000 --> 03:13:04,500
She advocated for policies 
protecting Chinese civilians 

3710
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:07,600
during military campaigns an 
influenced appointments of 

3711
03:13:07,600 --> 03:13:11,300
moderate officials in his early 
Administration. the Mongol 

3712
03:13:11,300 --> 03:13:15,300
Empire faced a pivotal moment 
when moncur unexpectedly passed 

3713
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:20,000
away in 1259 Kublai younger 
brother, Eric Booker seized the 

3714
03:13:20,008 --> 03:13:22,700
opportunity to play the great 
Khan, 8 rallying 

3715
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:25,400
traditionalists, who resented, 
Kublai perceived cultural 

3716
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:29,300
apostasy What followed was not 
merely a succession dispute but 

3717
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:31,900
an ideological battle for the 
Empire's soul. 

3718
03:13:32,700 --> 03:13:34,900
With the Mongols remain, 
conquerors, who ruled from 

3719
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:37,900
horseback or transformed into 
administrators of a multi-ethnic

3720
03:13:37,900 --> 03:13:41,000
Empire. 
The ensuing Civil War, 

3721
03:13:41,000 --> 03:13:44,900
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 
patience rather than immediately

3722
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:47,600
marching on the Mongolian 
Heartland where Eric's 

3723
03:13:47,600 --> 03:13:48,800
traditionalists support was 
strongest. 

3724
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:52,900
He Consolidated power in 
northern China, securing 

3725
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:55,800
agricultural resources and tax 
revenues that would eventually 

3726
03:13:55,800 --> 03:13:59,500
Finance his campaign. 
This decision, prioritizing 

3727
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,800
economic infrastructure over 
symbolic, homelands revealed the

3728
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:05,900
pragmatic ruler. 
He was becoming the boy who had 

3729
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:09,100
reshaped continents took his 
first breath in the shadow of 

3730
03:14:09,100 --> 03:14:12,100
the altai mountains. 
Kublai Khan came into the world 

3731
03:14:12,100 --> 03:14:16,500
in 1215, not as the obvious are 
to power, but as the fourth son 

3732
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:21,300
of tolui and sorghi Becky while 
his grandfather Genghis, Khan 

3733
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:25,400
carved an Empire with blood and 
Thunder, Young couples education

3734
03:14:25,400 --> 03:14:28,700
took a different path, one, that
would eventually redefine what 

3735
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,300
it meant to rule, the largest 
contiguous land Empire in 

3736
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:34,300
history. 
Unlike his brothers who mastered

3737
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:37,600
horseback archery before they 
could properly speakable, I 

3738
03:14:37,600 --> 03:14:40,000
found his early calling, in the 
quieter, Pursuits of the mine. 

3739
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:43,400
SOG Tani. 
His nestorian? 

3740
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:45,900
Christian mother made a 
calculated decision. 

3741
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:49,400
That history would later 
indicate While ensuring her son,

3742
03:14:49,400 --> 03:14:51,800
possessed, the riding and 
shooting skills expected of 

3743
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,600
Mongol nobility. 
She also engaged Chinese 

3744
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:58,000
Scholars to chew to him in 
Confucian, Classics Buddhist 

3745
03:14:58,000 --> 03:15:01,300
philosophy and the sophisticated
administrative techniques of 

3746
03:15:01,300 --> 03:15:05,000
sedentary civilizations. 
This unconventional upbringing 

3747
03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:07,000
wasn't merely academic 
Indulgence. 

3748
03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:11,200
It was strategic foresight. 
Soaker Thani recognized that 

3749
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:14,400
conquering China, the wealthiest
and most complex society on 

3750
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:16,800
Earth would require more than 
military might. 

3751
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:20,300
It would demand cultural 
understanding and administrative

3752
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:22,800
finesse that no Calm before had 
possessed. 

3753
03:15:23,800 --> 03:15:27,600
The bow conquers, the throne 
when an old Mongol saying but 

3754
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:30,900
ink preserves it. 
Kublai internalized. 

3755
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:34,200
This wisdom in ways his 
predecessors never had while his

3756
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:36,800
grandfather and uncles ruled 
from horseback and felt most 

3757
03:15:36,808 --> 03:15:39,900
comfortable in the open steppe 
Kublai developed a fascination 

3758
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:42,100
with urban life and permanent 
structures. 

3759
03:15:42,100 --> 03:15:45,200
As a young man, he constructed 
into an experimental. 

3760
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:48,800
Chinese style Palace in the 
Mongolian Heartland, a move that

3761
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:51,600
scandalized traditionalists who 
saw dwelling in anything but 

3762
03:15:51,600 --> 03:15:54,000
felt tense as a front to their 
nomadic identity. 

3763
03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:57,700
This cultural flexibility 
extended to religion as well 

3764
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:01,400
though, raised by a Christian 
mother Kublai, never fully 

3765
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:03,900
embraced her faith. 
Instead he developed an 

3766
03:16:03,900 --> 03:16:06,500
intellectuals appreciation for 
philosophical Buddhism while 

3767
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,500
maintaining traditional Mongol 
shamanic practices for political

3768
03:16:09,500 --> 03:16:13,000
expediency, this religious 
pragmatism would later become a 

3769
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:14,700
Cornerstone of his Imperial 
policy. 

3770
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:18,000
What's often overlooked is how 
Kublai early governance in 

3771
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:20,500
northern China served as a 
laboratory for his later 

3772
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:23,500
Imperial vision. 
Appointed as Viceroy to Chinese 

3773
03:16:23,500 --> 03:16:26,200
territories in 1251 by his 
brother monka Khan? 

3774
03:16:27,000 --> 03:16:29,500
Kublai surrounded himself with 
advisors from diverse 

3775
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:33,600
backgrounds. 
The Tibetan Lama, Dragon became 

3776
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:36,400
a spiritual mentor. 
While Chinese Confucian 

3777
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:39,100
Scholars, like looping Jong 
helped him navigate The 

3778
03:16:39,100 --> 03:16:41,300
Labyrinth theme, traditions of 
Chinese bureaucracy. 

3779
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:46,300
In these formative years, Kublai
governance style emerged, where 

3780
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:49,100
other Mongol, princes, treated 
conquered, territories, merely a

3781
03:16:49,100 --> 03:16:50,500
sources of plunder and tax 
revenue. 

3782
03:16:50,500 --> 03:16:54,600
He attempted to integrate local 
Elites in his administration and

3783
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:56,400
adapt governance to Regional 
conditions. 

3784
03:16:56,400 --> 03:17:00,300
This approach provoked criticism
from Mongol traditionalists who 

3785
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:02,300
viewed such accommodation as 
weakness. 

3786
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,500
Yet it laid the groundwork for 
his later ability to maintain 

3787
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:08,000
control over vastly different 
cultural regions. 

3788
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:11,600
Perhaps most telling about 
Kublai character was his 

3789
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:15,200
relationship with chabi. 
His principal wife, unlike the 

3790
03:17:15,208 --> 03:17:18,000
purely political marriages, 
common among Mongol nobility 

3791
03:17:18,000 --> 03:17:21,000
their partnership evolved into a
genuine intellectual 

3792
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:24,000
collaboration. 
Historical records suggests 

3793
03:17:24,000 --> 03:17:27,100
Chubby's influence moderated, 
some of Kublai harsh attendances

3794
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:29,100
and encouraged his interest in 
Chinese culture. 

3795
03:17:30,100 --> 03:17:32,700
She advocated for policies 
protecting Chinese civilians, 

3796
03:17:32,700 --> 03:17:35,800
during military campaigns and 
influenced appointments of 

3797
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:37,600
moderate officials in his early 
Administration. 

3798
03:17:39,000 --> 03:17:41,800
The Mongol Empire faced a 
pivotal moment when monka 

3799
03:17:41,800 --> 03:17:46,300
unexpectedly passed away in 1259
Kublai lies Young Brother. 

3800
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:50,800
Eric Booker sees the opportunity
to the great Khan 8, rallying 

3801
03:17:50,800 --> 03:17:53,500
traditionalists, who resented, 
Kublai perceived, cultural 

3802
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:57,500
apostasy What followed was not 
merely a succession dispute but 

3803
03:17:57,500 --> 03:17:59,900
an ideological battle for the 
Empire's soul. 

3804
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:03,000
With the Mongols remain, 
conquerors, who ruled from 

3805
03:18:03,000 --> 03:18:05,900
horseback or transformed into 
administrators of a multi-ethnic

3806
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:09,100
Empire. 
The ensuing Civil War, 

3807
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:13,000
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 
patience rather than immediately

3808
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:15,700
marching on the Mongolian 
Heartland where Eric's 

3809
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:16,900
traditionalist support was 
strongest. 

3810
03:18:17,900 --> 03:18:21,000
He Consolidated power in 
northern China, securing 

3811
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:23,900
agricultural resources and tax 
revenues, that would eventually 

3812
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,600
find his campaign. 
This decision, prioritizing, 

3813
03:18:27,600 --> 03:18:29,600
economic infrastructure. 
Over symbolic. 

3814
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:32,300
Homelands revealed the pragmatic
ruler. 

3815
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:42,300
He was becoming the toluidine. 
While most historical accounts 

3816
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:45,200
frame this conflict through 
military campaigns, the deeper 

3817
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:47,800
struggle occurred in the halls 
of governance and finance. 

3818
03:18:48,600 --> 03:18:52,000
Kublai four-year campaign 
against Eric Burke featured an 

3819
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:54,500
innovation, that distinguished 
it from previous Mongol 

3820
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:57,200
succession disputes, the 
systematic use of economic 

3821
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,100
Warfare, controlling the 
agricultural, Heartland of 

3822
03:19:00,100 --> 03:19:03,900
northern China Kublai restricted
grain shipments to the Mongolian

3823
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:07,500
steppe where Eric supporters 
struggled to feed their families

3824
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:10,700
and livestock This approach 
minimized direct military 

3825
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,700
confrontation, while steadily 
eroding his opponent's base of 

3826
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:17,000
support. 
Throughout this conflict Kublai 

3827
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:19,700
demonstrated unexpected, 
restraint toward captured 

3828
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:22,900
enemies. 
After his final victory in 1264,

3829
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:27,500
he spared Eric's life, a mercy 
uncommonly extended in Mongol 

3830
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,600
politics though, there are Rick 
would die mysteriously just two 

3831
03:19:30,600 --> 03:19:32,200
years later while in Kublai 
custody. 

3832
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:35,300
This initial Clemente was 
notable for a man, whose 

3833
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:37,800
grandfather had created 
Mountains of Skulls across 

3834
03:19:37,800 --> 03:19:40,800
Central Asia. 
The walls resolution left Kublai

3835
03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:43,700
as great, Khan in name. 
But the Empire's fracturing had 

3836
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:57,000
begun the Western canadesi 
independent policies. 

3837
03:19:57,000 --> 03:19:59,900
Rendering the title of great 
Khan more symbolic than 

3838
03:19:59,900 --> 03:20:04,000
practical Beyond East Asia. 
This reality shaped Kublai 

3839
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,600
Vision rather than exhausting 
resources trying to reimpose 

3840
03:20:07,600 --> 03:20:09,400
Central Authority across the 
sprawling. 

3841
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:13,100
Mongol domains, he focused 
Eastwood turning his 

3842
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,700
grandfather's Conquest into 
something new, a Chinese style 

3843
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:21,000
Dynasty with Mongol 
characteristics in 1271 at the 

3844
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:24,500
age of 56 Kublai made this 
transformation official, by 

3845
03:20:24,500 --> 03:20:28,700
proclaiming the UN Dynasty. 
The name itself, meaning origin 

3846
03:20:28,700 --> 03:20:31,000
or beginning in Chinese 
signaled. 

3847
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:33,900
His intent to establish, not 
just a continuation of Mongol 

3848
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:37,000
rule but a legitimate Chinese 
Imperial regime. 

3849
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:40,400
The Declaration came with a 
comprehensive adoption of 

3850
03:20:40,400 --> 03:20:43,700
Chinese Imperial institutions 
from six administrative 

3851
03:20:43,700 --> 03:20:47,400
Ministries to elaborate Court 
rituals yet beneath the Chinese 

3852
03:20:47,400 --> 03:20:51,400
Imperial facade Kublai 
maintained distinctly Mongol, 

3853
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:54,300
power structures. 
He instituted what historians 

3854
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:57,600
later called the four-class 
system arranging his subjects in

3855
03:20:57,600 --> 03:21:01,400
a strict hierarchy Mongols at 
the top followed by Central 

3856
03:21:01,400 --> 03:21:04,400
Asian Muslims and other 
non-chinese peoples the cemu 

3857
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:08,000
then Northern Chinese and 
finally Southern Chinese at the 

3858
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:10,900
bottom. 
This system, ensured Mongol 

3859
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:13,600
military and political dominance
while incorporating useful 

3860
03:21:13,600 --> 03:21:16,600
talents from all groups. 
Coupe lies administrative 

3861
03:21:16,600 --> 03:21:19,000
Innovations, were practical 
responses to governance, 

3862
03:21:19,000 --> 03:21:23,400
challenges, unable to read, 
Chinese himself, he commissioned

3863
03:21:23,400 --> 03:21:28,300
the creation of the Figge 
script, a writing system that 

3864
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:31,900
could transcribe multiple 
languages including Mongolian 

3865
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:34,900
and Chinese. 
This script appeared on official

3866
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,500
seals and currently allowing 
communication across linguistic 

3867
03:21:38,500 --> 03:21:42,100
divides within his 
administration. his legal system

3868
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,800
represented a similar hybrid 
approach, rather than imposing 

3869
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:49,600
Mongolian law, universally or 
adopting Chinese legal 

3870
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:53,400
Traditions, wholesale Kublai 
created a tiered system where 

3871
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:56,100
different ethnic groups were 
judged according to different 

3872
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:59,800
legal standards, Mongols 
answered to traditional Mongol, 

3873
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:04,600
law Muslims to Islamic law, and 
Chinese to modify Tang Dynasty 

3874
03:22:04,600 --> 03:22:07,200
codes. 
Perhaps, most revealing of Cuba 

3875
03:22:07,200 --> 03:22:09,900
lies intellectual character, was
his establishment of the Muslim 

3876
03:22:09,900 --> 03:22:14,200
astronomical observatory in 
Beijing. while previous rulers 

3877
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:17,700
might have consulted astrologers
before campaigns Kublai 

3878
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:20,500
assembled a multicultural 
scientific team including 

3879
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:25,300
Chinese Muslim and even European
scholars to improve calendar 

3880
03:22:25,300 --> 03:22:29,100
systems, develop navigational, 
tools and study Celestial 

3881
03:22:29,100 --> 03:22:32,700
phenomena this institution 
reflected his genuine 

3882
03:22:32,700 --> 03:22:36,000
intellectual curiosity and 
recognition that Knowledge from 

3883
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:38,400
diverse Traditions could serve 
practical governance. 

3884
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:42,800
The Khan's personal habits, 
similarly Blended traditions. 

3885
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:46,400
While maintaining the Mongol 
customer of Hunting Expeditions 

3886
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:49,700
Kublai, transform these into 
elaborate Affairs, combining 

3887
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:52,500
Chinese Imperial. 
Pageantry with step Traditions, 

3888
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:56,500
his hunting Parkers Xanadu made 
famous centuries later by 

3889
03:22:56,500 --> 03:22:59,900
colleges poem featured. 
Not only game reserves but also 

3890
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:03,800
agricultural demonstrations and 
Botanical collections reflecting

3891
03:23:03,800 --> 03:23:05,400
his interest in Natural 
Sciences. 

3892
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:09,500
By the time he Consolidated his 
position, as emperor of China 

3893
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:12,200
Kublai. 
Khan had evolved from a Mongol 

3894
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,200
Prince with Chinese tutors into 
something history had not seen 

3895
03:23:15,200 --> 03:23:17,400
before. 
A ruler equally comfortable 

3896
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:21,200
discussing, Confucian, ethics 
Buddhist cosmology, and the 

3897
03:23:21,208 --> 03:23:23,300
Practical Logistics of Cavalry 
Warfare. 

3898
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:27,000
Perhaps most revolutionary was 
Daddy's religious landscape. 

3899
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:30,700
Previous Chinese capitals had 
hierarchically arranged temples 

3900
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:34,800
reflecting Imperial Orthodoxy. 
Kublai instead created what 

3901
03:23:34,800 --> 03:23:37,000
might be considered the world's 
first deliberately 

3902
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:38,700
multi-religious imperial 
capital? 

3903
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,700
Buddhist temples stood alongside
Taoist sanctuaries Confucian 

3904
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:46,800
academies. 
Muslim mosques nestorian, 

3905
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,700
Christian churches. 
And even a Jewish synagogue, 

3906
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:51,900
this Arrangement wasn't merely 
tolerant. 

3907
03:23:51,900 --> 03:23:56,000
It was strategically pluralistic
allowing the emperor to draw 

3908
03:23:56,000 --> 03:23:58,400
legitimacy from multiple 
religious Traditions 

3909
03:23:58,400 --> 03:24:01,200
simultaneously. 
The city's demographic 

3910
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:03,700
composition reflected equally 
revolutionary thinking. 

3911
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:07,400
While traditional Chinese 
capitals, segregated foreigners 

3912
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:11,000
in designated quarters Dadu 
integrated multiple ethnic 

3913
03:24:11,000 --> 03:24:12,700
neighborhoods throughout its 
Urban fabric. 

3914
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:16,100
Specialized craft districts 
developed where Artisans from 

3915
03:24:16,100 --> 03:24:19,700
across the Empire. 
We call a paper makers Persian 

3916
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:22,800
astronomers, Tibetan painters 
and Chinese. 

3917
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:25,600
Porcelain Master's lived and 
worked in proximity. 

3918
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:28,400
Creating unprecedented cultural 
Exchange. 

3919
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:33,500
Security consideration shape the
city in distinctive ways, unlike

3920
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:36,700
previous Chinese capitals where 
the Imperial Precinct stood at 

3921
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:39,300
the center. 
Dad's Palace complex was 

3922
03:24:39,300 --> 03:24:42,400
positioned against the northern 
wall allowing for an emergency 

3923
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:44,800
escape route, to the Mongol 
heartlands of rebellion 

3924
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:47,600
threatened. 
The Imperial Hunting Preserve 

3925
03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:51,200
adjacent to the city served juul
purposes Recreation for the 

3926
03:24:51,208 --> 03:24:54,200
court and a buffer zone that 
could be rapidly militarized in 

3927
03:24:54,200 --> 03:24:56,400
crisis. 
What's really appreciated about 

3928
03:24:56,400 --> 03:24:59,600
Dadu is how its construction 
stimulated technological 

3929
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:02,800
innovation The massive demand 
for building materials 

3930
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:04,800
accelerated. 
The development of mass 

3931
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:07,500
production techniques for 
standardized bricks and roof 

3932
03:25:07,500 --> 03:25:09,500
tiles. 
The need to transport these 

3933
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:12,200
materials efficiently, prompted 
improvements in Canal, boat 

3934
03:25:12,200 --> 03:25:15,100
design and lock systems. 
The Imperial workshops 

3935
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:17,900
established to furnish, the 
palace complex became facilities

3936
03:25:17,900 --> 03:25:21,400
for technical exchange, where 
Persian glass blowing techniques

3937
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,700
merged with Chinese porcelain 
Traditions by the time foreign 

3938
03:25:24,700 --> 03:25:27,300
visitors, like Marco Polo 
arrived at Kublai Court. 

3939
03:25:27,300 --> 03:25:30,800
Dad, who had already transformed
from construction project to a 

3940
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:35,000
functioning imperial capital. 
Population surpassed half a 

3941
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:37,800
million making it among the 
world's largest cities. 

3942
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:42,100
Its markets offered goods from 
as far away as Madagascar and 

3943
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:47,200
Scandinavia its libraries house 
texts in dozens of languages and

3944
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:50,000
at its Center, sat a ruler whose
very environment. 

3945
03:25:50,000 --> 03:25:53,400
Now reflected his unique 
position, neither fully Mongol, 

3946
03:25:53,400 --> 03:25:56,200
nor Chinese, but something 
history had never witnessed 

3947
03:25:56,200 --> 03:25:58,700
before. 
While Kublai Khan's, Continental

3948
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:01,600
conquests and prominent 
attention in most historical 

3949
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:05,800
accounts his Maritime Ambitions 
and their spectacular failures 

3950
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:07,700
revealed. 
Perhaps more about the 

3951
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:10,400
limitations of his Imperial 
Vision than his successes on 

3952
03:26:10,400 --> 03:26:12,800
land ever. 
Could the Khan who conquered the

3953
03:26:12,808 --> 03:26:14,600
Song? 
Dynasty did not simply inherit 

3954
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:18,300
China's existing Naval capacity,
he dramatically expanded it, 

3955
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:20,600
creating the largest Maritime 
Force. 

3956
03:26:20,600 --> 03:26:25,300
Asia had seen up to that point. 
By 1274 Kublai controlled over 

3957
03:26:25,300 --> 03:26:29,200
5,000 ships, from River, Patrol 
vessels to massive ocean-going 

3958
03:26:29,200 --> 03:26:32,400
warships, his shipyards along 
the Yanks and in Korea, 

3959
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:34,700
constructed vessels that 
dwarfed. 

3960
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:37,700
Anything found in European 
Waters during the same period. 

3961
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:40,500
What drove? 
This Continental ruler toward by

3962
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:44,500
a maritime expansion. 
The answer lies partly, an 

3963
03:26:44,500 --> 03:26:48,500
economic calculation by the 
1270s maritime trade routes, 

3964
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:52,100
connected East, Asia with 
southeast Asia, India and the 

3965
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:54,900
Middle East in a network that 
transported more than the 

3966
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:58,200
traditional Silk Road ever had 
controlling these sea Lanes, 

3967
03:26:58,200 --> 03:27:00,700
promised greater Revenue than 
taxing Caravan trade. 

3968
03:27:00,700 --> 03:27:05,000
Additionally, Kublai recognized 
that Naval power could outflank 

3969
03:27:05,000 --> 03:27:08,600
Regional Rivals who might block 
land routes The Expeditions 

3970
03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:12,500
against Japan in 1274 and 1281 
represent more than failed 

3971
03:27:12,500 --> 03:27:14,500
conquests. 
They marked critical turning 

3972
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:16,100
points in East Asian military 
history. 

3973
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:19,800
The first Invasion Fleet 
comprised approximately 900 

3974
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:24,200
ships carrying an estimated 20 
30,000 troops including Mongol 

3975
03:27:24,200 --> 03:27:29,100
Chinese and Korean contingents. 
Contemporary Japanese accounts, 

3976
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:31,100
described these vessels 
employing Technologies. 

3977
03:27:31,100 --> 03:27:34,700
Unfamiliar to Japanese 
Defenders, including early, 

3978
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:37,800
explosive weapons, derived from 
Chinese gunpowder developments. 

3979
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:41,600
What seldom acknowledged is, how
these invasions accelerated 

3980
03:27:41,600 --> 03:27:43,900
military technology transfer 
across East Asia. 

3981
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:47,600
The Korean shipwrights drafted 
in to Kublai service brought 

3982
03:27:47,600 --> 03:27:50,000
their distinctive hold designs 
and sailing techniques and 

3983
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:53,600
Chinese shipyards Mongol. 
Cavalry tactics were adapted for

3984
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:56,000
marine. 
Landing's Chinese CJ Engineers, 

3985
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,400
developed floating platforms for
their trebuchets. 

3986
03:27:58,400 --> 03:28:02,100
This cross-cultural military 
synthesis created entirely new 

3987
03:28:02,100 --> 03:28:06,800
approaches to Naval Warfare, The
infamous Kamikaze or divine wind

3988
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:09,800
typhoons that scattered both 
Invasion fleets have become 

3989
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,700
Central to The Narrative of Lies
Japanese campaigns. 

3990
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:17,400
However, evidence suggests the 
second expedition in 1281, faced

3991
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:20,000
significant problems even before
the storm struck. 

3992
03:28:20,800 --> 03:28:22,900
Coordination between the Korean 
and Southern Chinese. 

3993
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:25,600
Fleet components proved nearly 
impossible due to different 

3994
03:28:25,600 --> 03:28:28,900
Maritime traditions and command 
structures ships designed for 

3995
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:32,200
different Waters, the relatively
protected Korean Coast vs. 

3996
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,300
The open East China Sea found 
themselves, inappropriately 

3997
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:39,300
deployed, Archaeological. 
Excavations of the invasion, 

3998
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:41,600
Fleet wrecks near takashima 
Island. 

3999
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:44,900
Have revealed fascinating 
details about Cuba's Naval 

4000
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:47,600
technology. 
The recovered vessels show a 

4001
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:49,900
surprising standardization of 
construction techniques. 

4002
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:52,800
Suggesting mass production 
methods that anticipated 

4003
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:55,300
European shipbuilding approaches
by centuries. 

4004
03:28:55,300 --> 03:28:59,100
Recovered weapons include 
sophisticated composite bows. 

4005
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,400
Designed specifically, for 
Marine combat and early grenades

4006
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:05,300
with ceramic casings 
technologies that would not 

4007
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:07,700
appear in European Naval Warfare
until much later. 

4008
03:29:08,800 --> 03:29:11,500
Less known than the Japanese 
campaigns were couples Naval 

4009
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:15,500
expeditions to Southeast Asia 
between 1278 and 1287. 

4010
03:29:15,500 --> 03:29:18,700
He dispatched multiple fleets to
various parts of what are now 

4011
03:29:18,708 --> 03:29:22,100
Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar and 
Indonesia. 

4012
03:29:23,700 --> 03:29:26,200
These Expeditions face 
challenges different from those 

4013
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:30,100
in Japan, tropical diseases, 
decimated northern troops and 

4014
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:32,600
dense river. 
Systems negated the mobility 

4015
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:36,000
advantages of Mongol Cavalry. 
Once they landed the campaign 

4016
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:40,200
against Java in 1293 represented
the farthest extension of cube 

4017
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:42,600
lies. 
Maritime reach nearly 3,500 

4018
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:46,100
miles from his capital and 
encountered unique difficulties.

4019
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:51,200
Local understanding of monsoon 
timing gave Javanese forces, a 

4020
03:29:51,200 --> 03:29:54,800
decisive advantage. 
When Kublai Fleet arrived, they 

4021
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:57,800
found Harbors, empty of trading 
vessels, they had hoped to 

4022
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:01,500
capture and coastal areas 
already harvested of Food 

4023
03:30:01,500 --> 03:30:04,600
Supplies. 
The 1293 Expedition ultimately 

4024
03:30:04,600 --> 03:30:07,500
returned with tribute but failed
to establish last and control 

4025
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:11,100
demonstrating the logistical 
limitations of projecting power 

4026
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,300
across such distances. 
What truly distinguished 

4027
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:17,700
Maritime Ventures from previous 
Chinese Naval operations was 

4028
03:30:17,700 --> 03:30:21,000
their hybrid nature. 
His fleets Incorporated, 

4029
03:30:21,000 --> 03:30:24,100
personnel and technique from 
multiple Traditions Chinese 

4030
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:27,500
navigational, knowledge, Korean 
shipbuilding Mongol command 

4031
03:30:27,500 --> 03:30:31,100
structures and even Muslim 
Navigators familiar with Indian 

4032
03:30:31,100 --> 03:30:33,200
Ocean. 
Conditions ships carried 

4033
03:30:33,200 --> 03:30:36,400
multiple types of Provisions to 
accommodate diverse Crews 

4034
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:40,000
including kumas fermented 
mayor's milk for Mongol 

4035
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:41,800
officers. 
Alongside rice for Chinese 

4036
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:45,000
Sailors. 
Perhaps most tellingly, these 

4037
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:49,300
Naval Expeditions altered Kublai
himself, Court records, describe

4038
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:51,500
him becoming increasingly 
fascinated with Maritime 

4039
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:53,700
Technologies. 
He personally interviewed 

4040
03:30:53,700 --> 03:30:57,100
returning captains collected 
nautical maps and commissioned 

4041
03:30:57,100 --> 03:30:58,900
treatises on Southern Ocean 
navigation. 

4042
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,400
The Khan who had begun his 
career as a step Horseman 

4043
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:05,400
eventually developed such 
appreciation for maritime 

4044
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:07,800
Affairs, that he established 
specialized schools for 

4045
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:11,200
navigational, astronomy and map,
making in his Capital yet 

4046
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:14,100
despite these Innovations, 
kubernetes Maritime Ambitions, 

4047
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:16,500
ultimately represented Imperial 
overreach. 

4048
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:20,700
The failed campaigns consumed. 
Enormous resources, the second 

4049
03:31:20,700 --> 03:31:23,600
Japanese Expedition alone is 
estimated to have cost nearly 

4050
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:26,200
two years, tax revenue from all 
of Korea. 

4051
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:29,900
These are compensators combined 
with the massive costs of 

4052
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:33,100
building and maintaining Dadu 
Place strains on the Imperial 

4053
03:31:33,100 --> 03:31:35,400
treasury, that would have 
long-term consequences for un 

4054
03:31:35,400 --> 03:31:38,300
Dynasty stability. 
Among the overlooked dimensions 

4055
03:31:38,300 --> 03:31:40,100
of Kublai. 
Khan's rule was his pioneering 

4056
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:43,900
use of food as an instrument of 
statecraft, the Imperial Kitchen

4057
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:47,700
became a microcosm of his 
broader Imperial project a space

4058
03:31:47,700 --> 03:31:50,900
where cultural synthesis was not
merely symbolic but tangibly 

4059
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,100
experienced through daily ritual
and sustenance. 

4060
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:56,900
The courts dining practices, 
reflected Kube, lies complex, 

4061
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,300
cultural positioning. 
Unlike previous Mongol rulers, 

4062
03:32:00,300 --> 03:32:02,800
who maintained strict nomadic 
eating habits even after 

4063
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:06,000
conquests. 
Kublai orchestrated, elaborate 

4064
03:32:06,000 --> 03:32:08,300
culinary performances that 
strategically deployed 

4065
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:12,000
Traditions from his domains. 
Caught Banquets, featured 

4066
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:14,200
carefully choreographed 
sequences of dishes, 

4067
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:15,700
representing different 
territories. 

4068
03:32:16,400 --> 03:32:20,300
Step cumis, followed by Northern
Chinese wheat buns, Southern 

4069
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:24,100
rice preparations, Central Asian
pilaf and Persian sweets. 

4070
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:28,200
Archies are logical excavations 
at the UN Palace complex. 

4071
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:30,200
Have revealed. 
Specialized kitchen areas for 

4072
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:33,700
different culinary Traditions 
each with distinct equipment and

4073
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:37,600
dedicated staff. 
The Imperial Food Service 

4074
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:41,600
employed over 12,000 people, 
including Hunters Farmers 

4075
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:45,100
butchers Cooks servers and food 
tasters. 

4076
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:47,500
Making it one of the largest 
Court departments. 

4077
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:50,600
This elaborate system. 
Served both practical and 

4078
03:32:50,600 --> 03:32:54,200
symbolic functions in the Khan 
security through careful food. 

4079
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:56,600
Preparation. 
While demonstrating his dominion

4080
03:32:56,600 --> 03:32:58,900
over diverse resources and 
traditions. 

4081
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,600
Kublai maintained certain 
dietary, Customs that visibly, 

4082
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:05,200
distinguished him from Chinese 
Emperors. 

4083
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:09,100
He continued the step tradition 
of the white Feast featuring 

4084
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:12,700
dairy products, alongside the 
red Feast featuring meat. 

4085
03:33:13,600 --> 03:33:17,300
His preference for mayor's milk 
airag, and dried meat strips 

4086
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:19,800
proclaimed. 
His Mongol identity even as he 

4087
03:33:19,800 --> 03:33:22,600
adopted Chinese administrative 
practices yet. 

4088
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:25,800
He strategically Incorporated, 
Chinese Imperial food Customs 

4089
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:29,100
when politically expedient 
particularly during ceremonies 

4090
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:33,100
attended by Chinese officials. 
What distinguished Cuba lies 

4091
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:35,800
approach from simple, cultural 
accommodation was its systematic

4092
03:33:35,800 --> 03:33:38,000
nature. 
Court records detail. 

4093
03:33:38,000 --> 03:33:40,300
Elaborate protocols for 
determining, which culinary 

4094
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:43,800
Traditions would be featured at 
which events with specific Foods

4095
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:46,500
functioning as diplomatic 
signals when receiving 

4096
03:33:46,500 --> 03:33:49,300
emissaries from Tibet. 
The court served butter tea 

4097
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:52,300
prepared in the Tibetan style, 
despite the cars personal 

4098
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:55,300
dislike for it. 
Muslim, diplomats were presented

4099
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,300
with meals prepared. 
According to Halal requirements 

4100
03:33:58,300 --> 03:34:01,700
overseen, by Muslim Cooks 
maintained specifically for such

4101
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:04,500
occasions. 
The cars, personal dining, 

4102
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:06,900
regiment combined, medical 
theories from multiple 

4103
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:09,300
traditions. 
His Physicians included, 

4104
03:34:09,300 --> 03:34:13,300
practitioners of Chinese meds, 
and Islamic unani, medson, and 

4105
03:34:13,300 --> 03:34:17,100
traditional Mongol, shamanic 
healing each contributed dietary

4106
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:19,800
recommendations that were 
synthesized into the cars eating

4107
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:22,800
plan. 
Contemporary accounts described 

4108
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,200
medicinal, soups, combining, 
Chinese herbs, Central Asian 

4109
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,900
spices and ingredients from as 
far as India prepared. 

4110
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:32,300
According to schedule's, 
aligning with both Chinese 

4111
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:35,000
cosmological calendars and 
Islamic medical timing. 

4112
03:34:35,900 --> 03:34:37,600
Kublai is famous Hunting, 
Expeditions. 

4113
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:40,700
That is summer capital of 
Xanadu, shangdu featured. 

4114
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:44,000
Elaborate outdoor. 
Feasting that merged Mongol 

4115
03:34:44,000 --> 03:34:46,300
Traditions with Imperial Chinese
ritual. 

4116
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:49,500
These events which could involve
their albums deals to 

4117
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:52,500
participants, followed precisely
choreographed sequences. 

4118
03:34:52,500 --> 03:34:55,700
The Khan would first honor, his 
ancestors with traditional 

4119
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:58,600
Mongol offerings, then 
participated in the hunt itself.

4120
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:02,300
Culminating in a feast where 
animals killed during the hunt 

4121
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:05,300
were prepared using techniques 
from multiple color and 

4122
03:35:05,300 --> 03:35:08,700
traditions, the Multicultural 
composition of Cuba lies Court, 

4123
03:35:08,700 --> 03:35:11,100
created unprecedented culinary 
Exchange. 

4124
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:13,900
Chinese technique for fermenting
vegetables. 

4125
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:17,600
Spread Northwood into Mongolia 
Mongol methods for preserving 

4126
03:35:17,600 --> 03:35:20,500
meat influenced Chinese 
practices Persian fruit, 

4127
03:35:20,500 --> 03:35:23,500
cultivation techniques, 
transformed gardens around dadoo

4128
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,900
This cross-cultural exchange 
accelerated of the development 

4129
03:35:26,900 --> 03:35:29,600
of, what would later be 
recognized as distinct Regional 

4130
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,500
Chinese cuisine's. 
Some of Kublai most effective 

4131
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:35,500
diplomatic deployments of food 
occurred during his interactions

4132
03:35:35,500 --> 03:35:38,500
with foreign emissaries. 
According to Marco Polo's 

4133
03:35:38,500 --> 03:35:40,700
account. 
Visitors were first served 

4134
03:35:40,700 --> 03:35:42,300
familiar foods from their home 
lands. 

4135
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,100
Prepared by Cooks who 
specifically researched foreign 

4136
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:48,000
technique's before being 
gradually introduced to Mongol 

4137
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:51,000
and Chinese Delicacies. 
This coloring progression, 

4138
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:52,900
mirrored. 
The broader diplomatic process 

4139
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:57,500
of establishing Comfort before 
negotiation One of Kublai most 

4140
03:35:57,500 --> 03:35:59,800
significant culinary. 
Innovations was the development 

4141
03:35:59,800 --> 03:36:02,600
of Imperial food supply chains 
that connected distant 

4142
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:05,800
ecological zones. 
Specialized Imperial farms 

4143
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:09,200
around Dadu, cultivated fruits 
and vegetables from across 

4144
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:13,300
Eurasia Fast horse relay 
stations, primarily developed 

4145
03:36:13,300 --> 03:36:16,500
for military and administrative 
communication were adapted to 

4146
03:36:16,508 --> 03:36:20,500
transport perishable Delicacies 
court records notes, shipments 

4147
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:22,200
of fresh seafood, from the 
Yellow Sea. 

4148
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:26,000
Reaching the Imperial table, 
within days of harvest and 

4149
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:28,800
fruits, from tropical Southern 
provinces arriving in edible 

4150
03:36:28,800 --> 03:36:32,500
condition at the northern 
capital, Archaeological evidence

4151
03:36:32,500 --> 03:36:36,400
from un Dynasty Elite tombs 
reveals the material culture. 

4152
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:38,500
Supporting this culinary 
cosmopolitanism. 

4153
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,500
Burial goods include Persian 
influenced metal serving vessels

4154
03:36:42,500 --> 03:36:45,400
alongside Chinese porcelain and 
Mongol ceremonial cups. 

4155
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,000
This material hybridization 
reflected the lived experience 

4156
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,000
of dining at koobies court. 
Where the vessels themselves, 

4157
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:54,300
communicated. 
Political messages about 

4158
03:36:54,300 --> 03:36:56,800
cultural synthesis and Imperial 
reach. 

4159
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:01,700
By the later years of his Reign 
couples caught Cuisine had 

4160
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:04,300
evolved into something 
distinctly different from both 

4161
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:07,300
traditional Mongol fair, and 
Chinese Imperial dining. 

4162
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,700
It represented a third 
tradition, a uncaught Cuisine, 

4163
03:37:11,700 --> 03:37:14,700
that embodied, an edible form, 
the Khan's vision of universal 

4164
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:18,300
rule, transcending, ethnic and 
cultural boundaries a sensory, 

4165
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:21,300
embodiment of his new type of 
Empire Beyond his military 

4166
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:24,200
campaigns and Architectural, 
Ambitions Kublai Khan's. 

4167
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:27,100
Most enduring Innovation may 
have been his transformation of 

4168
03:37:27,100 --> 03:37:30,300
how information moved through 
and shaped his vast domains 

4169
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:33,700
under his Direction. 
The Mongol Empire of all from a 

4170
03:37:33,700 --> 03:37:36,800
conquest State into an 
information Empire whose 

4171
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:39,400
administrative sophistication 
would influence East Asian 

4172
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:42,600
governance for centuries. 
The Cornerstone of this 

4173
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:45,800
transformation was Kublai to 
development of the world's most 

4174
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:50,100
extensive postal relay system. 
Building upon the Mongol yam 

4175
03:37:50,100 --> 03:37:52,100
Network established by Genghis 
Khan. 

4176
03:37:52,800 --> 03:37:55,500
Kublai systematically expanded 
and formalized this 

4177
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:59,400
Communications infrastructure 
until it encompassed over 1400, 

4178
03:37:59,400 --> 03:38:01,100
postal stations across East 
Asia. 

4179
03:38:02,000 --> 03:38:04,800
Unlike earlier iterations, that 
primarily served military 

4180
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:08,100
coordination. 
Couple's Postal System became a 

4181
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:09,900
comprehensive information. 
Networks supporting 

4182
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:13,000
administrative governance. 
What made this system 

4183
03:38:13,000 --> 03:38:16,200
revolutionary was its 
unprecedented speed and 

4184
03:38:16,200 --> 03:38:19,200
reliability. 
Official Communications could 

4185
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:23,700
travel up to 250 miles per day. 
A pace unmatched anywhere else 

4186
03:38:23,700 --> 03:38:26,800
in the Medieval World. 
This goal was achieved through a

4187
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,900
precisely organized relay system
where stations were positioned 

4188
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:34,600
approximately, 25 to 30 miles 
apart the distance. 

4189
03:38:34,600 --> 03:38:37,300
A horse could Gallop at speed 
before, requiring replacement. 

4190
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:42,700
Special passport tablets Piza 
issued in silver gold or 

4191
03:38:42,700 --> 03:38:46,000
platinum indicated The bearer's 
Authority, level and determined.

4192
03:38:46,000 --> 03:38:48,700
How many horses they can 
requisition and how quickly 

4193
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:50,300
local stations needed to 
respond. 

4194
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:53,300
The scale of this. 
Operation was staggering. 

4195
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:57,200
Historical records indicate that
at its peak the system 

4196
03:38:57,200 --> 03:38:59,800
maintained approximately 300,000
horses. 

4197
03:38:59,800 --> 03:39:03,600
Employed 10s of thousands of 
riders and station personnel and

4198
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:05,500
delivered. 
Not just messages but also 

4199
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:08,100
officials tax shipments and 
Commercial Goods. 

4200
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:11,500
Deemed important to Imperial 
interests, the entire system 

4201
03:39:11,500 --> 03:39:14,700
operated under the jurisdiction 
of a specialized Ministry, whose

4202
03:39:14,700 --> 03:39:18,500
records documented every horse 
rider and passed in motion 

4203
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:21,000
across the empire. 
This Communications 

4204
03:39:21,000 --> 03:39:23,200
infrastructure enabled. 
Another of Kublai in a 

4205
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:26,100
standardized administrative 
reporting. 

4206
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:29,500
Local officials throughout the 
realm were required to submit 

4207
03:39:29,500 --> 03:39:33,600
regular reports on population, 
agricultural production, whether

4208
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:36,600
conditions and local events, 
according to standardized 

4209
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:40,000
formats, These reports flowed 
upward through provincial 

4210
03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:42,300
centres to the Capitol creating 
what? 

4211
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:44,500
Historians? 
Now recognizes one of History's 

4212
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:47,000
first systematic government 
information gathering 

4213
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:50,900
operations, The bureaucracy Cube
lie, established a process. 

4214
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:52,900
This information was equally 
innovative. 

4215
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,900
Unable to staff the entire 
Administration with Mongols who 

4216
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:00,400
lacked experience in managing 
sedentary populations, he 

4217
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:03,300
created a multi-ethnic civil 
service that included Chinese, 

4218
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:07,800
scholar officials, weaker, 
Financial, experts, Persian 

4219
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:10,500
astronomers, and Tibetan 
religious administrators. 

4220
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:14,300
Most notably, he established 
specialized training academy, 

4221
03:40:14,300 --> 03:40:17,000
where officials from different 
backgrounds learned, 

4222
03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:21,100
standardized administrative 
methods, creating institutional 

4223
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:24,200
knowledge that transcended 
individual cultural traditions. 

4224
03:40:25,200 --> 03:40:27,800
Particularly significant was 
kuebler approached to language 

4225
03:40:27,800 --> 03:40:31,200
within the bureaucracy. 
Rather than imposing a single 

4226
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:33,800
Imperial language as most. 
Conquering regimes. 

4227
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:37,100
Did he developed a sophisticated
translation system? 

4228
03:40:37,100 --> 03:40:41,000
Key documents were produced in 
multiple scripts including 

4229
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:46,200
Chinese Mongolian facts gripped.
We go Persian and Tibetan. 

4230
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,000
The Imperial Secretariat 
included, dedicated translation 

4231
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:53,800
bureaus for each major language 
group within the Empire ensuring

4232
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:56,600
that directives from the center 
could be accurately implemented 

4233
03:40:56,600 --> 03:41:00,000
across diverse regions. 
The wealth of data flowing into 

4234
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,700
Dadu, enabled, novel approaches 
to governance. 

4235
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,800
Kublai pioneered large-scale 
statistical compilation to 

4236
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:10,900
monitor agricultural production 
population, Trends and tax 

4237
03:41:10,900 --> 03:41:14,700
collection efficiency. 
When unusual patterns appeared 

4238
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:17,800
such as unexpected, population, 
declines or harvest yields. 

4239
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:21,200
Specialized investigators would 
be dispatched via the postal 

4240
03:41:21,200 --> 03:41:23,200
system to assess conditions 
directly. 

4241
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:26,800
This feedback loop created a 
more responsive Imperial 

4242
03:41:26,800 --> 03:41:29,800
Administration than previous 
Chinese dynasties had achieved. 

4243
03:41:29,800 --> 03:41:33,200
Perhaps most remarkable was 
Kublai to development of paper 

4244
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:35,500
currency as an instrument of 
economic integration. 

4245
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:38,200
While paper money had existed in
China. 

4246
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:41,900
Previously, Kublai expanded its 
use and standardized its 

4247
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:43,800
implementation across his 
territories. 

4248
03:41:44,600 --> 03:41:47,400
The notes issued under his 
authority backed by silver 

4249
03:41:47,400 --> 03:41:50,200
reserves and carrying stern, 
warnings against counterfeiting.

4250
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:53,100
Facilitated Commerce across 
regions with different 

4251
03:41:53,100 --> 03:41:56,300
traditional currencies and 
commodity standards these notes 

4252
03:41:56,300 --> 03:41:59,400
represented more than economic 
policy, they were information 

4253
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:02,300
technology that allowed the 
center to influence distant 

4254
03:42:02,300 --> 03:42:05,400
markets, like controlling the 
quantity of currency in 

4255
03:42:05,400 --> 03:42:08,200
circulation. 
The cars Financial ministers 

4256
03:42:08,200 --> 03:42:10,900
could respond to Regional 
economic conditions more quickly

4257
03:42:10,900 --> 03:42:12,800
than physical. 
The commodity money would allow 

4258
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:16,800
When Marco Polo described these 
paper that passes for money to 

4259
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:18,800
European audiences? 
He was documenting. 

4260
03:42:18,800 --> 03:42:21,800
Not just a curious foreign 
practice, but one of history's 

4261
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:23,900
most advanced economic Control 
Systems. 

4262
03:42:23,900 --> 03:42:27,000
The information infrastructure 
extended Beyond government 

4263
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:30,200
Administration into the realm of
scientific knowledge. 

4264
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:33,900
Kublai established specialized 
bureaus for astronomical 

4265
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:38,100
observation, cartography 
historical, documentation and 

4266
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:40,600
medical research. 
Each was tasked with 

4267
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,400
systematically collecting and 
synthesizing Knowledge from 

4268
03:42:43,400 --> 03:42:46,900
across Eurasia. 
The astronomical Bureau, for 

4269
03:42:46,900 --> 03:42:50,400
instance, combined Chinese 
calendrical traditions with 

4270
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:53,500
Islamic mathematical techniques 
and Tibetan astrological 

4271
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:57,300
Concepts to create more accurate
predictive systems by the middle

4272
03:42:57,300 --> 03:43:00,100
of Kublai Reign. 
This multi-faceted information 

4273
03:43:00,100 --> 03:43:02,700
system had transformed 
governance, across East Asia 

4274
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:06,200
Officials who might never travel
to the capital, nevertheless, 

4275
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:09,000
operated within standardized, 
protocols established, their 

4276
03:43:09,000 --> 03:43:11,600
Regional variations in 
administration. 

4277
03:43:11,600 --> 03:43:14,700
Certainly persisted. 
The system was too vast for 

4278
03:43:14,700 --> 03:43:17,900
perfect uniformity but the 
overall effect was a degree of 

4279
03:43:17,908 --> 03:43:20,900
integration previously 
unachievable across such diverse

4280
03:43:20,900 --> 03:43:23,200
territories. 
As Kublai Khan entered his 

4281
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:26,000
seventh decade. 
The contradictions inherent in 

4282
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:28,700
his Imperial project began to 
manifest more acutely. 

4283
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:33,500
The years between 1280 and his 
death in 1294, reveal a ruler 

4284
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:36,100
grappling with the limitations 
of his vision and the mounting 

4285
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:38,300
costs of maintaining the world's
largest Empire. 

4286
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:41,900
While historical accounts often 
attribute the challenges of 

4287
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:44,100
Cuba's later years to personal 
decline. 

4288
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,700
His increase in corpulence 
episodes of gout and deepening. 

4289
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:49,800
Reliance on alcohol closer 
examination. 

4290
03:43:49,800 --> 03:43:53,000
Reveals, systemic pressures. 
That would have challenged even 

4291
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:57,600
a younger more vigorous ruler. 
the very success of his Chinese 

4292
03:43:57,600 --> 03:44:00,600
style, administrative State 
created unsustainable Financial 

4293
03:44:00,600 --> 03:44:03,700
burdens that the Empire's 
economic base struggled to 

4294
03:44:03,700 --> 03:44:07,000
support the construction and 
maintenance of Dadu alone, 

4295
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:11,100
consumed resources on an 
unprecedented scale The Imperial

4296
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:15,000
household with its 40,000 
servants required vast some 

4297
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:19,400
simply for daily operation. 
The postal relay system vital 

4298
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:22,800
for administrative control 
maintained hundreds of thousands

4299
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:24,700
of horses. 
Requiring constant fodder. 

4300
03:44:25,600 --> 03:44:28,000
The military garrisons 
positioned throughout the realm.

4301
03:44:28,000 --> 03:44:31,600
Demanded regular payment. 
Archaeological evidence from 

4302
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:34,200
late, un Dynasty. 
Administrative centers shows 

4303
03:44:34,200 --> 03:44:37,300
increasing sophistication in 
financial record-keeping likely 

4304
03:44:37,300 --> 03:44:39,200
a response to mounting fiscal 
pressures. 

4305
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:42,100
These economic strains 
manifested in policies that 

4306
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:44,900
gradually undermined popular 
support for un rule. 

4307
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:48,500
Tax collection became 
increasingly aggressive, the 

4308
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:52,800
issuance of paper currency. 
Initially a brilliant Financial 

4309
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:55,400
Innovation. 
Evolved into a problematic 

4310
03:44:55,400 --> 03:44:58,400
dependence as the government 
printed more notes than its 

4311
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:00,000
silver, reserves could credibly 
back. 

4312
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:05,200
By the late 1280 inflation, had 
become a serious problem in core

4313
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:08,100
provinces eroding, the 
purchasing power of government 

4314
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:11,700
stipends and Merchants revenues 
alike, environmental factors 

4315
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:15,300
compounded, these challenges the
1280 witnessed a series of 

4316
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:18,100
natural disasters across East 
Asia floods, along. 

4317
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:21,600
The Yellow River droughts in the
southern provinces and unusually

4318
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:25,200
harsh Winters in the northern 
Region's Contemporary Chinese 

4319
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:27,100
records, described these as 
Heaven's. 

4320
03:45:27,100 --> 03:45:30,600
Disapproval of un governments 
reflecting growing ideological 

4321
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:34,400
resistance to Mongol rule. 
Modern climate research suggests

4322
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:37,300
these events coincided with a 
cooling period that affected 

4323
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:39,600
agricultural productivity across
Eurasia. 

4324
03:45:40,400 --> 03:45:43,100
Creating systemic pressures, no 
ruler could have fully 

4325
03:45:43,100 --> 03:45:45,900
addressed. 
Kube lies personal response to 

4326
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:48,000
these mounting difficulties 
reveals, much about his 

4327
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:51,600
character in these final years. 
Rather than retreating from his 

4328
03:45:51,600 --> 03:45:54,200
Multicultural governance model, 
he doubled down on it, 

4329
03:45:54,200 --> 03:45:57,800
recruiting additional foreign 
experts, particularly Muslim 

4330
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:01,100
Financial administrators with 
experience managing complex 

4331
03:46:01,100 --> 03:46:03,600
economies. 
This decision while 

4332
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:07,100
pragmatically sound further, 
alienated Chinese Elites who 

4333
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:09,100
resented being passed over for 
these positions. 

4334
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,300
The khans later military 
campaigns reflect a similar 

4335
03:46:12,308 --> 03:46:15,200
doubling down on established 
patterns, despite diminishing 

4336
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:19,300
returns the Burmese Expeditions 
of 1283 to 1285. 

4337
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,600
While ultimately extracting 
tribute required 

4338
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:26,800
disproportionate resources for 
limited strategic gain, the Java

4339
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:30,100
campaign of 1293 stretched, 
empyreal Logistics Beyond 

4340
03:46:30,100 --> 03:46:33,400
sustainable limits. 
These operations suggest a ruler

4341
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,500
attempting to maintain the 
momentum of expansion even as 

4342
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,300
the core Empires Foundation 
showed signs of strain. 

4343
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:42,400
What seldom appreciated about 
Kublai? 

4344
03:46:42,400 --> 03:46:45,200
Final years is his apparent 
awareness of the contradictions 

4345
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:48,500
in his position. 
Court records, documenting 

4346
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:52,000
periods of withdrawal to his 
hunting Lodges at zanadu, where 

4347
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:54,500
he would surround himself with 
Mongol Companions. 

4348
03:46:54,500 --> 03:46:58,100
And engage in traditional step 
practices, these Retreats seem 

4349
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:00,800
less recreational than 
restorative attempts to 

4350
03:47:00,808 --> 03:47:03,500
reconnect with his cultural 
Roots amid, the increasingly 

4351
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:06,600
complex, demands of ruling, a 
predominantly Chinese Empire. 

4352
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:11,100
The Khan's relationship with his
chosen successor temur, who 

4353
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:13,700
would rule as Emperor? 
Cheng Zhong offers further, 

4354
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:17,200
insight into his late life 
thinking. unlike earlier, Mongol

4355
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:20,300
transitions where potential 
heirs, competed militarily for 

4356
03:47:20,300 --> 03:47:23,500
succession, Kublai arranged an 
orderly transfer of power, 

4357
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:27,200
through bureaucratic channels, 
Engaged Chinese ritual 

4358
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:30,800
Specialists to formalize to 
Muir's position, creating 

4359
03:47:30,800 --> 03:47:34,600
documentary legitimacy, that 
would withstand challenges this 

4360
03:47:34,600 --> 03:47:37,000
approach represented a final 
Embrace of Chinese 

4361
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:41,100
administrative Traditions over 
Mongol customary practices. by 

4362
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:45,300
1292 with his health, clearly 
failing Kublai faced rebellion 

4363
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:48,500
in the southern Chinese 
province's and growing unrest in

4364
03:47:48,500 --> 03:47:51,600
his Mongolian Homeland where 
many traditional Noble's 

4365
03:47:51,600 --> 03:47:55,700
resented his suicide on his 
response to these dual pressures

4366
03:47:55,700 --> 03:47:59,300
was characteristically, balanced
dispatching Chinese style 

4367
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,700
bureaucratic investigators to 
the South while sending Mongol. 

4368
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:05,100
Military commanders to reassert 
Authority in the north. 

4369
03:48:05,100 --> 03:48:08,100
When Kublai Khan died in 
February 1294. 

4370
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:11,600
He left behind an Empire 
fundamentally transformed from 

4371
03:48:11,600 --> 03:48:15,000
what he had inherited. the 
Cosmopolitan, administrative 

4372
03:48:15,000 --> 03:48:17,300
State, he constructed, had 
permanently altered, he 

4373
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:20,000
stationed government's 
traditions, The commercial 

4374
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:22,300
networks. 
He fostered had created new 

4375
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:24,400
patterns of trade that would 
Outlast. 

4376
03:48:24,400 --> 03:48:27,800
Um, dynastic control, the 
cultural synthesis. 

4377
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:30,200
He embodied a demonstrated 
possibilities for 

4378
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,000
multiculturalism that challenged
traditional assumptions about 

4379
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:36,600
ethnic and cultural boundaries. 
What ultimately undermined 

4380
03:48:36,600 --> 03:48:40,300
Kublai Imperial project was not 
any single policy failure, but 

4381
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:43,500
the inherent tension between 
Mongol military power and 

4382
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:45,300
Chinese administrative 
complexity. 

4383
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:48,800
His personal Charisma and 
cultural flexibility had 

4384
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:51,500
temporarily bridge. 
This divide, but sustaining this

4385
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:53,800
balance proved impossible for 
his successes. 

4386
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:56,900
Within three. 
Decades of his death, natural 

4387
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,500
disasters. 
Economic mismanagement, and 

4388
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:02,600
growing Chinese, nationalism 
would combine to end Mongol rule

4389
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,500
in China. 
Yet Kube lies Legacy extended 

4390
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:08,400
far beyond the UN dynasties 
relatively brief tenure. 

4391
03:49:09,000 --> 03:49:11,700
The administrative geography of 
modern China still reflects 

4392
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:15,400
boundaries established under his
rule, the concept of China as a 

4393
03:49:15,408 --> 03:49:19,200
multi-ethnic state rather than 
exclusively hand Chinese traces,

4394
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,300
its roots to and governance 
models the integration of 

4395
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:25,200
Central and East Asian cultural 
Traditions that characterizes 

4396
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:27,500
Northern Chinese cuisine 
architecture. 

4397
03:49:27,500 --> 03:49:30,700
And art finds many of its 
origins in the cultural policies

4398
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,700
of his reign. 
Perhaps most significantly 

4399
03:49:33,700 --> 03:49:36,600
Kublai Khan's rule marked a 
pivotal Moment In global 

4400
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:38,900
history. 
When the world's largest land 

4401
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:42,300
Empire attempted to transform 
itself from a conquest State 

4402
03:49:42,300 --> 03:49:45,000
into a sustainable 
administrative system, the 

4403
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:47,400
ultimate failure of this 
transformation in no way. 

4404
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:50,300
Diminishes the ambition of the 
attempt or its lasting influence

4405
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:52,600
on subsequent political 
formations across Eurasia. 

4406
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:57,000
As the Winter Winds, swept 
across the steps in 1294, They 

4407
03:49:57,000 --> 03:49:59,700
Carried Away a ruler. 
Unlike any, before him, a man 

4408
03:49:59,708 --> 03:50:01,600
who had bridged worlds and 
reimagined? 

4409
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:05,200
What Empire could mean? 
The great Khan was gone, but the

4410
03:50:05,208 --> 03:50:07,100
world he had remade would never 
be the same. 

4411
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:15,900
Your stepping into the everyday 
life of ancient Egypt, far from 

4412
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:20,000
the grand temples and Royal 
procession here along the Niles 

4413
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:21,900
Banks. 
And within mud brick Villages 

4414
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,300
Ordinary People wake each 
morning to work, that has 

4415
03:50:25,300 --> 03:50:26,700
sustained their families for 
Generations. 

4416
03:50:27,900 --> 03:50:31,000
The rhythm of their days follows
the river, the sun, and the 

4417
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:35,400
seasons, creating a world held 
together by routine, shared 

4418
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,200
labor, and the quiet knowledge 
of how things have always been 

4419
03:50:39,200 --> 03:50:41,700
done. 
You wake Before Dawn, most 

4420
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:45,400
mornings, not to an alarm, but 
to your body's recognition of 

4421
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:48,900
First Light filtering through 
the small window, opening near 

4422
03:50:48,900 --> 03:50:52,200
your sleeping mat. 
The air holds a coolness that 

4423
03:50:52,200 --> 03:50:56,900
will disappear within hours. 
You sit up slowly, letting your 

4424
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:00,700
eyes, adjust to the dim interior
of your home, where your family 

4425
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:05,100
still sleeps in the comfortable 
Silence of early morning. your 

4426
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:09,900
first task, like most mornings 
involves water You reach for the

4427
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:12,600
ceramic jar. 
Near the doorway checking its 

4428
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:14,600
weight. 
Nearly empty. 

4429
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:17,300
This means a walk to the 
riverbank or to the Village. 

4430
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:21,300
Well before the day grows hot, 
Step outside into are that feels

4431
03:51:21,300 --> 03:51:24,700
gentle against your skin. 
Carrying the faint, dampness 

4432
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:26,500
that rises from the Nile each 
night. 

4433
03:51:27,700 --> 03:51:29,800
Other people are already moving 
through the village. 

4434
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,400
You see a neighbor lifting her 
own water jar on her shoulder, 

4435
03:51:33,400 --> 03:51:38,600
balancing it with practice ease,
a man passes leading a donkey 

4436
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:42,700
loaded with bundles of reeds. 
Children who woke early play 

4437
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:46,300
quietly near a doorway drawing 
shapes and the dust with sticks.

4438
03:51:47,100 --> 03:51:50,700
No one speaks much yet. 
Morning feels like a time from 

4439
03:51:50,700 --> 03:51:52,500
movement rather than 
conversation. 

4440
03:51:53,200 --> 03:51:55,900
The path to the river follows 
the same route you've taken. 

4441
03:51:55,900 --> 03:52:00,200
Since childhood your feet know, 
each dip and rise in the pack to

4442
03:52:00,200 --> 03:52:02,000
Earth. 
Date palms. 

4443
03:52:02,000 --> 03:52:03,700
Create patches of shade along 
the way. 

4444
03:52:04,500 --> 03:52:08,400
You notice the season by small 
signs the height of the river 

4445
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:12,100
against its banks, the color of 
the water and whether certain 

4446
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:14,500
plants have begun to flower or 
fade. 

4447
03:52:14,900 --> 03:52:18,300
These details, tell you what 
work needs doing, what foods 

4448
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,800
might be available and how the 
weeks ahead will unfold. 

4449
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:25,000
At the riverbank you find. 
Others already filling their 

4450
03:52:25,000 --> 03:52:27,600
jars. 
The water moves slowly here. 

4451
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:31,500
Barely Rippling. 
You kneel on the smooth Stones 

4452
03:52:31,500 --> 03:52:34,600
worn by countless people 
performing this same task. 

4453
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,300
The water feels cool. 
Is you dip your jar beneath the 

4454
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:41,600
surface, letting it fill 
gradually to avoid, stirring up,

4455
03:52:41,600 --> 03:52:45,800
silt from the bottom. 
You lift, it carefully testing 

4456
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:48,800
its weight before hoisting, it 
onto your hip for the walk home.

4457
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:51,900
On your return. 
You pause where someone is set 

4458
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:53,600
up. 
A simple arrangement of baskets 

4459
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:55,500
containing vegetables and dried 
fish. 

4460
03:52:56,300 --> 03:53:00,200
This isn't a formal Market just 
enable with extra produce from 

4461
03:53:00,200 --> 03:53:03,600
their garden plot. 
You trade a small piece of 

4462
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:06,300
linen, you over last week for a 
handful of onions and some 

4463
03:53:06,300 --> 03:53:09,200
lettuce? 
The Exchange happens with nods 

4464
03:53:09,200 --> 03:53:12,200
and brief words. 
Both of, you know, roughly what 

4465
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:15,200
things are worth and what 
constitutes fairness in these 

4466
03:53:15,200 --> 03:53:18,800
small transactions back home, 
you pour some water into a 

4467
03:53:18,800 --> 03:53:22,000
shallow bowl for washing and 
save the rest for cooking and 

4468
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:26,300
drinking throughout the day. 
Your family begins to stir your 

4469
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:28,700
youngest child. 
Sits up rubbing sleep from his 

4470
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:31,900
eyes. 
Your wife moves to the grinding 

4471
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:34,500
stones to begin working grain 
into flour. 

4472
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:37,200
A task that takes up a portion 
of nearly every morning. 

4473
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:41,800
The sound of stone against Stone
creates a steady rhythmic 

4474
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:44,900
scraping that carries through 
the village, as other women do 

4475
03:53:44,900 --> 03:53:48,300
the same work in their homes, 
after a simple breakfast of 

4476
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:50,300
bread and some dates, you head 
to your work. 

4477
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:54,200
If you're a farmer, this means 
walking to the fields that your 

4478
03:53:54,200 --> 03:53:56,400
family has cultivated for 
Generations. 

4479
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:01,700
The Niles annual flooding has 
left behind rich dark soil. 

4480
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:04,500
That needs little encouragement 
to produce wheat, and barley. 

4481
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:09,000
You check the irrigation 
channels making sure water flows

4482
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,000
where it should. 
Sometimes a channel gets blocked

4483
03:54:12,000 --> 03:54:15,400
with debris or mud. 
Requiring you to clear it with 

4484
03:54:15,400 --> 03:54:17,200
your hands or simple. 
Wooden tool. 

4485
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:20,400
If you work with your hands in 
other ways, your morning might 

4486
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:24,100
involve Gathering materials. 
Read Cutters wade, into the 

4487
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:28,500
marshes where Papyrus grows tall
and thick. you grasp a stem near

4488
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:32,000
its base and slice through it 
with a curved blade then gather 

4489
03:54:32,000 --> 03:54:36,100
the reads into bundles, The work
requires attention, but not 

4490
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:39,000
constant. 
Thought your hands know what to 

4491
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:41,300
do. 
The marsh Birds continue their 

4492
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:44,000
activities around. 
You barely noticing your 

4493
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:47,200
presence. 
Clay workers walk to Riverbanks,

4494
03:54:47,200 --> 03:54:48,900
where the mud has the right 
consistency. 

4495
03:54:48,900 --> 03:54:52,800
You test it with your fingers 
looking for that particular 

4496
03:54:52,800 --> 03:54:55,000
texture that will shape well 
without crumbling. 

4497
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:59,400
You feel baskets with the clay 
and carry it back to your work 

4498
03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:03,000
area where you'll shape it into 
pots dishes or bricks over the 

4499
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:06,100
coming days. 
Each load represents future 

4500
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:08,900
objects that your household or 
neighbor will use until they 

4501
03:55:08,900 --> 03:55:12,300
eventually break and need 
replacing wood is scarce in this

4502
03:55:12,300 --> 03:55:14,200
landscape. 
So those who work with it move 

4503
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:16,900
carefully through stands of a 
case your trees or Tamarisk. 

4504
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:21,100
Selecting branches, that can 
become tool, handles Furniture 

4505
03:55:21,100 --> 03:55:25,300
parts or supports for doorways. 
You don't cut living trees 

4506
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:28,100
without need. 
Instead, you look for dead 

4507
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:32,800
branches, Fallen Limbs and would
that the river has deposited 

4508
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:36,300
during flood season, You 
recognize, which Woods will 

4509
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:40,300
split easily, which will hold up
underweight and which work best 

4510
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,800
for different purposes. 
Gathering fuel for cooking 

4511
03:55:43,800 --> 03:55:47,200
fires, involves collecting dried
dung from livestock pen pens and

4512
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:51,400
Fields were animals graze. 
This isn't unpleasant work just 

4513
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:55,700
practical, the dried material 
Burns, steadily and provides the

4514
03:55:55,700 --> 03:55:59,600
heat needed for baking bread and
cooking, stews children often 

4515
03:55:59,600 --> 03:56:02,100
help with this task filling 
baskets and carrying them home. 

4516
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:06,100
they learn early that nothing 
gets wasted that every material 

4517
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,700
has its use in keeping daily 
life running smoothly women and 

4518
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:14,000
girls gather wild plants that 
supplement cultivated Foods, you

4519
03:56:14,000 --> 03:56:17,300
know which Marsh Grass is have 
edible roots, which desert 

4520
03:56:17,300 --> 03:56:20,300
plants produce seeds worth 
collecting and when different 

4521
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:24,400
plants, reach their Peak, this 
knowledge passes from mothers to

4522
03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:28,100
daughters through years of 
walking, the same paths pointing

4523
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:32,600
out plants and teaching when to 
harvest and what to avoid you 

4524
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,300
fill the fold of your linen 
dress, with your findings, 

4525
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:38,900
carrying them home to sort and 
prepare the village. 

4526
03:56:38,900 --> 03:56:42,300
Well, serves as another 
gathering point, if your home 

4527
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:46,000
isn't close to the river, you 
come here, instead, taking your 

4528
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:50,000
turn at the rope and bucket. 
While waiting you hear bits of 

4529
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:53,600
news, someone's daughter is 
marrying into a family from the 

4530
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:56,400
next Village. 
Someone's goat, gave birth to 

4531
03:56:56,400 --> 03:57:01,200
twins and someone needs help 
replying their roof. information

4532
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:04,300
flows naturally in these spaces 
where people pause in their 

4533
03:57:04,308 --> 03:57:08,400
work, Basketry materials require
regular collecting. 

4534
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:12,100
You need Palm, fronds reads and 
tough grasses to weave the 

4535
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:14,400
containers that hold everything 
in your household. 

4536
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:18,300
You gather these materials and 
quantity when you find them 

4537
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,100
storing them in a dry place 
until needed, the work of 

4538
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:25,200
gathering, never really ends. 
As soon as you've collected 

4539
03:57:25,200 --> 03:57:28,500
enough of one material, another 
runs low and needs to 

4540
03:57:28,508 --> 03:57:31,900
replenishing. 
By mid-morning, most people have

4541
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,200
completed their first round of 
gathering and returned home or 

4542
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:37,900
to work areas. 
The temperature is risen. 

4543
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:41,300
Noticeably You see people 
seeking shade as they continue 

4544
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:45,100
their tasks, moving their work 
under trees or beneath simple 

4545
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:48,200
reach shelters. 
The urgency of early morning as 

4546
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,500
passed. 
Now comes the steadier Rhythm of

4547
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:53,900
the main work day. 
Where tasks begun, this morning 

4548
03:57:53,900 --> 03:57:55,400
will continue through the 
afternoon. 

4549
03:57:56,500 --> 03:58:00,400
You sit in the shade of your 
home's out, a wall examining a 

4550
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:02,700
basket that has developed a 
split along one side. 

4551
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:06,700
This basket is carried 
vegetables from the garden and 

4552
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:09,400
grain from storage. 
For several years, you don't 

4553
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:12,300
discard it. 
Instead you soak some read 

4554
03:58:12,300 --> 03:58:15,600
strips and water until they 
become pliable then weave them 

4555
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:20,100
through, the damaged section, 
reinforcing the weak spot, Your 

4556
03:58:20,100 --> 03:58:22,800
fingers move almost without 
conscious Direction following 

4557
03:58:22,800 --> 03:58:25,100
patterns. 
You've repeated countless times.

4558
03:58:26,000 --> 03:58:28,400
Within a short. 
While the basket is whole, 

4559
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:30,800
again, ready for more years of 
use. 

4560
03:58:31,600 --> 03:58:33,900
Repair. 
Work fills a significant portion

4561
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:38,600
of daily life objects, brake 
materials, wear down, and 

4562
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:42,100
structures need attention. 
You address these needs as they 

4563
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:44,700
arise usually. 
Before they become serious 

4564
03:58:44,700 --> 03:58:47,800
problems, this morning's 
maintenance keeps everything 

4565
03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:51,100
functioning without requiring 
dramatic interventions or 

4566
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:54,900
expensive replacements. 
Your neighbor sits nearby 

4567
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:57,600
working on a cracked grinding 
stone. 

4568
03:58:58,500 --> 03:59:00,300
He examines where the stone is 
split. 

4569
03:59:00,900 --> 03:59:03,400
Determining, if it can still be 
used or needs replacing. 

4570
03:59:04,300 --> 03:59:08,500
The crack isn't severe, will 
continue using it for now, but 

4571
03:59:08,500 --> 03:59:10,900
he's already thinking about 
where to obtain a new stone. 

4572
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:14,300
When this one finally gives out 
completely that might not happen

4573
03:59:14,300 --> 03:59:17,800
for months or even years, but 
awareness of eventual need 

4574
03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:21,300
guides, his planning. 
Clothing requires constant 

4575
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:23,700
attention. 
Linen fabric. 

4576
03:59:23,700 --> 03:59:28,100
While durable, develops tears, 
and warm spots with regular use.

4577
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:33,200
Women spend parts of most days 
mending, garments using bone 

4578
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:37,000
needles and linen thread to 
close seems and reinforce areas 

4579
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:41,400
that receive the most stress. 
A man's loin cloth that tears at

4580
03:59:41,400 --> 03:59:45,000
the waist, gets a new tie, a 
child's dress that has grown too

4581
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:47,600
short receives an added band of 
fabric at the Hem. 

4582
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:51,100
Nothing gets thrown away while. 
It can still serve a purpose. 

4583
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:54,400
You watch your wife work on a 
piece of weaving, creating new 

4584
03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:56,400
linen from thread. 
She spun herself. 

4585
03:59:57,100 --> 03:59:59,400
The loom stands. 
Upright, leaning against the 

4586
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:01,800
house wall. 
She works the shuttle back and 

4587
04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:04,400
forth, building the fabric row 
by row. 

4588
04:00:05,200 --> 04:00:08,200
This slow methodical process, 
eventually produces the 

4589
04:00:08,200 --> 04:00:12,000
material, your family uses, for 
clothing bedding and trading. 

4590
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:15,100
She can work while also keeping 
an eye on the children and 

4591
04:00:15,100 --> 04:00:18,100
participating in conversations 
with neighbors, who passed by 

4592
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:22,900
Pottery repair, happens 
regularly Cleavers, crack or 

4593
04:00:22,900 --> 04:00:26,100
chip. 
For small damage, you may make a

4594
04:00:26,100 --> 04:00:28,400
paste from mud and use it to 
seal the crack. 

4595
04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:31,700
For larger breaks. 
You might drill small holes on 

4596
04:00:31,700 --> 04:00:34,600
either side of the break and tie
the pieces together with cord. 

4597
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:38,100
A pot that can no longer hold 
liquids might still serve for 

4598
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:41,700
storing Dry Goods. 
Even broken pieces, get ground 

4599
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,500
up and mixed into new clay 
rather than discarded. 

4600
04:00:45,300 --> 04:00:47,400
Your home itself needs regular 
maintenance. 

4601
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:50,900
The mud brick walls, don't last 
forever without care. 

4602
04:00:50,900 --> 04:00:54,200
You mix new mud with chopped 
straw and water. 

4603
04:00:54,200 --> 04:00:57,800
Creating a plaster that you 
spread over areas where the wall

4604
04:00:57,800 --> 04:01:01,200
has begun to crumble or crack. 
The work isn't difficult. 

4605
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:04,500
Just repetitive you smooth, the 
mud with your hands. 

4606
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:09,300
Working it into all the gaps and
weak spots, once it dries, it 

4607
04:01:09,300 --> 04:01:13,100
blends with the existing wall 
adding strength and extending 

4608
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:16,000
the structure's. 
Life roof repair requires more 

4609
04:01:16,000 --> 04:01:18,500
effort. 
The roof consists of wooden 

4610
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:21,000
beams covered with Reed, mats 
and topped with mud. 

4611
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:25,900
When rain comes rare but hard, 
it can wash away some of the mud

4612
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:29,400
covering or loosen the reeds. 
You climb onto the roof, several

4613
04:01:29,400 --> 04:01:31,800
times a year to check its 
condition and make repairs. 

4614
04:01:32,700 --> 04:01:36,300
You replace older read, mats 
with new ones, add fresh mud, 

4615
04:01:36,300 --> 04:01:39,600
where needed and make sure water
will drain properly rather than 

4616
04:01:39,600 --> 04:01:43,100
pooling and seeping through. 
Tools need sharpening and 

4617
04:01:43,100 --> 04:01:45,500
repair. 
You take your hoe to a neighbor 

4618
04:01:45,508 --> 04:01:47,100
who are skill with stone and 
Metal. 

4619
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:51,200
He examines the blade noting 
where it has worn down or 

4620
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,800
developed Nicks using careful 
strikes with a harder Stone. 

4621
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:57,900
He reshapes The Edge making it 
effective again. 

4622
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:01,400
You'll return his help later 
when he needs assistance with 

4623
04:02:01,400 --> 04:02:03,400
the task that requires more than
one person. 

4624
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,000
This exchange of skills and 
labor, holds the community 

4625
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:09,800
together, without formal 
accounting. 

4626
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:12,600
Fishing nets, need constant 
attention. 

4627
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:15,800
If you make your living from the
river, you spread the net on the

4628
04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:17,700
ground and examine every 
section. 

4629
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:19,800
Looking for breaks in the 
cordage. 

4630
04:02:20,500 --> 04:02:24,200
Where you find damage, you tie 
new chord into place matching 

4631
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,800
the net pattern. 
This work requires good light, 

4632
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:31,900
and patience rush through it and
you'll miss problems, that will 

4633
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:35,800
cost you fish later. 
Take your time and the net will 

4634
04:02:35,808 --> 04:02:39,400
serve reliably when you cast it 
into the water boats. 

4635
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,500
Require even more. 
Careful maintenance, whether you

4636
04:02:42,500 --> 04:02:45,800
own a, small Reed boat for 
personal use, or work on a 

4637
04:02:45,808 --> 04:02:48,500
larger wooden vessel. 
You check it regularly for 

4638
04:02:48,500 --> 04:02:50,400
damage. 
Read boats. 

4639
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:54,100
Need rebinding where the bundles
of begun to separate Wooden 

4640
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:56,200
Boats. 
Need their seams sealed with 

4641
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:58,100
pitch and resin to prevent 
leaking. 

4642
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:00,900
You turn the boat over to 
examine its bottle. 

4643
04:03:00,900 --> 04:03:04,600
Looking for areas where, where 
has made the whole thing all 

4644
04:03:04,600 --> 04:03:07,000
week. 
Earlier tension to small 

4645
04:03:07,000 --> 04:03:09,100
problems, prevents larger 
failures. 

4646
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:11,200
That could leave. 
You stranded on the water. 

4647
04:03:12,200 --> 04:03:15,000
Storage containers for grain and
other Foods need protection 

4648
04:03:15,000 --> 04:03:18,600
against moisture and pests the 
coat the inside of a large clay 

4649
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,300
vessels with a mixture that 
helps preserve their contents. 

4650
04:03:22,000 --> 04:03:25,000
You check wooden boxes and 
baskets for signs of insects or 

4651
04:03:25,008 --> 04:03:26,900
mold. 
Good storage. 

4652
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:29,400
Means your food lasts from one 
Harvest to the next. 

4653
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:31,800
Providing security through 
Seasons. 

4654
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:35,700
When fresh food, becomes scarce 
children, learn repair work by 

4655
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:39,500
watching and helping the young 
boy holds tools for his father. 

4656
04:03:39,500 --> 04:03:43,500
While a broken plow gets fixed 
the girl watches her mother men 

4657
04:03:43,500 --> 04:03:46,400
clothing, learning which 
stitches work best for different

4658
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:49,400
types of Tears. 
By the time children reach out 

4659
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:52,100
to lessons they already possess 
many of the skills. 

4660
04:03:52,100 --> 04:03:54,000
They'll need to maintain their 
own households. 

4661
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:58,400
This knowledge transfers through
quiet demonstration rather than 

4662
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,900
formal teaching. 
You notice the repair work 

4663
04:04:01,900 --> 04:04:05,500
creates a meditative state. 
Your hands, stay busy while your

4664
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:09,000
mind, wanders or rests. 
You think about tomorrow's 

4665
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:12,800
tasks, remember, past of vents 
or simply exist in the moment. 

4666
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:15,500
Without particular, thoughts 
demanding attention. 

4667
04:04:15,500 --> 04:04:18,800
The repetitive nature of the 
work allows for this kind of 

4668
04:04:18,808 --> 04:04:23,000
mental ease, making it restful 
despite being physical labor. 

4669
04:04:24,000 --> 04:04:25,500
Older people in the village 
often. 

4670
04:04:25,500 --> 04:04:28,600
Specialized in repair work, that
requires experience and 

4671
04:04:28,600 --> 04:04:31,000
knowledge, rather than physical 
strength. 

4672
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:34,900
An elderly woman might spend her
days repairing baskets while 

4673
04:04:34,900 --> 04:04:38,200
sitting in the shade, her 
skilled fingers working quickly 

4674
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:40,400
through problems that would 
stump younger people. 

4675
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,600
An older man might shape 
replacement tool handles drawing

4676
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:47,500
on Decades of knowledge, about 
which Woods work best, and how 

4677
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:49,700
to shape them for comfortable 
use and long life. 

4678
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:52,700
Seasonal changes affect repair 
work. 

4679
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:57,000
After the flood season, many 
items need attention due to the 

4680
04:04:57,008 --> 04:04:59,600
moisture and rough handling 
during that busy time. 

4681
04:05:00,300 --> 04:05:03,500
After harvest tools that saw 
heavy, use need care before 

4682
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:06,600
storage. 
You develop a mental calendar of

4683
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:08,900
when different types of 
Maintenance typically become 

4684
04:05:08,900 --> 04:05:11,700
necessary preparing for these 
needs in advance. 

4685
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:15,200
When possible the afternoon 
grows hotter and you move your 

4686
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:18,800
repair work to a shadier spot. 
You'll continue until the 

4687
04:05:18,800 --> 04:05:22,100
temperature becomes truly 
uncomfortable, then pause for 

4688
04:05:22,100 --> 04:05:24,800
rest before resuming later when 
things cool down. 

4689
04:05:26,500 --> 04:05:29,100
The pace of work had just 
naturally to the days 

4690
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,400
conditions. 
No one expects maximum effort 

4691
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:35,900
during the hottest hours that 
would be wasteful of energy and 

4692
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,800
potentially harmful instead you 
work steadily. 

4693
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:44,200
When conditions allow and rest, 
when they don't, You live 

4694
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:47,200
surrounded by people, you've 
known your entire life. 

4695
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:51,000
The Village consists mostly of 
extended families, whose 

4696
04:05:51,000 --> 04:05:54,200
connections go back, 
Generations, your neighbor to 

4697
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:58,800
one side is your cousin, Family 
across the Narrow Lane, shares a

4698
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:03,200
grandparent with your father. 
This web of relationship shapes 

4699
04:06:03,200 --> 04:06:06,300
daily life in ways that don't 
require explanation or 

4700
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:09,200
enforcement. 
Children move freely between 

4701
04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:12,600
households, the child, playing 
near your doorway, might belong 

4702
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:16,100
to your sister's family, your 
neighbors family, or your own 

4703
04:06:16,100 --> 04:06:19,600
family adults, keep a general 
watch overall children without 

4704
04:06:19,600 --> 04:06:21,700
strict assignment of 
responsibility. 

4705
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:25,900
If a child wanders, too close to
Danger, whoever notices will 

4706
04:06:25,900 --> 04:06:29,100
redirect them if a child needs 
food or water. 

4707
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:31,600
They can get it from any nearby 
adult. 

4708
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:34,800
This Collective care means, 
children. 

4709
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,900
Rarely lacks supervision even 
though no single person watches 

4710
04:06:38,900 --> 04:06:41,700
them. 
Constantly you share labor 

4711
04:06:41,700 --> 04:06:45,100
naturally when tasks require 
more hands than one household 

4712
04:06:45,100 --> 04:06:49,900
can provide Building a new story
shed replace during a large wall

4713
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:52,700
or moving heavy, Stones becomes 
a group activity. 

4714
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:57,200
People show up without formal 
invitation understanding that 

4715
04:06:57,200 --> 04:06:59,100
today. 
You need help and tomorrow 

4716
04:06:59,100 --> 04:07:01,800
someone else will. 
You work together and 

4717
04:07:01,800 --> 04:07:05,000
comfortable silence or with a 
light conversation, breaking 

4718
04:07:05,000 --> 04:07:07,800
periodically to drink water, or 
rest in the shade. 

4719
04:07:08,700 --> 04:07:12,300
Food sharing happens regularly 
without formal ritual, if your 

4720
04:07:12,300 --> 04:07:16,200
family has caught extra fish, 
you give some to Neighbors when 

4721
04:07:16,200 --> 04:07:18,700
someone bakes more bread than 
their household needs, they 

4722
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:21,300
distribute the Surplus, no one 
tracks. 

4723
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,900
These exchanges precisely the 
assumption is that everything 

4724
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:28,300
balances over time that 
generosity flows in all 

4725
04:07:28,308 --> 04:07:31,800
directions and that everyone 
benefits from this informal 

4726
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:35,300
system. 
A family experience in temporary

4727
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,100
hardship. 
Receives food and help from 

4728
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:41,600
others without shame or 
obligation to repay quickly. 

4729
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:45,000
Knowledge passes between 
neighbor's constantly. 

4730
04:07:45,900 --> 04:07:48,600
You mention that your onions are
being affected by some kind of 

4731
04:07:48,608 --> 04:07:51,400
pest? 
An older neighbor, describes a 

4732
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:53,000
mixture of water and crushed 
leaves. 

4733
04:07:53,000 --> 04:07:56,200
That might help. 
Another person suggests planting

4734
04:07:56,200 --> 04:07:58,300
something different in that spot
next season. 

4735
04:07:59,300 --> 04:08:02,300
You try these suggestions and if
they work, you'll pass the 

4736
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:04,900
information along to someone 
else, facing a similar problem. 

4737
04:08:06,200 --> 04:08:09,200
The Village collectively holds 
far more knowledge than any 

4738
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:12,200
individual possesses. 
Disputes happen. 

4739
04:08:12,200 --> 04:08:16,100
But rarely escalate, if your 
goat wanders, into someone's 

4740
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:19,900
garden and causes damage your 
apologize and help, prepare any 

4741
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:22,600
harm done. 
If someone's child accidentally 

4742
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:25,600
break something of yours, the 
parents acknowledge it and make 

4743
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:29,200
things, right? 
The close quarters and extended 

4744
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:32,300
relationships, encourage 
resolution, rather than ongoing 

4745
04:08:32,300 --> 04:08:36,100
conflict. holding grudges 
becomes too costly when you see 

4746
04:08:36,100 --> 04:08:39,100
the person every day and rely on
them for various forms of help 

4747
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:43,900
and cooperation, women gather in
the mornings to grind grain 

4748
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:48,100
together, This work goes faster 
with company and the time 

4749
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:51,400
becomes social. 
You talk about children about 

4750
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,900
who's palm tree is producing 
well, this year. and about small

4751
04:08:54,900 --> 04:08:59,700
funny incidents that happened 
recently, Laughter comes easily.

4752
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:03,900
The sound of multiple grinding, 
Stones creates a rhythm that 

4753
04:09:03,900 --> 04:09:07,500
carries a cross, the village 
marking the morning hours as 

4754
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:11,200
surely as the sun's position. 
Men often work near each other, 

4755
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:15,100
even when performing individual 
tasks, you might prepare a 

4756
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:16,800
fishing net. 
While your brother-in-law shapes

4757
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:20,000
a new hoe handle and your 
neighbor patches his sandals 

4758
04:09:20,000 --> 04:09:22,000
being together. 
Makes the work feel less 

4759
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:24,700
solitary. 
If someone encounters a problem 

4760
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:27,500
others can offer suggestions or 
assistance. 

4761
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,300
The loose Congregation of people
create to sense of companionship

4762
04:09:31,300 --> 04:09:35,600
with out, requiring constant 
interaction, elderly members of 

4763
04:09:35,600 --> 04:09:37,900
the community receive care from 
the whole village. 

4764
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:41,300
If an old woman can no longer 
walk to the river for water. 

4765
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:45,300
Younger women bring it to her. 
If an elderly man needs help 

4766
04:09:45,300 --> 04:09:48,200
with repairs to his home, 
others, take care of it without 

4767
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:53,200
being asked. in return, older 
people offer wisdom settle 

4768
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:56,400
occasional disputes and provide 
child care when their Mobility 

4769
04:09:56,400 --> 04:10:00,300
allows Their presence 
stabilizes, the community 

4770
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:04,700
connecting present activity to 
past experience skill, 

4771
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:07,400
specialization exists, but isn't
rigid. 

4772
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:10,900
One person might have a 
particular Talent with Pottery 

4773
04:10:10,900 --> 04:10:14,700
another with basket weaving and 
another with carpentry. 

4774
04:10:15,600 --> 04:10:17,700
People seek out these 
Specialists when they need 

4775
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:21,000
something made well, but 
everyone possesses basic 

4776
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:23,100
competence in most necessary 
tasks. 

4777
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,600
If the Potter needs a basket, he
can make it himself even though 

4778
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:29,100
it won't be as fine as what the 
basket Weaver would produce. 

4779
04:10:30,300 --> 04:10:33,300
This white capability means the 
community doesn't become 

4780
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:35,200
helpless. 
If one skilled person is 

4781
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:38,600
unavailable, Children, learn 
adult work through gradual 

4782
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:41,600
inclusion. 
A young girl Begins by watching 

4783
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:45,300
her mother baked bread, then 
helps with simple tasks like 

4784
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:49,000
adding fuel to the fire. 
Then assists with mixing dough 

4785
04:10:49,000 --> 04:10:51,900
and eventually makes bread 
herself while her mother 

4786
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:56,400
watches. a boy follows his 
father to the fields first just 

4787
04:10:56,400 --> 04:11:00,000
walking along then carrying 
light loads, then learning to 

4788
04:11:00,000 --> 04:11:04,900
use tools and finally working 
independently This progression 

4789
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:08,200
happens, naturally over years, 
without formal stages or 

4790
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:11,400
ceremonies. 
Families, often work their 

4791
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:13,800
fields or pursue their crafts 
side by side. 

4792
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:18,000
Your field borders, your 
brother's field, making it easy 

4793
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:22,000
to talk while you both work. 
If one of you finishes a task 

4794
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:24,600
earlier, you might help the 
other complete theirs. 

4795
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:28,200
This cooperation increases 
efficiency without requiring 

4796
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:31,500
planning or meetings. 
It simply makes sense to help 

4797
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,900
each other when you're already 
present and able evening brings 

4798
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:39,100
different patterns of gathering.
After the main work ends, people

4799
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:43,100
sit outside their homes enjoying
cooler air and softer light. 

4800
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:47,200
conversations happen between 
doorways, someone might be 

4801
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:51,000
carving a piece of wood and 
other person, braiding rope and 

4802
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:55,300
another person just sitting and 
watching children play The 

4803
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:59,200
atmosphere feels relaxed with no
urgency pushing anyone to 

4804
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:03,000
accomplish specific goals. 
Music sometimes, emerges 

4805
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:06,400
spontaneously, someone begins 
singing while they work. 

4806
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:08,900
Others might join in or might 
not. 

4807
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:12,800
A person with a simple flute, 
plays A Melody that drifts 

4808
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:15,600
across the village. 
These moments of Music create 

4809
04:12:15,600 --> 04:12:18,500
shared pleasure without 
interrupting other activities 

4810
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:21,800
songs often have words. 
Everyone knows and verses that 

4811
04:12:21,800 --> 04:12:25,400
have been sung for Generations 
telling stories, or describing 

4812
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:28,300
seasonal changes or simply 
celebrating ordinary life. 

4813
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:32,500
Festivals and celebrations 
punctuate the year, bringing 

4814
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:36,100
more formal gatherings. 
But even these maintain an easy 

4815
04:12:36,108 --> 04:12:39,800
familiar quality rather than 
requiring, elaborate preparation

4816
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:43,100
or exotic elements. 
People wear clean clothing, 

4817
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:46,700
share, special foods, and 
perhaps dance or play games. 

4818
04:12:47,400 --> 04:12:50,700
Children, especially enjoy these
breaks from routine, the 

4819
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:54,900
celebrations, acknowledge the 
seasons, the rivers cycles, and 

4820
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:57,400
the communities continuation 
through another year. 

4821
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:01,600
The Village functions through 
habit, as much as through active

4822
04:13:01,600 --> 04:13:05,300
cooperation, you know, when your
neighbor typically goes to the 

4823
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:07,200
river. 
So you time your trip 

4824
04:13:07,200 --> 04:13:11,000
differently to avoid crowding. 
You understand which paths 

4825
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:12,800
people prefer for different 
purposes. 

4826
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,400
So you don't block them with 
your activities. 

4827
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:20,000
These small adjustments happen 
unconsciously creating order 

4828
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:24,100
without rules or enforcement. 
Strangers rarely appear in the 

4829
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:27,900
village when they do people 
approach them with cautious 

4830
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:30,300
curiosity rather than fear or 
hostility. 

4831
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,500
A traveling Merchant might 
arrive with goods from distant 

4832
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:37,200
are areas. 
People examine, what's offered 

4833
04:13:37,200 --> 04:13:41,000
and make some trade, the 
merchant moves on a message. 

4834
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:43,700
Carrier bringing news from 
another Village receives food, 

4835
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:48,100
and rest before continuing the 
occasional presence of Outsiders

4836
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:50,500
reminds you that your world 
extends Beyond immediate 

4837
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:54,100
surroundings, even though most 
of your life unfolds within a 

4838
04:13:54,100 --> 04:13:58,400
small familiar territory, The 
Sun reaches its highest point 

4839
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:02,400
and you feel the temperature, 
increased noticeably this isn't 

4840
04:14:02,400 --> 04:14:04,900
a signal to stop working 
entirely, but everyone 

4841
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,400
automatically adjusts their pace
and location you move from 

4842
04:14:08,400 --> 04:14:11,800
direct sunlight into shade. 
If you've been performing 

4843
04:14:11,800 --> 04:14:15,100
strenuous physical labor, you 
switch to lighter tasks or 

4844
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:18,900
simply pause your body has 
learned over years to recognize,

4845
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:22,600
when pushing forward would be 
unwise, you sit with your back 

4846
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:26,200
against the cool mud brick wall 
of your home, feeling the 

4847
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,100
contrast between the walls 
temperature and the heated are 

4848
04:14:29,100 --> 04:14:32,100
others in your family and 
throughout the village make 

4849
04:14:32,100 --> 04:14:37,100
similar adjustments, The streets
become quieter, the sound of 

4850
04:14:37,100 --> 04:14:41,800
grinding, stones and hammering 
fade, children Retreat to shaded

4851
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:44,200
areas. 
Their play becoming Karma and 

4852
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:47,800
less energetic. 
Water becomes a specialty 

4853
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:51,000
important during these hours. 
You drink from the jar, you 

4854
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:54,200
filled the morning, feeling the 
liquid cool, your throat and 

4855
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:57,600
settle in your stomach. 
You wet a cloth and wipe your 

4856
04:14:57,600 --> 04:15:02,700
face and neck and arms removing 
dust and sweat this simple act 

4857
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,300
refreshes you without requiring 
much effort or water. 

4858
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:09,500
The damp cloth also helps lower 
your body temperature slightly 

4859
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:13,200
as the moisture evaporates. 
Some people use this time for 

4860
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:16,800
tasks that don't require 
movement or exertion your wife 

4861
04:15:16,808 --> 04:15:20,500
continues, her sewing in the 
shade, her hands working slowly 

4862
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:23,800
and steadily. 
An older child practices writing

4863
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:27,200
on a piece of broken pottery. 
Forming the symbols, they're 

4864
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:29,500
learning. 
A neighbor repairs, a sandal, 

4865
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:32,300
the leatherwork, requiring 
attention, but not physical 

4866
04:15:32,300 --> 04:15:35,000
strength. 
These activities maintain 

4867
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:39,100
productivity while respecting 
the days thermal Peak, Sleep 

4868
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:42,600
isn't uncommon during these 
hours, you might lie down on a 

4869
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,300
mat inside your home, where the 
walls block direct sunlight and 

4870
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:50,500
provide relative. 
Coolness your eyes closed your 

4871
04:15:50,500 --> 04:15:54,600
breathing deepens. 
This rest isn't full nighttime 

4872
04:15:54,600 --> 04:15:57,300
sleep. 
Just a brief surrender to the 

4873
04:15:57,300 --> 04:16:00,500
body's preference for Stillness.
When conditions become 

4874
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:04,900
uncomfortable, Awake naturally 
after a short time feeling 

4875
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:07,200
somewhat restored and ready to 
resume work. 

4876
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:11,200
Babies and young, children 
almost always sleep during these

4877
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:15,400
hours, the heat of effects, the 
more strongly than adults and 

4878
04:16:15,400 --> 04:16:17,700
their bodies demand more 
frequent rest anyway. 

4879
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:21,200
Mother's nurse their infants, 
then lay them down in the 

4880
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:24,600
coolest part of the home. 
Hold a toddler's curl up on 

4881
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,600
sleeping mats sometimes several 
children together. 

4882
04:16:27,600 --> 04:16:30,600
Seeking each other's company 
even in sleep. 

4883
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:35,100
The household becomes very 
quiet, most voices, dropping to 

4884
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:37,600
Whispers to avoid disturbing 
these resting children. 

4885
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:42,700
Animals also seek rest during 
Peak heat, donkey, stand in 

4886
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:44,600
whatever shade they can find 
heads. 

4887
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:49,800
Lowered appearing almost toes. 
Dog sprawl in dust beneath trees

4888
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:54,500
barely moving even Birds, reduce
their activity, calling less 

4889
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,700
frequently and staying within 
foliage rather than flying 

4890
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:01,000
between trees. 
The whole landscape seems to 

4891
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:04,200
acknowledge the sun's power 
during these hours and chooses 

4892
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:06,200
not to challenge it 
unnecessarily. 

4893
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,000
You notice how rest creates a 
natural division in the day? 

4894
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:12,700
Morning. 
Work feels like one complete 

4895
04:17:12,700 --> 04:17:15,900
period ending. 
When heat becomes too strong. 

4896
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:20,500
After noon work, which will 
resume later, become a second 

4897
04:17:20,500 --> 04:17:24,000
period with his own character, 
this break prevents exhaustion 

4898
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:26,900
and makes the total amount of 
work feel more manageable. 

4899
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:31,100
Without it, the day would feel 
Relentless wearing you down 

4900
04:17:31,100 --> 04:17:32,900
rather than simply keeping you 
busy. 

4901
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:35,400
Conversation during rest 
periods. 

4902
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:40,000
Differs from morning, talk. 
Voices, remain, lower quieter, 

4903
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,100
topics, become less, practical 
and more reflective. 

4904
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:47,000
Someone might mention a dream, 
they had or recall an event from

4905
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:50,100
years ago or simply make 
observations about birds, or 

4906
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:55,200
clouds or the quality of light. 
No one expects, quick responses 

4907
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:59,500
or active engagement, the talk 
drifts, pauses and resumes 

4908
04:17:59,500 --> 04:18:02,400
without pressure. 
If you're in the fields rather 

4909
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:05,300
than the village you, rest 
beneath whatever trees are 

4910
04:18:05,300 --> 04:18:07,900
available or in the shadow of a 
wall or large Rock. 

4911
04:18:08,700 --> 04:18:11,300
Other workers spread out, 
similarly, each finding their 

4912
04:18:11,300 --> 04:18:14,400
own spot. 
The fields become still except 

4913
04:18:14,400 --> 04:18:17,300
for the occasional sound of 
someone shifting position or 

4914
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:20,500
taking a drink. 
The landscape shimmers in the 

4915
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:24,900
heat making distant objects 
unclear, and wavering, some 

4916
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:27,200
people use, rest time for 
grooming and personal care. 

4917
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:30,800
You might check your fingernails
and toenails, trimming them with

4918
04:18:30,800 --> 04:18:33,500
a sharp Stone. 
If needed you comb through your 

4919
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,600
hair with your fingers, 
removeing Tangles and debris, 

4920
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:40,200
the small acts of Maintenance 
feel satisfying without 

4921
04:18:40,200 --> 04:18:43,300
requiring real energy. 
They also help you feel more 

4922
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:44,900
comfortable when you return to 
work. 

4923
04:18:45,700 --> 04:18:48,800
The river continues flowing 
regardless of human activity, 

4924
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:52,900
its sound constant and soothing.
If you're resting near the 

4925
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:56,700
water, you listen to its gentle 
movement, the way it laps 

4926
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:59,300
against the banks and swirls 
around reads. 

4927
04:19:00,000 --> 04:19:02,700
This sound has accompanied every
moment of your life. 

4928
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:06,000
Becoming so familiar. 
You barely notice it. 

4929
04:19:06,000 --> 04:19:10,000
Consciously Yet its absence, if 
you traveled far from the river,

4930
04:19:10,000 --> 04:19:12,300
would feel strange and 
unsettling. 

4931
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:16,500
As the afternoon progresses, the
worst heat gradually passes. 

4932
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:20,600
You send this shift before you 
could name, any specific change,

4933
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:23,200
Perhaps the air feels slightly 
less heavy. 

4934
04:19:24,100 --> 04:19:26,100
Perhaps, Shadows have length and
just a bit. 

4935
04:19:26,108 --> 04:19:30,700
Perhaps your body simply knows. 
It has rested enough, you stand 

4936
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:34,800
stretch and prepare to return to
work, others throughout the 

4937
04:19:34,800 --> 04:19:37,600
village, makes similar 
movements, the sounds of 

4938
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:40,600
activity resumed gradually 
rather than all at once. 

4939
04:19:41,900 --> 04:19:45,600
A grinding, stone starts up. 
Someone calls out to a neighbor 

4940
04:19:45,600 --> 04:19:48,700
children emerge from the 
sleeping spots and begin playing

4941
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:53,200
again their energy renewed. 
The days second phase begins 

4942
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:56,100
naturally, without any signal or
announcement. 

4943
04:19:56,900 --> 04:20:00,800
You return to the task you left 
earlier, or begin a new one. 

4944
04:20:00,800 --> 04:20:03,600
If the previous work finished 
before rest became necessary, 

4945
04:20:04,600 --> 04:20:08,300
Your body feels capable again, 
ready for several more hours of 

4946
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:12,000
effort. 
The rest is purpose, not just 

4947
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:15,300
restoring physical energy but 
also providing mental relief 

4948
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:19,300
from sustained Focus. 
The afternoon stretches ahead 

4949
04:20:19,300 --> 04:20:23,000
long enough for Meaningful 
accomplishment, but not so long 

4950
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:26,500
that you can't Envision its end.
You begin preparing the evening 

4951
04:20:26,500 --> 04:20:29,000
meal while afternoon, light 
still provides good visibility 

4952
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:33,100
for the details work involved. 
First, you check your supplies 

4953
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,800
inventory of available the 
household stores, barley and 

4954
04:20:36,800 --> 04:20:37,800
Emma wheat. 
In large. 

4955
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:42,000
Clay vessels have onions, garlic
and some dried fish from recent 

4956
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:44,400
trade. 
Trading a basket holds dates 

4957
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:46,400
that are beginning to wrinkle 
but remain good. 

4958
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:49,800
Some fresh lettuce and cucumbers
came from the garden. 

4959
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:53,300
This morning making bread forms 
the foundation of the meal. 

4960
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:57,600
As it does most days, you 
measure out grain and carry it 

4961
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:01,900
to the grinding Stones. 
These Stones one flat and one 

4962
04:21:01,900 --> 04:21:05,300
curved have worn smooth hollows 
from years of use. 

4963
04:21:06,100 --> 04:21:08,500
You pour grain into the hollow 
of the lowest Stone. 

4964
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:12,000
Then use the upper Stone to 
grind it with repeated circular 

4965
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,700
motions. 
The grain gradually breaks down 

4966
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:17,900
into flour, though, it remains 
coarser than what you could 

4967
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,200
achieve with more time and 
effort, the grinding produces 

4968
04:21:21,200 --> 04:21:24,000
rhythmic scraping sound that 
other women in neighboring 

4969
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:27,600
houses, or so create. 
You can hear three or four other

4970
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:30,400
families performing the same 
task at roughly the same time. 

4971
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:34,400
Your arms develop a steady 
Rhythm that you can make pain 

4972
04:21:34,400 --> 04:21:37,400
for the extended period needed 
to produce enough flour for your

4973
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:40,600
family's bread. 
The motion becomes almost 

4974
04:21:40,600 --> 04:21:45,100
meditative requiring attention, 
but not intense concentration. 

4975
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,700
Once you have sufficient flower,
you mix it with water in a 

4976
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:54,100
ceramic Bowl, your hands work, 
the mixer adding water gradually

4977
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:58,100
until the dough reaches the 
right consistency, too dry, and 

4978
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:01,400
it won't hold together too wet 
and it will stick to everything.

4979
04:22:02,200 --> 04:22:05,400
You've Made bread countless 
times and your hands, know the 

4980
04:22:05,408 --> 04:22:08,800
feel your seeking. 
You need the dobre, briefly then

4981
04:22:08,800 --> 04:22:13,700
shape it into flat round loaves,
the fire pits outside your home.

4982
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:17,200
A circle of stones, containing 
ashes, and partially burned. 

4983
04:22:17,200 --> 04:22:20,100
Would you add dried dung and 
some small sticks to the 

4984
04:22:20,100 --> 04:22:23,400
existing coals blowing gently to
encourage flames? 

4985
04:22:24,400 --> 04:22:28,300
Fire catches growing gradually 
rather than blazing up all at 

4986
04:22:28,300 --> 04:22:30,800
once. 
You let it burn until you have a

4987
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:34,100
good bed of hot coals. 
Then reduce the Flames to a more

4988
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:37,300
controlled level. you place the 
bread loaves directly on hot 

4989
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:40,400
Stones arranged around the fire 
turning them periodically to 

4990
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:44,200
ensure even cooking the bread 
begins to firm up developing a 

4991
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:47,600
slightly crispy exterior, while 
remaining softer inside. 

4992
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:50,700
The smell of baking bread. 
Drifts through the village 

4993
04:22:50,700 --> 04:22:53,300
mixing with similar scents from 
other households. 

4994
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:57,400
This smells signals the approach
of evening and the end of the 

4995
04:22:57,400 --> 04:22:59,600
work day as reliably as the 
sun's position. 

4996
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:02,800
While the bread bakes, you 
prepare other food. 

4997
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,900
You slice, onions and garlic, 
combine them with water, and a 

4998
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:11,700
bit of oil in a clay pot. 
And set it near the fire to cook

4999
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,200
slowly. 
The dried fish gets soaked in 

5000
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:18,000
water to soften it. 
Then added to the pot. 

5001
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:22,100
This simple stew will provide 
flavor and substance beyond the 

5002
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:24,800
bread. 
You stir it occasionally making 

5003
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:26,700
sure nothing sticks to the 
bottom of the pot. 

5004
04:23:27,700 --> 04:23:30,100
Fresh vegetables. 
Require minimal preparation. 

5005
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:33,000
You rinse the lettuce and 
cucumbers in water. 

5006
04:23:33,000 --> 04:23:36,300
Then slice them into pieces that
can be easily eaten. 

5007
04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:40,700
These will be served raw, 
providing a crisp texture and 

5008
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:43,700
fresh taste that contrasts with 
the cooked elements of the meal.

5009
04:23:44,900 --> 04:23:47,800
You arrange them on a flat. 
Ceramic dish that has survived 

5010
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:51,000
years of daily use despite 
several repaired cracks. 

5011
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:54,900
Dates need only to be checked 
for any that have spoiled or 

5012
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:57,500
attracted insects you sort 
through them. 

5013
04:23:57,500 --> 04:24:01,200
Discarding a few that have gone 
bad and arranging the rest in a 

5014
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:04,400
bowl dates provide sweetness 
that most other Foods lack. 

5015
04:24:05,000 --> 04:24:08,600
Children look forward to them, 
often eating them as a treat 

5016
04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:11,800
separate from the main meal. 
You have some beer that you 

5017
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:15,800
prepared, several days ago, the 
process involves sprouting grain

5018
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:19,300
drying. 
It drying it mixing it with 

5019
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:21,300
water and allowing it to 
ferment. 

5020
04:24:22,300 --> 04:24:26,100
The result is thick nutritious 
and mildly alcoholic. 

5021
04:24:27,200 --> 04:24:30,800
You strain it through a basket 
to remove solid particles then 

5022
04:24:30,800 --> 04:24:33,700
pour it into jars for serving 
beer. 

5023
04:24:33,700 --> 04:24:37,700
Provides hydration nutrition and
a pleasant mild Buzz that helps 

5024
04:24:37,700 --> 04:24:41,500
everyone relax in the evening. 
The bread finishes baking. 

5025
04:24:42,500 --> 04:24:45,400
You remove each loaf from the 
hot Stone's using a folded cloth

5026
04:24:45,400 --> 04:24:48,900
to protect your hands. 
The bread has risen slightly and

5027
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:51,300
developed brown spots where it 
contacted the stones. 

5028
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,000
You stack the loaves in a basket
covering them with a cloth to 

5029
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:56,900
keep them warm and protect them 
from dust? 

5030
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:00,800
Due as simmered long enough for 
the flavors to blend and the 

5031
04:25:00,800 --> 04:25:03,500
fish to break down into small 
tender pieces. 

5032
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:07,200
You taste it judging, whether it
needs anything else. 

5033
04:25:08,400 --> 04:25:10,500
Perhaps a bit more water to 
thin, it slightly. 

5034
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:14,500
You stir in the addition and let
it cook a few moments longer. 

5035
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:18,500
Your children, gather as the 
cooking nears completion drawn 

5036
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:20,700
by the smell and by the 
knowledge that meal time 

5037
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:24,200
approaches, they know not to ask
for food until you're ready to 

5038
04:25:24,200 --> 04:25:29,000
serve, but they stay closed and 
anticipating Your husband 

5039
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:32,400
arrives from the fields setting 
down his tools and washing his 

5040
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:34,400
hands and face before joining 
the family. 

5041
04:25:35,700 --> 04:25:38,300
You lay out the food on simple, 
ceramic dishes. 

5042
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:42,300
And the woven mat where your 
family eats, every one sits 

5043
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,400
reaching for bread. 
First tearing Peace's from the 

5044
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:50,500
loaves, you Laidlaw in to 
Bolles, passing them around The 

5045
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:54,000
vegetables get shared from the 
common dish each person taking 

5046
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:56,900
what they want. 
The dates remain in their bowl 

5047
04:25:56,900 --> 04:26:00,500
of available throughout the meal
eating doesn't require much 

5048
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:03,500
conversation. 
Hungry people focus on food. 

5049
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:07,700
The taste of familiar comforting
rather than exciting. 

5050
04:26:08,400 --> 04:26:11,700
This meal closely resembles 
yesterday's meal and tomorrow's 

5051
04:26:11,700 --> 04:26:13,800
meal. 
The consistency provides 

5052
04:26:13,800 --> 04:26:17,100
security, rather than boredom, 
you know what to expect? 

5053
04:26:17,100 --> 04:26:20,300
You know, you'll have enough. 
You know, your body will feel 

5054
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:24,000
satisfied when you finish. 
Children, eat quickly, their 

5055
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:27,800
hunger, demanding immediate, 
satisfaction adults, eat more 

5056
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:30,800
slowly taking time to enjoy the 
food and the break from work. 

5057
04:26:31,900 --> 04:26:34,900
Someone might comment on the 
bread's texture or mention that 

5058
04:26:34,900 --> 04:26:38,800
the fish was particularly good. 
These observations acknowledge 

5059
04:26:38,800 --> 04:26:41,900
the Kooks work without requiring
elaborate praise or response. 

5060
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:47,200
After the main eating finishes 
people continue sitting, perhaps

5061
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:49,400
having a few more dates or 
another cup of beer. 

5062
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,800
The children drift away to play 
briefly before, full Darkness 

5063
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:58,200
arrives, adults talk quietly 
about tomorrow's plans or about 

5064
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:01,900
nothing in particular, The empty
dishes, sits temporarily 

5065
04:27:01,900 --> 04:27:05,300
forgotten the clean up something
that can wait for the moment. 

5066
04:27:06,300 --> 04:27:09,500
Eventually you gather the dishes
and carry them to a large bowl 

5067
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:12,000
where you'll wash them with 
water and sand. 

5068
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:16,000
The simple friction of sand 
removes food particles and 

5069
04:27:16,000 --> 04:27:20,200
Greece, the dishes with clean 
water and stack them to dry. 

5070
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:23,400
The cooking pot gets similar 
treatment, though. 

5071
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:25,900
You leave a thin layer of 
residue that will seize it for 

5072
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:30,000
future use. 
Fire dies down to coals, you 

5073
04:27:30,000 --> 04:27:33,500
don't extinguish it completely, 
these coals will make starting 

5074
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:36,700
tomorrow's fire easier, saving, 
time and fuel. 

5075
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:41,500
You sweep up any spilled grain 
or food scraps, feeding them to 

5076
04:27:41,500 --> 04:27:44,200
the household animals or adding 
them to the compost area. 

5077
04:27:45,400 --> 04:27:49,600
Nothing edible goes to waste. 
Even scraps have value as feed 

5078
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:53,000
or fertilizer, the sun lowers 
toward the Horizon. 

5079
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:55,400
Casting Long Shadows across the 
village. 

5080
04:27:56,300 --> 04:27:59,300
The quality of light changes 
becoming softer and more gold 

5081
04:27:59,300 --> 04:28:02,900
and you feel the temperature 
dropping the oppressive heat of 

5082
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:07,800
midday finally breaking this 
shift brings relief and signals 

5083
04:28:07,800 --> 04:28:10,400
the Days. 
Inn approaching work that must 

5084
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:14,100
finish today receives finally 
attention while tasks that can 

5085
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:17,900
wait, get set aside for 
tomorrow, you sit outside, your 

5086
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:20,900
doorway taking advantage of the 
pleasant temperature and 

5087
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:23,900
remaining light. 
Your wife joins you bringing 

5088
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:26,700
simple hand work that doesn't 
require close Focus. 

5089
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:29,700
She's repairing a tear in a 
child's clothing. 

5090
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:32,700
A fingers move moving 
automatically through familiar 

5091
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:35,100
stitches. 
You're not doing anything in 

5092
04:28:35,100 --> 04:28:38,300
particular, just resting and 
watching The Village settle in 

5093
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:41,100
to evening. 
Children play in the narrow 

5094
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:44,400
Lanes between houses, their 
games growing gentler as their 

5095
04:28:44,400 --> 04:28:47,000
energy, wanes. 
They chase each other at half 

5096
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:50,600
speed laughing, but without the 
shrieks that characterized their

5097
04:28:50,600 --> 04:28:53,300
earlier play. 
Some draw in the dust with 

5098
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:56,500
sticks, creating temporary 
pictures that will be erased by 

5099
04:28:56,500 --> 04:29:00,000
tomorrow's foot traffic. 
Others sit in small groups 

5100
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:04,700
talking and handling simple toys
made from Clay Wood or bundled 

5101
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:08,100
reads. 
A neighbor passes by leading 

5102
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:11,900
their donkey, back from the 
fields, the animal walks slowly 

5103
04:29:11,900 --> 04:29:16,700
its head bobbing with each step,
it's load has been removed, and 

5104
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:19,100
it seems to understand that 
workers ended for the day. 

5105
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:23,200
Your neighbor nods in greeting, 
but doesn't stop. 

5106
04:29:23,200 --> 04:29:27,300
Everyone is engaged in the same 
process of winding down in 

5107
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:29,500
interrupting it. 
With lengthy conversation feels 

5108
04:29:29,500 --> 04:29:33,300
wrong somehow Smoke Rise is from
cooking fires throughout the 

5109
04:29:33,300 --> 04:29:36,600
village, creating a haze that 
softens the air and Carries 

5110
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,800
mixed sense of baking bread and 
cooking stews. 

5111
04:29:40,500 --> 04:29:43,700
This communal cloud of smoke 
marks, the transition from work,

5112
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:48,000
time to home time from public 
activity to private family life.

5113
04:29:49,000 --> 04:29:52,500
The smell is become so 
associated with evening that you

5114
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:54,800
probably feel disoriented if it 
were absent. 

5115
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:59,200
Hear someone singing in a nearby
house, a woman's voice, carrying

5116
04:29:59,200 --> 04:30:02,700
a familiar Melody. the song has 
words you've known since 

5117
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:06,800
childhood versus about the river
and the Harvest and the Turning 

5118
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:10,200
seasons Other voices 
occasionally join in for a 

5119
04:30:10,200 --> 04:30:12,200
phrase or two before falling 
silent again. 

5120
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:15,600
The music provides a soundtrack 
to the evening's activities 

5121
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:18,800
without demanding active, 
listening or participation. 

5122
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:22,800
If you older children gather 
around an elderly man who has 

5123
04:30:22,800 --> 04:30:26,200
begun telling a story, he's told
this particular story many times

5124
04:30:26,200 --> 04:30:29,600
before and the children know 
most of it but they listen 

5125
04:30:29,600 --> 04:30:32,700
anyway. 
The story involves animals that 

5126
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:35,600
can talk. 
Series of mishaps that 

5127
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:40,000
eventually resolve happily. 
The old man's voice Rises and 

5128
04:30:40,000 --> 04:30:43,900
falls with practice timing. 
The children laugh at the funny 

5129
04:30:43,900 --> 04:30:45,700
parts even though they know 
they're coming. 

5130
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:50,600
Inside your home, you like to 
simple oil, lamp as the natural 

5131
04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:53,100
light becomes insufficient for 
seeing clearly. 

5132
04:30:54,700 --> 04:30:56,600
The lamp consists of a shallow 
dish. 

5133
04:30:56,600 --> 04:30:59,200
Containing oil with a twisted 
Wick of linen. 

5134
04:31:00,200 --> 04:31:03,500
The flame is small but provides 
enough light for basic tasks and

5135
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:06,400
navigation. 
Most families have several of 

5136
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:08,700
these lamps placed strategically
around their homes. 

5137
04:31:09,500 --> 04:31:12,600
The flickering, light creates 
moving Shadows that give the 

5138
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:15,700
space a different character. 
Then it has during the day. 

5139
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:19,800
Your youngest child comes to you
tired and ready for sleep 

5140
04:31:19,800 --> 04:31:22,800
earlier than the older children.
You pick her up? 

5141
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:25,500
Feeling her weight settle 
against your chest. 

5142
04:31:26,300 --> 04:31:29,400
She had a full day of playing 
helping with small tasks and 

5143
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:33,900
exploring her immediate world. 
Now, her body demands rest. 

5144
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:38,400
You carry her to the sleeping 
area, lay her on her mat and 

5145
04:31:38,400 --> 04:31:40,200
cover her with a light piece of 
linen. 

5146
04:31:40,900 --> 04:31:42,500
She's asleep. 
Almost immediately. 

5147
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:45,600
Her breathing deepening into the
rhythm of rest. 

5148
04:31:46,500 --> 04:31:49,100
Your wife finishes, her mending 
and sets to decide. 

5149
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:52,500
She drinks, some water then 
begins braiding her hair for 

5150
04:31:52,500 --> 04:31:56,100
Sleep, working it into a simple 
Platt that will keep it from 

5151
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:59,500
tangling during the night. 
You watch this familiar routine.

5152
04:31:59,500 --> 04:32:02,700
Having seen it nearly every 
evening of your married life. 

5153
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:07,100
The consistency of these small 
rituals create to sense of order

5154
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:10,800
and predictability that feels 
comforting rather than boring. 

5155
04:32:11,800 --> 04:32:14,500
The older children of eventually
come inside surrendering to the 

5156
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:16,500
growing darkness and their own 
fatigue. 

5157
04:32:17,500 --> 04:32:19,400
They don't need much 
encouragement to prepare for 

5158
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,000
sleep. 
They moved to the sleeping mats.

5159
04:32:22,000 --> 04:32:24,200
Arranging them in preferred 
positions. 

5160
04:32:24,200 --> 04:32:27,200
They might talk quietly among 
themselves for a few minutes, 

5161
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:30,500
reviewing, the days of events or
making plans for tomorrow's 

5162
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,400
play. 
The voices grow softer and less 

5163
04:32:33,400 --> 04:32:35,200
frequent as sleep overtakes 
them. 

5164
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:38,800
You step outside one more time, 
checking the sky. 

5165
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:43,200
Stars are beginning to appear. 
Faint at first, but gradually 

5166
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:46,100
becoming more visible as the 
last daylight fades. 

5167
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:48,100
The air has cooled 
significantly. 

5168
04:32:49,300 --> 04:32:51,800
You can hear the rivers constant
sound more clearly. 

5169
04:32:51,800 --> 04:32:56,400
Now, the daytime activity is 
ceased a dog bark somewhere in 

5170
04:32:56,400 --> 04:32:59,400
the village, it sound carrying 
clearly in the quiet. 

5171
04:33:00,200 --> 04:33:03,700
Another dog answers briefly then
silence returns. 

5172
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:08,900
Fire outside has reduced to a 
few glowing coals you decide 

5173
04:33:08,900 --> 04:33:10,800
whether to bank it for the night
or let it die. 

5174
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:13,500
Completely. 
If you bank it, you cover the 

5175
04:33:13,500 --> 04:33:16,700
coals with Ash, which preserves 
some heat and makes morning. 

5176
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:20,400
Fire Starting easier. 
If you let it die, you'll need 

5177
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:22,800
to start fresh tomorrow, but 
that's not difficult. 

5178
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,300
When you have experienced and 
proper materials, you return in 

5179
04:33:26,308 --> 04:33:29,099
sight and secure the door by 
placing a piece of wood across 

5180
04:33:29,099 --> 04:33:32,099
the opening. 
This provides minimal security 

5181
04:33:32,099 --> 04:33:35,099
but the village is safe and 
theft is rare. 

5182
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:39,000
The door mainly keeps out 
animals and provides privacy 

5183
04:33:39,000 --> 04:33:42,700
rather than functioning a 
serious protection. you check 

5184
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:46,000
that all family members are 
present and accounted for a 

5185
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:49,700
quick mental inventory that 
brings reassurance The oil lamps

5186
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:52,500
burn quietly their Flames. 
Barely moving. 

5187
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:56,599
You leave one lamp lit but 
reduce its Wick to conserve oil.

5188
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,700
The small flame provides just 
enough light to navigate if 

5189
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:02,000
someone needs to get up during 
the night. 

5190
04:34:02,000 --> 04:34:04,400
But not so much that it disturbs
sleep. 

5191
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:09,000
The shadows in the room become 
deeper creating a cocoon-like 

5192
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,800
atmosphere that encourages rest.
You lie down on your own 

5193
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:16,400
sleeping mat, feeling the days 
accumulated, fatigue in your 

5194
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:19,300
muscles, and joints. 
The matters isn't thick or 

5195
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,099
particularly soft, but you're 
accustomed to it. 

5196
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:26,700
Your body relaxes into the 
familiar surface, your wife lies

5197
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:29,700
nearby close enough to touch if 
either of you reaches out. 

5198
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:33,300
The children quiet breathing 
creates a subtle rhythm in the 

5199
04:34:33,308 --> 04:34:35,800
Darkness. 
Tomorrow will bring similar 

5200
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:38,300
tasks similar rhythms and 
similar challenges. 

5201
04:34:39,300 --> 04:34:40,800
But that thought doesn't trouble
you. 

5202
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:44,700
The consistency means, you know 
what, to expect know. 

5203
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:48,599
You can handle it and know, your
family will be fed and safe and 

5204
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:51,500
together. 
These certain teas allow you to 

5205
04:34:51,508 --> 04:34:55,300
let go of the day without worry 
to sink into sleep without your 

5206
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:59,800
mind churning through, anxiety 
or concerns. the lamp flame 

5207
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:03,300
Waverly, as air moves through 
the room, the night settles 

5208
04:35:03,300 --> 04:35:07,599
fully over the village, All the 
preparation, all the work and 

5209
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:10,200
all the cooperation that 
sustained this day of brought 

5210
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:13,900
you to the point of arrest. 
You close your eyes feeling 

5211
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:15,900
sleep approach, like a gentle 
tide. 

5212
04:35:15,900 --> 04:35:19,700
You awaken darkness when your 
infant daughter begins to fuss. 

5213
04:35:20,400 --> 04:35:24,400
The sound starts quietly, just 
small noises that signal 

5214
04:35:24,400 --> 04:35:28,800
discomfort or hunger rather than
true distress your alert 

5215
04:35:28,800 --> 04:35:32,500
immediately but not alarmed. 
Nighttime waking is normal 

5216
04:35:32,500 --> 04:35:35,900
expected, and part of the 
natural rhythm of caring for 

5217
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:38,500
young children. 
You've done this many times 

5218
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:41,900
before with your older children 
and you'll do it many times more

5219
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:44,500
before the child grows past the 
need for night feeding. 

5220
04:35:45,500 --> 04:35:48,000
You reach for the baby lifting, 
her gently. 

5221
04:35:48,800 --> 04:35:51,599
Her body feels warm and slightly
damp from sleeping in the 

5222
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:54,500
night's warmth. 
You settle her against you in 

5223
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:56,500
the position. 
That works best for nursing. 

5224
04:35:57,400 --> 04:36:00,300
Supporting her head and body 
with practiced ease. 

5225
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:05,500
She latches quickly her suckling
creating a small rhythmic sound 

5226
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:09,099
in the quiet house. 
You lean back against the wall 

5227
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:12,000
comfortable enough for the 
duration of the feeding. 

5228
04:36:13,000 --> 04:36:15,300
The rest of the house remains 
mostly asleep. 

5229
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:18,200
Your husband has stirred 
slightly, but not fully 

5230
04:36:18,200 --> 04:36:20,599
awakened. 
The older children, haven't 

5231
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:23,500
moved. 
This kind of night, waking 

5232
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:26,700
rarely disturbs. 
The whole household, everyone 

5233
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:28,200
has learned to sleep through the
Quiet. 

5234
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,500
Sounds of infant care waking 
only, if something seems 

5235
04:36:31,500 --> 04:36:35,000
genuinely wrong. 
The remaining oil lamp cost, 

5236
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:38,099
barely any light. 
Just a dim glow that allows you 

5237
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:41,700
to see shapes and movement 
without fully Illuminating the 

5238
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:44,500
space. 
Your eyes have adjusted to the 

5239
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:46,500
darkness. 
Well enough that this minimal 

5240
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:49,900
light feels sufficient, you 
don't need to see clearly to 

5241
04:36:49,900 --> 04:36:53,500
care for your baby, Your Hands 
and Body know what to do with 

5242
04:36:53,500 --> 04:36:58,000
without guidance from your eyes.
The baby nurse is deadly. 

5243
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:02,500
A small hands resting against 
your chest. you feel her 

5244
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:06,300
gradually relaxing, as her 
hunger eases These nighttime 

5245
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:10,300
feedings create moments of quiet
connection, just you and this 

5246
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:14,800
child, in the peaceful Darkness.
During the day of the demands 

5247
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:18,500
constantly interrupt, your 
attention at night, there's 

5248
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:22,200
nothing else, requiring your 
focus, you can simply be present

5249
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:24,800
with her without thinking about 
the does not of the tasks that 

5250
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:28,200
usually occupy your mind. 
When she finishes nursing, you 

5251
04:37:28,200 --> 04:37:31,700
hold her upright briefly gently 
patting her back until she 

5252
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:34,200
burps. 
Then you lay her back down on 

5253
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:36,900
her mat covering her again, with
the light cloth. 

5254
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:41,599
She settles immediately, her 
body going limp with satisfied 

5255
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:44,500
sleepiness. 
You remain sitting for a moment,

5256
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:49,800
making sure she's truly settled.
Before you lie down yourself, An

5257
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:52,099
older child wakes needing to 
relieve himself. 

5258
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:56,000
He sits up quietly then makes 
his way to the doorway. 

5259
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:00,500
The family keeps a simple Pot 
near the entrance for nighttime.

5260
04:38:00,500 --> 04:38:03,500
Use avoiding the need to go 
outside and darkness. 

5261
04:38:04,400 --> 04:38:07,700
The child uses it without 
difficulty, then returns to his 

5262
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:10,500
sleeping mat. 
The whole process happens. 

5263
04:38:10,500 --> 04:38:13,200
Almost silently. 
Disturbing, no one. 

5264
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:16,099
By the time, the child lies back
down. 

5265
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:18,000
He's already falling back into 
sleep. 

5266
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:20,900
You hear someone in a 
neighboring house, moving 

5267
04:38:20,900 --> 04:38:24,099
around, probably dealing with 
their own child's nighttime 

5268
04:38:24,099 --> 04:38:27,300
needs. 
The Sounds carry easily through 

5269
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:29,200
the thin walls and in the still 
night. 

5270
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:32,700
Are you find these sounds 
companionable, rather than 

5271
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:36,400
intrusive Their remind you that 
other families are managing the 

5272
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:40,000
same night time, routines, that 
your experience is a shared and 

5273
04:38:40,000 --> 04:38:42,099
normal, rather than unique or 
difficult. 

5274
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:44,700
Sometimes a child has a bad 
dream. 

5275
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,500
One of your sons whimpers. 
In his sleep, his body twitching

5276
04:38:49,500 --> 04:38:51,500
slightly. 
You moved to him. 

5277
04:38:51,508 --> 04:38:54,599
Quickly, placing a gentle hand 
on his shoulder. 

5278
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:58,900
He wakes briefly disoriented and
upset. 

5279
04:38:59,599 --> 04:39:04,000
You speak, softly reassuring 
him, that he's safe, that it was

5280
04:39:04,000 --> 04:39:07,099
only a dream and that nothing 
bad is happening. 

5281
04:39:08,400 --> 04:39:12,400
He calms within moments his fear
dissipating as Consciousness 

5282
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:15,800
returns and he recognizes his 
familiar surroundings. 

5283
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:20,200
He lies back down and you stay 
beside him briefly until his 

5284
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:23,300
breathing deep. 
And again, the night is never 

5285
04:39:23,300 --> 04:39:26,500
completely silent. 
The river provides constant, 

5286
04:39:26,500 --> 04:39:29,599
background sound. 
Occasionally, an animal makes 

5287
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:34,400
noise outside a donkey shifting 
position or a dog investigating 

5288
04:39:34,400 --> 04:39:37,000
something. 
These sounds don't alarm. 

5289
04:39:37,000 --> 04:39:40,500
You are part of the normal 
nighttime, soundscape, familiar 

5290
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:43,600
and expected. 
True silence would actually feel

5291
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:48,300
strange, perhaps, even worrying.
If a child becomes ill during 

5292
04:39:48,300 --> 04:39:51,900
the night, you respond calmly. 
You check for Fever by touching 

5293
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,600
their forehead off a water if 
they're thirsty and clean up any

5294
04:39:55,600 --> 04:39:57,500
mess if they've been sick to 
their stomach. 

5295
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:01,700
You know, which mild herbs can 
help with common problems and 

5296
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:03,600
you keep some prepared for easy 
access. 

5297
04:40:04,600 --> 04:40:07,700
Most childhood illnesses pass 
quickly without needing anything

5298
04:40:07,700 --> 04:40:09,700
more than comfort and basic 
care. 

5299
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:13,400
You stay close to a sick child 
throughout the night of 

5300
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:16,300
necessary. 
Sleeping likely, so you can 

5301
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,200
respond to their needs. 
Your own sleep. 

5302
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:22,200
During these years of young 
children is rarely Unbroken. 

5303
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:26,400
You've adjusted to this pattern 
learning to fall back asleep, 

5304
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:28,900
quickly after attending to a 
child's needs. 

5305
04:40:29,700 --> 04:40:33,400
Deep sleep, still happens just 
in shorter periods between 

5306
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,200
waking Kings. 
Your body has adapted to this 

5307
04:40:36,200 --> 04:40:39,800
Rhythm taking rest, where it can
find it, rather than demanding 

5308
04:40:39,800 --> 04:40:44,000
eight uninterrupted hours. 
Older children and adults might 

5309
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:47,200
wake to step outside briefly 
preferring to walk a short 

5310
04:40:47,208 --> 04:40:50,200
distance from the house rather 
than use the indoor pot. 

5311
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:53,100
The night. 
Air feels cool and fresh. 

5312
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:56,800
Stars fill the sky with more 
brightness than seems possible. 

5313
04:40:56,800 --> 04:41:00,500
During the day, you noticed the 
Moon's phase without thinking 

5314
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,800
about it the same way, you 
notice the rivers level or the 

5315
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:06,700
season. 
This information becomes part of

5316
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:08,900
your general, awareness of the 
world's Cycle's. 

5317
04:41:09,800 --> 04:41:13,100
Occasionally someone has 
difficulty sleeping lying awake 

5318
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:15,900
while their mind churns through 
worries or plans. 

5319
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:18,700
When this happens, you don't 
fight it. 

5320
04:41:18,700 --> 04:41:23,200
You simply lie, quietly, resting
your body, even if your mind 

5321
04:41:23,208 --> 04:41:27,200
won't settle, Sometimes you step
outside and sit for a while, 

5322
04:41:27,200 --> 04:41:29,900
looking at the stars and 
listening to the night. 

5323
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:34,200
Sounds the cool air and change 
of position, often helps sleep 

5324
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:37,000
return. 
If not, you remain calm, knowing

5325
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:39,600
tomorrow's work will happen 
regardless of whether you slept 

5326
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:43,600
perfectly tonight, The period 
before Dawn, brings the deepest 

5327
04:41:43,600 --> 04:41:46,400
sleep of the night. 
After whatever middle of the 

5328
04:41:46,400 --> 04:41:50,000
night, waking of occurred. 
Everyone tends to sink into 

5329
04:41:50,000 --> 04:41:53,300
heavy arrest during these hours.
The house becomes a very still 

5330
04:41:53,300 --> 04:41:58,000
even the baby sleeps soundly a 
small body finally satisfied 

5331
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:01,800
with milk and rest. 
This is the time when you truly 

5332
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:05,400
rest when your body repairs 
itself from the previous day's 

5333
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:07,100
work and prepares for the next 
days. 

5334
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:09,500
Demands. 
You wake gradually. 

5335
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:11,800
As first light begins to 
penetrate the darkness. 

5336
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:16,700
You don't rise immediately 
instead you like quietly, 

5337
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:20,500
noticing your body's transition 
from sleep to wakefulness. 

5338
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:24,500
Your mind becomes aware before 
your body wants to move. 

5339
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:28,200
Hear the first Morning Sounds 
beginning outside. 

5340
04:42:29,100 --> 04:42:32,500
Birds calling someone else 
starting their fire and the 

5341
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,600
village beginning its daily 
return to activity the baby 

5342
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:39,900
wakes and needs feeding again. 
You nurse her while still lying 

5343
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:41,700
down both of you drowsy and 
comfortable. 

5344
04:42:42,600 --> 04:42:45,400
The older children begin to stir
their movements, becoming less 

5345
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:49,100
still as Consciousness. 
Returns your husband, sits up 

5346
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:51,000
stretching and preparing to face
the day. 

5347
04:42:51,000 --> 04:42:56,100
The night has done its work, 
providing rest, and renewal, Now

5348
04:42:56,100 --> 04:43:00,100
morning arrives again bringing 
with it, the Familiar of tasks 

5349
04:43:00,100 --> 04:43:01,900
and rhythms, that structure your
life. 

5350
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:05,000
The routines, you follow each 
day are the same routines, your 

5351
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,200
parents followed and their 
parents before them reaching 

5352
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:11,000
back through more Generations 
than anyone can count. 

5353
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:16,700
The methods for grinding grain 
Building Homes, weaving, baskets

5354
04:43:16,700 --> 04:43:18,900
and catching fish. 
Have changed little over 

5355
04:43:18,900 --> 04:43:22,400
centuries. 
This continuity creates a deep 

5356
04:43:22,400 --> 04:43:26,100
stability that allows life to 
proceed without constant, 

5357
04:43:26,100 --> 04:43:31,600
reinvention or adaptation to 
dramatic change. you inhabit a 

5358
04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:33,900
world where knowledge 
accumulates gradually, and then 

5359
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:37,800
plateaus Your grandparents knew 
essentially everything you need 

5360
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,600
to know to sustain your life. 
They taught your parents, who 

5361
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,000
taught, you, and you're now 
teaching your children. 

5362
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:48,300
The substance of this teaching 
remains constant. 

5363
04:43:49,100 --> 04:43:53,300
How to read the rivers moods 
when to plant and harvest which 

5364
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:56,400
materials work best for 
different purposes, how to 

5365
04:43:56,400 --> 04:44:00,000
maintain tools and structures 
and how to live cooperatively 

5366
04:44:00,000 --> 04:44:04,600
within a closed community. 
The gods exist in your awareness

5367
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:08,800
and occasionally receive 
offerings or acknowledgment, but

5368
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:11,800
they don't dominate daily life. 
You're not particularly 

5369
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:16,100
religious in any intense sense. 
The Divine feels distant 

5370
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:19,400
concerned with large matters, 
beyond your immediate 

5371
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:23,100
experience. 
Your practical concerns Center 

5372
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:27,700
on crops, family, neighbors, and
the steady progression of 

5373
04:44:27,700 --> 04:44:30,800
seasons. 
The massive temples and 

5374
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:34,300
elaborate rituals belong to a 
different world than the one you

5375
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:38,100
inhabit most directly. 
Similarly, the Pharaoh rules in 

5376
04:44:38,108 --> 04:44:40,800
theory, but affects your daily 
life minimally. 

5377
04:44:40,800 --> 04:44:45,200
You're aware of his existence, 
you know, your village exists 

5378
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:46,900
within a larger political 
structure. 

5379
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:50,100
Occasionally officials pass 
through collecting taxes or 

5380
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:53,900
organizing labor for large 
projects, but these intrusions 

5381
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:57,000
are in frequent. 
Most days you live without 

5382
04:44:57,000 --> 04:44:59,500
thinking about Royal Authority 
or national politics. 

5383
04:45:00,400 --> 04:45:03,500
Your immediate World consists of
people, you know, personally and

5384
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:07,500
work, you understand completely.
This narrow scope might seem 

5385
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:10,600
limiting but you don't 
experience it as confinement. 

5386
04:45:10,600 --> 04:45:15,300
You have everything. 
Necessary for Life food shelter,

5387
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:20,800
family community and purpose. 
The lack of variety doesn't 

5388
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:23,500
trouble you because you've never
experienced anything different. 

5389
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:25,800
The life you're living is the 
life. 

5390
04:45:25,800 --> 04:45:27,900
Everyone has always lived in 
this place. 

5391
04:45:27,900 --> 04:45:31,000
It feels complete rather than 
restricted. 

5392
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:35,900
The Nile provides the foundation
for everything, its annual flood

5393
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:40,000
brings the silt, that enriches 
your Fields, its water, sustains

5394
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:45,400
crops livestock and people, it's
fish supplement your diet, it's 

5395
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:47,100
reads, provide building 
materials. 

5396
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:50,800
It's predictable cycle gives 
structure to your year and your 

5397
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:54,700
planning The rivers presents is 
so constant that you'd struggle 

5398
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:58,200
to imagine life without it. 
Some of your ancestors, long 

5399
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:01,500
ago, must have migrated to this 
Valley but that history has been

5400
04:46:01,508 --> 04:46:05,000
forgotten. 
Now, you simply belong here part

5401
04:46:05,000 --> 04:46:09,000
of a landscape shaped by the 
rivers rhythms. your village 

5402
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,000
continues because each 
generation successfully raises 

5403
04:46:12,000 --> 04:46:15,500
the next Children grow into 
adults, who take over their 

5404
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:19,200
parents roles. 
Young people marry combining 

5405
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:22,600
families and creating new 
households that resemble their 

5406
04:46:22,600 --> 04:46:27,000
parents households The cycle 
repeats, endlessly each 

5407
04:46:27,000 --> 04:46:29,800
iteration almost identical to 
the previous one. 

5408
04:46:30,600 --> 04:46:34,700
This repetition creates profound
stability, but also means 

5409
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:38,400
individual lives blend together.
The coming variations on the 

5410
04:46:38,400 --> 04:46:41,500
same essential pattern rather 
than unique stories. 

5411
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:45,400
You're aware of other Villages 
along the river, some nearby, 

5412
04:46:45,400 --> 04:46:48,400
and some distant. 
Occasionally people travel 

5413
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:52,300
between communities for trade or
marriage news filters through 

5414
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,900
these connections though. 
Slowly you might hear about a 

5415
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:59,200
particularly good harvest in a 
village, two days walk away or 

5416
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:01,900
learn that a skilled crafts. 
Person has moved to a different 

5417
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:04,700
area. 
But these distant events rarely 

5418
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:08,000
affect you directly. 
Your world remains primarily 

5419
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,800
local focused on the people and 
places you encounter regularly. 

5420
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:15,700
The work, you do sustains life 
but doesn't dramatically, 

5421
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,500
improve it. 
Each generation lives 

5422
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:20,700
approximately as well as the 
previous generation. 

5423
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:24,800
Better weather might bring 
better crops in one year and 

5424
04:47:24,800 --> 04:47:26,700
worse. 
Weather might bring hardship in 

5425
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:30,700
another But over time things 
balance out to a consistent 

5426
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:35,100
level of modest efficiency. you 
have enough which feels like the

5427
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,400
right amount rather than too 
little The concept of having 

5428
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:41,100
much more than enough, doesn't 
really enter your thinking. 

5429
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:45,200
Death comes periodically to the 
Village, sometimes to the old 

5430
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,500
sometimes to the young, and 
sometimes to people in their 

5431
04:47:48,500 --> 04:47:52,000
productive years. 
You accept this as inevitable 

5432
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:55,900
rather than fighting against it 
or demanding explanations, when 

5433
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:59,300
someone dies their family Mourns
the community helps with burial 

5434
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:03,400
preparations and life continues.
The dead persons rolled gets 

5435
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:07,000
filled by someone else. 
Usually a family, member the 

5436
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:08,900
Gap. 
They leave closest quickly out 

5437
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:12,500
of practical necessity. 
Memory persists for a while, 

5438
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:14,900
then Fades as new births and 
deaths. 

5439
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:18,700
Create fresh memories. 
Your own individual significance

5440
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:22,600
feel small but not depressing. 
Your part of something larger 

5441
04:48:22,600 --> 04:48:26,600
than yourself, your family, your
village, the long chain of 

5442
04:48:26,608 --> 04:48:30,200
ancestors, who lived before you 
and descendants who will live 

5443
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:33,200
off to you. 
This larger context gives 

5444
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:35,900
meaning to your daily work. 
Even when that works seems 

5445
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:39,700
repetitive or mundane your 
maintaining something important,

5446
04:48:39,700 --> 04:48:43,400
keeping the pattern going and 
ensuring that life continues in 

5447
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:46,400
the way, it should. 
The physical landscape around. 

5448
04:48:46,400 --> 04:48:49,600
You Bears, the marks of human 
activity going back, many 

5449
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:53,500
lifetimes, the fields. 
You work were cleared and shaped

5450
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:56,400
by your ancestors. 
The paths you walk have been 

5451
04:48:56,408 --> 04:49:00,500
worn, Smooth by countless feet 
The irrigation channels follow 

5452
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:03,200
routes established so long ago, 
that no one remembers their 

5453
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:06,100
creation. 
Your inhabiting and maintaining 

5454
04:49:06,100 --> 04:49:09,100
a landscape, created by 
cumulative human effort over 

5455
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:11,100
centuries. 
Stories. 

5456
04:49:11,100 --> 04:49:13,900
Circulating The Village about 
the old days, though. 

5457
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:16,000
These stories of become more 
myth and history. 

5458
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:20,400
People speak of ancestors who 
are unusually wise, strong or 

5459
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:22,700
skilled. 
They mention of events. 

5460
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:26,100
That happened long ago, though, 
the details of grown vague, 

5461
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:30,400
These stories, create a sense of
Connection to the Past without 

5462
04:49:30,400 --> 04:49:32,500
providing precise historical 
knowledge. 

5463
04:49:33,500 --> 04:49:36,100
They suggest that people have 
always lived roughly as you live

5464
04:49:36,100 --> 04:49:40,400
now facing similar challenges 
and finding similar Solutions. 

5465
04:49:41,300 --> 04:49:43,700
The future feels like it will 
resemble the past. 

5466
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:47,300
You expect your children to live
much as you've lived your 

5467
04:49:47,300 --> 04:49:49,600
grandchildren to repeat the same
patterns. 

5468
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:53,400
Change happens. 
But slowly enough that it's 

5469
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:57,100
barely perceptible within a 
single lifetime, a tool design 

5470
04:49:57,100 --> 04:50:00,700
might improve slightly. 
Crop variety might prove more 

5471
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:03,600
productive. 
Building techniques might evolve

5472
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:06,400
gradually. 
But the fundamental shape of 

5473
04:50:06,408 --> 04:50:10,100
Life remains constant. 
This stability, allows you to 

5474
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:14,000
face each day without anxiety 
about what it might bring, you 

5475
04:50:14,000 --> 04:50:16,300
know, what needs doing, you 
know, how to do it. 

5476
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:20,000
You know, others will help when 
necessary you trust that the 

5477
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:24,400
river will flood crops will 
grow, children will be born and 

5478
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:28,800
life will continue. 
This trust isn't Blind Faith but

5479
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:33,300
accumulated experience verified 
by generations of consistent 

5480
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:36,100
patterns. 
As evening approaches and you 

5481
04:50:36,108 --> 04:50:39,100
prepare for sleep. 
Once again, you feel the day 

5482
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:42,100
folding into the endless 
sequence of similar days, that 

5483
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:44,600
stretches behind you and a head 
of you. 

5484
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:48,600
Tomorrow will bring the same 
basic tasks with minor 

5485
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:51,600
variations. 
The season will progress 

5486
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:53,500
according to its established 
pattern. 

5487
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:57,500
Your children will grow 
incrementally older, The Village

5488
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:00,300
will continue functioning 
through the combined small 

5489
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,700
efforts of all its members, you 
settle onto your sleeping mat, 

5490
04:51:03,700 --> 04:51:07,600
your body tired from work. 
But satisfied by accomplishment.

5491
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,300
The day has been neither 
exceptional, nor disappointing, 

5492
04:51:11,300 --> 04:51:14,100
just normal in the best sense of
the word. 

5493
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:17,700
You've done what needed doing 
maintained what needed 

5494
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:21,000
maintaining and cared for those 
who needed care. 

5495
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:24,600
This is enough, this is always 
been enough. 

5496
04:51:24,600 --> 04:51:28,200
This will continue to be enough 
for as long as anyone can 

5497
04:51:28,200 --> 04:51:31,400
imagine. 
The darkness deepens around you,

5498
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:36,900
the village grows quiet, the 
river flows on as it is always 

5499
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:39,800
flowed. 
You're breathing slows and 

5500
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:44,300
deepens sleep comes easily 
naturally without resistance. 

5501
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:49,300
Tomorrow, Waits patient, and 
predictable ready to unfold in 

5502
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:52,300
ways, that require no 
explanation, because they've 

5503
04:51:52,300 --> 04:51:54,300
been repeated countless times 
before. 

5504
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:57,700
You rest in the knowledge that 
your part of something stable, 

5505
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:00,400
something ongoing something that
works. 

5506
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:08,600
Imagine yourself seated, at your
kitchen table on a Tuesday 

5507
04:52:08,600 --> 04:52:12,000
Morning, in October, 19209 
perhaps enjoying coffee from 

5508
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:14,300
your beloved mug. 
The one that hasn't yet 

5509
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:17,400
developed a chip in its handle 
your flipping through the 

5510
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:18,900
newspaper. 
Probably complaining about 

5511
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:22,100
something perfectly mundane. 
Like how the neighbor's dog 

5512
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:26,700
keeps digging up, your petunias?
Life, feels predictable, even a 

5513
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,900
little boring. 
Then the phone rings or maybe 

5514
04:52:29,908 --> 04:52:32,700
you hear it on the radio, the 
stock market has crashed. 

5515
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:36,100
The stock market has not merely 
faltered or experienced a 

5516
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,300
difficult day, but it has 
plummeted completely and 

5517
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:42,900
catastrophically Within hours, 
everything you thought you knew 

5518
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:45,500
about your comfort little world 
starts shifting beneath your 

5519
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:48,900
feet like sand. 
Now, you might be thinking what 

5520
04:52:48,900 --> 04:52:50,600
does Wall Street have to do with
my dinner table? 

5521
04:52:50,600 --> 04:52:53,800
Get ready to learn that 
everything is connected in ways 

5522
04:52:53,800 --> 04:52:57,800
that will make your head spin. 
Before the crash American 

5523
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:00,200
kitchens were experiencing a 
period of prosperity. 

5524
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:04,000
Electric refrigerators replaced 
the old ice boxes, that required

5525
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:07,100
actual blocks of ice consider. 
How you might explain that to 

5526
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:08,700
someone today? 
Yes. 

5527
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:11,300
Dear, a man. 
Came by twice a week with frozen

5528
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:14,100
water. 
Know we couldn't make our own 

5529
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:18,900
Cooking became easier with the 
newfangled appliances in grocery

5530
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:21,600
stores brimmed with an abundance
of options that would have left 

5531
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:25,100
your grandmother dizzy. 
Families were eating beef roasts

5532
04:53:25,100 --> 04:53:30,100
on Sundays, fresh vegetables, 
from local farms and desserts. 

5533
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:32,400
That didn't require a 
mathematical equation to figure 

5534
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:34,800
out sugar. 
Ratios bread was white and 

5535
04:53:34,808 --> 04:53:37,600
fluffy, not because it was 
healthier but because it felt 

5536
04:53:37,600 --> 04:53:41,700
fancy and modern the poor 8 
brown bread, but America was far

5537
04:53:41,700 --> 04:53:43,900
from impoverished. 
But here's the thing about 

5538
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:47,500
Prosperity is often built on a 
foundation, that's more wobbly 

5539
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:50,700
than anyone wants to admit Banks
were lending, money recklessly 

5540
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:53,500
individuals were purchasing 
stocks with funds, they lacked 

5541
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:56,400
and farmers were producing more 
food than the nation. 

5542
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:58,500
Could consume. 
It was like a giant game of 

5543
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:00,800
Jenga and someone was about to 
pull out the wrong block. 

5544
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:04,400
When that crash came it wasn't 
just Rich investors in fancy 

5545
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:07,200
suits who felt it. 
The Ripple effects, spread 

5546
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:10,900
faster than gossip in a small 
town banks, closed their doors, 

5547
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:13,400
taking people savings with them 
factories. 

5548
04:54:13,400 --> 04:54:16,900
Shut down, sending workers home 
with empty Pockets, suddenly the

5549
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:20,600
Cozy, middle class, way of life,
you'd be relishing vanished the 

5550
04:54:20,600 --> 04:54:24,000
concept vanished as swiftly as 
ice cream on a sweltering summer

5551
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:26,300
day. 
The cruel irony was that there 

5552
04:54:26,300 --> 04:54:28,100
was still ample food of 
available for cultivation. 

5553
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:31,700
Farms Across America were still 
producing wheat, corn 

5554
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:35,600
vegetables, and livestock. 
The problem wasn't that food had

5555
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:37,500
disappeared. 
It was that nobody had money to 

5556
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:39,200
buy it. 
It's like being locked outside. 

5557
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,500
Your house with the keys sitting
right there on the kitchen 

5558
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:44,200
counter visible, but completely 
Out Of Reach. 

5559
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:46,600
This is where our story really 
begins. 

5560
04:54:46,600 --> 04:54:50,200
Because when people can't afford
food, they get creative like 

5561
04:54:50,200 --> 04:54:51,800
creative. 
I mean, they learn to create 

5562
04:54:51,800 --> 04:54:53,900
meals using ingredients. 
That would make modern food 

5563
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:56,500
bloggers cry. 
Forget your artisanal. 

5564
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,000
This and organic that people 
were about to discover that 

5565
04:54:59,000 --> 04:55:00,900
survival cooking is its kind of 
art form. 

5566
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:03,200
They're not necessarily one. 
You'd want to Instagram. 

5567
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:06,600
So there you were, perhaps still
sitting at that same kitchen 

5568
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:09,500
table, but now in stead of 
casually reading the newspaper, 

5569
04:55:09,500 --> 04:55:11,600
your studying. 
It like it holds the secrets of 

5570
04:55:11,608 --> 04:55:14,300
the universe, which adds are 
offering work. 

5571
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:18,300
What stores are having sales and
most importantly, how can you 

5572
04:55:18,300 --> 04:55:21,000
feed your family on? 
What feels like pocket change? 

5573
04:55:21,800 --> 04:55:23,800
The adventure was just 
beginning, though. 

5574
04:55:23,800 --> 04:55:25,600
Nobody referred to it as such at
that time. 

5575
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:29,000
There were too busy figuring out
how to stretch a dollar until it

5576
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:32,100
screamed, and wondering how 
something is basic is putting 

5577
04:55:32,108 --> 04:55:34,400
food on the tape deal had 
suddenly become the most 

5578
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:37,100
challenging puzzle. 
They'd ever faced, you know how 

5579
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,100
today you might spend 20 minutes
deciding between 17 different 

5580
04:55:40,100 --> 04:55:43,700
types, of pasta sauce, weighing 
the merits of organic vs regular

5581
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:46,600
versus the store brand. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

5582
04:55:46,600 --> 04:55:49,300
grocery budget was less than 
what you now, spend on a single 

5583
04:55:49,300 --> 04:55:51,900
lunch out and suddenly those 
choices become a lot more 

5584
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:55,400
focused by 1932. 
The average family was spending 

5585
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:58,100
about 15 dollars a week on 
groceries, which sounds 

5586
04:55:58,100 --> 04:56:01,800
ridiculously cheap Until you 
realize that's in 1932 dollars. 

5587
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:04,100
And most people were lucky to 
have any dollars at all. 

5588
04:56:04,108 --> 04:56:07,200
It's as if someone handed you 
Monopoly money and instructed 

5589
04:56:07,200 --> 04:56:10,400
you to use it until next 
Thursday, Your grocery shopping 

5590
04:56:10,400 --> 04:56:13,200
strategy had to become more 
sophisticated than a military 

5591
04:56:13,200 --> 04:56:16,400
operation first. 
You check every pocket purse and

5592
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,800
couch cushion for Loose Change. 
Discovering, a nickel felt like 

5593
04:56:19,800 --> 04:56:22,500
unearthing a hidden treasure, 
then you'd sit down with a 

5594
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:25,400
pencil and paper. 
No fancy smartphone apps for 

5595
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:28,100
Budget tracking and plan your 
shopping trip with the Precision

5596
04:56:28,100 --> 04:56:30,800
of a NASA Mission. 
Every purchase had to serve 

5597
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:34,000
multiple purposes and luxury 
items like fresh meat or white 

5598
04:56:34,000 --> 04:56:36,800
sugar were carefully weighed 
against Necessities, like flour 

5599
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:39,500
and potatoes. 
The grocery stores themselves 

5600
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:43,000
started looking different too 
gone with the Abundant displays 

5601
04:56:43,000 --> 04:56:45,200
and cheerful abundance of the 
Roaring 20s. 

5602
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:49,200
Shelves became sparser and 
stalkers started extending 

5603
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:52,700
credit to long-time customers 
keeping handwritten ledgers of 

5604
04:56:52,700 --> 04:56:56,200
who owed, what it was like a 
neighborhood favor system except

5605
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:58,300
the favors were keeping families
from going hungry. 

5606
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:01,900
You learned to think like a 
Pioneer, even though you lived 

5607
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:04,700
in town. 
Bulk purchases made sense, when 

5608
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:07,600
you could afford them, a large 
sack of flour, might cost more 

5609
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:10,600
upfront, but it would last 
longer and cost less per pound 

5610
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:13,700
than buying smaller amounts. 
Of course, such an arrangement 

5611
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:17,100
required actually, having enough
money for bulk purchases, which 

5612
04:57:17,100 --> 04:57:20,300
was often a catch, 22 situation,
that would make your head hurt. 

5613
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:21,800
If you thought about it too 
much. 

5614
04:57:23,200 --> 04:57:25,600
Shopping became a social 
activity, in ways, it had never 

5615
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:29,100
been before, women would compare
notes on which stores have the 

5616
04:57:29,100 --> 04:57:32,500
best prices share recipes for 
making meals stretch and 

5617
04:57:32,500 --> 04:57:34,800
sometimes even pull their money 
for bulk purchases. 

5618
04:57:34,800 --> 04:57:37,400
They divide up later. 
It was like having a very 

5619
04:57:37,400 --> 04:57:40,000
practical book club except 
instead of discussing 

5620
04:57:40,000 --> 04:57:42,000
literature. 
You were debating where the 

5621
04:57:42,008 --> 04:57:45,300
potatoes were cheaper per pound 
at Miller's market or Thompson's

5622
04:57:45,300 --> 04:57:47,600
grocery. 
The butcher became both your 

5623
04:57:47,600 --> 04:57:50,000
trusted companion and your 
greatest obstacle. 

5624
04:57:50,700 --> 04:57:54,100
While meet was costly bones were
inexpensive and equality. 

5625
04:57:54,100 --> 04:57:57,100
Superbowl could serve. 
As the basis for numerous meals,

5626
04:57:57,100 --> 04:58:00,500
you would request the cuts that 
were previously intended for pet

5627
04:58:00,500 --> 04:58:03,600
food, and the butcher would 
frequently include Surplus fat 

5628
04:58:03,600 --> 04:58:06,900
at no cost, which you would then
cook and utilize in ways that 

5629
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,800
would shock contemporary 
nutritionists yet insured, your 

5630
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:14,000
family sustenance. 
Seasonal shopping took on new 

5631
04:58:14,000 --> 04:58:16,800
meaning some are meant fresh, 
vegetables and fruits when they 

5632
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:18,900
were cheapest. 
But it also meant thinking ahead

5633
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:21,500
to Winter. 
Canning became less of a hobby 

5634
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:24,900
and more of a survival skill. 
Your kitchen might fill up with 

5635
04:58:24,908 --> 04:58:26,500
mason jars, like a general 
store. 

5636
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:29,100
Each one representing a meal 
save for the months when fresh 

5637
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:32,700
food would become even pricier. 
Store credit evolved into a 

5638
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:34,800
delicate balance between dignity
and Desperation. 

5639
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,100
Storekeepers knew their 
customers personally, they knew 

5640
04:58:38,100 --> 04:58:40,900
your family, your situation and 
your history of payment. 

5641
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:43,800
Getting credit wasn't just about
financial reliability. 

5642
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:47,300
It was about being part of the 
community but using that 

5643
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:51,400
credited you needed help which 
was harder for some people than 

5644
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:53,800
others. 
The psychology of shopping 

5645
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:57,300
changed too, you'd find yourself
calculating not just price per 

5646
04:58:57,300 --> 04:58:59,700
pound. 
But meals per dollar, a bag of 

5647
04:58:59,700 --> 04:59:02,500
dried beans, might be boring but
it could feed your family for a 

5648
04:59:02,508 --> 04:59:03,800
week. 
If you knew how to cook them 

5649
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:06,300
right? 
Meanwhile that fresh Apple that 

5650
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,000
looked so appealing might 
represent an entire day's budget

5651
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:12,100
for luxury Foods. 
Your bags, may have been lighter

5652
04:59:12,100 --> 04:59:14,600
when you got home, but your 
mental load was definitely 

5653
04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:16,700
heavier. 
You weren't just carrying 

5654
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:18,800
groceries. 
You were carrying the 

5655
04:59:18,800 --> 04:59:22,500
responsibility of making every 
ingredient, count every meal 

5656
04:59:22,500 --> 04:59:25,700
matter and every dollar stretch 
as far as humanly possible. 

5657
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,100
And you are about to learn that 
creativity in. 

5658
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:30,400
The kitchen. 
Will not just nice. 

5659
04:59:30,400 --> 04:59:34,000
It was absolutely essential. 
Here's something that might 

5660
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:37,000
surprise you before the Great 
Depression left. 

5661
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:38,700
Over food was often just thrown 
away. 

5662
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:42,400
Can you imagine families would 
actually toss perfectly 

5663
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:45,100
delicious food because it was a 
day old or didn't look as 

5664
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:49,000
appealing as when it was fresh. 
If you told someone from 1935 

5665
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:51,700
that people in the future would 
throw away food because it was 

5666
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:55,000
approaching its expiration date.
They'd probably think you were 

5667
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:56,500
describing some kind of fantasy 
world. 

5668
04:59:57,500 --> 05:00:00,900
But once money became scarce 
leftovers, transformed from 

5669
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:05,100
Kitchen waste into precious 
resources. every scrap of food 

5670
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:08,500
became the star of its own 
potential meal, and home Cooks 

5671
05:00:08,500 --> 05:00:11,800
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to resurrect yesterday's

5672
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:15,100
dinner into something that felt 
new and exciting or at least 

5673
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:19,600
edible take bread, for example, 
in better times day, old bread, 

5674
05:00:19,600 --> 05:00:22,800
might have been to the birds or 
used for kindling, but during 

5675
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,300
the Depression staled, became 
the foundation of entire meals 

5676
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,700
red. 
Putting wasn't just a it was a 

5677
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:31,600
way to use up every last 
crossed. 

5678
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:35,700
Breadcrumbs extended, meatloaf 
and bread soaked in milk, became

5679
05:00:35,700 --> 05:00:37,900
a breakfast that cost almost 
nothing. 

5680
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:41,500
The art of the leftover suit 
became so refined that it was 

5681
05:00:41,508 --> 05:00:44,800
practically a science. 
You'd start with whatever scraps

5682
05:00:44,800 --> 05:00:47,700
of meat remain from Sunday's 
dinner, maybe just some gristle 

5683
05:00:47,700 --> 05:00:49,200
and bones. 
That today would go straight 

5684
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:52,000
into the trash. 
Had some wilted vegetables that 

5685
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:55,100
were passed their Prime throwing
yesterday's, mashed potatoes for

5686
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:58,000
thickness and suddenly, you had 
a new meal that could feed the 

5687
05:00:58,000 --> 05:01:00,300
whole family every kitchen 
developed. 

5688
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:03,600
Its own leftover ecosystem, 
people saved, meat drippings and

5689
05:01:03,608 --> 05:01:05,900
used them to flavor vegetables 
vegetable. 

5690
05:01:05,900 --> 05:01:08,600
Cooking water became the base 
for Soups because throwing away 

5691
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:11,200
anything with potential 
nutrients felt almost Criminal. 

5692
05:01:11,900 --> 05:01:16,000
Even coffee grounds got reused 
sometimes multiple times until 

5693
05:01:16,000 --> 05:01:18,600
they were producing something 
that barely resembled coffee, 

5694
05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:21,800
but still provided a hot Cafe. 
Native beverage. 

5695
05:01:23,200 --> 05:01:26,900
The psychology of leftovers 
changed completely instead of 

5696
05:01:26,908 --> 05:01:29,000
being considered somehow 
inferior to fresh food. 

5697
05:01:29,000 --> 05:01:33,600
Leftovers became challenges to 
creativity, a good cook, could 

5698
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:36,300
take completely unrelated 
remnants and somehow make them 

5699
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:39,400
work together in harmony. 
It was akin to performing as a 

5700
05:01:39,408 --> 05:01:42,900
color and red DJ, combining 
various ingredients to create 

5701
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:46,500
dish that exceeded its 
individual components Castle 

5702
05:01:46,500 --> 05:01:50,100
roles emerge as the ideal way to
utilize leftovers even though 

5703
05:01:50,100 --> 05:01:53,000
they were referred to as castles
in the past, they were simply 

5704
05:01:53,000 --> 05:01:55,100
anything. 
We could combine in one pot. 

5705
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:59,200
Have some leftover chicken, mix 
it with yesterday's vegetables, 

5706
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:01,100
and top with whatever starch you
could manage. 

5707
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:05,300
Although it was unrefined, it 
provided a substantial meal was 

5708
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:08,200
cost-effective and effectively 
utilized all items that could 

5709
05:02:08,200 --> 05:02:11,800
have otherwise been discarded. 
The transformation of leftovers 

5710
05:02:11,800 --> 05:02:13,900
also has changed. 
How families thought about meal 

5711
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:16,300
planning instead of planning 
individual meals. 

5712
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:19,600
You started thinking in terms of
food chains how Sunday's roast 

5713
05:02:19,600 --> 05:02:22,700
chicken would become Monday's, 
chicken salad, Tuesday's chicken

5714
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:26,000
soup and Wednesdays chicken and 
dumplings it was like meal 

5715
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:29,800
planning, chess thinking several
moves ahead children, grew up 

5716
05:02:29,800 --> 05:02:32,300
with an entirely different 
relationship to food waste than 

5717
05:02:32,300 --> 05:02:35,100
their parents had. 
Not only was leaving food on 

5718
05:02:35,100 --> 05:02:38,200
your plate, considered Bad 
Manners but it also represented 

5719
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:42,000
a significant waste of family 
resources. kids learn to clean 

5720
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:44,600
their plates, not because of 
starving children in far-off 

5721
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:47,400
countries but because that 
leftover bite might be 

5722
05:02:47,400 --> 05:02:51,100
tomorrow's lunch The creative 
leftover culture led to some 

5723
05:02:51,100 --> 05:02:54,200
surprisingly, tasty discoveries 
combinations. 

5724
05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:56,800
That seemed weird on paper 
actually worked. 

5725
05:02:56,800 --> 05:03:00,500
Well together leftover mashed 
potatoes mixed with flour became

5726
05:03:00,500 --> 05:03:03,200
potato pancakes. 
Yesterday's vegetables. 

5727
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:06,700
Mixed with eggs became frittatas
before anyone knew what to call 

5728
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,100
them In ways that would 
influence American cooking for 

5729
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:12,600
Generations. 
Necessity, became the driving 

5730
05:03:12,600 --> 05:03:16,600
force behind invention, storage 
became an art form too without 

5731
05:03:16,600 --> 05:03:18,400
reliable Refrigeration in many 
homes. 

5732
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:22,700
Keeping leftovers safe required 
timing, temperature control, and

5733
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:26,700
a bit of luck, root Cellars, 
cool, pantries, and even outdoor

5734
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:29,000
storage in Winter, became part 
of the leftover management 

5735
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:30,700
system. 
You had to eat things in the 

5736
05:03:30,708 --> 05:03:33,700
right order to prevent spoilage,
which meant planning your 

5737
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:35,800
leftover consumption, as 
carefully as your original 

5738
05:03:35,800 --> 05:03:38,600
meals. 
Looking back, this leftover 

5739
05:03:38,600 --> 05:03:41,300
Revolution, created cooking 
skills, that modern Americans 

5740
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,600
have largely lost. 
The skills, such as the ability 

5741
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:48,000
to look at random ingredients 
and see potential meals to 

5742
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:52,000
stretch food Beyond its obvious,
uses and toast, absolutely 

5743
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:54,200
nothing. 
We're not just survival skills 

5744
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:57,000
from the Depression era. 
They were the foundation of a 

5745
05:03:57,000 --> 05:03:59,600
more sustainable and creative 
approach to cooking that we 

5746
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:02,700
could probably learn from today.
Even if we never want to have to

5747
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:04,100
rely on it, quite so 
desperately. 

5748
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:08,000
Imagine opening your pantry 
today and discovering that half 

5749
05:04:08,000 --> 05:04:10,400
the ingredients you normally use
for cooking have disappeared. 

5750
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:13,200
They were not spoiled or sold 
out at the store. 

5751
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:16,900
They were just completely 
unavailable or so expensive that

5752
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:18,300
they might as well have been 
made a gold. 

5753
05:04:18,300 --> 05:04:20,000
That's essentially what 
happened. 

5754
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:23,200
During the Great Depression and 
basic ingredients became luxury 

5755
05:04:23,200 --> 05:04:25,600
items and home, Cooks had to 
become kitchen chemists, 

5756
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,400
figuring out how to create 
familiar flavors and textures 

5757
05:04:28,400 --> 05:04:30,400
using whatever they could 
actually afford. 

5758
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:34,700
Sugar was one of the first 
casualties, real white sugar 

5759
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:36,900
became so expensive that it was 
rationed out. 

5760
05:04:36,908 --> 05:04:39,800
Like precious gems families used
honey. 

5761
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:43,300
When they could molasses when 
they couldn't and sometimes corn

5762
05:04:43,300 --> 05:04:46,200
syrup or sugar substitutes made 
from their own beats desserts, 

5763
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:49,500
took on entirely different 
flavor profiles, less cloyingly 

5764
05:04:49,500 --> 05:04:52,900
sweet, more complex, and 
sometimes earthy your 

5765
05:04:52,900 --> 05:04:54,900
grandmother's cookies. 
Probably tasted nothing like 

5766
05:04:54,900 --> 05:04:58,000
what you expect biscuits to 
taste like today, butter 

5767
05:04:58,000 --> 05:05:01,200
virtually disappeared from many 
family tables replaced by 

5768
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,100
whatever fat was cheapest and 
available. 

5769
05:05:04,100 --> 05:05:06,600
Occasionally it was lard which 
at least provided richness and 

5770
05:05:06,600 --> 05:05:08,700
flavor. 
Sometimes it was vegetable 

5771
05:05:08,700 --> 05:05:11,100
shortening which was cheaper but
didn't taste like much of 

5772
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:13,800
anything. 
And sometimes families learned 

5773
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:17,200
to cook with no fat at all 
creating dishes that were 

5774
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,200
healthier than they realized, 
but probably a lot less 

5775
05:05:20,200 --> 05:05:22,800
satisfying than what they were 
remembered from better times. 

5776
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:27,200
Meat substitution evolved into a
complex game of culinary 

5777
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:30,100
fantasy. 
People extended ground meat with

5778
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:34,100
bread crumbs oatmeal or any 
spare grain resulting in 

5779
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:36,900
meatloaf that contained more 
filler than actual meat. 

5780
05:05:37,600 --> 05:05:40,300
Sometimes families made entire 
meals that were designed to 

5781
05:05:40,300 --> 05:05:43,800
taste like they contain meat but
were actually made from Beans 

5782
05:05:43,800 --> 05:05:45,300
vegetables and creative 
seasoning. 

5783
05:05:45,300 --> 05:05:47,700
It was like culinary theater 
everyone. 

5784
05:05:47,700 --> 05:05:50,100
Pretended it was the real thing 
and occasionally. 

5785
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:52,900
The pretending was so good that 
it almost worked coffee. 

5786
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:56,300
Was another Heartbreaker. 
Real coffee became so expensive 

5787
05:05:56,300 --> 05:06:00,300
that family started mixing it 
with chicory dandelion root or 

5788
05:06:00,300 --> 05:06:02,000
whatever else. 
Could provide a bitter hot 

5789
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:03,700
beverage that felt like coffee 
in the morning. 

5790
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:06,000
Some substitutes weren't 
terrible. 

5791
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:08,300
Chickery. 
Actually has a pleasant earthy 

5792
05:06:08,300 --> 05:06:10,400
flavor. 
Others were more about the 

5793
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:13,700
ritual than the taste because 
starting the day with a hot cup 

5794
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,500
of something was psychologically
important, even if that 

5795
05:06:16,500 --> 05:06:19,300
something bored only a passing 
resemblance to actual coffee, 

5796
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:22,600
Vanilla extract. 
Which today you buy with without

5797
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:25,500
thinking became a luxury item 
that required creative 

5798
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:28,400
substitution. 
Families learned to use almond 

5799
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:31,300
extract sparingly, or to make 
their own flavorings from 

5800
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,000
whatever was available. 
Some learned to make vanilla 

5801
05:06:34,000 --> 05:06:36,400
from scratch though. 
The process was time-consuming 

5802
05:06:36,400 --> 05:06:38,600
and the results were hit or 
miss. 

5803
05:06:39,400 --> 05:06:42,600
Baking became an exercise in 
making desserts that tasted good

5804
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:46,000
without relying on the flavor 
enhancers that are become too 

5805
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:48,800
expensive. 
Milk was often watered down or 

5806
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:52,300
substituted entirely. 
Powdered milk when available was

5807
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:54,600
mixed thinner than recommended 
to make it last longer. 

5808
05:06:55,600 --> 05:06:57,800
Sometimes families made milk 
from other sources. 

5809
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:01,300
Nut-based beverages, weren't 
trendy Health choices, but 

5810
05:07:01,300 --> 05:07:03,700
desperate substitutions for 
something that had become 

5811
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:06,300
unaffordable. 
Children grew up thinking that 

5812
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:09,500
thin slightly off tasting. 
Milk was normal not knowing they

5813
05:07:09,500 --> 05:07:11,900
were drinking a diluted 
substitute for the real thing, 

5814
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:15,200
even salt something we take 
completely for granted today. 

5815
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:19,300
Sometimes required substitution 
families learned to use herbs, 

5816
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:22,300
vinegar or other flavor and 
answers to improve food, taste 

5817
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:25,500
without relying on salt. 
They couldn't afford Garden's 

5818
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:28,500
became medicine cabinets and 
spice racks with families 

5819
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:31,700
growing whatever they could add 
flavor to otherwise Bland meals.

5820
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:36,200
The psychology of substitution 
was complex on one hand, it was 

5821
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:39,100
practical and necessary. 
You used to what you had because

5822
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:41,800
you didn't have choices, but it 
was a way of maintaining 

5823
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,000
normalcy and dignity. 
Calling of being ingrained 

5824
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:47,200
patio. 
Meatloaf wasn't just about 

5825
05:07:47,200 --> 05:07:49,300
flavor. 
It was about preserving the 

5826
05:07:49,300 --> 05:07:52,000
feeling that your family was 
still eating recognizable 

5827
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:55,400
traditional meals. 
Some substitutions worked so 

5828
05:07:55,400 --> 05:07:59,000
well that they became permanent 
parts of American Cooking others

5829
05:07:59,000 --> 05:08:01,400
were abandoned. 
As soon as better times returned

5830
05:08:01,400 --> 05:08:04,400
though, they remained in family 
memories as reminders of when 

5831
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,400
creativity wasn't just helpful, 
it was essential for survival. 

5832
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:11,300
The Substitute culture also 
created a generation of cooks 

5833
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:14,200
who understood ingredients in 
ways that modern Cooks often, 

5834
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:18,200
don't They knew how fats behaved
and cooking how sweeteners, 

5835
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:21,800
affected texture and taste and 
how to balance flavors without 

5836
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:25,100
standard ingredients. 
They became masters of working 

5837
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:27,200
with what they had rather than 
the recipes. 

5838
05:08:27,200 --> 05:08:30,400
They assumed, they could buy 
this ingredient flexibility 

5839
05:08:30,400 --> 05:08:34,400
created, a uniquely American 
approach to cooking that valued 

5840
05:08:34,400 --> 05:08:37,500
resourcefulness over 
authenticity creativity over 

5841
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:39,800
tradition and making dough over 
giving up. 

5842
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:42,400
It was always creative and fed 
families. 

5843
05:08:42,400 --> 05:08:44,900
When they otherwise would have 
gone hungry, even if it wasn't 

5844
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,400
tasty, you've probably seen 
those perfectly manicured, 

5845
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,800
Suburban Lawns, right? 
Every blade of grass precisely. 

5846
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:55,700
The same height, not a dandelion
in sight maintained with the 

5847
05:08:55,700 --> 05:08:58,400
dedication usually reserved for 
religious practices. 

5848
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:02,200
During the Great Depression, 
those are Immaculate Lawns would

5849
05:09:02,200 --> 05:09:04,700
have been viewed as the epitome 
of wasteful foolishness. 

5850
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,400
Every square foot of available 
land became potential, food 

5851
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:11,400
production, and families. 
Learned that vegetables were a 

5852
05:09:11,400 --> 05:09:12,900
lot more valuable than 
ornamental grass. 

5853
05:09:14,100 --> 05:09:16,700
The transformation of American 
Yards happened almost overnight.

5854
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:19,700
People who had never grown 
anything more challenging than 

5855
05:09:19,708 --> 05:09:22,700
houseplants, suddenly found 
themselves studying seed 

5856
05:09:22,700 --> 05:09:24,400
catalogs, like they were 
textbooks. 

5857
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:27,600
Trying to figure out how to turn
their backyards into miniature 

5858
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:29,600
Farms. 
It wasn't exactly like the 

5859
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:32,900
trendy Urban gardening movement.
You see today, this wasn't about

5860
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:34,800
being eco-conscious or eating 
locally. 

5861
05:09:34,800 --> 05:09:38,500
This was purely a matter of 
survival, your garden planning 

5862
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:41,600
had to be strategic in ways that
modern gardeners can barely 

5863
05:09:41,600 --> 05:09:44,500
imagine you have to plant what 
would yield the most calories 

5864
05:09:44,500 --> 05:09:47,600
per square foot stall. 
Well, through winter and grow 

5865
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:49,600
reliably in your specific soil 
and climate. 

5866
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:53,500
Potatoes became the backbone of 
many family Gardens because they

5867
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:55,800
were filling nutritious and 
could be stored for months. 

5868
05:09:55,800 --> 05:09:59,200
Beans were popular because they 
added protein to the diet and 

5869
05:09:59,200 --> 05:10:03,000
improve the soil for future. 
Crops the seed situation was its

5870
05:10:03,000 --> 05:10:06,900
kind of Economics lesson due to 
the high cost of good seeds. 

5871
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:10,600
Families learned to save seeds 
from their best plants forming 

5872
05:10:10,600 --> 05:10:13,300
informal seed, banks, that 
neighbors and relatives shared. 

5873
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:15,900
Trading seeds became a social 
activity. 

5874
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:19,200
You might trade your extra 
tomato seeds for someone else's,

5875
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,800
extra bean seeds creating a 
Community Network that helped 

5876
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:24,400
everyone increase their food 
security. 

5877
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:29,100
Tools were another challenge. 
A good shovel or hoe was an 

5878
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:31,900
investment that many families 
couldn't afford so tool sharing 

5879
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:34,700
became common. 
Neighbors would coordinate their

5880
05:10:34,700 --> 05:10:36,700
gardening schedules. 
So they could pass tools back 

5881
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:39,400
and forth or families would make
do with improvised tools. 

5882
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:42,800
Old kitchen spoons, for planting
seeds, or homemade watering 

5883
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:45,700
systems created from tin cans 
with holes, punched in them. 

5884
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:48,900
The process of learning was 
Steep and unforgiving. 

5885
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:52,200
Modern gardeners can look up 
solutions to their problems 

5886
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:54,600
online. 
But depression, near regardless 

5887
05:10:54,600 --> 05:10:59,000
had to rely on neighbors library
books and trial and error. if 

5888
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:01,700
bugs devoured, your beans or 
your Tomatoes succumb, to 

5889
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:05,000
blight, it not only represented 
a gardening, setback but also a 

5890
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:09,300
family food emergencies Pressure
to succeed made every gardening 

5891
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:11,700
decision. 
Feel crucial preservation became

5892
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:14,000
just as important as growing 
producing. 

5893
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:16,200
A bumper crop of vegetables was 
futile. 

5894
05:11:16,200 --> 05:11:18,200
If they spoiled before they 
could be consumed. 

5895
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:21,100
Families. 
Learned canning, pickling root, 

5896
05:11:21,100 --> 05:11:23,900
cellaring, and drying 
preservation technique that 

5897
05:11:23,900 --> 05:11:26,100
turned a summers worth of 
vegetables into winter 

5898
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:28,600
sustenance. 
Your kitchen might be filled 

5899
05:11:28,600 --> 05:11:30,600
with mason jars lined up like 
soldiers. 

5900
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:34,000
Each one representing security 
against future hunger. 

5901
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:37,900
Urban gardening took on new 
meaning, when every available 

5902
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:42,300
space was pressed into service. 
Rooftops vacant lots and 

5903
05:11:42,300 --> 05:11:45,300
stressor of land beside railroad
tracks, anywhere that could 

5904
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:48,200
support plant life became 
potential sites for food 

5905
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:50,600
production. 
City dwellers learned to grow 

5906
05:11:50,600 --> 05:11:54,700
vegetables and containers window
boxes and any patch of soil they

5907
05:11:54,700 --> 05:11:57,400
could claim or borrow it was 
like an entirely different 

5908
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:00,300
relationship with Urban Stone 
space, where every square foot 

5909
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:03,500
was evaluated for its food 
producing potential, the social 

5910
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:06,900
dynamics of gardening change 
too, gardening knowledge became 

5911
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:10,300
valuable currently The neighbor 
who could successfully grow 

5912
05:12:10,300 --> 05:12:14,000
vegetables, became someone worth
knowing and successful gardeners

5913
05:12:14,000 --> 05:12:17,200
often found themselves teaching 
others sharing, not just seeds 

5914
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:19,000
and tools but knowledge and 
techniques. 

5915
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:22,100
Gardening clubs were just social
organizations. 

5916
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:25,700
They were survival networks 
children, learned to Garden out 

5917
05:12:25,700 --> 05:12:28,100
of necessity. 
Not as a relaxing, family 

5918
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:30,700
activity. 
Kids today, spend their Summers,

5919
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:34,200
weeding watering and harvesting.
Instead of at Campbell playing 

5920
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:38,100
video games, it wasn't always 
fun, but it gave them skills and

5921
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:40,600
an understanding of where food 
comes from that most modern 

5922
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:44,500
children never develop. 
The cycle impact of growing, 

5923
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:47,000
your food was significant in a 
time. 

5924
05:12:47,008 --> 05:12:50,800
When so much felt out of control
jobs money the future having a 

5925
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,700
garden provided a sense of 
agency and self-sufficiency 

5926
05:12:53,700 --> 05:12:57,000
while you might not have control
over the economy, you could 

5927
05:12:57,000 --> 05:13:00,300
manage the watering of your 
tomatoes. the act of planting 

5928
05:13:00,300 --> 05:13:03,500
seeds was inherently optimistic,
a statement of faith that the 

5929
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:05,600
future would arrive and you'd be
there to harvest what you 

5930
05:13:05,600 --> 05:13:08,000
planted Some families 
discovered. 

5931
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:11,500
They actually enjoyed gardening 
and continued even after their 

5932
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:15,200
economic situations improved 
Others abandoned their Gardens 

5933
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:17,500
as soon as they could afford to 
buy all their vegetables again. 

5934
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:21,200
But for a generation of 
Americans, the experience of 

5935
05:13:21,208 --> 05:13:23,800
growing their food created, a 
different relationship with 

5936
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:27,300
vegetables with land and with 
the connection between human 

5937
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:29,700
effort and sustenance that 
influenced, how they thought 

5938
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:31,400
about food for the rest of their
lives. 

5939
05:13:31,400 --> 05:13:33,900
People's ability to unite during
difficult. 

5940
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:37,200
Times is a characteristic of 
humanity, you've probably 

5941
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:39,900
witnessed this during natural 
disasters or Community crisis 

5942
05:13:39,900 --> 05:13:43,500
when neighbors, who previously 
spoke suddenly come together to 

5943
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:46,900
organize relief, efforts and 
share resources during the Great

5944
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:49,400
Depression. 
This Instinct from Mutual Aid 

5945
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:51,800
extended to food in ways that 
were both heartwarming and 

5946
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:54,300
heartbreaking. 
Creating Community Systems that 

5947
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:57,200
kept people fed when individual 
families couldn't manage on 

5948
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:00,600
their own, Community Kitchens 
started appearing in churches, 

5949
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,700
schools and any building large 
enough to accommodate cooking 

5950
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:06,600
for crowds. 
These were trendy communal 

5951
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:09,800
dining experiences while social 
experiments in group living. 

5952
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,500
There were practical solutions 
to the simple problem. 

5953
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:14,300
That many families could not 
afford food. 

5954
05:14:14,300 --> 05:14:18,200
But communities could sometimes 
pull resources to create meals, 

5955
05:14:18,200 --> 05:14:21,700
that would feed everyone. 
The logistics were complex, the 

5956
05:14:21,700 --> 05:14:24,800
dignity was carefully preserved,
and the social dynamics were 

5957
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:27,200
unlike anything most communities
that experience before. 

5958
05:14:28,200 --> 05:14:31,000
The unspoken rules of Community 
Kitchens were intricate and 

5959
05:14:31,008 --> 05:14:33,400
important. 
Nobody discussed, who could 

5960
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,600
afford to contribute ingredients
and who couldn't nobody, kept 

5961
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:38,100
track of who ate more than they 
brought. 

5962
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:41,300
Everyone contributed something 
even if it was just labor, 

5963
05:14:41,300 --> 05:14:44,500
peeling potatoes stirring pots 
cleaning up afterward. 

5964
05:14:44,500 --> 05:14:47,100
It was a careful dance of 
maintaining Pride while 

5965
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,200
acknowledging need of helping 
without making it obvious who 

5966
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,400
was helping whom Potluck 
dinners, took on new meaning. 

5967
05:14:53,400 --> 05:14:56,400
When families genuinely couldn't
afford to feed themselves. 

5968
05:14:56,400 --> 05:14:58,600
Let alone contribute to 
community meals. 

5969
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:01,800
The mathematics of potluck 
became creative. 

5970
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:05,400
One family might bring a giant 
pot of soup made mostly from 

5971
05:15:05,400 --> 05:15:08,300
vegetables and water. 
While another might contribute a

5972
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:10,200
small but precious amount of 
metal seasoning. 

5973
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:13,700
Together these contributions 
created Mills that were more 

5974
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,100
substantial and varied than any 
individual family. 

5975
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:19,300
Could have managed to load 
recipe sharing an act of 

5976
05:15:19,308 --> 05:15:22,400
generosity that went beyond just
culinary tips when someone 

5977
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:24,500
discovered how to make a fill 
meal from an expensive 

5978
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,100
ingredients sharing that 
knowledge was like sharing 

5979
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:29,600
wealth. 
Women would write down recipes 

5980
05:15:29,600 --> 05:15:30,800
on whatever paper they could 
find. 

5981
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:33,800
Creating informal networks of 
survival cooking, that passed 

5982
05:15:33,800 --> 05:15:35,700
from Kitchen to kitchen and 
neighborhood to Neighborhood. 

5983
05:15:35,700 --> 05:15:38,400
The psychology of eating 
together, changed. 

5984
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:40,200
When eating alone. 
Meant not eating enough 

5985
05:15:40,200 --> 05:15:43,400
Community meals. 
Provided not just nutrition, but

5986
05:15:43,400 --> 05:15:46,800
social connection during a time.
When people felt isolated by 

5987
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:50,500
their economic circumstances, 
Children who might have felt 

5988
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:52,600
embarrassed about their 
families, Financial situations, 

5989
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:56,300
discovered that many other 
families were experiencing the. 

5990
05:15:56,300 --> 05:15:59,600
Same challenges adults, 
discovered that sharing meals 

5991
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:02,400
also meant sharing the emotional
burden of difficult times. 

5992
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:05,900
church basement dinners 
neighborhood, soup kitchens and 

5993
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:08,400
informal meal sharing 
Arrangements, created a parallel

5994
05:16:08,400 --> 05:16:11,800
food distribution system that 
operated alongside and sometimes

5995
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:15,900
instead of traditional Commerce 
These weren't charity operations

5996
05:16:15,900 --> 05:16:17,200
in the way. 
We might think of them today 

5997
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:20,400
because the line between Helper 
and helped was often blurry. 

5998
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:22,800
Families might host a community 
dinner. 

5999
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:25,200
One week and depend on. 
Someone else's communities of 

6000
05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:27,800
the next week. 
Seasonal Community cooking made 

6001
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:29,900
sense in ways that individual 
cooking didn't. 

6002
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:33,100
When someone's Garden produced 
more Tomatoes than one family 

6003
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:36,400
could use, it made sense to turn
that abundance into Source or 

6004
05:16:36,408 --> 05:16:38,500
preserves that could feed 
multiple families. 

6005
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:42,200
Large-scale food preservation 
required equipment, space 

6006
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:45,500
knowledge that individual 
families often lacked but 

6007
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:47,900
communities could organize 
canning operations that 

6008
05:16:47,900 --> 05:16:51,700
benefited everyone involved. 
The economics of community 

6009
05:16:51,700 --> 05:16:53,500
cooking were fascinating and 
complex. 

6010
05:16:54,400 --> 05:16:57,100
Buying ingredients in bulk for 
Community meals, was more 

6011
05:16:57,100 --> 05:16:59,000
economical than individual 
family shopping. 

6012
05:16:59,800 --> 05:17:04,000
But it required coordination 
trust, and some kind of informal

6013
05:17:04,000 --> 05:17:05,700
accounting system to ensure 
fairness. 

6014
05:17:06,500 --> 05:17:09,300
Some communities use trading 
systems, where labor was 

6015
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:11,800
exchanged for meals or where 
families contributed different 

6016
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:15,000
types of resources, some 
provided ingredients, others, 

6017
05:17:15,000 --> 05:17:18,100
provided cooking space, and 
still others provided labor. 

6018
05:17:19,000 --> 05:17:21,500
Children growing up in these 
Community Food Systems, learned 

6019
05:17:21,500 --> 05:17:24,600
different lessons about sharing,
cooperation, and social 

6020
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:26,900
responsibility than children, 
who grew up in purely 

6021
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:30,300
individual, family units. 
They saw adults working together

6022
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,800
to solve problems, witness the 
Practical mechanics of mutual 

6023
05:17:33,800 --> 05:17:36,000
Aid and understood that 
Community survival. 

6024
05:17:36,000 --> 05:17:39,100
Sometimes required setting aside
individual pride in favor of 

6025
05:17:39,100 --> 05:17:42,700
collective action the end of 
Community Kitchen culture came 

6026
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:46,000
gradually as economic conditions
improved and families could 

6027
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:49,700
afford to return to individual 
cooking and eating Some 

6028
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:52,500
communities maintain these 
Traditions as social activities 

6029
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:53,900
rather than survival 
Necessities. 

6030
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,700
But for most, the Community 
Kitchen period was remembered as

6031
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,300
a time when neighbors became 
family out of necessity. 

6032
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,100
And when the simple Act of 
sharing a meal carried weight in

6033
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:07,100
meaning that extended far beyond
nutrition, Looking back these 

6034
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:10,400
Community Food Systems, created,
social bonds and survival skills

6035
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:13,500
that influenced how communities 
responded to Future challenges. 

6036
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:17,100
They proved that Americans could
organize Mutual Aid systems when

6037
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:20,100
necessary and that sharing 
resources didn't require 

6038
05:18:20,100 --> 05:18:23,400
government programs, or formal 
charity, just neighbors, willing

6039
05:18:23,400 --> 05:18:26,200
to help murmur neighbors and 
communities willing to take care

6040
05:18:26,200 --> 05:18:28,200
of their own. 
The end of the Great Depression 

6041
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:30,200
didn't happen like a light 
switch being flipped. 

6042
05:18:30,200 --> 05:18:33,200
It was more like Dawn slowly 
breaking after the longest 

6043
05:18:33,200 --> 05:18:35,200
night. 
Anyone could remember families 

6044
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:37,500
didn't wake up one morning to 
find their economic troubles 

6045
05:18:37,500 --> 05:18:41,400
over and their refrigerators 
magically restocked instead 

6046
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,100
Prosperity, gradually returned 
permanently. 

6047
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:48,300
Altering American's relationship
with food World War 2 played a 

6048
05:18:48,300 --> 05:18:51,100
strange role in ending food. 
Scarcity, for some families, 

6049
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:53,500
while creating new types of 
rationing for others. 

6050
05:18:54,400 --> 05:18:57,600
Defense jobs provided Financial 
stability, but the 

6051
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:00,200
implementation of wartime 
rationing often limited the 

6052
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,700
amount of meat sugar, and coffee
that even the most affluent 

6053
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:07,100
families could purchase. 
It was like having money but 

6054
05:19:07,100 --> 05:19:08,700
being told you could only spend 
some of it. 

6055
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:12,100
Which was frustrating and forced
continued creativity in the 

6056
05:19:12,108 --> 05:19:15,100
kitchen. 
The transition back to abundance

6057
05:19:15,100 --> 05:19:18,800
was psychologically complex. 
You'd think that people who had 

6058
05:19:18,800 --> 05:19:21,200
to stretch, every ingredient 
would waste food once they could

6059
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:23,000
afford it, but that's not what 
happened. 

6060
05:19:23,000 --> 05:19:26,200
Many families continued, 
Depression era, cooking habits 

6061
05:19:26,200 --> 05:19:29,800
for years decades, or even the 
rest of their lives. 

6062
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:33,200
Once you've learned to see 
potential meals in food, scraps,

6063
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:36,800
hard to unlearn that skill, even
when you don't technically need 

6064
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,000
it anymore, Children who had 
grown up during the Depression 

6065
05:19:40,000 --> 05:19:42,100
carried forward. 
Different attitudes about food 

6066
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:43,800
than their parents had 
originally possessed. 

6067
05:19:44,600 --> 05:19:47,400
They knew how to cook from 
scratch, how to substitute 

6068
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:50,700
ingredients, how to make meals 
stretch and how to waste 

6069
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:53,200
nothing. 
These skills serve them well, 

6070
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:56,300
during future economic downturns
but they also influenced 

6071
05:19:56,300 --> 05:19:59,000
American Home Cooking in ways 
that lasted for Generations. 

6072
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:02,800
The grocery store experience 
transformed as a abundance 

6073
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,000
returned but it never quite went
back to the Carefree shopping of

6074
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:08,800
the 1920s. 
People who had lived through the

6075
05:20:08,800 --> 05:20:11,000
depression, maintained habits of
price. 

6076
05:20:11,000 --> 05:20:13,700
Comparison. 
Bulk buying when items are on 

6077
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:16,900
sale and stocking up against 
future shortages that might 

6078
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:19,900
never come. 
The psychological scars of 

6079
05:20:19,908 --> 05:20:22,900
scarcity created shopping 
behaviors that persisted long 

6080
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:26,400
after skis at the ended. 
Restaurant culture slowly 

6081
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:28,700
returned but it was different 
too. 

6082
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:31,800
The Casual throwing away of 
restaurant food that had been 

6083
05:20:31,808 --> 05:20:35,900
common in the 1920s was replaced
by more carefully, eating taking

6084
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:39,600
leftovers home and appreciation 
for meals, that someone else had

6085
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,100
prepared. 
The experience of not being able

6086
05:20:42,100 --> 05:20:45,700
to afford to eat out, maying 
out, feel more special and less 

6087
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:49,000
routine when it became possible.
Again food technology, advanced 

6088
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:52,300
rapidly in the post-war years 
partly in response to lessons 

6089
05:20:52,300 --> 05:20:55,100
learned during the Depression 
about food, preservation 

6090
05:20:55,100 --> 05:20:59,600
nutrition and efficient cooking.
Frozen Foods. 

6091
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:03,400
Improved canning techniques and 
new appliances were developed 

6092
05:21:03,400 --> 05:21:06,500
with an understanding of how 
families actually cooked and ate

6093
05:21:06,500 --> 05:21:09,500
during difficult times not just 
during prosperous ones. 

6094
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,900
The social aspects of food 
sharing Evolve 2 potluck, 

6095
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:16,000
dinners Community meals and 
neighborhood. 

6096
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:18,900
Sharing didn't disappear when 
they were no longer necessary 

6097
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:21,500
for survival. 
Though, they became more about 

6098
05:21:21,500 --> 05:21:23,800
social connection than economic 
necessity. 

6099
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:27,500
Communities that had learned to 
eat together during hard times. 

6100
05:21:27,500 --> 05:21:31,300
Often continued eating together 
during Good Times maintaining 

6101
05:21:31,300 --> 05:21:34,300
bonds that had been forged over 
shared meals and mutual Aid 

6102
05:21:35,100 --> 05:21:38,800
Garden Culture persisted in 
modified forms, many families. 

6103
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:42,300
Continue growing vegetables, not
because they had to but because 

6104
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:45,400
they wanted to the skills, 
they'd learned during necessity 

6105
05:21:45,400 --> 05:21:48,400
became hobbies and the Victory 
Gardens of the Depression era 

6106
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:50,400
evolved into the recreational 
gardening. 

6107
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:52,500
That became a Suburban Staple in
later decades. 

6108
05:21:53,300 --> 05:21:56,000
The recipes and cooking 
techniques developed, during the

6109
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:59,000
Depression became part of 
American culinary tradition, 

6110
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:02,600
desperately created dishes 
became Comfort Foods, associated

6111
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:04,800
with family, tradition and 
resourcefulness. 

6112
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:08,500
Casseroles, hearty soups and 
creative uses of leftovers 

6113
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:11,400
remained, popular long after 
they stopped being economically 

6114
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:15,000
necessary. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

6115
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,500
Great Depression created. 
A generation of American who 

6116
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:20,300
understood the difference 
between wanting food in needing 

6117
05:22:20,300 --> 05:22:23,000
it between eating for pleasure 
and eating for survival. 

6118
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,400
This distinction influenced, how
they raise their children, how 

6119
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:29,400
they thought about waste and how
they appreciated abundance when 

6120
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:32,400
it returned? 
The legacy of Depression era of 

6121
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:35,100
food, culture wasn't just about 
specific recipes or cooking 

6122
05:22:35,100 --> 05:22:37,100
techniques. 
It was about resilience 

6123
05:22:37,100 --> 05:22:40,200
creativity and the understanding
that survival, sometimes 

6124
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:42,800
requires reimagining your 
relationship with basic 

6125
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:44,700
necessities. 
Families. 

6126
05:22:44,700 --> 05:22:46,500
Learn that they could adapt to 
the unexpected. 

6127
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,800
The community could support each
other through mutual Aid. 

6128
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:52,700
And that meals could be 
satisfying and meaningful even 

6129
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:56,200
when they were to elaborate or 
expensive, As you drift off to 

6130
05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:59,300
sleep tonight, maybe in a 
kitchen stocked with more food 

6131
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:01,900
choices than depression or 
families could have dreamed of. 

6132
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:05,600
It's worth remembering that the 
ability to adapt to create 

6133
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:09,300
something from nothing and to 
find satisfaction in Simplicity 

6134
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:11,700
aren't just historical 
Curiosities. 

6135
05:23:11,700 --> 05:23:15,800
Their human capabilities, that 
remain available to us skills 

6136
05:23:15,800 --> 05:23:18,200
that our grandparents and 
great-grandparents developed out

6137
05:23:18,200 --> 05:23:20,300
of necessity. 
But that represents something 

6138
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:22,600
valuable about. 
Human creativity and resilience.

6139
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:26,000
The Great Depression taught 
America, that food is never just

6140
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:31,000
about food, it's about Community
creativity survival and the 

6141
05:23:31,008 --> 05:23:33,600
remarkable human ability to make
the best of what ever 

6142
05:23:33,600 --> 05:23:36,700
circumstances life serves up. 
Even when those circumstances 

6143
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:43,900
are nothing like what anyone 
ordered, have you ever noticed 

6144
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:45,700
that? 
Sometimes a person you get along

6145
05:23:45,700 --> 05:23:48,500
with begins to make small 
demands that appear reasonable. 

6146
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,100
This was Britain's relationship 
with the American colonies after

6147
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:55,300
1763. 
Britain had just finished the 

6148
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:58,200
French and Indian War which 
sounded like a war between two 

6149
05:23:58,200 --> 05:24:01,000
groups, but was more like a 
neighborhood brawl that involved

6150
05:24:01,000 --> 05:24:04,000
most of the world. 
The British won which was great 

6151
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:06,400
for English speakers, but 
disastrous for the French. 

6152
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:10,600
However winning wars is costly. 
Britain reviewed its bank 

6153
05:24:10,600 --> 05:24:13,600
account as if it were a credit 
card statement, following an 

6154
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:15,400
extravagant holiday shopping 
spree. 

6155
05:24:16,100 --> 05:24:18,800
Britain you who should pay for 
all those muskets and fancy 

6156
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:21,500
uniforms. 
Meanwhile, the colonists saw 

6157
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:24,500
their lives as reasonable, 
everyone would mind their own 

6158
05:24:24,500 --> 05:24:26,800
business as they sent tobacco 
and other Goods across the 

6159
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:29,100
ocean. 
Britain sent back tea and 

6160
05:24:29,100 --> 05:24:31,800
manufactured goods. 
It was akin to a prosperous 

6161
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:35,000
long-distance partnership. 
Britain then became involved in 

6162
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:39,800
the daily details of trade, the 
Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 

6163
05:24:39,800 --> 05:24:43,100
molasses and sugar. 
You may Wonder What's the big 

6164
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,600
deal about sugar taxes? 
However, glasses was not only 

6165
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:49,800
used in cookies, lasses played a
crucial role in the production 

6166
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:52,800
of rum, which was considered the
most valuable commodity in the 

6167
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:56,400
Colonial economy. 
Taxing molasses was like taxing 

6168
05:24:56,400 --> 05:24:58,900
happiness. 
The colonists grumbled about the

6169
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:00,600
tax, but believed it would be 
temporary. 

6170
05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:04,900
The Stamp Act of 1765 required, 
tax stamps on, almost all 

6171
05:25:04,900 --> 05:25:09,200
Colonial paper, By newspaper 
stamp Duty need a will. 

6172
05:25:10,100 --> 05:25:12,100
Stamp Duty. 
Are you enjoying a game of 

6173
05:25:12,100 --> 05:25:13,500
cards? 
It's stamped attacks. 

6174
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:16,600
Britain seemed to believe that 
the abundance of trees was 

6175
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,600
excessive and required 
regulation, the colonists had a 

6176
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:22,200
philosophical disagreement with 
the arrangement which made 

6177
05:25:22,200 --> 05:25:25,000
things fascinating. 
They'd been managing themselves 

6178
05:25:25,000 --> 05:25:28,600
well, but now, someone 3,000 
miles away was telling them how 

6179
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:30,900
to spend their money. 
It would be like your distant 

6180
05:25:30,900 --> 05:25:33,100
cousin rearranging your 
furniture because they helped 

6181
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:35,900
you move. 
Britain's response to no 

6182
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:39,400
taxation without representation 
was but we're representing you. 

6183
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:43,000
We're British your British. 
It's all very British and 

6184
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:47,800
representational. this logic, 
didn't convince colonists when 

6185
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:50,300
two people argue about one 
thing, but are upset about 

6186
05:25:50,300 --> 05:25:55,800
another things escalate The 
Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed 

6187
05:25:55,800 --> 05:25:59,500
tea. 
Paint paper and glass By now 

6188
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,700
Britain was taxing so much that 
colonists wondered if breathing 

6189
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:05,100
was next. 
The colonial response of 

6190
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:07,600
boycotting British goods. 
Worked better than expected 

6191
05:26:07,600 --> 05:26:09,900
British. 
Merchants suddenly found their 

6192
05:26:09,900 --> 05:26:13,400
warehouses filled with unwanted 
items such as 40 pounds of 

6193
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:16,900
potato salad, left over from a 
party that had no guests. 

6194
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,200
Tensioned was so high in 1770. 
That a knife could cut them. 

6195
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:24,200
British soldiers. 
Kept order in colonial cities 

6196
05:26:24,200 --> 05:26:28,200
but armed Soldiers, made people 
nervous hiring a bounce of your 

6197
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:30,800
book club may be technically 
beneficial but it can 

6198
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:32,400
significantly alter the 
atmosphere. 

6199
05:26:33,600 --> 05:26:37,500
The Boston Massacre occurred in 
March, 1717, but calling it a 

6200
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:39,800
massacre is like, calling a 
small accident, a major 

6201
05:26:39,808 --> 05:26:42,600
transportation disaster. 
British soldiers. 

6202
05:26:42,600 --> 05:26:44,900
Shooting into a crowd, killed 
five colonists. 

6203
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:48,400
Which tragic and unnecessary. 
But not a systematic Slaughter. 

6204
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:52,000
However, it gave the colonists, 
something to be upset about and 

6205
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:54,100
anger is a powerful organizing 
Force. 

6206
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:57,100
You're probably seeing how the 
story will end, but we're just 

6207
05:26:57,100 --> 05:26:59,900
beginning after the Boston 
Massacre, Britain considered 

6208
05:26:59,900 --> 05:27:03,100
retreating to maintain dignity 
in this relationship, they 

6209
05:27:03,100 --> 05:27:06,500
repealed most of the Townshend 
Acts keeping only the tea tax. 

6210
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:09,900
It was akin to expressing regret
over a disagreement yet. 

6211
05:27:09,900 --> 05:27:11,800
Asserting triumph over a minor 
issue. 

6212
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:14,600
A couple of years were quiet, 
Britain. 

6213
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:17,000
Resumed pretending the empire 
was running smoothly while the 

6214
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:18,900
colonists returned to their 
daily lives. 

6215
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:23,100
The situation, resembled a state
of artificial Tranquility, as 

6216
05:27:23,100 --> 05:27:25,500
everyone chose to overlook the 
pressing issue of Taxation, 

6217
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,500
which was described by a 
powdered wig and held strong 

6218
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:32,600
opinions. 
In 1773 Britain, committed a 

6219
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:36,100
strategic era, but it was more 
akin to make a blind decision. 

6220
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,200
The British East India Company, 
monopolized Colonial tails under

6221
05:27:40,200 --> 05:27:42,800
the Tea Act making tea cheaper 
for consumers. 

6222
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,400
One might assume that cheaper 
tea would be popular, but that 

6223
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:49,800
was not the case. 
Principal not price was the 

6224
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:52,500
issue. 
Local Merchants complete removal

6225
05:27:52,500 --> 05:27:55,200
from the TV business presented 
colonists with a promising 

6226
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:57,800
future. 
What prevented Britain from 

6227
05:27:57,800 --> 05:27:59,500
monopolizing? 
Everything else if they could 

6228
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:02,800
monopolize tea, it was like 
watching someone rearrange your 

6229
05:28:02,800 --> 05:28:04,000
furniture while claiming to 
help. 

6230
05:28:04,700 --> 05:28:07,300
The colonial response was Swift 
and either brilliantly 

6231
05:28:07,300 --> 05:28:12,800
theatrical or completely insane.
On December the 16th 1773 

6232
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:15,500
colonists dressed as Native 
Americans. 

6233
05:28:15,500 --> 05:28:20,200
Boarded, British ships in Boston
Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 

6234
05:28:20,208 --> 05:28:23,100
tea into the water. 
Their action was culturally 

6235
05:28:23,100 --> 05:28:27,300
insensitive and unconvincing the
Boston Tea Party was likely the 

6236
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:31,100
most expensive tantrum ever. 
Boston Harbor, briefly held the 

6237
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:34,800
world's largest cup of weak tea 
worth one point seven million 

6238
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:38,100
dollars today. 
Grins response to this aquatic 

6239
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:41,000
protest was typical of someone 
who just seen their expensive 

6240
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:42,500
tea turned into Harvest 
seasoning. 

6241
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:45,300
King George, the third, and 
Parliament, decided, 

6242
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:48,300
Massachusetts needed manners, 
and were the ones to teach them.

6243
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:51,900
Britain's Intolerable Acts of 
1774 said. 

6244
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:55,900
You want to act like children? 
Fine will treat you like 

6245
05:28:55,900 --> 05:28:58,700
children. 
They grounded a city by closing.

6246
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:02,200
Boston Harbor until the tea was 
paid for instead of colonial 

6247
05:29:02,200 --> 05:29:04,400
courts. 
British officials accused of 

6248
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:08,000
crime would be tried in Britain 
which was like saying from now 

6249
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:10,900
on when we break the rules we'll
judge ourselves. 

6250
05:29:11,800 --> 05:29:14,900
The Quebec Act passed around the
same time, extended Quebec's 

6251
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:17,500
borders into the Ohio Valley 
annoying, most American 

6252
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,500
colonists, Britain seemed to 
have thought, you know what? 

6253
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:24,600
This needs more complications. 
However, Britain's plan 

6254
05:29:24,600 --> 05:29:27,900
backfired almost poetically. 
Instead of isolating 

6255
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,100
Massachusetts and making an 
example of them, the Intolerable

6256
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:32,900
Act warned other colonies. 
They could follow. 

6257
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:36,200
It was akin to observing the 
neighborhood, bully Target, one 

6258
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,600
child. 
And suddenly recognizing that 

6259
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:40,300
you could be the subsequent 
victim. 

6260
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:43,800
At the First Continental 
Congress in Philadelphia in 

6261
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:47,200
September 1774. 
Delegates from 12 colonies. 

6262
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:51,200
Georgia was undecided discussed 
their options. 12 groups of 

6263
05:29:51,200 --> 05:29:53,000
people agreeing on. 
Anything is difficult. 

6264
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:57,000
Let alone, 12 groups bred across
1000, miles of 18th century, 

6265
05:29:57,000 --> 05:30:00,300
Transportation infrastructure, 
the Congress stopped importing 

6266
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:02,500
and exporting, Colonial Goods to
Britain. 

6267
05:30:03,100 --> 05:30:05,300
They also agreed to meet again, 
if things didn't improve 

6268
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:09,300
politely saying, were serious 
about this and will prove it by 

6269
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:12,300
having more meetings. 
Colonists were organizing 

6270
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:14,600
militias which should have 
worried Britain more than it 

6271
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:17,000
did. 
Farmers shopkeepers and 

6272
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:19,800
blacksmiths spent their weekends
learning to March and straight 

6273
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:22,300
line and shoot muskets 
accurately. 

6274
05:30:23,100 --> 05:30:25,200
The militia movement was 
practical and psychological. 

6275
05:30:25,200 --> 05:30:28,100
It meant colonists were ready to
defend themselves. 

6276
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,600
It was a big, mental shift to 
think of themselves as people 

6277
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,000
who might need to defend 
themselves against their own 

6278
05:30:34,000 --> 05:30:37,700
government. 
By 1774, Britain, and the 

6279
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:40,200
American colonies were 
stockpiling weapons and making 

6280
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:43,600
grievance lists. 
If This Were a marriage lawyers 

6281
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:46,400
would be involved, you're 
familiar with the moment when 

6282
05:30:46,400 --> 05:30:49,300
someone uttered something they 
cannot retract and everything 

6283
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:54,900
shifts within the argument, it 
happened on April, 19th, 1775 in

6284
05:30:54,900 --> 05:30:58,200
two small, Massachusetts towns 
that most people in Britain, and

6285
05:30:58,200 --> 05:31:01,700
the American colonies had never 
heard of General Thomas. 

6286
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:03,500
Gage. 
The British commander in Boston 

6287
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,800
was ordered to suppress the 
colonial Rebellion by seizing 

6288
05:31:06,800 --> 05:31:08,400
weapons and arresting the 
leaders. 

6289
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:12,200
He took a leisurely evening. 
Stroll with 700 of his closest 

6290
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:14,700
friends to retrieve the 
colonists military supplies from

6291
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:18,500
Concord 20 miles from Boston, 
the plan was simple. 

6292
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:22,200
Marched to Concord at night 
grabbed, the weapons, arrest 

6293
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:25,000
Samuel, Adams, and John hanke, 
if they were there and return 

6294
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:28,100
for breakfast, It was the kind 
of plan that looks great on 

6295
05:31:28,100 --> 05:31:30,100
paper but falls apart and 
practice. 

6296
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:33,700
The colonists had a fantastic 
neighborhood watch system. 

6297
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,700
Paul Revere, William doors and 
other Riders, patrolled the 

6298
05:31:37,700 --> 05:31:39,200
countryside to warn of the 
British. 

6299
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:42,900
Revere's midnight ride is 
legendary but he was captured 

6300
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:46,500
halfway to Concord proving that 
even famous historical events. 

6301
05:31:46,500 --> 05:31:49,800
Don't always go as planned. 
British troops arrived at 

6302
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:53,400
Lexington at Sunrise to discover
70, Colonial militia men on the 

6303
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,200
Village Green. 
The militia was armed but 

6304
05:31:56,200 --> 05:31:59,900
outnumbered making this a tense 
neighborhood dispute rather than

6305
05:31:59,900 --> 05:32:03,000
a military conflict. 
Who fired the first Lexington, 

6306
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:06,700
shot is unknown, it could have 
been a British soldier, a 

6307
05:32:06,700 --> 05:32:10,200
colonial militiamen or a musket 
accident, which happened more 

6308
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:12,600
often than you'd think with 18th
century Firearms. 

6309
05:32:12,600 --> 05:32:15,600
We know that eight colonists 
died and one British soldier was

6310
05:32:15,600 --> 05:32:18,800
wounded off the smoke. 
Cleared British troops continued

6311
05:32:18,800 --> 05:32:21,100
to Concord where things improved
initially. 

6312
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:24,900
They managed to move most of the
valuable military supplies, but 

6313
05:32:24,900 --> 05:32:28,200
they also destroyed some their 
day went awry when they returned

6314
05:32:28,200 --> 05:32:30,700
to Boston. 
The colonial militia kept busy 

6315
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:33,500
while the British search 
Concorde with word of the 

6316
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:36,300
Lexington fighting spreading, 
militia units. 

6317
05:32:36,300 --> 05:32:39,700
Converge from all directions. 
The British encountered the 

6318
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:42,200
Concorde militia, as well as 
nearby farmers and shopkeepers 

6319
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:46,000
armed with muskets who then fled
the retreat from Concord to 

6320
05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:49,800
Boston became a day-long battle.
The British founded on sporting 

6321
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:52,900
for the colonial militia to hide
behind trees and stonewalls 

6322
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,600
shooted officers and not line up
in neat. 

6323
05:32:55,600 --> 05:32:59,200
Formation to be shot at It was 
like a game where the other side

6324
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:02,800
changed the rules, the British 
limped back into Boston, with 

6325
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:07,800
273 casualties to 95. 
Colonial losses, more 

6326
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:10,300
importantly, they learned that 
Colonial militia were different 

6327
05:33:10,300 --> 05:33:13,200
from European armies. 
The colonists didn't understand 

6328
05:33:13,200 --> 05:33:16,200
that war should be gentlemanly. 
The colonies heard Lexington, 

6329
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:19,000
and Concord news faster than 
small town gossip. 

6330
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:22,200
Connecticut and New Hampshire, 
militia marched towards Boston 

6331
05:33:22,200 --> 05:33:24,900
within days. 
The British were besieged in 

6332
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:26,900
their own stronghold, which was 
unexpected. 

6333
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:31,100
In May 1775. 
The second continental congress 

6334
05:33:31,100 --> 05:33:34,800
met in Philadelphia and face to 
simpler but more complicated 

6335
05:33:34,800 --> 05:33:38,300
situation than the first. 
Since the shooting had begun, 

6336
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:41,600
they didn't have to debate armed
resistances legitimacy. 

6337
05:33:41,600 --> 05:33:44,600
They were running a war without 
realizing it, making it more 

6338
05:33:44,600 --> 05:33:49,100
complicated Congress appointed a
committee as politicians do and 

6339
05:33:49,100 --> 05:33:51,800
confusing situations. 
They appointed several 

6340
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:54,600
committees but the most 
important one organized, the 

6341
05:33:54,608 --> 05:33:56,700
colonial military forces into an
army. 

6342
05:33:57,600 --> 05:33:59,500
After some debate, they chose 
George Washington. 

6343
05:33:59,500 --> 05:34:02,200
A Virginia planter with military
experience. 

6344
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:05,000
And a good horse. 
Washington, accepted the 

6345
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:08,000
appointment with The Reluctant 
Grace politicians have perfected

6346
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:11,300
since That he didn't feel 
qualified for the job but would 

6347
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:13,800
do his best was either humility 
or political theater. 

6348
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:19,100
Probably both the Battle of 
Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed

6349
05:34:19,100 --> 05:34:21,500
that Colonial forces could 
defeat professional British 

6350
05:34:21,500 --> 05:34:24,000
troops with good defense and 
enough ammunition. 

6351
05:34:24,000 --> 05:34:27,200
After inflicting heavy 
casualties on the British, the 

6352
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:30,100
colonists retreated. 
And defeat that felt like a 

6353
05:34:30,100 --> 05:34:32,900
victory was exactly what 
colonial morale needed. 

6354
05:34:33,700 --> 05:34:35,200
The American colonies were in 
open. 

6355
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,400
Rebellion against Britain by 
1775, though. 

6356
05:34:38,400 --> 05:34:41,800
Nobody wanted to call it that? 
Admitting you've made a big 

6357
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:45,600
decision can be harder than 
choosing it in early. 1776. 

6358
05:34:45,600 --> 05:34:48,600
The American colonies were 
fighting Britain organizing 

6359
05:34:48,600 --> 05:34:51,300
their own government and 
printing their own money, but 

6360
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:52,800
they were still trying to 
reconcile. 

6361
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:55,000
It was like someone who moved 
out of their parents house. 

6362
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:58,500
Got a new apartment and started 
a new job, but insist their 

6363
05:34:58,508 --> 05:35:00,800
staying with friends, until 
things work out at home. 

6364
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:05,200
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

6365
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:07,000
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

6366
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:10,800
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

6367
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:13,200
it was meant to put people to 
sleep but pain could explain 

6368
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:16,800
complex political ideas in 
simple language Common Sense 

6369
05:35:16,800 --> 05:35:20,500
argued that Independence was 
necessary and desirable pain. 

6370
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:22,700
Noted that King's were usually 
useless or harmful. 

6371
05:35:22,700 --> 05:35:26,200
It was absurd to think that one 
person should rule millions of 

6372
05:35:26,200 --> 05:35:29,300
others based on their parents. 
It was like entrusting your fine

6373
05:35:29,300 --> 05:35:31,700
answers to someone whose great 
grandfather was good with money.

6374
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:36,300
It sold 150,000 copies in three 
months, which was like going 

6375
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:39,700
viral in 1776. 
But with radical political 

6376
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:44,400
Theory, instead of funny cat 
videos, Taverns and Town Square 

6377
05:35:44,400 --> 05:35:46,600
suddenly hosted whispered 
conversations. 

6378
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:49,400
Meanwhile the worst bread Beyond
Massachusetts. 

6379
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:53,200
The American invasion of Canada 
seemed like a good idea at the 

6380
05:35:53,200 --> 05:35:56,400
time but it taught you why most 
military Adventures are bad. 

6381
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,000
The Invasion fails 
spectacularly, proving that 

6382
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,500
winter distance and hostile. 
Populations. 

6383
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:05,600
Stop armies. 
In the South, the British were 

6384
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:07,100
finding their optimism about 
loyal. 

6385
05:36:07,100 --> 05:36:10,700
Colonists supporting them wrong.
While rallying loyalists support

6386
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:13,900
in North Carolina, most people 
prefer to stay home and avoid 

6387
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:16,800
being shot, which was probably 
wise back in Philadelphia. 

6388
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:19,200
The Continental Congress 
struggled to wage war while 

6389
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:21,700
seeking peace. 
It was like planning a wedding 

6390
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:24,900
while divorcing possible but 
difficult King George. 

6391
05:36:24,900 --> 05:36:28,300
The third unexpectedly pushed 
for Independence in December 

6392
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:32,500
1775, he declared the American 
colonies in open rebellion and 

6393
05:36:32,500 --> 05:36:35,600
no longer under his protection. 
He meant fine. 

6394
05:36:35,600 --> 05:36:38,000
If you want to act like you 
don't need me, then you really 

6395
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,600
don't. 
The king hired German 

6396
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:44,200
mercenaries Hessians to fight 
the colonists, which was like 

6397
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,600
bringing in our armed strangers 
to settle a fight with your 

6398
05:36:46,600 --> 05:36:49,300
kids. 
This gesture made reconciliation

6399
05:36:49,300 --> 05:36:51,900
less appealing even moderates in
Congress. 

6400
05:36:51,900 --> 05:36:55,500
Thought, Independence might be 
the only option by Spring 1776. 

6401
05:36:55,500 --> 05:36:59,200
You can't negotiate with someone
who's declared rebellion and 

6402
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:00,900
hired foreign soldiers to shoot 
you. 

6403
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:04,100
Thomas Jefferson was chosen to 
write the Declaration of 

6404
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:06,200
Independence because he was a 
good writer. 

6405
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,500
And because the other committee 
members had more important tasks

6406
05:37:09,500 --> 05:37:13,600
Jefferson, who was 33 wrote. 
One of the most important 

6407
05:37:13,600 --> 05:37:16,400
documents in history while still
paying off student loans. 

6408
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:20,200
Jefferson's initial draft was 
longer and more accusatory. 

6409
05:37:20,200 --> 05:37:23,600
His inflammatory language, 
including blaming King George 

6410
05:37:23,600 --> 05:37:26,700
for the slave trade was edited 
out by Congress for political 

6411
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:30,300
reasons and because slaveholders
were hypocritical The final 

6412
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:35,500
Declaration of July 4th, 1776 
was a political Masterpiece that

6413
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:37,200
was both philosophical and 
practical. 

6414
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:39,900
It stated why? 
The colonies were declaring 

6415
05:37:39,900 --> 05:37:43,300
independence, listed their 
grievances against Britain and 

6416
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:45,300
announced their intention to 
form a new nation. 

6417
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:48,700
The most famous lie. 
We hold these truths to be 

6418
05:37:48,708 --> 05:37:52,400
self-evident that all men are 
created, equal change politics, 

6419
05:37:52,400 --> 05:37:55,300
and philosophy. 
In a world where most people 

6420
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:58,300
were ruled by Divine Kings. 
The idea that government should 

6421
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:01,800
be based on consent was Radical 
In 1776. 

6422
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:04,300
All men meant something 
different than it does today 

6423
05:38:04,300 --> 05:38:08,000
women enslaved people and Native
Americans couldn't vote. 

6424
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:10,700
Spite its promissory notes 
status. 

6425
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:14,500
The Declaration was a start. 
The Declaration signing wasn't 

6426
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:16,100
as dramatic as painting 
suggests. 

6427
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:20,400
Many delegates, signed a formal 
copy and August, but some waited

6428
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:23,300
until November. 
John Hancock's, large signature 

6429
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:25,500
was likely more about habit than
defiles. 

6430
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:29,400
Public reaction to Independence 
was mixed Patriot's held 

6431
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:31,800
bonfires bell, ringing and 
readings. 

6432
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:34,400
In a new nation that had 
declared their former 

6433
05:38:34,400 --> 05:38:37,000
government, illegitimate 
loyalists worried about their 

6434
05:38:37,000 --> 05:38:39,500
future. 
Many wanted to know if they'd 

6435
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:43,000
finally stopped arguing about 
taxes, The Declaration of 

6436
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:44,900
Independence. 
Turn the colonial, Rebellion 

6437
05:38:44,900 --> 05:38:49,400
into a National Liberation War. 
No, turning back Independence or

6438
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:53,200
defeat, no middle ground. 
Declaring independence was 

6439
05:38:53,200 --> 05:38:56,500
simple winning Independence. 
Required defeating the world's 

6440
05:38:56,500 --> 05:38:59,400
strongest military force which 
was like challenging the 

6441
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,200
neighborhood, bully to a fight 
and discovering that he was a 

6442
05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:04,500
professional wrestler with 
several angry friends. 

6443
05:39:04,500 --> 05:39:07,800
The UK response to the 
Declaration of Independence was 

6444
05:39:07,800 --> 05:39:11,700
Swift and overwhelming, their 
largest expeditionary force over

6445
05:39:11,700 --> 05:39:15,600
30,000 troops and a massive 
Fleet targeted, New York City. 

6446
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:19,300
They wanted to capture the most 
important Colonial ports, split 

6447
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:22,600
the rebellion in half and end 
this nonsense before it got out 

6448
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:25,100
of hand. 
While commanding, the 

6449
05:39:25,100 --> 05:39:27,800
Continental Army George 
Washington learned that it was 

6450
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:31,100
like herding cats. 
Except the cats were armed had 

6451
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:34,100
strong opinions about military 
hierarchy and went home when 

6452
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:37,100
their enlistments expired. 
The Army consisted of 

6453
05:39:37,100 --> 05:39:40,900
Continental regulars, State 
militia and volunteers who came 

6454
05:39:40,900 --> 05:39:42,400
and went as needed for farm 
work. 

6455
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:45,600
Washington's first major battle 
as a commander. 

6456
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:49,800
The Battle of Long Island in 
August. 1776 nearly ended the 

6457
05:39:49,800 --> 05:39:52,700
revolution before it began. 
British General. 

6458
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:56,100
William Howe out maneuvered, 
Washington's Army, trapping them

6459
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:58,200
on Brooklyn, Heights with their 
backs to the East River. 

6460
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:01,500
Most military professionals call
being trapped with a river 

6461
05:40:01,500 --> 05:40:05,100
behind you and a superior. 
Enemy force in front of you a 

6462
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:07,300
problem. 
Washington solved it with one of

6463
05:40:07,308 --> 05:40:08,900
the most daring retreats in 
history. 

6464
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:12,500
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 
the East River at night, without

6465
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:15,700
the British noticing, like 
sneaking out of a party while 

6466
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,500
the host was distracted. 
But with cannons, The Retreat 

6467
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:22,400
from New York became a disaster.
That tested independent 

6468
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:25,300
supporters loyalty. 
Washington's Army disintegrated 

6469
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:29,000
as soldiers, deserted 
enlistments expired, and militia

6470
05:40:29,000 --> 05:40:32,300
units returned home. 
He had less than 3,000 troops 

6471
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:35,600
left by December and most of 
their enlistments expired on New

6472
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:37,900
Year's Eve. 
During this dark period 

6473
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:42,000
volunteer Thomas Paine wrote The
Crisis which began with the 

6474
05:40:42,000 --> 05:40:44,500
famous line. 
These are the times that try 

6475
05:40:44,500 --> 05:40:47,100
men's souls. 
He meant, that things were bad 

6476
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,700
but giving up wasn't an option. 
The British capture of Fort 

6477
05:40:50,700 --> 05:40:53,700
Washington in November taking 
nearly 3,000. 

6478
05:40:53,700 --> 05:40:57,500
Americans was the lowest point. 
Its main goal was to stop 

6479
05:40:57,500 --> 05:41:00,800
British ships from sailing up 
the Hudson River, but it proved 

6480
05:41:00,800 --> 05:41:02,200
that building a fort in the 
wrong place. 

6481
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:05,800
Is worse than none. 
Like Christmas 1776. 

6482
05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:09,100
The Revolution was 10 us. 
The British and Hessians 

6483
05:41:09,100 --> 05:41:11,600
controlled New York and were 
about to defeat Washington's 

6484
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:14,000
Army. 
Many colonists, who supported 

6485
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:16,300
independence, were beginning to 
doubt their decision. 

6486
05:41:17,000 --> 05:41:19,900
Washington decided desperate 
times required Desperate 

6487
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:22,400
Measures. 
He led his remaining troops the 

6488
05:41:22,400 --> 05:41:26,300
ice choke Delaware River on 
Christmas night to surprise 900,

6489
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:29,600
Hessian soldiers in Trenton. 
The Crossing was dangerous due 

6490
05:41:29,600 --> 05:41:32,000
to a winter storm and many 
soldiers didn't have proper 

6491
05:41:32,000 --> 05:41:34,100
shoes. 
Leaving bloody footprints in the

6492
05:41:34,108 --> 05:41:36,800
snow. 
According to military 

6493
05:41:36,800 --> 05:41:39,700
historians. 
It was audacious, but insane. 

6494
05:41:41,200 --> 05:41:43,800
The attack on Trenton worked 
well, because the Hessians 

6495
05:41:43,800 --> 05:41:45,500
didn't expect anyone to attack 
in a blizzard. 

6496
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:49,000
The day after Christmas. 
The Americans took nearly 1,000 

6497
05:41:49,000 --> 05:41:52,100
prisoners and needed military 
supplies but they also won 

6498
05:41:52,100 --> 05:41:54,400
battles. 
Washington won again at 

6499
05:41:54,400 --> 05:41:56,900
Princeton a week later. 
Convincing, many that 

6500
05:41:56,900 --> 05:42:01,800
Independents wasn't hopeless. 
Morales enlistments Rose, and 

6501
05:42:01,800 --> 05:42:04,400
the revolution stumbled into 
1777. 

6502
05:42:05,400 --> 05:42:09,500
The British had a new 1777 
strategy that looked great on 

6503
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:12,000
paper, but ignored, North 
American geography. 

6504
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:14,400
To divide the rebellion and 
isolate. 

6505
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:17,700
New England, three armies were 
to converge on Albany, New York.

6506
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,300
About 8,000 troops under 
General, John Burgoyne would 

6507
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:24,600
March south from Canada. 
Another force would move East 

6508
05:42:24,600 --> 05:42:28,300
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 
marched North from New York City

6509
05:42:28,300 --> 05:42:31,500
Albany would be their meeting. 
Place to shake hands and watch 

6510
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:36,100
the revolution fall. 
The plan had one minor floor, it

6511
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:38,600
required, precise coordination 
between armies. 

6512
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:41,900
Separated by hundreds of miles 
of wilderness with no reliable 

6513
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:45,200
Communication in an era. 
When the fastest way to send a 

6514
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:47,300
message, was to give it to a 
horseback rider and hope he 

6515
05:42:47,300 --> 05:42:50,700
didn't get lost or shot. 
But going began, his March South

6516
05:42:50,700 --> 05:42:54,000
in June 1777 with confidence and
a large. 

6517
05:42:54,008 --> 05:42:57,000
Baggage train that included his 
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 

6518
05:42:57,000 --> 05:43:00,000
He was the kind of general who 
thought maintaining standards 

6519
05:43:00,000 --> 05:43:02,900
during a war was admirable the 
two difficult to do while 

6520
05:43:02,900 --> 05:43:05,900
marching through forests. 
General. 

6521
05:43:05,900 --> 05:43:07,600
Horatio gates in the New 
England. 

6522
05:43:07,600 --> 05:43:09,900
Militia surrounded. 
Burgoyne's Army near Saratoga. 

6523
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:14,800
October found Burgoyne trapped 
outnumbered and low on supplies.

6524
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:18,600
He gave up his army on October 
17th 1777. 

6525
05:43:19,500 --> 05:43:22,600
The victory at Saratoga changed 
the war but not because it won 

6526
05:43:22,600 --> 05:43:25,200
American independence. 
There were still years of 

6527
05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:28,800
fighting, instead it convinced 
France that the Americans might 

6528
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:31,600
win making supporting them worth
annoying Britain. 

6529
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:35,500
The American victory at Saratoga
had far reaching effects 

6530
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:39,300
diplomats in European capitals 
saw the American Rebellion as a 

6531
05:43:39,300 --> 05:43:42,100
threat to British power, not a 
colonial tantrum. 

6532
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:46,800
Nothing pleased European powers 
more than British problems in 

6533
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:49,000
particular. 
Watch the american situation 

6534
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:51,600
with the same interests as a 
neighbor fighting with their 

6535
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:54,100
spouse. 
After secretly giving the 

6536
05:43:54,100 --> 05:43:58,000
Americans money and weapons 
since 1776, they were ready to 

6537
05:43:58,000 --> 05:44:01,600
reveal their support. 
The franco-american alliance of 

6538
05:44:01,600 --> 05:44:05,400
February. 1778 was one of the 
most unlikely diplomatic 

6539
05:44:05,400 --> 05:44:08,800
Partnerships. 
France was an absolute monarchy 

6540
05:44:08,800 --> 05:44:12,200
with a rigid class system. 
While America fought for 

6541
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:13,700
democracy and individual 
liberty. 

6542
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:16,500
They teamed up like a 
vegetarian, and a butcher who 

6543
05:44:16,508 --> 05:44:19,800
disliked the same restaurant, 
however, shared enemies, make 

6544
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:22,700
strange bedfellows, and both 
countries wanted to lower 

6545
05:44:22,700 --> 05:44:25,000
Britain. 
France could avenge their 

6546
05:44:25,000 --> 05:44:28,300
humiliating defeat in the Seven 
Years War, while America gained 

6547
05:44:28,300 --> 05:44:30,900
a powerful Ally with a navy. 
That could challenged British 

6548
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:34,400
control of the Seas as expected.
The British declared war on 

6549
05:44:34,400 --> 05:44:36,500
France. 
Turning the American Revolution 

6550
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:41,600
into a global conflict Spain 
joined France in 1779 and the 

6551
05:44:41,608 --> 05:44:45,100
Dutch in 1780. 
Britain suddenly found itself 

6552
05:44:45,100 --> 05:44:48,200
fighting Colonial Rebels and 
most of Europe which was like 

6553
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:50,500
fighting everyone at the bar in 
the 18th century. 

6554
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:54,800
This Global expansion benefited 
America in unexpected ways 

6555
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:58,200
British resources, allocated to 
crushing, the American 

6556
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:02,200
Rebellion, had to be spread 
across theater to defend British

6557
05:45:02,200 --> 05:45:05,200
Caribbean, and Mediterranean 
possessions ships, that could 

6558
05:45:05,200 --> 05:45:06,700
have blocked. 
American ports, were needed. 

6559
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:10,600
The American war was a 
frustrating stale mate, British 

6560
05:45:10,600 --> 05:45:13,500
forces abandoned the northern 
colonies after the Saratoga 

6561
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,200
disaster. 
And focused on the south where 

6562
05:45:16,200 --> 05:45:19,700
loyalists support was Stronger. 
British strategy in the South 

6563
05:45:19,700 --> 05:45:22,000
started. 
Well over 5,000. 

6564
05:45:22,000 --> 05:45:27,200
Americans were captured in 1778 
and 1780 in Savannah and 

6565
05:45:27,200 --> 05:45:30,000
Charleston. 
Their new strategy seemed 

6566
05:45:30,000 --> 05:45:32,700
promising at first. 
However, like many invading 

6567
05:45:32,700 --> 05:45:34,500
armies. 
The British assumed that 

6568
05:45:34,500 --> 05:45:37,000
controlling cities meant, 
controlling the countryside. 

6569
05:45:37,700 --> 05:45:40,800
American militias and hit and 
run, Irregulars, ruled the areas

6570
05:45:40,800 --> 05:45:44,100
between British strongholds. 
France's Marion known as the 

6571
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:46,000
Swamp. 
Fox was famous for attacking 

6572
05:45:46,000 --> 05:45:49,200
British supply lines from the 
South Carolina Wetlands before 

6573
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:52,300
retreating into terrain. 
Regular armies couldn't navigate

6574
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:55,800
The term, it was guerrilla 
warfare and it played the 

6575
05:45:55,800 --> 05:45:59,000
British occupation of the South.
The British found their loyalist

6576
05:45:59,000 --> 05:46:01,500
supporters fewer and less 
reliable than expected. 

6577
05:46:02,200 --> 05:46:05,100
After British military rule, 
which often involved 

6578
05:46:05,100 --> 05:46:08,700
requisitioning supplies, 
quartering soldiers and treating

6579
05:46:08,700 --> 05:46:12,400
civilians as enemies, many 
colonists, switched sides, the 

6580
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:15,500
Battle of Kings Mountain in 
October, 1780 where American 

6581
05:46:15,500 --> 05:46:19,000
militia surrounded and defeated,
loyalist troops changed, the 

6582
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:22,500
southern campaign. 
The victory showed that American

6583
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:24,300
forces could win, decisive 
battles. 

6584
05:46:24,300 --> 05:46:27,500
Without continental army 
regulars, convincing many fence 

6585
05:46:27,500 --> 05:46:31,300
sitters to join the Rebellion. 
In late, 1780 General. 

6586
05:46:31,300 --> 05:46:34,800
Nathanael Greene took command of
American forces in the South and

6587
05:46:34,800 --> 05:46:37,500
devised a counter-intuitive but 
effective strategy. 

6588
05:46:38,300 --> 05:46:41,400
He used constant movement and 
carefully chosen battles to wear

6589
05:46:41,400 --> 05:46:43,800
down British forces instead of 
Defending territory. 

6590
05:46:44,400 --> 05:46:50,000
Green famously said we fight get
beat rise and fight again. 

6591
05:46:50,900 --> 05:46:54,200
It wasn't a heroic military 
philosophy but it worked the 

6592
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:56,000
British could win battles but 
not greens. 

6593
05:46:56,000 --> 05:46:59,600
Attrition War British General 
Cornwallis chased American 

6594
05:46:59,600 --> 05:47:03,900
forces across the Carolinas in 
1781 in a futile attempt to win 

6595
05:47:03,900 --> 05:47:06,900
a decisive battle. 
His army was shrinking, due to 

6596
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:09,500
casualties disease, and 
desertion while the Americans 

6597
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:11,100
were multiplying with each 
defeat. 

6598
05:47:11,800 --> 05:47:14,500
Kon Wallace realized the South 
couldnt be pacified while the 

6599
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:16,300
Virginia. 
Supplied, in reinforced the 

6600
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:18,500
Rebellion. 
He marched his army North in 

6601
05:47:18,500 --> 05:47:22,100
Virginia to cut off American 
supplies and force a final 

6602
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:24,800
battle. 
Cornwallis established a base at

6603
05:47:24,800 --> 05:47:27,800
Yorktown Virginia to receive 
British Naval support for his 

6604
05:47:27,808 --> 05:47:30,200
army. 
This reasonable plan, relied on 

6605
05:47:30,208 --> 05:47:33,600
Britain, controling, the Seas, a
safer assumption for most of the

6606
05:47:33,600 --> 05:47:36,200
war. 
All of America's diplomatic 

6607
05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:38,200
patience. 
Paid off in 1781. 

6608
05:47:39,100 --> 05:47:42,400
The French Fleet under Admiral 
de Grasse arrived in American 

6609
05:47:42,400 --> 05:47:44,400
Waters to Aid, the final push 
for victory. 

6610
05:47:45,700 --> 05:47:48,500
Washington saw a rare 
opportunity when Cornwallis 

6611
05:47:48,500 --> 05:47:52,300
fortified Yorktown Cornwallis 
would be trapped, like Burgoyne 

6612
05:47:52,300 --> 05:47:56,000
at Saratoga, if the French navy 
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 

6613
05:47:56,000 --> 05:47:58,700
American and French Ground 
Forces, besieged Yorktown? 

6614
05:47:59,400 --> 05:48:02,100
Secretly transporting American 
and French forces from New York 

6615
05:48:02,108 --> 05:48:06,100
to Virginia was difficult, but 
it worked Cornwallis was 

6616
05:48:06,100 --> 05:48:09,500
surrounded by 16,000 American 
and French troops in late, 

6617
05:48:09,500 --> 05:48:12,400
September, 1781 and French 
ships. 

6618
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:15,900
Controlled his Escape Route, The
American Revolution ended with 

6619
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:19,400
the three weeks of Yorktown 
Cornwallis surrendered, his army

6620
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:24,100
on October 19th, 1781 ending, 
Britain's last, major American 

6621
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:26,600
Force. 
The British band supposedly 

6622
05:48:26,600 --> 05:48:30,100
played the world turned upside 
down during the ceremony, which 

6623
05:48:30,100 --> 05:48:32,900
would have been symbolic. 
They probably played something 

6624
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:36,300
more conventional but the 
sentiment was right war is often

6625
05:48:36,300 --> 05:48:40,600
easier to win than to end. 
After Yorktown, everyone knew 

6626
05:48:40,600 --> 05:48:43,600
British defeat was inevitable 
but turning military Victory 

6627
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:46,800
into Political Independence. 
Required delicate diplomatic. 

6628
05:48:46,800 --> 05:48:49,600
Maneuvering that made actual 
fighting seemed easy. 

6629
05:48:50,800 --> 05:48:53,600
British political denial after 
cornwallis's surrender was 

6630
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:56,700
masterful. 
The Prime Minister Lord, North 

6631
05:48:56,700 --> 05:48:59,700
said he felt like he had been 
shot in the chest after losing 

6632
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:02,200
an army. 
British officials maintain the 

6633
05:49:02,200 --> 05:49:05,500
war would continue that optimism
lasted about as long as 

6634
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:08,500
expected. 
British public opinion which had

6635
05:49:08,500 --> 05:49:09,900
never supported the American 
war. 

6636
05:49:09,900 --> 05:49:14,200
Decisively opposed A losing War.
Members of parliament, asked 

6637
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:16,600
uncomfortable questions about 
why they were spending so much 

6638
05:49:16,600 --> 05:49:19,000
to fight people who clearly 
didn't want to be Empire 

6639
05:49:19,000 --> 05:49:21,800
partners. 
Lord, North government fell in 

6640
05:49:21,800 --> 05:49:25,300
March 1782, replaced by a peace 
minded Ministry. 

6641
05:49:25,300 --> 05:49:29,300
Negotiations were easier because
Lord Rockingham the new prime 

6642
05:49:29,300 --> 05:49:33,100
minister opposed, the American 
war from the start. 18th 

6643
05:49:33,100 --> 05:49:34,600
century. 
Peace talks were complicated. 

6644
05:49:34,600 --> 05:49:37,100
Making modern diplomatic 
negotiations. 

6645
05:49:37,100 --> 05:49:39,600
Seem simple. 
France, Spain. 

6646
05:49:39,600 --> 05:49:42,500
And the Dutch also had 
territorial demands and agendas.

6647
05:49:43,400 --> 05:49:46,700
France, sought formal, War 
territory, Spain wanted your bra

6648
05:49:46,700 --> 05:49:49,600
to back from Britain and had 
North American Ambitions that 

6649
05:49:49,600 --> 05:49:51,400
conflicted with American 
interests. 

6650
05:49:51,400 --> 05:49:53,800
Dutch Traders, wanted their 
rights back. 

6651
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:57,300
Everyone wanted to gain from the
peace settlement Benjamin 

6652
05:49:57,300 --> 05:50:01,700
Franklin, John Adams and John 
Jay was smart people who agreed 

6653
05:50:01,700 --> 05:50:04,400
on the goal, a disagreed on, 
almost everything else. 

6654
05:50:04,400 --> 05:50:07,700
On the American negotiating 
team, franklyn wanted to work 

6655
05:50:07,700 --> 05:50:10,500
with France. 
Adams was suspicious of everyone

6656
05:50:10,500 --> 05:50:13,200
and Jay believed France was 
trying to limit American 

6657
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:16,300
expansion. 
Americans benefited from these 

6658
05:50:16,300 --> 05:50:19,900
personality differences, 
European diplomats, never knew 

6659
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:22,600
which American they would meet, 
which kept them off balance and 

6660
05:50:22,600 --> 05:50:25,000
prevented coalitions against 
American interests. 

6661
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:29,500
Due to their complexity and 18th
century communication, the 

6662
05:50:29,500 --> 05:50:34,100
negotiations, took over a year. 
London, Paris messages took days

6663
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:36,100
to arrive and government 
instructions. 

6664
05:50:36,100 --> 05:50:38,200
To negotiators. 
Often arrived after 

6665
05:50:38,200 --> 05:50:41,900
circumstances are changed 
American territorial boundaries 

6666
05:50:41,900 --> 05:50:44,300
were a major issue. 
The British were willing to 

6667
05:50:44,308 --> 05:50:47,700
recognize American independence,
but they weren't sure how much 

6668
05:50:47,700 --> 05:50:50,800
territory to include the 
British, thought, the Americans 

6669
05:50:50,800 --> 05:50:52,600
ambition, to control the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

6670
05:50:52,600 --> 05:50:55,100
And Mississippi River was 
unusual for a former colony. 

6671
05:50:55,800 --> 05:50:58,500
The Americans got most of what 
they wanted through skillful 

6672
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:01,600
negotiation and Britain's 
decision to Grant generous 

6673
05:51:01,600 --> 05:51:04,800
territorial concessions, to keep
America friendly after the war. 

6674
05:51:04,800 --> 05:51:07,800
It was like giving someone a 
nice farewell gift to remember 

6675
05:51:07,800 --> 05:51:11,200
you buy? 
On September 3rd, 1783 the 

6676
05:51:11,200 --> 05:51:14,000
Treaty of Paris ended the 
American Revolution and 

6677
05:51:14,000 --> 05:51:17,800
recognized us independence from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 

6678
05:51:17,800 --> 05:51:21,200
river in Canada to Florida. 
The new nation was one of the 

6679
05:51:21,200 --> 05:51:24,500
world's largest on paper. 
Britain agreed to withdraw all 

6680
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:26,100
its military forces from 
America. 

6681
05:51:26,100 --> 05:51:30,000
But it took years, Some British 
posts in the Northwest Territory

6682
05:51:30,000 --> 05:51:34,000
weren't evacuated until the 
1790s causing tensions, but not 

6683
05:51:34,000 --> 05:51:35,600
threatening American 
independence. 

6684
05:51:36,500 --> 05:51:38,900
The peace process was 
complicated by other issues. 

6685
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:42,400
Addressed in the treaty repaying
American debts before the war, 

6686
05:51:42,400 --> 05:51:44,000
to British merchants was 
reasonable. 

6687
05:51:44,000 --> 05:51:47,600
But difficult to enforce, 
American state governments 

6688
05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:50,400
ignored the oath to treat 
wartime British loyalists fairly

6689
05:51:51,100 --> 05:51:54,600
The peace treaties announcement 
was celebrated but under America

6690
05:51:54,600 --> 05:51:58,100
many people were used to war 
after eight years and didn't 

6691
05:51:58,100 --> 05:52:01,600
know what peace time was like 
the Continental Army was quickly

6692
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:04,400
disbanded because Congress 
couldn't pay the soldiers and 

6693
05:52:04,400 --> 05:52:06,500
because Americans were wary of 
standing armies. 

6694
05:52:07,400 --> 05:52:11,600
Washing emotional farewell to 
his officers at in New York, in 

6695
05:52:11,600 --> 05:52:15,100
did a shared experience that had
United 13 colonies into one 

6696
05:52:15,100 --> 05:52:17,500
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

6697
05:52:17,500 --> 05:52:20,200
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

6698
05:52:20,200 --> 05:52:23,600
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

6699
05:52:23,600 --> 05:52:26,200
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

6700
05:52:26,200 --> 05:52:29,300
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

6701
05:52:29,300 --> 05:52:33,400
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

6702
05:52:33,400 --> 05:52:37,600
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

6703
05:52:37,600 --> 05:52:40,300
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

6704
05:52:40,300 --> 05:52:43,000
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

6705
05:52:43,000 --> 05:52:46,300
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

6706
05:52:46,308 --> 05:52:50,500
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

6707
05:52:50,500 --> 05:52:52,800
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment, 

6708
05:52:52,800 --> 05:52:57,500
exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

6709
05:52:57,500 --> 05:53:00,600
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

6710
05:53:00,608 --> 05:53:02,600
fighting, British rule to plan 
ahead. 

6711
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:05,900
Peacetime governance was failing
under the Articles of 

6712
05:53:05,908 --> 05:53:08,700
Confederation which had ruled 
the nation during the war. 

6713
05:53:09,500 --> 05:53:12,400
The federal government couldn't 
tax regulate or enforce its 

6714
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:15,400
laws, it was like managing a 
household where no one agreed on

6715
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:17,000
who paid the bills or made the 
rules. 

6716
05:53:17,000 --> 05:53:21,300
A story for another night. 
Rest and contemplate, how a 

6717
05:53:21,300 --> 05:53:24,300
group of colonial subjects, 
became citizens of an 

6718
05:53:24,300 --> 05:53:28,000
independent nation with only 
determination, good, government,

6719
05:53:28,000 --> 05:53:31,600
ideas and stubborn persistence 
from believing your right? 

6720
05:53:32,700 --> 05:53:35,900
The revolution that began with 
tea tax debate, ended with the 

6721
05:53:35,900 --> 05:53:39,000
creation of a new nation. 
Based on the radical idea that 

6722
05:53:39,000 --> 05:53:42,100
people could govern themselves, 
it was imperfect. 

6723
05:53:42,100 --> 05:53:45,200
It would take generations to 
guarantee equality to all 

6724
05:53:45,208 --> 05:53:48,600
Americans, but it was a start 
sometimes starting.