How Vincent van Gogh Lived and Worked | Boring History

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Hey there. 
My exhausted little friends. 

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Let's snuggle up because on 
tonight's Journey, we're diving 

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into the everyday life of 
Vincent Van, Gogh one of 

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history's. 
Most passionate and 

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misunderstood artists. 
That's right, we're stepping 

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back to the late 19th century to
the studios and Fields of the 

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Netherlands and France where a 
red haired man with calloused 

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hands. 
Transformed ordinary moments 

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into extraordinary art, close 
your eyes settle in and let's 

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discover how genius wasn't 
something Vincent possessed. 

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It was something he practiced 
one brush stroke at a time. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down 

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below. 
And let me know where in the 

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world you're listening in from, 
and what time it is for you. 

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Now, while I do my brief little 
paws, make sure to turn on a fan

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for some comforting white noise.
You wake Before Dawn in a small 

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rented room of a cafe in aisle, 
southern France. 

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It's 1888 and the pre-dawn 
Darkness carries the smell of 

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yesterday's coffee grounds and 
turpentine, your name is Vincent

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van Gogh there, almost, nobody 
knows it yet. 

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And your feet, hit the cold 
floorboards with the same 

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purpose they've had for years. 
Today, you will paint The ritual

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begins in silence. 
You don't like the lamp 

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immediately because your eyes 
need to adjust naturally. 

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The way a Baker's hands, need to
learn dough before the oven 

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warms. 
You've discovered that rushing 

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this transition from sleep to 
wakefulness. 

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Produces paintings that feel 
hurried disconnected from the 

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pulse of actual seeing. 
So you sit on the edge of your 

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narrow bed, listening to the 
town slowly, remember itself. 

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Shutter creaking open somewhere 
a dog's distant bark, the first 

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cartwheels grinding against 
cobblestones your room measures,

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roughly 12 feet by 10 feet. 
You know, this, because you've 

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painted it and painting, 
something means measuring it 

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with your eyes, a thousand 
times, the walls of the color of

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old cream stained here and there
with accidental dogs of paint 

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from when you've gestured to 
enthusiastically, Your bed has a

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simple. 
Wooden frame two chairs, sit 

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against one wall. 
They can seats worn smooth, 

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above them. 
Hangs a small mirror. 

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You rarely look into not from 
vanity or its opposite but 

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because your face is never 
interested you the way other 

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phases do. 
You're not the subject, the 

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world is the morning light when 
it finally arrives, doesn't 

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burst through your window like a
trumpet announcement. 

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Seeps in gradually the way 
watercolor bleeds across wet 

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paper, you've learned that. 
This is how most real things 

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happen not with drama but with 
patience the light touches your 

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wash basin first then creeps 
across to your shoes which 

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you've left by the door caked 
with yesterday's dried mud from 

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the fields. 
You don't own many shoes, you 

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wear them until they fall apart,
then you patch them, then you 

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wear them some more. 
Money spent on unnecessary 

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shoes, is money not spent on 
paint. 

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You stand and stretch feeling 
your spine, crack in three 

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distinct, places your 35 years 
old though. 

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Your body. 
Sometimes feels older years of 

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poor nutrition walking miles 
every day sleeping in cheap 

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rooms with thin mattresses. 
These things, accumulating your 

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joints like interest on a debt, 
but your hands are steady. 

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That's what matters. 
Your hands are strong. 

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And certainly even when your 
mind isn't the morning of 

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delusions are practical almost 
military in their efficiently, 

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cold water, from the basins on 
your face, scrubbing, away sleep

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and yesterday's paint. 
That somehow always end up on 

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your temples and behind your 
ears. 

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You've stopped questioning how 
paint migrates to these unlikely

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places artists are always 
slightly decorated with their 

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work, like bakers with flour or 
blacksmiths with soot, you dry 

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your face with a rough towel, 
then, run your fingers through 

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your red hair, which sticks up 
in several directions and will 

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continue to do. 
So, regardless of your efforts, 

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vanity about grooming seems 
absurd when you're about to 

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spend 10 hours staring at 
sunflowers, Breakfast is 

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whatever is available which 
usually isn't much today. 

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It's bread from two days ago, 
harder now. 

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But still edible when torn into 
pieces. 

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You eat it standing by the 
window looking out at the 

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street, below the baker across 
the way is opening is shutters a

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woman in a dark dress sweeps, 
her doorstep with brisk 

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irritated Strokes as if the dust
as personally offended her a cat

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slides along a wall like liquid.
You memorize these things 

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without trying. your brain has 
become a collection box for 

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visual information constantly 
Gathering material even during 

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the supposedly idle moments, the
coffee when you make it taste 

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like burnt Earth and Desperation
You've never been good at 

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cooking and coffee. 
Making is a subset of that 

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larger failure, but it's hot and
it contains caffeine which means

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it fulfills. 
Its function. 

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You've learned not to demand 
that things, be more than they 

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are coffee. 
Should taste good, but it 

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doesn't have to painting should 
sell, but it doesn't have to not

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everything needs to be perfect. 
Most things just need to be 

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done. 
While you drink, you review, 

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your mental inventory of Supply 
is titanium. 

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White is running low. 
Prussian Blue has maybe three 

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more paintings in the tube. 
The linseed oil needs replacing 

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soon. 
Chrome, yellow. 

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Your beloved yellow, your 
sunshine in paste form is 

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adequate for now. 
You calculate costs in your head

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matching them against the 
monthly allowance. 

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Your brother Theo sends from 
Paris. 

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The mathematics are always 
depressing, so you don't Linger 

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on them. 
You'll make it work. 

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You always make it work even if 
it means eating less bread next 

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week. 
The light is stronger. 

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Now, turning the walls gold, and
this is the moment you've been 

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waiting for without realizing 
you were waiting. 

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The moment. 
When the day declares its color 

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intention today, we'll be 
warmed. 

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You can already tell The shadows
will have purple in the 

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afternoon. 
The sky will be that particular 

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shade of blue. 
That only exists in Proverbs as 

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if God mixed ultramarine with 
hope and spreaded overhead like 

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a blessing. 
You finish your coffee and set 

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the cup on the small table. 
Then you stand still for a 

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moment, feeling your body settle
into readiness. 

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Your shoulders, drop your 
breathing slows. 

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This is the transition point, 
the threshold between being a 

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person who sleeps and eats and a
person who sees and creates it's

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a shift, you've practiced so 
many times, it's become 

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automatic like a priest, 
entering a church or a soldier 

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picking up a rifle, this is what
you do. 

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This is who you are, you reach 
for your coat, a brown jacket. 

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That's seen better years as you 
shrug it on. 

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You feel the weight of brushes 
in the inside pocket, a 

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reassuring pressure against your
ribs, your fingers check 

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automatically? 
Yes, the small Sketchbook is 

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still there. 
A stub of graphite wrapped in 

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string your portable memory for 
when oil and canvas aren't 

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practical. 
Everything you need is accounted

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for everything. 
Necessary is present before 

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leaving. 
You glanced once more around the

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room. 
It's not much this temporary 

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home but it's yours. 
The bed where you collapse, 

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after 12 hour, painting 
sessions, the chairs, where you 

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sit and write long letters to 
Theo, trying to explain what 

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you're seeing, what your 
attempting and why it matters. 

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The mirror that reflects a man 
who looks perpetually surprised 

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by his own face, the window that
frames the world like a 

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painting. 
You haven't started yet, then 

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you open the door and step into 
the morning, ready to do what, 

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you've always done. 
Look at ordinary things. 

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Until they become extraordinary.
Then try to capture that 

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transformation on canvas before 
the magic evaporates. 

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It's not a mystical process. 
It's work. 

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It's practice. 
It's, what happens when you show

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up every single day, even when 
you don't feel like it. 

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Even when the previous day's 
painting was terrible, even when

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nobody's buying and nobody's 
watching and nobody particularly

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cares. 
The street outside smells like 

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horse manure and flowering, 
Jasmine, an oddly Pleasant 

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combination, that you've come to
associate with purpose, you turn

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left toward the fields, toward 
the light, Toward whatever today

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will show you if your patient 
enough to see it. 

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The walk to your painting spot 
isn't exercise, its education. 

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You've covered this route dozens
of times but it's never the same

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twice because light is never the
same twice and like changes 

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everything it touches today, the
morning Suns from the East, 

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turning the Yellowstone 
buildings into blocks of butter 

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Shadows pool in doorways. 
Like spilling. 

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You notice these things the way 
a musician notices pitch 

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automatically constantly unable 
to turn it off even if you want 

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it to Your pace is steady but 
not hurried. 

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Hurrying, makes you miss things.
You learn this years ago when 

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you were trying to be a minister
rushing between appointments and

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pastoral visits and realized you
were moving through the world 

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without actually seeing it now. 
You move deliberately your eyes 

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scanning left to right up and 
down, taking in the whole visual

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field. 
Like a camera with an impossibly

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wide lens. 
An old woman, sits on a low 

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stool, outside her house 
peeling, potatoes into a tin 

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Basin. 
A hands move with the efficiency

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of someone who has performed, 
this task 10,000 times. 

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Potato skins fall in Long, 
spirals Brown and cream. 

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You note the curve of her back, 
the angle of a wrists and the 

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way the light catches, the blade
of a knife, you don't stop to 

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sketch. 
Her stopping would make a 

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self-conscious and would change 
the naturalness of the scene, 

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but you file away the image 
later, maybe next week, maybe 

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next year, a painting will need 
an old woman's hands, and you'll

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remember these hands the 
streets, narrow. 

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As you leave the Town Center, 
the buildings, lean toward each 

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other overhead, creating a 
tunnel of Shade that's 10 

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degrees cooler than the sunny 
patches, your boots. 

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Those perpetually muddy boots, 
click against the cobblestones 

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with a rhythm, that's almost 
musical. 

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Click click click, click. 
Click like a metronome, keeping 

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time for a very slow song. 
You pass the blacksmith shop 

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already hot. 
Despite the early hour The Smith

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himself a man with four arms. 
Like hams is working the 

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bellows. 
The forge glows, orange red and 

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you paused, despite yourself 
because that particular quality 

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of light, incandescent dangerous
alive is one of the hardest 

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things to capture on canvas. 
How do you paint light? 

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That's all so heat. 
How do you make a viewer? 

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Feel warmth through a cold layer
of paint. 

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These are the questions that 
wake you at 3 in the morning and

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refused to let you return to 
sleep. 

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Smith nods at you. 
You nod back. 

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He thinks you're odd. 
You can tell everyone thinks 

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you're odd You've heard The 
Whispers seen the side long 

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glance is the crazy Dutch 
painter who stares at things too

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long, who talks to himself while
working who once cut off part of

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his own ear during a crisis, you
still can't fully explain even 

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to yourself. 
But the Smith is polite and 

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politeness is enough, you don't 
need friendship from everyone, 

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you meet, you need light, and 
form and color. 

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And those things don't care if 
you're popular. 

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Beyond The Smith's shop, the 
building start to thin out. 

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Garden's appear. 
Then small plots of vegetables, 

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then Open Fields stretching 
toward the Horizon. 

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This is where your heading to 
the edge of civilization, where 

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human Arrangement gives way to 
Natural chaos. 

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You've always felt more 
comfortable here in the 

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transitional zones. 
Not quite Town, not quite 

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Countryside, places where 
anything might happen where the 

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rules are still being 
negotiated. 

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The Earth Beneath Your Feet 
changes from Stone to packed. 

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Dirt to soft to soil. 
You can feel the difference 

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through your boot Souls the way 
a sailor. 

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Feels the mood of the sea, 
through the deck of a ship. 

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The ground here is red, orange 
and iron-rich. 

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The color of rust and clay and 
dried blood. 

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It stains, everything it touches
your boots, your trouser, cuffs 

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your hands. 
When you sit in the fields and 

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stead yourself against the 
Earth. 

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You've tried to mix this exact 
color in paint, burnt sienna 

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with a touch of cadmium orange 
and maybe some raw Umber But 

230
00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:25,700
you've never quite matched. 
It. 

231
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,600
Nature's palette is always more 
complex than anything you can 

232
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:33,300
mix on your own. 
Birds wheel overhead dark shapes

233
00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:35,900
against the brightening sky. 
Swallows. 

234
00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:38,500
You think though, you're not 
particularly good at identifying

235
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:41,700
species. 
They move with such confidence. 

236
00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:45,600
Such certainly of purpose. 
You envy them. 

237
00:12:45,608 --> 00:12:49,300
This sometimes they never seem 
to doubt which direction to fly,

238
00:12:49,300 --> 00:12:52,600
or whether they're flying 
matters, they simply fly because

239
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:54,500
flying is what they do. 
And that's enough. 

240
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,700
Feels open before you like a 
green and gold Sea weet. 

241
00:12:59,700 --> 00:13:02,400
Mostly with the occasional 
interruptions of poppies, 

242
00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:05,200
though. 
Shocking, red punctuation marks 

243
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,400
that makes the whole landscape. 
Vibrate. 

244
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,300
You've painted Poppy's more 
times than you can count but you

245
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:14,200
still have not captured what 
they actually do to a field. 

246
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:19,500
They don't just add color, they 
add violents urgency and a kind 

247
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:21,400
of visual shouting that demands 
attention. 

248
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:25,600
Filled without poppies is a 
sentence without passion. 

249
00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:30,000
A field with poppies is a 
sentence ending in an 

250
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:32,408
exclamation point. 
You walk along the edge of a 

251
00:13:32,416 --> 00:13:35,000
wheat field, running your hand, 
through the tops of the grain. 

252
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:39,200
Stalks, they're dry and Whisper 
Soft like the sound of Secrets 

253
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,200
being shared, the wheat is 
nearly ready for Harvest. 

254
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:45,000
You can tell by the weight of 
the seed heads and the way they 

255
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:49,600
bow toward Earth as if praying 
In a week, maybe two men will 

256
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,500
come with Sighs and reduce all 
this gold to stubble. 

257
00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:54,500
The thought makes you walk 
faster. 

258
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,100
You need to paint this before it
disappears. 

259
00:13:57,100 --> 00:13:59,300
Everything. 
Beautiful is temporary 

260
00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:03,100
everything worth looking at will
eventually be gone your painting

261
00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:06,800
spot today as a slight rise. 
Overlooking, the fields near a 

262
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:08,300
Twisted. 
Olive Tree that you've painted 

263
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:10,000
before, but never quite 
captured. 

264
00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:13,700
The tree has character. 
That's the only way to describe 

265
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,000
it is. 
It's been shaped by wind and 

266
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:18,800
drought and time into something 
that looks half dead, but 

267
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:21,500
refuses to give up. 
Gray, green leaves. 

268
00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:24,800
Shimmer in the breeze. 
The trunk is nulled like an 

269
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,500
arthritic hand. 
Love this tree, you love it the 

270
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:31,800
way you love your brother, Theo 
uncomplicated and deep and 

271
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:35,200
without needing reasons. 
You set down your canvas and 

272
00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,900
painting supplies. 
Arranging them with the care of 

273
00:14:37,908 --> 00:14:41,000
a surgeon preparing instruments.
The easel goes here. 

274
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,600
Facing Northeast to catch the 
changing light. 

275
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,500
Canvas a rough weave. 
You stretch yourself because 

276
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:49,000
professional stretching costs 
money. 

277
00:14:49,008 --> 00:14:52,600
You don't have Fits onto the 
easel with a satisfying. 

278
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:56,100
Click your paintbox opens, like 
a small Treasure Chest. 

279
00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:00,400
Revealing tubes, squeezed flat 
at the bottom colors arranged by

280
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:03,800
temperature cools on the left, 
warms on the right. 

281
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,100
Your palate. 
A rectangular board, warned 

282
00:15:07,100 --> 00:15:10,800
smooth and stained with 100 
previous paintings rests on your

283
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,400
left. 
Forearm brushes go in your right

284
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:18,000
hand, a cluster of bristles like
a small bouquet But before you 

285
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,100
start painting, you sit this is 
important. 

286
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,000
You've learned that beginning to
quickly produces work, that's 

287
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,600
enthusiastic but superficial, 
you need to let the place settle

288
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,600
into you. 
You need to let your eyes 

289
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,100
adjust, not just to the light 
but to the specific personality 

290
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:38,500
of this particular morning every
day has its own character, its 

291
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,500
own mood. 
Today, feels contemplative. 

292
00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:46,500
The light is soft. 
Shadows, gentle a day, for 

293
00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:49,100
careful observation rather than 
dramatic gesture. 

294
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,700
You watch the wheat moving waves
responding to breezes, you can't

295
00:15:53,708 --> 00:15:57,400
feel from this distance. 
The motion is Hypnotic and 

296
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:01,700
calming, you let your mind empty
becoming nothing but a pair of 

297
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,700
eyes, a recording device for the
world's visual information. 

298
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:09,100
This is the closest you come to 
meditation, though, you'd never 

299
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:13,300
call it that. 
Simply looking looking until you

300
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:17,200
see a farmer appears in the 
middle distance, a dark figure 

301
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:20,100
against the gold, he's examining
something in the field. 

302
00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:24,200
Bending down, straightening up 
moving in, that slow, considered

303
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,400
way, that farmers, have people 
who know that rushing 

304
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:30,500
accomplishes, nothing the crops 
grow on their own schedule, 

305
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:33,800
regardless of human impatience, 
you're watching for 10 minutes, 

306
00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:37,600
15 memorizing, the shapes. 
He makes the way his body 

307
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,500
relates to the landscape around 
him. 

308
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:42,800
You won't paint him to die. 
He'll be gone before you're 

309
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:44,200
ready. 
But you'll remember him. 

310
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:46,500
He'll appear in some future, 
painting. 

311
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:49,800
A tiny figure giving scaled to 
an endless field. 

312
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:55,000
A human presence making nature 
comprehensive The farmer 

313
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,700
straightens one. 
Final time then walks away 

314
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:00,800
disappearing behind a distant 
line of trees. 

315
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,300
You're alone again with the 
fields and the sky and the tree 

316
00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:07,900
that refuses to die. 
The light is shifted slightly in

317
00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:11,099
the time you've been sitting. 
What was gentle is becoming 

318
00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:13,599
assertive, the Shadows are 
sharper. 

319
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:16,400
The colors are warmer. 
It's time to begin. 

320
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:19,500
You stand. 
Feeling your knees crack again. 

321
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,900
Then you pick up a brush, load 
it with thinned paint and make 

322
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,300
the first mark on the canvas. 
A single line defining the 

323
00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:31,000
Horizon. 
It's a small gesture barely 

324
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:35,100
noticeable but it's everything. 
It's the moment when possibility

325
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:38,900
becomes actuality when the blank
canvas stops being frightening 

326
00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:43,400
and becomes, simply a problem to
solve you've begun the rest will

327
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,500
follow because the rest always 
follows, you just have to keep 

328
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,300
going one brush stroke after 
another until the day runs out 

329
00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:53,000
or the painting is finished, 
whichever comes first. 

330
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,000
First hour of painting is always
a conversation with doubt. 

331
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:02,000
Your hand moves automatically 
blocking in the major shapes sky

332
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,800
here, filled there in the middle
distance but your mind, 

333
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:10,500
questioned everything. 
Is the horizon line too high too

334
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:12,400
low. 
Should the wheat be more yellow 

335
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,100
or more gold? 
Does that olive tree look like 

336
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:16,800
an olive tree or like a child 
scribble? 

337
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:20,000
These questions don't paralyze 
you anymore, but they're always 

338
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:23,100
present like a background hum. 
You've learned to work through. 

339
00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:25,900
You paint standing up. 
Always standing. 

340
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:29,700
You tried painting seated once 
years ago and found it made you 

341
00:18:29,708 --> 00:18:33,500
timid Something about being at 
eye level with the canvas, gave 

342
00:18:33,500 --> 00:18:35,500
you permission to be too 
careful, too. 

343
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:39,500
Precious standing forces. 
You to engage physically, your 

344
00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:43,300
whole body, participates for 
balance core, for stability, 

345
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:47,600
shoulders for large gestures and
wrists for fine control. 

346
00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:50,600
Painting isn't just a hand 
activity. 

347
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,200
It's a full body commitment to 
transferring what you see, onto 

348
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,400
a surface that will never fully 
cooperate. 

349
00:18:57,500 --> 00:18:59,800
The paint goes on in layers 
though. 

350
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:02,600
Not the neat, patient layers 
that academic painters. 

351
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,800
Use your layers are messy urgent
and built up quickly. 

352
00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:10,300
While the light still holds its 
current quality, you've learned 

353
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:12,500
that light moves faster than 
paint trees. 

354
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:16,100
So you work wet on wet colors, 
bleeding into each other, on the

355
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:18,300
canvas, the same way they blend 
in nature. 

356
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,700
This technique frustrates our 
teachers who want clean edges 

357
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:24,700
and proper procedures, but those
teachers aren't here in the 

358
00:19:24,708 --> 00:19:26,200
field. 
Watching how yellow wheat 

359
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,500
transitions to blue shadow 
nature, doesn't have clean 

360
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:32,000
edges. 
Nature is all transition, all 

361
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:34,600
great, gradation. 
All one thing becoming another 

362
00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:37,200
thing. 
Your brushwork is distinctive 

363
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:38,600
though. 
You don't think about it, while 

364
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,900
working. 
Short directional stroke that 

365
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:45,200
follow the form of whatever your
painting, the wheat grows 

366
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:49,400
upward, so your brush Strokes 
grow upward, the wind moves 

367
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:52,300
right toward so your 
brushstrokes lean rightward. 

368
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:56,400
People who see your paintings. 
Sometimes comment on how visible

369
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,800
the brush work is how they can 
see each individual Mark. 

370
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,500
You made this bothers the more 
than it bothers you. 

371
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:05,100
You're not trying to hide your 
process. 

372
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,400
You're not trying to create a 
smooth photographic illusion, 

373
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:11,100
you're trying to capture the 
energy of seeing itself. 

374
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:13,600
The way the eye moves across a 
scene. 

375
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:17,200
Constantly collecting 
information constantly in motion

376
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:23,200
The Morning Light strengthens 
and with it comes Heat by 10:00 

377
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:25,200
sweat is running down your 
temples. 

378
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,900
Mixing with the inevitable paint
smudges on your face. 

379
00:20:27,900 --> 00:20:31,500
You don't notice when you're 
painting your body becomes 

380
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:35,700
secondary just the mechanism, 
that moves the brushes hunger, 

381
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:40,300
thirst, physical discomfort. 
These things registered dimly 

382
00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:42,400
like news from a distant 
country. 

383
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:44,100
You're not particularly 
interested in. 

384
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:47,500
You'll deal with your body's 
needs later right. 

385
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:50,200
Now, there's only the canvas and
the field and the gradually 

386
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:52,700
narrowing gap between what you 
see and what you're making. 

387
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,200
You step back periodically to 
assess your progress. 

388
00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:59,900
This is crucial working too 
close for too long. 

389
00:20:59,900 --> 00:21:02,000
Produces paintings of fall 
apart. 

390
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,500
When viewed from a normal 
distance The stepping back is 

391
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:08,000
also dangerous because it allows
doubt to creep in. 

392
00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:12,000
From 6 feet away. 
Every mistake becomes obvious 

393
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,800
that Shadows too purple that 
highlight is too bright. 

394
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:18,100
The wheat looks flat and 
lifeless. 

395
00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:21,700
The tree looks like it's 
floating rather than growing 

396
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:24,400
from Earth. 
You catalog, these failures 

397
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:27,700
methodically then step forward 
again and start correcting them.

398
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:32,000
This is the work not the 
inspired moments but the patient

399
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:35,600
revision. 
Making mistakes, recognizing 

400
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:39,500
them, fixing them over and over 
until the painting is either 

401
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,100
finished or ruined which 
sometimes amounts to the same 

402
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,400
thing around noon, you permit 
yourself a break. 

403
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,900
You set down your brushes and 
sit in the shade of the Olive 

404
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:50,900
Tree. 
You've been painting, your legs 

405
00:21:50,900 --> 00:21:54,100
are stiff from standing your 
right shoulder aches. 

406
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:57,300
From holding the palate, your 
eyes are tired from the bright 

407
00:21:57,300 --> 00:22:00,000
light. 
These are good pains earned 

408
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:04,300
pains they mean you've worked 
really worked, not just dabbled 

409
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:08,700
lunches, whatever you brought 
from the room today and apple 

410
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,400
and more of that terrible bread,
you eat slowly not because the 

411
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:14,900
food is good, but because 
slowing down is necessary. 

412
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,800
Your mind is still moving at 
painting speed processing, 

413
00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:20,900
colors and shapes and 
relationships. 

414
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,700
You need to let it settle. 
You need to let your eyes rest. 

415
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:28,300
So you sit and chew and watch 
the field from the perspective 

416
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:30,100
of idleness, rather than 
purpose. 

417
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,500
Filled doesn't care whether your
painting it or not, it's 

418
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:36,500
beautiful regardless of your 
attention. 

419
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,300
This is a comforting thought, 
the world doesn't need you to 

420
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,300
paint it. 
The world is fine on its own you

421
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:46,100
paint because you need to not 
because the world requires it. 

422
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:50,400
A lizard emerges from beneath a 
nearby Rock freezes for a moment

423
00:22:50,408 --> 00:22:54,900
in that peculiar lizard weigh 
utterly still as if playing a 

424
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:58,400
game of hide and seek with 
death, then Darts Away in a blur

425
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,900
of green. 
You smile quick movements are 

426
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:04,300
almost impossible to paint 
because there are over before 

427
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:06,800
you can analyze them, 
photography is better at 

428
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:11,000
capturing speed but photography,
misses everything else, the 

429
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,300
weight of the air, the quality 
of the light to the emotional, 

430
00:23:13,300 --> 00:23:16,900
Resonance of a moment, you'll 
take the limitations of painting

431
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:18,500
over the limitations of 
Photography. 

432
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:22,000
Any day after eating, you don't 
immediately resume painting. 

433
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:26,800
Instead, you take out your small
Sketchbook and the graphite stub

434
00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:30,300
painting as for color and light.
But sketching is for 

435
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:33,500
understanding structure, you 
draw the Olive Tree quickly, 

436
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:37,900
Loosely not trying for accuracy,
but trying to feel How the tree 

437
00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:41,900
grows how its branches relate to
its trunk and how the whole 

438
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:45,100
thing balances despite appearing
ready to topple over. 

439
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,800
Drawing is thinking drawing is 
learning to see. 

440
00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:53,000
You feel two pages with versions
of the tree. 

441
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:56,100
Each one slightly different, 
each one teaching you something 

442
00:23:56,100 --> 00:23:58,800
new about how gnarled would 
occupy space. 

443
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,000
The afternoon. 
Light is different from the 

444
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:04,000
Morning. 
Light, harsher, less forgiving. 

445
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,700
Shadows shrink into the cells 
colors. 

446
00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:11,700
Bleach out slightly as if the 
Sun is a kind of acid eating 

447
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:15,000
away at saturation. 
You return to the canvas with 

448
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,600
this awareness, adjusting your 
palate, adding more white to 

449
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:20,900
your mixtures and cooling, the 
yellow slightly. 

450
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,200
Every hour of the day requires 
different colors. 

451
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,800
This is why painting Outdoors is
both harder and more honest than

452
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,700
painting in a studio. 
The studio light stays constant 

453
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:35,200
nature, never stays still your 
back is hurting. 

454
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:38,200
Now a dull ache between your 
shoulder blades from the 

455
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,000
prolonged standing and reaching 
you ignore it. 

456
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:45,000
Pain is just information and 
this particular information 

457
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,700
isn't urgent. 
You've worked through worse 

458
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:51,200
through cold rain. 
That numbs your fingers through 

459
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,200
headaches that made your vision 
blur through days, when 

460
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,400
depression, sat on your 
shoulders, like a physical 

461
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,700
weight. 
This is just a back ache, this 

462
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:03,200
is nothing by mid-afternoon. 
The painting has reached that 

463
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,400
critical stage where it could go
either way. 

464
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,200
It's either about to come 
together or about to fall apart.

465
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,300
You've been here hundreds of 
times before and it never gets 

466
00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:16,700
less nerve-wracking. 
The Temptation is to overwork it

467
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:19,900
to keep fussing with details, 
until you've killed whatever 

468
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:23,100
life, the painting had But 
you've also learned that 

469
00:25:23,100 --> 00:25:25,200
stopping too soon. 
Leaves it unfinished. 

470
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,200
Incomplete. 
The trick is knowing when to 

471
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:32,100
push, and when to step away, 
This knowledge doesn't come from

472
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,100
Rules. 
It comes from failure from 

473
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:37,900
ruining enough paintings that 
you start to recognize the 

474
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,300
warning signs. 
You work more carefully now with

475
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:45,100
smaller brushes and more precise
touches a highlight on a wheat, 

476
00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:47,900
stalk here, a deeper Shadow 
under the tree there. 

477
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:51,900
A few Strokes to suggest distant
mountains, purple against the 

478
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,100
Blue Sky. 
Each addition is a small risk 

479
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:57,300
each. 
Mark could be the one that 

480
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:00,400
pushes the painting from almost 
good to actually good, or from, 

481
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:03,700
almost good to ruined. 
You try not to think about this,

482
00:26:03,700 --> 00:26:06,300
while working thinking, makes 
you tend to live. 

483
00:26:06,300 --> 00:26:08,400
You need to stay loose and 
confident. 

484
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:12,200
Even when you're not feeling 
confident at all, the sun is 

485
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:13,400
starting. 
Its descent. 

486
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:16,000
While the Horizon, when you 
finally set down your brushes, 

487
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,600
the painting isn't finished. 
Your paintings are never really 

488
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:21,700
finished but it's done for 
today. 

489
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:24,700
The light has changed too much 
to continue. 

490
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:28,100
What you are seeing three hours 
ago, no longer exists. 

491
00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,500
Tomorrow, we'll bring different 
light different colors, and 

492
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:33,600
different challenges, you'll 
return. 

493
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:36,300
Then if the weather holds and 
continue the conversation with 

494
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:40,000
the canvas, you clean your 
brushes methodically, wiping 

495
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,300
them on a rag until most of the 
painters removed then dipping 

496
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,200
them in turpentine and working 
the bristles against your palm. 

497
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:51,300
This is meditative work calming 
after the intensity of painting 

498
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:55,600
your brushes are your tools and 
tools need respect a brush 

499
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,300
properly. 
Cared for will last years and 

500
00:26:58,300 --> 00:27:02,400
neglected brush dies in months. 
You can't afford to replace 

501
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:04,700
brushes off often. 
So you treat them like the 

502
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:07,800
valuable instruments. 
They are the walk back to town 

503
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:11,300
is slower than the morning walk.
Your body is tired now, 

504
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:14,100
genuinely tired, rather than 
just stiff. 

505
00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:17,300
Your eyes ate from squinting in 
the bright light. 

506
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:20,600
Your hands are covered in paint.
Despite your best efforts, 

507
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,300
emerald green under your nails. 
Yellow okra on your knuckles and

508
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,800
Crimson Lake on your wrists. 
You look like you've been in a 

509
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:31,300
fight with a rainbow, this 
pleases you more than it should.

510
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:33,600
The town is busier in the late 
afternoon. 

511
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:37,400
People finishing workshops 
closing children playing in the 

512
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:39,700
streets. 
You move through this activity 

513
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,500
like a ghost present but 
separate, you'll still half in 

514
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,500
the field. 
Half in the painting, not quite 

515
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:51,900
ready to be fully human again. 
This transition takes time you 

516
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,900
learned years ago, not to rush 
it, not to try to snap back into

517
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:58,800
social normalcy. 
Immediately, after hours of 

518
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:03,300
solitary Focus, your mind needs 
to decompress to remember how to

519
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:05,900
exist in a world of words rather
than colors. 

520
00:28:06,700 --> 00:28:10,500
By the time you reach your room,
duskers Gathering, the sky has 

521
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:14,000
turned that particular shade of 
violet blue that only exists for

522
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,300
about 20 minutes, each evening a
color. 

523
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:19,300
So fleeting and perfect that 
you're always tempted to run 

524
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:21,100
back outside and try to capture 
it. 

525
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,200
But your body won't cooperate. 
You're done for the day 

526
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:26,800
tomorrow. 
Is for that color. 

527
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,500
Tomorrow's for everything you 
didn't finish today. 

528
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,800
Your room feel smaller after a 
day Outdoors the walls closer 

529
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,400
and the ceiling lower. 
You like the oil. 

530
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,900
Lamp carefully because oil cost 
money and must be rationed. 

531
00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:43,200
And it's warm glow, pushes back 
the encroaching Darkness. 

532
00:28:44,300 --> 00:28:47,400
The light is different from 
daylight softer and more golden 

533
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:49,800
turning. 
Everything it touches slightly 

534
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:53,100
Amber you've painted by 
Lamplight before though. 

535
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:56,800
You prefer natural light. 
Lamp light, flattens, things and

536
00:28:56,800 --> 00:29:00,000
remove the subtle gradation, 
that make forms feel solid. 

537
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,000
You pull water from the picture 
into the base and wash your 

538
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,700
hands watching. 
The paint, dissolve and swirl 

539
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,000
and greens and yellows and 
blues. 

540
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,800
Creating temporary abstract 
patterns before Vanishing down 

541
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:15,900
the drain. 
The water turns gray then murky.

542
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:19,800
Brown you scrub your nails with 
a small brush, dig paint from 

543
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,200
beneath them and rinse. 
Again, your hands never come 

544
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,700
completely clean anymore. 
There's always paint somewhere 

545
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:30,200
in the creases of your knuckles.
Around the beds of your nails. 

546
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:32,400
Staining the calluses on your 
palms. 

547
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:36,100
You've accepted this artist 
hands are meant to carry 

548
00:29:36,100 --> 00:29:39,300
evidence of their work. 
Dinner is simple, because dinner

549
00:29:39,300 --> 00:29:42,200
is always simple. 
Tonight is from the cafe 

550
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:46,400
downstairs vegetable, probably 
with chunks of bread for 

551
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:50,800
dipping. 
Cafe owner Madame ginu knows 

552
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,700
your financial situation without
you having to explain it. 

553
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:57,700
She charges you less than she 
should and occasionally the soup

554
00:29:57,700 --> 00:30:00,500
is thicker than it ought to be 
with extra vegetables that were 

555
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:03,900
on the menu, you've painted her 
portrait twice as partial 

556
00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:06,600
payment, She hung one in the 
cafe. 

557
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,600
The other she keeps in her 
private rooms, which feels like 

558
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:11,300
a greater compliment than money 
could be. 

559
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:15,300
You eat at the small table by 
the window, watching the street 

560
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:19,100
below as Darkness, completes his
takeover of the Town shops of 

561
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:21,400
clothes shutters are being 
fastened. 

562
00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:25,800
A few people hurry past heading 
home to families, and warm 

563
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,000
kitchens and conversations about
normal things. 

564
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:32,500
The weather the Harvest, the 
neighbor's new baby, you don't 

565
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:33,700
envy them. 
Exactly. 

566
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:37,500
But sometimes you wonder what 
that life feels like the life of

567
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:40,700
someone who isn't compelled to 
transform seeing into painting, 

568
00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:44,200
who can simply look at a sunset 
without needing to analyze its 

569
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:46,500
colors. 
After eating, you clear the 

570
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:48,700
table and prepare for your 
second work session of the Day 

571
00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:52,400
writing to Theo. 
Your brother, in Paris, your 

572
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:56,100
financial supporter, your 
friend, your anchor to sanity, 

573
00:30:56,100 --> 00:30:58,800
you owe him more than money can 
repay. 

574
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:02,800
The least you can do is write 
regularly keeping him, informed 

575
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,600
of your progress, your 
struggles, and your small 

576
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:09,900
victories, these letters have 
become a kind of Journal, a way 

577
00:31:09,908 --> 00:31:12,300
of processing, your thoughts 
about art and life and the 

578
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:14,500
impossible task of trying to be 
both. 

579
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:19,400
Your range paper pen and ink 
with the same care. 

580
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:21,300
You gave your painting supplies 
this morning. 

581
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:26,000
The paper is cheap, slightly 
rough but adequate, the pain is 

582
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:28,500
functional. 
The ink is black and ordinary 

583
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:30,200
but your handwriting gives it 
character. 

584
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:35,900
Quick, angular and urgent. 
You write the way you paint with

585
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:39,700
energy, rather than Elegance 
Theo has learned to decipher 

586
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:42,400
your script. 
Though, it takes effort, you've 

587
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:44,900
apologized for this. 
He's told you not to worry 

588
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:47,500
content matters, more than 
presentation. 

589
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:52,700
You begin. 
As always with dear Theo and 

590
00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:56,200
then the words flow tonight. 
You write about the Wheatfield 

591
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,200
about the Olive Tree that 
defeats every attempt to capture

592
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,400
its essential character and 
about how the afternoon like 

593
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,200
changed the color of everything 
and required you to completely 

594
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,200
remix your palate. 
You write about practical 

595
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:13,000
matters, paint supplies, running
low, a new canvas. 

596
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:16,500
You need to stretch the rent you
at the end of the month, you 

597
00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:20,100
write about doubt about the fear
that you're wasting his money, 

598
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:24,000
wasting his faith, in you and 
producing work that nobody 

599
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:25,600
wants. 
And nobody will remember. 

600
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:30,100
You also write about Hope about 
the moment this morning when the

601
00:32:30,108 --> 00:32:34,100
light hit the wheat, just right?
And you saw really saw how 

602
00:32:34,100 --> 00:32:37,500
yellow and gold and green could 
exist in the same space without 

603
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:41,000
conflict about the joy of making
a brush stroke that captures 

604
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,500
exactly the curve of a tree 
branch about the conviction. 

605
00:32:44,500 --> 00:32:47,900
Stubborn and probably foolish 
that what you're doing matters 

606
00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:51,400
that these paintings are fields 
and flowers and ordinary people 

607
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:54,800
will mean something. 
To someone someday the letters 

608
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:57,800
to Theo are the only place you 
allow yourself complete honesty,

609
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,900
with other people you perform 
normalcy or at least try to. 

610
00:33:01,900 --> 00:33:04,900
But the only knows the full 
extent of your struggles. 

611
00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:09,600
The mental crisis, the financial
desperation, the social 

612
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:14,800
isolation and the Relentless 
self-criticism, he knows and he 

613
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,900
supports you any way. 
This knowledge is, what keeps 

614
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:20,500
you going on the days when 
nothing seems worth continuing? 

615
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,000
You write for an hour, may be 
more. 

616
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:26,100
The lamp flickers occasionally 
threatening to die. 

617
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:30,200
But hold steady your hand cramps
slightly from gripping the pain 

618
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:34,700
but you ignore it there's still 
more to say Thoughts about color

619
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:38,300
theory, you've been developing 
observations about how peasants 

620
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:41,500
move through Landscapes and 
questions about painters in 

621
00:33:41,500 --> 00:33:43,100
Paris and what they're working 
on. 

622
00:33:43,100 --> 00:33:46,100
You're curious about the art 
world but also grateful to be 

623
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:49,100
removed from it. 
Competition makes you anxious 

624
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:52,000
other painters. 
Success feels like commentary on

625
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,500
your failure. 
Better to be here in all working

626
00:33:55,500 --> 00:33:59,200
in isolation measuring yourself 
only against your previous work 

627
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,300
When you finally set down the 
pen, several pages are covered 

628
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:06,100
with your dense. 
Urgent script, you'll post this 

629
00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:10,300
letter tomorrow and in a week or
so Theo's reply will arrive full

630
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:13,400
of encouragement, and practical 
advice, and small bits of money.

631
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:16,199
The correspondence between you 
and your brother is the most 

632
00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:19,300
important work. 
You do more important than any 

633
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,199
single painting. 
It's what keeps you connected to

634
00:34:22,199 --> 00:34:24,500
the world? 
What reminds you that someone 

635
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,300
believes in, what your 
attempting, you fold, the letter

636
00:34:27,300 --> 00:34:30,699
carefully and set it to decide. 
Then you lean back in your chair

637
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,500
and rub your eyes. 
Feeling the full weight of the 

638
00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:36,300
days. 
Exhaustion your body aches. 

639
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:41,100
In a dozen places your mind 
feels pleasantly, empty, run out

640
00:34:41,100 --> 00:34:43,199
like a sponge. 
This is good. 

641
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:47,500
Tiredness earned tiredness. 
You've worked hard today, 

642
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:50,699
physically in the field, 
intellectually in the letter 

643
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:53,900
tomorrow. 
You'll do it again, and the day 

644
00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,600
after that, and the day after 
that, this is your life. 

645
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:02,600
Now, this rhythm of work and 
rest and work again, it's not 

646
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,600
the life, you imagined, as a 
young man, but it's the one 

647
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:11,100
you've built and it's yours. 
Before sleeping, you allow 

648
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,700
yourself for small ritual, 
reviewing today's paintings. 

649
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,400
You've been doing this for 
months, a private exhibition for

650
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,500
an audience of one? 
The painting from today leans 

651
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:24,000
against the wall. 
Still wet colors. 

652
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:25,700
Glowing slightly in the 
Lamplight. 

653
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:28,900
You study it. 
Critically cataloging its 

654
00:35:28,900 --> 00:35:30,400
failures and occasional 
successes. 

655
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,700
The wheat is better than 
yesterday's wheat, but still not

656
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:37,000
quite right. 
The sky needs more complexity. 

657
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,600
The olive tree looks stiff and 
unconvincing but there are 

658
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,000
moments. 
A few brush Strokes, where you 

659
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:46,600
captured something true where 
paint transcended to became 

660
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:51,000
wheat, became White, the actual 
feeling of standing in a field 

661
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,700
on a summer afternoon, you'll do
better tomorrow. 

662
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:56,800
You always think this and it's 
usually true. 

663
00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:01,700
Progress is incremental, barely 
noticeable day today, but 

664
00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:04,400
visible, when you compare 
paintings from months ago to 

665
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,500
painting from today, you're 
learning slowly how to see and 

666
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:11,700
how to translate seeing into 
something others can experience.

667
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:16,000
This learning never stops, 
you'll die not knowing 

668
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:17,700
everything you want to know 
about painting. 

669
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:22,100
This should depress you but 
somehow it doesn't the 

670
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:25,500
impossibility of Mastery is what
makes the work worth doing you 

671
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:29,500
extinguish the lamp and darkness
swallows the room, you undress 

672
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:32,300
in the dark. 
No point wasting matches and 

673
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:34,700
climb into bed. 
The sheets are rough. 

674
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:37,900
Wash so many times they've 
become as thin as paper. 

675
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:42,900
The mattress is Lumpy none of 
this matters within minutes. 

676
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:46,400
You're asleep. 
Dreaming in colors, your 

677
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,300
subconscious mind, continuing 
the work. 

678
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:51,900
Your conscious mind has paused 
tomorrow before Dawn, you'll 

679
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:55,200
wake and begin again. 
The ritual will repeat coffee 

680
00:36:55,200 --> 00:37:00,100
walking painting letters sleep. 
It's a simple life, a narrow 

681
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,300
life, but it's the life that 
allows you to do the work you 

682
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:07,400
meant to do everything else. 
Comfort wealth. 

683
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,600
Fame connection is secondary to 
that. 

684
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:15,900
Your painting The World Is. 
You See It hoping that someday 

685
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:18,500
someone will look at your 
paintings and see it too. 

686
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,000
That hope is enough. 
It has to be enough. 

687
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:27,800
It's all you have six months 
pass in the Autumn arrives, 

688
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:32,000
bringing different light cooler,
temperatures and changed colors.

689
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,300
The wheat fields are stubble 
now, harvested down to short, 

690
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:38,300
stalks that crunch under your 
boots. 

691
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:42,300
You paint the aftermath of 
harvest interested in how the 

692
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:45,800
land looks stripped and exposed 
vulnerable in its bareness. 

693
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:49,500
The olive trees. 
Remain still Twisted still gray 

694
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:51,900
green. 
Still refusing to be adequately 

695
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:54,700
captured on canvas. 
You're stack of finished. 

696
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:59,400
Paintings grows 20 canvases lean
against the walls of your room, 

697
00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:05,000
then 30 then 40 there everywhere
under the bed, behind the door 

698
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:09,700
arranged in rows. 3D against 
every available wall the room, 

699
00:38:09,700 --> 00:38:13,500
smells perpetually of linseed 
oil and turpentine a sharp 

700
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:17,500
chemical smell that you've 
stopped noticing Madam ji new 

701
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:20,400
complains, occasionally that the
fumes are seeping into the cafe 

702
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:23,000
below making the coffee. 
Tastes strange. 

703
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,400
You apologize, but don't change 
anything. 

704
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:27,900
Where else would you store the 
painting's? 

705
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:30,500
There's no. 
Where else this room is your 

706
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:34,000
studio, your gallery. 
And your archived the painting 

707
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:37,600
itself has become less agonizing
or perhaps you've simply grown 

708
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:41,300
accustomed to the agony. 
Your hand know certain gestures 

709
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:45,200
now without your brain needing 
to direct them. sky goes on in 

710
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,800
Broad horizontal Strokes Cyprus 
trees, require vertical, slashes

711
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:53,400
of dark green and near black 
Faces need, careful, 

712
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:58,200
construction, eyes position, 
just so and mouth suggesting 

713
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,200
emotion without becoming 
cartoons. 

714
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:02,700
These aren't rules you learned 
from teachers. 

715
00:39:02,700 --> 00:39:06,900
These are conclusions drawn from
failure from painting. 

716
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:11,300
The same subjects over and over 
until your hand remembered what 

717
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:14,800
your mind kept forgetting. 
You've developed a routine for 

718
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,600
materials management. 
Every Sunday, you stretch 

719
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:21,400
canvases, 6, or 7, at a time 
enough for the coming week, the 

720
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:25,800
process is meditative cutting 
canvas from the bolt, wrapping 

721
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:27,200
it around, wooden structure 
bars. 

722
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:30,800
Pulling it tight, securing it 
with tax, then applying a thin 

723
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,200
layer of primer your hands. 
Perform these tasks while your 

724
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:36,300
mind wanders thinking about 
painting. 

725
00:39:36,300 --> 00:39:39,800
You haven't started yet colors. 
You have not tried and 

726
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:41,600
techniques. 
You want to experiment with? 

727
00:39:42,700 --> 00:39:45,100
The physical work of 
preparation, freeze, your brain 

728
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:48,000
for planning money Remains the 
constant problem. 

729
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,100
The O sends what he can, but 
it's never quite enough. 

730
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:55,300
You ration paint carefully 
mixing colors to make tubes last

731
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:57,700
longer. 
Scraping pallets cleanse. 

732
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,900
So, no, paint goes to waste, 
you've learned to be frugal with

733
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,500
everything except canvas cheap, 
canvas produces poor results. 

734
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,500
So you spend money there, and 
economize elsewhere, eating less

735
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:13,000
walking instead of taking the 
train and wearing the same 

736
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,100
clothes until they literally 
fall apart. 

737
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:18,900
Your appearance has become 
somewhat disreputable, you know,

738
00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:23,400
this people look at you, oddly, 
the redhead madman with paint 

739
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:25,300
under his nails and holes in his
jacket. 

740
00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:30,600
Let them look their opinions. 
Don't buy paint winter arrives, 

741
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:33,600
bringing complications. 
The fields are less interesting 

742
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:38,900
now, mostly mud, and vegetation.
The light is weaker grayer. 

743
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,300
You paint indoors. 
More often still life's 

744
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:45,300
portraits, your own room 
rendered from different angles, 

745
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:47,900
you paint your empty Chair by 
Lamplight. 

746
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:51,000
Trying to capture The Melancholy
of furniture waiting for someone

747
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,100
who isn't coming. 
The painting depresses you while

748
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:56,700
you're making it but the 
depression feels necessary. 

749
00:40:56,700 --> 00:41:00,000
Honest not, everything needs to 
be cheerful. 

750
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:04,000
Sadness is also worth 
documenting the social isolation

751
00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:06,900
intensifies. 
During winter, people stay 

752
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:08,700
indoors. 
The streets are empty. 

753
00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:12,800
You go days without speaking to 
anyone except Madame Janu and 

754
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:15,900
the occasional shopkeeper this 
should bother you more than it 

755
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:18,300
does. 
Humans are supposed to need 

756
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:21,100
other humans and are supposed to
require conversation and 

757
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:23,100
connection. 
But you've discovered that 

758
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:28,000
Solitude while lonely provides 
clarity when you're alone, you 

759
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,300
can hear your own thoughts. 
When you're alone, the world 

760
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:33,700
doesn't interrupt itself with 
opinions and expectations, 

761
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:36,800
loneliness is the price of 
focus. 

762
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:41,400
And you've decided, it's a price
worth paying You paint 

763
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:45,200
throughout of illness in 
January, some kind of flu that 

764
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:47,600
leaves you weak and feverish but
not. 

765
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:51,500
So incapacitated that you can't 
work you paint with shaking 

766
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:54,900
hands producing strange, 
distorted images that you'll 

767
00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:57,500
later look at and wonder if 
they're terrible or brilliant. 

768
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,600
Probably terrible. 
But the act of painting while 

769
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:03,800
sick teaches you, something 
about your commitment. 

770
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,700
You're not doing this because 
it's Pleasant or easy. 

771
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:09,400
You're doing it because you 
can't not do it. 

772
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:13,600
The compulsion to paint is 
deeper than health deeper than 

773
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:17,700
comfort and possibly deeper than
sanity by February. 

774
00:42:17,700 --> 00:42:21,300
You've been painting, seriously 
for nearly seven years, seven 

775
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:25,300
years, of daily work, thousands 
of hours at the easel, hundreds 

776
00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:28,200
of completed paintings, and what
do you have to show for it? 

777
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:32,900
A room full of unsold canvases? 
A brother who believes in you 

778
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:36,400
but might be deluded. 
A handful of people in Paris who

779
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:40,500
think you have potential but not
enough to buy your work by 

780
00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:44,700
conventional measures, you're a 
failure. 35 years old living in 

781
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:46,900
poverty producing art that 
nobody wants. 

782
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:50,000
But you've also learned 
something that conventional 

783
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:53,300
measures don't capture, you've 
learned that work itself. 

784
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:57,900
Can be the reward that the act 
of seeing clearly of translating

785
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,900
what you see in to paint of 
solving the endless problems 

786
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:04,700
that every canvas presents. 
This is valuable regardless of 

787
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:08,100
whether anyone else appreciates 
it, you're not painting to 

788
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,500
become famous your painting 
because painting is how you make

789
00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:14,900
sense of the world, how you pin 
down fleeting moments and 

790
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:18,100
preserve them and how you 
participate in life rather than 

791
00:43:18,100 --> 00:43:22,700
just observing it Bring returns 
and with it comes Renewed 

792
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,300
Energy. 
The feels green up. 

793
00:43:26,300 --> 00:43:31,500
Flowers appear, irises, poppies 
and wildflowers, you can't name 

794
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:35,100
you paint them all with 
something approaching Joy, which

795
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,500
is a rare emotion for you. 
Usually you work through anxiety

796
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:42,100
or determination or sheer 
stubbornness but spring is 

797
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:45,200
forgiving. 
Brings suggests possibilities 

798
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:49,800
spring, makes you think that 
maybe possibly things could work

799
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:52,500
out? 
Not fame or Fortune. 

800
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:55,600
You've given up on those but 
something smaller and more 

801
00:43:55,600 --> 00:44:00,000
important understanding 
connection, the feeling that 

802
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,400
what you're seeing matters to 
someone besides yourself, you 

803
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,800
paint orchards in bloom, trying 
to capture the Paradox of 

804
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:10,400
delicate blossoms on rough 
Twisted, branches, you paint 

805
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:14,000
feels full of wheat. 
Again, this year's crop taller 

806
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:18,300
and greener than last year's you
paint people working Farmers 

807
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,000
laborers. 
Women in Garden's because work 

808
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,200
is sacred and deserves 
documentation. 

809
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,400
These people who spend their 
days, bending and lifting and 

810
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,100
cultivating aren't subjects for 
pity. 

811
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,300
Their living, honestly doing 
what needs doing. 

812
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,400
You try to show that in your 
paintings, try to give them 

813
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:40,400
dignity. 
Without sentimentality your 

814
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,600
Technique continues, evolving, 
you're using thicker paint now, 

815
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:48,000
applying it in rough textured 
layers that catch the Light This

816
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,200
approach is called impasto, 
though. 

817
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,300
You didn't know that when you 
started doing it, you just found

818
00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:55,800
that thick paint better 
captured, the physicality of 

819
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:59,000
what you were seeing Fields. 
Aren't smooth, trees aren't 

820
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:02,200
smooth faces aren't smooth. 
Why should your paintings be 

821
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:04,800
smooth? 
The texture of the paint becomes

822
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:08,100
part of the meaning, a physical 
manifestation of the energy 

823
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:12,000
required to see and record. 
You write to Theo about these 

824
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,800
developments, trying to explain 
what your attempting, your 

825
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:19,400
written, explanations always 
feel inadequate, painting is 

826
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,900
visual language and verbal 
language can only approximate 

827
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:25,100
what brush and color can say 
directly. 

828
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:29,400
But you try anyway because Theo 
is in Paris rounded by theories 

829
00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:32,700
and movements and debates and 
you want to understand that what

830
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:35,900
you're doing here in provincial,
all is also part of those large 

831
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:39,100
conversations, you're not 
isolated from the art world. 

832
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:42,600
You're just approaching it from 
a different direction working 

833
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:44,400
through problems. 
On your own terms. 

834
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,800
Rather than following, 
fashionable Solutions, summer 

835
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:50,100
arrives with its familiar heat 
and brilliant. 

836
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:53,300
Light your painting. 
Now, the new were a year ago. 

837
00:45:53,308 --> 00:45:56,700
You can see the Improvement. 
When you compare old paintings 

838
00:45:56,700 --> 00:46:00,600
to new ones, the colors are more
confident, the compositions are 

839
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:02,900
stronger, the brushwork is more 
assured. 

840
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:07,200
This is what, practice does not 
overnight transformation, but 

841
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,200
gradual, almost imperceptible 
refinement. 

842
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,600
You'll still not satisfied and 
still see the gap between what 

843
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:16,900
you want to achieve and what you
actually achieve. 

844
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:21,800
But the Gap is narrowing slowly 
painfully. 

845
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:25,300
The Gap is narrowing. 
You don't think much about 

846
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:29,700
Legacy Legacy implies future and
you're too focused on the 

847
00:46:29,708 --> 00:46:32,300
present. 
Today's painting, this 

848
00:46:32,300 --> 00:46:35,900
afternoon's light, the exact 
color of Shadows under olive 

849
00:46:35,900 --> 00:46:39,300
trees at 4 in the evening. 
But occasionally usually late at

850
00:46:39,300 --> 00:46:42,000
night, when you can't sleep, you
wonder what will happen to all 

851
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:45,700
these paintings. 
The stack keeps growing 40, 

852
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:48,600
canvases become 60 which becomes
80. 

853
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:51,900
They can't all stay in your room
forever eventually. 

854
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:53,500
Something will have to be done 
with them. 

855
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:57,300
They are talks about exhibitions
and about getting your work in 

856
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:01,300
front of critics and buyers. 
You want to believe him but 

857
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,600
belief requires energy, you 
don't have the art world. 

858
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:09,100
Seems impossibly far away 
impossibly sophisticated and 

859
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:12,400
full of people who know things, 
you don't know, and who speak a 

860
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:13,500
language. 
You've never learned. 

861
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:16,500
You're just a painter who looks 
at Fields? 

862
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:19,000
What do you have to offer people
who spend their time in 

863
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:21,600
galleries, arguing about 
symbolism and technique? 

864
00:47:22,300 --> 00:47:25,700
But then you think about the act
of looking at self and something

865
00:47:25,700 --> 00:47:29,700
shifts. 
Everyone looks at Fields a trees

866
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:33,900
at the sky, but most people look
without seeing their eyes 

867
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:36,500
registering information without 
their brains processing. 

868
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:40,400
Meaning you've trained yourself 
to do the opposite to look until

869
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:45,000
looking becomes seeing to notice
the 10,000 small details, that 

870
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,200
make one feel different. 
From another field. 

871
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:49,500
One afternoon different from 
another afternoon. 

872
00:47:49,500 --> 00:47:53,600
This skill, this learned 
attentiveness is your actual 

873
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:59,100
subject, not wheat, not trees. 
But the act of paying attention 

874
00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:01,900
of being present with what's in 
front of you. 

875
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,700
If someone looks at your 
painting of a wheat field and 

876
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:07,800
really sees the wheat sees how 
it moves and catches light and 

877
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:11,900
existence space, the new 
something valuable you've taught

878
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,400
them to look, not your painting 
specifically, but at everything 

879
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,400
at the world, they move through 
without noticing. 

880
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:21,000
This is the Legacy your building
though. 

881
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,400
You didn't realize it until just
now tonight, right? 

882
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:28,300
In by Lamplight, while the towns
sleeps around you, you're making

883
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:31,600
instruction manuals for seeing 
the thought, is almost 

884
00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:34,200
overwhelming, not because it's 
grandiose. 

885
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,200
You don't think you're creating 
great art, but because it's 

886
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:41,100
humble and enormous, at the same
time, every person who looks 

887
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:44,000
closely at one of your paintings
and then goes outside and looks 

888
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,400
closely at actual wheat has been
changed. 

889
00:48:47,300 --> 00:48:50,900
Change slightly almost 
imperceptibly but changed. 

890
00:48:50,900 --> 00:48:53,300
They can't unsee. 
What they've learned to see. 

891
00:48:53,300 --> 00:48:56,000
This is education in the deepest
sense. 

892
00:48:56,000 --> 00:49:00,800
This is why you paint you get 
out of bed, unable to sleep now 

893
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:03,700
and like the lamp. 
The painting stacked around the 

894
00:49:03,708 --> 00:49:06,800
room regard, you with their 
fixed unblinking stairs. 

895
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:13,300
So many feels so many trees. 
So many skies from one angle, 

896
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:16,300
they look repetitive and 
obsessive the same subject. 

897
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,100
So over and over. 
But from another angle, they're 

898
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:22,600
variations on a theme 
investigations into how light 

899
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,000
and weather and time of day 
alter everything they touch, 

900
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:29,500
you're not repeating yourself. 
You're refining yourself, each 

901
00:49:29,500 --> 00:49:31,400
painting is practiced for seeing
more. 

902
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:35,600
Clearly understanding more 
deeply you think about painters 

903
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,900
of the past Rembrandt Vermeer 
and the Master's, whose work 

904
00:49:38,908 --> 00:49:41,800
you've studied in museums and 
books their dead. 

905
00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:46,400
Now, centuries debt. 
But their seeing persists, when 

906
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:48,500
you look at a Rembrandt 
portrait, you're not just seeing

907
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,100
painter range on canvas. 
You're seeing through 

908
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:55,300
Rembrandt's eyes, experiencing 
his particular way of noticing 

909
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:57,200
light and Shadow, and human 
character. 

910
00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:01,000
The man died. 
But his seeing continues passed 

911
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:04,300
down through generations. 
Like inherited wealth, this is 

912
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:07,300
immortality not of the body, but
a vision. 

913
00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:11,300
Your paintings, do this? 
Well, someone 100 years from 

914
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:12,600
now. 
Look at your wheat fields and 

915
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:16,500
see wheat the way you see it? 
The possibility seems absurd and

916
00:50:16,508 --> 00:50:19,400
necessary. 
At the same time, you paint as 

917
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,800
if the answer is, yes, there's a
future seeing depends on present

918
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:24,700
work. 
This is Faith. 

919
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:29,100
You suppose not religious Faith.
You've Lost That lost it years 

920
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:32,200
ago when you tried and failed to
be a minister but creative 

921
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:35,600
Faith, the belief that making 
something with complete honesty,

922
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:38,800
and attention will matter. 
Even if you can't see how, or 

923
00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:43,300
when, or to whom, Morning comes 
gradually the way it always 

924
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,900
does, you've been awake all 
night thinking and occasionally 

925
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:50,800
sketching working through these 
ideas about seeing and Legacy 

926
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:54,300
and the strange mathematics of 
attention that turns looking 

927
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,200
into seeing and seeing into 
painting and painting into 

928
00:50:57,200 --> 00:51:00,900
instruction, your exhausted but 
also energized. 

929
00:51:01,600 --> 00:51:04,300
The thoughts of clarified 
something, you'd felt but could 

930
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,800
not articulate. 
You know why you paint now not 

931
00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:10,000
to become famous, not to make 
money. 

932
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,300
To preserve ways of seeing to 
document. 

933
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:17,000
The infinite variety of light 
falling on ordinary things, to 

934
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:21,000
insist that Wheatfields matter 
and olive trees matter and the 

935
00:51:21,008 --> 00:51:24,500
exact color of sky at dusk 
matters. 

936
00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:29,000
You make coffee terrible coffee 
as always and stand at the 

937
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:33,300
window watching the street wake 
up. the baker opens, his 

938
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:38,100
shutters, the woman's sweeps, 
her doorstep, cat hunts Shadows.

939
00:51:38,100 --> 00:51:42,100
These are the same small events,
you see every morning, but this 

940
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:44,500
morning, they feel different 
more precious. 

941
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:47,900
Every ordinary moment is worth 
preserving, because every 

942
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,800
ordinary moment is unrepeatable.
Today's light will never exist. 

943
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:55,600
Again, today's shadows will 
never fall this exact way again.

944
00:51:56,300 --> 00:52:00,700
This morning is unique singular 
and gone as soon as it arrives. 

945
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,300
The only way to keep it is to 
paint it. 

946
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:07,100
You finish your coffee gather 
your materials and head out into

947
00:52:07,100 --> 00:52:09,900
the early light. 
Your painting spot is waiting 

948
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:12,900
the field. 
The tree The Horizon, that's 

949
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:15,900
both barrier and invitation you 
set up. 

950
00:52:15,900 --> 00:52:19,100
Your easel with practice 
efficiently, preparing to spend 

951
00:52:19,100 --> 00:52:21,800
another day. 
Doing what you do, looking until

952
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:24,000
you see seeing until you 
understand. 

953
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:28,100
And understanding, until you can
paint, the work is repetitive 

954
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:31,400
and endless and exactly what you
need to be doing. 

955
00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:35,400
Not because anyone's asking for 
it, not because anyone's paying 

956
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,900
for it, but Because this is your
way of participating in the 

957
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:41,400
world. 
Your method of saying, yes to 

958
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:45,200
existence and your small 
contribution to the vast project

959
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:49,800
of human seeing The first 
brushstroke goes on the canvas, 

960
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:54,000
like a whisper becoming a shout 
it's just paint just pigment 

961
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:57,500
mixed with oil but it's also 
everything attention made 

962
00:52:57,500 --> 00:53:01,400
visible looking made permanent 
this specific morning in this 

963
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,200
specific Place captured and held
you work steadily through the 

964
00:53:05,200 --> 00:53:08,900
morning, watching the light 
change, adjusting your colors to

965
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:11,300
match what's actually there 
rather than what you think 

966
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:15,000
should be there, this is the 
discipline, trusting your eyes, 

967
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:17,900
over your assumptions, letting 
reality and struck, you rather 

968
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:19,800
than imposing your ideas on 
reality. 

969
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:23,800
Hours, pass the sun climbs, your
back. 

970
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:25,400
Aches. 
Your eyes. 

971
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:29,100
Water from squinting. 
Your palette comes a muddy mess 

972
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:31,500
of mixed colors. 
These are good signs. 

973
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:35,300
They mean, you're working really
working, not just playing at 

974
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:39,500
painting by early afternoon. 
The canvas has transformed from 

975
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:43,200
blank potential to something. 
Actual not finished. 

976
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:47,800
Never finished but present. 
Field exists when nothing 

977
00:53:47,800 --> 00:53:51,200
existed before. 
Like Falls were only white 

978
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:53,700
canvas weighted. 
You've made something from 

979
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:57,500
nothing using nothing but 
attention and paint It's A Small

980
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:01,400
Miracle repeatedly never losing 
its power to surprise you. 

981
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:05,900
Clean your brushes pack, your 
materials, and start the walk 

982
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:09,400
back to town tonight. 
You'll write to Theo telling him

983
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:12,500
about today's work about the 
thoughts that kept you awake 

984
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:16,100
last night, and about why you 
continue, even when continuation

985
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:19,600
seems pointless, Tomorrow, 
you'll return to the field and 

986
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:21,800
begin again and the day after 
that. 

987
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,900
And the day after that, this is 
the pattern that defines you 

988
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:30,100
now. 
Work and rest, and work again 

989
00:54:30,100 --> 00:54:35,400
seeing and painting and seeing 
again, building a legacy, not a 

990
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:38,700
Fame, but of attention, one 
brush stroke at a time. 

991
00:54:38,708 --> 00:54:42,600
One painting at a time. 
One moment of careful. 

992
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:45,400
Looking at a time, the 
Wheatfield you painted today 

993
00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:48,300
will be harvested. 
Soon, the light will change. 

994
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:51,600
Winter will come again. 
You'll keep painting through all

995
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:53,800
of it. 
Documenting, the endless 

996
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:56,700
variations of ordinary life. 
Insisting. 

997
00:54:56,700 --> 00:55:00,300
That nothing is truly ordinary. 
If you look closely enough this 

998
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:02,700
is your life. 
Now, this is your work. 

999
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:07,200
This is what you'll leave behind
When You're Gone, not monuments 

1000
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:11,400
or Mansions, but paintings that 
teach people how to see if even 

1001
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:14,200
one person looks at one of your 
paintings and then looks at the 

1002
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:17,200
world with the new eyes, then 
everything was worth it. 

1003
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:21,100
Every morning of cold coffee 
every afternoon of aching back, 

1004
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,900
every night of doubt and fear 
and stubborn foolish. 

1005
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:28,500
Hope your Vincent van Gogh and 
your painting the world. 

1006
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:30,900
As you see it, the world doesn't
care. 

1007
00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:34,900
The world will continue with or 
without your paintings, but 

1008
00:55:34,900 --> 00:55:38,200
you'll make them anyway because 
making them is how you live, how

1009
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:41,400
you participate, and how you 
say, thank you to light and 

1010
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:43,500
color and the infinite variety 
of seeing. 

1011
00:55:43,500 --> 00:55:48,400
This is enough, this has to be 
enough and on good days on days 

1012
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:51,400
like today when the light is 
perfect, and your hand is steady

1013
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:54,000
and the paint. 
Almost matches what you saw. 

1014
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:57,000
It is enough. 
It's more than enough. 

1015
00:55:57,000 --> 00:56:03,700
It's everything. 
Imagine what the world was like 

1016
00:56:03,700 --> 00:56:07,900
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

1017
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,700
Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

1018
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:12,600
everything. 
It was a time when the most 

1019
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,000
amazing piece of technology. 
You had was a Watermill, the 

1020
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:18,900
news traveled as fast as a horse
and you learned about the 

1021
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,300
universe from a mix of ancient, 
Greek, philosophy, Christian 

1022
00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:24,800
Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

1023
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,300
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

1024
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:30,300
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

1025
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:33,300
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

1026
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:36,200
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

1027
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,100
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

1028
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:42,200
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

1029
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:45,700
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

1030
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:48,200
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

1031
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:51,900
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

1032
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:55,300
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

1033
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:58,300
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

1034
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,600
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

1035
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:05,200
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

1036
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:08,900
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

1037
00:57:08,900 --> 00:57:10,900
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

1038
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:13,800
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

1039
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:15,800
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

1040
00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:18,700
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

1041
00:57:18,700 --> 00:57:20,900
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

1042
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:24,500
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

1043
00:57:24,500 --> 00:57:26,800
was in the middle of everything 
and around. 

1044
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:30,100
It were Crystal spheres that 
held the moon planets and stars 

1045
00:57:30,100 --> 00:57:33,100
in their, never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

1046
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:35,900
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

1047
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:39,000
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

1048
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:41,200
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

1049
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:45,600
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways that most people today 

1050
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,600
forgotten, you woke up with the 
sun because candles were 

1051
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:52,500
expensive and Fight was hard to 
find, the sun's path across the 

1052
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:53,400
sky. 
Not the clock. 

1053
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,600
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers. 

1054
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:58,400
Knew that certain crops should 
be planted when certain stars 

1055
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:02,000
came up at dawn and monks split 
their prayers into different 

1056
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:05,100
parts based on the canonical 
hours that followed the sun's 

1057
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:07,700
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

1058
00:58:07,708 --> 00:58:10,700
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

1059
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:13,400
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

1060
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:14,900
only things that could reach 
your world. 

1061
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:17,900
If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could see 

1062
00:58:17,900 --> 00:58:20,300
them, it would have seemed a 
strange to you, that things 

1063
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:22,200
happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

1064
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:25,600
could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

1065
00:58:25,600 --> 00:58:27,900
video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

1066
00:58:27,900 --> 00:58:31,100
But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

1067
00:58:31,100 --> 00:58:34,100
sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

1068
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:35,300
lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

1069
00:58:35,300 --> 00:58:38,800
This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

1070
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:42,300
they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet not just 

1071
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:45,500
astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

1072
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:49,100
cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

1073
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:51,000
that Whole Villages would stay 
up to watch. 

1074
00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:54,200
Everything was affected by 
religion, and people often saw 

1075
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,300
celestial events through 
religious lenses, strange things

1076
00:58:57,300 --> 00:58:59,500
happening in the sky. 
Could be signs of political 

1077
00:58:59,500 --> 00:59:03,900
change warnings from God about 
how to act morally or signs of 

1078
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:06,500
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

1079
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:09,700
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

1080
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:13,500
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

1081
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:15,800
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

1082
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:20,300
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Pliny the Elder these texts.

1083
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:23,000
Helped people understand how the
world worked, but medieval 

1084
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:25,500
Scholars were just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge.

1085
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:28,500
They also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

1086
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:30,800
to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

1087
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:33,900
People were curious and 
observant at the time, but only 

1088
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:36,500
up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

1089
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:39,000
comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

1090
00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:42,300
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

1091
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:44,000
truth. 
It was important to pay 

1092
00:59:44,000 --> 00:59:46,400
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

1093
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,300
scientifically interesting. 
But also, because they could 

1094
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:51,800
Have spiritual, meaning, trade 
networks linked. 

1095
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:54,400
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

1096
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:58,000
exchanges a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

1097
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:00,800
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

1098
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:04,600
paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

1099
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:08,300
moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

1100
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:10,900
intellectual Network that could 
keep, and share important 

1101
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:16,100
observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

1102
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:18,600
stars, followed familiar 
patterns, and strange things 

1103
01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:20,500
happened. 
So, rarely that they were 

1104
01:00:20,500 --> 01:00:23,000
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

1105
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:26,500
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

1106
01:00:26,500 --> 01:00:30,500
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

1107
01:00:30,500 --> 01:00:32,900
records. 
It would take humans over a 

1108
01:00:32,900 --> 01:00:35,200
thousand years to make the 
scientific tools needed to 

1109
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,900
figure out what it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

1110
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:41,000
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

1111
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:43,000
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

1112
01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:45,800
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

1113
01:00:45,800 --> 01:00:47,700
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars. 

1114
01:00:47,700 --> 01:00:51,200
They knew they had no Idea that 
invisible radiation was about to

1115
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:53,700
fall from space and amounts, 
that wouldn't be seen again for 

1116
01:00:53,700 --> 01:00:56,900
another Thousand Years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

1117
01:00:56,900 --> 01:00:58,600
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

1118
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:02,700
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

1119
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:04,600
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

1120
01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:06,700
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

1121
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,200
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

1122
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:12,400
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

1123
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:15,700
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

1124
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:17,900
is happening higher above. 
The Earth's atmosphere that 

1125
01:01:17,900 --> 01:01:20,500
people won't fully understand 
until the 21st century. 

1126
01:01:20,500 --> 01:01:23,700
A huge burst of high energy 
particles is hitting Earth's 

1127
01:01:23,700 --> 01:01:26,500
upper atmosphere with a force 
that has never been seen before 

1128
01:01:26,500 --> 01:01:29,500
these cosmic rays, which 
wouldn't be called that for 

1129
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,300
another Thousand Years. 
A falling from space, like an 

1130
01:01:32,300 --> 01:01:35,100
invisible waterfall of 
radiation, carrying energies 

1131
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:36,300
that are much bigger than 
anything. 

1132
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:38,200
Human technology can make even 
today. 

1133
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:41,400
One of the biggest mysteries of 
medieval astronomy is where this

1134
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:44,500
Cosmic bombardment came from. 
This is partly because the 

1135
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:46,600
people who were affected 
couldn't see it directly. 

1136
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:49,100
This event didn't make any 
visible light. 

1137
01:01:49,700 --> 01:01:53,200
Change the night, sky in any big
ways or show any clear, signs, 

1138
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,900
that something strange was 
happening, unlike a comet or 

1139
01:01:55,900 --> 01:01:58,200
supernova. 
It was like, being in the middle

1140
01:01:58,200 --> 01:02:00,600
of the most amazing fireworks 
show in the history of the 

1141
01:02:00,608 --> 01:02:04,500
universe while wearing a 
blindfold what was going on even

1142
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:07,600
though it couldn't be seen, was 
truly amazing protons. 

1143
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,300
And other high-energy particles 
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 

1144
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,400
at almost the speed of light, 
this caused secondary particles 

1145
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:15,000
to rain, down toward the 
surface. 

1146
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:18,900
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal Cosmic gray 

1147
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:20,900
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

1148
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:24,100
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

1149
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:27,300
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

1150
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:29,500
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14. 

1151
01:02:29,500 --> 01:02:33,100
The radioactive isotope, that 
archaeologists used to date old 

1152
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:35,500
things. 
This process usually happens at 

1153
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,900
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

1154
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:43,800
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

1155
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:47,900
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

1156
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:49,600
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

1157
01:02:50,100 --> 01:02:53,000
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

1158
01:02:53,000 --> 01:02:54,900
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

1159
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:59,800
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

1160
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:04,400
and 775, which scientists would 
later recognized as one of the 

1161
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:08,000
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

1162
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:10,600
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

1163
01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:12,900
seen. 
The cosmic rays were also making

1164
01:03:12,900 --> 01:03:16,000
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

1165
01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:18,200
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

1166
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,300
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

1167
01:03:21,300 --> 01:03:24,200
world like pieces of a puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

1168
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:27,600
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

1169
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:30,700
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

1170
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:35,300
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

1171
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,800
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

1172
01:03:38,808 --> 01:03:42,400
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

1173
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:46,000
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are city-sized objects with the 

1174
01:03:46,000 --> 01:03:49,000
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

1175
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:51,500
neighborhood. 
Sending out a short but very 

1176
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:53,300
strong burst of high-energy 
particles. 

1177
01:03:53,300 --> 01:03:56,000
You can start to understand the 
energies involved. 

1178
01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:59,300
If you picture two Atomic nuclei
the size of Manhattan, crashing 

1179
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:02,000
into each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

1180
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:05,300
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

1181
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:07,900
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

1182
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:10,900
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

1183
01:04:10,900 --> 01:04:14,600
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses 

1184
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:16,600
that sometimes explode with 
energy. 

1185
01:04:16,600 --> 01:04:19,300
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

1186
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,900
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

1187
01:04:22,900 --> 01:04:25,600
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

1188
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:27,500
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

1189
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:31,100
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

1190
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:34,700
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

1191
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:38,000
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

1192
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:40,500
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

1193
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:44,300
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

1194
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:48,400
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

1195
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:53,100
cosmic Race by that was seen in 
774 the timing of this event is 

1196
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:59,400
what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

1197
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,000
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

1198
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:05,400
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

1199
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:08,500
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

1200
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:10,600
noting. 
These observations may have 

1201
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:13,700
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

1202
01:05:13,700 --> 01:05:16,100
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

1203
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,000
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

1204
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,400
Ages, might have seen that, they
couldn't explain the cosmic. 

1205
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:26,700
Ray event of 774 was short by 
astronomical standards, it 

1206
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:28,600
probably lasted months in of 
years. 

1207
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:32,100
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

1208
01:05:32,100 --> 01:05:34,600
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

1209
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:37,000
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

1210
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,700
for more than 1,000 years when 
they had better tools and 

1211
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,900
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

1212
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:46,100
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

1213
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:48,600
that was available at the time 
cosmic, ray of events. 

1214
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:51,400
Don't leave any visible signs. 
That would alert people and like

1215
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:56,700
a Clips is comets or supernovae.
The people of 774 were going 

1216
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,700
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history,

1217
01:05:59,700 --> 01:06:02,300
but they had no way of knowing 
it was happening. 

1218
01:06:02,300 --> 01:06:06,700
But in a way, they were all part
of a cosmic experiment working 

1219
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,900
together without even knowing it
to make a time capsule, that 

1220
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:12,300
would help scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

1221
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:16,200
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

1222
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:19,200
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

1223
01:06:19,200 --> 01:06:22,200
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

1224
01:06:22,200 --> 01:06:26,000
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

1225
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:28,600
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

1226
01:06:28,600 --> 01:06:33,400
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

1227
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:35,000
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

1228
01:06:35,000 --> 01:06:38,100
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

1229
01:06:38,100 --> 01:06:39,500
things that happened during the 
time. 

1230
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:42,900
We can't say, for sure that 
Cosmic radiation calls all of 

1231
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:44,700
them. 
But the timing is interesting 

1232
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:47,200
enough to make you wonder what 
people in the Middle Ages were 

1233
01:06:47,200 --> 01:06:49,900
really seeing imagine being 
among in a script. 

1234
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,300
Thorium in 775, keeping the 
chronicle. 

1235
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:55,500
That tells the story of your 
Monastery is most important 

1236
01:06:55,500 --> 01:06:58,200
events. 
You dip your quill in oak, gall 

1237
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:01,200
ink and write down that the 
winter has been unusually harsh 

1238
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:04,400
and that strange colors have 
appeared in the northern sky a 

1239
01:07:04,400 --> 01:07:07,300
few times, you don't know that 
more Cosmic radiation could 

1240
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:10,600
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere in small ways or that

1241
01:07:10,608 --> 01:07:13,500
high energy particles could 
cause strange auroras to appear 

1242
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:15,600
at lower. 
Latitudes than usual, the 

1243
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:18,500
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

1244
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,600
from the Middle Ages, says that 
a red crucifix appeared in the 

1245
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:23,500
sky after Sunset around this 
time. 

1246
01:07:23,500 --> 01:07:26,900
Medieval chroniclers were 
skilled at watching the sky and 

1247
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:28,900
could tell the difference 
between normal and strange 

1248
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:31,000
events. 
So when they took the time to 

1249
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:32,800
write down strange, celestial 
events. 

1250
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:35,300
They were probably seeing 
something that was really 

1251
01:07:35,300 --> 01:07:42,000
strange between 774 and 776. 
Chinese astronomical records 

1252
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:45,000
from the Tang Dynasty which kept
some of the most advanced 

1253
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:48,500
Celestial observations in the 
world noted, a number of strange

1254
01:07:48,500 --> 01:07:51,200
events Chinese. 
Astronomers were especially good

1255
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:54,300
at keeping track of comets, Nova
and other short-lived events 

1256
01:07:54,300 --> 01:07:57,700
their records, talk about guest 
stars and strange atmospheric 

1257
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:00,500
events that don't match up with 
any known astronomical events 

1258
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:03,400
that can be seen from Earth. 
The annals of Ulster say that 

1259
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:05,700
there were strange lights and 
weather patterns in Ireland. 

1260
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:08,400
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

1261
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:10,900
people could learn and keep 
detailed records of events on 

1262
01:08:10,900 --> 01:08:13,800
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

1263
01:08:13,808 --> 01:08:16,100
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

1264
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:19,100
The fact that different 
independent Chronicle Traditions

1265
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:21,500
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

1266
01:08:21,500 --> 01:08:24,800
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

1267
01:08:24,800 --> 01:08:27,200
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

1268
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,399
From a human point of view 
people. 

1269
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,100
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

1270
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,000
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

1271
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:36,800
understood strange things 
through, religious and 

1272
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:39,899
philosophical lenses. 
Instead of scientific ones, a 

1273
01:08:39,899 --> 01:08:41,300
strange light in the northern 
sky. 

1274
01:08:41,300 --> 01:08:44,200
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

1275
01:08:44,207 --> 01:08:46,500
unhappy with how people are 
acting all that. 

1276
01:08:46,508 --> 01:08:49,300
The end of the world is near 
people probably thought of the 

1277
01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:51,399
Red Cross. 
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 

1278
01:08:51,399 --> 01:08:54,300
a Christian Vision. 
Maybe showing God's judgment or 

1279
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:56,700
Mercy. 
These interpretations weren't 

1280
01:08:56,700 --> 01:08:59,700
simple or stupid. 
They were smart tries to make 

1281
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:02,399
sense of strange events with the
best tools available at the 

1282
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:04,300
time. 
It also looks like the weather 

1283
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:09,000
in the Middle. 
Ages was strange from 774 to 776

1284
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:12,899
with different records talking 
about harsh Winters, strange, 

1285
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:15,700
storms, and other weather events
that were out of the ordinary 

1286
01:09:15,700 --> 01:09:18,100
cosmic rays. 
Don't directly control the 

1287
01:09:18,100 --> 01:09:21,000
weather, but they can change the
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

1288
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:24,000
ways that might change how 
clouds form and how much rain 

1289
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:26,399
falls medieval. 
People would have thought it was

1290
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:29,399
magic that invisible particles 
from space, could change the 

1291
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:32,500
weather on Earth. 
However modern research shows 

1292
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:34,300
that these connections are 
possible in theory. 

1293
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:36,700
Some agricultural records from 
this time. 

1294
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:40,200
When they still exist, talk 
about strange, crop yields or 

1295
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:44,700
growing conditions farmers. 
In 774 were very aware of small 

1296
01:09:44,700 --> 01:09:47,100
changes in the environment that 
could have an effect on their 

1297
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:49,000
crops. 
They would have noticed If 

1298
01:09:49,000 --> 01:09:50,800
plants were acting. 
Differently than they should 

1299
01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:54,500
have, theoretically increased 
Cosmic radiation could impact 

1300
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:57,300
plant growth and development. 
In ways that seasoned Farmers 

1301
01:09:57,300 --> 01:09:59,900
might notice, even if they 
couldn't articulate their 

1302
01:09:59,900 --> 01:10:03,200
observations monks, may have 
noticed, small changes in how 

1303
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,200
plants grew or flowered in 
Monastery Gardens which were, 

1304
01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:09,300
well kept places medieval 
monasteries kept very detailed 

1305
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:12,400
records of farming and some of 
these records suggest that the 

1306
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,400
weather was strange during the 
mid-70s. 

1307
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:18,100
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

1308
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:21,700
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming 

1309
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:25,300
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of event 

1310
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:28,300
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a bigger effect on 

1311
01:10:28,300 --> 01:10:31,400
the minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though no 

1312
01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:32,800
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

1313
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:36,300
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

1314
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:38,400
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

1315
01:10:38,400 --> 01:10:40,300
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

1316
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,300
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

1317
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:46,000
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

1318
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:48,800
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

1319
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:51,700
live in cities today. 
A might not notice at all a 

1320
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:54,600
farmer who slept outside every 
night would notice if the Aurora

1321
01:10:54,600 --> 01:10:56,600
appeared at latitudes that were 
lower than usual. 

1322
01:10:56,600 --> 01:11:00,400
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

1323
01:11:00,400 --> 01:11:02,700
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 
look different than usual. 

1324
01:11:02,700 --> 01:11:05,500
When strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

1325
01:11:05,500 --> 01:11:09,300
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

1326
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:11,800
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

1327
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,000
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

1328
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:18,100
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

1329
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,000
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

1330
01:11:21,008 --> 01:11:23,700
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

1331
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:26,000
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

1332
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:29,800
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

1333
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:32,600
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

1334
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,600
They were like people who were 
trying to understand a symphony 

1335
01:11:35,600 --> 01:11:38,500
book, could only hear a few 
notes here and there or who were

1336
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:40,800
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

1337
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:44,000
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and detailed 

1338
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:47,200
records which are still kept in 
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

1339
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:51,400
annals on several continents. 
Modern scientists important 

1340
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:54,700
information about both the 
cosmic ray event and its 

1341
01:11:54,700 --> 01:11:57,900
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

1342
01:11:57,908 --> 01:12:00,900
candlelight in stone scriptorium
made records. 

1343
01:12:00,900 --> 01:12:03,600
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists 13th. 

1344
01:12:03,600 --> 01:12:09,300
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experienced 

1345
01:12:09,300 --> 01:12:12,000
mystery in, its purest form 
things that were clearly 

1346
01:12:12,000 --> 01:12:14,400
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

1347
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,200
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

1348
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,900
careful observation keeping 
detailed records and thinking 

1349
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:23,500
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

1350
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:25,300
traditions. 
That had helped people 

1351
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:28,500
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

1352
01:12:28,500 --> 01:12:31,100
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

1353
01:12:31,100 --> 01:12:33,900
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

1354
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:37,200
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, library and the 

1355
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:39,400
hidden records written in tree 
rings in ice cores. 

1356
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:43,900
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

1357
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:47,000
ray event, they had to put 
together, medieval Chronicles 

1358
01:12:47,000 --> 01:12:50,800
and the most advanced 
astrophysics to Figure it out in

1359
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:53,400
the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree ring

1360
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:56,100
data saw something amazing that 
led to the big Discovery. 

1361
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:02,300
The amount of carbon 14 in Wood 
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

1362
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:05,100
a lot which hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years. 

1363
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,500
It was like nature of suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

1364
01:13:08,500 --> 01:13:12,000
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

1365
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:14,500
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

1366
01:13:14,500 --> 01:13:17,800
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

1367
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:20,200
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

1368
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,200
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

1369
01:13:23,200 --> 01:13:27,000
Greenland had higher levels of 
brilliant, 10 and other isotopes

1370
01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:28,800
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

1371
01:13:28,800 --> 01:13:32,700
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical ocean showed signs

1372
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:34,300
of the same event in their 
chemical makeup. 

1373
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:37,200
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scene on 

1374
01:13:37,200 --> 01:13:40,300
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

1375
01:13:40,300 --> 01:13:43,300
candlelight with quill. 
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 

1376
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:46,300
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

1377
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:49,200
strange events. 
It was no longer just to strange

1378
01:13:49,200 --> 01:13:50,100
medieval. 
Superstition. 

1379
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,200
That the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
mentioned a red crucifix in the 

1380
01:13:53,208 --> 01:13:55,700
sky. 
It could be useful, scientific 

1381
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:58,300
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

1382
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:01,800
Chinese astronomical records, 
were especially useful because 

1383
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:05,400
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Kept very detailed records of 

1384
01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:08,400
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars, 

1385
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:15,500
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

1386
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:19,200
us understand how experienced 
skywatches might have seen such 

1387
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:22,500
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

1388
01:14:22,500 --> 01:14:23,900
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

1389
01:14:23,900 --> 01:14:26,700
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

1390
01:14:26,700 --> 01:14:29,300
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

1391
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,400
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

1392
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,100
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

1393
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:39,000
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

1394
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:41,900
chroniclers would have used the 
language of Omens wanders, and 

1395
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:44,900
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

1396
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:47,500
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

1397
01:14:47,500 --> 01:14:50,200
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

1398
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:52,900
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

1399
01:14:52,900 --> 01:14:55,400
invisible know. 
Medieval technology could have 

1400
01:14:55,400 --> 01:14:57,500
detected the cosmic ray 
bombardment itself. 

1401
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:00,400
But careful, observers might 
have been able to see its 

1402
01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:04,200
secondary effects such as 
stranger, aurors atmospheric 

1403
01:15:04,200 --> 01:15:07,200
phenomena, and maybe even small 
changes in weather patterns. 

1404
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:10,800
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

1405
01:15:10,800 --> 01:15:12,700
matches. 
The time when cosmic ray levels 

1406
01:15:12,700 --> 01:15:15,600
were high, this suggests that 
some of the strange things that 

1407
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:18,000
medieval writers wrote, about 
may have been caused by the 

1408
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:21,200
invisible radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

1409
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:24,000
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

1410
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:26,100
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

1411
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:28,600
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

1412
01:15:28,600 --> 01:15:31,000
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

1413
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:33,000
strange things that happen 
during the time. 

1414
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:36,200
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

1415
01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:39,200
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

1416
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:42,200
add to and clarify what European
and Chinese sources of set. 

1417
01:15:42,200 --> 01:15:44,200
The worldwide nature of these 
records. 

1418
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:47,500
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

1419
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:49,600
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

1420
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,700
time figuring out which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

1421
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:55,600
are just the normal background 
of strange events that made evil

1422
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:58,900
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time people in The Middle Ages 

1423
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:01,800
lived in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather. 

1424
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:04,600
And many other events were 
always happening and being seen 

1425
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:07,600
as important to figure out, 
which anomalies might be linked 

1426
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:10,000
to the cosmic ray event, you 
need to carefully. 

1427
01:16:10,000 --> 01:16:13,400
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

1428
01:16:13,400 --> 01:16:15,100
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

1429
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:18,100
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

1430
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:19,800
how consistent. 
They are across different 

1431
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,700
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

1432
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:25,000
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

1433
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,000
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

1434
01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:31,000
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

1435
01:16:31,000 --> 01:16:33,200
strange. 
And not just what people in 

1436
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:35,900
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

1437
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:39,500
This Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

1438
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:41,900
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

1439
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:44,700
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

1440
01:16:44,700 --> 01:16:47,600
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

1441
01:16:47,608 --> 01:16:50,200
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

1442
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,500
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

1443
01:16:53,500 --> 01:16:55,300
climatologists study studied 
tree, rings. 

1444
01:16:55,300 --> 01:16:59,200
Ice cores and other natural 
records that Chemical traces of 

1445
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:03,300
events from long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

1446
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,500
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

1447
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,300
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

1448
01:17:09,300 --> 01:17:12,100
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

1449
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:15,800
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

1450
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:18,100
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

1451
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:21,100
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

1452
01:17:21,100 --> 01:17:23,500
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

1453
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:26,600
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

1454
01:17:26,600 --> 01:17:31,900
774 to 776 were part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

1455
01:17:31,900 --> 01:17:35,200
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

1456
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,900
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

1457
01:17:37,900 --> 01:17:41,400
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

1458
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:43,100
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

1459
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:46,200
Astro physical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

1460
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:49,700
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

1461
01:17:49,700 --> 01:17:51,500
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

1462
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:55,700
However, medieval people who saw
the event gave scientists the 

1463
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:58,000
context, they needed to 
understand how it might. 

1464
01:17:58,300 --> 01:18:01,700
Look to people who live through 
it, the combination of high-tech

1465
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:05,200
analysis and careful historical 
research has uncovered a story 

1466
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:07,300
that neither method could have 
found on its own. 

1467
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:11,600
The people who saw the 774 
cosmic ray event had no idea. 

1468
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:14,300
They were witnessing 
astronomical history, but 

1469
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:17,600
they're careful record-keeping 
and detailed observations made a

1470
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:19,500
time capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

1471
01:18:19,500 --> 01:18:21,600
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

1472
01:18:21,600 --> 01:18:24,400
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

1473
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:26,300
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

1474
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:28,800
Only when looked at, from the 
point of view of later, 

1475
01:18:28,800 --> 01:18:31,600
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

1476
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:34,800
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

1477
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:38,300
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

1478
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:40,600
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time. 

1479
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:43,500
Before electric light's, when 
you step outside your home, 

1480
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,900
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 
a monastery sell or a Merchant's

1481
01:18:46,900 --> 01:18:49,800
house, you might look up at the 
sky and realize that something 

1482
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:51,300
strange has been happening up 
there. 

1483
01:18:51,300 --> 01:18:56,000
The cosmic ray event that peaked
in 774 was making small changes 

1484
01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:57,400
in your environment that you 
couldn. 

1485
01:18:57,400 --> 01:19:01,100
See, But the strange things that
Chronicles and travelers wrote 

1486
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:03,600
about were adding a sense of 
wonder and uncertainty to 

1487
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:06,500
everyday life people in the 
Middle, Ages were used to living

1488
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:08,700
with mystery. 
They knew that a lot of things 

1489
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:11,900
about the natural world were 
Beyond human understanding, but 

1490
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:14,300
the fact that there were so many
strange reports during this 

1491
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:16,100
time, made them feel like big 
changes. 

1492
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:17,800
Might be happening in the cosmic
order. 

1493
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:20,700
No matter if you were a devout 
monk following the canonical 

1494
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:23,300
hours or a farmer giving, thanks
for another day of life. 

1495
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:27,200
Your morning routine would 
always start with prayers but 

1496
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:29,700
prayers from the Middle Ages 
often ask for protection from 

1497
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:32,100
all kinds of natural and 
Supernatural threats. 

1498
01:19:32,100 --> 01:19:35,100
The reports of strange lights, 
and unusual weather might have 

1499
01:19:35,100 --> 01:19:37,200
made these requests seem more 
important than usual. 

1500
01:19:37,200 --> 01:19:40,100
You lived in a time when the 
line between natural and 

1501
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:42,300
Supernatural explanations was 
not very clear. 

1502
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,700
Strange, things could be seen as
either Divine messages or bad 

1503
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:49,300
Omens, most people in 700 and 
775 were farmers. 

1504
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,300
So they had to pay close 
attention to Natural signs and 

1505
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,400
seasonal patterns all the time 
to be successful in farming. 

1506
01:19:55,400 --> 01:19:58,800
In the Middle Ages, you had to 
be able to read subtle In the 

1507
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:01,500
environment, like when to plant 
based on the temperature and 

1508
01:20:01,500 --> 01:20:04,000
moisture of the soil, how to 
tell when the weather would 

1509
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:07,200
change based on the clouds and 
wind patterns, and how to tell 

1510
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,400
when it was time to harvest 
people who survival depended on,

1511
01:20:10,400 --> 01:20:12,800
being able to read Nature's 
signals, would notice any 

1512
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:15,400
strange changes in the 
environment right away, the 

1513
01:20:15,400 --> 01:20:17,800
higher levels of cosmic 
radiation that were falling on 

1514
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:19,600
Earth. 
At this time, could have had an 

1515
01:20:19,600 --> 01:20:21,600
effect on plant growth that 
experienced Farmers. 

1516
01:20:21,600 --> 01:20:24,700
Might have noticed medieval 
farmers were very sensitive to 

1517
01:20:24,700 --> 01:20:27,700
changes in how crops grew and 
developed even though the 

1518
01:20:27,700 --> 01:20:30,300
effects would be small. 
Compared to more obvious factors

1519
01:20:30,300 --> 01:20:33,300
like weather and soil quality. 
If a farmer worked the same 

1520
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:35,200
fields for years, they would 
notice. 

1521
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:37,800
If the plants were acting even a
little bit differently than they

1522
01:20:37,800 --> 01:20:41,500
were used to Monastery Gardens, 
in particular were carefully 

1523
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:44,600
controlled spaces where small 
changes might be easier to see 

1524
01:20:44,600 --> 01:20:47,800
monks who took care of herb 
gardens and medicinal plants 

1525
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:51,300
were trained to be very observed
and pay close attention to how 

1526
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,600
plants grew and how healthy they
were because they so much about 

1527
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,300
how plants normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

1528
01:20:57,308 --> 01:20:59,100
spot things that Less 
experienced. 

1529
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:02,300
Observers would have missed the 
psychological climate of daily 

1530
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:03,800
life. 
During this era was likely 

1531
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:07,000
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

1532
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:10,800
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

1533
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:13,300
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

1534
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:16,300
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

1535
01:21:16,300 --> 01:21:20,300
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

1536
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:23,500
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

1537
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:26,800
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

1538
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,300
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

1539
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:31,500
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

1540
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:34,300
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

1541
01:21:34,300 --> 01:21:37,300
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

1542
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:39,900
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

1543
01:21:39,900 --> 01:21:42,700
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

1544
01:21:42,700 --> 01:21:45,900
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

1545
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:49,200
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

1546
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:52,700
about strange, weather strange, 
light and other strange, things 

1547
01:21:52,700 --> 01:21:55,400
that Travelers and Chronicles 
had seen more often during this 

1548
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:57,900
time because medieval 
communities were small 

1549
01:21:58,200 --> 01:22:01,200
Interesting news spread quickly,
the collection of strange 

1550
01:22:01,200 --> 01:22:03,800
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

1551
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:07,500
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

1552
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,400
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

1553
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,000
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

1554
01:22:13,000 --> 01:22:16,000
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 

1555
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:18,700
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

1556
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:21,300
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

1557
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:24,300
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

1558
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:27,100
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

1559
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:28,600
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

1560
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:31,500
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

1561
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,000
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

1562
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:37,500
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

1563
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:39,000
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

1564
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,700
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

1565
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:45,000
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

1566
01:22:45,008 --> 01:22:48,400
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

1567
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:50,700
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

1568
01:22:50,700 --> 01:22:54,800
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

1569
01:22:54,800 --> 01:22:57,400
observance is made of 
encompassed specific prayers or 

1570
01:22:57,400 --> 01:22:59,600
rituals in. 
To appropriately address the 

1571
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:03,200
enigmatic signs that appeared 
with notable frequency, medieval

1572
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,800
Christianity, offered Frameworks
for interpreting natural 

1573
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:09,000
phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

1574
01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:12,400
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

1575
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:15,200
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

1576
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:17,700
life in the Middle. 
Ages was still governed by the 

1577
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:19,700
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

1578
01:23:19,708 --> 01:23:22,200
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

1579
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:24,000
were in the air. 
How many strange lights were in 

1580
01:23:24,008 --> 01:23:26,800
the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

1581
01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:30,700
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

1582
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:34,300
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

1583
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:37,300
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

1584
01:23:37,300 --> 01:23:40,000
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

1585
01:23:40,008 --> 01:23:42,700
travelers who had the most 
information about different 

1586
01:23:42,700 --> 01:23:45,300
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

1587
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:47,800
important in spreading news, 
about strange events to 

1588
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:51,200
different areas, a merchant, who
traveled between cities a lot 

1589
01:23:51,200 --> 01:23:53,500
could act as an unofficial 
Clearing House for stories. 

1590
01:23:53,500 --> 01:23:56,500
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

1591
01:23:56,500 --> 01:23:58,900
what happened in their own area,
with what happened in other 

1592
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:02,000
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

1593
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:04,700
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

1594
01:24:04,700 --> 01:24:07,400
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

1595
01:24:07,400 --> 01:24:10,200
People in the Middle Ages new 
that they were part of ongoing 

1596
01:24:10,200 --> 01:24:13,500
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

1597
01:24:13,500 --> 01:24:16,000
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

1598
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,100
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

1599
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:21,500
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

1600
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:25,900
What makes this especially sad 
is that the people of 7 5. 

1601
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:28,400
We're going through a very 
important event in the universe 

1602
01:24:28,400 --> 01:24:31,200
even though they had no idea 
what it really was. 

1603
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:34,800
One of the strongest cosmic ray 
bombardments ever recorded was 

1604
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:37,400
happening, but people at the 
time, couldn't see it. 

1605
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,300
It left permanent marks and 
tree, rings and Ice cores. 

1606
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:42,800
They were making records. 
That would be very useful to 

1607
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:46,200
scientists 1000 years later, but
they didn't know it at the time.

1608
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,200
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

1609
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:52,200
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

1610
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,700
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

1611
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:59,200
in Japanese cedar trees. 
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 

1612
01:24:59,208 --> 01:25:02,800
margins of medieval manuscripts.
It's a story that shows how the 

1613
01:25:02,808 --> 01:25:06,600
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

1614
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:09,700
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

1615
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:11,900
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

1616
01:25:11,900 --> 01:25:13,600
them. 
As is often the case with 

1617
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:16,800
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

1618
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:19,900
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

1619
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,200
studying radio, carbon levels in
tree rings, in the early 2000s 

1620
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:27,100
were creating detailed timelines
of Past weather conditions when 

1621
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:29,700
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

1622
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:34,100
A huge rise in carbon 14 levels,
that happened all over the world

1623
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:39,800
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

1624
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:41,900
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

1625
01:25:41,900 --> 01:25:45,000
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays change 

1626
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:48,500
nitrogen in the air. 
Into carbon-14 at rates that are

1627
01:25:48,500 --> 01:25:50,600
fairly predictable for thousands
of years. 

1628
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:54,000
This process has been running 
like a clock in space, making a 

1629
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,200
baseline that archaeologists and
climate researchers used to date

1630
01:25:57,200 --> 01:26:01,400
old things, but in 774 that 
steady clock in space suddenly 

1631
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:05,700
sped up the spike was huge about
20 times higher than normal 

1632
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:08,900
levels of cosmic rays and it 
happened all over the place at 

1633
01:26:08,900 --> 01:26:14,300
the same time during this 700 
and 774 to 775 growth, rings 

1634
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:17,900
trees in Japan, Germany, North 
America and other parts of the 

1635
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:20,400
world. 
All showed the same huge rise in

1636
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:23,600
carbon 14 incorporation. 
It was like, finding out that 

1637
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:26,700
every clock in the world had run
fast for a short time in the 

1638
01:26:26,700 --> 01:26:30,400
same year over 1200 years ago. 
At first scientists didn't know 

1639
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:32,700
What could have caused such a 
big and sudden event around the 

1640
01:26:32,700 --> 01:26:34,800
world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

1641
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:38,300
1960s had caused fake. 
Radio carbon spikes but the 

1642
01:26:38,300 --> 01:26:40,200
natural historical record didn't
have anything. 

1643
01:26:40,200 --> 01:26:44,700
Like what they were seeing in 
774 in theory solar flares could

1644
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:49,500
cause more cosmic rays but the 
774 event was so big that it was

1645
01:26:49,508 --> 01:26:51,400
bigger than any known solar 
storm. 

1646
01:26:51,400 --> 01:26:54,400
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

1647
01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:57,700
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

1648
01:26:57,700 --> 01:27:00,800
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

1649
01:27:00,800 --> 01:27:03,600
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

1650
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:06,700
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

1651
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:10,400
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by Cosmic grey interactions

1652
01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:13,600
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

1653
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,000
ocean had other chemical signs 
of the same event. 

1654
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:18,300
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

1655
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,600
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

1656
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:25,900
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice cores and coral.

1657
01:27:25,900 --> 01:27:29,800
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

1658
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:32,900
7. 
To 775. 

1659
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:36,300
But figuring out what happened 
was just the first step in 

1660
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:39,300
understanding it, what might 
have caused such a strong burst 

1661
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:41,900
of cosmic radiation. 
This is where medieval 

1662
01:27:41,900 --> 01:27:44,600
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

1663
01:27:44,608 --> 01:27:47,400
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

1664
01:27:47,408 --> 01:27:52,100
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 775. 

1665
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:55,600
There might be indirect proof of
what happened in, historical 

1666
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:58,200
records from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

1667
01:27:58,200 --> 01:28:01,108
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

1668
01:28:01,116 --> 01:28:03,000
air. 
And they may have seen things 

1669
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:05,300
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

1670
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:08,600
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

1671
01:28:08,600 --> 01:28:11,600
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

1672
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:14,300
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

1673
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:17,300
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

1674
01:28:17,300 --> 01:28:19,900
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

1675
01:28:19,908 --> 01:28:23,300
8th, centuries ways of knowing 
and believing a phenomenon that 

1676
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:25,900
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

1677
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:28,400
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

1678
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:31,400
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

1679
01:28:31,400 --> 01:28:34,800
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

1680
01:28:34,800 --> 01:28:37,400
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

1681
01:28:37,400 --> 01:28:43,100
During the years 774 to 7776 the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

1682
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:47,200
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

1683
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,500
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

1684
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:53,800
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this time suddenly

1685
01:28:53,800 --> 01:28:56,800
became more important as 
possible proof of cosmic ray 

1686
01:28:56,800 --> 01:28:59,900
effects, the scientific teamwork
needed to solve this mystery. 

1687
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:02,000
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

1688
01:29:02,000 --> 01:29:05,600
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

1689
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,200
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

1690
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:11,800
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

1691
01:29:11,800 --> 01:29:15,000
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

1692
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:17,700
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

1693
01:29:17,700 --> 01:29:20,500
and timelines. 
Geochemist created ways to get 

1694
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:22,700
cosmic rays signatures from 
natural archives. 

1695
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:25,800
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

1696
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:28,800
The tree-ring data gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

1697
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:32,000
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

1698
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:35,300
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

1699
01:29:35,300 --> 01:29:38,000
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

1700
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:39,700
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

1701
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,800
observers, theoretical 
astrophysics, proposed potential

1702
01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:44,800
Origins for such a profound 
cosmic. 

1703
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:48,000
Ray burst The most likely 
explanation is that Earth was 

1704
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:51,300
hit by radiation from either a 
gamma ray burst which is one of 

1705
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:54,700
the strongest explosions known 
in the universe or a huge 

1706
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:57,900
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 
which is a neutron star with 

1707
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,200
very strong magnetic fields. 
Either of these events, could 

1708
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:04,200
have caused the high energy, 
particle bombardment that made 

1709
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:09,100
the isotopic signatures found in
natural archives from 774 to 

1710
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:12,700
775. 
This discovery is specially 

1711
01:30:12,700 --> 01:30:16,100
important because it is one of 
the most powerful astrophysical 

1712
01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:18,800
events that has ever been 
recorded gamma. 

1713
01:30:18,800 --> 01:30:21,800
Ray bursts are so powerful that 
they can briefly outshine hold 

1714
01:30:21,800 --> 01:30:26,100
galaxies if one happened close 
enough to Earth to cause the 774

1715
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:30,000
Cosmic race spike, it would be a
very rare astronomical event, 

1716
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:32,000
we're talking about things that 
happen. 

1717
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:34,408
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

1718
01:30:34,416 --> 01:30:37,700
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

1719
01:30:37,700 --> 01:30:41,800
in one strange event. 
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is

1720
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:44,300
a good way to figure out how 
these kinds of events affect the

1721
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:45,800
atmosphere and biosphere of 
Earth. 

1722
01:30:46,300 --> 01:30:49,800
Scientists can better understand
similar but less dramatic cosmic

1723
01:30:49,800 --> 01:30:52,800
ray changes throughout 
geological history by looking at

1724
01:30:52,800 --> 01:30:56,100
the isotopic signatures left 
behind by this well-known event.

1725
01:30:56,100 --> 01:30:59,400
Modern technology has made it 
possible for scientists to read 

1726
01:30:59,400 --> 01:31:02,700
chemical, signatures in natural 
archives with amazing accuracy. 

1727
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:06,300
However, medieval chroniclers 
gave us the human context. 

1728
01:31:06,300 --> 01:31:08,700
We need to understand how people
living through these events 

1729
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:11,200
might have seen them the 
combination of high-tech 

1730
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:13,300
analysis and careful historical 
research. 

1731
01:31:13,300 --> 01:31:16,000
Found a story that neither 
method could have found on his 

1732
01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:19,900
own, those who lived through. 
The 774 cosmic ray event could 

1733
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:23,100
never have guessed that their 
careful observations would one 

1734
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,400
day help scientists learn more 
about neutron stars gamma-ray, 

1735
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:30,700
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 
but they details records which 

1736
01:31:30,700 --> 01:31:33,300
are still kept in Monastery. 
Libraries and Royal archives 

1737
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:36,600
were very important for solving.
One of the biggest astrophysical

1738
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:39,100
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

1739
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:41,900
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

1740
01:31:41,900 --> 01:31:45,600
let's think about how a cosmic 
event that lasted only a few 

1741
01:31:45,608 --> 01:31:50,600
months in. 774 has changed how 
we think about the universe for 

1742
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:53,800
more than 1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

1743
01:31:53,800 --> 01:31:56,800
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

1744
01:31:56,800 --> 01:31:59,300
marks can wait, hundreds of 
years for someone to learn how 

1745
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:01,800
to read them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

1746
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:06,300
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

1747
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:09,000
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

1748
01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:11,300
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

1749
01:32:11,300 --> 01:32:14,600
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

1750
01:32:14,600 --> 01:32:17,800
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

1751
01:32:17,800 --> 01:32:21,400
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seem stable can be 

1752
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:25,100
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

1753
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:28,800
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

1754
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:32,300
this Cosmic bombardment are 
still around today preserved in 

1755
01:32:32,300 --> 01:32:36,200
old wooden buildings 
archaeological site and forests 

1756
01:32:36,200 --> 01:32:38,600
around the world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

1757
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:43,600
between 774 and 775 has a 
chemical signature of that 

1758
01:32:43,600 --> 01:32:47,700
amazing year in its cells like 
Molecular autograph written by 

1759
01:32:47,708 --> 01:32:50,900
the universe itself. 
This invisible timestamp links, 

1760
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:54,500
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

1761
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:57,700
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

1762
01:32:57,700 --> 01:32:59,800
astrophysical events in human 
history. 

1763
01:32:59,800 --> 01:33:02,900
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

1764
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:05,700
Modern radiocarbon dating before
this discovery. 

1765
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,800
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 

1766
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:12,200
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

1767
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,200
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

1768
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:19,400
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

1769
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:22,500
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

1770
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:26,300
that take into account sudden, 
cosmic ray of events, the 700 

1771
01:33:26,300 --> 01:33:28,800
774 event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

1772
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:31,100
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

1773
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:33,300
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

1774
01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:35,900
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

1775
01:33:35,900 --> 01:33:39,100
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

1776
01:33:39,100 --> 01:33:40,900
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

1777
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:44,300
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

1778
01:33:44,300 --> 01:33:47,400
accuracy the effects on. 
Understanding of medieval 

1779
01:33:47,400 --> 01:33:52,000
history of being just as big, 
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 

1780
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:55,600
as a stable chronological 
reference, aiding historians and

1781
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:58,000
correlating events, across 
diverse cultural traditions, and

1782
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:02,200
geographical areas, when Chinese
Chronicles, European monasteries

1783
01:34:02,200 --> 01:34:04,600
and Middle Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

1784
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,800
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

1785
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:09,800
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

1786
01:34:09,800 --> 01:34:13,100
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

1787
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:16,100
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

1788
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:20,300
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

1789
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:23,400
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

1790
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,400
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

1791
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:29,200
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

1792
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:31,100
historical. 
Climate variations are 

1793
01:34:31,100 --> 01:34:35,000
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

1794
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:37,400
influence, on atmospheric. 
Chemistry of alterations 

1795
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,600
researchers are now actively 
looking for similar events in 

1796
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,400
the geological record, 
scientists are now looking for 

1797
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:46,000
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

1798
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:48,800
Ice cores and other natural 
records. 

1799
01:34:48,800 --> 01:34:51,700
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

1800
01:34:51,700 --> 01:34:54,400
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

1801
01:34:54,400 --> 01:34:57,400
helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

1802
01:34:57,400 --> 01:35:01,800
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

1803
01:35:01,800 --> 01:35:04,000
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

1804
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:07,200
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

1805
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:09,500
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

1806
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:10,900
technology that can survive 
them. 

1807
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:15,500
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

1808
01:35:15,500 --> 01:35:18,200
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

1809
01:35:18,200 --> 01:35:20,800
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

1810
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:23,800
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

1811
01:35:23,800 --> 01:35:28,400
to understand the 7704 event has
led to new models for how these 

1812
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:31,800
two Fields can work together. 
Astrophysicists now, often ask 

1813
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:34,900
medieval historians for help and
climatologists and 

1814
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:37,400
archaeologists work together to 
learn more about how the 

1815
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:38,900
environment has changed over 
time. 

1816
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:42,300
Researchers are realizing that 
to fully understand complex 

1817
01:35:42,300 --> 01:35:44,400
phenomena. 
They need to look at them from 

1818
01:35:44,400 --> 01:35:47,300
many different angles. 
This Made the lines between 

1819
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:51,700
different academic Fields, less,
clear the discovery of 774 has 

1820
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:54,600
changed the way both history and
science are taught in schools. 

1821
01:35:54,600 --> 01:35:57,700
The story shows how modern 
scientific tools can get 

1822
01:35:57,700 --> 01:36:00,600
information from old materials 
that people in the past, 

1823
01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:03,700
couldn't get to while also 
showing how important it is to 

1824
01:36:03,700 --> 01:36:05,700
carefully. 
Observe history in order to 

1825
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:09,400
understand scientific data, 
students learn to understand the

1826
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:12,000
past, they often need to use the
best technology and the best 

1827
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:15,400
research. 
The 774 event has also changed 

1828
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,000
the way we think about how 
people see natural events 

1829
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,300
medieval chroniclers who wrote 
about strange, weather events in

1830
01:36:21,300 --> 01:36:26,200
7704 to 7776. 
We're doing scientific research 

1831
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:27,700
that they could never have 
imagined. 

1832
01:36:27,700 --> 01:36:30,100
And the information they 
gathered would be useful. 

1833
01:36:30,100 --> 01:36:33,100
A Thousand Years Later their 
careful observations. 

1834
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:36,200
Remind us that even records, 
that seem unimportant might have

1835
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:38,700
information that future 
Generations will find very 

1836
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:42,000
useful. 
The 774 story has helped people 

1837
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,000
understand astronomy better 
because it shows how Earth is 

1838
01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:48,300
part of a changing. 
And sometimes violent Cosmic 

1839
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:51,700
environment. 
The 774 event had a direct 

1840
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:54,800
effect on our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

1841
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:57,300
that are far away. 
We can still see the effects 

1842
01:36:57,300 --> 01:36:59,500
today. 
It's the universe seemed more 

1843
01:36:59,508 --> 01:37:01,000
real and important to Everyday 
Life. 

1844
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,900
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

1845
01:37:04,900 --> 01:37:07,700
events might have changed human 
history in ways. 

1846
01:37:07,700 --> 01:37:10,900
We don't yet know about If 
strong Cosmic radiation can 

1847
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:13,500
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere, and possibly change 

1848
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:17,600
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

1849
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:20,700
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

1850
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:23,300
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

1851
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:27,000
Like the 700 774 Cosmic. 
Race Spike has helped shape, 

1852
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:30,200
modern talks about existential 
risks and planetary defense. 

1853
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:33,600
Cosmic ray burst don't directly 
threaten Earth as much as 

1854
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:37,200
asteroid impacts or super, 
volcanic eruptions do but they 

1855
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,800
do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

1856
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:42,900
but powerful events can have 
Global effects. 

1857
01:37:42,900 --> 01:37:46,100
When making plans for the 
long-term survival of humanity, 

1858
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:49,200
we need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

1859
01:37:49,208 --> 01:37:53,400
effect on our planet. 774 event 
has become a touchstone for 

1860
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:56,400
talks about how scientific 
discovery and historical 

1861
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:59,600
understanding are related. 
It shows how the most advanced 

1862
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:02,400
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

1863
01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:03,900
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

1864
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,100
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

1865
01:38:07,100 --> 01:38:12,000
scientific data better, the 
cosmic Gray event of 774 is a 

1866
01:38:12,000 --> 01:38:13,800
reminder that the universe is 
full of things. 

1867
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:17,000
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

1868
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:20,100
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core. 

1869
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:22,700
And every well-preserved 
medieval Chronicle that we 

1870
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:25,900
haven't yet, figured out how to 
find or understand the storm 

1871
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:30,300
that hit Earth in 774 was 
invisible and waited, more than 

1872
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:33,300
12, centuries for people to 
learn how to figure out what had

1873
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:36,200
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

1874
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:39,700
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

1875
01:38:39,700 --> 01:38:42,800
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

1876
01:38:42,800 --> 01:38:45,800
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

1877
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:48,800
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

1878
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:51,200
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

1879
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:52,500
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

1880
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:56,100
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

1881
01:38:56,100 --> 01:38:59,000
bombardment of high energy, 
particles has turned into a link

1882
01:38:59,008 --> 01:39:03,000
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

1883
01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:06,600
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

1884
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:08,900
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

1885
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:12,500
always Lighting its own story in
the natural world around using 

1886
01:39:12,500 --> 01:39:15,700
languages that we're still 
learning how to read, as we come

1887
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:18,100
to the end of our journey 
through this Cosmic mystery. 

1888
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:22,500
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

1889
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:24,300
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

1890
01:39:24,300 --> 01:39:27,900
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

1891
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:29,700
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

1892
01:39:29,700 --> 01:39:32,400
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

1893
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:34,500
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

1894
01:39:34,508 --> 01:39:37,500
cosmic systems, whose working we
are only starting to understand 

1895
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:42,900
in 774 radiation came down from 
space and connected Earth to 

1896
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:45,300
events happening at distance and
scales that are hard. 

1897
01:39:45,300 --> 01:39:48,000
To imagine the high energy 
particles that hit our 

1898
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:51,200
atmosphere came from colliding, 
neutron stars, exploding 

1899
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:54,500
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 
from dying Stars. 

1900
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:57,500
They had to travel across 
Interstellar space, to get to us

1901
01:39:57,500 --> 01:39:59,900
the trees. 
That recorded this event in 

1902
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:03,200
their growth rings were in a 
very real Way recording the 

1903
01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:05,300
death throws of stars, that had 
lived and died. 

1904
01:40:05,300 --> 01:40:09,200
Millions of years before humans 
were around this Cosmic link. 

1905
01:40:09,300 --> 01:40:12,000
Was against the medieval view 
that the Earth was at the center

1906
01:40:12,000 --> 01:40:16,400
of a small understandable 
Universe, the people of 774 

1907
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:18,600
lived in a universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

1908
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:22,500
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

1909
01:40:22,500 --> 01:40:24,700
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

1910
01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:28,600
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

1911
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:30,600
people in the Middle Ages. 
Couldn't even imagine it. 

1912
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,700
It was full of things that could
affect Earth over distances. 

1913
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:37,200
So great that light itself took 
years to cross, the medieval 

1914
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:39,400
view of how everything in the 
universe is connected. 

1915
01:40:39,400 --> 01:40:42,500
Wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought that 

1916
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,500
events in the sky could affect 
things on earth. 

1917
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,400
Even though their ideas about 
how this worked were wrong. 

1918
01:40:47,400 --> 01:40:51,000
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

1919
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:53,300
affect local conditions was very
smart. 

1920
01:40:53,300 --> 01:40:58,100
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 
that explosions of stars that 

1921
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:01,100
happened light years away can 
have affects on things that 

1922
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,400
happen on Earth. 
The fact that the 774 event was 

1923
01:41:04,400 --> 01:41:07,600
invisible, also shows how 
limited our sensors are and how 

1924
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:10,100
important it is to make tools 
that Help us see more clearly 

1925
01:41:10,108 --> 01:41:12,600
people in the Middle. 
Ages were very good at watching 

1926
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:14,600
the sky. 
They could accurately predict 

1927
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:18,200
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots, strange 

1928
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:21,800
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

1929
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:24,900
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological 

1930
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:27,600
limitation people who were 
witnessing one of the most 

1931
01:41:27,608 --> 01:41:30,100
dramatic astrophysical events in
recorded. 

1932
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:33,200
History had no direct way to 
find out what was going on. 

1933
01:41:33,200 --> 01:41:36,300
It was like trying to understand
a symphony while only hearing a 

1934
01:41:36,300 --> 01:41:39,600
few notes here and there or 
trying to enjoy a huge landscape

1935
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:42,600
while only seeing small details 
through a small window, the 

1936
01:41:42,600 --> 01:41:45,300
creation of scientific tools, 
that can find Cosmic race, 

1937
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:47,900
signatures in natural. 
Materials is a big step forward 

1938
01:41:47,900 --> 01:41:50,300
for human senses. 
We can see things that we 

1939
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:53,100
couldn't see directly by looking
at tree rings, ice core 

1940
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:56,500
chemistry and isotopic dating. 
We've learned how to read Cosmic

1941
01:41:56,500 --> 01:41:58,800
messages written in the 
molecular structure of old 

1942
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:01,000
wooden ice. 
This lets us get information 

1943
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:04,400
that no other generation of 
humans could get this growth in.

1944
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:06,200
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

1945
01:42:06,200 --> 01:42:09,100
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

1946
01:42:09,200 --> 01:42:12,000
Time there are chemical traces 
of past cosmic. 

1947
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:15,500
Ray changes in every old tree, 
every ice sheet and every coral 

1948
01:42:15,500 --> 01:42:17,900
reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

1949
01:42:17,900 --> 01:42:20,600
of astronomical events, just 
waiting for people to make the 

1950
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:24,800
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

1951
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:27,200
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

1952
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:29,100
different timescales to 
understand them. 

1953
01:42:29,100 --> 01:42:32,700
The cosmic ray event itself, may
have lasted for months, but its 

1954
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:35,700
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

1955
01:42:35,700 --> 01:42:37,800
old. 
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages

1956
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:40,500
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event 

1957
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:43,000
modern scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

1958
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,300
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

1959
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:48,600
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

1960
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:52,500
the 774 of event. 
People from different academic 

1961
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:55,100
fields and historical periods 
had to work together. 

1962
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:58,300
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

1963
01:42:58,300 --> 01:43:00,000
knowingly, taking part in 
research. 

1964
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:03,600
That wouldn't be finished until 
the 21st century their patient 

1965
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:05,600
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery. 

1966
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:09,000
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 
gave scientists the information.

1967
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,100
They needed to solve a cosmic 
mystery, they could never have 

1968
01:43:12,100 --> 01:43:14,200
imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

1969
01:43:14,200 --> 01:43:15,900
me. 
Think about what information we 

1970
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:18,600
might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

1971
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:22,100
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

1972
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:24,500
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

1973
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:28,200
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

1974
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:32,100
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

1975
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:35,000
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

1976
01:43:35,000 --> 01:43:39,600
well after our departure the 774
event also shows that rare, but 

1977
01:43:39,600 --> 01:43:41,900
powerful events can have effects
that lasts long. 

1978
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:44,800
After they're over the 
bombardment of cosmic rays, may 

1979
01:43:44,800 --> 01:43:48,100
have lasted for months, but it 
left behind permanent marks that

1980
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:50,600
have changed our understanding 
of radiocarbon dating 

1981
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:54,900
archaeological chronologies and 
how Earth and space interact for

1982
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,100
more than 1,000 years. 
Short of events can have affects

1983
01:43:58,100 --> 01:43:59,400
that lasts for hundreds of 
years. 

1984
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:03,600
The 774 cosmic ray of event 
makes us think about our place 

1985
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,300
in systems that work on scales 
that are bigger than what we can

1986
01:44:06,300 --> 01:44:08,900
see and feel we live in Galactic
neighborhoods. 

1987
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:12,000
A Stars can explode and change 
the chemistry of the atmosphere 

1988
01:44:12,000 --> 01:44:13,800
on planets that are light years 
away. 

1989
01:44:13,800 --> 01:44:17,100
Every day we live our lives, 
against the backdrop of cosmic 

1990
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:19,700
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

1991
01:44:19,700 --> 01:44:23,600
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

1992
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:26,800
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

1993
01:44:26,800 --> 01:44:29,800
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

1994
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:33,300
chroniclers signifies a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

1995
01:44:33,300 --> 01:44:35,400
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

1996
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:39,200
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entities, a 

1997
01:44:39,200 --> 01:44:42,800
systematically observing, 
documenting and analyzing Cosmic

1998
01:44:42,800 --> 01:44:45,600
events in an effort to 
comprehend their significance 

1999
01:44:45,600 --> 01:44:49,400
and consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

2000
01:44:49,400 --> 01:44:52,600
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

2001
01:44:52,600 --> 01:44:54,900
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

2002
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:57,400
and made detail records. 
That would be very helpful to 

2003
01:44:57,400 --> 01:45:00,200
Future Generations. 
Their reaction to the unknown, 

2004
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:02,700
neither panicking, or ignoring 
stranger events. 

2005
01:45:02,700 --> 01:45:06,500
But instead carefully, observing
and recording shows the best of 

2006
01:45:06,500 --> 01:45:08,700
human scientific Instinct 
researchers. 

2007
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:12,800
Day, who are looking into the 
774 event a following in the 

2008
01:45:12,800 --> 01:45:15,400
footsteps of medieval 
chroniclers, I carefully 

2009
01:45:15,400 --> 01:45:18,400
observing and thoughtfully 
interpreting, what they see they

2010
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:21,000
used tools that medieval 
chroniclers could never have 

2011
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,100
imagined but they still use the 
same basic methods of systematic

2012
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:26,500
data, collection, and 
collaborative, analysis. 

2013
01:45:26,500 --> 01:45:30,000
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

2014
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:33,000
links us through the ages to 
individuals who also Marvel at 

2015
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,300
the universe's operations, as 
you get ready to end this story 

2016
01:45:36,300 --> 01:45:39,200
and maybe go to sleep, think 
about how you're a part of this 

2017
01:45:39,200 --> 01:45:42,600
ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

2018
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:44,900
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

2019
01:45:44,908 --> 01:45:49,100
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth in 70074. 

2020
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:52,200
The universe that made that old 
mystery is still telling its 

2021
01:45:52,200 --> 01:45:56,300
story in tree, rings, ice cores 
and things that people see that 

2022
01:45:56,300 --> 01:45:59,300
future Generations will be able 
to figure out the cosmic. 

2023
01:45:59,300 --> 01:46:02,800
Ray of event of 774 is a 
reminder that there are many 

2024
01:46:02,800 --> 01:46:05,700
things in the universe that we 
haven't yet, learned to see or 

2025
01:46:05,700 --> 01:46:08,600
understand every night. 
Sky has signs of things that 

2026
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:10,000
might be. 
Happening on Earth that we can't

2027
01:46:10,000 --> 01:46:13,700
see yet the invisible storm that
hit Earth over 12 centuries ago 

2028
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:16,400
is just one example of the 
cosmic dramas that are always 

2029
01:46:16,400 --> 01:46:18,800
happening around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

2030
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:20,500
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

2031
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:23,900
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

2032
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:27,100
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

2033
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:29,900
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

2034
01:46:29,900 --> 01:46:32,300
making data for astrophysicists 
13th. 

2035
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:34,800
Centuries in the future. 
This is a reminder that every 

2036
01:46:34,800 --> 01:46:37,400
careful observation, every 
preserved record. 

2037
01:46:37,400 --> 01:46:41,000
And every moment of wonder about
the cosmos like one day help us 

2038
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:43,400
solve Mysteries. 
We have not even thought to ask 

2039
01:46:43,400 --> 01:46:47,100
about yet as you fall asleep in 
the warmth of your modern 

2040
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:49,700
blanket, in a world lit by 
electric lights, that would have

2041
01:46:49,708 --> 01:46:54,500
seemed magical to people in 774.
Take a moment to think about the

2042
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:57,600
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years ago

2043
01:46:57,600 --> 01:47:01,600
and invisible Cosmic storm hit 
Earth it left, its mark on every

2044
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:03,900
tree. 
That grew every piece of ice 

2045
01:47:03,900 --> 01:47:06,600
that formed and every living 
thing that was alive. 

2046
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:09,600
During those important months, 
people in the Middle Ages who 

2047
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:12,600
lived through this event Farmers
tending, their fields. 

2048
01:47:12,600 --> 01:47:16,200
Monks copying manuscripts by 
candlelight and Scholars 

2049
01:47:16,200 --> 01:47:20,100
tracking the movement of planets
had no way to see the high 

2050
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:23,100
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

2051
01:47:23,100 --> 01:47:25,700
strange things they could see 
with the same careful 

2052
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:27,700
observation, and thorough 
record. 

2053
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:30,500
Keeping that is typical of the 
best scientific Instinct in 

2054
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:32,600
humans. 
Their detailed records, which 

2055
01:47:32,600 --> 01:47:35,100
were kept in monasteries and 
Royal archives all over the 

2056
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:38,600
world, eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

2057
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,900
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

2058
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,000
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

2059
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:47,000
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

2060
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:51,000
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

2061
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:54,500
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

2062
01:47:54,500 --> 01:47:59,300
Stella phenomena grows the 
cosmic ray of event of 774 keeps

2063
01:47:59,300 --> 01:48:02,200
giving us new information. 
There is no doubt that future 

2064
01:48:02,200 --> 01:48:05,500
Generations will find more proof
and come up with new ways to 

2065
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,300
understand what happened that 
amazing year, the invisible 

2066
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:11,000
storm that People in the Middle 
Ages felt but didn't understand 

2067
01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:14,100
will keep teaching us about how 
the universe works for many 

2068
01:48:14,100 --> 01:48:17,300
years or even centuries to come.
But maybe the most important 

2069
01:48:17,300 --> 01:48:20,000
thing we can learn from this 
Cosmic mystery is that the 

2070
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:22,900
universe is always making new 
things that we haven't yet. 

2071
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:24,500
Figured out how to see or 
understand. 

2072
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:27,600
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

2073
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:30,900
Ring every layer of ice core and
every careful historical. 

2074
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:34,500
Observation that we don't yet 
know how to look for the natural

2075
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:36,100
world. 
Keeps detailed records of 

2076
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:38,800
astronomical events in chemical 
languages that we're still 

2077
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:41,200
learning to read as you get 
ready for bed tonight. 

2078
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:44,800
Cosmic rays are softly falling 
on Earth from far away. 

2079
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:48,100
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

2080
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:51,000
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

2081
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:53,700
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic 

2082
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:56,500
neighborhood, a living and dying
in ways that could one day send 

2083
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,300
more powerful, bursts of high 
energy particles toward Earth, 

2084
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:02,400
future observers maybe even your
own descendants. 

2085
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:05,500
Might look back at this time and
wonder what Cosmic events we 

2086
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:08,500
went through without knowing 
they could find signs of Stellar

2087
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:10,200
events. 
And materials from our time 

2088
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:13,000
signs that are current. 
Technology isn't Advanced enough

2089
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:16,500
to find or understand the 
universe might be sending us 

2090
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:18,400
messages in our modern world 
that we won't be able to 

2091
01:49:18,408 --> 01:49:21,200
understand until we come up with
new tools and ways of thinking 

2092
01:49:21,200 --> 01:49:25,200
people, in 774 were part of 
cosmic history, without even 

2093
01:49:25,200 --> 01:49:27,000
knowing it. 
They made records. 

2094
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:29,700
That would be very useful to 
researchers. 1,000 years later, 

2095
01:49:29,700 --> 01:49:32,800
we might also be unknowingly. 
Taking part in astronomical 

2096
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:34,800
studies, that won't be finished 
until long after. 

2097
01:49:34,800 --> 01:49:37,000
We're gone. 
Our careful observations and 

2098
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:38,700
thorough record-keeping May one 
day. 

2099
01:49:38,708 --> 01:49:41,000
Help us figure out Cosmic 
Mysteries, that we can't even 

2100
01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:45,700
begin to imagine the invisible 
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 

2101
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,700
medieval Wonder to Modern 
understanding ancient 

2102
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:52,300
observations to Modern 
astrophysics and human curiosity

2103
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:54,700
to the huge processes that shape
our universe. 

2104
01:49:54,700 --> 01:49:57,700
It reminds us that we live in 
systems that are much bigger 

2105
01:49:57,700 --> 01:49:59,200
than what we can see and feel 
right now. 

2106
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:04,100
But we have the unique ability 
to observe record and slowly 

2107
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:07,100
understand these Cosmic events 
as you fall asleep. 

2108
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:10,000
You are part of a story that has
been going on for a long time, 

2109
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:13,700
from medieval chroniclers to 
Modern scientists from 

2110
01:50:13,700 --> 01:50:16,700
observations made long ago to 
discoveries that will happen in 

2111
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:19,100
the future. 
The same universe that sent 

2112
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:22,900
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surround you tonight. 

2113
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:26,500
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

2114
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:28,700
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

2115
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:33,800
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

2116
01:50:33,800 --> 01:50:36,700
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

2117
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:40,600
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know, righting by 

2118
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:43,300
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic. 

2119
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:46,800
Signatures today are both parts 
of the same big human project. 

2120
01:50:47,600 --> 01:50:50,300
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

2121
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:53,400
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

2122
01:50:53,400 --> 01:50:57,100
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

2123
01:50:57,100 --> 01:50:58,800
that future generations of 
curious. 

2124
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,600
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these. 

2125
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:04,500
People will share our wonder 
about how the world. 

2126
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:09,600
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

2127
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:11,600
us that the most important 
events in Cosmic. 

2128
01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:14,600
History might happen, right next
to us without us, even knowing 

2129
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:18,400
it leaving clues for future, 
observers to find and figure out

2130
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:21,200
every night. 
The universe gets new cosmic, 

2131
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:25,400
radiation, new, Stellar events 
and new chances to write its own

2132
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:27,700
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

2133
01:51:27,700 --> 01:51:30,600
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

2134
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:34,500
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

2135
01:51:34,500 --> 01:51:37,400
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

2136
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:39,800
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

2137
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:42,600
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

2138
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:49,900
cosmic mystery and discovery 
Your standing on a wooden 

2139
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:53,100
platform somewhere in Ohio and 
its 1847. 

2140
01:51:53,100 --> 01:51:55,900
The morning. 
Air smells primarily of cold 

2141
01:51:55,900 --> 01:51:59,500
smoke, with a hint of Adventure,
your carpet bag, sits Heavy in 

2142
01:51:59,500 --> 01:52:01,200
Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

2143
01:52:01,200 --> 01:52:03,400
You own that. 
Seemed important three days ago 

2144
01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:06,500
when you decided to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

2145
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:09,200
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

2146
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:13,400
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

2147
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:15,400
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

2148
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,100
Steam Puffs from various 
openings and you can't shake the

2149
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:21,700
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

2150
01:52:21,700 --> 01:52:24,300
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man, 

2151
01:52:24,300 --> 01:52:26,700
with arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

2152
01:52:26,700 --> 01:52:28,300
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

2153
01:52:28,300 --> 01:52:31,700
He's probably seen enough boiler
explosions to know what one 

2154
01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:35,100
looks like before it happens. 
This thought doesn't comfort you

2155
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:38,400
as much as you'd hope. 
You climb aboard, the passenger 

2156
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:41,200
car which is essentially a 
wooden box on Wheels with 

2157
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:43,700
Windows. 
The seats are arranged in rows 

2158
01:52:43,700 --> 01:52:47,600
facing forward though. 
Seats is perhaps too generous a 

2159
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:49,500
term. 
They're more like church pews 

2160
01:52:49,500 --> 01:52:52,500
with backs upholstered in 
horsehair that prickles through 

2161
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:55,000
your clothes. 
The aisle between the them is 

2162
01:52:55,008 --> 01:52:57,400
narrow enough, that two people 
can't pass without one of the 

2163
01:52:57,400 --> 01:52:59,800
sucking in their stomach and 
doing a little sideways Shuffle.

2164
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:02,500
Your fellow passengers are 
settling in around you. 

2165
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:05,000
There's a woman in a severe, 
black dress who has already 

2166
01:53:05,008 --> 01:53:08,000
claimed the window seat and 
looks like she defended it with 

2167
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:11,000
her life. 
Behind her a traveling salesman,

2168
01:53:11,000 --> 01:53:14,000
arranges his sample cases with 
the Precision of the military 

2169
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:17,700
operation, across the aisle. 
A young mother tries to convince

2170
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:20,400
her toddler that the train isn't
actually a monster though. 

2171
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:23,500
The child seemed skeptical and 
frankly, you don't blame him. 

2172
01:53:24,900 --> 01:53:27,600
The conductor appears a man 
whose mustache has its own 

2173
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:30,100
postal code. 
He's wearing a uniform that 

2174
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:32,300
seemed better decades and 
carries a pocket watch. 

2175
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,400
He consults with religious 
devotion, All Aboard. 

2176
01:53:35,400 --> 01:53:37,500
He calls though you're already 
aboard. 

2177
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,000
So you're not sure if the 
request applies to you, or if 

2178
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:42,900
you should get off and get back 
on, again, you choose to remain 

2179
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:45,600
Where You Are. 
With a tremendous jolt, that 

2180
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:47,500
nearly sends you into the lap of
the stern. 

2181
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:50,800
Woman by the window. 
The train begins to move the 

2182
01:53:50,800 --> 01:53:52,600
wheels. 
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 

2183
01:53:52,600 --> 01:53:55,600
that will haunt your dreams for 
the next three weeks, clackity 

2184
01:53:55,600 --> 01:54:00,800
clack, CL. 
Musical, if your taste in music 

2185
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:04,600
runs to repetitive percussion 
performed by Iron wheels on iron

2186
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:07,200
rails. 
The scenery outside starts to 

2187
01:54:07,200 --> 01:54:11,100
crawl passed at this speed, you 
could probably hop off pick some

2188
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:14,000
wildflowers and hop back on 
again, though the conductors 

2189
01:54:14,000 --> 01:54:16,500
mustache suggests, the idea 
wouldn't be appreciated. 

2190
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:21,100
Feels rolled by dotted with 
cows, who seemed mildly 

2191
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:23,900
interested in this mechanical 
intrusion into their pastoral 

2192
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:27,000
day. 
A farmer waves from his plow and

2193
01:54:27,000 --> 01:54:31,300
you wave back feeling very 
Cosmopolitan and modern, The car

2194
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,900
rocks gently from side to side 
not entirely unlike being in a 

2195
01:54:34,908 --> 01:54:37,300
cradle. 
If cradles were made of wood and

2196
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:40,600
iron and pulled by steam 
engines, the motion is soothing.

2197
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:43,600
Once you get used to it though, 
it takes about the same amount 

2198
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:47,200
of time as a mild case of 
seasickness You close your eyes 

2199
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:50,000
and try to imagine you're on a 
ship sailing across prairies and

2200
01:54:50,008 --> 01:54:53,000
oceans. 
Your carpet bag, slides around 

2201
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:54,800
on the floor, with each curve 
and bump. 

2202
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:58,400
Everybody's luggage performs, a 
small dance, and every now and 

2203
01:54:58,400 --> 01:55:01,700
then someone's hat box tries to 
escape only to have its 

2204
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:04,900
embarrassed owner, restrain it. 
The woman next to you is tied 

2205
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:07,500
her reticule to her wrist, with 
what appears to be a shoelace, 

2206
01:55:07,500 --> 01:55:11,800
clearly, she's traveled by train
before outside the world passes 

2207
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:14,600
by the breathtaking speed of 
about 15 miles per hour. 

2208
01:55:14,600 --> 01:55:18,300
The present is the future. 
You think to yourself the 

2209
01:55:18,300 --> 01:55:22,100
present is what progress looks 
like. people travel across vast 

2210
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:25,400
distances on iron horses, 
reaching speeds, that would have

2211
01:55:25,408 --> 01:55:28,700
been Unthinkable for your 
grandparents However, at this 

2212
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,600
moment, as I watch a 
particularly energetic squirrel,

2213
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:35,000
keep Pace with the train for a 
solid 30 second, the entire 

2214
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,700
experience feels less 
revolutionary and more quaint, 

2215
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:41,600
the whistle blows along. 
Mournful sound that somehow 

2216
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:43,800
manages to be both exciting and 
lonely. 

2217
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:48,100
At the same time, your moving 
now carried forward by Steam and

2218
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:51,000
steel in to whatever Adventure, 
awaits down the line. 

2219
01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:53,800
After your first hour aboard, 
your beginning to understand 

2220
01:55:53,800 --> 01:55:57,700
that train travel comes with its
peculiar social rules, most of 

2221
01:55:57,700 --> 01:55:59,500
which nobody bothered to write 
down anywhere. 

2222
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:02,700
It's like being invited to a 
party where everyone knows the 

2223
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:05,900
secret handshake. 
Except you take the window seat 

2224
01:56:05,900 --> 01:56:08,300
situation. 
For instance, the woman beside 

2225
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:11,100
you as established squatters 
rights on the window view and 

2226
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:15,100
she guards, it jealously When 
you lean slightly toward the 

2227
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:17,700
glass to catch a glimpse of a 
particularly captivating. 

2228
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:20,000
Cow, she shifts. 
Her considerable bulk to block 

2229
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:22,700
your view entirely. 
Seems like she's following 

2230
01:56:22,700 --> 01:56:25,900
proper train etiquette, but you 
suspect, she's making it up as 

2231
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:28,300
she goes. 
The art of eating aboard, a 

2232
01:56:28,300 --> 01:56:30,700
moving train proves to be more 
challenging than you'd 

2233
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:33,200
anticipated. 
The railroad has thoughtfully 

2234
01:56:33,200 --> 01:56:37,200
provided a dining car though. 
Dining is perhaps too. 

2235
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:39,000
Elegant to term for what 
transpires there. 

2236
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,400
You make your way down the 
aisle, grabbing seat backs and 

2237
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:46,300
fellow passengers for support as
the car sways and lurches the 

2238
01:56:46,300 --> 01:56:48,800
dining car attendant. 
A man whose clearly made peace 

2239
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:51,400
with the chaos of his 
professional serves up plate of 

2240
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:54,600
food, that seemed determined to 
slide into your lap, your beef 

2241
01:56:54,600 --> 01:56:57,900
stew sloshes from side to side 
with each train, rock, you 

2242
01:56:57,900 --> 01:57:00,400
quickly, learn to time your 
spoonfuls with emotion of the 

2243
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:03,800
car, scooping up stew. 
When it slides toward you and 

2244
01:57:03,800 --> 01:57:06,400
waiting patiently, when it 
migrates to the far side of the 

2245
01:57:06,400 --> 01:57:10,500
bowl, it resembles a fishing 
experience albeit with gravy and

2246
01:57:10,508 --> 01:57:13,600
vegetables as the catch and a 
constantly shifting pond. 

2247
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:17,200
The other diners have developed 
various strategies for dealing 

2248
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:20,200
with mobile meals. 
One gentleman has wedged, his 

2249
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,800
plate between two coffee cups, 
creating a little edible 

2250
01:57:22,800 --> 01:57:25,800
Fortress, a lady. 
At the next table has given up 

2251
01:57:25,800 --> 01:57:29,000
entirely on utensils and is 
politely nibbling her dinner 

2252
01:57:29,000 --> 01:57:31,200
roll while watching her suit 
perform acrobatics. 

2253
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:34,800
The traveling salesman from your
car has somehow managed to 

2254
01:57:34,800 --> 01:57:37,900
balance his entire meal on his 
knees while continuing to work 

2255
01:57:37,900 --> 01:57:40,900
on his correspondence. 
You suspect his Parts circus 

2256
01:57:40,900 --> 01:57:44,200
performer Coffee service 
presents its own unique 

2257
01:57:44,200 --> 01:57:46,900
challenges. 
The attendant approaches with a 

2258
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:49,900
large pot and The Confident of 
someone who has done the job a 

2259
01:57:49,900 --> 01:57:53,000
thousand times before. 
He paused the coffee in a smooth

2260
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:56,200
Arc that somehow accounts for 
the trains motion, the cuts 

2261
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:59,000
movement and the likelihood that
you'll jerk your hand at The 

2262
01:57:59,008 --> 01:58:01,600
crucial moment. 
Most of the coffee actually 

2263
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,200
makes it into the cup. 
Which feels like a small 

2264
01:58:04,200 --> 01:58:07,000
miracle. 
Between meals, you discover, 

2265
01:58:07,000 --> 01:58:10,400
that privacy is a negotiable 
concept, aboard, a train, your 

2266
01:58:10,400 --> 01:58:12,800
fellow passengers seem to view 
your personal business as 

2267
01:58:12,800 --> 01:58:16,100
legitimate entertainment. 
The stern Woman by the window 

2268
01:58:16,100 --> 01:58:18,100
has taken to commenting on your 
reading material. 

2269
01:58:18,100 --> 01:58:20,900
Despite the fact that you 
haven't asked for her literary 

2270
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:24,000
opinions, When you pull out a 
penny novel, she sniffs 

2271
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:26,400
disapprovingly and mutter 
something about the decline of 

2272
01:58:26,408 --> 01:58:29,000
modern morals. 
You can consider pointing out 

2273
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:31,400
that her own reading material 
appears to be a Temperance 

2274
01:58:31,400 --> 01:58:34,100
track, but decide that 
discretion is the better part of

2275
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:36,400
not getting into an argument 
with someone you'll be sitting 

2276
01:58:36,400 --> 01:58:40,000
next to for the next two days. 
The traveling salesman has 

2277
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:42,700
appointed himself, the cars 
unofficial social director. 

2278
01:58:42,700 --> 01:58:47,000
He knows everyone's destination 
occupation, and life story 

2279
01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:51,100
within the first 50 miles. 
By Mi 75, he's offering 

2280
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:54,100
unsolicited advice about 
everything from the best hotels 

2281
01:58:54,100 --> 01:58:56,800
in Chicago, to the proper 
treatment of bunions. 

2282
01:58:57,600 --> 01:59:00,300
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

2283
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:03,600
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

2284
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:06,100
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

2285
01:59:06,100 --> 01:59:09,400
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

2286
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:12,900
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call, while 

2287
01:59:12,900 --> 01:59:15,800
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 
Over questionable, track 

2288
01:59:15,800 --> 01:59:19,100
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and a 

2289
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:20,600
willingness to embrace 
Adventure. 

2290
01:59:22,200 --> 01:59:24,900
Facilities themselves are about 
the size of a broom closet 

2291
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:28,000
furnished with the seat. 
That seems designed by someone 

2292
01:59:28,000 --> 01:59:31,100
who never actually sat down 
before the whole experience 

2293
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:33,900
teaches you new levels of 
appreciation for stationary 

2294
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:36,700
Plumbing. 
Nightfall brings its set of 

2295
01:59:36,708 --> 01:59:39,400
Social Challenges, the seats, 
don't recline. 

2296
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,800
Exactly, but you can achieve a 
sort of semi slumped position 

2297
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:45,800
that passes for Comfort if 
you're not particular about your

2298
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:49,800
spine's alignment. 
The stern woman has produced a 

2299
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:52,900
pillow from somewhere and has 
claimed both armrests with the 

2300
01:59:52,900 --> 01:59:54,600
authority of a territorial 
squirrel. 

2301
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,400
You fold your coat into a 
makeshift pillow and settle in 

2302
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:01,600
for what promises to be a very 
educational night in the art of 

2303
02:00:01,608 --> 02:00:04,500
sleeping while sitting up. 
The sounds of the train. 

2304
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:06,400
Take on a different quality in 
the Darkness. 

2305
02:00:07,100 --> 02:00:10,100
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 

2306
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:14,200
Someone several seats back has 
begun snoring in Counterpoint to

2307
02:00:14,200 --> 02:00:16,200
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 
odd. 

2308
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:19,600
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 
arrives with the subtlety of a 

2309
02:00:19,600 --> 02:00:23,100
brass band announced by the 
conductors voice, calling out 

2310
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:24,200
the next station. 
Stop. 

2311
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:28,100
You've managed about three hours
of actual sleep scattered 

2312
02:00:28,100 --> 02:00:31,000
throughout the night. 
In 20 minute intervals, between 

2313
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:34,700
the trains more enthusiastic 
lurches and the creative snoring

2314
02:00:34,700 --> 02:00:38,300
Symphony that developed around 
midnight Your fellow passengers 

2315
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:40,800
are stirring with very degrees 
of success. 

2316
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:44,400
The traveling salesman appears 
to have slept like a baby. 

2317
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:47,900
If babies typically woke up 
perfectly groomed and ready to 

2318
02:00:47,900 --> 02:00:50,500
discuss the virtues of their 
latest patent medicine. 

2319
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:54,600
The stern woman looks exactly as
severe as she did yesterday. 

2320
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:58,700
Leading you to suspect, she may 
not actually sleep, but simply 

2321
02:00:58,700 --> 02:01:01,000
Powers down like some sort of 
Victorian automaton. 

2322
02:01:01,700 --> 02:01:04,400
A new passenger boards at this 
stop and he's the kind of 

2323
02:01:04,408 --> 02:01:06,300
character that makes train 
travel memorable. 

2324
02:01:06,300 --> 02:01:09,600
He's clearly a frontier type 
dressed in buckskins. 

2325
02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:11,600
That have seen more Adventure 
than a penny novel. 

2326
02:01:11,600 --> 02:01:15,200
His beard appears to have been 
styled by a windstorm, and he 

2327
02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:17,500
carries himself with the easy 
confidence of someone whose 

2328
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:20,700
wrestled bears and lived to tell
about it probably over dinner. 

2329
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:23,700
He settles into a seat, across 
the aisle. 

2330
02:01:23,700 --> 02:01:27,100
And immediately begins regaling.
Anyone within earshot with Tales

2331
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:30,600
of his exploits. 
According to his stories, he's 

2332
02:01:30,600 --> 02:01:35,300
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 
prospector and briefly, a circus

2333
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:38,300
performer. 
You suspect some embellishment, 

2334
02:01:38,300 --> 02:01:40,900
particularly regarding the story
about training. 

2335
02:01:40,900 --> 02:01:42,800
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 
morning coffee. 

2336
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:47,300
But his enthusiasm is infectious
even the stern woman seems 

2337
02:01:47,300 --> 02:01:50,300
grudgingly interested though. 
She maintains her disapproving 

2338
02:01:50,300 --> 02:01:52,700
expression. 
As a matter of principle, the 

2339
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:55,200
young mother with the toddler 
has given up any pretense of 

2340
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:58,000
control her child, who was 
discovered that the aisle makes 

2341
02:01:58,000 --> 02:02:01,700
an excellent race track. 
The boy kareen's from seat, to 

2342
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:05,200
seat using passengers as turning
posts in his Grand Prix. 

2343
02:02:05,200 --> 02:02:08,800
Most Travelers, accept this with
resigned Good Humor though the 

2344
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:11,100
traveling salesman looks nervous
about his carefully. 

2345
02:02:11,100 --> 02:02:13,700
Arranged sample cases at the 
next stop. 

2346
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:17,000
A preacher boards recognizable 
by his severe black coat and the

2347
02:02:17,008 --> 02:02:20,300
way he surveys the car as if 
calculating everyone's likely 

2348
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,100
hood of salvation. 
He takes a seat near the back 

2349
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:25,900
and immediately begins reading 
from what you assume as a Bible 

2350
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:27,700
though. 
At this distance, it could be a 

2351
02:02:27,708 --> 02:02:31,600
cookbook for all, you know. 
The frontier character catches 

2352
02:02:31,600 --> 02:02:34,400
sight of him and grins and you 
sense that philosophical 

2353
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:36,100
discussions, may be in your 
future. 

2354
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:38,900
A group of immigrants. 
Filled several seats near the 

2355
02:02:38,900 --> 02:02:41,200
front of the car they speak in a
language. 

2356
02:02:41,200 --> 02:02:44,500
You don't recognize gesturing 
animatedly and pointing out the 

2357
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:46,200
windows at the passing 
landscape. 

2358
02:02:46,200 --> 02:02:49,900
Their excitement is palpable and
you realize your witnessing 

2359
02:02:49,900 --> 02:02:52,400
people seeing their new country 
for the first time. 

2360
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:56,300
It provides perspective on your 
own Journey although you're 

2361
02:02:56,300 --> 02:03:00,300
still not entirely sure why you 
chose to Head West initially The

2362
02:03:00,300 --> 02:03:03,700
dining car attendant makes his 
rounds announcing breakfast with

2363
02:03:03,700 --> 02:03:05,900
the air of someone who's giving 
up hoping anyone will be 

2364
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:09,700
surprised by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

2365
02:03:09,700 --> 02:03:12,300
strong as a horse shoe and a 
dish that could easily pass for 

2366
02:03:12,300 --> 02:03:13,800
eggs. 
If you don't scrutinize it too 

2367
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:16,300
closely. 
The frontier carry character 

2368
02:03:16,300 --> 02:03:18,300
claims that the food is the 
finest Cuisine. 

2369
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:20,100
He has experienced since leaving
civilization. 

2370
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:24,300
However, considering his stories
about eating bark and Prairie 

2371
02:03:24,300 --> 02:03:27,000
Grass, this may not be a 
significant compliment, 

2372
02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:31,100
Conversation, flows, easily 
around the car, resembling the 

2373
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:33,300
interactions of people who have 
been brought together by 

2374
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:36,600
circumstance. 
A preacher and the frontiersmen 

2375
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:38,800
have indeed. 
Struck up a debate about the 

2376
02:03:38,800 --> 02:03:41,000
nature of civilization versus 
the Wilderness. 

2377
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:43,900
The preacher argues for the 
moral benefits of settled 

2378
02:03:43,900 --> 02:03:47,300
Society, while the frontiersmen 
counters with stories, about the

2379
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,800
corrupting influence of cities. 
You find yourself nodding along 

2380
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,100
to both sides, which probably 
makes you either very wise or 

2381
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,300
very confused. 
The stern woman has appointed 

2382
02:03:57,300 --> 02:03:59,300
herself. 
The moral guardian of the car 

2383
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,200
offering unsolicited commentary 
on everyone's Behavior, reading 

2384
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:07,200
material and general deportment.
When the traveling salesman 

2385
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,600
produces deck of cards she 
launches into a lecture about 

2386
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:13,100
the evils of gambling that would
make the preacher proud. 

2387
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:16,500
The salesman explains that he 
was merely planning to 

2388
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:19,300
demonstrate a card trick for the
toddler, but she remains 

2389
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:22,800
unconvinced. 
I often the various 

2390
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,200
personalities of settled into a 
comfortable routine, the 

2391
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:29,100
frontiersmen entertains the 
group with his stories, the 

2392
02:04:29,100 --> 02:04:32,400
preacher offers moral advice. 
The traveling salesman provides 

2393
02:04:32,400 --> 02:04:35,600
solutions to unidentified 
problems and the stern woman. 

2394
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:37,400
Uphold order with her 
disapproval. 

2395
02:04:38,200 --> 02:04:40,500
The immigrants continued, their 
animated discussions 

2396
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:43,300
occasionally breaking into what 
sounds like folk song. 

2397
02:04:43,300 --> 02:04:47,100
You've become The Unofficial 
mediator, the neutral party, 

2398
02:04:47,100 --> 02:04:50,000
everyone feels comfortable 
talking to you may not have 

2399
02:04:50,000 --> 02:04:53,200
strong opinions or your carpet 
bag may contain the only good 

2400
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:55,900
whiskey on the train hidden 
under your spare shirts. 

2401
02:04:55,900 --> 02:04:59,400
Either way your learning more 
about human nature than you ever

2402
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,700
expected. 
The toddler has worn himself out

2403
02:05:02,700 --> 02:05:04,600
and finally fallen asleep in his
mother's arms. 

2404
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:07,300
Providing the first Quiet 
Moments since Dawn. 

2405
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:11,400
Even the train seems to be 
running more smoothly as if it 

2406
02:05:11,400 --> 02:05:13,000
too. 
Appreciates the brief respite 

2407
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:16,200
from chaos, the dinner service 
that evening proves to be an 

2408
02:05:16,200 --> 02:05:17,900
adventure worthy of the frontier
itself. 

2409
02:05:18,800 --> 02:05:21,500
You've learned from your lunch 
experience and approach the 

2410
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:25,600
dining car with a strategy 
secure, your food find something

2411
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:29,000
to brace against and accept that
dignity is optional when 

2412
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:32,500
traveling at 15 miles per hour 
over tracks laid by optimistic 

2413
02:05:32,500 --> 02:05:35,600
railroad workers. 
The menu hasn't changed since 

2414
02:05:35,600 --> 02:05:38,600
breakfast, which isn't 
particularly surprising, given 

2415
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:41,600
that the dining cars pantry is 
roughly the size of your 

2416
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:45,000
grandmother's pie, safe, the 
attendant whose name you've 

2417
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:47,200
learned. 
Is Frank has developed a 

2418
02:05:47,200 --> 02:05:48,600
philosophical approach to his 
work. 

2419
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:52,100
That involves accepting the 
limitations of cooking aboard. 

2420
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:55,400
A moving train while maintaining
unreasonable optimism about the 

2421
02:05:55,400 --> 02:05:57,900
results. 
Tonight's mystery meat is 

2422
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,300
chicken but it bounces around 
your plate. 

2423
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:01,800
Like it never got used to being 
dead. 

2424
02:06:02,700 --> 02:06:05,400
The vegetables have achieved 
that perfect mushy consistency 

2425
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:08,500
where you can't quite tell if 
you're eating carrots or 

2426
02:06:08,500 --> 02:06:10,600
turnips. 
And frankly, it doesn't matter 

2427
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:12,800
because they both taste like the
inside of a coal bin. 

2428
02:06:13,800 --> 02:06:16,300
Your dining companions, the 
seasoning include a banker from 

2429
02:06:16,308 --> 02:06:19,300
Philadelphia who keeps checking 
his pocket watch, as if he can 

2430
02:06:19,300 --> 02:06:21,000
somehow make the train arrive 
faster. 

2431
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:23,100
Through sheer temporal 
willpower. 

2432
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:26,700
Across from him, sits a school, 
mum heading to a teaching 

2433
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:30,200
position in Kansas armed with 
enough, moral fiber to build a 

2434
02:06:30,208 --> 02:06:32,900
small church and the kind of 
determined cheerfulness that 

2435
02:06:32,900 --> 02:06:35,200
suggests she's prepared to 
educate the frontier into 

2436
02:06:35,200 --> 02:06:38,500
submission. 
The frontiersmen has joined your

2437
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:42,100
table bringing with him Tales of
dining on roasted prairie, dog. 

2438
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:45,900
And something he calls Mountain 
Oysters which you suspect aren't

2439
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:48,400
actually oysters and definitely 
aren't from any mountain. 

2440
02:06:48,400 --> 02:06:51,800
You'd care to visit His stories,
make the mysterious train 

2441
02:06:51,800 --> 02:06:54,600
chicken seemed downright Gourmet
by comparison. 

2442
02:06:55,900 --> 02:06:58,600
Halfway through the meal, the 
train hits, a particularly 

2443
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:02,600
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 
ensues your chicken breaks free 

2444
02:07:02,600 --> 02:07:04,800
sliding across the table towards
the banker. 

2445
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:07,900
Who's reflexes. 
Suggest he a success of flying 

2446
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:12,000
food in the past. 
The school mom's coffee creates 

2447
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:15,600
a small title way that somehow 
manages to miss her entirely 

2448
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:17,800
while thoroughly soaking her 
bread roll. 

2449
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:21,500
Frankly attendant doesn't even 
pause in his serving having 

2450
02:07:21,500 --> 02:07:23,000
clearly witnessed the 
performance. 

2451
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:27,200
Many times before the banker now
wearing your dinner maintains 

2452
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:29,000
his dignity with admirable, 
stoicism. 

2453
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:32,100
He Dabs at the chicken grease on
his vest with the same 

2454
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:35,000
methodical Precision, he 
probably applies to balancing 

2455
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:38,000
ledgers. 
Occupational hazard of trained 

2456
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:40,000
dining. 
He observes philosophically as 

2457
02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:42,800
if being assaulted by mobile 
culture is a regular part of his

2458
02:07:42,800 --> 02:07:46,500
financial career. 
With the efficient competence of

2459
02:07:46,508 --> 02:07:49,100
someone accustomed to managing 
classroom catastrophes. 

2460
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:52,100
The school man, produces a 
handkerchief and begins cleaning

2461
02:07:52,100 --> 02:07:55,800
up the coffee disaster. 
A cheerfulness remains undaunted

2462
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:58,800
though, you suspect, she's 
mentally composing letters home 

2463
02:07:58,800 --> 02:08:01,600
about the Exotic dangers of 
Frontier dining. 

2464
02:08:02,500 --> 02:08:05,400
After dinner, you retire to your
seat to discover that motion 

2465
02:08:05,400 --> 02:08:07,300
sickness has finally caught up 
with you. 

2466
02:08:08,100 --> 02:08:11,600
It creeps in gradually starting 
with a vague uneasiness that you

2467
02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:13,500
initially attribute to the 
mysterious chicken. 

2468
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:17,300
Constant swaying motion of the 
car which seemed Charming this 

2469
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:19,600
morning. 
Now, feels less like a gentle 

2470
02:08:19,600 --> 02:08:22,300
cradle and more like being 
trapped inside, a powerful 

2471
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:25,500
washing machine with the sharp 
eye of someone who has likely 

2472
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:28,900
diagnosed, half the ailments in 
her hometown the stern woman, 

2473
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:32,400
notices your distress. 
He produces a small bottle from 

2474
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,700
her reticule with the confidence
of a traveling Apothecary, she 

2475
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:39,200
announces peppermint oil as if 
she is offering a miraculous 

2476
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:41,800
remedy. 
Settles the stomach and clears 

2477
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:44,400
the head. 
Your no position to refuse help,

2478
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:48,000
even from someone whose previous
medical advice, consisted, 

2479
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:52,200
mainly of moral lectures, the 
peppermint oil does help though,

2480
02:08:52,200 --> 02:08:54,400
whether it's the actual medicine
or just the relief of having 

2481
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:57,600
someone show unexpected, 
kindness is hard to say the 

2482
02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:01,000
traveling salesman overhearing. 
Your plight launches into an 

2483
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,000
enthusiastic pitch for his 
latest remedy, guaranteed to 

2484
02:09:04,008 --> 02:09:07,900
cure everything from motion, 
sickness to melancholy His 

2485
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:10,900
sample case, reveals an 
impressive array of bottles tins

2486
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:14,200
and mysterious packages each 
promising to solve problems. 

2487
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:17,400
You didn't know you had, you 
politely decline, his offer of 

2488
02:09:17,408 --> 02:09:21,000
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 
Elixir, partly because you're 

2489
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:23,900
feeling better and partly, 
because anything described as 

2490
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:27,600
miraculous, and sold from a 
suitcase, seemed suspect The 

2491
02:09:27,600 --> 02:09:29,900
rocking motion of the train, 
which caused your stomach 

2492
02:09:29,900 --> 02:09:32,500
troubles. 
Ironically become soothing, once

2493
02:09:32,500 --> 02:09:36,100
the nausea passes, the rhythmic 
clacking of Wheels settles into 

2494
02:09:36,100 --> 02:09:38,700
a hypnotic pattern, that makes 
your eyelids heavy. 

2495
02:09:39,800 --> 02:09:40,800
Outside. 
The windows. 

2496
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:43,500
Twilight is painting the 
landscape in soft, purple, and 

2497
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:46,200
Golds turning ordinary Farmland 
into something. 

2498
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:48,900
Almost magical. 
Your fellow passengers are 

2499
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:50,700
settling into their evening 
routines. 

2500
02:09:50,700 --> 02:09:54,300
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

2501
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:58,100
to be letter writing his pain 
scratching across paper in time 

2502
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:01,600
with the trains rhythm. 
The immigrants have grown quiet 

2503
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:06,000
gazing out at their new country 
with expressions of Wonder and 

2504
02:10:06,000 --> 02:10:10,000
perhaps a little homesickness. 
The toddler has discovered that 

2505
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:13,100
the space under the seats makes 
an excellent Fort and has begun 

2506
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:16,600
a complex game involving his few
toys and a remarkable amount of 

2507
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:19,400
imagination. 
His mother watches with the 

2508
02:10:19,400 --> 02:10:21,500
patient expression of someone 
who's learned to find 

2509
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:23,500
entertainment in the smallest 
victories. 

2510
02:10:24,400 --> 02:10:26,900
Frank appears with evening 
coffee which you accept 

2511
02:10:26,900 --> 02:10:30,200
gratefully despite its 
resemblance to coal tar because 

2512
02:10:30,200 --> 02:10:33,500
sometimes the ritual of warmth 
and caffeine matters more than 

2513
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,800
the actual quality of either 
Darkness settles over the train 

2514
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:40,100
like a familiar blanket, 
transforming the passenger car 

2515
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:45,400
into a cozy if some what cramped
Cocoon of warm light and human 

2516
02:10:45,400 --> 02:10:48,900
companionship. 
The conductor makes his evening 

2517
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:52,500
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 
that cast Dancing Shadows on the

2518
02:10:52,500 --> 02:10:55,200
walls and create pools of Golden
Light throughout the car. 

2519
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:59,200
The effect is intimate. 
Turning your rolling wooden box 

2520
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:00,800
in to something approaching 
comfortable. 

2521
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:04,500
Sleeping on a train, your 
discovering is less a single 

2522
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:07,300
event, and more a series of 
negotiations between your body, 

2523
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:09,500
the seat and the laws of 
physics. 

2524
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:13,000
The seats weren't designed with 
overnight comfort in mind. 

2525
02:11:13,000 --> 02:11:15,900
Having been crafted by someone 
who apparently believed that 

2526
02:11:15,908 --> 02:11:17,900
humans were naturally shaped 
like church. 

2527
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:22,100
Pews, you try various positions,
the classic slump the sideways 

2528
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:25,400
lean and an ambitious attempt to
use your carpet bag as a 

2529
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:28,300
footrest which ends with your 
luggage sliding three seats 

2530
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:31,200
forward during a particularly 
spirited curve. 

2531
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:34,900
The stern woman has transformed 
herself into a fortress of 

2532
02:11:34,900 --> 02:11:37,900
propriety. 
Somehow managing to arrange her 

2533
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:41,300
shawls and skirts in a way that 
maintains perfect modesty. 

2534
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:44,100
While achieving what appears to 
be actual comfort? 

2535
02:11:44,100 --> 02:11:47,200
You suspect, she's had training 
in this particular skill, 

2536
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,500
possibly from a finishing school
that offered Advanced courses in

2537
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:54,200
traveling with dignity. 
A gentle snoring suggests she's 

2538
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:58,000
mastered the art completely 
Frontiersmen has claimed two 

2539
02:11:58,000 --> 02:12:01,400
seats by virtue of Simply being 
too large for one, and he sleeps

2540
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:03,800
with the easy confidence of 
someone accustomed to bedding. 

2541
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:07,700
Down Under The Open Sky. 
Occasionally, he mutters in his 

2542
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:10,900
sleep fragments of Adventures 
that may or may not have 

2543
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:13,600
actually happened. 
You catch references to 

2544
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:17,200
honorary, mules, and the biggest
catfish in Missouri delivered 

2545
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:19,900
with the same conviction, he 
brings to his waking stories. 

2546
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:23,800
The traveling salesman has 
somehow arranged his sample. 

2547
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:26,200
Cases into a makeshift bed. 
That looks more comfortable than

2548
02:12:26,200 --> 02:12:28,800
your seat though. 
You suspect it violates several 

2549
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:30,700
unspoken rules about train 
etiquette. 

2550
02:12:30,700 --> 02:12:33,800
He's covered himself with what 
appears to be a tarp 

2551
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:35,900
advertising. 
His patent medicines, turning 

2552
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:38,300
himself into a human billboard, 
even in sleep. 

2553
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:43,100
At midnight, the train abruptly 
stops startling everyone awake 

2554
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:46,300
Through the Windows, you can see
lanterns moving in the darkness 

2555
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:49,600
and voices, carry the tone of 
men dealing with some sort of 

2556
02:12:49,600 --> 02:12:53,000
mechanical crisis. 
The conductor appears his 

2557
02:12:53,000 --> 02:12:55,800
mustache looking less 
authoritative than usual to 

2558
02:12:55,800 --> 02:12:58,000
explain that they're having a 
small difficulty with the 

2559
02:12:58,000 --> 02:13:01,000
locomotive's enthusiasm, which 
you take to mean the engine as 

2560
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:03,700
broken down. 
Again, this sort of thing you'll

2561
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:07,400
learn is considered perfectly 
normal in 1847 trains. 

2562
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,500
Break down the way horses throw 
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 

2563
02:13:10,500 --> 02:13:13,100
Come loose. 
It's not a Christus merely an 

2564
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:15,800
inconvenience that requires 
patience and possibly some 

2565
02:13:15,800 --> 02:13:19,800
creative engineering, Frank 
appears with more coffee as if 

2566
02:13:19,800 --> 02:13:22,500
caffeine is the universal 
solution to mechanical problems.

2567
02:13:23,600 --> 02:13:26,900
The delay gives everyone a 
chance to stretch walk around 

2568
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:29,900
and engage in the kind of 
philosophical discussion. 

2569
02:13:29,900 --> 02:13:32,400
That only happen at midnight 
when you're stranded beside 

2570
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:35,608
railroad tracks, in the middle 
of Ohio, The preacher in the 

2571
02:13:35,616 --> 02:13:38,700
frontiersmen resumed their 
debate about Civilization now 

2572
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:41,600
expanded to include theories 
about mechanical progress and 

2573
02:13:41,600 --> 02:13:45,200
God's opinion of steam engines. 
The banker, produces a flask 

2574
02:13:45,200 --> 02:13:48,100
from his coat and offers it 
around with the generosity of 

2575
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:50,800
someone who's given up worrying 
about propriety at this hour. 

2576
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:55,200
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 
A small sip though, she makes a 

2577
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:57,000
face that suggests her 
Temperance. 

2578
02:13:57,000 --> 02:14:00,500
Principles are still intact, 
just temporarily suspended for 

2579
02:14:00,500 --> 02:14:03,400
medicinal purposes. 
The immigrants gather near their

2580
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:06,000
seats, talking quietly among 
themselves while the children 

2581
02:14:06,000 --> 02:14:09,400
sleep against their parents 
shoulders their patients appears

2582
02:14:09,400 --> 02:14:11,800
boundless. 
As if they've grown accustomed 

2583
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:14,200
to patiently awaiting the start 
of their lives. 

2584
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:17,600
You wonder what they're leaving 
behind and what they hope to 

2585
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:18,800
find at the end of their 
Journey. 

2586
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:22,300
Outside the repair, work 
continues with the steady rhythm

2587
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:26,300
of men who know their business 
hammering, the hiss of steam and

2588
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:28,900
occasional cursing that carries 
clearly in the night air. 

2589
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:32,200
The locomotive is clearly a 
temperamental creature. 

2590
02:14:32,200 --> 02:14:35,200
That requires both mechanical 
skill and diplomatic handling. 

2591
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,300
Stern woman has produced 
needlework from somewhere in her

2592
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:43,100
seemingly, bottomless, reticule.
And by Lamplight with the 

2593
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:47,200
concentration of a surgeon, She 
notices your attention and 

2594
02:14:47,200 --> 02:14:51,500
explains without prompting that 
Idle Hands, even at midnight 

2595
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:54,100
beside broken down. 
Trains are a dangerous place. 

2596
02:14:55,200 --> 02:14:57,800
Her moral principles, apparently
don't recognize standard 

2597
02:14:57,800 --> 02:14:59,800
sleeping hours by two in the 
morning. 

2598
02:14:59,800 --> 02:15:02,500
The repairs are complete 
announced by a triumphant 

2599
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:05,800
whistle that probably wakes up 
every cow within five miles. 

2600
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:09,700
Everyone settles back into their
improvised sleeping arrangements

2601
02:15:09,700 --> 02:15:12,500
with the weary satisfaction of 
Travelers who've shared a small 

2602
02:15:12,508 --> 02:15:15,200
Adventure. 
The train begins moving again 

2603
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:19,500
with its characteristic series 
of jerks and jolts like a giant 

2604
02:15:19,500 --> 02:15:23,000
waking up with arthritis. 
The rhythmic clacking returns, 

2605
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:25,900
perhaps slightly, more 
enthusiastic than before, as if 

2606
02:15:25,900 --> 02:15:29,500
the locomotive is making up for 
lost time, outside the dark 

2607
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:32,900
landscape slides passed dotted 
with occasional Farmhouse 

2608
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:34,900
Windows glowing, warm and yellow
in the distance. 

2609
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:39,000
Sleep comes easier. 
Now in induced by exhaustion and

2610
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,800
the hypnotic motion of wheels on
Rails, even your uncomfortable 

2611
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:46,200
seat, begins to feel almost cozy
and you drift off to the sound 

2612
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:50,400
of gentle snoring creaking wood 
and the endless song of iron 

2613
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:52,000
Wheels. 
Carrying you toward, whatever 

2614
02:15:52,000 --> 02:15:55,300
Adventure awaits at the end of 
the line, mourning arrives with 

2615
02:15:55,300 --> 02:15:57,900
The Reluctant gray light of 
dawn, filtering through the 

2616
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:01,100
passenger car windows revealing 
a landscape that looks 

2617
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:04,900
suspiciously similar to 
yesterday's scenery. you're 

2618
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:07,900
beginning to suspect that Ohio 
is considerably larger than the 

2619
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,000
map suggested or possibly that 
you've been traveling in circles

2620
02:16:11,000 --> 02:16:14,800
while you slept The latter seems
unlikely given the determined 

2621
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,500
forward motion of the locomotive
but after 36 hours on Rails, 

2622
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:22,100
your sense of geography has 
become somewhat negotiable, your

2623
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:24,700
body has achieved a sort of 
detent with the train seat 

2624
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:28,700
accepting discomfort as the 
natural state of existence while

2625
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:31,500
maintaining hope that Sensation 
will eventually return to your 

2626
02:16:31,500 --> 02:16:34,500
legs. 
The stern woman is already awake

2627
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:38,000
and somehow perfectly groomed 
leading you to wonder if she's 

2628
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:41,200
actually human or perhaps some 
sort of traveling automaton 

2629
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:44,700
designed to make the rest of 
humanity, feel inadequate. 

2630
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:48,700
Frank begins his morning rounds 
with coffee that has the 

2631
02:16:48,700 --> 02:16:51,299
consistency of warm tar and 
twice the potency. 

2632
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:54,200
The traveling salesman greets, 
the new day with enthusiasm, 

2633
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:57,799
that would be admirable if it 
won't quite so early and Loud, 

2634
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:01,299
he's already reorganized his 
sample cases and his preparing 

2635
02:17:01,299 --> 02:17:04,700
to demonstrate his patent 
medicine's to anyone unfortunate

2636
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:08,400
enough to make eye contact. 
Frontier character awakens from 

2637
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:11,299
his Slumber, akin to a bear 
emerging from hibernation, 

2638
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:14,900
accompanied by sound effects 
capable of frightening small 

2639
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:18,600
children and possibly even 
larger ones His morning routine,

2640
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:21,900
involves spectacular, stretching
creative cursing. 

2641
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:24,600
And the production of what 
appears to be hardtack from his 

2642
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:27,299
coat pocket. 
He gnaws on this breakfast with 

2643
02:17:27,299 --> 02:17:29,700
the satisfaction of a man 
accustomed to food that fights 

2644
02:17:29,700 --> 02:17:33,299
back outside the windows, the 
landscape has begun to change 

2645
02:17:33,299 --> 02:17:37,200
subtly the neat farmsteads of 
settled Ohio are giving way to 

2646
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:40,600
wider spaces, more scattered 
buildings and longer stretches 

2647
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:43,000
where civilization seems to have
given up entirely. 

2648
02:17:43,900 --> 02:17:46,900
Your approaching, the real 
Frontier now where the map gets 

2649
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:49,200
vague and Adventure becomes less
theoretical. 

2650
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:53,299
The banker consults his pocket 
watch with increasing frequency 

2651
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:57,299
as if he can somehow accelerate 
the train through sheer temporal

2652
02:17:57,299 --> 02:18:01,200
anxiety. 
His destination is Chicago where

2653
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:03,900
he has important business that 
apparently cannot wait for the 

2654
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:07,200
normal pace of steam Locomotion.
He's begun muttering 

2655
02:18:07,200 --> 02:18:10,600
calculations under his breath, 
working out arrival times with 

2656
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:12,900
the desperate, Precision of a 
man whose promised to be 

2657
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,299
somewhere specific at a time 
that's looking increasingly 

2658
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:19,500
unlikely. 
Around mid-morning the train 

2659
02:18:19,500 --> 02:18:21,600
develops. 
What Frank diplomatically calls 

2660
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:25,500
a case of the slows. 
The locomotive begins chucking 

2661
02:18:25,500 --> 02:18:29,100
with less enthusiasm, like an 
aging horse, that's decided its 

2662
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:30,500
covered enough ground for one 
day. 

2663
02:18:31,299 --> 02:18:34,100
Your 15 mile per hour. 
Pace drops to something closer 

2664
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,600
to a brisk walk, which means the
energetic squirrels are once 

2665
02:18:37,600 --> 02:18:39,000
again keeping Pace outside your 
window. 

2666
02:18:40,100 --> 02:18:42,500
This mechanical reluctance 
creates what the conductor 

2667
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:46,100
announces as a brief delay for 
locomotive encouragement, which 

2668
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:48,100
sounds much more dignified than 
the engine is. 

2669
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:50,900
Having another breakdown. 
You're learning that railroad 

2670
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:53,900
terminology exists primarily to 
make mechanical failures sound 

2671
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:55,600
like deliberate scheduling 
decisions. 

2672
02:18:55,600 --> 02:18:58,200
The delay provides an 
opportunity for extended 

2673
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:01,400
socializing which by now 
resembles a mobile town hall 

2674
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:03,700
meeting. 
The preacher has begun holding 

2675
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:06,700
informal services for anyone 
interested all though, his 

2676
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:09,299
congregation mainly consists of 
immigrants, who may not 

2677
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:12,000
understand his words, but seem 
to appreciate the familiar 

2678
02:19:12,000 --> 02:19:16,000
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 
The school has started an 

2679
02:19:16,000 --> 02:19:19,100
impromptu geography lesson, 
using the passing landscape, to 

2680
02:19:19,100 --> 02:19:21,299
explain the settlement patterns 
of the American frontier. 

2681
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:25,299
Her enthusiasm for Education, 
remains undaunted by her 

2682
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:28,299
audience's mixed interest in 
learning about soil types and 

2683
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,200
river systems. 
The toddler seems particularly 

2684
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:34,500
fascinated by her chalk which 
she somehow produced from her 

2685
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:37,900
seemingly magical carpet bag, 
your fellow passengers have 

2686
02:19:37,900 --> 02:19:40,799
developed the easy, familiarity 
of people who've shared Close 

2687
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:44,100
Quarters and minor Adventures, 
personal space has become 

2688
02:19:44,108 --> 02:19:47,000
acquaint memory and everyone's 
life story is now common 

2689
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:48,900
knowledge. 
You know, about the bankers, 

2690
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:51,800
three daughters the preachers 
mission to bring Salvation to 

2691
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:54,800
Kansas the school moms 
correspondence with her sister 

2692
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,300
in Boston and approximately 47 
of the Frontiersman. 

2693
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:02,100
Most unlikely Adventures, the 
stern woman has revealed herself

2694
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:05,300
to be well-traveled offering, 
commentary on railroad system. 

2695
02:20:05,300 --> 02:20:07,300
She's experienced from Baltimore
to St. 

2696
02:20:07,300 --> 02:20:09,700
Louis. 
Her disapproval, you realize 

2697
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:12,800
comes from extensive experience 
with the gap between what train 

2698
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:15,200
travel promises and what it 
actually delivers. 

2699
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:18,500
She is less morally, outraged 
than practically disappointed, 

2700
02:20:18,500 --> 02:20:21,200
which somehow makes her 
criticism more endearing. 

2701
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:25,100
Lunch consists of the same 
mysterious substances as 

2702
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:27,400
yesterday though. 
Frank has managed to arrange 

2703
02:20:27,400 --> 02:20:30,100
them differently on the plate. 
Creating the illusion of 

2704
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:33,000
variety. 
The dining car conversation 

2705
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:36,700
centers on destination fever 
that peculiar condition that 

2706
02:20:36,700 --> 02:20:39,500
affects long-distance Travelers 
as they approach their Journeys 

2707
02:20:39,500 --> 02:20:41,800
end. 
Everyone has begun talking 

2708
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:45,100
faster planning more 
enthusiastically, and checking 

2709
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:46,800
their belongings with increasing
frequency. 

2710
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:50,600
This anticipation, appears to 
have a particularly strong 

2711
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:54,300
impact on immigrants. 
Their excitement is palpable as 

2712
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:56,900
they recognize that the 
landscape outside is becoming 

2713
02:20:56,900 --> 02:20:59,900
their new home. 
They point at farms and towns 

2714
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,400
with the intensity of people 
claiming territory with their 

2715
02:21:02,400 --> 02:21:04,700
eyes already. 
Beginning the psychological 

2716
02:21:04,700 --> 02:21:08,300
process of belonging somewhere 
new by our afternoon. 

2717
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,600
Even the locomotive seems to 
have caught destination fever. 

2718
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:14,800
Picking up pace with renewed, 
mechanical enthusiasm. 

2719
02:21:15,700 --> 02:21:19,100
Clacking of Wheels takes on a 
more urgent as if the train 

2720
02:21:19,100 --> 02:21:20,800
itself. 
Is eager to reach the end of the

2721
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:24,400
line and rest, its iron bone. 
the final hours of your train 

2722
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:27,400
journey unfold with The Bitter, 
Sweet quality of all endings, 

2723
02:21:27,400 --> 02:21:31,300
tinged with both relief and an 
unexpected, Nostalgia for the 

2724
02:21:31,300 --> 02:21:35,600
rolling community of temporarily
joined Your destination appears 

2725
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:39,400
on the horizon as a smudge of 
smoke and Scattered building's 

2726
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:42,700
growing larger with each 
rhythmic of the wheels. 

2727
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:46,500
After three days of wondering, 
if you'd ever arrive in 

2728
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:49,600
anywhere, the reality of 
actually reaching the end of the

2729
02:21:49,600 --> 02:21:53,200
line for feels almost surreal, 
the locomotive seems to sense. 

2730
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:56,600
Its approaching rest developing,
a more eager chuff that suggests

2731
02:21:56,600 --> 02:21:58,800
its as ready as you are to stop 
moving for a while. 

2732
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:01,500
Your body has adapted to 
constant motion. 

2733
02:22:01,500 --> 02:22:04,600
So thoroughly that you suspect, 
you'll spend the next week's 

2734
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:07,900
swaying slightly while standing 
still like a sailor who's been 

2735
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,700
too long at sea. 
The stern woman has begun. 

2736
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:12,900
The complex process of 
reassembling herself into 

2737
02:22:12,900 --> 02:22:16,300
traveling order, folding, shawls
and securing belongings with the

2738
02:22:16,300 --> 02:22:18,200
Precision of a general preparing
for battle. 

2739
02:22:19,200 --> 02:22:22,000
The transformation from rumpled 
Passenger, back into the picture

2740
02:22:22,000 --> 02:22:25,200
of Victorian propriety, as 
fascinating to watch involving 

2741
02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:27,900
more pins and strategic tucking 
than you thought humanly 

2742
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:30,300
possible. 
The traveling salesman is 

2743
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:32,300
conducting. 
A final inventory of his sample 

2744
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,500
cases probably calculating 
profits and losses from his 

2745
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:38,700
mobile pharmacy. 
He sold several bottles of his 

2746
02:22:38,700 --> 02:22:41,100
mysterious Elixir to fellow 
passengers though. 

2747
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:43,900
Whether from genuine belief in 
his products or simply Cabin. 

2748
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:47,600
Fever induced purchasing 
decisions remains unclear The 

2749
02:22:47,608 --> 02:22:50,300
frontiersmen bought three 
bottles claiming they'd be 

2750
02:22:50,308 --> 02:22:53,500
perfect for trading with Indians
though you suspect he plans to 

2751
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:56,000
drink them himself. 
Your fellow Travelers. 

2752
02:22:56,000 --> 02:22:58,800
Begin the ritual of exchanging 
addresses and Promises to write,

2753
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:00,200
though. 
You all know that. 

2754
02:23:00,200 --> 02:23:03,200
Once you step off this train, 
you'll scatter to your separate 

2755
02:23:03,200 --> 02:23:05,400
Destinies and probably never 
cross paths. 

2756
02:23:05,400 --> 02:23:09,500
Again, Still the ritual matters.
These people have become your 

2757
02:23:09,500 --> 02:23:13,100
temporary family bound together 
by shared discomfort and the 

2758
02:23:13,100 --> 02:23:16,600
peculiar intimacy that develops 
when strangers are trapped in 

2759
02:23:16,600 --> 02:23:18,300
close quarters for days at a 
time. 

2760
02:23:19,100 --> 02:23:22,100
The banker, finally, relaxes his
death grip on his pocket watch 

2761
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:24,500
accepting that he'll arrive when
he arrives. 

2762
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:27,300
And his Chicago business will 
have to adapt accordingly. 

2763
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:31,000
His anxiety has transformed into
philosophical acceptance, 

2764
02:23:31,000 --> 02:23:32,800
though. 
He mentioned several times that 

2765
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:34,900
he'll never again, trust. 
Railroad schedules. 

2766
02:23:35,700 --> 02:23:38,200
Especially ones written by 
people who clearly view time as 

2767
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:42,000
a flexible concept. 
The preacher has been energized 

2768
02:23:42,000 --> 02:23:43,500
by approaching his mission 
field. 

2769
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:47,100
Speaking with renewed further 
about bringing civilization and 

2770
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:51,500
salvation to the frontier. 
With Amusement, the frontiersmen

2771
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:55,200
listens occasionally commenting 
on the type of Salvation that 

2772
02:23:55,200 --> 02:23:58,300
truly comes in handy when 
confronted with hostile Wildlife

2773
02:23:58,300 --> 02:24:01,400
or severe weather. 
Their ongoing theological debate

2774
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:03,800
has become one of the journeys. 
Most entertaining features. 

2775
02:24:03,800 --> 02:24:07,400
The school mama has grown quiet 
as her destination approaches. 

2776
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:10,400
Perhaps contemplating the 
reality of teaching Frontier 

2777
02:24:10,400 --> 02:24:12,800
children, who may view, book 
learning as less immediately 

2778
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:14,700
useful. 
The tracking and shooting 

2779
02:24:14,700 --> 02:24:17,100
skills. 
Her determination remains 

2780
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:19,800
unshakable but it's now tempered
with the Practical. 

2781
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,400
Understanding that education 
takes different forms in 

2782
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:24,800
different places. 
The immigrants gather, their 

2783
02:24:24,800 --> 02:24:27,900
belongings with reverent care, 
handling their few possessions 

2784
02:24:27,900 --> 02:24:32,100
like sacred relics Everything 
they own in America fits into a 

2785
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:35,900
handful of bags and bundles but 
their faces shine with the hope 

2786
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:39,000
of people who've successfully 
crossed an ocean and a continent

2787
02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:42,300
to reach their dreams. 
Their excitement is infectious, 

2788
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:45,400
reminding everyone else that 
arrival means possibility. 

2789
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:49,400
The toddler has finally warned 
himself completely out and 

2790
02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:52,400
sleeps peacefully in his 
mother's arms, oblivious to the 

2791
02:24:52,400 --> 02:24:54,300
significance of reaching their 
new home. 

2792
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:57,400
His mother looks out at the 
approaching town with the mixed 

2793
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:00,100
expression of someone who's 
relieved the journey as ending 

2794
02:25:00,100 --> 02:25:02,800
but terrified about what comes 
next. 

2795
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:06,400
As the train begins its Final 
Approach. 

2796
02:25:06,400 --> 02:25:10,000
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

2797
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:12,300
blasts that announce your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

2798
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:15,800
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

2799
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:17,200
getting from one place to 
another. 

2800
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:21,300
You've experienced a slice of 
America in transition a country 

2801
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:23,600
building itself, one mile of 
track at a time. 

2802
02:25:23,608 --> 02:25:27,500
The station appears ahead. 
A simple, wooden building that 

2803
02:25:27,500 --> 02:25:30,100
nevertheless represents the end 
of one Adventure in the 

2804
02:25:30,100 --> 02:25:32,800
beginning of another People wait
on the platform. 

2805
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:36,800
Some greeting expected arrivals 
other simply curious about who 

2806
02:25:36,800 --> 02:25:38,900
the iron horses delivered to 
their town today. 

2807
02:25:40,200 --> 02:25:43,200
The final stop arrives with a 
ceremony befitting the 

2808
02:25:43,200 --> 02:25:47,400
completion of an Epic Journey. 
Tremendous hiss of steam, the 

2809
02:25:47,400 --> 02:25:51,000
squeal of breaks. 
And one last authoritative jolt 

2810
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:53,800
that sends everyone reaching for
something solid to grab. 

2811
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:57,600
Frank appears in the doorway, 
announcing your arrival with the

2812
02:25:57,608 --> 02:26:00,500
satisfaction of a man who 
successfully delivered another 

2813
02:26:00,500 --> 02:26:03,900
load of hopeful Humanity to 
their chosen destination. 

2814
02:26:03,900 --> 02:26:07,600
You gather your carpet bag which
somehow feels heavier than when 

2815
02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:10,600
you started though, it contains 
exactly the same items. 

2816
02:26:12,200 --> 02:26:14,700
Perhaps it's weighted down with 
memories now or maybe you've 

2817
02:26:14,700 --> 02:26:17,000
just grown weaker from three 
days of train food and 

2818
02:26:17,000 --> 02:26:20,300
improvised sleeping. 
Either way, you're ready to feel

2819
02:26:20,300 --> 02:26:22,300
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 
Again? 

2820
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:26,100
As you step down onto the 
platform, the absence of 

2821
02:26:26,100 --> 02:26:28,400
constant motion feels strange 
and wonderful. 

2822
02:26:28,400 --> 02:26:32,800
The world has stopped rocking, 
stopped clacking, and stopped, 

2823
02:26:32,800 --> 02:26:34,600
hissing steam at irregular 
intervals. 

2824
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:38,100
The silent is almost 
overwhelming after days of 

2825
02:26:38,100 --> 02:26:41,500
mechanical conversation. 
Your fellow passengers dispersed

2826
02:26:41,500 --> 02:26:44,300
with surprising speed 
reclaiming, their individual 

2827
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:46,100
identities. 
After days of communal 

2828
02:26:46,100 --> 02:26:48,900
existence. 
They exchange final handshakes. 

2829
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:51,100
Make last minute address 
exchanges. 

2830
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:53,800
And make promises to write that 
they may or may not keep. 

2831
02:26:54,800 --> 02:26:57,200
As if you've passed some sort of
endurance test, she's been 

2832
02:26:57,200 --> 02:26:59,700
administering. 
The stern woman nods approvingly

2833
02:26:59,700 --> 02:27:03,500
at your survival of the journey.
The locomotive sits steaming 

2834
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:07,400
quietly looking somehow smaller.
Now that it's not in motion, the

2835
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:10,100
mighty Iron Horse, that's been 
your world for three days, is 

2836
02:27:10,100 --> 02:27:13,500
just a machine, again, waiting 
for its next load of passengers 

2837
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:16,600
and their dreams, your shoulder,
your carpet bag and walk toward 

2838
02:27:16,600 --> 02:27:18,500
the town. 
Your legs still slightly 

2839
02:27:18,500 --> 02:27:21,400
unsteady from Days of swaying, 
motion behind you. 

2840
02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:23,400
The train whistle blows. 
One last time. 

2841
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:26,900
A farewell that somehow manages 
to sound both mournful and 

2842
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:30,400
hopeful the frontier? 
Stretches ahead full of 

2843
02:27:30,400 --> 02:27:32,500
possibility and uncertainty in 
equal measure. 

2844
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:37,100
You've arrived carried here by 
Steam and steel and the peculiar

2845
02:27:37,100 --> 02:27:40,700
magic of American optimism. 
Made manifest in iron rails, 

2846
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,400
whatever happens. 
Next, you'll always remember 

2847
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:46,500
these three days when you travel
into the future at 15 miles per 

2848
02:27:46,500 --> 02:27:49,700
hour, accompanied by the most 
fascinating collection of 

2849
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:53,700
humanity, you've ever had the 
pleasure to meet The adventure 

2850
02:27:53,700 --> 02:28:04,000
you realize is just beginning. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

2851
02:28:04,000 --> 02:28:06,300
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

2852
02:28:06,300 --> 02:28:08,500
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

2853
02:28:08,500 --> 02:28:11,300
American history. 
Perhaps, you and your parents, 

2854
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:13,300
whom the Disney song About Davy 
Crockett. 

2855
02:28:13,900 --> 02:28:15,900
The frontier hero with the 
coonskin cap. 

2856
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:20,100
Instead of starting with bear 
wrestling or political speeches,

2857
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:23,600
the true tale of David Crockett 
begins with the Restless lad who

2858
02:28:23,608 --> 02:28:26,700
couldn't settle into anything 
and he was far more fascinating 

2859
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:30,600
than any myth. 
David sometimes known as Davey 

2860
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:34,800
until the politicians had their 
hands on him was born in 1786, 

2861
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:37,500
into a nomadic family, in a 
one-room cabin in. 

2862
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:38,900
What is now Eastern? 
Tennessee. 

2863
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,400
John his father was the type of 
man who had constantly look to 

2864
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:45,100
the adjacent Valley for 
brighter. 

2865
02:28:45,100 --> 02:28:48,100
Prospects, young David likely 
assumed that having a permanent 

2866
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:50,700
address was something that only 
other people experience because 

2867
02:28:50,700 --> 02:28:52,200
the Crockett's packed up and 
moved. 

2868
02:28:52,200 --> 02:28:56,200
So frequently, now it's easy to 
pick your rugged outdoorsy kids 

2869
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:59,100
growing up on the frontier, but 
David was really quite The 

2870
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,500
Eccentric. 
Unlike his peers, David appeared

2871
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:05,200
to have an aversion to sitting 
still even though they were 

2872
02:29:05,200 --> 02:29:08,400
learning to plow fields, and 
tend to livestock school is a 

2873
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:11,400
new, it seemed to snug as a pair
of pine bark shoes, and his 

2874
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:13,200
thoughts ran a mark like a free 
chicken. 

2875
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:17,200
Formal education wasn't for him.
After only four days of class, 

2876
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:21,100
this decision would come back to
haunt him years later when he 

2877
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:23,200
struggled to sound adult in 
letters to his wife. 

2878
02:29:24,700 --> 02:29:28,600
At the tender age of 13 David's 
father, likely distraught 

2879
02:29:28,600 --> 02:29:30,500
rented. 
Him out to a cattle driver 

2880
02:29:30,500 --> 02:29:34,700
Envision yourself as a 13 year 
old, who is unexpectedly tasked 

2881
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:37,700
with transporting, hundreds of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

2882
02:29:37,700 --> 02:29:41,000
land. 
David learned that cows had zero

2883
02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:43,900
regard for a Young Person's 
timetable or dignity as he 

2884
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:46,800
trudged through muck for months 
while sleeping under the stars. 

2885
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:50,000
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

2886
02:29:50,800 --> 02:29:53,700
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

2887
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:57,100
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

2888
02:29:57,100 --> 02:30:00,000
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

2889
02:30:00,008 --> 02:30:03,200
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on, and 

2890
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:05,700
had grown three inch inches. 
By the time, he reached home 

2891
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:10,000
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

2892
02:30:10,000 --> 02:30:11,500
where everyone could write their
names. 

2893
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,400
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

2894
02:30:14,400 --> 02:30:16,000
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

2895
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:18,500
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. 

2896
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:20,800
He'd pay off the family's 
obligations. 

2897
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:24,000
If he could go back to school, 
Imagine a classroom full of 

2898
02:30:24,008 --> 02:30:28,100
seven year olds with 15 year old
David crammed in his knees. 

2899
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:31,500
Banging the small desk trying to
learn his letters at a time when

2900
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:34,100
other boys is age or already 
planning marriage and starting 

2901
02:30:34,100 --> 02:30:36,500
families. 
Although it must have been 

2902
02:30:36,500 --> 02:30:39,400
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

2903
02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:41,900
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

2904
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,700
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

2905
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:49,000
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

2906
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:50,800
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready. 

2907
02:30:51,500 --> 02:30:55,400
At the age of 16, he had found a
job with a nearby farmer where 

2908
02:30:55,400 --> 02:30:58,800
he could support his family and 
begin to shape his future even 

2909
02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:01,400
when things became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

2910
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:04,400
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

2911
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:07,100
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

2912
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:10,800
or the toughest worker, but he 
had something else in those 

2913
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:13,300
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

2914
02:31:13,300 --> 02:31:16,600
towering lanky boy with enormous
hands and a wicked grin. 

2915
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:18,400
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

2916
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:22,000
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

2917
02:31:22,000 --> 02:31:25,400
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

2918
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:29,300
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned frontiersmen

2919
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:33,100
but he had all the making of an 
outlaw, an innate desire to 

2920
02:31:33,108 --> 02:31:36,500
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

2921
02:31:36,500 --> 02:31:38,300
way out might not be the best 
choice. 

2922
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:41,000
Delving, further into our 
narrative. 

2923
02:31:41,000 --> 02:31:44,300
Let us discuss how a young, 
David discovered, a profound 

2924
02:31:44,300 --> 02:31:47,000
truth. 
The ability to bring joy to 

2925
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:50,300
another person's life is nearly 
as valuable as their material 

2926
02:31:50,300 --> 02:31:53,700
needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

2927
02:31:53,700 --> 02:31:55,800
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

2928
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:59,200
When he was 19 years old. 
Poly the daughter of a fairly 

2929
02:31:59,200 --> 02:32:01,400
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgivings about this 

2930
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:04,200
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

2931
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:08,100
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

2932
02:32:08,100 --> 02:32:12,400
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

2933
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:14,900
tactic. 
David would attend social events

2934
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:17,000
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

2935
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:20,100
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

2936
02:32:20,100 --> 02:32:21,600
developing practical 
capabilities. 

2937
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:25,300
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

2938
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:27,500
to you. 
This may not appear significant 

2939
02:32:27,500 --> 02:32:31,600
but in 1805 Tennessee a guy who 
failed to strike his Target was 

2940
02:32:31,600 --> 02:32:33,500
as valuable as a chocolate 
teapot. 

2941
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:36,100
David realized he was in over 
his head. 

2942
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:38,200
When Polly's, father proposed 
they go hunting together. 

2943
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,400
It was a test of David 
suitability as a possible son in

2944
02:32:41,408 --> 02:32:43,800
law. 
There after he did, what any 

2945
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:45,400
reasonable young man in love 
would do. 

2946
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:49,400
He practiced until his ears, 
rang Non-Stop and his shoulder 

2947
02:32:49,400 --> 02:32:52,800
turned purple from overuse 
whenever he had a spare moment. 

2948
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:56,100
He would borrow rifles beg for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

2949
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:57,500
that would remain still long 
enough. 

2950
02:32:58,300 --> 02:33:00,800
David transformed the entire 
County into his own private 

2951
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:04,600
range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts, and 

2952
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:06,800
trees. 
He was able to thread, a 

2953
02:33:06,800 --> 02:33:11,200
50-yard, musket, ball needle, by
the timely wed, Polly in 1806, a

2954
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:14,900
testament to his perseverance. 
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

2955
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:17,500
near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

2956
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:21,100
a curse for David though, she 
brought stability Polly. 

2957
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:23,700
Also introduced expectations to 
his Restless temperament. 

2958
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:26,200
No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

2959
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,500
It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

2960
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:31,600
foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

2961
02:33:31,600 --> 02:33:35,300
The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

2962
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:37,000
responsibilities was before 
David. 

2963
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:40,000
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

2964
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,700
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

2965
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,300
with a bounty of wild turkey 
bear and deer that would feed 

2966
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:51,000
the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

2967
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:55,200
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

2968
02:33:55,200 --> 02:33:57,600
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

2969
02:33:57,600 --> 02:34:01,500
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

2970
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:04,600
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

2971
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:07,500
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

2972
02:34:07,500 --> 02:34:10,700
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

2973
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:14,200
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

2974
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:16,400
occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

2975
02:34:18,100 --> 02:34:21,100
The David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

2976
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:24,300
tracking animals through dense 
forests and Crossing streams. 

2977
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,900
He had an almost miraculous 
knack for reading the forest for

2978
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:31,600
seeing when and where animals 
would be and how they would act.

2979
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:35,400
When David returned from hunting
trips with tales, that were too 

2980
02:34:35,400 --> 02:34:38,400
Fantastical to be true. 
His neighbors started, take 

2981
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:40,700
note. 
Bears that he had pursued for 

2982
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:44,200
several days prior to obtaining,
the ideal photograph using 

2983
02:34:44,200 --> 02:34:46,500
Justice patience and knowledge 
of the deer's habits. 

2984
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:49,200
He had successfully brought them
within Arm's Reach. 

2985
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:52,800
He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

2986
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:55,400
turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

2987
02:34:55,408 --> 02:34:58,000
David's Rising profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

2988
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:00,700
others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well? 

2989
02:35:01,600 --> 02:35:05,200
Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

2990
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:07,600
summoned. 
Strange Footprints surrounding 

2991
02:35:07,600 --> 02:35:09,500
the chicken coop, he'll take 
care of it. 

2992
02:35:10,500 --> 02:35:13,000
Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest later at night. 

2993
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:17,300
Hopefully, my point is clear. 
The ability to narrate stories 

2994
02:35:17,300 --> 02:35:20,600
was what set David apart from 
other Adept Hunters along with 

2995
02:35:20,600 --> 02:35:22,500
the meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

2996
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:25,900
experiences even a mundane 
hunting trip would seem like an 

2997
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:27,900
epic adventure when he was in 
his element. 

2998
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:31,100
What was all the close calls 
flashes of Genius planning. 

2999
02:35:31,100 --> 02:35:34,300
And of course, the occasional 
salt idiotic move that almost 

3000
02:35:34,300 --> 02:35:37,300
cost him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

3001
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:39,400
even old Tales sound. 
Thrilling, a new. 

3002
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,000
So, even though pollywood roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

3003
02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:45,000
intently. 
When David was in his 

3004
02:35:45,008 --> 02:35:48,400
mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

3005
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:53,100
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

3006
02:35:53,108 --> 02:35:56,100
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

3007
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,700
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

3008
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:01,400
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

3009
02:36:01,400 --> 02:36:03,200
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

3010
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:05,000
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

3011
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:08,300
David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

3012
02:36:08,300 --> 02:36:11,200
Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

3013
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:14,800
frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

3014
02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:16,900
Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

3015
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:20,600
Modifications, that would 
radically all day to David's 

3016
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:24,100
life occurred in 1813. 
David joined the Tennessee 

3017
02:36:24,100 --> 02:36:27,200
militia as a Scout during the 
creek War which broke out in 

3018
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,400
Alabama, along with many other 
young, men seeking excitement, 

3019
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:33,800
stable employment and an 
opportunity to serve their 

3020
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:36,300
Nation. 
Unlike in the movies. 

3021
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,100
This wasn't somebody like 
military Expedition. 

3022
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:42,900
David devoted most of his time 
to slogging through marshes 

3023
02:36:42,900 --> 02:36:45,700
searching, for Creek, fighters 
who were more familiar with the 

3024
02:36:45,708 --> 02:36:49,100
area than he was and discovering
that military food was 

3025
02:36:49,100 --> 02:36:52,100
infinitely worse than anything. 
He had ever prepared himself. 

3026
02:36:53,000 --> 02:36:55,700
However, David learned, an 
important lesson, during his 

3027
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:59,000
time in the military, he was 
born with leadership skills. 

3028
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:03,100
His fellow troops, relied on him
for guidance confidence in his 

3029
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:06,500
judgment, in high stakes 
situations, and inspiration when

3030
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:10,500
time seemed bleacked As a 
leader, he didn't believe in 

3031
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:13,800
barking out commands and 
expecting followers to follow 

3032
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:17,600
suit, instead, he set a good 
example by treating everyone 

3033
02:37:17,600 --> 02:37:21,200
with the same laid-back. 
Respect he'd learned to value in

3034
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:24,000
a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

3035
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,300
death. 
After serving his Country, David

3036
02:37:27,300 --> 02:37:30,600
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

3037
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,200
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

3038
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,000
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

3039
02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:38,700
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

3040
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:42,600
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

3041
02:37:42,600 --> 02:37:45,200
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

3042
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:47,700
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

3043
02:37:47,700 --> 02:37:50,000
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

3044
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:54,400
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

3045
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:57,900
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns in 

3046
02:37:57,900 --> 02:38:01,500
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

3047
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:04,700
life difficult for the people 
who had managed to establish a 

3048
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:07,700
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

3049
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:11,400
there, most people either hoped 
it would go away or summoned a 

3050
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:13,300
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

3051
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:17,300
When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity. 

3052
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:19,800
Bear hunting. 
He came to see, maybe more than 

3053
02:38:19,800 --> 02:38:22,100
simply a hobby. 
It could be a full-fledged 

3054
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:26,800
Enterprise, The meat from bears 
was highly prized their fat 

3055
02:38:26,800 --> 02:38:30,000
could be processed into oil for 
use in cooking and lighting and 

3056
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:32,000
their fur was constantly sought 
after. 

3057
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:36,000
So when farms and municipalities
needed help with a bear problem,

3058
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:39,100
they would call David, who 
became something of a specialist

3059
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:42,300
in the field. 
He was meticulous and to be 

3060
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:45,100
honest, slightly obsessed when 
it came to hunting bears. 

3061
02:38:46,300 --> 02:38:49,000
David would take on the role of 
a naturalist studying certain 

3062
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,300
Bears, observing and studying 
their behaviors for several days

3063
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:55,500
or weeks before devising tactics
that were adapted to their 

3064
02:38:55,500 --> 02:38:58,800
unique personalities. 
Yes, the Bears personalities. 

3065
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,800
David maintained. 
The each one was unique with its

3066
02:39:01,800 --> 02:39:04,900
own set of peculiarities tastes 
and degrees of brainpower. 

3067
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,300
The outcomes were remarkable 
David killed. 58 bears in one. 

3068
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:13,700
Very fruitful winter, Just one 
season, not cross a number of 

3069
02:39:13,700 --> 02:39:17,700
years, he was able to become so 
proficient at hunting bears that

3070
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,800
he could find kill and prepare 
one in a day or less before 

3071
02:39:20,800 --> 02:39:24,000
moving onto the next. 
Title, that David felt somewhat 

3072
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:28,200
humiliating yet gratifying was 
bear hunter of the district, a 

3073
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:30,100
Monica, that his neighbor's 
began to use about him. 

3074
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:33,900
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the path to success

3075
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:36,600
in the Bear in Industry. 
David's hunting trips became 

3076
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,200
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lasting weeks. 

3077
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:43,300
It must have been incredibly 
challenging for poly to manage 

3078
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,100
their household and raise their 
children, all by herself. 

3079
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:49,000
The more muddy and wild smelling
David would come home. 

3080
02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:52,000
After his bare exploits, the 
more varied feelings Hollywood 

3081
02:39:52,000 --> 02:39:56,500
have During his time, spent 
hunting bears, David also began 

3082
02:39:56,500 --> 02:39:59,700
to rise from the status of Local
Hero to that of legendary figure

3083
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:02,600
in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

3084
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:04,700
amusing anecdotes made him a 
popular speaker. 

3085
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:08,200
And people started asking him to
parties only to hear about his 

3086
02:40:08,200 --> 02:40:10,800
travels. 
When David realized, he could 

3087
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,400
take his life's events and 
transform them into stories. 

3088
02:40:13,400 --> 02:40:14,700
That could Captivate an 
audience. 

3089
02:40:14,700 --> 02:40:17,700
He knew he had a great aptitude 
for performing. 

3090
02:40:18,400 --> 02:40:20,700
David never felt the need to 
embellish his hunting 

3091
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:23,200
achievements, which is an 
intriguing aspect. 

3092
02:40:23,200 --> 02:40:25,700
It was astonishing enough that 
it was true. 

3093
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,600
However, he did hone an ability 
to paint vivid pictures of Every

3094
02:40:29,600 --> 02:40:32,000
Day. 
Life bringing drama and humor to

3095
02:40:32,000 --> 02:40:34,100
what others might perceive as 
dull happening. 

3096
02:40:35,500 --> 02:40:38,600
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 
into a Titanic, showdown between

3097
02:40:38,600 --> 02:40:41,700
humanity and the natural world. 
Replete with terrifying, 

3098
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:43,400
moments. 
Brilliant moments. 

3099
02:40:43,400 --> 02:40:47,500
And more often than not at least
one instance of David's actions 

3100
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:50,200
that were ingenious at the 
moment, but almost cost him his 

3101
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:52,600
life. 
As we wind down for the next 

3102
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:56,300
chapter, it's important to 
discuss how sometimes we have no

3103
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:59,200
choice but to start over 
regardless of how prepared we 

3104
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:01,500
are. 
While David was expecting to 

3105
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:04,300
become famous in his hometown 
for his bear hunting exploits 

3106
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:07,200
Yan expectedly, gained a 
reputation as someone who could 

3107
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:08,900
solve problems and get things 
done. 

3108
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:12,200
Because of his Stellar 
reputation, his neighbors, 

3109
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:15,100
elected him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

3110
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,500
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

3111
02:41:18,500 --> 02:41:20,300
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

3112
02:41:21,100 --> 02:41:24,100
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

3113
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:26,500
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

3114
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:30,000
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

3115
02:41:30,000 --> 02:41:33,100
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

3116
02:41:33,100 --> 02:41:35,100
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

3117
02:41:35,100 --> 02:41:39,300
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

3118
02:41:39,300 --> 02:41:41,800
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

3119
02:41:41,800 --> 02:41:45,800
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

3120
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,200
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

3121
02:41:48,200 --> 02:41:50,900
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

3122
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,100
legal presents. 
David Woodward. 

3123
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:55,900
Advise the disputing Farmers to 
go for a walk over the contested

3124
02:41:55,900 --> 02:41:59,000
ground and try to come to an 
agreement when they were arguing

3125
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:01,900
over, who owned? 
What David may substitute 

3126
02:42:01,900 --> 02:42:04,900
Community work for a fine where 
the offender is unable to pay 

3127
02:42:04,900 --> 02:42:07,500
the original amount. 
His rulings were mostly 

3128
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:10,700
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

3129
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:13,600
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

3130
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:15,700
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

3131
02:42:16,500 --> 02:42:18,900
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

3132
02:42:18,900 --> 02:42:22,400
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821. 

3133
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:26,000
Present in the state. 
Capital was a man whose 

3134
02:42:26,000 --> 02:42:29,200
constituency was represented by 
someone who continued to 

3135
02:42:29,200 --> 02:42:30,500
struggle with language and 
spelling. 

3136
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:34,500
However, David's political 
ideology was surprisingly 

3137
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:37,100
uncomplicated. 
The government had to assist 

3138
02:42:37,100 --> 02:42:39,000
common people in resolving 
actual issues. 

3139
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,200
Not add further burdens to their
lives. 

3140
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:45,500
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

3141
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:48,800
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

3142
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:52,200
about the issues at hand rather 
than delivering, lengthy 

3143
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:54,300
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

3144
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:58,000
classical figures and legalese 
Regardless of party pressure. 

3145
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:01,500
He usually voted according to 
his conscience which included 

3146
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:04,200
supporting legislation that 
would help low-income households

3147
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:07,100
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

3148
02:43:07,100 --> 02:43:11,900
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

3149
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:15,300
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

3150
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:17,900
children alone after Polly 
passed away in 1815. 

3151
02:43:18,900 --> 02:43:22,100
A devastating loss. 
Bethel him with Polly says Rock.

3152
02:43:22,100 --> 02:43:24,700
He was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

3153
02:43:24,700 --> 02:43:27,400
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

3154
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:30,200
disoriented with without her and
it had nothing to do with 

3155
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:34,100
navigating the terrain hunting 
farming, raising children and 

3156
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:36,800
attending to his political 
responsibilities were. 

3157
02:43:36,800 --> 02:43:39,000
All things that David attempted 
to handle on his own for 

3158
02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:41,100
appeared. 
It was a hopeless predicament. 

3159
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:44,700
David sought assistance after 
realizing, he couldn't give his 

3160
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:46,900
children, the attention, they 
required due to his busy 

3161
02:43:46,900 --> 02:43:49,800
lifestyle. 
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 

3162
02:43:49,800 --> 02:43:52,000
with two children when he wed 
her in 1816. 

3163
02:43:53,000 --> 02:43:56,000
Elizabeth had the patience 
competence and practicality to 

3164
02:43:56,000 --> 02:43:57,800
manage. 
David's unorthodox, professional

3165
02:43:57,800 --> 02:44:01,100
trajectory. 
While the blended family Dynamic

3166
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:03,700
was harmonious. 
David's aspirations for public 

3167
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:06,700
office were intensifying. 
He became a United States 

3168
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:10,900
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 
who had spent his whole life in 

3169
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:13,600
the woods and small. 
Frontier towns, suddenly found 

3170
02:44:13,600 --> 02:44:17,100
himself navigating the complex 
political landscape of the 

3171
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:19,200
nation's capital when he was 
elected to the House of 

3172
02:44:19,208 --> 02:44:22,300
Representatives, which required 
him to leave Tennessee for 

3173
02:44:22,300 --> 02:44:26,100
extended periods of time to 
serve in Washington DC, At 

3174
02:44:26,100 --> 02:44:29,500
dinner parties, this towering 
unassuming Congressman would 

3175
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,400
tell tales about his bear hunts 
and appeared genuinely 

3176
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:35,600
bewildered by the complex, 
social convention that dictated 

3177
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:38,000
political life. 
The members of Washington 

3178
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,200
Society were at a lost to 
understand him. 

3179
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:43,600
The folksy demeanor of David 
belied his acute intellect and 

3180
02:44:43,608 --> 02:44:46,300
strong ideals. 
His colleague had assumed, he 

3181
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:48,900
was an eye Frontiersman who was 
easily influenced. 

3182
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:52,400
Land policy was the central 
political problem for David. 

3183
02:44:53,200 --> 02:44:55,700
Poor households were having a 
hard time getting Farmland. 

3184
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:58,600
He thought while Rich 
speculators were buying up large

3185
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:02,500
tracks for investment People who
had been living on and improving

3186
02:45:02,500 --> 02:45:06,300
land without legal title known 
as squatters would be granted 

3187
02:45:06,300 --> 02:45:08,900
the right to acquire that land 
at reasonable prices through the

3188
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:09,800
law. 
He suggested. 

3189
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:14,200
Although David saw it as a 
matter of basic Justice, it 

3190
02:45:14,200 --> 02:45:16,900
pitted him against influential 
groups that favored the status 

3191
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:19,700
quo. 
David won over voters, but 

3192
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,600
alienated powerful politicians 
with his support for common 

3193
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:25,000
settlers. 
David became more and more 

3194
02:45:25,008 --> 02:45:27,100
alienated within his own 
political party. 

3195
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:30,000
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

3196
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:33,800
policies in the Indian Removal 
Act, which he believed to be 

3197
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:37,000
morally. 
Reprehensible, ironically, David

3198
02:45:37,000 --> 02:45:40,300
actually had very complex 
political ideas despite how 

3199
02:45:40,300 --> 02:45:44,400
simple they appeared to him. 
Democracy he realized entailed 

3200
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:47,600
more than just majority rules. 
It also entailed defending the 

3201
02:45:47,600 --> 02:45:50,500
rights of the defenseless. 
He thought the government should

3202
02:45:50,500 --> 02:45:52,200
look out for everyone's best 
interests. 

3203
02:45:52,200 --> 02:45:53,700
Not just the wealthy and 
Powerful. 

3204
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:56,900
For politicians who favored 
easier Arrangements. 

3205
02:45:56,900 --> 02:45:59,400
They were not novel, Notions but
they were uncomfortable. 

3206
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:02,900
David came to terms with the 
fact that his time as Tennessee 

3207
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:07,000
politician, was likely numbered 
by the early 1830s, he lost 

3208
02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:10,500
popularity due to his rejection 
of popular ideas and a master 

3209
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:13,200
and army of foes, due to his 
unwavering adherence to his 

3210
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:17,400
principles adapting to political
reality or forging, a new route 

3211
02:46:17,400 --> 02:46:22,300
entirely would shape the 
remainder of his life. as you 

3212
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:25,400
settle in, for this section of 
David's Journey, you'll find out

3213
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:29,600
how at the same time, it can be 
freeing and terrible to stand up

3214
02:46:29,600 --> 02:46:32,000
for your beliefs, even if it 
means losing everything you've 

3215
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:36,300
worked for David stay in the 
nation's capital was as 

3216
02:46:36,300 --> 02:46:38,200
entertaining as watching a fish 
scale a tree. 

3217
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:42,400
It was his job to represent his 
constituents vote on legislation

3218
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:46,200
and serve on committees but he 
felt like he was speaking a 

3219
02:46:46,200 --> 02:46:48,300
different language when it came 
to the culture of political 

3220
02:46:48,300 --> 02:46:51,800
manipulation. 
David adamantly refused to let 

3221
02:46:51,800 --> 02:46:54,800
the political ramifications of 
his votes, influences 

3222
02:46:54,800 --> 02:46:57,400
decision-making. 
In contrast to his fellow 

3223
02:46:57,400 --> 02:47:00,800
lawmakers who established 
coalitions and traded votes like

3224
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:03,500
poker chips. 
When David's beliefs were in 

3225
02:47:03,508 --> 02:47:06,400
line with public opinion, this 
strategy was effective. 

3226
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:09,000
Nevertheless, it proved 
Troublesome when they were not 

3227
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:12,400
Most of his Tennessee 
constituents wanted Native 

3228
02:47:12,400 --> 02:47:15,000
American, territories opened for
white colonization. 

3229
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:18,000
Therefore they supported the 
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 

3230
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:21,900
Not because he was a specialty 
Progressive on racial Problems 

3231
02:47:21,900 --> 02:47:25,100
by today's standards but because
David had met and respected 

3232
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:28,000
Native Americans as individuals,
he was opposed to it. 

3233
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:31,100
He thought it was morally, 
reprehensible to forcefully, 

3234
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:33,800
uproot entire communities from 
their ancient homelands. 

3235
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:38,400
Classic David Crockett, 
passionate direct, and totally 

3236
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:40,100
at variance with political 
Acumen. 

3237
02:47:40,100 --> 02:47:42,300
That was his opposition speech 
in Congress. 

3238
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:46,300
Concerning the distinction 
between what is legally required

3239
02:47:46,300 --> 02:47:50,000
and what is morally acceptable. 
He spoke about Cherokee 

3240
02:47:50,000 --> 02:47:51,700
families. 
He had known as well as 

3241
02:47:51,700 --> 02:47:53,600
Government dishonesty and broken
promises. 

3242
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:58,200
Despite his colleagues courteous
listening, they ultimately voted

3243
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:01,500
to have him removed from office 
even while David's vote, didn't 

3244
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:04,000
sway, the result. 
It did demonstrate that he was 

3245
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:06,500
unreliable when it came to 
supporting party policies. 

3246
02:48:07,200 --> 02:48:10,000
There were covid, but effective 
efforts by the political Elite 

3247
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:13,300
to undermine David. 
More trustworthy members were 

3248
02:48:13,300 --> 02:48:16,500
giving committee assignments, 
important meeting, invitations, 

3249
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,100
were misplaced his colleagues in
Congress. 

3250
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:21,300
No longer sought his advice on 
proposed laws. 

3251
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:25,200
As he continued to serve as a 
representative for his area. 

3252
02:48:25,200 --> 02:48:28,300
David felt further and further 
removed from the political 

3253
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:31,000
process. 
David faced political 

3254
02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:34,400
persecution in his home state of
Tennessee due to his stance 

3255
02:48:34,400 --> 02:48:37,900
against Indian relocation. 
His detractors said, he'd been 

3256
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:40,700
in Tangled in the corruption of 
Washington politics and had lost

3257
02:48:40,700 --> 02:48:43,800
touch with his Heritage and that
he cared more about Indians than

3258
02:48:43,800 --> 02:48:47,800
his own constituency. although 
David had changed while serving 

3259
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:50,800
in Congress, it was not in the 
manner, his detractors had 

3260
02:48:50,800 --> 02:48:53,800
envisioned and this fact made 
the criticism all the more 

3261
02:48:53,800 --> 02:48:57,100
hurtful David had grown 
increasingly certain that much 

3262
02:48:57,100 --> 02:49:00,000
political expertise was nothing 
more than a pretense to escape 

3263
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:02,900
moral accountability. 
Rather than being politically 

3264
02:49:02,900 --> 02:49:05,600
intelligent. 
He has seen coworkers vote for 

3265
02:49:05,600 --> 02:49:08,100
initiatives, they were 
personally against just because 

3266
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:09,800
it suited their political 
agenda. 

3267
02:49:10,400 --> 02:49:13,000
He was witnessed to the manner 
in which powerful people's 

3268
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:16,900
pockets dictated laws that were 
ill-suited to the common welfare

3269
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:20,700
rather than turning him cynical,
The Experience had helped him 

3270
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:22,500
better understand what was 
important to him. 

3271
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:26,100
As usual David remained 
unyielding in the face of 

3272
02:49:26,108 --> 02:49:29,500
political pressure, he did not 
learn to moderate his views or 

3273
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:33,700
compromise, more skillfully. 
Rather, he got more vocal he 

3274
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:36,200
started traveling around 
Tennessee, giving talks in which

3275
02:49:36,200 --> 02:49:39,400
he details his voting record. 
The reasons for his opposition 

3276
02:49:39,400 --> 02:49:42,600
to popular ideas and his 
Newfound, knowledge of the inner

3277
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:46,100
workings of government. 
Though, entertaining David had a

3278
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,700
natural talent for storytelling.
These remarks were political 

3279
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:52,900
suicide. 
Campaigning for the 1833. 

3280
02:49:52,900 --> 02:49:55,900
Election was a bloodbath. 
There was no shortage of 

3281
02:49:55,900 --> 02:49:58,800
ammunition for David's to 
trackers his stance against 

3282
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,800
popular initiatives. 
His many trips out of tennis sea

3283
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:06,500
while in Congress and his ties 
to controversial cause is For 

3284
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:08,800
someone whose whole sense of 
self was based on serving the 

3285
02:50:08,800 --> 02:50:11,300
people being portrayed, as an 
alien who had become 

3286
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,000
disconnected from everyday, life
must have been extremely 

3287
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:17,200
hurtful. 
David retaliated with Candor and

3288
02:50:17,200 --> 02:50:20,000
humor, which proved ineffective,
against a well-organized, 

3289
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,500
political enemy, no matter, the 
political Fallout, he pledged to

3290
02:50:23,500 --> 02:50:26,700
keep voting, his conscience and 
told voters, just how he felt 

3291
02:50:26,700 --> 02:50:31,000
about a variety of subjects. 
It was Noble based on principles

3292
02:50:31,000 --> 02:50:34,400
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

3293
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:36,300
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

3294
02:50:36,300 --> 02:50:40,100
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

3295
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:44,300
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

3296
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,700
young nor too old to retire 
gracefully but two old to start 

3297
02:50:47,700 --> 02:50:50,500
over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

3298
02:50:50,500 --> 02:50:52,100
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

3299
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:55,700
Elizabeth remained, patient 
regarding their financial 

3300
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:58,400
condition. 
Although David was disappointed,

3301
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:02,300
he was all so liberated from 
unattainable expectations as a 

3302
02:51:02,300 --> 02:51:05,100
result of his loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

3303
02:51:05,108 --> 02:51:07,700
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

3304
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:10,300
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

3305
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,100
It had been years since he could
do or say anything he wanted 

3306
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:16,800
without worrying about how it 
might affect his chances of 

3307
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:19,900
winning the next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

3308
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:22,700
Independence, was Financial 
instability public 

3309
02:51:22,700 --> 02:51:25,700
disillusionment, and the 
realization that his time in 

3310
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:30,000
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

3311
02:51:30,008 --> 02:51:33,200
opportunities. 
Texas that enormous Western 

3312
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:35,900
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

3313
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:39,700
started to play on David's mind.
To all appearances. 

3314
02:51:39,700 --> 02:51:42,500
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

3315
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,300
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

3316
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:49,000
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

3317
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,600
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

3318
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:56,400
may pave the way for a new and 
perhaps more significant one. 

3319
02:51:57,200 --> 02:51:59,100
David pondered his next move for
months. 

3320
02:51:59,100 --> 02:52:02,300
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

3321
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:06,200
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

3322
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:08,600
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

3323
02:52:08,600 --> 02:52:11,500
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broken 

3324
02:52:11,500 --> 02:52:15,000
releasing him but also leaving 
him with no idea where to go. 

3325
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,400
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

3326
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:22,400
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him Elizabeth 

3327
02:52:22,400 --> 02:52:26,200
observed as Peter paste, around 
their cabin starting and then 

3328
02:52:26,208 --> 02:52:29,700
abandoning projects. 
David usually came up with the 

3329
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:32,500
solution if Tennessee wasn't 
interested in him. 

3330
02:52:32,500 --> 02:52:35,900
He'd look for another place. 
That was when Americans were 

3331
02:52:35,900 --> 02:52:39,300
looking for a location to start 
over where land was inexpensive 

3332
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:42,400
and Prospects were endless. 
Many began to hear stories of 

3333
02:52:42,400 --> 02:52:44,800
Texas. 
The Mexican government was 

3334
02:52:44,800 --> 02:52:48,200
actively courting American 
settlers by Distributing large, 

3335
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:51,400
tracts of land to those families
who were ready to uproot and go.

3336
02:52:52,200 --> 02:52:55,500
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 
beginnings for David who had 

3337
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:57,500
lived his whole life seeking 
opportunity. 

3338
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:01,300
It wasn't just personal reasons 
that led David to Texas. 

3339
02:53:01,300 --> 02:53:03,600
Something major was about to 
happen. 

3340
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,100
According to his political 
instincts, and he had been 

3341
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:08,800
keeping up with the news about 
the escalating tensions, between

3342
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:10,900
the Mexican Government and 
American settlers. 

3343
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:14,500
The settlers dissatisfaction 
with Mexican policies. 

3344
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:18,800
Such as those that limited local
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 

3345
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:22,300
among settlers and restricted 
immigration was growing. 

3346
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:25,600
Conflicts were regular, people 
were caught between their 

3347
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:28,100
everyday demands and Far Away 
government policies. 

3348
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:31,000
Were Echoes of those that have 
molded David's own political 

3349
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:35,000
career. 
He saw in late 1835, David set 

3350
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:37,100
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

3351
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:41,700
He intended to serve the area 
perhaps purchased some land and 

3352
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:44,300
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

3353
02:53:45,200 --> 02:53:47,600
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

3354
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:51,800
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

3355
02:53:51,800 --> 02:53:55,700
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

3356
02:53:55,708 --> 02:53:58,800
disagreements about right and 
wrong David had never been Adept

3357
02:53:58,800 --> 02:54:02,000
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

3358
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:05,100
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

3359
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:07,500
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

3360
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:09,600
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

3361
02:54:09,600 --> 02:54:12,900
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

3362
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:15,900
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

3363
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,200
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

3364
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:22,500
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

3365
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,700
Hard-working couples wanting a 
better life for their children. 

3366
02:54:25,700 --> 02:54:29,000
The settlers David met mirrored,
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 

3367
02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:33,000
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land engaging trade and Rule 

3368
02:54:33,000 --> 02:54:37,000
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

3369
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:39,700
appeared more intent on 
controlling them than helping 

3370
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:41,500
them. 
Grow, were becoming more and 

3371
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:46,000
more frustrating for them. 
David came away from his talks 

3372
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:49,000
with these families with the 
conviction that the settlers 

3373
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:51,600
would require Leaders with 
expertise in both military 

3374
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:55,500
strategy and political reality 
in the event of an impending 

3375
02:54:55,500 --> 02:54:58,300
battle. 
The timing of David's arrival. 

3376
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:01,300
In Texas was impeccable, though,
he could not have predicted it. 

3377
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:04,900
The tense situation had quickly 
developed between the Mexican 

3378
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:08,200
authorities and the settlers 
dissolving, the Mexican Congress

3379
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:12,000
and advancing for total control 
General, Santa Anna jeopardize 

3380
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:15,100
the minimal autonomy that had 
initially attracted American 

3381
02:55:15,100 --> 02:55:18,000
Immigration. 
The Texans who had just begun to

3382
02:55:18,000 --> 02:55:21,200
organize resistance or in need 
of prominent political and 

3383
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:23,900
Military personalities, who 
might provide credibility to 

3384
02:55:23,900 --> 02:55:26,400
their. 
Cause the scenario seemed like 

3385
02:55:26,400 --> 02:55:30,400
an opportunity for David to put 
his political experience and 

3386
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:33,200
knowledge to use for causes in 
which he truly believed. 

3387
02:55:33,800 --> 02:55:35,800
The Texas settlers weren't 
demanding much. 

3388
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:39,100
They simply wanted to be able to
follow their own Traditions when

3389
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:42,100
it came to government freely 
practiced, their religion and 

3390
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:44,100
have a say in matters that 
directly touch them. 

3391
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:48,500
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

3392
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:50,800
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

3393
02:55:51,700 --> 02:55:55,400
San Antonio was Under Siege when
David arrived in February 1836 

3394
02:55:55,400 --> 02:55:59,700
as general, Santa Anna's Mexican
Army's closed in the small 

3395
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:02,800
Garrison sought sanctuary in the
Alamo a former mission. 

3396
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:06,500
With only 200 Defenders up 
against thousands of Mexican 

3397
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:08,200
forces. 
The situation was Dire. 

3398
02:56:08,200 --> 02:56:11,800
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

3399
02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:15,300
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

3400
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:19,500
victory was possible. 
For David, staying in the Alamo 

3401
02:56:19,500 --> 02:56:22,200
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

3402
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:24,100
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

3403
02:56:24,100 --> 02:56:27,800
His years spent hunting alone 
in, perilous Wilderness his 

3404
02:56:27,800 --> 02:56:31,100
lessons in leadership, under 
duress, from military duty, and 

3405
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:33,700
the lessons he had learned about
the value of sticking up for 

3406
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:38,000
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

3407
02:56:38,000 --> 02:56:40,700
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

3408
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:43,900
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

3409
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,800
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 
Military significance of David's

3410
02:56:47,800 --> 02:56:49,800
Presence at the Alamo. 
Cannot be overstated. 

3411
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:52,700
He was willing to put his 
reputation on the line for 

3412
02:56:52,700 --> 02:56:55,600
Texas's Independence. 
And he had served as a 

3413
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:58,800
congressman in the United 
States, his ruling bolstered 

3414
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:02,100
support for the Texas cause and 
showed that the war was about 

3415
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:04,400
National issues of 
self-governance and personal 

3416
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,200
freedom, rather than Petty 
Regional disputes. 

3417
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,700
David had to have understood, 
his chances of survival were 

3418
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:13,700
limited as the Mexican Army, 
encircled the Alamo, but he was 

3419
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:17,700
also wise enough to know that 
values not survival are often 

3420
02:57:17,700 --> 02:57:20,600
more essential and that it's 
better to lose a battle than to 

3421
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:24,200
lose a life for a greater cause 
The Restless youngster suddenly 

3422
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:27,000
had something to stand for. 
I'll link the evening together. 

3423
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,500
Is coming to a close and with 
it, we reach the beginning and 

3424
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:33,600
finish of David's Story. 
The moment when a Restless 

3425
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:36,500
politician from the frontier 
became an enduring emblem of 

3426
02:57:36,508 --> 02:57:40,500
American bravery in Independence
from February 23rd until March 

3427
02:57:40,500 --> 02:57:46,000
6th. 1836, the Alamo was 
besieged for 13 days, a former 

3428
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:49,100
Congressman seeking A New 
Beginning, David Crockett became

3429
02:57:49,100 --> 02:57:52,400
a symbol of Common People 
prepared to give their all for 

3430
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,100
the idea of self-determination 
during those two weeks. 

3431
02:57:56,000 --> 02:57:59,000
A complicated man who had spent 
50 years trying to balance 

3432
02:57:59,000 --> 02:58:01,100
practical demands with moral 
beliefs. 

3433
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:04,000
The David who fought at the 
Alamo was nothing like the 

3434
02:58:04,000 --> 02:58:06,000
legendary figure with the 
coonskin cap. 

3435
02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:09,200
Inside the Alamo. 
David had a dual purpose 

3436
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:12,300
bolstering morale and providing 
Military Support. 

3437
02:58:13,000 --> 02:58:16,200
His background as a scout in the
creek war made him an asset for 

3438
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:19,400
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

3439
02:58:19,400 --> 02:58:21,400
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale. 

3440
02:58:21,400 --> 02:58:23,900
In what everyone knew would be 
their last days. 

3441
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:28,000
Picture this David was keeping 
his fellow Defenders motivated 

3442
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:31,000
during these long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

3443
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,900
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

3444
02:58:35,200 --> 02:58:37,900
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict, the precise 

3445
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:40,500
circumstances of David's demise 
a murky at best. 

3446
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:44,000
A generation of America's was 
inspired by his presence at the 

3447
02:58:44,000 --> 02:58:47,500
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

3448
02:58:47,500 --> 02:58:51,400
were worth dying for We all know
that he died fighting and never 

3449
02:58:51,400 --> 02:58:53,800
surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

3450
02:58:53,800 --> 02:58:56,700
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

3451
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:00,400
Fascinatingly, though. 
The real David Crockett started 

3452
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:04,100
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away, and that 

3453
02:59:04,100 --> 02:59:06,000
is what truly defines his 
legacy. 

3454
02:59:06,800 --> 02:59:09,600
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

3455
02:59:09,600 --> 02:59:12,808
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

3456
02:59:12,816 --> 02:59:14,700
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

3457
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,800
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

3458
02:59:17,800 --> 02:59:21,300
River dry, and beat his weight 
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 

3459
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,100
Even though the real David, most
likely, never sported, a 

3460
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:28,700
coonskin cap, it came to 
symbolize him and meticulous and

3461
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:31,300
principled, politician became a 
naive Frontiersman. 

3462
02:59:32,200 --> 02:59:34,500
What this change reveals about 
the way Americans of 

3463
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:36,800
historically treated their 
Heroes as significant. 

3464
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:40,500
A Heroes should be simple and 
our symbols should be obvious, 

3465
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:44,100
the complicated real life. 
David Crockett who had 

3466
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:47,500
difficulty spelling but had 
strong moral convictions was an 

3467
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:50,900
accomplished Hunter and a 
brilliant political thinker and 

3468
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:53,100
was too complicated for 
simplistic mythology. 

3469
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:57,300
Because of this, he became a 
cartoon character in popular 

3470
02:59:57,300 --> 03:00:01,100
culture which oversimplified 
him, despite this a crucial 

3471
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:04,100
aspect of the historical, David 
managed to evade the myths 

3472
03:00:04,100 --> 03:00:07,300
regardless of the numerous urban
legends surrounding him. 

3473
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:10,200
The fundamental truths that 
captivated audiences. 

3474
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:13,700
The common people are capable of
extraordinary Deeds that 

3475
03:00:13,700 --> 03:00:15,800
principles. 
Take precedence over political 

3476
03:00:15,800 --> 03:00:19,300
expediency and that at times 
during the right thing demands 

3477
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:21,500
giving up everything remain 
powerful. 

3478
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:25,900
The impact that David had on 
American society did not cease 

3479
03:00:25,900 --> 03:00:28,300
with his death. 
A regular guy thrown into 

3480
03:00:28,300 --> 03:00:32,200
extraordinary circumstances who 
Rises to the occasion, he became

3481
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:34,100
an archetype of the reluctant 
hero. 

3482
03:00:34,900 --> 03:00:37,100
Throughout American 
storytelling, for over two 

3483
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:40,300
centuries characters, like Jimmy
Stewart from Frank, Capra, 

3484
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:42,100
films, and contemporary 
politicians. 

3485
03:00:42,100 --> 03:00:44,500
Who highlight their humble 
Origins have repeated. 

3486
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:46,200
David's example of honest 
leadership. 

3487
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:49,600
The way, David dealt with the 
conflict between pragmatic 

3488
03:00:49,600 --> 03:00:53,300
politics and moral convictions, 
is what gives his story modern 

3489
03:00:53,300 --> 03:00:56,600
relevance compromises, 
inevitable ineffective 

3490
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:00,000
leadership but he was aware that
there are certain beliefs that 

3491
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:03,700
must never be compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

3492
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:07,100
for moral Integrity. 
Intricate political institutions

3493
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:08,900
are laid bare by his political 
career. 

3494
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:12,700
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

3495
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:16,000
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

3496
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:18,500
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

3497
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:21,800
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

3498
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:25,100
the Alamo David by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

3499
03:01:25,100 --> 03:01:28,200
of Texas, demonstrated that 
there are values higher than 

3500
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:30,700
political power. 
And the true citizens of a 

3501
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:34,100
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interests 

3502
03:01:34,100 --> 03:01:36,900
on the back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

3503
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:41,700
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

3504
03:01:41,700 --> 03:01:43,300
icon. 
As you drift off to sleep 

3505
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:47,300
tonight, he was never able to 
settle down become politically 

3506
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:49,700
powerful or a mass substantial 
riches. 

3507
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:53,300
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

3508
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:56,500
own moral compass that he had 
utilized his talents for causes 

3509
03:01:56,500 --> 03:01:59,600
he believed in and that he had 
not backed down when faced with 

3510
03:01:59,600 --> 03:02:02,000
the final test was something 
more significant to him. 

3511
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,400
Instead of being the heroic 
frontiersmen, portrayed in 

3512
03:02:05,400 --> 03:02:09,000
popular culture, the real David 
Crockett was a multi-faceted 

3513
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,300
imperfect human being who 
demonstrated that regular 

3514
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,000
individuals are capable of 
remarkable acts of moral 

3515
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:17,800
bravery. 
Being heroic isn't about having 

3516
03:02:17,800 --> 03:02:20,000
it all together. 
It's about having the courage to

3517
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:21,500
fight for what you think is, 
right? 

3518
03:02:21,500 --> 03:02:25,000
No matter the cost. 
His narrative serves as a 

3519
03:02:25,008 --> 03:02:27,700
reminder of this. 
As we wrap up our evening 

3520
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:30,600
together, it's worth reflecting 
on how we all encounter 

3521
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:33,800
situations where we have to 
decide between doing what is 

3522
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:34,600
easy. 
And what's, right? 

3523
03:02:34,600 --> 03:02:37,400
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

3524
03:02:38,300 --> 03:02:40,900
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

3525
03:02:40,900 --> 03:02:44,600
Bedrock of our Democratic and 
free society as David Crockett's

3526
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:48,200
account hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

3527
03:02:48,200 --> 03:02:50,700
being heroic does not 
necessitate to coonskin cap. 

3528
03:02:50,700 --> 03:02:53,400
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

3529
03:02:53,400 --> 03:03:01,200
your own moral compass. 
Welcome to Tudor England, where 

3530
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:03,900
the approach of Darkness meant 
something entirely different 

3531
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:09,300
than it does today. 
Between 1485 and 1603 when the 

3532
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:13,600
sun set over thatched cottages 
and manor, houses alike and 

3533
03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:18,200
entire ritual, unfolded, that 
shaped how people rested dreamed

3534
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,200
and greeted. 
Each new day tonight, will 

3535
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,800
explore the intimate world of 
Tudor sleep from the moment. 

3536
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:29,300
Twilight descended to the first 
of dawn, discovering, how your 

3537
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:33,600
ancestors found, rest in an era 
without electricity central 

3538
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:36,400
heating or any of the modern 
Comforts, we take for granted 

3539
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:38,800
now. 
Imagine if you will yourself 

3540
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:42,400
standing in a Tudor Marketplace,
on a September after noon, and 

3541
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:46,100
the light is already changing. 
The sun, hangs lower than you'd 

3542
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:48,800
expect. 
For 4:00 casting Long Shadows 

3543
03:03:48,800 --> 03:03:51,700
across the cobblestone's around 
you. 

3544
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:54,700
Merchants are packing up their 
stalls with increasing urgency. 

3545
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:59,000
And you realize, this isn't just
about closing shop, it's about 

3546
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:01,400
getting home before the darkness
arrives in Earnest. 

3547
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:04,800
In Tudor England, knightfall 
wasn't simply an inconvenience 

3548
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:08,100
to be conquered with a light. 
Switch it represented a 

3549
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:12,600
fundamental shift in how life 
operated your body if you lived 

3550
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:15,700
in this era would have been 
attuned to the sun's movements 

3551
03:04:15,700 --> 03:04:18,200
in ways that modern humans have 
largely forgotten. 

3552
03:04:19,400 --> 03:04:23,300
The pineal gland in your brain 
responding to decreasing light 

3553
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:27,200
would begin releasing melatonin 
much earlier than it does today.

3554
03:04:27,200 --> 03:04:30,300
Sometimes, as early as 
mid-afternoon in winter months, 

3555
03:04:30,300 --> 03:04:35,000
the phrase of Day held literal 
weight shops, shuttered, their 

3556
03:04:35,008 --> 03:04:38,000
Windows families, gathered their
children from Play. 

3557
03:04:38,000 --> 03:04:40,800
Even livestock seem to 
understand the approaching 

3558
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:44,100
transition making their way 
toward Barnes without much 

3559
03:04:44,100 --> 03:04:47,300
prompting. 
This wasn't fear, exactly, 

3560
03:04:47,300 --> 03:04:51,000
though nighttime did carry 
legitimate concerns about safety

3561
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,600
and navigation. 
Rather it was acceptance of a 

3562
03:04:54,600 --> 03:04:58,100
natural Rhythm that governed 
everything from work, scheduled 

3563
03:04:58,100 --> 03:05:00,200
to meal times to social 
Gatherings. 

3564
03:05:00,200 --> 03:05:03,200
As you walk through a two to 
town at dusk. 

3565
03:05:03,200 --> 03:05:06,500
You'd notice the sounds changing
The hammering from the 

3566
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:10,600
blacksmith's Forge false silent 
the calls of Street vendors Fade

3567
03:05:10,600 --> 03:05:13,300
Away in their place. 
Comes a different acoustic 

3568
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:16,800
landscape, the settling of 
Timber frames as building's. 

3569
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:20,300
Cool, the distant bleeding of 
sheep, being penned for the 

3570
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:23,400
night and the closest sounds of 
families moving inside their 

3571
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:26,400
homes. 
Someone nearby is bringing in 

3572
03:05:26,400 --> 03:05:28,900
firewood. 
The logs clunking against each 

3573
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:30,700
other, with that particular 
Hollow sound. 

3574
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,900
That means they've been drying 
all summer the smell of cooking 

3575
03:05:33,900 --> 03:05:37,500
fires intensifies. 
As you pass houses, where supper

3576
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,800
preparations are underway. 
Smoke curls from chimneys. 

3577
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:43,600
Relatively new feature in Tudor 
times. 

3578
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,500
Actually, there's many older 
buildings still relied on 

3579
03:05:46,500 --> 03:05:48,300
Central halves with holes in the
roof. 

3580
03:05:49,700 --> 03:05:53,500
The aroma tells you what's for 
dinner in a dozen homes pottage 

3581
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:55,600
made with whatever vegetables 
came from the garden. 

3582
03:05:55,600 --> 03:05:59,100
Perhaps some salted pork. 
If it's a household with means 

3583
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:02,900
and bread, baking on half stones
for tomorrow's breakfast, your 

3584
03:06:02,900 --> 03:06:06,100
own household, assuming your 
neither wealthy or destitute 

3585
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:08,200
operates on a predictable 
schedule. 

3586
03:06:09,300 --> 03:06:11,900
Supper happens while this still 
enough natural light to see your

3587
03:06:11,900 --> 03:06:14,100
food. 
Clearly not out of preference 

3588
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,800
but necessity. 
Candles and rush like cost money

3589
03:06:17,800 --> 03:06:20,200
and you'll need them for the 
essential tasks. 

3590
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:24,100
That must happen after dark. 
The tower rush like sputter and 

3591
03:06:24,100 --> 03:06:27,000
smoke. 
Giving off a smell that visitors

3592
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:30,400
from our time would find 
unpleasant, but the Tudor knows 

3593
03:06:30,400 --> 03:06:33,900
his barely registered. 
These were decorative elements 

3594
03:06:33,900 --> 03:06:37,300
but practical tools jealously 
guarded and carefully. 

3595
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:41,200
Rationed children are already 
showing signs of drowsiness much

3596
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,700
earlier than modern kids would 
Without the stimulation of 

3597
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:48,300
screens or Bright Lights their 
circadian rhythms, follow 

3598
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:51,200
ancient patterns. 
You might see a 5 year old 

3599
03:06:51,208 --> 03:06:52,700
rubbing. 
Her eyes at 6:00. 

3600
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:55,100
Ready for bed. 
Long before the adults will 

3601
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:58,200
retire. 
This isn't considered unusual or

3602
03:06:58,200 --> 03:07:01,500
problematic. 
It's simply how children are the

3603
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:04,300
transition from data night, 
carried a certain Comfort 

3604
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:07,300
despite its challenges. 
There was predictability in the 

3605
03:07:07,308 --> 03:07:09,700
routine. 
A sense that you were doing what

3606
03:07:09,700 --> 03:07:11,700
countless Generations before you
had done. 

3607
03:07:12,500 --> 03:07:15,400
As Darkness settled more 
completely over the town, you'd 

3608
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:18,500
begin moving through the rituals
that prepare both house and body

3609
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:21,100
for sleep. 
Rituals that were as much about 

3610
03:07:21,100 --> 03:07:23,900
psychological preparation as 
physical assess. 

3611
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:26,600
Chapter 2, the bed chamber 
itself. 

3612
03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:29,800
Let's step into a typical Tudor 
bedroom, though. 

3613
03:07:29,800 --> 03:07:33,100
Typical covers a wide range 
depending on social status. 

3614
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:37,100
We'll start with a middling 
household prosperous enough to 

3615
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:40,300
have separate sleeping quarters 
but far from the elaborate 

3616
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,900
Arrangements of nobility. 
Climb a narrow wooden staircase.

3617
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:47,900
Your hand trailing along, a wall
made of wattle and orb. 

3618
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:53,300
Woven sticks covered with a 
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 

3619
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:58,700
The texture under your fingers 
is rough but solid cool to the 

3620
03:07:58,708 --> 03:08:02,100
touch. 
At the top, you duck slightly 

3621
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:04,500
through a doorway built for 
people who averaged several 

3622
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:06,300
inches shorter than modern 
humans. 

3623
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:08,800
They're not quite as short as 
myth would have it. 

3624
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,600
The average Tudor man, stood 
around 5 foot 7. 

3625
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:16,800
The average woman about five 
foot two, the bed chamber isn't 

3626
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:19,200
large. 
In fact, it strikes you as 

3627
03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:23,300
remarkably small by contemporary
standards, 10 feet by 12 feet, 

3628
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:26,400
and it serves multiple purposes 
Beyond sleeping. 

3629
03:08:27,300 --> 03:08:31,400
Against one wall stands, the bed
itself, the rooms most valuable 

3630
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:35,300
piece of furniture and quite 
possibly the most expensive 

3631
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:36,700
item. 
The family owns. 

3632
03:08:37,600 --> 03:08:40,500
This isn't a mattress on a frame
from a furniture store. 

3633
03:08:40,500 --> 03:08:44,600
This is a substantial wooden 
structure built to last 

3634
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:46,100
Generations. 
That will be mentioned 

3635
03:08:46,100 --> 03:08:49,600
specifically in the owners. 
Will the bed frame Rises higher 

3636
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:52,100
off the floor than you'd expect 
roughly three feet up. 

3637
03:08:52,100 --> 03:08:55,700
There's practical reasoning 
here, elevation provides 

3638
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,000
protection from floor drafts. 
And from the various creatures 

3639
03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:01,200
that might wander across the 
floorboards at night. 

3640
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,800
The space underneath serves a 
storage for chests boxes and 

3641
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:09,000
sometimes even a trundle bed 
that pulls out for children or 

3642
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:11,000
servants. 
What catches your attention? 

3643
03:09:11,000 --> 03:09:14,200
Most is the bed itself. 
Particularly the mattress 

3644
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:17,500
situation which operates on a 
principle of layering that would

3645
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:21,500
make perfect sense to anyone who
understands Insulation at the 

3646
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:23,600
base. 
It's a canvas sack stuffed with 

3647
03:09:23,600 --> 03:09:27,900
straw quite firmly packed. 
This Foundation layer gets 

3648
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:31,400
replaced, seasonally, fresh 
straw, and Autumn brought a 

3649
03:09:31,400 --> 03:09:34,800
particular satisfaction, like 
the feeling of new rushes on the

3650
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:38,900
floor or a newly thatched roof. 
On top of this lies, a second 

3651
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:42,600
mattress thinner, and stuffed 
with wool, if the household can 

3652
03:09:42,600 --> 03:09:46,600
afford it or more straw mixed 
with dried herbs, if they can't,

3653
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:50,700
the term mattress itself comes 
from the Arabic word, meaning to

3654
03:09:50,700 --> 03:09:54,300
throw referring to the cushions 
thrown on the floor for 

3655
03:09:54,300 --> 03:09:57,800
sleeping. 
But Tudor beds at evolved well 

3656
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:00,800
beyond floor. 
Cushions incorporating Knowledge

3657
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:03,900
from Continental, Craftsman 
about comfort and construction. 

3658
03:10:04,900 --> 03:10:08,200
A well-made bed represented a 
significant investment. 

3659
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:12,900
Perhaps three months of wages 
for a laborer bed, curtains, 

3660
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:16,100
hang from a wooden frame, and 
these serve purposes that are 

3661
03:10:16,108 --> 03:10:20,300
modern heated bedrooms don't 
require Heavy wool or linen. 

3662
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:23,300
Curtains sometimes lined with 
additional fabric for winter, 

3663
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:28,200
create a room within a room. 
When drawn, they trap body heat 

3664
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:32,100
and provide genuine privacy. 
In homeware privacy was scarce. 

3665
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:35,800
The curtains also block drafts 
that slip through shuttered 

3666
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:39,300
windows and gaps in walls, 
making the enclosed space, 

3667
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:42,500
several degrees warmer than the 
outer room, the curtains aren't 

3668
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:45,100
purely functional, they carry 
social meaning too. 

3669
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,800
Their quality and decoration 
announced status to anyone who 

3670
03:10:48,800 --> 03:10:52,000
enters the room. 
Wealthy households might have 

3671
03:10:52,000 --> 03:10:55,200
curtains embroidered with family
crests or biblical scenes. 

3672
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,200
Middling families, might add 
simple, geometric patterns, or 

3673
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:03,200
contrasting colored trim. 
Even modest households try to 

3674
03:11:03,208 --> 03:11:06,500
manage something Beyond plain 
undyed fabric. 

3675
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:11,000
Perhaps adding bands of color at
the Edge's or simple embroidered

3676
03:11:11,000 --> 03:11:14,700
flowers near the opening bed 
linens, tell another story about

3677
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:18,400
Tudor life. if your fortunate 
enough to have sheets there made

3678
03:11:18,400 --> 03:11:22,500
of linen Hempel Flags woven into
cloth that started out quite 

3679
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:26,700
rough but softened with repeated
washing cotton is exotic and 

3680
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,800
expensive, imported from great 
distances. 

3681
03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:33,900
Silk is for the truly wealthy 
your sheets. 

3682
03:11:33,900 --> 03:11:36,900
Assuming you have them rather 
than sleeping directly on the 

3683
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:40,700
wall mattress cover get wash 
perhaps once a month or every 

3684
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:44,500
six weeks depending on the 
season and available water, the 

3685
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:47,700
pillow under your head contains 
feathers, if your prosperous or 

3686
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:51,600
wool or buckwheat hulls, if 
you're not Multiple pillows are 

3687
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:54,700
a luxury. 
Most people make do with one and

3688
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:57,700
it's not unusual for two people.
Sharing a bed to share a single 

3689
03:11:57,708 --> 03:12:01,800
pillow as well. the pillowcase 
called a pillow bear gets 

3690
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:04,400
washed, more frequently than 
sheets, because your face 

3691
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:08,000
touches it, nightly blankets and
coverlets complete, the bedding 

3692
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:12,500
and here again, we see that 
principle of layering A linen 

3693
03:12:12,500 --> 03:12:15,200
sheet goes over the sleeper, 
then will blanket. 

3694
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:19,500
Its then perhaps a coverlet, a 
decorative woven or embroidered 

3695
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:22,300
covering that as much about 
display as warmth. 

3696
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:26,000
In Winter, you might have a 
first-row added to the pile 

3697
03:12:26,000 --> 03:12:29,600
rabbit or lambskin. 
If your moderately prosperous or

3698
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,000
expensive, imported Furs, if 
your wealthy. 

3699
03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:35,100
The room contains other 
Furniture though, not much by 

3700
03:12:35,100 --> 03:12:38,500
modern standards. 
Chess at the foot of the bed 

3701
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:42,700
holding clothing and linens. 
This chest probably traveled 

3702
03:12:42,700 --> 03:12:45,900
here with the wife when she 
married as part of her Dowry and

3703
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:47,400
it might be the only piece of 
furniture. 

3704
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:51,400
She truly owns outright a small 
table near the bed, holds a 

3705
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:55,700
candle in a holder Perhaps a cup
of water or ale or maybe a 

3706
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:57,500
prayer book. 
If the household is literate and

3707
03:12:57,500 --> 03:13:00,600
devout enough to own one pegs on
the wall, hold clothing. 

3708
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,100
The concept of a closet or 
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 

3709
03:13:04,100 --> 03:13:06,400
very wealthy. 
Your few garments. 

3710
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:09,400
Hang on these wooden pegs and 
you're careful with them because

3711
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:12,400
cloth represents significant 
expense and labor. 

3712
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:15,000
That will gown hanging by the 
door. 

3713
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:18,500
Took a shepherd's year of work. 
A sheerer skill, a spinner as 

3714
03:13:18,500 --> 03:13:22,500
ours at the wheel a Weaver's 
time at the loom and a Taylor's 

3715
03:13:22,500 --> 03:13:24,300
expertise with needle and 
thread. 

3716
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:28,500
You don't treat it carelessly, 
the floor might be wood planks 

3717
03:13:28,500 --> 03:13:31,500
or packed Earth depending on the
House's age and the owners 

3718
03:13:31,500 --> 03:13:35,600
means, either way, it's covered 
with Russia's long grasses 

3719
03:13:35,600 --> 03:13:38,900
strewn across the surface that 
serve as a combination Floor 

3720
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:42,200
Covering insulation and waste 
absorption system. 

3721
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:46,800
Fresh rushes smelled. 
Green and pleasant, old rushes 

3722
03:13:46,800 --> 03:13:50,400
due for changing smell of all 
the things that have fallen into

3723
03:13:50,400 --> 03:13:54,500
the mobile weeks or months. 
You'd notice it immediately, but

3724
03:13:54,500 --> 03:13:57,600
Judah noses were acclimated to 
organic smells that modern 

3725
03:13:57,600 --> 03:14:01,500
sensibilities, find challenging 
a window quite small by modern 

3726
03:14:01,500 --> 03:14:05,500
standards sits high in one wall,
it has shutters but no glass, 

3727
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:09,200
glass windows, remain expensive,
and mainly appear in the homes 

3728
03:14:09,200 --> 03:14:12,700
of the wealthy or in churches. 
When shutters closed at night, 

3729
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:15,900
they block wind and rain but 
also all light and fresh air. 

3730
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:19,300
So there's a constant 
negotiation between warmth and 

3731
03:14:19,300 --> 03:14:22,500
ventilation between security and
stuffiness. 

3732
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:26,100
The walls might have a religious
image or two woodblock. 

3733
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:30,300
Prints of saints are affordable,
even for modest households A 

3734
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,300
crucifix hangs near the bed 
placed where you'll see it 

3735
03:14:33,300 --> 03:14:35,300
lasting at night. 
And first thing in the morning, 

3736
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:38,700
a reminder of spiritual 
protection during the vulnerable

3737
03:14:38,700 --> 03:14:41,600
hours of sleep. 
This room represents safety, 

3738
03:14:41,600 --> 03:14:45,000
privacy and rest in a world 
where all three are precious 

3739
03:14:45,000 --> 03:14:47,500
Commodities. 
It's not merely a place to 

3740
03:14:47,500 --> 03:14:51,200
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 
demands of daylight, the 

3741
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:54,300
observation of neighbors and the
requirements of work. 

3742
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,600
Within These Walls, with those 
curtains drawn, you can be 

3743
03:14:58,600 --> 03:15:03,000
simply yourself free temporarily
from the social roles and 

3744
03:15:03,000 --> 03:15:05,500
expectations that govern 
behavior in the public sphere. 

3745
03:15:05,500 --> 03:15:09,000
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the
question of sleeping 

3746
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:11,700
Arrangements in Tudor England, 
reveals, much about social 

3747
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:14,800
structure, family, Dynamics, and
practical necessities. 

3748
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:19,000
The modern assumption that each 
person deserves their own bed. 

3749
03:15:19,000 --> 03:15:23,200
Let alone their own room would 
strike tutor Minds as bizarre 

3750
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,900
and rather wasteful in your 
middling household. 

3751
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:28,300
The sleeping Arrangements. 
Operate on a clear hierarchy, 

3752
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:32,200
the master and Mistress of the 
house, share the main bed 

3753
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:34,100
chamber. 
We've just explored this 

3754
03:15:34,100 --> 03:15:37,700
represents both privilege and 
responsibility their bed is the 

3755
03:15:37,700 --> 03:15:38,400
good one. 
Yes. 

3756
03:15:38,400 --> 03:15:42,000
But there are also expected to 
manage household Affairs, which 

3757
03:15:42,000 --> 03:15:45,200
means they might be woken by 
servants reporting problems at 

3758
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:48,200
any our children sleeping 
Arrangements, depend on age and 

3759
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:50,900
gender. 
Young children, regardless of 

3760
03:15:50,900 --> 03:15:53,000
sex, might share a bed in a 
separate chamber. 

3761
03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:56,600
If the house has one or sleep in
the same room as their parents 

3762
03:15:56,600 --> 03:16:00,800
in smaller homes, Trundle bed 
slides under the main bed during

3763
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:02,900
the day and pulls out at night 
for children. 

3764
03:16:03,900 --> 03:16:07,300
This works reasonably well and 
the children reach a certain age

3765
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,100
at which point gender 
segregation becomes important 

3766
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:13,200
for modesty older. 
Boys, might sleep in an attic 

3767
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:16,400
space or in an outbuilding. 
While older girls typically 

3768
03:16:16,400 --> 03:16:19,900
remain in the house, proper 
under closest supervision This 

3769
03:16:19,900 --> 03:16:23,000
isn't uniform across all 
households practical 

3770
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:25,800
considerations often override 
ideal Arrangements. 

3771
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:29,500
If you only have one chamber, 
everyone sleeps there and 

3772
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:32,400
whatever configuration makes 
sense, servants present. 

3773
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:35,600
Another layer of sleeping 
Logistics in larger households 

3774
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:39,300
servants, might have their own 
quarters often, quite cramped 

3775
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:41,700
Chambers in attics, or over 
outbuildings. 

3776
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:45,700
In smaller, establishments, a 
serving girl might sleep in the 

3777
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:47,900
Kitchen. 
Near the dying fire or at the 

3778
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:51,100
foot of her mistress's bed. 
Or in the same room with the 

3779
03:16:51,100 --> 03:16:55,900
children, she helps tend. 
Male servants might bed down in 

3780
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:59,800
Stables, workshops or any 
available space that offers some

3781
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:03,500
shelter, the concept of servants
sleeping in the same rooms as 

3782
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:07,500
their employers strikes, modern 
sensibilities as strange, but 

3783
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,400
Tudor households operated more 
communally than ours. 

3784
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:15,100
Privacy was less about physical 
separation and more about social

3785
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,000
understanding. 
You pretended not to notice 

3786
03:17:18,000 --> 03:17:21,300
certain things and others 
extended the same courtesy to 

3787
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,900
you bed. 
Sharing was utterly normal 

3788
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:27,000
across all social classes, two 
or three children. 

3789
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:30,500
Commonly shared a bed and this 
Arrangement continued well into 

3790
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:32,200
adulthood for unmarried 
siblings. 

3791
03:17:33,100 --> 03:17:36,200
Adult guests might share beds 
with household members of the 

3792
03:17:36,200 --> 03:17:39,100
same sex without anyone thinking
twice about it. 

3793
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:44,000
When Innes advertised beds? 
They often meant spaces in beds.

3794
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:47,300
You might find yourself sharing 
with a stranger though. 

3795
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,000
In Keepers, try to pair people 
of similar, apparent status, 

3796
03:17:50,000 --> 03:17:53,900
this proximity, didn't generally
carry romantic implications, 

3797
03:17:53,900 --> 03:17:59,400
bed, sharing was practical, beds
cost money bed, linens cost, 

3798
03:17:59,400 --> 03:18:04,300
money heating, multiple rooms 
cost money and besides shared 

3799
03:18:04,300 --> 03:18:05,900
body heat. 
Kept, everyone. 

3800
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:10,500
Warmer people slept in their 
undergarments not naked as many 

3801
03:18:10,500 --> 03:18:14,200
modern people do, which provided
a basic layer of modesty. 

3802
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:17,400
The wealthy had more options but
didn't necessarily chose 

3803
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:20,300
solitude. 
A nobleman and his wife might 

3804
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:23,300
have separate bed Chambers but 
this was often about creating 

3805
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:26,600
private spaces for entertaining,
guests of their own sex rather 

3806
03:18:26,600 --> 03:18:30,100
than avoiding each other. 
The lady might receive female 

3807
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:31,700
friends in her chamber. 
During the day. 

3808
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,700
While the gentleman used his for
business meetings, or 

3809
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:38,000
entertaining other men, great 
households had elaborate 

3810
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:41,300
sleeping higher Keys, the Lord 
and Lady had their private 

3811
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:44,800
Chambers. 
Yes, but these rooms opened onto

3812
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:48,400
others, were personal servants, 
slept ready to assist at a 

3813
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:51,400
moment's notice. 
A ladies maid might sleep in a 

3814
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:55,300
small chamber joining her Mrs. 
Room literally on call 

3815
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,900
throughout the night. 
The gentleman's valet had 

3816
03:18:58,900 --> 03:19:02,900
similar Arrangements apprentices
in merchant or craft households 

3817
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:04,700
presented their own sleeping 
puzzle. 

3818
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:08,700
They were neither family nor 
exactly servants occupying an 

3819
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:12,400
ambiguous middle status. 
Typically they slept in the 

3820
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:16,000
workshop itself or in the 
chamber above it, the present 

3821
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:19,600
serving partly, a security 
against theft, the relationship 

3822
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,000
between master and Apprentice 
included and understanding that 

3823
03:19:23,000 --> 03:19:25,000
the master would provide bed and
board. 

3824
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:28,100
So the apprentices sleeping 
Arrangements were part of the 

3825
03:19:28,100 --> 03:19:30,900
contract babies and very young 
children. 

3826
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:34,500
Often slept in cradles near 
their parents bed, close enough,

3827
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:36,700
that a mother could reach out 
and rock the cradle without 

3828
03:19:36,700 --> 03:19:39,400
getting up. 
Some cradles were designed to 

3829
03:19:39,400 --> 03:19:42,600
hook onto the main bed frame, 
keeping the infant literally 

3830
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:46,700
within Arms Reach. 
Wet nurse is employed in 

3831
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:49,900
wealthier families. 
Might sleep with the infant in a

3832
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,000
separate room. 
Essentially, taking over 

3833
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:54,500
nighttime parenting duties. 
So the mother could rest 

3834
03:19:54,500 --> 03:19:58,000
undisturbed the danger of 
overlaying, accidentally 

3835
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:00,400
smothering. 
An infant while sleeping was 

3836
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:02,700
well, recognized and genuinely 
feared. 

3837
03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:07,300
Some parishes kept records of 
these deaths and moralists 

3838
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,100
preached against parents. 
Bring babies into their beds 

3839
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:12,400
though. 
Necessity often, overload 

3840
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:15,900
cautioning cold weather or when 
a child was sick as children, 

3841
03:20:15,900 --> 03:20:19,100
grew their sleeping locations 
tracked, their increasing 

3842
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:23,200
Independence and changing roles.
A boy approaching apprenticeship

3843
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,700
age might move out of the family
sleeping quarters as preparation

3844
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:28,200
for his coming departure from 
home. 

3845
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:32,200
A girl approaching marriageable 
age needed increased 

3846
03:20:32,200 --> 03:20:34,400
supervision. 
So her sleeping Arrangements 

3847
03:20:34,400 --> 03:20:36,100
might actually become less 
independent. 

3848
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:40,300
Moving closer to parental 
oversight elderly, family 

3849
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:44,200
members presented, yet another 
consideration grandparents who 

3850
03:20:44,200 --> 03:20:47,300
could no longer maintain their 
own households like move-in. 

3851
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:50,500
With adult children requiring 
adjustments to sleeping 

3852
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:53,300
Arrangements. 
A grandmother might share a bed 

3853
03:20:53,308 --> 03:20:56,500
with granddaughters. 
Both providing supervision and 

3854
03:20:56,500 --> 03:20:59,800
receiving care. 
A grandfather might bet down 

3855
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:01,100
near the fire on the ground 
floor. 

3856
03:21:01,100 --> 03:21:04,600
If climbing stairs became 
difficult during play Gears or 

3857
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,000
times of illness sleeping, 
Arrangement shifted 

3858
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:10,700
dramatically, the sick were 
isolated as much as possible 

3859
03:21:10,700 --> 03:21:13,900
though, isolation in a Tudor 
house meant something different 

3860
03:21:13,900 --> 03:21:16,400
than it does. 
Now that sleeping alone in a 

3861
03:21:16,408 --> 03:21:20,000
chamber rather than sharing a 
bed with the door closed to 

3862
03:21:20,000 --> 03:21:23,100
contain contagious Vapors, that 
medical Theory, blamed for 

3863
03:21:23,100 --> 03:21:26,600
spreading disease seasonal, 
variations affected sleeping 

3864
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:30,200
locations, too in summer, some 
people move their sleeping 

3865
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:33,600
pallets to cooler locations, 
perhaps a chamber on the north 

3866
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:37,300
side of the house or even into 
Garden's for the truly wealthy 

3867
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:41,400
with secure properties. 
In Winter, everyone contracted 

3868
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:45,000
into the warmest rooms accepting
crowding and exchange for warmth

3869
03:21:45,000 --> 03:21:48,600
all these Arrangements operated 
under unspoken rules about 

3870
03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:51,200
hierarchy modesty and mutual 
respect. 

3871
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:55,000
You knew where you ranked in the
household by where you slept 

3872
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:58,300
what you slept on and whom you 
slept near. 

3873
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,900
The social order that structured
Waking, Life continued into the 

3874
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:07,200
night reflected in, who got the 
good mattress, the wool blankets

3875
03:22:07,200 --> 03:22:11,200
and the spot for this from 
drafty Windows chapter 4 

3876
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:14,500
preparing for Sleep. 
The transition from Waking Life 

3877
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,600
to sleep in tutoring England 
involved rituals both practical 

3878
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:20,200
and spiritual. 
A series of actions that 

3879
03:22:20,200 --> 03:22:23,300
prepared body home and soul for 
the vulnerable hours of 

3880
03:22:23,300 --> 03:22:26,600
Darkness, your evening routine 
begins, while some light Still 

3881
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:30,800
Remains first, comes the task of
securing the house checking that

3882
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:34,400
shutters are fastened doors 
barred and anything valuable is 

3883
03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:37,400
put away. 
This isn't paranoia but prudent 

3884
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:40,700
caution without streetlights or 
night watches in smaller 

3885
03:22:40,700 --> 03:22:43,200
communities. 
Darkness provides cover. 

3886
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:46,100
For those with bad intentions. 
You check the fire. 

3887
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:47,900
Making sure it's banked properly
for the night. 

3888
03:22:48,800 --> 03:22:52,100
Letting a fire go completely out
was a serious inconvenience. 

3889
03:22:52,100 --> 03:22:56,100
Requiring, you to either restart
it from scratch using flint and 

3890
03:22:56,100 --> 03:23:00,600
steel, a time-consuming process 
or send someone to a neighbor to

3891
03:23:00,600 --> 03:23:04,400
fetch live colds in the morning.
Most households kept fires 

3892
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:08,000
burning continuously. 
Sometimes for years carefully 

3893
03:23:08,000 --> 03:23:11,800
maintained day and night banking
a fire involves covering the 

3894
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:14,200
burning. 
Coals with ashes to slow 

3895
03:23:14,200 --> 03:23:16,800
combustion while keeping them 
alive until morning. 

3896
03:23:17,500 --> 03:23:21,500
It's a skill that takes practice
to get right too much Ash and 

3897
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:25,500
you smother the fire completely 
too little and you burn through 

3898
03:23:25,500 --> 03:23:28,900
your Woods wastefully, a well 
banked fire. 

3899
03:23:28,900 --> 03:23:32,500
Should still show red Embers 
when uncovered at dawn ready to 

3900
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:35,800
spring back to life with fresh 
wood and a bit of bellows work 

3901
03:23:35,800 --> 03:23:39,100
water gets hold inside for 
morning needs if your house 

3902
03:23:39,108 --> 03:23:42,400
doesn't have an indoor, well or 
convenient, rain barrel, In 

3903
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:44,100
winter. 
This prevents you from having to

3904
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:46,100
break ice to access water at 
dawn. 

3905
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:50,000
A bucket or pitcher sits ready 
near the fire where the 

3906
03:23:50,000 --> 03:23:52,700
remaining heat keeps it from 
freezing solid in the coldest 

3907
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:56,100
months prayers Foreman central 
part of the bed time routine 

3908
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:59,500
even in households that aren't 
particularly devout during the 

3909
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,800
day night time prayers. 
Serve important psychological 

3910
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:05,300
functions. 
They Mark the transition from 

3911
03:24:05,300 --> 03:24:09,700
active to resting States invoke 
protection during the vulnerable

3912
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:12,800
hours of sleep and they 
reinforced the moral framework 

3913
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:15,700
that governs daily life in 
Catholic homes. 

3914
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:19,100
Before the Reformation, the 
rosary might be recited as a 

3915
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:22,100
family. 
After England breaks from Rome, 

3916
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:25,800
Protestant prayers, replaced 
Catholic ones though, the basic 

3917
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:28,900
Rhythm remained, similar a 
formal acknowledgment of 

3918
03:24:28,900 --> 03:24:31,400
dependence on Divine protection,
through the night. 

3919
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:34,600
Children, learn prayers, 
specifically designed for 

3920
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:38,000
bedtime asking angels to guard 
them while they sleep 

3921
03:24:38,000 --> 03:24:40,300
requesting. 
They wake to see another day 

3922
03:24:40,300 --> 03:24:43,900
personal hygiene before bed is 
less elaborate than modern 

3923
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,900
routines, but not non-existent 
You might rinse your face and 

3924
03:24:47,900 --> 03:24:51,700
hands with water from a basin, 
using a cloth to wipe away the 

3925
03:24:51,700 --> 03:24:53,800
days, accumulation of dirt and 
sweat. 

3926
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:58,200
Teeth cleaning when it happens, 
involves rubbing them with a 

3927
03:24:58,200 --> 03:25:02,700
cloth perhaps dipped in salt or 
a mixture of herbs, toothbrushes

3928
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:06,300
exist but aren't common. 
They're novel items expensive 

3929
03:25:06,300 --> 03:25:10,800
and not yet considered essential
hair gets attention, a specialty

3930
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:14,100
for women. 
Long hair worn by most females, 

3931
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:18,100
regardless of age needs brushing
or combing to remove Tangles and

3932
03:25:18,100 --> 03:25:19,700
debris accumulated during the 
day. 

3933
03:25:20,600 --> 03:25:24,600
This serves practical purposes, 
untangling is easier when done 

3934
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,100
daily, an aesthetic ones as 
women take pride in maintaining 

3935
03:25:28,100 --> 03:25:30,800
healthy hair, even though it 
remains covered in public 

3936
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:33,100
nightclubs. 
And Tudor England aren't what 

3937
03:25:33,108 --> 03:25:35,800
you might imagine. 
There's no such thing as pajamas

3938
03:25:35,800 --> 03:25:38,600
in the modern sense. 
Instead you sleep in your 

3939
03:25:38,608 --> 03:25:42,300
undergarments your shift if 
you're a woman, your shirt. 

3940
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:46,200
If you're a man, these linen 
garments worn under your outer 

3941
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:49,600
clothes during the day become 
nightwear after you remove 

3942
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:52,200
everything else. 
They're washed more frequently 

3943
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:55,800
than outer garments because they
absorb body oils and sweat 

3944
03:25:55,800 --> 03:25:58,300
directly. 
The wealthy might own specific 

3945
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:03,000
sleeping shifts made of finer 
linen but this is a luxury Most 

3946
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:05,600
people make do with the same 
undergarments day and night 

3947
03:26:05,600 --> 03:26:08,200
perhaps changing them once or 
twice a week. 

3948
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:12,200
More often in summer less often 
in winter when washing and 

3949
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:14,000
drying laundry. 
Becomes more challenging 

3950
03:26:14,000 --> 03:26:17,700
nightcaps, serve important 
functions for women. 

3951
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:20,400
They keep hair contained and 
clean for men and women. 

3952
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:24,000
Both they provide warmth 
substantial heater escapes 

3953
03:26:24,000 --> 03:26:27,300
through your head and a good 
linen or Wool Cap helps retain 

3954
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:30,100
it You'd know more sleep without
a nightcap. 

3955
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:33,200
The nude sleep without a 
blanket, except perhaps during 

3956
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:36,200
the hottest summer nights, 
checking on children becomes 

3957
03:26:36,200 --> 03:26:39,100
part of the evening. 
Routine, you make sure young 

3958
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:42,900
ones have relieved themselves 
chamber pots, sit under beds, or

3959
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:46,800
in corners for nighttime use 
Because venturing outside the 

3960
03:26:46,800 --> 03:26:48,700
privy and darkness isn't 
appealing. 

3961
03:26:48,700 --> 03:26:51,200
You settle any last minute 
needs? 

3962
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:55,000
Calm, any fears about Darkness, 
or strange sounds and pull 

3963
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,000
blankets up around small, 
shoulders in larger households 

3964
03:26:58,000 --> 03:26:59,900
servants. 
Perform, a final round of 

3965
03:26:59,900 --> 03:27:02,500
Duties. 
The empty chamber pots from the 

3966
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:04,900
day, carry up pictures of water 
for morning. 

3967
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:08,400
Make sure Rush, lights are 
safely, extinguished, and check 

3968
03:27:08,400 --> 03:27:11,200
that the household's dog is 
inside or outside, depending on 

3969
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:14,300
its role guard, dog, stay 
outside and lap dogs. 

3970
03:27:14,300 --> 03:27:18,200
Come in somehow holds engage in 
a practice called reading in bed

3971
03:27:18,200 --> 03:27:20,200
though. 
This is limited to those who can

3972
03:27:20,200 --> 03:27:22,500
read and can afford candles or 
oil lamps. 

3973
03:27:23,600 --> 03:27:27,400
Religious texts are most common.
Psalms devotional works and 

3974
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:29,100
lives of saints before the 
Reformation. 

3975
03:27:30,600 --> 03:27:33,600
Reading serves both spiritual 
edification and practical 

3976
03:27:33,600 --> 03:27:36,000
purposes. 
As the ice training work of 

3977
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:40,100
reading by Paul light naturally,
induces sleepiness conversation 

3978
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:42,600
happens too though. 
Not the late night discussions 

3979
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:44,300
common in the age of electric 
lights. 

3980
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:48,500
Married couples might review the
days of events plan, tomorrow's 

3981
03:27:48,500 --> 03:27:51,400
tasks and discuss children or 
household concerns. 

3982
03:27:52,300 --> 03:27:55,800
That these talks wind down 
relatively quickly, candles cost

3983
03:27:55,800 --> 03:28:00,400
money and tomorrow begins early.
Finally, you climb into bed, a 

3984
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:02,000
process that requires a bit of 
coordination. 

3985
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:06,100
Given the beds height, Wooden 
steps or a small stool, might 

3986
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:08,400
assist, or you simply clamber 
up. 

3987
03:28:08,900 --> 03:28:11,900
The bed curtains closed ceiling 
you into your private domain. 

3988
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:15,400
The remaining light gets 
extinguished a rush light, 

3989
03:28:15,408 --> 03:28:18,600
snuffed a candle blown out. 
Darkness settling, completely 

3990
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:20,900
the bed itself. 
Feels different from Modern 

3991
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:25,300
mattresses, Firm. 
Not soft and it can forms to 

3992
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:27,700
your body's weight rather than 
cushioning you above it. 

3993
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:30,800
The straw beneath Russells with 
every movement? 

3994
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:34,700
The wool or linen against your 
skin, carries the smell of the 

3995
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:39,000
household would smoke cooking. 
The herbs scattered amongst 

3996
03:28:39,000 --> 03:28:43,500
stored Linens and the general 
organic Center of daily life you

3997
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:47,100
lie on your side most likely or 
on your back with knees bent 

3998
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:51,400
Sleeping positions recommended 
by medical authorities, who had 

3999
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:54,800
opinions about, which positions 
promoted health and which 

4000
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:57,000
encouraged bad dreams or 
illness. 

4001
03:28:57,900 --> 03:29:01,300
Whether people actually followed
this advice is debatable, but 

4002
03:29:01,300 --> 03:29:05,000
the existence of such guidelines
shows that even sleep positions.

4003
03:29:05,000 --> 03:29:08,800
Carried cultural meaning chapter
5, the pattern of two sleeps, 

4004
03:29:08,800 --> 03:29:11,900
one of the most surprising 
aspects of Tudor sleep habits. 

4005
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:16,000
At least a modern mine's is the 
practice of segmented sleep. 

4006
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:20,700
What historians call First, 
sleep and second sleep separated

4007
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:23,200
by a quiet waking period, in the
middle of the night. 

4008
03:29:23,200 --> 03:29:27,900
You fall asleep shortly after 
full, Darkness arrives exhausted

4009
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:30,300
from a day of physical labor or 
household management. 

4010
03:29:31,500 --> 03:29:35,200
That first sleep comes easily, 
your body surrendering to 

4011
03:29:35,200 --> 03:29:39,800
fatigue, melatonin flooding your
system, unchecked by artificial 

4012
03:29:39,800 --> 03:29:43,900
light. 
You sleep deeply dreamless, or 

4013
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:46,400
with the vivid dreams that 
accompanied the first sleep 

4014
03:29:46,400 --> 03:29:49,600
cycle of the night. 
Then, somewhere around midnight 

4015
03:29:49,600 --> 03:29:53,400
or one in the morning, you wake 
up, this isn't insomnia or a 

4016
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:55,700
sleep disorder. 
It's a natural pattern 

4017
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:57,700
documented across Europe in this
period. 

4018
03:29:58,500 --> 03:30:02,100
Your eyes open in the darkness 
and your mind, surfaces from 

4019
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:05,300
sleep into a peculiar state of 
calm wakefulness. 

4020
03:30:06,200 --> 03:30:09,500
You're not anxious or Restless, 
You're simply awake. 

4021
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:13,600
This quiet hour or two between 
sleep served various purposes in

4022
03:30:13,600 --> 03:30:16,500
Tudor life. 
Some people use it for prayer or

4023
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:20,100
meditation considering it a 
spiritually significant time 

4024
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:23,400
when the barrier between Earthly
and divine, might be thinner. 

4025
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,300
Prayers during this interval, 
were thought to carry special 

4026
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:31,400
power and some religious manuals
included, prayer, specifically 

4027
03:30:31,400 --> 03:30:35,300
designated for the midnight. 
Watch married, couples might use

4028
03:30:35,300 --> 03:30:37,500
this time for intimate 
conversation or love making. 

4029
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,700
With children and servants 
sleeping with daily precious 

4030
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:45,700
suspended, the interval between 
sleeps offered rare privacy. 

4031
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:49,800
Medical texts from the period 
suggests this timing for marital

4032
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:53,000
relations claiming that 
conception was more likely when 

4033
03:30:53,000 --> 03:30:55,400
the body was relaxed but not 
fully unconscious. 

4034
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:59,600
Others simply like quietly 
thinking through problems or 

4035
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:03,000
making mental plans. 
Without the distractions of 

4036
03:31:03,008 --> 03:31:07,200
daytime, no one calling your 
name, no tasks demanding 

4037
03:31:07,200 --> 03:31:09,800
attention, you could process 
thoughts more clearly. 

4038
03:31:10,700 --> 03:31:13,200
Solutions to problems might 
emerge during these 

4039
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:16,600
contemplative hours. 
Decisions that seemed impossible

4040
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:19,300
in daylight might resolve 
themselves in the calm of 

4041
03:31:19,300 --> 03:31:22,000
midnight waking. 
Some people got up during this 

4042
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:24,600
interval, moving through the 
dark house for practical 

4043
03:31:24,600 --> 03:31:26,900
reasons. 
You might need the chamber pot, 

4044
03:31:26,900 --> 03:31:30,900
you might check on a sick child 
or elderly parent, you might 

4045
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:33,900
tend the fire adding a log. 
If the night was particularly 

4046
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:36,800
cold, banking, it more 
thoroughly if you'd wake to find

4047
03:31:36,800 --> 03:31:39,700
it burning too hot. 
The wealthy might like to candle

4048
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:42,600
and read or write Diaries from 
the period. 

4049
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:45,600
Sometimes mention thoughts 
recorded during the night, watch

4050
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:50,100
letters might be composed 
accounts reviewed and poems. 

4051
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:52,800
Drafted. 
Some of the errors literary 

4052
03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:56,100
output probably originated in 
these quiet midnight hours. 

4053
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:59,600
When creative thoughts flowed 
freely you might simply lie. 

4054
03:31:59,600 --> 03:32:02,700
There listening to the nighttime
soundscape of your house and 

4055
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:06,500
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 
hear the wind testing shutters. 

4056
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:10,100
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 
to temperature changes and 

4057
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:14,800
perhaps the scratch of mice in 
the walls, in summer, insects 

4058
03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:18,200
chirped, outside and birds 
called occasionally, some 

4059
03:32:18,200 --> 03:32:21,200
species are more active at night
than daylight dwellers realize 

4060
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:24,900
The practice of segmented, sleep
aligned with natural human 

4061
03:32:24,900 --> 03:32:28,600
physiology in ways that modern 
Consolidated, sleep, often does 

4062
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:31,200
not. 
Without electric lights to 

4063
03:32:31,200 --> 03:32:34,700
suppress melatonin production. 
And without the stimulation of 

4064
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:39,000
screens and entertainment, the 
body naturally settled into this

4065
03:32:39,000 --> 03:32:42,300
two-phase pattern, you weren't 
fighting your biology to 

4066
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:44,700
maintain it. 
You are simply following what 

4067
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:48,500
your body did on its own. 
This interval rarely lasted more

4068
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:52,600
than an hour or two gradually. 
You'd feel sleep returning that 

4069
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,800
gentle tug of drowsiness that 
signaled, your body was ready 

4070
03:32:55,800 --> 03:32:59,200
for the second phase of rest. 
You'd settle back into your 

4071
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:02,000
straw mattress. 
Pull the wool, blankets closer 

4072
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:05,800
and slip into second sleep. 
Second sleep was different from 

4073
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:08,900
first sleep. 
Lighter more prone to dreams and

4074
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:12,000
easier to wait from. 
You, might shift positions, more

4075
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:15,700
surface, briefly, without fully 
waking and experience. 

4076
03:33:15,700 --> 03:33:18,500
The Vivid narrative dreams that 
happen in the later sleep. 

4077
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:22,200
Cycle's medical authorities 
believed second sleep was when 

4078
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:24,300
the body completed its 
restorative work. 

4079
03:33:24,300 --> 03:33:28,500
Balancing the humours 
consolidating memories and 

4080
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:30,000
preparing for waking. 
Life. 

4081
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:33,700
Transition from second sleep to 
morning happened gradually as 

4082
03:33:33,700 --> 03:33:36,000
well. 
You didn't leap awake at an 

4083
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:39,000
alarms insistence. 
Instead you drifted toward 

4084
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:42,800
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 
in that half awake state, where 

4085
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:45,800
dreams and thoughts into mingle 
where you're aware of your 

4086
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:48,700
physical surroundings but not 
yet ready to engage with them. 

4087
03:33:48,700 --> 03:33:51,400
This sleep pattern. 
So foreign to Modern 

4088
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:55,700
Consolidated, 8 hours sleep was 
documented not just in England, 

4089
03:33:55,700 --> 03:33:57,700
but across Western Europe in 
this period. 

4090
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:02,300
References to first and second 
sleep appear in legal 

4091
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:05,600
depositions, medical texts 
literature and Diaries. 

4092
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:08,500
People scheduled activities 
around it. 

4093
03:34:08,500 --> 03:34:12,000
A time to meet a Love or might 
be set for after first sleep. 

4094
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,700
Implying everyone knew what that
meant, the practice began to 

4095
03:34:15,700 --> 03:34:20,100
disappear in the 17th and 18th 
centuries, as artificial 

4096
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:23,100
lighting, improved and nighttime
activities became more common. 

4097
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:27,300
Street, lighting and cities 
better home, lighting coffee 

4098
03:34:27,300 --> 03:34:30,700
houses, staying open late and 
Theatrical performance is 

4099
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:34,600
extending into evening hours. 
All these gradually compressed 

4100
03:34:34,600 --> 03:34:38,500
Knight time into a period for 
Consolidated, sleep, rather than

4101
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:42,100
segmented, rest with a 
contemplative interval, modern 

4102
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:46,300
sleep, researchers of study this
pattern, sometimes calling it by

4103
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:51,500
phasic sleep or by modal sleep. 
When subjects in sleep 

4104
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:54,300
Laboratories are deprived of 
artificial light for extended 

4105
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:57,000
periods. 
Many naturally fall into this 

4106
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:01,800
two sleep pattern with a quiet 
waking interval in between This 

4107
03:35:01,800 --> 03:35:05,600
suggests chewed a sleep habits, 
weren't cultural quirks, but 

4108
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:09,400
responses to natural human 
biology operating without 

4109
03:35:09,400 --> 03:35:12,200
artificial intense 
understanding. 

4110
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:15,500
This pattern helps explain 
various aspects of Tudor life. 

4111
03:35:15,500 --> 03:35:16,900
That might otherwise seem 
puzzling. 

4112
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:22,100
Why did people go to bed? 
So, early, even before full 

4113
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:25,800
Darkness fell, Partly because 
they'd wake in the middle of the

4114
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,900
night anyway. 
So the total time in bed needed 

4115
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:30,800
to be longer than actual sleep 
time. 

4116
03:35:31,400 --> 03:35:35,200
Why do periods sources describe 
midnight as a special 

4117
03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:38,500
contemplative time? 
Because people regularly 

4118
03:35:38,500 --> 03:35:41,100
experienced it in a unique State
of Consciousness. 

4119
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:45,600
Neither fully asleep nor fully 
awake in the daytime sense for 

4120
03:35:45,600 --> 03:35:48,900
you lying in your Tudor bed with
curtains drawn around you. 

4121
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:53,600
This pattern would feel entirely
natural The transition from 

4122
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:56,100
first to second sleep wouldn't 
worry you. 

4123
03:35:56,100 --> 03:36:00,600
It's just how night works. 
How it's always worked and how 

4124
03:36:00,600 --> 03:36:06,700
everyone you know experience is 
it Quiet hour in darkness alone 

4125
03:36:06,700 --> 03:36:08,700
with your thoughts or quite 
quietly, talking with your 

4126
03:36:08,708 --> 03:36:13,800
spouse represents, not disrupted
sleep, but integral part of how 

4127
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:17,100
human beings rest. 
When a line with natural 

4128
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:22,300
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm
through winter nights, winter 

4129
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,200
nights in Tudor England, 
presented genuine challenges. 

4130
03:36:25,200 --> 03:36:28,300
Particularly in the brutal 
months between December and 

4131
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:30,500
February. 
When temperatures regularly 

4132
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:35,300
dropped well below freezing and 
houses despite their fires and 

4133
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:38,700
inhabitants best efforts 
remained cold by modern 

4134
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:42,400
standards your bed chamber in 
deep winter, might hover around 

4135
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:46,300
45 degrees Fahrenheit and that's
where the fire burning somewhere

4136
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:49,000
in the house. 
Without central heating or 

4137
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,700
insulation beyond the straw in 
the walls and the rushes on the 

4138
03:36:51,700 --> 03:36:54,300
floor. 
Keeping warm became a nightly 

4139
03:36:54,300 --> 03:36:57,400
engineering project involving 
multiple strategies layered 

4140
03:36:57,400 --> 03:37:00,300
together, the bed curtains which
we mentioned earlier, become 

4141
03:37:00,300 --> 03:37:04,600
crucial wintertime allies when 
fully closed, they create what 

4142
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,400
essentially a tent within the 
room, trapping the heat 

4143
03:37:07,400 --> 03:37:11,100
generated by your body or bodies
and separating you from the 

4144
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:14,400
colder air Beyond The 
temperature difference between 

4145
03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:17,700
inside the curtained bed and the
outer chamber might be 10 or 15 

4146
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:20,900
degrees significant. 
When you're trying to sleep, 

4147
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:23,100
that layering principle in the 
bedding. 

4148
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:24,900
Reaches its full expression in 
winter. 

4149
03:37:25,900 --> 03:37:29,700
You start with the base straw 
mattress at the wall topper, the

4150
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:33,900
cover yourself with a linen 
sheet, wool blankets, possibly a

4151
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:38,000
coverlet, perhaps a fur throw 
and in the coldest weather, your

4152
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:39,700
outdoor cloak on top of 
everything. 

4153
03:37:40,600 --> 03:37:44,300
Your essentially building an 
insulating nest with yourself as

4154
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:47,600
the heat source of the center 
warming pans represented. 

4155
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:49,200
One of the errors, great 
bedtime. 

4156
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:53,500
Luxuries long handled bra saw 
copper pans with perforated. 

4157
03:37:53,500 --> 03:37:55,500
Lids that held hot coals from 
the fire. 

4158
03:37:56,400 --> 03:37:58,900
You'd run this device between 
the sheets, before, climbing 

4159
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:02,700
into bed warming, the linen and 
wool, and chasing away the bone,

4160
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:06,000
deep chill. 
For about half an hour after 

4161
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:09,600
using a warming pan, your bed, 
felt positively toasty. 

4162
03:38:10,300 --> 03:38:13,500
Small Miracle on a January night
when your breath misted in the 

4163
03:38:13,508 --> 03:38:16,000
are not everyone owned warming 
pans. 

4164
03:38:16,000 --> 03:38:18,800
They were significant 
Investments, poorer households. 

4165
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:22,300
Improvised with heated Stones, 
wrapped in cloth, achieving 

4166
03:38:22,300 --> 03:38:24,900
similar results though, 
requiring more care to avoid 

4167
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:28,200
Burns. 
Stone heated in the fire's Edge 

4168
03:38:28,200 --> 03:38:30,900
wrapped in several layers of 
wool and tucked. 

4169
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:32,700
At the foot of the bed. 
Could keep your toes. 

4170
03:38:32,700 --> 03:38:35,200
Warm for hours bed. 
Socks existed. 

4171
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:37,800
Though socks in general were 
less common than you might 

4172
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:39,700
expect. 
Stockings. 

4173
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:44,100
What we might call long socks or
tights were standard day wear 

4174
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:46,500
for both sexes. 
And you might keep these on 

4175
03:38:46,500 --> 03:38:48,900
under your sleeping shift, if 
the night was particularly 

4176
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:52,700
brutal, the very cold, sensitive
might add a second layer of 

4177
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:55,500
everything, though, this limits 
Mobility under the heavy 

4178
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:59,400
blankets like caps as mentioned 
before, weren't optional in 

4179
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:01,700
Winter. 
A substantial wall cap. 

4180
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:04,900
Kept heat from escaping through 
your head and protected your 

4181
03:39:04,900 --> 03:39:08,400
ears from the cold. 
Some people also wraped cloths 

4182
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:10,900
around their necks. 
Particularly if they were prone 

4183
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:14,400
to throw ailments in cold 
weather, shared body heat became

4184
03:39:14,400 --> 03:39:18,000
increasingly valuable as 
temperatures dropped This is one

4185
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,600
reason bed sharing was so. 
Prevalent two people generate 

4186
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:26,400
more warmth than one and three 
more than two children packed 

4187
03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:28,600
together in a bed weren't just 
saving space. 

4188
03:39:28,600 --> 03:39:30,700
They were pooling thermal 
resources. 

4189
03:39:31,900 --> 03:39:34,700
Married couples had an obvious 
Advantage here, though. 

4190
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:37,100
Even, they might invite a young 
child into their bed. 

4191
03:39:37,100 --> 03:39:40,900
On the coldest nights, despite 
usual preferences for separate 

4192
03:39:40,900 --> 03:39:44,400
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 
solds brought small braziers or 

4193
03:39:44,408 --> 03:39:47,400
heated bricks into bed. 
Chambers before sleep warming. 

4194
03:39:47,400 --> 03:39:50,200
The air briefly, though, these 
had to be removed before 

4195
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,000
actually sleeping due to the 
danger of fire and the fumes 

4196
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:56,900
they produced Carbon monoxide 
poisoning wasn't understood in 

4197
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:59,900
these terms, but people 
recognize that sleeping with 

4198
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:02,700
burning coals in an enclosed 
space, could kill you. 

4199
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:06,500
Probably attributing it to bad 
Vapors rather than the actual 

4200
03:40:06,500 --> 03:40:09,400
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 
above. 

4201
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:12,700
The kitchen or Bakehouse were 
prized in Winter because he, 

4202
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:16,700
from below rows, into them if 
your family ran in or shop with 

4203
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:20,000
others operating into the 
evening, the chambers above 

4204
03:40:20,000 --> 03:40:22,000
stayed, noticeably warmer than 
others. 

4205
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:25,900
Some people positioned beds 
directly above the first floor. 

4206
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:29,200
Half for similar reasons. 
Accepting the occasional bit of 

4207
03:40:29,208 --> 03:40:31,800
smoke seeping through 
floorboards in exchange for 

4208
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:34,500
extra warmth. 
Dropping became a household 

4209
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,700
project as winter approached 
gaps in shutters. 

4210
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:40,000
Got stuffed with Rags or sealed 
with wax. 

4211
03:40:40,000 --> 03:40:43,900
Flaws received extra layers of 
rushes, for insulation, 

4212
03:40:43,900 --> 03:40:47,100
tapestries on walls, serve 
decorative purposes. 

4213
03:40:47,100 --> 03:40:50,800
Yes, but also created dead air 
space that reduced heat loss 

4214
03:40:50,800 --> 03:40:54,500
through stone or Timber, even a 
simple cloth hanging could make 

4215
03:40:54,508 --> 03:40:58,300
a measurable difference. 
Still, you'd be cold by modern 

4216
03:40:58,300 --> 03:41:00,700
standards. 
Your nose would be chilly. 

4217
03:41:00,700 --> 03:41:05,200
Your face exposed to the air 
outside, the blankets getting up

4218
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:08,500
in the night to use the chamber 
pot required, genuine courage, 

4219
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:12,700
leaving the warm Nest, meant 
exposing yourself to frigid air.

4220
03:41:12,700 --> 03:41:16,100
That made your muscle's clenched
and your skin prickle. 

4221
03:41:16,700 --> 03:41:19,500
You to accomplish your business 
quickly and dive back under the 

4222
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:22,800
covers burrowing in and until 
your body heat warmed. 

4223
03:41:22,800 --> 03:41:25,700
Everything again, morning 
presented the hardest moment 

4224
03:41:25,700 --> 03:41:29,400
that transition from warm bed to
cold room when your body 

4225
03:41:29,400 --> 03:41:33,100
protested vigorously against 
moving, you'd procrastinate 

4226
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,500
lingering under the blankets 
stealing yourself for the 

4227
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:39,300
unpleasant but necessary task of
getting up and dressing. 

4228
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:43,200
The first person up had the 
worst of it, they'd restart the 

4229
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,200
fire and begin warming, the 
house, making it easier. 

4230
03:41:46,200 --> 03:41:48,200
For those who followed children 
might. 

4231
03:41:48,200 --> 03:41:51,700
Wake to frost patterns on the 
inside of shutters, ice in the 

4232
03:41:51,700 --> 03:41:54,800
washing water and their breath 
forming clouds in the air. 

4233
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:59,300
This wasn't unusual or alarming,
it was simply how winter 

4234
03:41:59,300 --> 03:42:02,800
mornings felt. 
You dressed quickly layering on 

4235
03:42:02,808 --> 03:42:06,800
garments moving, close to the 
fire as soon as possible and 

4236
03:42:06,800 --> 03:42:10,000
beginning, the day's work partly
to generate body heat through 

4237
03:42:10,000 --> 03:42:13,000
activity. 
Despite these challenges two to 

4238
03:42:13,008 --> 03:42:15,100
people didn't generally complain
about cold the way. 

4239
03:42:15,108 --> 03:42:19,400
Modern people might, it was 
expected normal and part of the 

4240
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:23,400
seasonal Rhythm of Life. 
You prepared for it, accepted it

4241
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:26,100
and worked with it rather than 
fighting against it. 

4242
03:42:26,100 --> 03:42:30,000
The return of Springs warmth, 
when it finally came felt like a

4243
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:34,300
genuine blessing, a relief. 
So profound that people's moods,

4244
03:42:34,300 --> 03:42:38,200
lifted noticeably with the 
rising temperatures and days 

4245
03:42:38,200 --> 03:42:43,100
chapter 7, the soundscape of 
Knight in your curtained bed. 

4246
03:42:43,100 --> 03:42:46,300
In a Tudor night, the sounds 
surrounding you create an 

4247
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:49,700
acoustic environment completely 
different from anything most 

4248
03:42:49,700 --> 03:42:53,300
modern people experience. 
Let's listen carefully to what 

4249
03:42:53,300 --> 03:42:56,000
you'd hear during those 
nighttime hours, the house 

4250
03:42:56,000 --> 03:42:58,600
itself, provides a constant 
backdrop of sound. 

4251
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,400
Timber frames expand and 
contract with temperature 

4252
03:43:02,400 --> 03:43:07,200
changes producing creeks groans 
and occasional, sharp cracks 

4253
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,800
that might start you until you 
learn to recognize them as 

4254
03:43:09,808 --> 03:43:13,300
normal. 
The thatch on the roof Russells,

4255
03:43:13,300 --> 03:43:17,100
when wind passes over it, a 
sound like soft scratching or 

4256
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:19,300
the movement of some large 
animal though. 

4257
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:23,200
It's just dried straw shifting 
against itself in Winter, the 

4258
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:24,500
wind becomes a dominant 
presence. 

4259
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:28,500
It finds every Gap in the 
shutters producing whistles in 

4260
03:43:28,500 --> 03:43:31,500
different pitches, depending on 
the size of the opening and the 

4261
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:35,400
wind strength. 
It Buffs the walls, making the 

4262
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,300
whole structure shutter slightly
during the strongest gusts. 

4263
03:43:38,300 --> 03:43:41,300
You can hear it approaching a 
cross, the landscape. 

4264
03:43:41,300 --> 03:43:45,200
Rushing, through bare trees 
before hitting your house, then 

4265
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:48,800
moving away again into the 
darkness rein on a thatched 

4266
03:43:48,800 --> 03:43:50,300
roof. 
Sounds different from rain on 

4267
03:43:50,300 --> 03:43:54,600
Modern shingles or tiles 
software more muffled like 

4268
03:43:54,600 --> 03:43:56,800
someone pouring dry sand, rather
than water. 

4269
03:43:57,800 --> 03:43:59,700
Heavy. 
Rain creates a steady rushing 

4270
03:43:59,700 --> 03:44:03,300
sound that some people find 
soothing a natural white noise 

4271
03:44:03,300 --> 03:44:06,300
that musk's other sounds and 
helps LOL you back to Second 

4272
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:08,700
sleep animals. 
Contribute, their voices, 

4273
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:13,600
throughout the night, mice, Gary
inside walls, their tiny claws, 

4274
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:18,300
scratching on wood their squeaks
occasionally Audible You accept 

4275
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:21,900
their presence as inevitable, 
keeping a house, completely 

4276
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:23,700
mouse. 
Free is nearly impossible 

4277
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:25,800
though. 
You try to prevent them from 

4278
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:29,700
getting into food stores. 
sometimes you hear a thump and a

4279
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:32,300
brief struggle as the house cat 
catches one, doing its job 

4280
03:44:32,300 --> 03:44:36,600
outside, owls, call to each 
other, they're hooting carrying 

4281
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:39,900
clearly through the still night 
air Foxes produce. 

4282
03:44:39,900 --> 03:44:44,100
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 
screams that can sound Almost 

4283
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,400
Human, particularly unsettling 
if you're not expecting them. 

4284
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,200
Dogs bark in the distance. 
One setting off another, 

4285
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:54,400
creating a chain of canine 
communication across the 

4286
03:44:54,400 --> 03:44:57,200
neighborhood livestock. 
Make nighttime noises too. 

4287
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:00,400
If you're near a barn you might 
hear cattle shifting in their 

4288
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:02,900
stalls. 
Pigs grunting and horses 

4289
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:06,500
stamping and blowing air through
their nostrils, chickens, 

4290
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:09,500
sometimes, startled awake and 
cluck nervously before settling 

4291
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:12,400
back down. 
These sounds are reassuring in 

4292
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:14,500
their way. 
They mean, your animals are safe

4293
03:45:14,500 --> 03:45:18,400
still alive, and still you're 
well and sustenance human sounds

4294
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:21,800
punctuate the night as well. 
Someone in the house might 

4295
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:24,300
snore. 
The sound carrying from one 

4296
03:45:24,300 --> 03:45:27,600
chamber to another through 
Timberwolves that provide less 

4297
03:45:27,600 --> 03:45:29,900
sound insulation than modern 
Construction. 

4298
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:34,200
Babies cry and get soothed young
children. 

4299
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:37,200
Call out from dreams or knee 
middle of the night comfort. 

4300
03:45:38,000 --> 03:45:40,500
You might hear your neighbor's 
through shared walls, if you 

4301
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:44,000
live in attached townhouses, 
their coughs, their 

4302
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:48,000
conversations, their movements 
across creaky floors, church, 

4303
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:50,900
bells, Mark, the passage of 
nighttime hours in towns and 

4304
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:53,600
villages. 
Not every hour, gets run in 

4305
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:56,100
every place. 
But midnight, typically receive 

4306
03:45:56,100 --> 03:45:59,800
special notice, and some 
Churches ring bells Before Dawn 

4307
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:02,400
Services. 
These bells serve practical 

4308
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:05,500
purposes to help people track 
time in the darkness. 

4309
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:09,300
They call people to prayer at a 
pointed hours, and they provide 

4310
03:46:09,300 --> 03:46:12,300
reassurance that the communities
spiritual Guardians, remain 

4311
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:15,700
watchful in cities, 
nightwatchman call out the 

4312
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,500
hours, walking their route and 
announcing the time. 

4313
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,100
Along with the weather 
conditions to a clock and all's 

4314
03:46:21,100 --> 03:46:23,600
well or three o'clock and cold 
clear night. 

4315
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:28,300
These calls serve multiple 
purposes, they Mark time. 

4316
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:31,900
They announced the watchman's 
presence to deter criminals and 

4317
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:34,500
they provide Comfort to those 
lying awake that someone is 

4318
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:36,300
keeping guard. 
The fire. 

4319
03:46:36,300 --> 03:46:39,600
If you can hear it from your 
chamber produces, its own sounds

4320
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:44,100
would pops and hisses. 
A sap turns to steam, Kohl's 

4321
03:46:44,100 --> 03:46:48,000
shift and resettle in the half 
with soft crashes. on 

4322
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:51,200
particularly quiet nights, you 
might even hear the whisper of 

4323
03:46:51,208 --> 03:46:54,700
flames consuming would Sounds so
soft. 

4324
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:58,400
It's barely perceptible, but 
somehow audible in deep silence 

4325
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:00,800
chamber pots get used throughout
the night. 

4326
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:04,900
Producing sounds that medieval 
modesty, simply acknowledged and

4327
03:47:04,908 --> 03:47:07,700
politely ignored Everyone 
performed. 

4328
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,700
The same biological functions. 
Everyone made the same sounds 

4329
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:15,900
and everyone practiced, the 
social fiction of noticing what 

4330
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:18,900
they heard from behind bed 
curtains or from other Chambers 

4331
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,700
seasonal, variations affected 
the soundscape significantly. 

4332
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:27,400
Some are Knights brought insect 
choruses crickets producing 

4333
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:30,800
their rhythmic chirping. 
Moths batting against shutters 

4334
03:47:30,800 --> 03:47:32,900
drawn to whatever light seep 
through cracks. 

4335
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:37,400
Frogs near ponds or streams 
added their croaking to the mix.

4336
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:41,500
Bats flying overhead produced 
sound too high for most human 

4337
03:47:41,500 --> 03:47:45,400
ears, but occasionally audible 
as soft squeaking thunder in 

4338
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:47,300
summer. 
Storms, could shake the entire 

4339
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:50,000
house. 
Each crash followed by the sound

4340
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:54,100
of rain intensifying You'd hear 
the initial large drops, hitting

4341
03:47:54,100 --> 03:47:57,900
the thatch, then the steady 
downpour patch the rushing of 

4342
03:47:57,908 --> 03:48:01,700
water, through gutters, or off 
Eve's and the sound of the storm

4343
03:48:01,700 --> 03:48:03,400
passing over like a living 
thing. 

4344
03:48:03,400 --> 03:48:07,400
Moving through the landscape in 
the quiet periods between sounds

4345
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:09,700
silence itself. 
Had a quality different from 

4346
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:14,000
Modern silence, No electric hum 
of refrigerators or heating 

4347
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:16,400
systems. 
No distant traffic. 

4348
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:20,700
Sounds No airplane. 
Overhead just genuine quiet. 

4349
03:48:20,700 --> 03:48:23,900
Broken only by the immediate 
sounds of your household and 

4350
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:27,100
natural environment. 
He silenced so complete that 

4351
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:28,900
modern people who experience it 
often. 

4352
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,700
Find it unsettling at first. 
So accustomed, a Wii to 

4353
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:35,200
continuous background noise, 
your own body. 

4354
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:38,700
Produces sounds, you might 
notice in the Stillness, your 

4355
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:41,200
heartbeat becomes audible. 
When you press your rear against

4356
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:45,200
the mattress, You're breathing 
your stomach gurgling quietly, 

4357
03:48:45,200 --> 03:48:47,600
the rustle of linen against your
skin. 

4358
03:48:47,600 --> 03:48:50,900
When you shift position all 
become part of the Sonic 

4359
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:52,600
environment. 
When everything else Falls 

4360
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:55,800
still, some sounds inspired fear
or Superstition. 

4361
03:48:55,800 --> 03:49:00,000
Unexplained noises might be 
attributed to Spirits or demons 

4362
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:02,700
testing the households defenses,
though. 

4363
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:05,900
Most people understood that most
mysterious sounds had natural 

4364
03:49:05,900 --> 03:49:09,000
explanation, once you learned to
identify them. 

4365
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:14,300
Still a sudden loud noise in the
Deep night, its source. 

4366
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:18,800
Uncertain could set your heart 
racing and make you clutch your 

4367
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:21,900
religious medals or whisper 
protective prayers. 

4368
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:26,600
The return of mourning, sounds 
provided its own comfort The 

4369
03:49:26,600 --> 03:49:30,300
first Birds Before Dawn roosters
crowing, they're not always 

4370
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:34,000
exactly at dawn despite folklore
signal the approaching End Of 

4371
03:49:34,008 --> 03:49:37,000
Night. 
Other birds, joined gradually 

4372
03:49:37,000 --> 03:49:40,700
building toward the dawn chorus.
You'd hear the household 

4373
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:44,600
beginning to stir people, rising
fires being revived and the 

4374
03:49:44,608 --> 03:49:47,600
sounds of daily life returning 
to replace the nighttime. 

4375
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:50,600
Soundscape. 
This acoustic World shaped how 

4376
03:49:50,608 --> 03:49:55,200
Tudor people experienced night. 
Without visual stimuli with 

4377
03:49:55,200 --> 03:49:59,400
Darkness, complete Behind Closed
shutters and curtains, hearing 

4378
03:49:59,400 --> 03:50:02,000
became the primary sense. 
Connecting you to the world 

4379
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:05,400
beyond your bed. 
You learned to interpret sound 

4380
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:09,600
to distinguish normal from 
alarming to find comfort in 

4381
03:50:09,600 --> 03:50:15,300
expected noises and concern in 
unexpected ones. the nighttime 

4382
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:20,600
soundscape far from being empty,
silence was richly textured with

4383
03:50:20,600 --> 03:50:24,500
information about whether 
animals, neighbors, and the 

4384
03:50:24,500 --> 03:50:29,600
house itself Constant stream of 
Sonic data that Tudor is 

4385
03:50:29,600 --> 03:50:33,000
processed instinctively 
throughout the Night, chapter 8,

4386
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:37,300
Dawn and Rising the transition 
from night to day happened 

4387
03:50:37,300 --> 03:50:41,100
gradually in Tudor England. 
A slow emergence from sleep and 

4388
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:44,500
darkness that aligned with the 
body's natural rhythms far, more

4389
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:46,500
than modern alarm clock 
Awakenings. 

4390
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:50,300
You'd become aware of increasing
like first even before fully 

4391
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:53,200
waking The Blackness behind your
closed. 

4392
03:50:53,200 --> 03:50:55,100
Eyelids shifts to a lighter 
shade. 

4393
03:50:55,100 --> 03:50:58,200
As Dawn brightens the world 
beyond your shattered. 

4394
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:01,100
Windows. 
Thin strips of light appear at 

4395
03:51:01,108 --> 03:51:04,800
the edges of shutters announcing
that Knight's grip is loosening.

4396
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:09,200
The household sounds change 
character when night sounds were

4397
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,000
sporadic and muted morning, 
brings purposeful activity. 

4398
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:15,800
The first person up often a 
servant or the housewife 

4399
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:19,100
herself, move through the house 
on specific missions. 

4400
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:22,900
You hear the scrape of 
implements at the half working 

4401
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:26,800
to revive the banked fire, you 
hear the clunk of logs being 

4402
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,500
added, the Creak of the Bellows 
and the first crackling as 

4403
03:51:30,500 --> 03:51:32,900
flames. 
Catch hold, you might lie. 

4404
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:35,900
Still for a few minutes, not 
quite ready to leave your warm 

4405
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:37,600
Nest. 
Listening to the house, wake 

4406
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:40,100
around you. 
Someone opens a shutter down, 

4407
03:51:40,100 --> 03:51:42,900
stairs, admitting light to the 
fresh morning air. 

4408
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:48,000
You hear water being poured feet
on stairs and low voices of 

4409
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:50,700
people greeting each other and 
beginning their days tasks. 

4410
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:54,500
The quality of light seeping 
into your chamber changes as the

4411
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:57,900
sun rises. 
What started as pale gray 

4412
03:51:57,900 --> 03:52:00,600
brightens toward gold or silver,
depending on the weather. 

4413
03:52:01,400 --> 03:52:04,600
On clear mornings. 
You might see actual shafts of 

4414
03:52:04,600 --> 03:52:08,500
light, piercing through gaps, in
the shutters on cloudy days. 

4415
03:52:08,500 --> 03:52:11,200
The illumination remains 
diffuse, but still increases to 

4416
03:52:11,208 --> 03:52:13,400
the point where you can 
distinguish shapes in the room. 

4417
03:52:13,400 --> 03:52:17,000
Rising requires a certain amount
of determination on cold 

4418
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,500
mornings, you have to leave your
warm cocoon, and expose yourself

4419
03:52:20,500 --> 03:52:22,300
to are. 
That's cold enough to make your 

4420
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:26,600
skin prickly. 
The process happens in stages. 

4421
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:30,600
First, you sit up under the 
blankets preparing yourself. 

4422
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:34,000
Then you emerge, perhaps 
wrapping a blanket around your 

4423
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:36,700
shoulders, as you swing your 
legs, over the side of the bed, 

4424
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:40,100
your feet Hit the Floor, cold 
even through any Floor Covering 

4425
03:52:40,100 --> 03:52:43,100
or discarded clothing. 
You might step on you move 

4426
03:52:43,100 --> 03:52:46,800
quickly now, motivated by 
discomfort reaching for your 

4427
03:52:46,800 --> 03:52:50,400
outer clothes that hang nearby. 
Dressing happens rapidly 

4428
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:54,000
layering on garments that have 
been sitting in the cold air all

4429
03:52:54,000 --> 03:52:56,500
night and feel clammy until your
body heat warms them. 

4430
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:59,800
If you're lucky, someone has 
brought warm water up for 

4431
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:02,300
washing. 
If not, you make do with 

4432
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:03,600
whatever is in the chamber 
picture. 

4433
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:07,600
Probably cold enough to make you
gasp when you on your face. 

4434
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:11,300
This shock of cold water's does 
wake your effectively though? 

4435
03:53:11,300 --> 03:53:14,000
No need for coffee. 
When I called water hits your 

4436
03:53:14,000 --> 03:53:16,200
skin. 
Personal prayers might happen 

4437
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:18,400
now. 
A quick devotional practice 

4438
03:53:18,400 --> 03:53:22,500
before the day's demands begin 
Kneeling by the bed you'd run 

4439
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:26,200
through familiar prayers, 
perhaps adding specific requests

4440
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:29,600
relevant to the day ahead. 
Safety for a journey. 

4441
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:33,600
Success in business, dealings 
health for a sick, family 

4442
03:53:33,600 --> 03:53:37,300
member, anything Weighing on 
your mind as you face a new day,

4443
03:53:37,300 --> 03:53:39,400
emptying chamber pots 
represents. 

4444
03:53:39,400 --> 03:53:41,300
One of the Less Pleasant morning
tasks. 

4445
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:45,000
Someone usually a servant if you
have one or the housewife, if 

4446
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:48,300
you don't carries these down 
stairs and out to the privy or 

4447
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:50,800
to a spot where the contents 
will be buried or otherwise 

4448
03:53:50,800 --> 03:53:54,100
disposed of. 
In cities, chamber pots might be

4449
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,000
empty into Street. 
Gutters a practice that 

4450
03:53:57,000 --> 03:54:00,700
contributed to Urban sanitation 
problems and unpleasant smells 

4451
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:03,400
hair gets attention, 
particularly for women. 

4452
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,100
That nightcap comes off 
revealing hair that needs 

4453
03:54:07,100 --> 03:54:10,600
brushing or combing before being
covered again with a koef or 

4454
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:13,100
other head, covering appropriate
for the days activities. 

4455
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:17,300
Men might run their fingers 
through short hair and call it 

4456
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:19,700
done, though. 
Some attention to grooming 

4457
03:54:19,700 --> 03:54:22,300
happened. 
Even for males teeth received 

4458
03:54:22,300 --> 03:54:26,500
quick attention, a rinse of the 
mouth with water or ale, perhaps

4459
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:29,300
running a cloth over teeth to 
remove the furry feeling that 

4460
03:54:29,300 --> 03:54:32,700
builds overnight. 
More thorough cleaning might 

4461
03:54:32,700 --> 03:54:34,700
wait until later if guests are 
expected. 

4462
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:38,400
Or if you're preparing for a 
special occasion beds don't get 

4463
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:42,500
made in the modern sense. 
Instead they get aired blankets 

4464
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:46,700
thrown back covers folded over 
the foot of the bed allowing air

4465
03:54:46,700 --> 03:54:48,100
to circulate through the 
bedding. 

4466
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:51,800
This prevents mustiness and 
gives moisture from Nighttime 

4467
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:54,600
breathing and sweating a chance 
to evaporate. 

4468
03:54:55,500 --> 03:54:58,800
In good weather, you might hang 
blankets out a window or carry 

4469
03:54:58,800 --> 03:55:02,100
them outside to are in the sun, 
which freshens them remarkably. 

4470
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:05,600
Well breakfast, in Tudor, 
England wasn't the substantial 

4471
03:55:05,600 --> 03:55:08,700
meal it became in later. 
Centuries many people, 

4472
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:12,500
especially those doing physical 
labor, ate something light, 

4473
03:55:13,200 --> 03:55:16,700
Bread with butter or cheese, 
perhaps ale or small beer. 

4474
03:55:16,700 --> 03:55:20,000
Maybe pottage left from the 
previous evening supper and 

4475
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:23,300
reheated. the truly wealthy 
might have more elaborate 

4476
03:55:23,300 --> 03:55:27,000
morning meals, but for most 
breaking fasting meant exactly 

4477
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:31,100
that Breaking the overnight fast
with enough food to start the 

4478
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:35,000
day not feeling yourself. 
Completely children need waking,

4479
03:55:35,000 --> 03:55:36,800
and helping a special younger 
ones. 

4480
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:40,800
They're not naturally early 
Rises at the period, lacking the

4481
03:55:40,800 --> 03:55:42,800
school schedule. 
That would later structure 

4482
03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,800
childhood mornings. 
You might need to coats a child 

4483
03:55:45,800 --> 03:55:49,000
from bed, help with dressing, 
and make sure faces. 

4484
03:55:49,000 --> 03:55:53,300
Get washed and hair gets combed.
The same parental tasks that 

4485
03:55:53,300 --> 03:55:56,300
cross all time, periods. 
As light increases, you can 

4486
03:55:56,308 --> 03:55:59,800
finally open the shutters fully 
admitting the morning into the 

4487
03:55:59,800 --> 03:56:02,300
house. 
The quality of light tells you 

4488
03:56:02,300 --> 03:56:04,400
much about the day ahead. 
Clear? 

4489
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:08,000
And bright means fair. 
Weather is likely gray and flats

4490
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:12,200
just rain and particular colors 
of the Dawn Sky, predict wind or

4491
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:15,900
storm, depending on folk wisdom 
accumulated over Generations. 

4492
03:56:15,900 --> 03:56:19,500
The house begins to fill with 
the days activities, if there's 

4493
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:21,900
a shop or Workshop its 
preparations begin. 

4494
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:24,600
The household revolves around 
farming. 

4495
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,100
People move toward Barnes and 
Fields. 

4496
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:31,000
If you're in a townhouse with a 
trade to pursue tools, come out 

4497
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:35,100
workspaces, get a range and The 
Business of making a living 

4498
03:56:35,108 --> 03:56:37,900
begins in Earnest. 
You take your place in this 

4499
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:41,300
daily Rhythm moving from the 
private world of sleep and 

4500
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:43,900
bedroom into the public world of
work and community. 

4501
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:49,300
The transition feels natural 
aligned with light and sound in 

4502
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:52,400
the needs of your body. 
There's no jarring alarm. 

4503
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:54,900
No sense of being wrenched from 
sleep before. 

4504
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:58,200
You're ready. 
Just a gradual emergence that 

4505
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:02,600
respect biological rhythms, even
as it responds to practical 

4506
03:57:02,600 --> 03:57:06,400
Necessities the morning routine 
repeated day after day with 

4507
03:57:06,400 --> 03:57:10,800
minor variations for seasons and
circumstances, provide structure

4508
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:13,200
and comfort. 
You know what comes next? 

4509
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:14,900
Because it's what always comes 
next. 

4510
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:18,300
The predictability might seem 
boring to Modern sensibilities. 

4511
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,800
That value variety and Novelty. 
But Tudor people generally found

4512
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,600
security and repetition in doing
what their parents did, what 

4513
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:30,300
their grandparents did and what 
everyone around them does, by 

4514
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:34,900
the time full daylight arrives, 
your dressed washed fed, at 

4515
03:57:34,900 --> 03:57:37,600
least minimally and engaged in 
the days. 

4516
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,100
First tasks. 
The night has fully released, 

4517
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:44,100
its hold. 
Whatever dreams or thoughts 

4518
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:48,200
occupied those dark hours Fade 
Into memory, as immediate 

4519
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:52,100
concerns, demand attention, the 
daily cycle that will eventually

4520
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:56,200
lead you back to that same bed, 
begins, again as inevitable and 

4521
03:57:56,200 --> 03:58:00,900
natural as the sun's path across
the sky chapter 9, the cultural 

4522
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:03,900
meaning of sleep sleep. 
In Tudor England, carried, 

4523
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:06,500
meanings that extended far 
beyond the simple. 

4524
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:11,100
Biological need for rest. 
How you slept where you slept, 

4525
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,600
what you wore and what 
surrounded you, while sleeping 

4526
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,500
all these reflected and 
reinforced the social order, 

4527
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:22,000
spiritual beliefs and 
philosophical understanding of 

4528
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,700
human nature at the most basic 
level sleep represented. 

4529
03:58:25,700 --> 03:58:29,200
Vulnerability while sleeping you
couldn't defend yourself, 

4530
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:32,800
couldn't maintain social masks 
and couldn't control your 

4531
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:36,500
behavior or appearance. 
This made the sleeping chamber, 

4532
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:40,600
a space, requirement protection,
both physical and spiritual. 

4533
03:58:41,700 --> 03:58:44,800
Prayers before bed weren't just 
empty ritual, they expressed 

4534
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:47,300
genuine concern about the 
helpless hours ahead. 

4535
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:52,300
The bed itself carried enormous 
symbolic weight, When you made a

4536
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:56,100
will and most people of any 
means made Will's, you 

4537
03:58:56,100 --> 03:59:00,000
specifically between your bed, 
naming it as a valuable asset to

4538
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:04,900
be passed to particular Aires. 
The bed represented, security, 

4539
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:08,500
Domesticity and the private life
of the family. 

4540
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:12,300
To inherit someone's bed met 
more than gaining, a physical 

4541
03:59:12,300 --> 03:59:14,700
object. 
It meant taking on a piece of 

4542
03:59:14,708 --> 03:59:18,000
their domestic Legacy marriage 
beds, held particular 

4543
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:20,700
significant. 
The marriage bed was blessed by 

4544
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:23,300
the church and the act of being 
bedded. 

4545
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:27,200
The ceremonial putting to bed of
the new bride and groom marked 

4546
03:59:27,200 --> 03:59:30,200
the transition to married life. 
Witnesses. 

4547
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:32,600
Might actually accompany the 
couple to the bed chamber, 

4548
03:59:32,600 --> 03:59:35,000
though. 
They'd leave before consummation

4549
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:37,500
occurred. 
The bed thus served as both 

4550
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,000
symbol and Stage for one of 
life's most important 

4551
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,300
transitions deaths occurred in 
the same beds. 

4552
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,700
Most people died at home in 
their own beds, surrounded by 

4553
03:59:46,708 --> 03:59:49,600
family. 
The bed witnessed your birth. 

4554
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:53,000
If you were born at home your 
conception your wedding night, 

4555
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:57,500
your children's births, and 
finally, your death Few pieces 

4556
03:59:57,500 --> 04:00:00,700
of furniture participated. 
So intimately and life's major 

4557
04:00:00,700 --> 04:00:04,400
passages social hierarchy 
expressed itself in sleeping 

4558
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:06,300
arrangements with remarkable 
clarity. 

4559
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:09,800
Servants. 
Slept on straw pallets on floors

4560
04:00:09,800 --> 04:00:13,300
are in attic's middling. 
Folks, slept in proper beds with

4561
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:16,700
decent mattresses. 
The wealthy slept, in massive 

4562
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:19,700
poster, beds with expensive 
hangings, feather mattresses, 

4563
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:23,500
and finally ins where you slept 
and what you slept on announced.

4564
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:26,400
Your status, as surely as your 
clothing did during waking hours

4565
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:30,300
dreams, held significant that 
modern psychology doesn't quite 

4566
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,300
capture. 
Tudor people believed dreams 

4567
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:37,200
could carry messages from God, 
from angels, from the 

4568
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:40,700
subconscious mind, struggling 
with waking problems or 

4569
04:00:40,700 --> 04:00:45,900
sometimes from darker sources. 
Prophetic dreams warning, dreams

4570
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:49,800
dreams that revealed Hidden 
Truths, all these appeared in 

4571
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:53,300
literature and folk police. 
You might consult an almanac or 

4572
04:00:53,308 --> 04:00:55,600
a priest about the meaning of a 
particularly Vivid, or 

4573
04:00:55,600 --> 04:00:58,900
disturbing dream, the 
vulnerability of sleep made 

4574
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:01,200
people careful about who could 
observe them sleeping. 

4575
04:01:02,100 --> 04:01:05,800
Servants might see their masters
in night clothes, but this was 

4576
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:07,700
part of the intimate household 
relationship. 

4577
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:11,500
Balance by mutual dependencies 
and understood boundaries. 

4578
04:01:12,500 --> 04:01:15,800
Strangers seeing you sleep 
though represented a kind of 

4579
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:21,200
violation your guard was down 
your face relaxed into its true 

4580
04:01:21,200 --> 04:01:25,000
form and your body positioned 
with the careful control you 

4581
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:28,600
maintained while awake medical 
Theory connected sleep to the 

4582
04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:32,000
body's humeral balance. 
Sleep allowed, the digestive 

4583
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:36,400
system to process food, the body
to repair itself and the Brain 

4584
04:01:36,400 --> 04:01:39,800
to clear itself of vapors 
accumulated during waking hours.

4585
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:43,500
Too much sleep made, you 
sluggish and flag Matic. 

4586
04:01:44,300 --> 04:01:46,800
Too little sleep. 
Dried out the body's fluids 

4587
04:01:46,800 --> 04:01:49,100
leading. 
Tolerate irritability. 

4588
04:01:50,200 --> 04:01:53,900
The right amount of sleep, which
varied by age Constitution, and 

4589
04:01:53,900 --> 04:01:58,000
seasoned maintained equilibrium 
different phases of Life, 

4590
04:01:58,000 --> 04:01:59,600
required different amounts of 
sleep. 

4591
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:03,000
Babies and young children 
needed, much sleep for proper 

4592
04:02:03,000 --> 04:02:07,200
growth, adults in their Prime 
needed, moderate sleep enough 

4593
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:10,200
for health, but not so much at 
encouraged laziness. 

4594
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:14,500
Elderly people naturally 
required less their bodies 

4595
04:02:14,500 --> 04:02:18,900
winding down toward life's end. 
These patterns seemed obvious 

4596
04:02:18,900 --> 04:02:22,700
through observation and folk 
wisdom, aligned reasonably well 

4597
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:26,400
with what modern sleep Sciences 
since confirmed seasonal, sleep 

4598
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:28,600
patterns, reflected the 
agricultural calendar. 

4599
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:32,100
Winter allowed slightly longer 
sleep periods since less 

4600
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:36,500
daylight meant fewer workouts. 
Some are demanded earlier rising

4601
04:02:36,500 --> 04:02:39,800
to make use of long days though 
after noon rests might 

4602
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:43,000
compensate. 
The wealthy less tied to 

4603
04:02:43,000 --> 04:02:46,100
agricultural rhythms could 
maintain more consistent 

4604
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:49,100
schedules though. 
Even they adjusted somewhat to 

4605
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:52,600
seasonal light changes religious
observance intersected with 

4606
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:56,900
sleep in multiple ways. 
Monks and nuns Rose for night 

4607
04:02:56,908 --> 04:02:59,600
prayers. 
The night offices, that divided 

4608
04:02:59,600 --> 04:03:02,900
sleep into segments different 
from the late pattern of first 

4609
04:03:02,900 --> 04:03:06,600
and second sleep. 
Devoutly people might rise at 

4610
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:10,400
midnight for private prayers, 
imitating, monastic practice. 

4611
04:03:11,300 --> 04:03:15,200
Religious holidays might involve
night vigils or Dawn procession 

4612
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:17,500
that disrupted normal. 
Sleep patterns. 

4613
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,100
The language people used about 
sleep carried. 

4614
04:03:20,100 --> 04:03:22,900
Moral overtones to be a slug of 
bed. 

4615
04:03:22,900 --> 04:03:26,800
Someone who stayed too long in 
bed implied, moral failure, 

4616
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:31,500
laziness and lack of virtue. 
The early riser, demonstrated 

4617
04:03:31,500 --> 04:03:34,800
industry godliness and proper 
household management. 

4618
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:38,200
Early to bed and early to rise 
makes a man. 

4619
04:03:38,200 --> 04:03:40,300
Healthy wealthy and wise 
captured. 

4620
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:43,400
This attitude though that 
specific formulation came 

4621
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:46,700
slightly later than the Tudor 
period sleep made you equal to 

4622
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:49,900
everyone else in a way. 
The nobleman, and the peasant, 

4623
04:03:49,900 --> 04:03:52,800
both needed sleep. 
Both experienced dreams and both

4624
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:56,800
lay helpless in the dark. 
This temporary equality perhaps 

4625
04:03:56,800 --> 04:04:00,600
made sleep slightly troubling to
social hierarchies, it suggested

4626
04:04:00,600 --> 04:04:03,800
that beneath the elaborate 
social structures, All Humans 

4627
04:04:03,800 --> 04:04:06,900
shared basic needs and 
experiences that no amount of 

4628
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:11,200
wealth or status could eliminate
literature of the period use 

4629
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:13,800
sleep as a metaphor and plot 
device extensively. 

4630
04:04:14,600 --> 04:04:17,900
Shakespeare writing at the tail 
end of this era, filled his 

4631
04:04:17,900 --> 04:04:21,800
plays with sleep imagery. 
The innocent sleep that knits up

4632
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:24,800
the raveled sleave of care, the 
sleep of death. 

4633
04:04:24,800 --> 04:04:28,700
And the prophetic dreams that 
advanced plots or reveal 

4634
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,300
characters in a state's His 
audience is understood these 

4635
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:35,500
references immediately because 
sleep held such cultural weight.

4636
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:39,000
The position you slept in 
supposedly revealed character 

4637
04:04:39,000 --> 04:04:41,900
traits. 
Sleeping on your back indicated.

4638
04:04:41,900 --> 04:04:46,300
An open honest nature side, 
sleeping showed balance and 

4639
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:50,200
moderation sleeping on your 
stomach suggested secretiveness 

4640
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:53,400
or devious Tendencies were 
there. 

4641
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:56,600
Anyone actually believe this or 
just found it amusing as hard to

4642
04:04:56,600 --> 04:05:00,100
say, but the existence of such 
folklore shows that even 

4643
04:05:00,100 --> 04:05:02,400
unconsciously sleeping 
positions, carried meaning, 

4644
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:06,800
nightmares, required spiritual 
explanation, The term itself 

4645
04:05:06,800 --> 04:05:10,700
comes from Nightmare a demon or 
evil spirit that sat on your 

4646
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:14,300
chest, while you slept, causing 
bad dreams and difficulty 

4647
04:05:14,300 --> 04:05:17,200
breathing. 
Other cultures had similar 

4648
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:21,200
Concepts the succubus and 
Incubus of medieval belief. 

4649
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:25,100
Spiritual Beings that visited 
sleepers with various 

4650
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:27,900
intentions. 
Whether people literally 

4651
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:31,400
believed in these entities, or 
use them as explanations for 

4652
04:05:31,400 --> 04:05:34,600
Sleep phenomenal, like, sleep, 
paralysis varied among 

4653
04:05:34,600 --> 04:05:38,300
individuals and regions the 
continuity between sleep and 

4654
04:05:38,300 --> 04:05:42,400
death, the resemblance of the 
sleeping body to a corpse made 

4655
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:45,000
sleep, both natural and slightly
uncanny. 

4656
04:05:45,700 --> 04:05:49,100
You surrendered Consciousness, 
trusted that you'd wake again, 

4657
04:05:49,100 --> 04:05:53,100
couldn't guarantee it every 
night involved a small Act of 

4658
04:05:53,108 --> 04:05:55,500
Faith that this sleep wouldn't 
become permanently. 

4659
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:59,500
Morning prayers often included. 
Thanks for being allowed to wake

4660
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,400
and acknowledgment that survival
through the night wasn't 

4661
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:05,100
automatic. 
This Rich web of meaning 

4662
04:06:05,100 --> 04:06:07,800
surrounding sleep. 
Made it far more than a 

4663
04:06:07,800 --> 04:06:11,800
biological necessity Sleep, 
represented, spiritual States 

4664
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:16,400
Social positions, moral 
qualities, and existential 

4665
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:19,600
concerns. 
The rituals surrounding sleep, 

4666
04:06:19,600 --> 04:06:22,200
the prayers, the careful 
preparations. 

4667
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:25,600
The symbolic objects. 
Like blessed medallions. 

4668
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:29,200
Hung near beds. 
Addressed, these multiple layers

4669
04:06:29,200 --> 04:06:32,500
of meaning acknowledging that 
when you close your eyes, each 

4670
04:06:32,500 --> 04:06:36,200
night, you entered a realm where
the normal rules were suspended 

4671
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:38,800
and something else, something 
both dangerous and necessary 

4672
04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:42,200
took over until dawn. 
And so we come to the end of our

4673
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:44,100
nighttime journey through Tudor 
England. 

4674
04:06:45,000 --> 04:06:48,500
You've experienced the full 
cycle from dusk's, first Shadows

4675
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:51,900
through the depth of night, to 
mornings, gradual return. 

4676
04:06:52,900 --> 04:06:55,600
You felt the weight of wool 
blanket on a cold night. 

4677
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:59,900
Heard, the sound of darkness and
understood The rhythms of 

4678
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:02,600
segmented sleep. 
And the cultural meaning woven 

4679
04:07:02,600 --> 04:07:06,400
through every aspect of rest. 
The modern world has gained much

4680
04:07:06,400 --> 04:07:09,500
in comfort and convenience, but 
it has lost something too. 

4681
04:07:10,300 --> 04:07:14,300
That deeper alignment with 
natural rhythms that acceptance 

4682
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:16,700
of darkness and its own 
particular gifts. 

4683
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:20,500
That sense of sleep as something
more than mere unconsciousness 

4684
04:07:20,500 --> 04:07:22,700
between productive waking 
periods. 

4685
04:07:23,300 --> 04:07:26,100
Tudor people for all their 
discomforts and challenges. 

4686
04:07:26,100 --> 04:07:29,700
Knew how to rest in ways. 
We've largely forgotten, perhaps

4687
04:07:29,700 --> 04:07:32,200
there's wisdom in their 
practices that we might recover 

4688
04:07:32,200 --> 04:07:36,300
not by returning to straw 
mattresses and chamber pots but 

4689
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:40,000
by remembering that sleep 
deserves respect that Darkness 

4690
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:42,800
has value. 
And that rest is not idleness 

4691
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:47,900
but renewal As you drift towards
sleep in your own time, in your 

4692
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:50,708
own bed. 
Perhaps you can carry a bit of 

4693
04:07:50,716 --> 04:07:54,600
Tudor wisdom with you. the 
acceptance of natural rhythms, 

4694
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:59,000
the appreciation for simple 
Comforts and the understanding 

4695
04:07:59,000 --> 04:08:02,400
that a good night's rest is not 
a luxury, but a fundamental 

4696
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:07,100
human need on by Generations, 
who slept before you and those 

4697
04:08:07,100 --> 04:08:10,300
who will sleep after your gone 
sleep well, whenever and 

4698
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:18,700
wherever you find your rest, 
Imagine living in ancient Greece

4699
04:08:18,700 --> 04:08:21,800
around 600 BCE. 
When the only technological 

4700
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:24,400
concern you might have had, was 
whether your olive oil lamp 

4701
04:08:24,400 --> 04:08:27,300
would have enough fuel to last. 
The entire night, people who 

4702
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:30,400
entered this world of basic 
tools and sophisticated ideas 

4703
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:34,500
did something revolutionary. 
They began to ask why rather 

4704
04:08:34,500 --> 04:08:36,700
than merely accepting because 
the gods said. 

4705
04:08:36,700 --> 04:08:40,300
So, instead of calling 
themselves physicists, the first

4706
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:44,000
physicist called the themselves 
natural philosophers, which 

4707
04:08:44,000 --> 04:08:47,400
sounds far more respectable than
people who spend too much time. 

4708
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:49,600
Wondering why rocks fall down 
instead of up? 

4709
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:53,200
However, that's exactly what 
they were doing viewing. 

4710
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,200
The everyday World from A New 
Perspective and rejecting. 

4711
04:08:56,200 --> 04:08:58,300
The idea that mystery was a 
sufficient explanation. 

4712
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:00,700
For anything. 
One of these early wanders was 

4713
04:09:00,700 --> 04:09:04,500
thales of miletus who reportedly
spent so much time gazing up at 

4714
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:06,100
the stars that he wants fell 
into a. 

4715
04:09:06,100 --> 04:09:09,700
Well, while out for a walk, 
according to reports his made 

4716
04:09:09,700 --> 04:09:12,600
fun of him by pointing out that 
he was attempting to comprehend,

4717
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:15,600
the heavens while ignoring the 
ground beneath his feet. 

4718
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,700
This may be the earliest known 
case of someone becoming so 

4719
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:22,000
engrossed in theoretical physics
that they fail to observe their 

4720
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:24,600
surroundings. 
A practice that is still common 

4721
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:26,400
in physics, departments all over
the world. 

4722
04:09:26,400 --> 04:09:30,500
However, Sally's had a crucial 
Insight, according to his theory

4723
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:33,700
water in his very first. 
Forms makes up everything in the

4724
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:36,100
universe. 
Now, before you write this off 

4725
04:09:36,100 --> 04:09:39,200
as archaic thinking, remember 
that he was putting forth a 

4726
04:09:39,200 --> 04:09:41,900
profound idea that the 
astounding diversity of the 

4727
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:44,000
natural world could have 
straightforward underlying 

4728
04:09:44,000 --> 04:09:46,200
causes. 
He was completely correct. 

4729
04:09:46,200 --> 04:09:49,300
That the way forward was to look
for straightforward explanations

4730
04:09:49,300 --> 04:09:52,900
of complicated phenomena, but he
was mistaken that water was the 

4731
04:09:52,900 --> 04:09:57,000
fundamental substance Democritus
expanded on this notion with the

4732
04:09:57,000 --> 04:10:00,100
notion so revolutionary that it 
would not be fully comprehended 

4733
04:10:00,100 --> 04:10:02,900
for more than two Millennia. 
He proposed that cutting 

4734
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:05,800
something into ever tiny pieces,
would eventually result in 

4735
04:10:05,800 --> 04:10:07,400
pieces that were too small to 
cut. 

4736
04:10:07,400 --> 04:10:11,500
He referred to these fragments 
as atoms, which in Greek means 

4737
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:14,600
uncuttable. 
In essence Democrats was 

4738
04:10:14,608 --> 04:10:17,400
suggesting that the Universe was
composed of inconspicuous 

4739
04:10:17,400 --> 04:10:22,500
miniscule, building blocks, akin
to Cosmic Lido pieces since 

4740
04:10:22,500 --> 04:10:25,500
Democritus lacked particle, 
accelerators and microscopes. 

4741
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:29,600
It wasn't that he was accurate 
in every detail, rather, it was 

4742
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:31,100
that he was thinking in the 
right way. 

4743
04:10:31,100 --> 04:10:34,300
He was saying that you could 
comprehend large complex things 

4744
04:10:34,300 --> 04:10:37,500
by comprehending their smallest 
components, although it would 

4745
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:40,200
take centuries for anyone to 
figure out how to actually test 

4746
04:10:40,200 --> 04:10:42,900
these ideas. 
This reductionist approach would

4747
04:10:42,900 --> 04:10:45,500
eventually become one of the 
most potent tools in Physics. 

4748
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:49,000
The ancient natural philosopher 
Aristotle who was arguably the 

4749
04:10:49,000 --> 04:10:51,800
most influential adopted a 
different strategy. 

4750
04:10:52,500 --> 04:10:56,000
He concentrated on what he could
actually see rather than making 

4751
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:57,800
assumptions about invisible 
atoms. 

4752
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:01,800
He observed how objects moved 
fell and behaved under various 

4753
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:04,100
conditions. 
He then made an effort to 

4754
04:11:04,100 --> 04:11:06,700
arrange these findings into a 
logical framework that would 

4755
04:11:06,700 --> 04:11:09,200
account for everything. 
The physics of Aristotle. 

4756
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:11,600
Resembled a complex 
categorization system for 

4757
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:15,200
natural phenomena because they 
want to hit the ground more 

4758
04:11:15,200 --> 04:11:18,700
urgently than light objects, 
heavy objects fall more quickly 

4759
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:21,100
when something pushes something,
it moves. 

4760
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,100
And when that push stops, it 
stops moving heavy objects 

4761
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:27,200
naturally congregate at the 
center of the universe, which is

4762
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:30,700
why the Earth is there because 
it wants to ascend to its proper

4763
04:11:30,700 --> 04:11:33,100
location in the heavens Fire 
Rises. 

4764
04:11:34,000 --> 04:11:36,500
We now know that the majority of
Aristotle's particular 

4765
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:40,600
conclusions were incorrect, 
however, his method careful 

4766
04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:42,900
observation followed by 
methodical explanation was 

4767
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:45,700
spot-on. 
He was looking for Trends in the

4768
04:11:45,708 --> 04:11:49,100
behavior of nature rules that 
could forecast the future, in 

4769
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:52,000
novel circumstances, even though
he had few scientific 

4770
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:55,000
instruments at his disposal, he 
was conducting research. 

4771
04:11:55,000 --> 04:11:57,900
These early natural philosophers
were brilliant because they 

4772
04:11:57,900 --> 04:12:01,000
believed that the universe made 
sense, even though some of their

4773
04:12:01,000 --> 04:12:03,600
discoveries were remarkably 
prescient, they thought that 

4774
04:12:03,600 --> 04:12:06,300
rather than being the random 
whims of irrational Gods, 

4775
04:12:06,300 --> 04:12:09,400
natural phenomena adhered to 
understandable laws. 

4776
04:12:09,400 --> 04:12:12,400
This presumption would turn out 
to be possibly the most 

4777
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:14,600
significant Concept. 
In human thought history. 

4778
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:17,400
A tradition of rigorous 
reasoning about the natural 

4779
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:19,300
world was also being established
by them. 

4780
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:22,300
They were willing to approach 
problems, methodically and 

4781
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:25,600
follow reasoning wherever it led
even if it resulted in 

4782
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:27,100
uncomfortable or 
counterintuitive. 

4783
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:30,800
Conclusion, rather than simply 
accepting conventional wisdom, 

4784
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:33,700
every significant development in
physics that followed would 

4785
04:12:33,700 --> 04:12:36,800
depend on this intellectual 
bravery as you go to bed 

4786
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:39,400
tonight, remember that? 
These ancient philosophers were 

4787
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:41,700
answering questions that still 
captivated us? 

4788
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:44,000
What is the composition of the 
universe? 

4789
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:48,000
How do things change and move? 
What basic laws, apply to 

4790
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:50,500
everything from far off stars to
Falling apples. 

4791
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:54,200
They lacked our resources and 
expertise, but they possess 

4792
04:12:54,200 --> 04:12:58,400
something just as valuable and 
insatiable curiosity and the 

4793
04:12:58,400 --> 04:13:01,800
endurance to consider basic 
issues carefully, the Islamic 

4794
04:13:01,800 --> 04:13:03,800
World kept the flame of natural 
philosophy. 

4795
04:13:03,800 --> 04:13:07,100
Burning after the fall of the 
Roman Empire, when Europe was 

4796
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:09,400
busy for getting much of what 
the Greeks are discovered. 

4797
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:12,400
The Next Great Leap in human 
understanding would, eventually 

4798
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:15,200
be supported by the picture 
libraries in Baghdad and Cordoba

4799
04:13:15,200 --> 04:13:18,700
where Scholars preserved, Greek 
texts while adding their own 

4800
04:13:18,700 --> 04:13:22,300
observations and insights. 
Even now, hytham also referred 

4801
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:24,700
to as a Hazen in. 
The west was one of these 

4802
04:13:24,700 --> 04:13:27,200
Scholars who made the 
Revolutionary move of insisting,

4803
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:30,500
that theories about the natural 
world be put to the test against

4804
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:33,800
meticulous observations. 
This may seem like common sense 

4805
04:13:33,800 --> 04:13:35,600
but keep in mind that for 
centuries. 

4806
04:13:35,600 --> 04:13:38,500
Most people were satisfied to 
settle disputes by citing 

4807
04:13:38,500 --> 04:13:41,900
historical authorities rather 
than paying attention to actual 

4808
04:13:41,900 --> 04:13:44,300
events. 
Light in Vision, particularly 

4809
04:13:44,300 --> 04:13:46,900
captivated al-hasan. 
The ancient Greeks had some 

4810
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,000
rather strange theories about 
how we see the world. 

4811
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:53,100
For example, many thought that 
our eyes invisible rays that 

4812
04:13:53,100 --> 04:13:56,800
reflect off of objects, much 
like biological radar systems 

4813
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,900
through meticulous 
experimentation alhazen 

4814
04:13:59,900 --> 04:14:02,900
discovered that light moves from
objects to our eyes, rather than

4815
04:14:02,900 --> 04:14:05,900
the other way around, in order 
to prove that light moves in 

4816
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:08,600
straight lines. 
He constructed the first camera 

4817
04:14:08,600 --> 04:14:12,200
obscura, which is basically a 
gigantic pinhole camera. 

4818
04:14:13,200 --> 04:14:16,200
Alhazen gained insights from his
work with Optics that would take

4819
04:14:16,208 --> 04:14:19,800
centuries to fully comprehend. 
He understood that light is bent

4820
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:22,400
by the atmosphere which 
functions as a lens and 

4821
04:14:22,408 --> 04:14:26,200
influences our perception. 
This explains why stars appear 

4822
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,400
to twinkle and the Sun appears 
larger when it is close to the 

4823
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:31,400
Horizon. 
How Hazen was learning. 

4824
04:14:31,400 --> 04:14:34,700
The observation itself might be 
trickier than it seemed, which 

4825
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:37,100
would be important for future 
advances in physics. 

4826
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,400
By translating Arabic texts, 
scholars in medieval Europe, 

4827
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,700
were rediscovering Aristotle. 
This led to an intriguing 

4828
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:47,800
situation, like playing 
telephone across centuries and 

4829
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:49,900
cultures. 
European thinkers were learning 

4830
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:52,900
Greek physics from Islamic 
commentaries during a time. 

4831
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,400
When original scientific 
thinking was comparatively 

4832
04:14:55,400 --> 04:14:58,300
uncommon in Europe. 
This process kept the discussion

4833
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:01,500
about natural philosophy alive. 
Even though it occasionally 

4834
04:15:01,500 --> 04:15:04,000
brought New Concepts and 
confusion English. 

4835
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:06,300
Monk, Roger Baker, who lived in 
the 13th century. 

4836
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:10,000
Took Al Hazen's focus on 
experimentation and ran with it.

4837
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:13,500
Bacon believed that thorough 
observation, and methodical 

4838
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:15,700
idea, testing could reveal the 
mysteries of nature. 

4839
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:19,600
He studied the characteristics 
of magnets experimented with 

4840
04:15:19,600 --> 04:15:22,700
lenses and mirrors and even 
conjectured about flying 

4841
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:26,000
machines and mechanically 
propelled ships Concepts, that 

4842
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:29,000
would not be realized. 
For centuries, Bacon's method 

4843
04:15:29,000 --> 04:15:32,000
was revolutionary because rather
than merely interpreting ancient

4844
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:35,600
authorities, he argued that 
humans could uncover new truths 

4845
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:38,100
about the natural world. 
This was potentially 

4846
04:15:38,100 --> 04:15:41,000
theologically dangerous as well 
as intellectually radical. 

4847
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:43,500
What did it say about the 
completeness of revealed? 

4848
04:15:43,500 --> 04:15:46,100
Knowledge of people could learn 
new things about God's creation 

4849
04:15:46,100 --> 04:15:49,100
on their own for centuries, the 
conflict between religious 

4850
04:15:49,100 --> 04:15:50,600
Authority and natural 
philosophy. 

4851
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:53,800
Based on observation would 
simmer and occasionally explode 

4852
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,000
into major battles. 
However, rather than questioning

4853
04:15:57,000 --> 04:16:00,200
religious Doctrine, the majority
of natural philosophers of the 

4854
04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:02,700
Middle Ages were able to present
their work as a means of 

4855
04:16:02,708 --> 04:16:05,800
comprehending God's creation. 
It was believed that the same 

4856
04:16:05,800 --> 04:16:08,900
Divine intelligence wrote both 
the book of scripture and the 

4857
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:10,800
Book of nature, which they were 
reading. 

4858
04:16:11,000 --> 04:16:13,200
Side by side. 
Some of these conflicts were 

4859
04:16:13,200 --> 04:16:16,900
eased by the renowned medieval 
Theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who 

4860
04:16:16,900 --> 04:16:19,800
maintained that faith and reason
were complementary, rather than 

4861
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:22,900
antagonistic, while theology 
addressed spiritual issues. 

4862
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:26,000
Natural philosophy was able to 
uncover truths about the 

4863
04:16:26,000 --> 04:16:29,200
material world by avoiding 
direct confrontations with 

4864
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:32,000
religious authorities. 
This intellectual division of 

4865
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:34,300
labor allowed, natural 
philosophy to flourish. 

4866
04:16:34,300 --> 04:16:37,900
Additionally more advanced. 
Mathematical instruments emerged

4867
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:40,800
during the Middle Ages Islamic 
sources, taught European 

4868
04:16:40,800 --> 04:16:44,100
scholars algebra and Arabic 
numerals, which significantly, 

4869
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:47,200
enhance their computational 
skills, they established the 

4870
04:16:47,200 --> 04:16:49,100
foundation for the quantitative 
method. 

4871
04:16:49,100 --> 04:16:51,600
That would ultimately 
revolutionize physics by 

4872
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:54,600
starting to apply mathematical 
analysis to physical issues. 

4873
04:16:55,500 --> 04:16:58,500
The stage was set for something.
Extraordinary by the end of the 

4874
04:16:58,500 --> 04:17:01,400
Middle, Ages, the value of 
meticulous observation and 

4875
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:03,600
experimentation had been 
established by natural 

4876
04:17:03,600 --> 04:17:06,400
philosophers. 
They had access to progressively

4877
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:08,100
more potent, mathematical 
instruments. 

4878
04:17:08,100 --> 04:17:11,100
They had established a framework
for considering natural 

4879
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:14,200
philosophy to be a valid 
approach to studying God's 

4880
04:17:14,200 --> 04:17:17,000
creation. 
They also had centuries worth of

4881
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:20,800
observations on everything from 
how light behaves to how planets

4882
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:23,800
move, the next thing they needed
was someone who was prepared to 

4883
04:17:23,808 --> 04:17:26,300
question basic beliefs, about 
the structure of the universe 

4884
04:17:26,300 --> 04:17:29,300
even though he wouldn't 
transform astronomy for several 

4885
04:17:29,300 --> 04:17:32,500
more decades, some was already 
being born in a small polish 

4886
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:34,900
town. 
It's important to recognize the 

4887
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:37,000
amount of intellectual 
Foundation that had been 

4888
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:40,100
established by centuries of 
patient thinkers who were happy 

4889
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:44,000
to make observations pose 
questions and gradually Advance.

4890
04:17:44,000 --> 04:17:47,200
Human knowledge of the natural 
world before we met Nicolaus, 

4891
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:49,600
Copernicus. 
Imagine living a lifetime under 

4892
04:17:49,600 --> 04:17:52,700
the assumption that the Sun, 
Moon planets stars. 

4893
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:57,200
And Earth all revolve around us 
in a Complex Celestial dance and

4894
04:17:57,200 --> 04:17:59,700
that the Earth remains 
motionless at the center of the 

4895
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:01,900
universe. 
Then picture someone gently 

4896
04:18:01,900 --> 04:18:03,700
pointing out that perhaps were 
in Reverse. 

4897
04:18:03,700 --> 04:18:06,700
Perhaps we're the ones dancing 
while the sun remains 

4898
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,200
motionless. 
It's difficult to exaggerate how

4899
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:11,200
fundamentally this idea. 
Upended. 

4900
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,200
The medieval worldview, which is
precisely what, Nicholas 

4901
04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:16,200
Copernicus suggested in the 16th
century. 

4902
04:18:17,100 --> 04:18:20,300
Panic has no intention of 
igniting a revolution in 

4903
04:18:20,300 --> 04:18:22,100
reality. 
He was a fairly conservative, 

4904
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:26,200
man, a church Canon, who managed
Church finances, occasionally 

4905
04:18:26,200 --> 04:18:29,000
practiced medicine and had a 
hobby of studying mathematics 

4906
04:18:29,000 --> 04:18:31,800
and astronomy. 
A technical issue in ptolemaic, 

4907
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:32,800
astronomy. 
Troubled him. 

4908
04:18:32,808 --> 04:18:35,200
The mathematical models used to 
forecast. 

4909
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:37,800
Planetary motions were growing, 
more complex and laborious. 

4910
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:40,900
He thought it was inelegant to 
keep adding circles within 

4911
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:44,400
circles to account for observed,
planetary positions, like a 

4912
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:46,000
lovely equation ruined by too 
many. 

4913
04:18:46,008 --> 04:18:49,300
Correction factors Copernicus. 
Therefore attempted a thought 

4914
04:18:49,308 --> 04:18:52,400
experiment. 
What if the Sun not the Earth 

4915
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:54,600
were at the center of the 
planetary system? 

4916
04:18:55,600 --> 04:18:58,500
Something lovely occurred. 
When he sold the math, The 

4917
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:00,900
Limited range of Mercury and 
Venus from the Sun. 

4918
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:03,800
The way, Mars occasionally 
seemed to move backwards against

4919
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,900
the background stars, and many 
other complex aspects of 

4920
04:19:06,908 --> 04:19:09,300
planetary motion suddenly made 
perfect sense. 

4921
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,500
These were the inevitable 
results of tracking planetary 

4922
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:15,900
motion from a moving platform, 
not enigmatic anomalies that 

4923
04:19:15,900 --> 04:19:19,400
needed intricate explanation. 
It was similar to realizing that

4924
04:19:19,400 --> 04:19:20,900
the scenery outside a train 
window. 

4925
04:19:20,900 --> 04:19:23,200
Seems to move backwards because 
you are moving and not the 

4926
04:19:23,200 --> 04:19:26,600
scenery itself. 
Everything else is apparent, 

4927
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:28,400
motion becomes completely 
understandable. 

4928
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:31,700
Once you comprehend your own 
motion Copernicus, however was 

4929
04:19:31,700 --> 04:19:35,300
reluctant published this Theory,
He realized that implying that 

4930
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,000
the Earth moves was a 
fundamental challenge to how 

4931
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:39,700
people perceive their place in 
the universe. 

4932
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:42,400
Not just a technical 
astronomical adjustment. 

4933
04:19:42,400 --> 04:19:46,000
According to the medieval 
perspective Humanities unique 

4934
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:48,700
place in God's creation, was 
symbolized by the Earth's 

4935
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:50,900
location at the center of the 
universe. 

4936
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:54,300
Humanity appeared to be devalued
from the center of divine 

4937
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:56,300
attention to just another 
wandering Planet. 

4938
04:19:56,300 --> 04:20:00,300
When the Earth was moved out to 
orbit the sun Copernicus spent 

4939
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:02,700
decades refining, his 
mathematical models and 

4940
04:20:02,700 --> 04:20:06,200
Gathering evidence, but he was 
reluctant to expose his ideas to

4941
04:20:06,200 --> 04:20:09,700
public criticism. 
Finally, in 1543, he published 

4942
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:13,000
on the revolution's of the 
celestial spheres presenting. 

4943
04:20:13,000 --> 04:20:16,300
His heliocentric model as a 
mathematical convenience that 

4944
04:20:16,300 --> 04:20:19,200
happened to provide more elegant
explanations for astronomical 

4945
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:21,700
observations. 
The book was dedicated to the 

4946
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:24,000
pope and carefully framed to 
minimize theological 

4947
04:20:24,000 --> 04:20:26,600
controversy. 
The immediate reaction was 

4948
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:29,700
remarkably muted. 
Most astronomers treated the 

4949
04:20:29,700 --> 04:20:32,100
copernican system as an 
interesting mathematical tool 

4950
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:35,700
rather than literal description 
of Reality, it was useful for 

4951
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,100
calculations, but didn't 
necessarily mean the Earth, 

4952
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:41,800
actually moved this response. 
Allowed the healing Centric idea

4953
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,700
to circulate and gain supporters
without immediately triggering 

4954
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:49,600
the religious backlash that 
Copernicus had feared Some 

4955
04:20:49,600 --> 04:20:51,800
people understood the broader 
implications immediately. 

4956
04:20:51,800 --> 04:20:55,000
If the Earth was just another 
planet orbiting the Sun, what 

4957
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,300
did that say about Humanity's 
special status? 

4958
04:20:57,300 --> 04:21:00,900
If the universe was much larger 
than previously thought and it 

4959
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:03,900
had to be to explain why we 
don't observe stellar parallax 

4960
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:05,000
as Earth. 
Orbits the Sun? 

4961
04:21:05,008 --> 04:21:08,400
What did that suggest about our 
Cosmic significance? 

4962
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,800
These questions would trouble, 
theologians and philosophers for

4963
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:14,800
Generations. 
The copernican revolution also 

4964
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:17,800
demonstrated something important
about how scientific ideas 

4965
04:21:17,800 --> 04:21:21,100
develop and spread revolutionary
Concepts often begin as 

4966
04:21:21,100 --> 04:21:23,900
Technical Solutions to narrow 
problems within specialized 

4967
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:26,800
fields. 
Copernicus was trying to improve

4968
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:30,300
astronomical calculations, not 
overthrow, medieval cosmology, 

4969
04:21:30,300 --> 04:21:34,200
but ideas have consequences that
extend far beyond their original

4970
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:37,700
contexts and those consequences 
can transform entire world 

4971
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:40,400
views. 
Moreover, the acceptance of new 

4972
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:42,100
ideas. 
Often depends as much on their 

4973
04:21:42,100 --> 04:21:45,200
practical utility as on their 
theoretical Elegance. 

4974
04:21:45,200 --> 04:21:48,300
The copernican system gains 
supporters partly because it 

4975
04:21:48,308 --> 04:21:51,600
provided better predictions of 
planetary positions, which was 

4976
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,600
important for navigation, 
calendar reform, and 

4977
04:21:54,600 --> 04:21:58,800
astrological calculations people
adopted heliocentric astronomy. 

4978
04:21:58,800 --> 04:22:00,900
Not necessarily because they 
were convinced the Earth 

4979
04:22:00,900 --> 04:22:03,900
actually moved, but because it 
worked better for practical 

4980
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:07,400
purposes, this pattern. 
Technical improvements leading 

4981
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:10,700
to conceptual revolution's would
repeat throughout the history of

4982
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,400
physics, improvements in 
mathematical techniques, 

4983
04:22:13,400 --> 04:22:17,300
observational, instruments, or 
experimental methods, often 

4984
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:20,300
reveal new phenomena that 
require fundamental changes in 

4985
04:22:20,300 --> 04:22:23,100
theoretical understanding the 
copernican Revolution. 

4986
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:25,600
Was one of the first clear 
examples of this Process. 

4987
04:22:25,600 --> 04:22:29,300
But it certainly wouldn't be the
last as you drift off tonight. 

4988
04:22:29,300 --> 04:22:31,700
Consider how comfortable 
assumptions about the nature of 

4989
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:34,600
reality can be quietly. 
Undermined by patient technical 

4990
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:38,100
work, Copernicus, didn't set out
to revolutionize human thought, 

4991
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:41,200
he just wanted to make 
astronomical calculations more 

4992
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,400
elegant, but sometimes, the 
pursuit of mathematical Beauty 

4993
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:47,200
leads to profound insights about
the structure of the universe. 

4994
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:50,800
Insights that Force us to 
reconsider our most basic 

4995
04:22:50,800 --> 04:22:53,100
assumptions about our place in 
the cosmic order. 

4996
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:57,000
Picture yourself in 1609 living 
in a world where the most 

4997
04:22:57,008 --> 04:22:59,500
distant things you can see 
clearly are perhaps a few miles 

4998
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:02,800
away on a clear day. 
Suddenly someone hands, you a 

4999
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:05,400
device that lets you see the 
craters on the moon, the moon's 

5000
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:08,500
of Jupiter and thousands of 
previously invisible Stars. 

5001
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:11,500
This is what happened. 
When Galileo Galilee turned, his

5002
04:23:11,500 --> 04:23:14,800
newly, improved telescope toward
the sky, and the universe has 

5003
04:23:14,800 --> 04:23:17,600
never looked the same since 
Galileo, didn't invent the 

5004
04:23:17,608 --> 04:23:19,900
telescope. 
That honor belongs to Dutch 

5005
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:22,700
spectacle makers, who discovered
that certain combinations of 

5006
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:24,800
lenses could magnify distant 
objects. 

5007
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:28,600
But Galileo heard about these 
devices, immediately grasped 

5008
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:31,600
their potential and set about in
proving their design with the 

5009
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,700
enthusiasm of someone who had 
found the perfect tool for 

5010
04:23:34,700 --> 04:23:36,700
satisfying. 
His curiosity about the natural 

5011
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:41,000
world within months, Galileo had
built telescopes that magnified 

5012
04:23:41,000 --> 04:23:44,700
objects 20 times, or more far 
better than anything previously 

5013
04:23:44,700 --> 04:23:47,700
available, then he did something
that seems obvious in. 

5014
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:49,300
Retrospect. 
But was actually quite 

5015
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:52,300
revolutionary. 
He pointed his telescope at the 

5016
04:23:52,300 --> 04:23:54,500
night sky and systematically 
observed. 

5017
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:56,800
What he saw their. 
Most people had been using 

5018
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:00,100
telescopes to observe distant 
ships or enemy fortifications. 

5019
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,200
Practical applications that 
everyone could understand. 

5020
04:24:04,300 --> 04:24:06,800
Galileo was using them to 
explore the cosmos. 

5021
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:10,900
What he discovered changed, 
everything the moon, which had 

5022
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:13,600
appeared to be a perfect smooth 
sphere In classical astronomy. 

5023
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:17,200
Turned out to have mountains. 
Valleys and what appeared to be 

5024
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:20,500
ancient impact craters. 
The Milky Way, which looked like

5025
04:24:20,500 --> 04:24:23,800
a faint Cloud, to the naked eye 
resolved into thousands of 

5026
04:24:23,808 --> 04:24:27,100
individual Stars. 
Venus showed phases, like the 

5027
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:29,800
moon. 
Cycling from Full to Crescent as

5028
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,000
it orbited. 
The sun most dramatically 

5029
04:24:32,000 --> 04:24:34,800
Galileo, discovered four, moons 
orbiting Jupiter. 

5030
04:24:34,800 --> 04:24:38,400
These were just distant stars 
that moved slightly from night 

5031
04:24:38,400 --> 04:24:40,700
to night. 
These were clearly satellites 

5032
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:42,100
revolving around the giant 
planet. 

5033
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:45,500
In regular predictable patterns 
for the first time in human 

5034
04:24:45,500 --> 04:24:48,600
history, someone had Direct 
observational evidence that not 

5035
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:50,800
everything in the universe 
revolved around Earth. 

5036
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:54,300
The discovery of Jupiter's moons
was particularly significant 

5037
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:57,000
because it demolished one of the
main objections to the 

5038
04:24:57,000 --> 04:24:59,300
copernican system critics had 
argued. 

5039
04:24:59,300 --> 04:25:01,500
That if the Earth moved through 
space, it would leave the moon 

5040
04:25:01,508 --> 04:25:03,600
behind like a horse out. 
Running its Rider. 

5041
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:07,900
But here was Jupiter clearly 
moving through the heavens while

5042
04:25:07,900 --> 04:25:10,700
keeping four moons in toe. 
If Jupiter could maintain 

5043
04:25:10,700 --> 04:25:13,200
satellites while moving, why 
couldn't Earth do the same? 

5044
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:16,500
Galileo, published his 
telescopic observations in a 

5045
04:25:16,508 --> 04:25:19,700
book called siderius, nuncius 
The Starry Messenger and it 

5046
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:23,000
became an immediate sensation 
educated people across Europe. 

5047
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:25,500
Were fascinated by these 
Revelations about the true 

5048
04:25:25,500 --> 04:25:29,600
nature of the celestial realm. 
Some were skeptical, How could a

5049
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:32,200
mere Optical instrument reveal 
truths that had been hidden from

5050
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:35,600
human eyes for all of recorded 
history, others worried about 

5051
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,300
the theological implications of 
discovering that the heavens 

5052
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:40,700
were far more complex and 
diverse than anyone had 

5053
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:43,500
imagined. 
The Galileo's telescopic 

5054
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:46,200
observations were just the 
beginning of his contributions 

5055
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:48,400
to physics. 
He was equally fascinated by 

5056
04:25:48,408 --> 04:25:51,200
motion here on Earth, and he 
approached the study of moving 

5057
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:54,900
objects with the same systematic
methodology that he applied to 

5058
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:57,100
astronomy. 
This terrestrial work, would 

5059
04:25:57,100 --> 04:25:59,800
prove even more revolutionary 
than his Celestial discoverers 

5060
04:25:59,800 --> 04:26:02,000
Galileo. 
Realized that Aristotelian 

5061
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:04,100
physics. 
Which are dominated European 

5062
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:07,100
thought for over a millennium, 
was simply wrong about some 

5063
04:26:07,100 --> 04:26:10,400
fundamental aspects of motion 
Aristotle had taught that heavy 

5064
04:26:10,400 --> 04:26:12,400
objects fall, faster than light 
ones. 

5065
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:15,100
That objects in motion naturally
come to rest. 

5066
04:26:15,100 --> 04:26:18,100
And that the motion of 
projectiles required, continuous

5067
04:26:18,100 --> 04:26:21,600
pushing by the surrounding air 
Galileo's, careful, experiments 

5068
04:26:21,600 --> 04:26:24,000
and mathematical analysis 
revealed that none of these 

5069
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:27,500
ideas accurately described how 
things actually moved through 

5070
04:26:27,500 --> 04:26:30,600
ingenious experiments with 
inclined planes pendulums and 

5071
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:34,100
projectiles Galileo, discovered 
that all objects fall at the 

5072
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:37,100
same rate in the absence of air 
resistance, the objects in 

5073
04:26:37,100 --> 04:26:40,300
motion, tend to stay in motion, 
unless something stops them and 

5074
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:43,300
their projectile motion. 
Be understood as a combination 

5075
04:26:43,300 --> 04:26:47,100
of horizontal motion at constant
velocity and vertical motion 

5076
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:50,300
under constant acceleration, 
these insights laid, the 

5077
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:52,900
groundwork for a completely new 
understanding of mechanics. 

5078
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:56,800
Perhaps more importantly, 
Galileo, pioneered the use of 

5079
04:26:56,800 --> 04:27:00,100
mathematics to describe physical
phenomena, quantitatively 

5080
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:03,600
instead of just saying that 
objects fall quickly or slowly. 

5081
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:07,200
He measured exactly how their 
velocities change with time 

5082
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:10,400
instead of Simply observing that
pendulum swing back and forth. 

5083
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,700
He discovered the mathematical 
relationship between a 

5084
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:15,900
pendulum's length and its period
of oscillation. 

5085
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:18,800
This mathematical approach to 
physics was revolutionary 

5086
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:21,500
because it allowed theories to 
make precise testable 

5087
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:23,800
predictions. 
If you knew the mathematical 

5088
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:27,200
laws governing motion, you could
predict exactly where a 

5089
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:29,900
projectile would land, how long 
a pendulum would take to 

5090
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,200
complete its swing, or how fast 
an object would be moving after 

5091
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:36,000
falling, a given distance. 
Physics was becoming a 

5092
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:39,400
quantitative science capable of 
making precise predictions about

5093
04:27:39,400 --> 04:27:42,200
natural phenomena. 
Galileo's combination of 

5094
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:46,500
systematic observation, careful 
experimentation and mathematical

5095
04:27:46,500 --> 04:27:49,500
analysis established, the 
methodology that would guide 

5096
04:27:49,500 --> 04:27:52,700
physics for centuries to come. 
He showed that human beings 

5097
04:27:52,700 --> 04:27:55,800
could discover the Mathematical 
laws governing natural phenomena

5098
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:57,600
through patient. 
Systematic investigation. 

5099
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,300
This was profoundly optimistic 
vision. 

5100
04:28:01,100 --> 04:28:03,900
The universe might be vast and 
complex, but it was also 

5101
04:28:03,900 --> 04:28:06,800
comprehensible to human 
intelligence equipped with the 

5102
04:28:06,800 --> 04:28:09,500
right tools and methods. 
There's something deeply 

5103
04:28:09,500 --> 04:28:12,700
satisfying about the story of 
Newton's Apple even though it 

5104
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:15,100
probably never happened. 
Quite the way popular Legend, 

5105
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,400
tells it the image of a young 
man sitting under a tree struck 

5106
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:20,400
by inspiration. 
When a piece of fruit falls on 

5107
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:23,400
his head captures something 
essential about the nature of 

5108
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:26,700
scientific discovery. 
Sometimes the most profound 

5109
04:28:26,700 --> 04:28:29,800
insights come from paying 
attention to the most ordinary 

5110
04:28:29,800 --> 04:28:32,000
phenomena. 
The real Newton was far more 

5111
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:33,600
complex than the legend 
suggests. 

5112
04:28:33,600 --> 04:28:36,700
He was a mathematician of 
extraordinary talent and 

5113
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:39,400
Alchemists, who spent years 
trying to transmute base Metals 

5114
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,400
into gold, a theologian, who 
wrote more about biblical 

5115
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:45,700
prophecy than about physics and 
a natural philosopher, who 

5116
04:28:45,700 --> 04:28:48,900
somehow managed to create a 
unified mathematical description

5117
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:50,700
of motion. 
That worked equally well for 

5118
04:28:50,700 --> 04:28:53,800
falling apples and orbiting 
planets when Newton began his 

5119
04:28:53,800 --> 04:28:57,900
serious work on mechanics and 
gravitation, in the 1660s, he 

5120
04:28:57,900 --> 04:29:00,800
inherited a collection of 
important, but disconnected in 

5121
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:04,200
Sight from his predecessors. 
Galileo had discovered the 

5122
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:07,100
mathematical laws governing 
motion on Earth Kepler 

5123
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:10,600
discovered that planets move in 
elliptical orbits according to 

5124
04:29:10,600 --> 04:29:14,300
precise mathematical 
relationships, The cart had 

5125
04:29:14,300 --> 04:29:16,800
suggested that all natural 
phenomena could be understood 

5126
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:19,700
through mechanical principles, 
but no one had figured out how 

5127
04:29:19,700 --> 04:29:22,100
to tie these discoveries 
together into a coherent 

5128
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:25,800
theoretical framework. 
Newton's genius, lay in 

5129
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:28,200
recognizing, that terrestrial 
and Celestial mechanics were 

5130
04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:31,000
really the same thing. 
The force that makes an apple 

5131
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:33,400
fall from a tree as the same 
force that keeps the moon in 

5132
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:36,400
orbit around Earth and the 
planets in orbit around the sun.

5133
04:29:36,400 --> 04:29:40,300
This Insight, the universality 
of gravitation was one of the 

5134
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:42,600
most profound unifying 
principles in the history of 

5135
04:29:42,600 --> 04:29:45,900
science, but Newton didn't just 
propose that gravity was 

5136
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:48,300
Universal. 
He worked out the mathematical 

5137
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:50,400
details with extraordinary 
Precision. 

5138
04:29:50,400 --> 04:29:53,600
He showed that gravitational 
force decreases with the square 

5139
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:57,000
of the distance between objects 
and that this inverse Square law

5140
04:29:57,000 --> 04:29:58,500
could account. 
For all of Kepler's 

5141
04:29:58,500 --> 04:30:00,800
observational, discoveries about
planetary motion. 

5142
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:04,100
He demonstrated that the same 
mathematical principles could 

5143
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:07,000
explain the tides, the 
precession of Earth's rotation 

5144
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:10,900
and the complex motions of 
comets, The mathematical 

5145
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:14,500
sophistication of Newton's work 
was unprecedented to solve the 

5146
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:16,200
problems. 
He was tackling Newton had to 

5147
04:30:16,208 --> 04:30:18,400
invent entirely new mathematical
techniques. 

5148
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:22,600
What we now call calculus, he 
developed methods for analyzing 

5149
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:25,600
continuously changing quantities
for understanding the 

5150
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:27,900
relationship between 
instantaneous, velocity and 

5151
04:30:27,908 --> 04:30:31,300
position and for calculating the
forces required to produce 

5152
04:30:31,300 --> 04:30:34,300
complex motions. 
Newton's principia, Mathematica 

5153
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:38,200
published in 1687 was unlike 
anything that had ever been 

5154
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:40,300
written. 
It presented a complete 

5155
04:30:40,300 --> 04:30:43,000
mathematical system for 
understanding motion and force, 

5156
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:46,900
derived from just a few basic 
principles and applicable to 

5157
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:50,200
everything from projectiles to 
planets the book was so 

5158
04:30:50,200 --> 04:30:53,100
mathematically sophisticated 
that only a handful of people in

5159
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:56,600
Europe could fully understand it
when it was first published But 

5160
04:30:56,600 --> 04:31:00,200
the implication of Newton's work
extended far beyond, technical 

5161
04:31:00,200 --> 04:31:02,500
mathematics. 
He had shown that the Universe 

5162
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:05,800
operated according to precise, 
mathematical laws that human 

5163
04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:09,000
beings could discover, and 
understand the same principles 

5164
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:10,700
that governed. 
The laboratory bench also 

5165
04:31:10,700 --> 04:31:12,700
governed the motion of stars and
galaxies. 

5166
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:16,600
This was a breathtakingly 
unified vision of Nature, and it

5167
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,600
suggested that everything in the
universe, from the smallest 

5168
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,700
particle to the largest 
Celestial body was part of a 

5169
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:27,400
single coherent, mathematically 
describable system, Newton's 

5170
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:30,400
mechanics also established a new
standard for what scientific 

5171
04:31:30,400 --> 04:31:33,400
theories should accomplish. 
A good theory, didn't just 

5172
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:37,100
explain known phenomena, it made
precise predictions that could 

5173
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,000
be tested against future 
observations Newton's 

5174
04:31:40,000 --> 04:31:42,000
gravitational Theory. 
Predicted the existence of 

5175
04:31:42,000 --> 04:31:45,600
previously unknown celestial 
objects explained, puzzling 

5176
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:48,900
features of commentary, orbits 
and even allowed astronomers to 

5177
04:31:48,900 --> 04:31:52,200
discover new planets by 
analyzing tiny, irregularities 

5178
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:56,300
in the Motions of known planets.
The success of Newtonian 

5179
04:31:56,300 --> 04:31:58,700
mechanics, had profound cultural
implications. 

5180
04:31:58,700 --> 04:32:01,900
If the universe operated like a 
vast, precise Clockwork 

5181
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:04,400
mechanism. 
What did that suggest about the 

5182
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:06,700
role of divine intervention in 
natural Affairs? 

5183
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:10,000
If human reason could discover 
the mathematical laws, governing

5184
04:32:10,000 --> 04:32:13,400
all natural phenomena, what were
the limits of human knowledge? 

5185
04:32:13,400 --> 04:32:17,100
These questions would occupy 
philosophers and theologians for

5186
04:32:17,100 --> 04:32:21,000
Generations Newton himself was 
deeply religious and saw his 

5187
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:23,000
scientific work. 
As revealing the mathematical 

5188
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,400
Harmony of God's creation. 
He believed that the elegant 

5189
04:32:26,400 --> 04:32:29,200
mathematical structure of 
natural laws provided evidence 

5190
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:30,900
for divine intelligence and 
design. 

5191
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:33,500
But later, thinkers would 
sometimes use Newtonian 

5192
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:36,300
mechanics to support more 
materialistic or deterministic 

5193
04:32:36,300 --> 04:32:39,300
World Views. 
The practical application of 

5194
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:41,300
Newtonian mechanics were equally
revolutionary. 

5195
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:45,000
Engineers could now calculate 
the precise forces and motions 

5196
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:47,900
involved in mechanical systems, 
leading to dramatic, 

5197
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:50,900
improvements in everything from 
Mill, Machinery to Naval 

5198
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:53,400
architecture. 
Navigators could predict the 

5199
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,300
positions of celestial bodies 
with unprecedented accuracy. 

5200
04:32:57,300 --> 04:32:59,600
The Industrial Revolution was 
built in part on the 

5201
04:32:59,608 --> 04:33:02,300
mathematical understanding of 
mechanics that Newton had 

5202
04:33:02,300 --> 04:33:04,700
provided as you settle into 
sleep tonight. 

5203
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:08,300
Consider the extraordinary 
intellectual achievement that 

5204
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:11,000
Newton represented. 
He took the scattered insights 

5205
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:13,400
of his predecessors and wove 
them into a mathematical 

5206
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:16,300
tapestry that revealed the 
fundamental architecture of the 

5207
04:33:16,308 --> 04:33:19,099
physical Universe for the first 
time in human history. 

5208
04:33:19,099 --> 04:33:21,900
People could understand the 
cosmos not as a collection of 

5209
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,800
mysterious phenomena, but as a 
single integrated system 

5210
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,700
operating according to 
comprehensible, mathematical 

5211
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:31,599
principles, while Newton was 
revealing, the mathematical 

5212
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,599
architecture of motion and 
gravitation other natural. 

5213
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:37,099
Philosophers were grappling with
phenomena, that seemed more 

5214
04:33:37,099 --> 04:33:41,000
subtle and mysterious heat light
electricity. 

5215
04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:45,500
And magnetism these forces could
be felt and observed, but they 

5216
04:33:45,500 --> 04:33:47,700
didn't fit neatly into the 
mechanical framework. 

5217
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:49,900
That worked so well for 
understanding the motion of 

5218
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,800
solid objects, consider heat 
something. 

5219
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:55,599
So fundamental to Human 
Experience that we rarely think 

5220
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:58,400
about what it actually is. 
For centuries, most people 

5221
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:01,599
assumed that heat was a kind of 
invisible fluid called caloric 

5222
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:05,099
that flowed from hot objects to 
cold ones, like water flowing 

5223
04:34:05,099 --> 04:34:07,900
downhill. 
But Dalton's atoms were still 

5224
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,400
hypothetical. 
Entities inferred from indirect 

5225
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:13,500
evidence. 
Nobody had actually seen an atom

5226
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:14,800
or measured its properties 
directly. 

5227
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:18,300
The atoms remained invisible and
for all practical purposes, 

5228
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:22,099
undetectable by any direct means
available to 19th century 

5229
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:24,500
science. 
The first hints, that atoms 

5230
04:34:24,500 --> 04:34:26,900
might have internal structure 
came from studies of 

5231
04:34:26,900 --> 04:34:29,500
electricity. 
Michael Faraday's experiments 

5232
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:32,200
with electrolysis, passing 
electric current through 

5233
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:35,500
Solutions of various compounds 
showed that electric charge, and

5234
04:34:35,508 --> 04:34:38,900
matter were related in precise 
quantitative ways. 

5235
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:42,200
It took a definite amount of 
electric charge to deposit, a 

5236
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:44,900
definite amount of Any Given 
element from solution. 

5237
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:48,300
Suggesting that atoms themselves
might carry discrete amounts of 

5238
04:34:48,300 --> 04:34:50,599
electric charge. 
These studies led to the 

5239
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:54,200
discovery of what we now. 
Call the electron JJ Thomson 

5240
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,700
working at Cambridge University,
in the 1890s was studying the 

5241
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:00,700
behavior of electric currents in
evacuated glass tubes. 

5242
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:04,099
He found that these currents 
consisted of streams of tiny 

5243
04:35:04,099 --> 04:35:06,300
negatively, charged particles 
that. 

5244
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:10,000
Much lighter than any known, 
atom these corpuscles as 

5245
04:35:10,000 --> 04:35:12,599
Thompson initially called them 
seemed to be fundamental. 

5246
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:16,500
Constituents of matter, pieces 
of atoms rather than complete 

5247
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:18,700
atoms. 
Thompson's Discovery was 

5248
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,900
revolutionary because it showed 
that atoms were not indivisible.

5249
04:35:21,900 --> 04:35:24,700
After all, they had internal 
structure and could be broken 

5250
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:27,400
apart under the right 
conditions, this raised 

5251
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:30,400
fascinating questions. 
If atoms contain negatively 

5252
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,900
charged electrons, they must 
also contain positively charged 

5253
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:36,300
material to balance the negative
charge. 

5254
04:35:36,300 --> 04:35:39,099
However, these positive and 
negative components arranged 

5255
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,500
within atoms, Thompson proposed.
What became known as The Plum 

5256
04:35:42,500 --> 04:35:44,099
Pudding model of atomic 
structure. 

5257
04:35:44,900 --> 04:35:47,900
Atoms consisted of a diffuse 
sphere of positive charge with 

5258
04:35:47,900 --> 04:35:51,800
negatively, charged, electrons 
embedded within it like raisins 

5259
04:35:51,800 --> 04:35:54,200
in a pudding. 
This model explained the overall

5260
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:56,700
electrical neutrality of atoms 
while accounting for the 

5261
04:35:56,700 --> 04:35:58,900
emission of electrons under 
certain conditions. 

5262
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:01,800
But the plum pudding model 
wouldn't survive for long 

5263
04:36:01,800 --> 04:36:05,300
Earnest Rutherford working with 
his students hands Geiger and 

5264
04:36:05,308 --> 04:36:08,400
Ernest Marston conducted 
experiments that revealed the 

5265
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:10,500
true structure of atoms in 
dramatic fashion. 

5266
04:36:10,500 --> 04:36:14,300
They fired alpha particles. 
Energetic, positively, charged, 

5267
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:17,099
particles, emitted by 
radioactive elements, a thin 

5268
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:19,700
gold foils and observed how 
these particles were deflected. 

5269
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:23,200
According to the plum pudding 
model alpha particles, should 

5270
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:25,800
pass through the diffuse, 
positive charge of gold atoms 

5271
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:29,300
with only slight to flexion like
bullets passing through soft 

5272
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:33,000
targets instead, rather Foods 
team found that while most alpha

5273
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:35,900
particles did pass through with 
little deflection, a small 

5274
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:38,700
percentage, bounce back, almost 
directly toward their Source. 

5275
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:42,599
This was completely unexpected 
as rather for later said it was 

5276
04:36:42,599 --> 04:36:44,800
like firing artillery shells at 
tissue paper. 

5277
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:46,599
And having some of them bounce 
back. 

5278
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:50,099
The only way to explain these 
results was to assume that atoms

5279
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:52,900
had a very different structure 
than Thompson had proposed in 

5280
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:55,800
stead of diffuse. 
Fears of positive charged atoms 

5281
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:59,500
must contain tiny dense, nuclei 
carrying all the positive charge

5282
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:02,800
and most of the mass with 
electrons orbiting, these nuclei

5283
04:37:02,800 --> 04:37:06,000
like planets around the Sun, 
most alpha particles passed 

5284
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:09,700
through the mostly empty space 
between nuclei But the few that 

5285
04:37:09,707 --> 04:37:12,800
happened to approach nuclei 
closely were deflected or 

5286
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:16,200
reflected by the intense 
electrical forces near these 

5287
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:19,700
dense concentrations of positive
charge Rutherford's nuclear 

5288
04:37:19,700 --> 04:37:22,599
model of the atom was a Triumph 
of experimental physics. 

5289
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:25,400
It showed that atoms were mostly
empty space. 

5290
04:37:25,400 --> 04:37:29,099
If an atom were expanded to the 
size of a football stadium, the 

5291
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:32,099
nucleus would be about the size 
of a marble at the center, with 

5292
04:37:32,099 --> 04:37:33,700
electron somewhere in the 
stands. 

5293
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:36,700
This was a startling picture of 
the structure of matter. 

5294
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:40,300
Solid objects of everyday 
experience were revealed to be 

5295
04:37:40,300 --> 04:37:44,500
mostly emptiness held together 
by electromagnetic forces 

5296
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:47,500
between tiny widely separated 
particles. 

5297
04:37:47,500 --> 04:37:50,500
But the nuclear model also 
created new puzzles. 

5298
04:37:51,300 --> 04:37:54,599
According to classical 
electromagnetic Theory, orbiting

5299
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:57,400
electrons should continuously 
emit, electromagnetic radiation 

5300
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:00,599
lose energy and spiral into the 
nucleus. 

5301
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:04,099
In a fraction of a second atom 
should be completely unstable 

5302
04:38:04,099 --> 04:38:06,000
yet. 
They were obviously stable 

5303
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,400
enough to constitute the entire 
material Universe. 

5304
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,599
Something was seriously wrong 
with the classical understanding

5305
04:38:11,599 --> 04:38:14,800
of electromagnetic radiation 
Atomic scales. 

5306
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:17,800
Meanwhile, other investigators 
were discovering even more 

5307
04:38:17,800 --> 04:38:21,300
puzzling, aspects of atomic 
Behavior, studies of atomic 

5308
04:38:21,300 --> 04:38:24,800
Spectra, the light emitted, or 
absorbed by atoms showed that 

5309
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:26,700
atoms. 
Could only emit or absorb 

5310
04:38:26,700 --> 04:38:30,000
radiation at very specific, 
frequencies producing 

5311
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:32,700
characteristic patterns of 
bright or dark lines. 

5312
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:36,000
The spectral lines will like 
fingerprints, that could be used

5313
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:39,500
to identify different elements, 
but classical physics provided, 

5314
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:41,900
no explanation. 
For why only certain frequencies

5315
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:45,800
were allowed Max planks work on 
black body radiation had already

5316
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,300
suggested that energy might come
in discrete packets rather than 

5317
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:52,599
continuous amounts Ein. 
Explanation of the photoelectric

5318
04:38:52,599 --> 04:38:54,500
effect. 
Had proposed that light itself 

5319
04:38:54,500 --> 04:38:57,900
consisted of discrete particles 
carrying quantized amounts of 

5320
04:38:57,900 --> 04:39:00,300
energy. 
Now Atomic spectroscopy was 

5321
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:03,300
suggesting that atoms themselves
could only exist in discrete 

5322
04:39:03,300 --> 04:39:05,599
energy states. 
All of these discoveries were 

5323
04:39:05,599 --> 04:39:07,400
pointing toward a radical 
conclusion. 

5324
04:39:08,400 --> 04:39:10,200
Classical physics. 
That worked so well. 

5325
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:13,900
For describing the behavior of 
large objects might not apply to

5326
04:39:13,900 --> 04:39:17,700
the microscopic world of atoms 
and electrons, the atomic Realms

5327
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:19,700
seemed to operate. 
According to different rules. 

5328
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:24,099
Rules that allowed, only certain
energies, certain orbital paths 

5329
04:39:24,099 --> 04:39:27,400
and certain frequencies of 
radiation as you settle in for 

5330
04:39:27,408 --> 04:39:29,400
the night. 
Consider, how these earlier 

5331
04:39:29,400 --> 04:39:31,800
Atomic investigators were 
discovering that the familiar 

5332
04:39:31,800 --> 04:39:35,099
solid world of everyday 
experience was built from 

5333
04:39:35,099 --> 04:39:37,900
components that behaved in 
utterly unfamiliar ways. 

5334
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:41,400
The atoms that make up your 
pillow, your blanket, and even 

5335
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:45,300
your own body are mostly empty 
space populated by particles 

5336
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:47,100
obeying rules. 
That would have seemed like 

5337
04:39:47,108 --> 04:39:49,400
magic to earlier generations of 
scientists. 

5338
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:53,300
The universe was revealing 
itself to be fast, stranger and 

5339
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:55,300
more wonderful than anyone had 
imagined. 

5340
04:39:56,600 --> 04:39:59,400
As the 19th century Drew to a 
close physics. 

5341
04:39:59,400 --> 04:40:02,600
Found itself in a curious 
position on one hand, the 

5342
04:40:02,600 --> 04:40:06,100
achievements were breathtaking 
Newton's mechanics, explain the 

5343
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:08,600
motion of everything from 
billiard balls to planets. 

5344
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:12,300
Maxwell's electro-magnetism 
unified light with electricity 

5345
04:40:12,300 --> 04:40:16,200
and magnetism and thermodynamics
had revealed the fundamental 

5346
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:17,900
principles. 
Governing heat and energy. 

5347
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:21,200
The universe appeared to be a 
vast comprehensible mechanism. 

5348
04:40:21,200 --> 04:40:24,300
Operating according to 
mathematical laws, that human 

5349
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:26,200
intelligence had successfully 
decoded. 

5350
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:29,700
Yet careful observers were 
noticing cracks in This 

5351
04:40:29,700 --> 04:40:32,700
Magnificent edifice small 
experimental results, that 

5352
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,500
didn't quite fit the theoretical
predictions puzzling phenomena 

5353
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:38,600
that seemed to violate 
established principles. 

5354
04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:41,600
Strange Behaviors that 
suggested, The Familiar laws of 

5355
04:40:41,608 --> 04:40:43,900
physics, might not apply 
everywhere and under all 

5356
04:40:43,900 --> 04:40:46,900
conditions. 
These weren't dramatic failures 

5357
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:50,100
that demanded immediate 
attention, but subtle anomalies 

5358
04:40:50,100 --> 04:40:53,400
that hinted at deeper Mysteries,
the behavior of light presented,

5359
04:40:53,400 --> 04:40:55,000
some of the most perplexing 
puzzles. 

5360
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,000
Maxwell's electromagnetic 
Theory, had triumphantly 

5361
04:40:58,000 --> 04:41:01,400
explained light as waves in the 
electromagnetic field and this 

5362
04:41:01,400 --> 04:41:03,900
wave picture successfully, 
accounted for interference 

5363
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:07,700
diffraction, and most other 
Optical phenomena, but certain 

5364
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,300
experiments seem to require 
treating light as discrete 

5365
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:12,500
particles, rather than 
continuous waves. 

5366
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:15,700
The photoelectric effect was 
particularly troubling. 

5367
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:18,900
When light shines on certain 
Metals, electrons are emitted 

5368
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:22,100
from the surface, a phenomenon, 
that should be easily explained 

5369
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:25,400
by electro-magnetic Theory, the 
energy of the light wave should 

5370
04:41:25,400 --> 04:41:28,500
be transferred to electrons 
heating them up, and some have 

5371
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:30,000
enough energy to escape the 
metal. 

5372
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:32,800
This suggested that brighter 
light should produce more 

5373
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:36,100
energetic electrons, just as 
bright as sunlight, produces 

5374
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:39,500
more Heating, But experiments 
showed something completely 

5375
04:41:39,500 --> 04:41:41,800
different. 
The energy of emitted, electrons

5376
04:41:41,800 --> 04:41:44,900
depended only on the frequency 
color of the light. 

5377
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:48,600
Not on its brightness. 
Dim blue, light produced, more 

5378
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:52,200
energetic electrons than bright 
red light, even stranger below 

5379
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:54,500
certain frequencies. 
No electrons were emitted at 

5380
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:56,300
all. 
No matter how bright the light 

5381
04:41:56,300 --> 04:41:58,300
became. 
This was like, finding that 

5382
04:41:58,300 --> 04:42:01,100
whispered words could break 
glass while shouted, words could

5383
04:42:01,100 --> 04:42:04,600
not depending only on the pitch 
of the voice rather than its 

5384
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:06,800
volume. 
Meanwhile, studies of atomic 

5385
04:42:06,800 --> 04:42:09,600
Spectra were revealing that 
atoms could only emit or absorb 

5386
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:12,700
light at very specific, 
frequencies producing 

5387
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:15,400
characteristic patterns of 
bright or dark lines that were 

5388
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:18,200
as distinctive as fingerprints 
classical physics. 

5389
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:20,700
Suggested that atom should be 
able to emit or absorb 

5390
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:22,900
electromagnetic radiation at any
frequency. 

5391
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:26,300
Yet, experiments showed that 
only certain discrete 

5392
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:29,400
frequencies were allowed. 
It was as if Atomic violins. 

5393
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:31,200
Could only place certain 
specific notes. 

5394
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:35,200
Never the notes in between The 
structure of atoms themselves 

5395
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:38,500
presented equally puzzling, 
contradictions, Rutherford's 

5396
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:41,800
experiments had revealed that 
atoms consisted of tiny dense 

5397
04:42:41,800 --> 04:42:44,500
nuclei surrounded by orbiting 
electrons. 

5398
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:48,300
But classical electromagnetic 
Theory predicted that such a 

5399
04:42:48,300 --> 04:42:51,500
system should be completely. 
Unstable orbiting electron 

5400
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:55,100
should continuously emit, 
electromagnetic radiation, loose

5401
04:42:55,100 --> 04:42:58,300
energy and spiral into the 
nucleus in a tiny fraction of a 

5402
04:42:58,308 --> 04:43:01,400
second. 
Atoms were stable enough to 

5403
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:03,400
constitute the entire material 
Universe. 

5404
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:07,000
Most mysteriously careful 
measurements of the speed of 

5405
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:09,600
light were producing results, 
that seem to violate Common 

5406
04:43:09,600 --> 04:43:12,000
Sense. 
Maxwell's equations, implied 

5407
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:14,400
that light should travel at a 
constant speed relative to the 

5408
04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:17,900
electromagnetic field that 
supported it just a sound 

5409
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:20,400
travels at a constant speed 
relative to the air that carries

5410
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:22,300
it. 
This suggested that there should

5411
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:25,100
be a preferred reference frame. 
The frame in which the 

5412
04:43:25,100 --> 04:43:28,400
electromagnetic field was at 
rest and that measurements of 

5413
04:43:28,400 --> 04:43:31,400
light speed should depend on the
observer's motion relative to 

5414
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,300
this Frame but the famous 
Mickelson Morley experiment 

5415
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:36,500
found no evidence for such a 
preferred frame. 

5416
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:39,500
The speed of light appeared to 
be the same for all observers, 

5417
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,900
regardless of their motion. 
This was like, finding that the 

5418
04:43:42,900 --> 04:43:45,300
sound of a train whistle had the
same pitch where you were 

5419
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:46,900
running toward, or away from the
train. 

5420
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:50,100
A result that seemed to 
contradict everything physics 

5421
04:43:50,100 --> 04:43:52,000
had learned about ways and 
relative motion. 

5422
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,100
These experimental puzzles were 
accumulating throughout the 

5423
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:59,600
1890s and early 1900s creating a
sense that classical physics. 

5424
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:03,900
Despite its remarkable successes
was approaching the boundaries 

5425
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:06,800
of its applicability. 
The Clockwork Universe was still

5426
04:44:06,800 --> 04:44:10,000
running remarkably well for most
purposes, but careful 

5427
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:11,800
examination was revealing 
phenomena. 

5428
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:14,300
That didn't quite fit the 
classical mechanical framework. 

5429
04:44:14,300 --> 04:44:17,600
Most physicists initially 
assumed that these puzzles would

5430
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:20,500
eventually be resolved through 
minor modifications to existing 

5431
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:24,000
theories, perhaps by discovering
new effects, or making more. 

5432
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,700
Size calculations the basic 
principles of classical physics.

5433
04:44:27,700 --> 04:44:31,000
Newton's Laws of Motion, 
Maxwell's, electromagnetic 

5434
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,800
Theory, and the kinetic theory 
of heat seemed so well 

5435
04:44:34,800 --> 04:44:38,400
established and so successful. 
That fundamental revision seemed

5436
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:41,700
almost Unthinkable, but a few 
pressured investigators were 

5437
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:44,000
beginning to suspect that 
something more radical might be 

5438
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:46,500
required. 
Lord kelvin's, famous comment 

5439
04:44:46,500 --> 04:44:49,200
about two small clouds on the 
otherwise, clear Horizon of 

5440
04:44:49,208 --> 04:44:51,900
physics. 
Reflected the general optimism. 

5441
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:54,200
That these minor puzzles would 
soon be resolved. 

5442
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:57,300
Instead, these small clouds 
would grow into the conceptual 

5443
04:44:57,300 --> 04:44:59,200
storms. 
That were transformed, our 

5444
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:02,900
understanding of space, time, 
matter, and energy. 

5445
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:06,900
The stage was set for the most 
profound revolution, in the 

5446
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:09,500
history of physics. 
The classical worldview had 

5447
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,600
reached its limits and nature 
was ready to reveal principles, 

5448
04:45:12,600 --> 04:45:15,000
faster, stranger, and more 
wonderful than anyone had. 

5449
04:45:15,000 --> 04:45:18,200
Imagined the comfortable 
Mechanical Universe of the 19th 

5450
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:21,100
century was about to give away 
to a cosmos governed by Quantum 

5451
04:45:21,100 --> 04:45:24,900
on certainly in The DaVinci. 
Space-time the universe in which

5452
04:45:24,900 --> 04:45:27,500
the familiar rules of everyday 
experience, would prove to be 

5453
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:31,700
approximations valid only under 
limited conditions, but that's a

5454
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:34,600
story for another bedtime tale 
for now, it's enough to 

5455
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:37,600
appreciate how the patient 
systemic work of 19th century. 

5456
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:41,100
Physicists had pushed human 
understanding to the very edges 

5457
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,100
of the classical world view. 
They had explored the mechanical

5458
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,300
universe as thoroughly as it 
could be explored discovered, 

5459
04:45:47,300 --> 04:45:50,000
its fundamental principles and 
mapped its boundaries. 

5460
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,800
In doing so they had unknowingly
prepared, the ground for the 

5461
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,800
Revolutionary insights that 
would follow as we near the end 

5462
04:45:56,808 --> 04:45:59,700
of our journey, through pre 
Einstein physics, it's worth 

5463
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:03,100
pausing to appreciate the 
extraordinary pattern that had 

5464
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:05,300
emerged from centuries of 
patient investigation. 

5465
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:07,900
What had begun with ancient 
philosophers wondering? 

5466
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:10,900
Why things fell down instead of 
up had evolved into a 

5467
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:13,300
magnificent intellectual edifice
that revealed deep. 

5468
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:16,600
Mathematical harmonies 
underlying the apparent chaos of

5469
04:46:16,600 --> 04:46:19,200
natural phenomena. 
The story of physics before 

5470
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:22,200
Einstein is really a story about
the gradual discovery that the 

5471
04:46:22,200 --> 04:46:25,800
Universe speaks mathematics not 
the dry abstract mathematics of 

5472
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:28,100
homework assignments. 
But a living breathing, 

5473
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:30,800
mathematical language that 
describes everything from the 

5474
04:46:30,800 --> 04:46:34,000
flutter of falling leaves to the
dance of distant galaxies. 

5475
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:36,800
Each generation of 
investigators, had decoded a 

5476
04:46:36,800 --> 04:46:38,300
little more of this Cosmic 
language. 

5477
04:46:38,300 --> 04:46:41,700
Gradually revealing the elegant 
Simplicity that underlies 

5478
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:45,300
Nature's complexity Newton's. 
Great Insight was recognizing 

5479
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:47,700
that the same mathematical 
principles governed motion 

5480
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:50,400
everywhere in the universe, the 
parabolic. 

5481
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:53,300
Author of a throne and the 
elliptical orbit of Mars were 

5482
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:55,700
both consequences of the same 
underlying laws. 

5483
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:58,900
This mathematical Unity 
suggested that the Universe was 

5484
04:46:58,900 --> 04:47:02,400
not a collection of separate 
unrelated phenomena, but a 

5485
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:05,100
single integrated system 
operating according to 

5486
04:47:05,100 --> 04:47:08,100
comprehensible principles. 
Maxwell's electromagnetic 

5487
04:47:08,100 --> 04:47:10,100
Theory, extended this 
unification. 

5488
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:14,400
Even further showing that light 
electricity and magnetism were 

5489
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:17,300
all manifestations of a single 
electromagnetic field, 

5490
04:47:17,300 --> 04:47:21,000
oscillating through space, the 
rainbow of colors in the sunset,

5491
04:47:21,000 --> 04:47:25,100
the spark from a doorknob on a 
dry day and the invisible forces

5492
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:27,900
that aligned Compass needles 
were all different notes in an 

5493
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,500
electromagnetic Symphony, that 
filled the universe, the kinetic

5494
04:47:31,500 --> 04:47:34,700
theory of heat revealed that 
thermal phenomena the warmth of 

5495
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,300
sunlight, the expansion of 
heated Metals, the pressure of 

5496
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:41,400
steam and engines were really 
consequences of the random 

5497
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:44,300
motion of countless tiny 
particles temperature was 

5498
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,900
molecular motion, heat transfer 
was the sharing of kinetic 

5499
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,200
energy between particles. 
The gas laws were Statistical 

5500
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:52,700
descriptions of particle 
Behavior. 

5501
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:55,800
Once again, apparently, 
different phenomena were 

5502
04:47:55,800 --> 04:47:58,100
revealed to be different 
manifestations of the same 

5503
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:01,600
underlying reality. 
This Progressive unification was

5504
04:48:01,600 --> 04:48:05,300
more than just intellectual 
satisfaction for physicists, it?

5505
04:48:05,300 --> 04:48:08,100
Demonstrated that human reason 
equipped with careful 

5506
04:48:08,100 --> 04:48:11,200
observation and mathematical 
analysis could penetrate the 

5507
04:48:11,200 --> 04:48:14,600
deepest mysteries of nature. 
The universe might be vast and 

5508
04:48:14,600 --> 04:48:18,100
complex but it was also 
comprehensible natural phenomena

5509
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:19,800
might appear chaotic and 
unpredictable. 

5510
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:23,000
But they followed mathematical 
laws, that could be discovered 

5511
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:25,800
and understood. 
This was an extraordinarily 

5512
04:48:25,800 --> 04:48:28,800
optimistic worldview. 
It suggested that every mystery 

5513
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:31,900
could eventually be solved every
phenomenon, eventually 

5514
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:35,300
understood and every natural law
eventually, decoded. 

5515
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:39,200
The universe was like an 
enormous but finite book written

5516
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:42,100
in the language of mathematics 
human beings. 

5517
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:44,500
Had learned to read this 
language and given enough time 

5518
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:46,900
and effort, they could 
eventually read the entire book.

5519
04:48:47,800 --> 04:48:50,800
The Practical consequences of 
this, mathematical understanding

5520
04:48:50,800 --> 04:48:52,700
were transforming human 
civilization. 

5521
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:56,100
Steam engines designed using 
thermodynamic principles were 

5522
04:48:56,100 --> 04:48:57,700
powering the Industrial 
Revolution. 

5523
04:48:57,700 --> 04:49:01,200
Telegraph systems. 
Based on electromagnetic theory 

5524
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:04,300
was shrinking, the World by 
enabling near instantaneous 

5525
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:07,700
communication across vast 
distances, Precision navigation 

5526
04:49:07,700 --> 04:49:10,800
using gravitational. 
Astronomy was making Global 

5527
04:49:10,800 --> 04:49:12,400
Commerce safer and more 
reliable. 

5528
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:16,200
But perhaps most remarkably, the
mathematical laws discovered by 

5529
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:19,100
physicists were revealing 
unexpected connections between, 

5530
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:22,900
apparently, unrelated phenomena 
the same equation that described

5531
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:25,900
the vibration of violin strings.
All so described the oscillation

5532
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:29,700
of electromagnetic fields The 
same principles that govern the 

5533
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:32,100
flight of projectiles. 
Also govern the orbits of 

5534
04:49:32,108 --> 04:49:34,500
comets. 
The same statistical methods, 

5535
04:49:34,500 --> 04:49:37,000
that explain the behavior of 
gases also, explain the 

5536
04:49:37,000 --> 04:49:39,700
properties of heat and 
temperature these connections 

5537
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:41,800
suggested that the Universe 
possessed, a kind of 

5538
04:49:41,808 --> 04:49:45,100
mathematical coherence, that 
went far deeper than anyone had 

5539
04:49:45,100 --> 04:49:47,200
suspected. 
It wasn't just that natural 

5540
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:49,200
phenomena obeyed, mathematical 
laws. 

5541
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:52,300
It was that these laws were 
interconnected in ways that 

5542
04:49:52,300 --> 04:49:54,500
revealed a profound underlying 
Unity. 

5543
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:57,100
The universe appeared to be 
constructed according to 

5544
04:49:57,100 --> 04:49:59,400
mathematical principles that 
human Minds. 

5545
04:49:59,400 --> 04:50:03,200
Could discover an appreciate 
This mathematical Harmony had an

5546
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:06,500
almost musical quality just as a
symphony weaves together, 

5547
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:09,100
different instruments, and 
Melodies to create a unified 

5548
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:12,400
artistic experience. 
The universe seemed to weave 

5549
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:14,200
together. 
Different physical, phenomena to

5550
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:17,800
create a unified natural order. 
The Ancients had spoken of The 

5551
04:50:17,800 --> 04:50:21,100
Music of the Spheres. 
The idea that Celestial motions 

5552
04:50:21,100 --> 04:50:24,200
produced harmonious sounds that 
reflected the mathematical order

5553
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:26,000
of creation. 
While this literal 

5554
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:29,200
interpretation had been 
abandoned 19th century physics, 

5555
04:50:29,200 --> 04:50:32,500
had revealed a deeper sense in 
which the universe really did 

5556
04:50:32,500 --> 04:50:35,500
possess mathematical Harmony 
yet, even as physicists 

5557
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:37,400
celebrated. 
These achievements, they were 

5558
04:50:37,400 --> 04:50:39,700
beginning to encounter phenomena
that didn't quite fit. 

5559
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:43,100
The established patterns the 
small experimental anomalies we 

5560
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:45,800
discussed earlier were like 
discordant notes in an otherwise

5561
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,900
harmonious Symphony. 
They suggested that the 

5562
04:50:48,900 --> 04:50:51,000
classical mathematical 
description of nature. 

5563
04:50:51,000 --> 04:50:53,900
However, successful might be in 
complete. 

5564
04:50:53,900 --> 04:50:56,400
These puzzles weren't 
necessarily failures of the 

5565
04:50:56,408 --> 04:50:59,100
classical approach. 
They might simply indicate that 

5566
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:02,800
Nature's mathematical language 
was richer and more subtle than 

5567
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:06,200
anyone had realized just as a 
simple Melody can be developed 

5568
04:51:06,200 --> 04:51:08,800
into complex variations that 
reveal hidden possibilities 

5569
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:12,300
within the original theme. 
The mathematical laws of 

5570
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:14,800
classical physics. 
Might be special cases of more 

5571
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,200
general principles that would 
prove even more beautiful and 

5572
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,500
unified this possibility, was 
both exciting and unsettling 

5573
04:51:21,500 --> 04:51:24,800
exciting because it suggested 
that the greatest discovery is 

5574
04:51:24,800 --> 04:51:27,700
might still lie ahead. 
That the Universe might possess 

5575
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:30,500
mathematical depth that would 
dwarf even the remarkable 

5576
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:34,200
achievements of Newton Maxwell 
unsettling because it implied 

5577
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:36,900
that the comfortable mechanical 
worldview of classical physics. 

5578
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:40,500
Like to be abandoned in favor of
principles that would challenge 

5579
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:45,000
basic assumptions about the 
nature of space time, matter and

5580
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,500
causality as you drift off to 
sleep tonight. 

5581
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:50,900
Listen for the mathematical 
music that classical physicists 

5582
04:51:50,900 --> 04:51:52,400
had learned to hear in the 
natural world. 

5583
04:51:53,400 --> 04:51:55,900
The steady tick of a clock 
measures, the flow of time. 

5584
04:51:55,900 --> 04:51:59,400
According to principles Newton 
would recognize the Warm Glow of

5585
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:01,600
a lamp represents 
electromagnetic radiation 

5586
04:52:01,600 --> 04:52:05,900
behaving exactly as Maxwell's 
equations predict, The gentle 

5587
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:08,700
settling of your house, reflects
thermal expansion and 

5588
04:52:08,700 --> 04:52:11,700
contraction governed by the 
kinetic theory of heat. 

5589
04:52:11,700 --> 04:52:14,900
But also consider that this 
familiar music might be just the

5590
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:16,500
beginning of a much grander 
composition. 

5591
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:19,800
One that would require new 
mathematical languages to 

5592
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:23,100
appreciate fully a new 
conceptual Frameworks to 

5593
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,200
understand, completely the 
classical Symphony of physics, 

5594
04:52:26,200 --> 04:52:29,400
had reached a magnificent 
conclusion, but the universe Was

5595
04:52:29,400 --> 04:52:32,700
preparing to reveal entirely new
movements that were transformed.

5596
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:35,600
Our understanding of reality 
itself, as our journey. 

5597
04:52:35,600 --> 04:52:38,900
Through pre Einstein, physics 
draws to a close, take a moment 

5598
04:52:38,900 --> 04:52:41,800
to appreciate the extraordinary 
intellectual Adventure. 

5599
04:52:41,800 --> 04:52:44,900
We've shared, we've traveled 
from ancient Greek philosophers,

5600
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:47,500
throwing, rocks and wandering 
about the nature of motion. 

5601
04:52:47,500 --> 04:52:50,700
Through medieval Scholars, 
rediscovering Aristotle and 

5602
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:52,700
inventing. 
New ways to think about natural 

5603
04:52:52,700 --> 04:52:56,400
phenomena to 19th century. 
Investigators revealing the 

5604
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,200
mathematical harmonies that 
govern everything from heat and 

5605
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:02,400
light to electricity and 
magnetism what emerges from this

5606
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:04,700
long story is a picture of human
curiosity. 

5607
04:53:05,200 --> 04:53:07,600
Gradually unveiling the Deep 
structure of reality through 

5608
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:11,500
patient, observation, careful, 
experimentation and creative, 

5609
04:53:11,500 --> 04:53:14,500
mathematical thinking each 
generation built upon the 

5610
04:53:14,500 --> 04:53:18,000
insights of their predecessors. 
Slowly constructing an edifice 

5611
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:21,100
of understanding that reveal the
universe to be far more elegant 

5612
04:53:21,100 --> 04:53:24,200
unified and comprehensible than 
anyone had. 

5613
04:53:24,200 --> 04:53:27,500
Originally dared to hope the 
physicists whose work we've 

5614
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:29,600
explored weren't trying to 
revolutionize, human thought, 

5615
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:32,800
they were simply trying to 
understand how things worked. 

5616
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:36,700
Galileo wanted to know why 
pendulum swung with regular 

5617
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:40,900
periods Newton was curious about
why planets moved in elliptical 

5618
04:53:40,900 --> 04:53:43,400
orbits. 
Maxwell was trying to make sense

5619
04:53:43,400 --> 04:53:46,600
of the relationship between 
electricity and magnetism yet 

5620
04:53:46,600 --> 04:53:48,700
their modest investigations into
specific. 

5621
04:53:48,700 --> 04:53:51,500
Phenomena gradually revealed 
Universal principles that 

5622
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:53,500
transformed. 
Our understanding of the cosmos,

5623
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:56,100
this is one of the most 
remarkable features of 

5624
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:59,900
scientific progress, local 
investigations, often reveal 

5625
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:02,700
Global truths. 
When you study falling objects, 

5626
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,800
carefully enough you discover 
universal laws of motion when 

5627
04:54:06,800 --> 04:54:10,000
you investigate heat, transfer 
systematically, you uncover 

5628
04:54:10,000 --> 04:54:13,000
fundamental principles about 
energy and molecular Behavior. 

5629
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:17,000
When you explore electromagnetic
phenomena thoroughly, you 

5630
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:19,900
realize that light itself is an 
electromagnetic wave. 

5631
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:22,900
The universe seems to be 
constructed in such a way that 

5632
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:24,600
deep truths are accessible 
through. 

5633
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:27,900
Careful study of commonplace 
phenomena the classical physics 

5634
04:54:27,900 --> 04:54:29,900
that emerge from the centuries 
of Investigation. 

5635
04:54:29,900 --> 04:54:32,100
Provided a worldview. 
That was both scientifically 

5636
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:33,900
powerful and psychologically 
comfortable. 

5637
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:37,000
It suggested that the Universe 
operated like a vast. 

5638
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:40,400
But comprehensible machine 
governed by mathematical laws 

5639
04:54:40,400 --> 04:54:43,900
that human reason could discover
and understand every phenomenon 

5640
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:47,000
had a cause every effect 
followed necessarily from its 

5641
04:54:47,000 --> 04:54:50,000
antecedents and give them 
sufficient information about the

5642
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,100
presence of any system. 
Its future Behavior could be 

5643
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:57,000
predicted with perfect accuracy.
This deterministic mechanical 

5644
04:54:57,000 --> 04:54:59,700
picture of nature had profound 
cultural implications. 

5645
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:03,500
It suggested that human beings 
through scientific investigation

5646
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:06,700
could eventually understand 
everything about the natural 

5647
04:55:06,700 --> 04:55:09,400
world mystery. 
Wasn't a fundamental feature of 

5648
04:55:09,400 --> 04:55:11,300
reality. 
It was simply a temporary 

5649
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:13,600
condition that would be 
eliminated as scientific. 

5650
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:16,700
Knowledge Advanced. 
The universe might be complex 

5651
04:55:16,700 --> 04:55:19,600
but it wasn't ultimately 
mysterious yet. 

5652
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:21,200
Even at the height of classical 
physics. 

5653
04:55:21,200 --> 04:55:23,900
Success, careful. 
Observers were noticing small 

5654
04:55:23,900 --> 04:55:26,600
anomalies that didn't quite fit 
the established framework. 

5655
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:29,800
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

5656
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:33,100
attention, but subtle puzzles 
that suggested the classical 

5657
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:36,100
picture. 
However, successful might not be

5658
04:55:36,100 --> 04:55:39,000
complete. 
The photoelectric effect, Atomic

5659
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,600
Spectra, the stability of atoms,
and the constancy of light 

5660
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:46,000
speed, These phenomena hinted 
that nature might operate. 

5661
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:48,700
According to principles Stranger
than anyone had imagined. 

5662
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:51,800
These puzzles were like faint 
sounds from a distant country. 

5663
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:55,200
Barely audible, but suggesting 
the existence of territories 

5664
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:58,600
that hadn't, yet been explored 
classical physics had met the 

5665
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:01,700
familiar landscape of everyday 
experience with extraordinary 

5666
04:56:01,700 --> 04:56:04,200
precision. 
But they were regions Beyond 

5667
04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:08,000
this familiar territory where 
different rules might apply when

5668
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:11,700
new kinds of phenomena might 
exist and where reality itself 

5669
04:56:11,700 --> 04:56:14,400
might prove to be far stranger 
and more wonderful than the 

5670
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:17,000
Clockwork Universe of 19th 
century physics. 

5671
04:56:17,000 --> 04:56:21,200
Standing on the threshold of the
20th century physics was in a 

5672
04:56:21,200 --> 04:56:23,100
position. 
Remarkably similar to geography 

5673
04:56:23,100 --> 04:56:26,200
in the 15th century, the known 
world had been mapped with 

5674
04:56:26,200 --> 04:56:29,100
increasing accuracy trade 
routes, would be an established,

5675
04:56:29,100 --> 04:56:31,800
and navigation had become a 
reliable science. 

5676
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:34,700
But beyond the edges of the 
Known World, lay vast 

5677
04:56:34,700 --> 04:56:37,500
territories, waiting to be 
discovered territories, that 

5678
04:56:37,500 --> 04:56:40,800
would prove to be far larger and
more diverse than the familiar 

5679
04:56:40,800 --> 04:56:43,800
Landscapes of Europe and the 
Mediterranean Einstein. 

5680
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:46,200
And his contemporaries would 
prove to be the explorers of 

5681
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:49,800
these new physical territories 
discovering that space and time 

5682
04:56:49,800 --> 04:56:53,200
were far more flexible than 
Newton had imagined. that matter

5683
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:57,200
and energy were interchangeable,
that uncertainty was built into 

5684
04:56:57,200 --> 04:57:00,400
the fundamental structure of 
reality and that the Universe 

5685
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:04,000
was expanding evolving and fast 
Ranger than anyone who dreamed 

5686
04:57:04,000 --> 04:57:06,700
that these revolutionary 
discoveries were only possible 

5687
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:09,400
because of the solid foundation 
that classical physics had 

5688
04:57:09,400 --> 04:57:13,000
provided You can't appreciate 
the strangeness of relativistic 

5689
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:15,900
space-time without first 
understanding Newtonian 

5690
04:57:15,900 --> 04:57:18,500
mechanics. 
You can't grasp the weirdness of

5691
04:57:18,500 --> 04:57:21,600
quantum uncertainty without 
first mastering classical, 

5692
04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:25,200
electromagnetic Theory. 
The revolution that was about to

5693
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:27,900
unfold in physics. 
Wasn't a rejection of classical 

5694
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:30,300
insights. 
It was their fulfillment and 

5695
04:57:30,300 --> 04:57:32,900
Transcendence as you settle into
sleep. 

5696
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:35,700
Consider that you've been 
privileged to witness one of the

5697
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:38,400
greatest intellectual adventures
in human history. 

5698
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:42,300
The gradual discovery that the 
universe is both more orderly 

5699
04:57:42,300 --> 04:57:44,400
and more mysterious than Common 
Sense. 

5700
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:48,500
Suggests the work of Galileo 
Newton, Maxwell and their 

5701
04:57:48,500 --> 04:57:50,000
colleagues established that 
human reason. 

5702
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:53,500
Carefully applied could 
penetrate the deepest secrets of

5703
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:55,600
nature. 
Their successes would discover 

5704
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:58,300
that those secrets were far 
deeper and more wonderful than 

5705
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:01,000
anyone had. 
Imagined tomorrow's sunrise will

5706
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:03,800
illuminate a world governed by 
the same physical laws that 

5707
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:05,700
fascinated. 
These early investigators, 

5708
04:58:05,700 --> 04:58:08,900
gravity will still follow 
Newton's inverse Square, law for

5709
04:58:08,900 --> 04:58:12,000
all practical purposes, light 
will still behave as 

5710
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:16,100
electromagnetic waves as Maxwell
described heat will still flow. 

5711
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:19,200
According to the principles of 
thermodynamics, the classical 

5712
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:20,500
physics. 
We've explored together 

5713
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,000
continues to govern the world of
everyday experience with 

5714
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:25,900
remarkable. 
Accuracy, but that same Sunrise 

5715
04:58:25,900 --> 04:58:29,100
will also illuminate a universe 
that extends far beyond every 

5716
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:32,700
day experience. 
A cosmos where space and time a 

5717
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:35,400
woven together in a fabric that 
can be stretched and curved 

5718
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:39,200
where particles exist in Quantum
superpositions of multiple 

5719
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:43,000
States simultaneously and where 
uncertainty is, not just a 

5720
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:46,000
limitation of our knowledge, but
a fundamental feature of reality

5721
04:58:46,000 --> 04:58:48,400
itself. 
The gentle story of physics 

5722
04:58:48,400 --> 04:58:51,800
before Einstein is really the 
story of human beings learning 

5723
04:58:51,800 --> 04:58:55,500
to see the universe with new 
eyes discovering that reality is

5724
04:58:55,500 --> 04:58:58,300
both more comprehensible and 
more mysterious than we 

5725
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:01,000
originally supposed. 
It's a story that continues 

5726
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,500
today as each generation of 
investigators pushes further 

5727
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:07,000
into the unknown territories. 
That surround our island of 

5728
04:59:07,000 --> 04:59:10,500
understanding always finding 
that the universe is, stranger 

5729
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:14,200
more, beautiful, and more 
wonderful than we had dead to 

5730
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:16,900
imagine sleep. 
Well, knowing that you live in a

5731
04:59:16,900 --> 04:59:19,400
cosmos who Secrets have been 
partially revealed through 

5732
04:59:19,400 --> 04:59:22,600
centuries of patient human 
curiosity and whose deeper 

5733
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,300
Mysteries continue to Beckham 
from Beyond the Edge of our 

5734
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:28,800
current understanding, the 
universe Delights in surprising.

5735
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,500
Usually in ways that Reeve It to
be more elegant and unified than

5736
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:33,800
we had previously thought 
possible. 

5737
04:59:33,800 --> 04:59:37,800
Sweet dreams of mathematical 
Harmony is electromagnetic, 

5738
04:59:37,800 --> 04:59:41,700
Symphonies and the gentle dance 
of atoms, that creates the solid

5739
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:44,700
reality of your pillow. 
Your blanket and the beating of 

5740
04:59:44,700 --> 04:59:53,100
your own heart. 
Imagine you're driving through 

5741
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:56,100
the Rolling Hills of central 
Italy, maybe humming along to 

5742
04:59:56,100 --> 04:59:58,300
the song on the radio. 
When you suddenly see the 

5743
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,800
landscape start to change the 
soft Farmland gives way to 

5744
05:00:01,800 --> 05:00:04,600
something more dramatic, a huge 
Limestone Mountain. 

5745
05:00:04,600 --> 05:00:06,800
That looks like the shoulder of 
a sleeping giant. 

5746
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:09,700
It slopes are covered in 
medieval Stone buildings that 

5747
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:11,200
look like they grew right out of
the rock. 

5748
05:00:11,200 --> 05:00:14,800
This is Monty titano. 
If you squint just right in the 

5749
05:00:14,808 --> 05:00:17,800
afternoon light, you can almost 
see the ghost of a stonemason 

5750
05:00:17,800 --> 05:00:20,800
named marinas from the fourth 
Century climbing, its Rocky 

5751
05:00:20,800 --> 05:00:23,300
paths. 
He's probably wondering why he 

5752
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,300
left the relative comfort of the
Croatian Coast for this Italian 

5753
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,300
wilderness. 
We could say that marinas was a 

5754
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:32,300
very religious person, he had 
become a Christian at a time 

5755
05:00:32,308 --> 05:00:34,900
when being one was about as 
popular as being a tax 

5756
05:00:34,900 --> 05:00:37,000
collector. 
He thought the best way to serve

5757
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:40,000
God was to build a church. 
In the most inconvenient place, 

5758
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:43,100
he could find Monte titano, must
have seemed like the perfect 

5759
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,000
place because of its steep 
Cliffs, unpredictable, weather 

5760
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:49,000
and lack of amenities. 
The mountain itself, is an 

5761
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:52,400
interesting geological feature. 
It's a piece of limestone that 

5762
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:55,000
sticks out from the surrounding 
area, like a medieval castle 

5763
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,700
made by Nature. 
The Three Peaks make it a 

5764
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:00,900
natural Fortress with steep 
drops on most sides and only a 

5765
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:04,000
few easy ways to get there. 
This Rocky outcropping looks 

5766
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:05,500
like it was made just for 
Hermits. 

5767
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:06,800
And people who want to prove 
something. 

5768
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:09,500
If you were trying to hide from 
the world, you couldn't do much 

5769
05:01:09,500 --> 05:01:13,100
better than this came to roam 
around 301 CE. 

5770
05:01:13,100 --> 05:01:16,200
When the Roman Empire was still 
trying to figure out what to do 

5771
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:17,600
about this new Christian 
religion. 

5772
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:20,200
Most people were keeping their 
heads down and not saying 

5773
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:22,600
anything, but Marina wasn't like
most people. 

5774
05:01:22,600 --> 05:01:25,900
He built a small Hermitage on 
the side of the mountain and 

5775
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,200
started letting other Christian.
Stay there over time. 

5776
05:01:29,200 --> 05:01:32,200
He built what was basically a 
very small, very high altitude 

5777
05:01:32,200 --> 05:01:35,000
religious community. 
In those days, the area around 

5778
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:39,000
Monte titano was a mix of Roman 
Farms forest, clearings and wild

5779
05:01:39,000 --> 05:01:41,900
Countryside that made Travel and
Adventure in the most dangerous 

5780
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:44,100
way. 
Possible wolves, still roamed, 

5781
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:46,800
the hills, and its use the 
Forest roads as their own 

5782
05:01:46,800 --> 05:01:49,300
personal shopping centers. 
And the weather could change 

5783
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:52,500
from nice to deadly in the time 
it takes for a toddler to get 

5784
05:01:52,508 --> 05:01:55,500
upset, but marinus and his 
growing Community had found 

5785
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,800
something that would define San 
Marino for the next 1700 years. 

5786
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,800
Sometimes the best way to 
protect yourself is to just be 

5787
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:06,200
too much trouble to attack. 
The mountain was too steep, for 

5788
05:02:06,200 --> 05:02:09,100
an army to climb, too far away 
for you to gain, much from 

5789
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,300
controlling it, and too, poor 
for you to ever get back, what 

5790
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,800
you spent to conquer it. 
The people who live there at 

5791
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,400
first survived by growing what 
they could in the thin Mountain 

5792
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:20,200
soil and trading. 
With the few Merchants, who were

5793
05:02:20,200 --> 05:02:23,000
brave enough to make the climb. 
They kept goats because goats 

5794
05:02:23,000 --> 05:02:25,500
seem to, like, living on the 
edge of cliffs, unlike sheep, 

5795
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:28,600
they grew grapes because 
grapevines like Hermits, do well

5796
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:31,600
in Rocky hard to reach places 
and they got that kind of 

5797
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:33,300
mountain stubbornness that comes
from. 

5798
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:35,100
Knowing that no one else will 
care about you. 

5799
05:02:35,100 --> 05:02:38,400
If you don't, as you fall 
asleep, tonight, picture the 

5800
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:40,900
sound of church bells, ringing 
offline, Stone Cliffs. 

5801
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:43,600
The smell of wood. 
Smoke mixing, with the smell of 

5802
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,200
wild herbs. 
And the sight of a small group 

5803
05:02:46,200 --> 05:02:49,200
of people who chose the hard 
path, because it was the right 

5804
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:51,100
one. 
They had no idea they were 

5805
05:02:51,108 --> 05:02:53,800
making the groundwork for one of
the most successful countries in

5806
05:02:53,800 --> 05:02:56,700
the world by accident they were 
just trying to make it through 

5807
05:02:56,700 --> 05:02:59,400
each day on a mountain. 
San Marino is the answer. 

5808
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:02,000
If you've ever wondered what it 
would be like to live in a place

5809
05:03:02,008 --> 05:03:04,300
where you could walk from one 
end of your country, to the 

5810
05:03:04,300 --> 05:03:07,400
other, in about an hour, it's 
about the size of a small 

5811
05:03:07,400 --> 05:03:10,800
American suburb, but it has all 
the problems and quirks of a 

5812
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:13,700
real nation state. 
The Republic is like a ship's 

5813
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:15,600
Crow's Nest. 
That looks out over the Emilia 

5814
05:03:15,600 --> 05:03:17,500
romagna region of Italy from 
there. 

5815
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:20,300
You can see all the way from the
Adriatic Sea, to the opinion 

5816
05:03:20,300 --> 05:03:23,400
mountains, on clear days, which 
happened a lot because the 

5817
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,000
mountain is so high. 
You can see all the way to the 

5818
05:03:26,008 --> 05:03:29,000
Croatian Coast Western marinas 
started his journey. 

5819
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:31,600
You can see why people in the 
Middle Ages thought. 

5820
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:33,700
They could see the whole world 
from high places. 

5821
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:37,200
When you look at this view, 
quite a sester and montale are 

5822
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,100
the three peaks of Monte tetano.
Each one is topped with old 

5823
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:43,100
fortifications, making a natural
defensive triangle that has 

5824
05:03:43,100 --> 05:03:46,300
never been breached by force. 
Of course, this wasn't planned, 

5825
05:03:46,300 --> 05:03:49,400
when you build a settlement on a
mountain with three convenient 

5826
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:52,700
Peaks and live in a time when 
people use saws to settle 

5827
05:03:52,700 --> 05:03:55,800
arguments, it's only natural 
that you would put watch Towers 

5828
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:59,600
on the high points Italians call
the climate here Contin. 

5829
05:03:59,700 --> 05:04:02,800
Mediterranean which sounds 
fancy, but really just means 

5830
05:04:02,800 --> 05:04:05,400
nice weather. 
Most of the time with enough 

5831
05:04:05,400 --> 05:04:07,200
seasonal change to keep things. 
Interesting. 

5832
05:04:08,100 --> 05:04:09,600
Summers are warm but not too 
hot. 

5833
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:13,000
Thanks to the elevation and the 
breezes that come up from The 

5834
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:16,700
Valleys around, the winters are 
cool and sometimes snowy, which 

5835
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:18,400
makes the medieval Stone 
buildings. 

5836
05:04:18,400 --> 05:04:21,500
Look like a Christmas card made 
by someone with great taste in 

5837
05:04:21,500 --> 05:04:25,400
architecture, the soil and Monty
titano is thin and Rocky which 

5838
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:27,100
might seem like a bad thing at 
first. 

5839
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:30,300
But this is the kind of land 
that grows great wine, grapes 

5840
05:04:30,300 --> 05:04:32,700
and tough people. 
The Vineyards in San Marino, 

5841
05:04:32,700 --> 05:04:35,100
grow on terrorists, slopes that 
would scare a mountain goat. 

5842
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:38,400
The wines they make taste, like 
they've taken in the essence of 

5843
05:04:38,400 --> 05:04:40,700
limestone sunshine and sheer 
willpower. 

5844
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:43,400
But maybe the most important 
thing about San Marino's 

5845
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:46,800
geography is that it is 
surrounded by nothing but Italy,

5846
05:04:46,800 --> 05:04:50,400
geographers call, the Republican
Enclave, which means that it is 

5847
05:04:50,408 --> 05:04:53,100
a country that is completely 
surrounded by another country. 

5848
05:04:53,100 --> 05:04:57,500
It's like being a tiny Island in
a huge Italian sea, which is 

5849
05:04:57,500 --> 05:05:00,100
affected every part of San 
Marino's growth from the Middle 

5850
05:05:00,100 --> 05:05:03,400
Ages to now this Geographic 
reality made, what you could 

5851
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:07,100
call the Goldilocks effect of 
survival, San Marino was big 

5852
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,800
enough to keep its own Culture 
and traditions, but not so big. 

5853
05:05:09,800 --> 05:05:11,600
That anyone really wanted to 
take it over. 

5854
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:14,300
It was rich enough to keep its 
people from having to move 

5855
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:17,500
somewhere else because they were
so poor, but not so rich that it

5856
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:19,700
got the kind of attention that 
makes armies show up at your 

5857
05:05:19,708 --> 05:05:21,500
door with paperwork, to take 
your stuff. 

5858
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:24,700
The mountains location also, 
made it a natural stop for 

5859
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:27,000
people, traveling between 
northern and southern Italy, 

5860
05:05:27,000 --> 05:05:29,700
people who were Merchants 
pilgrims, or even lost. 

5861
05:05:29,700 --> 05:05:33,700
Nobles would climb the winding 
paths to Monte titano, spend a 

5862
05:05:33,700 --> 05:05:37,000
night or two there by supplies 
and then move on this. 

5863
05:05:37,000 --> 05:05:39,500
Kept the Republic from becoming 
completely cut off from the 

5864
05:05:39,500 --> 05:05:42,700
outside world, but it was never 
enough to threaten its 

5865
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,500
independence water, was always 
hard to find on the mountain. 

5866
05:05:45,500 --> 05:05:49,200
So people built complex systems 
to collect and store rainwater, 

5867
05:05:49,200 --> 05:05:52,200
you can still see the Old Stone 
channels and underground 

5868
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:55,000
reservoirs that the Saint Mary's
built to catch every drop of 

5869
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:57,200
water. 
It reminds us, that independent 

5870
05:05:57,200 --> 05:05:59,700
often means learning how to 
survive a specially in small 

5871
05:05:59,700 --> 05:06:01,900
places. 
The forest That Grew on the 

5872
05:06:01,900 --> 05:06:05,200
lower, slopes gave the Republic 
wood for building fuel for 

5873
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,700
heating and places to hunt that 
added to the Republic's diet, 

5874
05:06:08,700 --> 05:06:12,000
there were enough wild boar, 
dear and smaller game to feed 

5875
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,500
the people, but the communities 
changing laws. 

5876
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:17,300
Made sure that hunting rights 
were carefully controlled the 

5877
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:19,900
mountains natural boundaries may
have given people a healthy 

5878
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:22,600
sense of scale which is 
something psychologists might 

5879
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:25,100
recognize San Marino was small 
enough. 

5880
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:26,400
That everyone knew everyone 
else. 

5881
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:29,900
Big enough to hold all the 
different parts of human society

5882
05:06:29,900 --> 05:06:32,700
and far enough away from the 
rest of the world that problems 

5883
05:06:32,700 --> 05:06:34,200
could be solved by working 
together. 

5884
05:06:34,200 --> 05:06:36,100
Instead of needing help from 
outside. 

5885
05:06:36,100 --> 05:06:39,200
Imagine living in a house 
between two neighbors, who spend

5886
05:06:39,200 --> 05:06:43,000
most of their time fighting over
property lines, fence lines and 

5887
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:44,800
whose dog is making too much 
noise. 

5888
05:06:44,800 --> 05:06:47,900
Now picture that your neighbors 
are huge, medieval kingdoms, 

5889
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:51,600
with armies goals and a habit of
settling arguments by setting 

5890
05:06:51,600 --> 05:06:54,000
things on fire. 
Instead of suburban homeowners, 

5891
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:57,400
for most of its early history, 
this was the case in San Marino.

5892
05:06:57,400 --> 05:07:00,500
Amazingly, they turned what 
seemed like a disadvantage into 

5893
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:03,300
their biggest strength to the 
north and east were the lands 

5894
05:07:03,308 --> 05:07:06,200
ruled by different Italian city 
states Venice. 

5895
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:08,800
Had its Maritime Empire 
Florence, had its banking 

5896
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:11,900
networks, and there was a 
rotating cast of Duchess and 

5897
05:07:11,908 --> 05:07:15,000
principalities that changed 
hands faster than a cursed 

5898
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:17,500
Medieval sword. 
The Papal States were to the 

5899
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,300
South and West. 
The pope had both spiritual and 

5900
05:07:20,300 --> 05:07:22,600
political power there. 
And his armies could be blessed 

5901
05:07:22,600 --> 05:07:24,500
by God and still stab you with a
sword. 

5902
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:27,900
San Marino was smart enough to 
know early on That when you're 

5903
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:30,500
too small to fight the big 
Powers, the best thing to do is 

5904
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:33,500
to make yourself, too useful to 
destroy and too harmless to 

5905
05:07:33,500 --> 05:07:35,400
fear. 
They were like Switzerland in 

5906
05:07:35,400 --> 05:07:37,900
medieval Italy. 
But in stead of banking and 

5907
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:40,500
chocolate, they offered 
strategic neutrality and great 

5908
05:07:40,500 --> 05:07:44,100
Hospitality to anyone who 
climbed their Mountain San 

5909
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:46,900
Marino became very good at being
diplomatically invisible during 

5910
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:48,900
the long Wars between the 
guelphs and ghibellines. 

5911
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,100
These wars were like a political
argument that lasted for 

5912
05:07:52,100 --> 05:07:55,300
centuries about who should be in
charge the pope or the Holy 

5913
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:58,300
Roman Emperor as Guelph armies 
marched Through The Valleys 

5914
05:07:58,300 --> 05:08:01,400
below, the San Marino's would 
wave from their mountain tops 

5915
05:08:01,400 --> 05:08:04,300
and offered to pray for their 
Victory when gibling troops came

5916
05:08:04,300 --> 05:08:07,000
by, they would do the same thing
with the same enthusiasm and 

5917
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:09,200
sincerity. 
This wasn't cowardice. 

5918
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:11,900
It was smart politics by people 
who knew that. 

5919
05:08:11,900 --> 05:08:14,700
Sometimes you have to put aside 
your pride and serve tea to 

5920
05:08:14,700 --> 05:08:17,700
everyone who might think you're 
in anime, people started to 

5921
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:20,100
think of the Republic as a place
where people from different 

5922
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:23,800
sides could meet to talk things 
over where religious pilgrims 

5923
05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:25,800
could find safety. 
No matter what their political 

5924
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:29,400
beliefs were And where tired 
medieval Warriors could rest 

5925
05:08:29,400 --> 05:08:31,700
without worrying about being 
attacked by their enemies. 

5926
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:35,100
The relationship with the Papal 
States was especially fragile 

5927
05:08:35,100 --> 05:08:37,400
because San Marino was 
technically part of land that 

5928
05:08:37,400 --> 05:08:40,700
the pope claimed as his own, the
popes, who were busy running, 

5929
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:41,900
both the church and a 
government. 

5930
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:44,700
Usually found it easier to 
recognize San Marino's 

5931
05:08:44,700 --> 05:08:47,500
Independence and to spend the 
time and money needed to take 

5932
05:08:47,500 --> 05:08:50,300
over such a small and 
economically unimportant area. 

5933
05:08:50,300 --> 05:08:53,700
This led to a series of papal 
recognitions that were more like

5934
05:08:53,700 --> 05:08:56,000
acknowledgments of reality than 
formal treaties. 

5935
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:59,700
The Pope seem to be saying fine,
you can keep your little 

5936
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:02,100
mountain Republic but don't 
cause any trouble and remember 

5937
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:04,100
to invite us to your important 
festivals. 

5938
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:08,700
In return, San Marino stuck to 
strict religious rules, and made

5939
05:09:08,700 --> 05:09:11,200
sure that any Pope who came 
would get a warm, welcome that 

5940
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:13,800
made the climb worthwhile. 
The relationship with the 

5941
05:09:13,800 --> 05:09:16,700
Italian Powers around. 
It was similar, San Marino would

5942
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:19,500
pay tribute when it was 
appropriate, help with military 

5943
05:09:19,500 --> 05:09:21,300
matters when it was asked for 
impossible. 

5944
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:25,800
And always, always show the kind
of diplomatic courtesy that made

5945
05:09:25,800 --> 05:09:27,200
it clear. 
They knew their place in the 

5946
05:09:27,208 --> 05:09:29,700
grand scheme of things. 
They were like the ideal 

5947
05:09:29,700 --> 05:09:32,700
neighbor who never complained 
about noise always returns 

5948
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:35,600
borrowed Tools in better shape 
than they got them and can be 

5949
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:37,500
counted on to water your plants 
when you're away. 

5950
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:40,700
But this plan of strategic 
insignificance needed to be 

5951
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,400
adjusted all the time. 
If you are too independent, you 

5952
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:46,300
might be seen as a threat. 
If you're too dependent, you 

5953
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:48,900
might be completely absorbed for
100s of years. 

5954
05:09:48,900 --> 05:09:52,100
San Marino, walked this 
tightrope developing an almost 

5955
05:09:52,100 --> 05:09:54,500
Supernatural sense of when to 
stand up for themselves. 

5956
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:58,400
And when to fade into the 
background of bigger events, the

5957
05:09:58,400 --> 05:10:01,300
Republic's location also made at
natural place for people to go 

5958
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:03,300
when they were fleeing the 
political unrest, that happened 

5959
05:10:03,300 --> 05:10:06,600
all the time in medieval it, 
Nobles, who had been kicked out 

5960
05:10:06,600 --> 05:10:10,000
of their homes, intellectuals 
who had been persecuted, and the

5961
05:10:10,008 --> 05:10:12,800
occasional Merchant who had 
backed the wrong side in a 

5962
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:16,000
city-state dispute, would all 
make their way up Monty titano, 

5963
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:18,900
to wait out the storm and plan. 
Their next moves, this brought 

5964
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,800
in a steady stream of outside 
Knowledge and Skills that made 

5965
05:10:21,800 --> 05:10:24,600
San Marino's culture. 
Better without ever threatening 

5966
05:10:24,600 --> 05:10:27,200
to, take it over. 
If you can imagine a community 

5967
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:29,900
meeting where everyone has to be
there because there is no one 

5968
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:31,400
else to make the important 
decisions. 

5969
05:10:31,400 --> 05:10:35,500
You can start to understand how 
San Marino accidentally came up 

5970
05:10:35,500 --> 05:10:37,900
with one of the most stable 
forms of democratic government 

5971
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:40,200
in the world. 
Their political system wasn't 

5972
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:44,300
based on ideas, it was based on 
need and the kind of common 

5973
05:10:44,300 --> 05:10:46,400
sense that comes from. 
Knowing that if you fail, 

5974
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,000
everyone will starve the early 
Saint. 

5975
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:51,300
Marinis had a problem that 
anyone who has ever been in 

5976
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:53,300
charge of a neighborhood 
association would know about 

5977
05:10:53,300 --> 05:10:57,200
some one had to decide how to 
use shared resources, cetl 

5978
05:10:57,200 --> 05:11:00,400
fights between neighbors and 
deal with emergencies, but they 

5979
05:11:00,408 --> 05:11:02,300
couldn't go to a higher 
authority, when things got 

5980
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:05,400
tough, like most communities, 
could it would take days To get 

5981
05:11:05,408 --> 05:11:09,100
to the nearest Duke, bishop, or 
imperial representative and they

5982
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:10,800
were probably too busy with more
important. 

5983
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:14,400
Things to care about fights over
goat grazing rights or when to 

5984
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:16,700
clean the system. 
So, they did what people have 

5985
05:11:16,700 --> 05:11:18,300
always done when they lived 
together. 

5986
05:11:19,000 --> 05:11:21,900
They made a system that let the 
people who are most affected by 

5987
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,600
decisions help make them the 
arengo which is San Marino's. 

5988
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:28,600
General Assembly Grew From 
informal Community, meetings 

5989
05:11:28,600 --> 05:11:30,500
into something like a town hall 
democracy. 

5990
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:32,900
But the town was actually the 
whole country. 

5991
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,200
The orengo wasn't a modern 
Parliament. 

5992
05:11:35,200 --> 05:11:37,900
It was more like a big family 
meeting where everyone had 

5993
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:40,600
strong opinions. 
Most decisions needed to be 

5994
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:44,000
agreed upon and the loudest 
voice didn't always win in 

5995
05:11:44,000 --> 05:11:46,600
medieval times. 
Every head of household could 

5996
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,000
take part which meant adult 
males who owned land. 

5997
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:51,900
However, the property 
requirement was so low that it 

5998
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:55,100
basically included. 
Anyone who owned a goat, kept a 

5999
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:58,000
Vineyard or could show that they
weren't completely dependent on 

6000
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:01,000
someone else for survival. 
The Duel captaincy came out of 

6001
05:12:01,008 --> 05:12:02,700
these meetings and became San 
Marino's. 

6002
05:12:02,700 --> 05:12:05,900
Most important contribution to 
political science they didn't 

6003
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,900
choose one leader who might be 
tempted by power or corrupted by

6004
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:11,600
Authority. 
Instead they chose two captains 

6005
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:13,300
Regent who served together for 
six months. 

6006
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:16,000
It was like having two 
presidents who kept each other 

6007
05:12:16,000 --> 05:12:19,100
Honest, by making sure that any 
abuse of power would be seen 

6008
05:12:19,100 --> 05:12:21,200
right away by the person sitting
next to you. 

6009
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:24,500
This system came about because 
of Real World Experience, not 

6010
05:12:24,500 --> 05:12:27,100
political Theory. 
They had noticed that single 

6011
05:12:27,100 --> 05:12:29,600
leaders often started to believe
they were more important than 

6012
05:12:29,600 --> 05:12:32,000
they really were. 
Committees could argue about 

6013
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:34,300
decisions until the Wolves were 
actually at the door. 

6014
05:12:34,300 --> 05:12:37,300
Two people chosen for their 
skills and required to work 

6015
05:12:37,300 --> 05:12:40,300
together could make decisions 
quickly and keep an eye on each 

6016
05:12:40,300 --> 05:12:43,100
other's possible excesses. 
The six-month term limit was 

6017
05:12:43,100 --> 05:12:45,700
also useful. 
Six months was enough time to 

6018
05:12:45,700 --> 05:12:47,900
deal with the complicated 
business of running a small 

6019
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:51,900
Republic, like negotiating with 
nearby Powers managing shared 

6020
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:54,500
resources and settling major 
disagreements. 

6021
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:57,200
But it was not long enough for 
anyone to start thinking of the 

6022
05:12:57,200 --> 05:12:59,500
job as a career, in stead of a 
civic duty. 

6023
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,400
It also meant that everyone knew
that today's leader would be 

6024
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:04,900
tomorrow's neighbor. 
This makes people much more 

6025
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:07,900
polite when they are in charge, 
but maybe the most creative 

6026
05:13:07,900 --> 05:13:10,200
thing about San Marino's 
government was how it handled 

6027
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:13,100
Law And Justice. 
Instead of using a complicated 

6028
05:13:13,100 --> 05:13:16,200
legal code that came from above.
They came up with a way to 

6029
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:18,900
settle disputes that was based 
on common sense and local 

6030
05:13:18,900 --> 05:13:21,400
Customs. 
Most disagreements were worked 

6031
05:13:21,400 --> 05:13:24,400
out through mediation with the 
Elders of the community, helping

6032
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:26,900
neighbors, come to agreements 
that everyone could live with, 

6033
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:30,000
they set up a system of Courts 
for more serious cases, that 

6034
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:32,600
focused more on. 
Things than on punishing people.

6035
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,600
If someone damaged their 
neighbor's property, the goal 

6036
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:38,000
was to fix the damage, not to 
get back at them. 

6037
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:41,200
If someone broke the rules of 
the community, the usual 

6038
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:44,000
response was to try to get them 
back in good standing instead of

6039
05:13:44,000 --> 05:13:46,800
kicking them out for good. 
This method worked in part 

6040
05:13:46,800 --> 05:13:49,200
because San Marino was small 
enough that everyone's 

6041
05:13:49,200 --> 05:13:52,500
reputation mattered and social 
pressure was more effective than

6042
05:13:52,500 --> 05:13:55,300
formal punishment. 
But it also worked because the 

6043
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:58,200
people in the community knew 
that in a place where everyone 

6044
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:01,200
depended on everyone else to 
live breaking up relationships 

6045
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:03,700
was a luxury they couldn't 
afford the way. 

6046
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:07,300
The Republic handled taxes was 
also very practical instead of a

6047
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:09,400
complicated system of taxes and 
fees. 

6048
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:12,400
They mostly relied on people 
giving them goods and services 

6049
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:14,900
everyone in the community 
pitched in to help build 

6050
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:18,600
fortifications by doing work or 
bringing materials, depending on

6051
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:21,200
what they could do. 
Everyone pitched in to help pay 

6052
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,500
for diplomatic trips or to host 
important guests based on what 

6053
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:27,100
they could afford. 
This system of government had to

6054
05:14:27,100 --> 05:14:30,000
create something amazing. 
A political culture where 

6055
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:33,400
leadership was seen as Service 
in privilege where decisions 

6056
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,500
were made together in by one 
person and where the health of 

6057
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:39,200
the community was more important
than individual goals? 

6058
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:43,100
It wasn't perfect. 
No human system ever is, but it 

6059
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:46,200
was very strong and surprisingly
good at managing the difficult 

6060
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:49,900
task of keeping a small Mountain
Republic free for more than 17 

6061
05:14:49,900 --> 05:14:52,000
centuries. 
It's funny how a community 

6062
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:55,300
suddenly realizes, it has become
a country like someone who 

6063
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:58,300
starts collecting stamps as a 
hobby and then finds out their 

6064
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:01,900
running a philatelic Empire. 
San Marino slowly came to this 

6065
05:15:01,900 --> 05:15:04,900
realization one day. 
They were just a group of people

6066
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:07,300
living on a mountain. 
Trying to keep their traditions 

6067
05:15:07,300 --> 05:15:10,300
and Independence. 
The next day they were a 

6068
05:15:10,300 --> 05:15:12,400
Sovereign Nation with diplomatic
ties and everything. 

6069
05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:16,500
There wasn't a declaration of 
independence a revolutionary war

6070
05:15:16,500 --> 05:15:19,400
or even a very dramatic ceremony
to Mark the change. 

6071
05:15:19,400 --> 05:15:23,200
In Stead it happened through a 
series of small acknowledgments,

6072
05:15:23,200 --> 05:15:27,100
practical agreements and the 
gradual building up of Preston's

6073
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:30,400
that eventually led to something
that looked like statehood, it 

6074
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:32,300
was like be Famous without 
realizing. 

6075
05:15:32,300 --> 05:15:36,400
When you stopped being a private
person in 1631, Pope Urban the 

6076
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,200
8th, officially recognized San 
Marino's Independence. 

6077
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:42,600
This was the first sign that the
small community had crossed an 

6078
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:44,400
invisible line into becoming a 
real country. 

6079
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:47,000
It wasn't that the pope was 
being especially nice. 

6080
05:15:47,000 --> 05:15:49,900
It was more like a busy landlord
officially saying that the 

6081
05:15:49,900 --> 05:15:52,300
tenants in the small apartment 
upstairs, could take care of 

6082
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:55,800
themselves and probably didn't 
need to be directly supervised, 

6083
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:59,200
but getting the Pope's approval 
was one thing living in a world 

6084
05:15:59,200 --> 05:16:00,900
where nation states were getting
stronger. 

6085
05:16:00,900 --> 05:16:04,100
Was something else entirely 
during the 17th and 18th, 

6086
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:07,800
centuries, Europe, saw the rise 
of territorial consolidation 

6087
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:10,900
where bigger Powers took over 
smaller ones through War 

6088
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:14,900
marriage or just to make things 
easier to run San Marino's 

6089
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,800
continued Independence started 
to seem less like a strange 

6090
05:16:17,800 --> 05:16:20,600
thing from the Middle Ages and 
more like a political. 

6091
05:16:20,600 --> 05:16:24,100
They were able to stay alive 
because they were very good at 

6092
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:26,100
what we might call Strategic 
irrelevance. 

6093
05:16:26,100 --> 05:16:29,600
They were too small to be a 
threat to poor to be worth. 

6094
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:33,000
Conquering for economic, Reasons
and two well-positioned to be 

6095
05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:35,700
completely ignored. 
They were in a good place in the

6096
05:16:35,700 --> 05:16:38,900
complicated world of European 
politics, important enough to be

6097
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:42,000
a neutral meeting place but not 
so important that they could be 

6098
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:44,600
dangerous on their own. 
This was especially important 

6099
05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:48,000
during the time of Napoleon when
the French Emperor was changing 

6100
05:16:48,000 --> 05:16:50,900
the map of Europe with the same 
excitement as someone who had 

6101
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:53,400
just bought a house and was 
rearranging the furniture 

6102
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:55,800
Napoleon. 
Strangely enough, not only left 

6103
05:16:55,800 --> 05:16:58,400
San Marino alone, but also 
offered to give them more land. 

6104
05:16:58,400 --> 05:17:01,900
The sand Marinis who had been 
able to stay alive for hundreds 

6105
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:04,200
of years. 
Politely said no they knew that 

6106
05:17:04,208 --> 05:17:06,900
taking gifts from Napoleon could
mean making promises they could 

6107
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:09,800
not keep and getting attention. 
They didn't want the 19th 

6108
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:11,400
century. 
Brought new problems as 

6109
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:14,500
nationalism spread across Europe
and the Italian Peninsula 

6110
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:16,300
started. 
Its long journey toward 

6111
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:18,800
unification. 
San Marino was in the strange 

6112
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,200
position of being asked to join 
something that didn't really 

6113
05:17:21,200 --> 05:17:24,300
exist. 
Yet, a unified Italian nation 

6114
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:26,300
that was still more of a dream 
that a reality. 

6115
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:29,500
They answered in a way that was 
typical of them practical. 

6116
05:17:29,500 --> 05:17:33,600
They generally Ported Italian 
unification gave political 

6117
05:17:33,600 --> 05:17:36,400
refugees from Austrian and 
Papal, authorities are place to 

6118
05:17:36,408 --> 05:17:39,200
stay and even offered military 
help when they could do. 

6119
05:17:39,200 --> 05:17:42,200
So, without putting their own 
safety at risk, but they also 

6120
05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:44,100
made it clear that they would 
not give up their own 

6121
05:17:44,100 --> 05:17:46,900
independence in order to support
Italian nationalism. 

6122
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:50,500
This job needed a lot of 
diplomatic skill, San Marino 

6123
05:17:50,500 --> 05:17:53,100
needed to show that they were on
the same page as their Italian 

6124
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:55,000
neighbors. 
But they didn't want to look 

6125
05:17:55,000 --> 05:17:57,800
like a remnant of the old feudal
system that the nationalists 

6126
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:00,400
were trying to get rid of. 
They had to show the new Italian

6127
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:03,400
state that they were useful. 
But not so useful, that it would

6128
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:05,700
be tempting to take them in San 
Marino's. 

6129
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:08,000
Main idea that helped them get 
through this time was 

6130
05:18:08,000 --> 05:18:10,300
understanding the difference 
between Independence and 

6131
05:18:10,300 --> 05:18:13,600
sovereignty, they could 
negotiate defend and keep their 

6132
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:16,400
sovereignty, the formal 
recognition of their right to 

6133
05:18:16,400 --> 05:18:19,900
exist as a separate political 
entity through careful diplomacy

6134
05:18:19,900 --> 05:18:22,900
Independence. 
The ability to make their own 

6135
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:25,900
decisions about their own lives.
Was something they had to show 

6136
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:29,100
through, good government and 
strong Community ties, the 

6137
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:32,300
charismatic leader of Italian. 
Vacation, just epic are about 

6138
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:34,800
the new this difference after a 
failed campaign. 

6139
05:18:34,800 --> 05:18:37,600
He went to San Marino for safety
there. 

6140
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,100
He was not welcomed as a 
Conquering Hero but as a guest 

6141
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:43,300
who had earned Sanctuary through
his dedication to Freedom, the 

6142
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:44,900
Republic's decision to protect 
him. 

6143
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:47,200
Even though the Austrian 
authorities were putting 

6144
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:50,000
pressure on them showed that 
their independence wasn't just a

6145
05:18:50,000 --> 05:18:53,000
legal technicality, but a real 
commitment to the values that 

6146
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:57,200
had kept them going for hundreds
of years, by 1871 when Italy 

6147
05:18:57,200 --> 05:19:00,400
became a unified country. 
San Marino had changed from a 

6148
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:02,800
medieval Oddity into a real 
member of the community of 

6149
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:05,000
Nations. 
They had treaties with big 

6150
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:08,300
countries, diplomatic 
representation in important 

6151
05:19:08,300 --> 05:19:10,700
cities. 
And most importantly, an 

6152
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:13,300
international reputation that 
made, it seem normal for them to

6153
05:19:13,308 --> 05:19:15,800
stay in dependent. 
But the most interesting thing 

6154
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:19,000
about San Marino's accidental, 
nationhood is how little it 

6155
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:21,400
changed the way, they ran their 
government and lived in their 

6156
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:23,600
communities. 
They stayed a republic of 

6157
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:26,500
neighbors who just happened to 
live in the same country, not 

6158
05:19:26,500 --> 05:19:28,700
subjects of a state who just 
happened to live in the same 

6159
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,300
place. 
The difference may seem Small. 

6160
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:33,400
But it changed how they saw 
their relationship with each 

6161
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:36,700
other and the world around them.
Imagine waking up every day in a

6162
05:19:36,708 --> 05:19:38,700
place where your commute to work
might take you past. 

6163
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:42,100
Fortifications that are 1000 
years old, where your local 

6164
05:19:42,108 --> 05:19:44,900
grocery store is built on a 
foundation that is older than 

6165
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:47,900
most European Cathedrals and 
where you might run into your 

6166
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,900
head of state at the market. 
This was the daily life of 

6167
05:19:50,900 --> 05:19:53,800
people in San Marino, who 
somehow managed to live normal 

6168
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:55,600
lives. 
And one of the most accidentally

6169
05:19:55,600 --> 05:19:59,000
amazing places on Earth, the 
mountain itself, set the pace 

6170
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:02,300
for daily life, in the Republic,
the Eastern slopes of Monte 

6171
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:05,200
titano, woke up early. 
The warm Gold light painted, the

6172
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:08,100
Limestone walls of the old 
towers and the lights slowly 

6173
05:20:08,100 --> 05:20:10,700
spread across the Terrace. 
Vineyards, and Olive Groves that

6174
05:20:10,700 --> 05:20:13,900
clung to the Mountainside the 
air in the morning smelled like 

6175
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:17,300
wild herbs like rosemary, thyme 
and Sage that grew in the Rocky 

6176
05:20:17,300 --> 05:20:20,000
crevasses. 
In smelled like wood smoke from 

6177
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:22,300
the chimneys of houses that 
looked like they were made of 

6178
05:20:22,300 --> 05:20:25,000
Mountain Stone as it. 
Always has been in farming 

6179
05:20:25,000 --> 05:20:27,800
communities where daylight is 
precious and Seasons, don't wait

6180
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:31,300
for anyone. 
Work started early the Yards 

6181
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:34,100
needed constant care pruning in 
the winter training in the 

6182
05:20:34,108 --> 05:20:37,300
spring and harvesting in the 
fall, the thin Mountain soil 

6183
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,000
needed, careful cultivation to 
grow anything more than food. 

6184
05:20:40,000 --> 05:20:42,900
But maybe because of these 
problems San Marino's wines 

6185
05:20:42,900 --> 05:20:45,500
became known far beyond the tiny
borders of the Republic. 

6186
05:20:45,500 --> 05:20:49,000
The olive Groves were just as 
hard to work in their silver 

6187
05:20:49,008 --> 05:20:52,100
trees were routed into Terraces.
That previous generations had 

6188
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:54,800
carved out of the Mountainside 
with only their willpower and 

6189
05:20:54,800 --> 05:20:57,300
simple tools. 
Olive oil wasn't just something 

6190
05:20:57,300 --> 05:21:02,200
to cook with it was also money 
medicine and the basis for trade

6191
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:05,200
with the valleys below, a good 
harvest could pay for diplomatic

6192
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:06,900
missions, or infrastructure 
projects. 

6193
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:10,000
But a bad one meant having to 
cut back and hope for a better 

6194
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:12,700
year next year. 
But farming was only one part of

6195
05:21:12,708 --> 05:21:15,700
the Republic's economy because 
of where it was on Old trade 

6196
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:17,900
routes. 
San Marino was a natural place 

6197
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:20,300
for merchants to stop on their 
way between northern and 

6198
05:21:20,300 --> 05:21:22,900
southern Italy. 
The Republic's markets which 

6199
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:26,000
were held in the shadow of 
medieval Towers became known for

6200
05:21:26,000 --> 05:21:27,900
their honesty. 
In a world where traveling 

6201
05:21:27,900 --> 05:21:30,700
Merchants never knew if they 
would be cheated robbed or both.

6202
05:21:31,300 --> 05:21:35,200
San Marino offered something 
rare reliable Fair dealing. 

6203
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:38,800
This reputation for honesty and 
business wasn't just a fluke in 

6204
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:41,200
a community where everyone's 
actions had an impact on 

6205
05:21:41,200 --> 05:21:44,200
everyone else as well. 
Keeping trust, wasn't just the 

6206
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,400
right thing to do, it was 
necessary for economic survival.

6207
05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:51,000
If a merchant cheated visitors, 
their neighbors would shun them.

6208
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:53,700
Because they knew that their 
reputation as a group was their 

6209
05:21:53,700 --> 05:21:57,000
most valuable asset craft 
Traditions that grew up in San 

6210
05:21:57,000 --> 05:22:00,400
Marino, were based on both need 
and charts, stonemasons had to 

6211
05:22:00,400 --> 05:22:02,900
learn how to work with the local
Limestone, for both building and

6212
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:05,800
decorating Woodworkers, who 
lived on the lower, slopes of 

6213
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:08,800
the mountain had access to the 
forests and learned how to make 

6214
05:22:08,800 --> 05:22:11,300
furniture and tools that could 
stand up to the mountains. 

6215
05:22:11,300 --> 05:22:14,500
Extreme weather at first, 
metalworkers only made weapons 

6216
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:18,200
and tools for farming over time.
They became artists, whose work 

6217
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:20,400
was sought after by collectors 
all over Italy. 

6218
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:23,900
But the most unique thing about 
daily life in San Marino was how

6219
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:26,300
everyone was expected to be 
responsible for their own 

6220
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:29,200
actions in bigger countries. 
You have to deal with government

6221
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:32,400
in San Marino. 
It was Just natural as taking 

6222
05:22:32,408 --> 05:22:34,000
care of your Vineyard or your 
home. 

6223
05:22:34,000 --> 05:22:36,900
The arango meetings, weren't 
official political events. 

6224
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:39,400
They were Community. 
Gatherings where neighbors 

6225
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:41,200
talked about things that were 
important to them. 

6226
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,800
And made decisions together 
about things like how to keep 

6227
05:22:43,800 --> 05:22:46,800
the roads in good shape and how 
to handle Foreign Affairs. 

6228
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:50,100
The social calendar was made up 
of both religious holidays and 

6229
05:22:50,100 --> 05:22:52,700
Civic festivals. 
This created a rhythm of 

6230
05:22:52,708 --> 05:22:55,000
Celebration that made the 
community feel like they were 

6231
05:22:55,000 --> 05:22:58,000
all part of something bigger. 
The feast of Saint Mariners, 

6232
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:01,200
which took place on September 
3rd was both a religious holiday

6233
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:04,400
and a national celebration. 
It included processions, 

6234
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:07,500
traditional foods and the kind 
of communal activities that 

6235
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:10,300
reminded everyone why they chose
to live on a mountain together. 

6236
05:23:10,300 --> 05:23:14,000
The food culture in San Marino 
is unique because it is based on

6237
05:23:14,000 --> 05:23:17,500
mounting ingredients and Italian
influences but it is still very 

6238
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:21,200
local, the food, tasted like the
mountain itself because it was 

6239
05:23:21,208 --> 05:23:23,200
made with Wild game from the 
nearby. 

6240
05:23:23,200 --> 05:23:27,300
Forests cheese from mountain. 
Goats wine from Terrace 

6241
05:23:27,300 --> 05:23:30,900
Vineyards and olive oil pressed 
from trees that grew in soil. 

6242
05:23:30,900 --> 05:23:32,700
That was So Rocky, it seemed 
impossible. 

6243
05:23:32,700 --> 05:23:36,100
The Republic's approach to 
education, showed that it knew 

6244
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:38,800
that in a small country. 
Everyone's work is important. 

6245
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:41,800
Kids learned more than just 
reading writing and math. 

6246
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:45,500
They also learned useful skills 
like farming making things and 

6247
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:48,300
how to be a good citizen. 
They learned as they grew up 

6248
05:23:48,300 --> 05:23:51,000
that they were inheriting more 
than just property or a job. 

6249
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:54,200
They were all so inheriting the 
responsibility of keeping a 

6250
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,000
unique way of life alive that 
had lasted for hundreds of 

6251
05:23:57,008 --> 05:23:59,000
years. 
Through the hard work of many 

6252
05:23:59,000 --> 05:24:02,700
people San Marino's culture saw 
Public Service as a normal part 

6253
05:24:02,700 --> 05:24:05,000
of adult life, not as a special 
job. 

6254
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:09,000
This is perhaps the most amazing
thing about the country citizens

6255
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:11,700
were expected to serve on 
committees help, make decisions 

6256
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,700
about public issues and take 
turns in different government 

6257
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:17,000
jobs. 
The captain's Regent, were not 

6258
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:19,900
professional politicians, they 
were neighbors who had been 

6259
05:24:19,900 --> 05:24:23,500
chosen to run the communities 
business for six months before, 

6260
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:26,900
going back to their Vineyards 
workshops or whatever else they 

6261
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:29,400
did for a living. 
This blending of government into

6262
05:24:29,400 --> 05:24:31,200
everyday life, made a political 
culture. 

6263
05:24:31,300 --> 05:24:33,800
That was both very stable and 
very Dynamic. 

6264
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:37,800
Changes occurred incrementally, 
facilitated by dialogue and 

6265
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:41,300
consensus, rather than through 
Revolution, or edict, however, 

6266
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:44,800
they transpired as the community
adjusted to emerging challenges 

6267
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:48,000
while preserving its fundamental
values and traditions. 

6268
05:24:48,000 --> 05:24:51,100
When you're not sure you wanted 
International recognition in the

6269
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:53,400
first place, it can be a little 
awkward. 

6270
05:24:53,400 --> 05:24:57,900
San Marino went through this in 
the 1800s and 1900s as the world

6271
05:24:57,900 --> 05:25:01,900
slowly realized that this tiny 
Mountain Republic was more than 

6272
05:25:01,900 --> 05:25:03,900
just a Charming medieval 
curiosity. 

6273
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:07,400
It was a real Sovereign Nation. 
With all the rights and duties 

6274
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:09,900
that come with being a state. 
Getting formal, diplomatic 

6275
05:25:09,900 --> 05:25:12,300
recognition was like being asked
to join a club. 

6276
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,400
You didn't know, you wanted to 
join only to find out that being

6277
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:16,800
a member came with a lot of 
rules. 

6278
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:20,100
You hadn't thought of before, 
all of a sudden San Marino was 

6279
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:23,400
expected to have opinions on 
global issues, follow formal 

6280
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:26,900
diplomatic procedures and have 
the kind of bureaucratic system 

6281
05:25:26,900 --> 05:25:30,000
that bigger countries take for 
granted World War, 1 was the 

6282
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:32,500
first big test of their New 
international status. 

6283
05:25:32,500 --> 05:25:36,000
Most of Europe was too busy 
tearing itself apart over issues

6284
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:39,800
of nationalism, imperialism and 
royal family feuds that had 

6285
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:42,500
gotten way out of hand. 
San Marino, showing the 

6286
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,100
Diplomatic skill that had kept 
them free for hundreds of years,

6287
05:25:45,100 --> 05:25:49,300
declared neutrality, and spent 
the War years helping refugees 

6288
05:25:49,300 --> 05:25:51,500
while carefully avoiding any 
actions. 

6289
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:53,100
That could be seen as taking 
sides. 

6290
05:25:53,100 --> 05:25:56,300
This neutrality didn't mean 
staying out of world affairs. 

6291
05:25:56,300 --> 05:25:58,600
It meant doing active 
peacekeeping work. 

6292
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:01,800
That took a lot of skill and 
resources, the Republic became a

6293
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:03,700
safe place for people fleeing 
the violence. 

6294
05:26:03,700 --> 05:26:06,500
A place where people from both 
sides could talk to each other 

6295
05:26:06,500 --> 05:26:09,300
and assign that. 
Not every disagreement had to be

6296
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:12,300
settled with guns. 
It was hard work that used up a 

6297
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:15,700
lot of their resources, but it 
also made San Marino known as a 

6298
05:26:15,700 --> 05:26:18,500
real neutral power. 
Instead of just a country, that 

6299
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:21,800
was too small to matter during 
the interval years, fascist 

6300
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:25,000
movement spread across Europe. 
The old way of doing diplomacy 

6301
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:27,100
fell apart in, to ideological 
conflict. 

6302
05:26:27,100 --> 05:26:29,900
San Marino was in a strange 
situation because it was 

6303
05:26:29,908 --> 05:26:32,800
surrounded by Muslim. 
Is Italy while trying to keep 

6304
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:36,000
Democratic institutions that 
their powerful neighbor saw as 

6305
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:38,400
outdated. 
The Republic's response was a 

6306
05:26:38,400 --> 05:26:41,000
lesson in how to stay alive by 
being flexible in diplomacy. 

6307
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:44,300
They got along well, with a 
fascist government while quietly

6308
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:46,500
keeping up their usual 
democratic practices. 

6309
05:26:46,500 --> 05:26:49,800
They didn't say anything that 
would make things worse and they

6310
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:52,800
continued to shelter political 
refugees overall. 

6311
05:26:52,800 --> 05:26:55,300
They acted like good neighbors, 
who just had different ideas 

6312
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:56,700
about how to run their own 
Affairs. 

6313
05:26:56,700 --> 05:26:59,900
This Balancing Act needed to be 
adjusted all the time and 

6314
05:26:59,900 --> 05:27:02,400
sometimes needed to be given up 
San Marino. 

6315
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:05,400
Could openly oppose fascism 
without risking being taken 

6316
05:27:05,400 --> 05:27:07,300
over. 
But, they couldn't support it 

6317
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:09,900
without going against the 
democratic values that made them

6318
05:27:09,900 --> 05:27:12,000
who they are. 
The answer was what we might 

6319
05:27:12,000 --> 05:27:15,300
call principal. 
Pragmatism, keeping their core 

6320
05:27:15,300 --> 05:27:17,900
values while changing, how they 
acted in order to stay alive. 

6321
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:19,600
In a world, that was becoming 
more hostile. 

6322
05:27:19,600 --> 05:27:23,200
The tensions reached a breaking 
point during World War Two, even

6323
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:26,300
though San Marino was officially
neutral, its location made it 

6324
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:29,700
impossible to be truly neutral, 
Allied planes flew over their 

6325
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:33,100
land and German troops. 
Nearby the Republic clearly 

6326
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,000
sided with the Democratic 
Powers, even if they couldn't 

6327
05:27:36,000 --> 05:27:38,200
say. 
So out loud, the most dramatic 

6328
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:41,900
event happened in 1944, when 
German troops, briefly, took 

6329
05:27:41,900 --> 05:27:44,800
over San Marino, they said it 
was to keep the Allies from 

6330
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:47,500
using their territory, but it 
was really to show what could 

6331
05:27:47,500 --> 05:27:49,900
happen if the Republic's 
neutrality became a problem. 

6332
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:53,800
The occupation only lasted a few
weeks, but it reminded everyone 

6333
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:57,500
that Independence, no matter how
legally solid depended on the 

6334
05:27:57,500 --> 05:28:01,000
Goodwill of bigger Powers. 
After the war, San Marino became

6335
05:28:01,000 --> 05:28:03,800
independent and its wartime 
record made it even stronger. 

6336
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:06,700
The Republic had been able to 
keep both Allied and axis 

6337
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:10,300
refugees safe, avoid major 
damage and show that small 

6338
05:28:10,300 --> 05:28:13,000
countries could stay strong. 
Even when things got really bad,

6339
05:28:13,000 --> 05:28:16,300
their reputation for principled 
neutrality, became one of their 

6340
05:28:16,300 --> 05:28:20,000
most useful diplomatic tools. 
But being recognized came with 

6341
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:22,600
new duties, that sometimes 
clashed with the old ways of 

6342
05:28:22,600 --> 05:28:26,000
doing things in international 
law, expected, San Marino to 

6343
05:28:26,000 --> 05:28:29,200
have up to date, legal codes, 
standardized, administrator 

6344
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,300
procedures, and the kind of 
Traditional infrastructure that 

6345
05:28:32,300 --> 05:28:35,200
could work with other modern 
countries, this meant slowly 

6346
05:28:35,200 --> 05:28:37,200
changing. 
In formal Community practices, 

6347
05:28:37,200 --> 05:28:40,900
into formal government systems. 
This process kept the substance 

6348
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:43,900
of traditional governance while 
changing its form to fit, modern

6349
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:47,300
needs tourism growth, brought 
both chances and problems. 

6350
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:51,000
San Marino is the world's oldest
Republic and its beautiful 

6351
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,500
mountains and well-preserved 
medieval buildings, make it a 

6352
05:28:54,500 --> 05:28:56,600
great place for travelers who 
want something different from 

6353
05:28:56,600 --> 05:28:58,600
the usual. 
European tourist experience, 

6354
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,900
tourism brought in money and 
made the Republic known around 

6355
05:29:01,900 --> 05:29:04,600
the world, but it also 
threatened to turn it from a 

6356
05:29:04,600 --> 05:29:07,900
real Community into a kind of 
historical theme park to keep 

6357
05:29:07,900 --> 05:29:09,700
this balance. 
They needed the same kind of 

6358
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:11,200
wisdom that had helped San 
Marino. 

6359
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:13,000
Stay in power for hundreds of 
years. 

6360
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:15,900
They needed to be able to 
welcome visitors without being 

6361
05:29:15,900 --> 05:29:18,700
overwhelmed by them to show off 
their history without being 

6362
05:29:18,700 --> 05:29:21,100
stuck in it. 
And to stay true to who they 

6363
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:24,000
were while taking advantage of 
the economic opportunities. 

6364
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,200
That tourism brought the sand 
Marinis solution was to welcome 

6365
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:28,900
tourists. 
While making it clear, which 

6366
05:29:28,900 --> 05:29:30,800
part of their society were open 
to business? 

6367
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:33,400
And which were still private 
Community matters. 

6368
05:29:33,400 --> 05:29:36,800
People could visit the old 
fortifications by local crafts 

6369
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:39,500
and taste the wine, but the 
arengo meetings were still only 

6370
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:42,700
for Citizens and self-government
went on mostly the same way. 

6371
05:29:42,700 --> 05:29:45,200
It always had take a seat and 
think about this. 

6372
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:49,300
Amazing fact, in an age, when 
huge corporations span 

6373
05:29:49,300 --> 05:29:52,200
continents and Global Powers 
measure their power and billions

6374
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:54,600
of people. 
San Marino has not only 

6375
05:29:54,600 --> 05:29:58,300
survived, but thrived as a 
country with only 34,000, people

6376
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:00,600
living there and governing 
themselves on a mountain that 

6377
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:02,100
you could walk across in an 
afternoon. 

6378
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:05,300
It's like finding out that a 
community still runs by Town 

6379
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:07,000
Hall meetings and everyone 
really goes. 

6380
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:09,900
Even though we live in an age of
smartphones and space travel, 

6381
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:13,200
the story of how San Marino went
from being a medieval Mountain 

6382
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:16,500
Village to a modern European 
nation, state is one of 

6383
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:19,800
adaptation without abandonment. 
The country kept the basic 

6384
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:22,800
principles of traditional 
government while also adopting 

6385
05:30:22,800 --> 05:30:25,300
the Technologies and 
institutions needed from a 

6386
05:30:25,300 --> 05:30:27,700
modern State. 
It's like fixing up a house that

6387
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:30,000
is hundreds of years old by 
adding modern plumbing and 

6388
05:30:30,000 --> 05:30:33,300
electricity while keeping the 
stone walls and wooden beams 

6389
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:35,900
that give it character, the 
Republic had to come up with 

6390
05:30:35,900 --> 05:30:38,400
some creative ways to solve 
problems that bigger countries 

6391
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:40,300
don't have to deal with when 
they join the modern 

6392
05:30:40,300 --> 05:30:43,300
international system. 
How do you keep diplomatic ties 

6393
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:45,800
with dozens of countries when 
your whole country could fit in 

6394
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:48,700
a medium sized sport Stadium? 
How do you build a modern 

6395
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:51,600
economy when your whole country 
could fit on a big college 

6396
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:54,600
campus? 
During Season when tourist out, 

6397
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:56,000
number residents by a wide 
margin. 

6398
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:58,400
How do you keep real Traditions 
alive? 

6399
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:01,500
San Marino's way of dealing with
these problems showed the same 

6400
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:04,900
practical wisdom that had helped
them stay alive for 17th. 

6401
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:07,600
Centuries, instead of trying to 
compete in every area of 

6402
05:31:07,600 --> 05:31:10,900
national activity, they focused 
on doing a few things really 

6403
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:12,900
well. 
San Marino like a small 

6404
05:31:12,900 --> 05:31:15,600
restaurant, that becomes famous 
by perfecting a small menu 

6405
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:18,000
figured out what made them 
better than their competitors 

6406
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:20,800
and built modern institutions 
around these things. 

6407
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:24,100
Their diplomatic strategy took 
advantage of the fact that they 

6408
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:27,300
were ancient Republic with a 
long history of staying neutral 

6409
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:30,300
and running a democracy. 
San Marino, could be truly 

6410
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:32,600
neutral because it has never 
been powerful enough to make 

6411
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:35,800
enemies while larger countries 
may have trouble letting go of 

6412
05:31:35,800 --> 05:31:39,200
old grudges and Imperial. 
Baggage, they became experts in 

6413
05:31:39,200 --> 05:31:42,700
international mediation and 
peaceful diplomacy which were 

6414
05:31:42,700 --> 05:31:45,200
becoming more and more important
in a world that was getting more

6415
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,400
complicated. 
The Republic's way of growing. 

6416
05:31:47,400 --> 05:31:50,400
The economy was also smart 
instead of trying to compete 

6417
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:53,100
with Italy's industrial centers 
or relying on one. 

6418
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:55,400
Street. 
They branched out into areas 

6419
05:31:55,400 --> 05:31:58,500
where their small size was an 
advantage asset rather than a 

6420
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:00,700
hindrance. 
San Marino's reputation for 

6421
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:03,400
being private and stable helped.
Its Banking and Financial 

6422
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,800
Services tourism took advantage 
of their unique history and 

6423
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:09,600
beautiful natural setting, 
visitors looking for real 

6424
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:12,500
alternatives to mass produced 
Goods, help traditional crafts, 

6425
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:15,200
find new markets. 
But the most impressive thing 

6426
05:32:15,200 --> 05:32:18,200
about San Marino is that they 
were able to modernize their 

6427
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:20,900
government systems without 
giving up their basic commitment

6428
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:24,500
to participatory democracy, the 
arango still meets, but now 

6429
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,200
people who can't go in person 
can watch the meetings online. 

6430
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:30,800
The Dual Captain Regency is 
still going on but now the 

6431
05:32:30,800 --> 05:32:34,100
captain's deal with both local 
and Global issues as well as 

6432
05:32:34,100 --> 05:32:37,300
working with International 
organizations in the media, the 

6433
05:32:37,300 --> 05:32:40,000
community based way of solving 
problems is still around. 

6434
05:32:40,000 --> 05:32:43,100
But now the problems include 
things like adapting to climate 

6435
05:32:43,100 --> 05:32:45,200
change and protecting against 
cyber attacks. 

6436
05:32:45,200 --> 05:32:48,400
The growth of Information, 
Technology gave a country whose 

6437
05:32:48,400 --> 05:32:51,100
whole government was based on 
personal relationships and 

6438
05:32:51,100 --> 05:32:55,300
face-to-face interaction. 
Both Chances and problems, how 

6439
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:57,700
do you keep your community 
together when social media 

6440
05:32:57,700 --> 05:33:00,000
connects your people to Global 
networks? 

6441
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:01,400
That are much bigger than their 
own? 

6442
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,600
How do you keep real civic 
participation alive when it's 

6443
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:07,500
easier to engage with people 
online than to go to meetings in

6444
05:33:07,500 --> 05:33:09,500
person? 
San Marino's, answer was typical

6445
05:33:09,500 --> 05:33:12,500
of how they think they saw 
technology as a way to improve, 

6446
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:16,100
not replace traditional ways of 
doing things in their 

6447
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:19,400
communities online platforms. 
Gave people new ways to get 

6448
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,200
information and join 
discussions, but people still 

6449
05:33:22,200 --> 05:33:25,300
had to be there in person for 
important meetings, digital 

6450
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:28,500
communication, added to, but 
didn't replace the personal 

6451
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:31,000
relationships that were still 
the basis of their political 

6452
05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:34,200
culture, the educational system 
of the Republic changed over 

6453
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:37,000
time to get, people ready to be 
active members of both their own

6454
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,100
community, and the world as a 
whole students learned about the

6455
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:42,900
history and Customs that link 
them to 17th centuries of 

6456
05:33:42,900 --> 05:33:45,000
self-rule. 
They also learned how to do 

6457
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:47,800
well, in a modern economy and 
take part in international 

6458
05:33:47,800 --> 05:33:51,000
discussions, about a wide range 
of topics from protecting the 

6459
05:33:51,000 --> 05:33:54,600
environment to digital rights 
this Dual Focus led to a 

6460
05:33:54,600 --> 05:33:57,400
generation of Saint Moranis 
citizens, who were both deeply 

6461
05:33:57,400 --> 05:34:00,500
connected to their local customs
and open-minded about the world.

6462
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:03,900
They knew that their Republic's 
Independence depended, not on 

6463
05:34:03,900 --> 05:34:06,900
being cut off from Global 
Trends, but on being selective 

6464
05:34:06,900 --> 05:34:10,700
about which ones to engage with,
and which ones to change, it was

6465
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:13,800
hard to keep real culture alive 
in a time of global media and 

6466
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:16,100
mass tourism. 
So people had to be on the 

6467
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:18,300
lookout all the time and come up
with new ideas. 

6468
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:21,500
San Marino created, what we 
might call cultural curation, 

6469
05:34:21,500 --> 05:34:24,900
they carefully chose which parts
of their society were open to 

6470
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,100
outside as while keeping the 
most important parts of their 

6471
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:29,900
culture safe for the people who 
live there. 

6472
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:33,100
For instance, the yearly 
celebration of Saint Marina 

6473
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:35,100
stayed, a real Community 
Festival, where people 

6474
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:37,200
reconnected with each other and 
their shared history. 

6475
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,400
At the same time, some parts of 
the celebration were open to 

6476
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:43,100
visitors who wanted to see, real
traditional, instead of a fake 

6477
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:45,200
show. 
It was like keeping up a family 

6478
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:48,600
dinner tradition that sometimes 
includes thoughtful guests, but 

6479
05:34:48,600 --> 05:34:51,000
still keeps the closeness. 
That makes it special for family

6480
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:53,900
members because San Marino was a
Number of international 

6481
05:34:53,900 --> 05:34:56,900
organizations, they had to learn
things that their medieval 

6482
05:34:56,900 --> 05:34:58,500
ancestors. 
Could never have imagined. 

6483
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:01,900
They needed to take a stand on 
climate change, which is 

6484
05:35:01,908 --> 05:35:05,200
surprisingly complicated for a 
mountain Republic, digital 

6485
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:07,800
privacy rights, which were 
important for their banking 

6486
05:35:07,800 --> 05:35:11,200
sector and international trade 
agreements, which are very 

6487
05:35:11,200 --> 05:35:14,000
important for their economy, 
which relies on tourism. 

6488
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:15,900
But they dealt with these world 
problems. 

6489
05:35:15,900 --> 05:35:19,500
Using the same community-based 
decision making processes that 

6490
05:35:19,500 --> 05:35:21,900
had worked for them. 
For hundreds of years, the way 

6491
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:23,300
the Republic dealt with the 
European. 

6492
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:26,300
Union was a great example of how
they handled problems in the 

6493
05:35:26,300 --> 05:35:28,700
modern world. 
San Marino didn't want to join 

6494
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,800
the EU but they made cooperation
agreements that let them benefit

6495
05:35:31,800 --> 05:35:34,700
from European integration. 
While still being independent, 

6496
05:35:34,700 --> 05:35:38,300
they used the Euro as their 
money took part in European 

6497
05:35:38,300 --> 05:35:41,000
programs that helped their 
people and made sure that their 

6498
05:35:41,000 --> 05:35:44,000
rules were in line with European
standards when it made sense to 

6499
05:35:44,000 --> 05:35:45,900
do. 
So, they did all of this while 

6500
05:35:45,900 --> 05:35:48,200
still being able to make their 
own choices about their own 

6501
05:35:48,200 --> 05:35:51,300
future, this selective 
integration shows that they had 

6502
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,500
a deep understanding of how 
small Countries can do well in a

6503
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:56,900
globalized world. 
San Marino, didn't see 

6504
05:35:56,900 --> 05:35:59,000
globalization as a threat to 
their independence. 

6505
05:35:59,000 --> 05:36:02,800
Instead, they saw it as a chance
to use their unique traits for 

6506
05:36:02,808 --> 05:36:05,600
the good of everyone because 
they were smaller, they could be

6507
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:08,800
more flexible and responsive 
than bigger countries their 

6508
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:10,900
stability and Democratic. 
Traditions made them, good 

6509
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:12,500
partners for international 
cooperation. 

6510
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:15,500
As you get ready for bed, think 
about what San Marino. 

6511
05:36:15,508 --> 05:36:18,200
Strange story can teach us about
the good and bad things that can

6512
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,500
happen when people live together
in today's complicated world. 

6513
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:24,800
This is a place that almost 
accidentally became a nation 

6514
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:28,900
survived by being able to change
rather than being strong and 

6515
05:36:28,900 --> 05:36:31,900
thrived by knowing that the best
way to protect what matters most

6516
05:36:31,900 --> 05:36:36,100
is to be opened to change in all
other areas, the Republic's 

6517
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:38,900
Journey from a hermit's refuge, 
to a modern nation state over 

6518
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:42,500
the course of 17th centuries. 
Teachers things that go far 

6519
05:36:42,500 --> 05:36:45,400
beyond its small boarders. 
San Marino shows that real 

6520
05:36:45,400 --> 05:36:48,600
participatory democracy is not 
only possible, but also 

6521
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:52,600
sustainable when it is based on 
community responsibility rather 

6522
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,100
than Just individual rights. 
This is important in a time, 

6523
05:36:56,100 --> 05:36:58,400
when many people feel 
disconnected from the political 

6524
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:00,700
systems that govern them their 
way of running. 

6525
05:37:00,700 --> 05:37:03,000
Things shows that size and 
complexity aren't always 

6526
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:05,500
necessary for Effectiveness San 
Marino. 

6527
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:07,900
On the other hand makes 
decisions as a group, using 

6528
05:37:07,900 --> 05:37:10,900
processes that value consensus 
building over winner-take-all 

6529
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,300
competition. 
This is in contrast to larger 

6530
05:37:13,300 --> 05:37:16,700
countries, which have problems 
with bureaucratic inefficiency 

6531
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:19,700
and political polarization. 
It's a reminder that talking 

6532
05:37:19,700 --> 05:37:22,200
about problems is often better 
than fighting over them. 

6533
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:25,300
The Diplomatic history of the 
Republic is a great example of 

6534
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:26,800
how to use soft power and 
position. 

6535
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:30,100
Yourself strategically San 
Marino show that power doesn't 

6536
05:37:30,100 --> 05:37:32,400
come from having a strong 
military, or a strong economy. 

6537
05:37:32,400 --> 05:37:36,300
It comes from having a good 
reputation being reliable, and 

6538
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:39,400
being able to offer something 
useful to others, their new 

6539
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:41,000
reality. 
Wasn't just a way to stay out of

6540
05:37:41,000 --> 05:37:43,600
world events. 
It was an active Choice based on

6541
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:45,400
principles. 
That people from all political 

6542
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:49,200
backgrounds respected San Marino
Story shows how important it is 

6543
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:51,300
for communities to stick 
together to protect their 

6544
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:54,500
independence and identity. 
Larger societies often have 

6545
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,100
problems with social 
fragmentation and a lack of 

6546
05:37:57,100 --> 05:37:59,600
Civic engagement. 
The Republic on the other hand, 

6547
05:37:59,600 --> 05:38:03,000
kept strong Community ties by 
making sure that every citizen 

6548
05:38:03,000 --> 05:38:06,000
had both opportunities and 
responsibilities to help the 

6549
05:38:06,000 --> 05:38:08,200
common. 
Good, the economic lessons from 

6550
05:38:08,200 --> 05:38:11,600
San Marino are just as important
instead of trying to compete in 

6551
05:38:11,600 --> 05:38:13,500
areas where their size was a 
disadvantage. 

6552
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,600
They worked on building 
competitive advantages, based on

6553
05:38:16,600 --> 05:38:19,600
what made them unique, they 
became Specialists, instead of 

6554
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:22,500
generalists using their 
reputation and position instead 

6555
05:38:22,500 --> 05:38:24,900
of trying to match their 
neighbor's industrial capacity. 

6556
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:27,900
Their way of preserving culture 
in the face of modernization. 

6557
05:38:27,900 --> 05:38:30,600
Gives hope to communities all 
over the world that are trying 

6558
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:34,100
to keep real Traditions alive. 
While also adapting to Modern 

6559
05:38:34,100 --> 05:38:37,300
Life, San Marino showed that its
possible to welcome him outside 

6560
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:40,600
influences while keeping your 
own identity to join Global 

6561
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,600
networks while keeping your 
local community and to embrace 

6562
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:46,200
positive changes while 
protecting your core values. 

6563
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:49,500
The way that generations of San 
Marino's of taking care of the 

6564
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,600
environment is an early example 
of sustainable development. 

6565
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:56,600
But carefully managing their 
limited resources, water, soil, 

6566
05:38:56,600 --> 05:38:59,500
forest and stone. 
They were able to live in a way 

6567
05:38:59,508 --> 05:39:02,100
that could last forever without 
damaging the natural systems 

6568
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:04,400
that supported it. 
The terrorists Vineyards and 

6569
05:39:04,408 --> 05:39:07,000
Olive Groves that still dot the 
landscape are a type of 

6570
05:39:07,008 --> 05:39:10,400
partnership between human 
activity and natural processes. 

6571
05:39:10,400 --> 05:39:13,500
That modern environmentalists 
are trying to bring back but 

6572
05:39:13,500 --> 05:39:16,100
maybe the most important thing 
we can learn from San Marino's 

6573
05:39:16,100 --> 05:39:18,100
accidental. 
Nationhood is what political 

6574
05:39:18,100 --> 05:39:21,100
legitimacy really means the 
Republic survived. 

6575
05:39:21,100 --> 05:39:23,900
Not because it was forced on 
people or kept Alive by force, 

6576
05:39:23,900 --> 05:39:27,500
but because its citizens still 
saw value in their shared goal 

6577
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:30,400
of self-governance. 
Their loyalty wasn't based on 

6578
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:32,900
ethnic nationalism or 
ideological commitment. 

6579
05:39:32,900 --> 05:39:36,100
It was based on how well the 
system worked for the people who

6580
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:38,300
lived under it. 
This means that political 

6581
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:40,300
systems that last must be earned
all the time. 

6582
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,400
Not just passed out the 
government of San Marino was 

6583
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:45,800
still legitimate because it 
continued to serve its people. 

6584
05:39:45,800 --> 05:39:49,500
Well adapted to new situations 
while keeping important values 

6585
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:52,600
and kept the trust needed for 
generations of people to work 

6586
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:55,000
together. 
Story of the Republic, also 

6587
05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:57,700
shows how personal freedom, and 
group responsibility are 

6588
05:39:57,700 --> 05:39:59,700
connected. 
Saint Marinis citizens. 

6589
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:01,400
Had a lot of freedom because 
they also took on 

6590
05:40:01,400 --> 05:40:03,100
responsibilities to their 
Community. 

6591
05:40:03,100 --> 05:40:05,500
They were able to be free 
because they understood 

6592
05:40:05,500 --> 05:40:08,800
interdependence, which means 
that personal freedom grows when

6593
05:40:08,800 --> 05:40:11,100
people help each other and are 
committed to each other. 

6594
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:13,900
San Marino's model is becoming 
more and more important. 

6595
05:40:13,900 --> 05:40:17,600
As we Face, Global problems, 
that need both local adaptation 

6596
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:20,500
and international cooperation. 
They showed that. 

6597
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:23,900
It's possible to keep a strong 
sense of local identity while 

6598
05:40:23,900 --> 05:40:27,200
working well with bigger systems
to keep Traditional Values. 

6599
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:29,900
While accepting new ideas that 
are good for you and to be 

6600
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:32,100
responsible with your 
sovereignty in a world that is 

6601
05:40:32,100 --> 05:40:34,500
connected. 
The Republic's way of resolving 

6602
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:37,400
conflicts which focuses on 
mediation instead of punishment 

6603
05:40:37,400 --> 05:40:41,300
Restoration in stead of Revenge 
and Community healing. 

6604
05:40:41,300 --> 05:40:44,200
Instead of individual 
satisfaction is different from 

6605
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:48,100
the adversarial ways that most 
big political systems use their 

6606
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:51,200
ability to keep social cohesion,
through centuries of change 

6607
05:40:51,200 --> 05:40:53,900
shows that communities can 
become more resilient by putting

6608
05:40:53,900 --> 05:40:56,200
the needs of the group of those 
of the individual. 

6609
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:59,600
The story of San Marino shows us
that countries can choose their 

6610
05:40:59,600 --> 05:41:02,300
own character. 
Just like, people can, they 

6611
05:41:02,300 --> 05:41:05,100
could have turned into a tourist
trap that traded authenticity 

6612
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:07,800
for money. 
Tax Haven that put profit ahead 

6613
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:11,300
of principles or a museum piece 
that kept Traditions alive while

6614
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:13,600
losing touch with modern times 
instead. 

6615
05:41:13,600 --> 05:41:16,600
They decided to stay a living 
community that honors, its past 

6616
05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:18,000
while looking forward to its 
future. 

6617
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:21,500
They became an accidental nation
that accidentally learned 

6618
05:41:21,500 --> 05:41:24,400
something important about how 
people can work together as you.

6619
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,500
Fall asleep, picture yourself 
standing on the old walls of San

6620
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,600
Marino's, quite a fortress and 
looking out over the lights of 

6621
05:41:30,608 --> 05:41:33,800
the Italian Countryside below 
which looked like a 

6622
05:41:33,800 --> 05:41:35,600
constellation that has fallen to
Earth. 

6623
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:38,300
The wind, brings the smell of 
wild herbs and the sound of 

6624
05:41:38,300 --> 05:41:41,500
church bells ringing in the 
distance, the same stars that 

6625
05:41:41,500 --> 05:41:44,600
led Saint Marina to the mountain
17th century ago are still 

6626
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:47,200
moving across the sky. 
From this point of view, you can

6627
05:41:47,200 --> 05:41:48,500
see the whole history of 
humanity. 

6628
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:51,600
You can see the Roman roads, 
that still connects cities that 

6629
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:55,000
are far, apart, the medieval 
towns that grew up around Market

6630
05:41:55,000 --> 05:41:58,300
Square and Cathedral spiers, and
the modern highways that take 

6631
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:00,400
people between ancient places at
speeds. 

6632
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:03,700
That would have seemed magical 
to people in the past, but this 

6633
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:06,800
little Republic on its unlikely,
Mountain has some How stayed the

6634
05:42:06,800 --> 05:42:09,900
same through all these changes, 
like the Limestone under your 

6635
05:42:09,900 --> 05:42:11,900
feet that has changed and stayed
the same. 

6636
05:42:11,900 --> 05:42:15,500
The story of San Marino is 
ultimately about how people can 

6637
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,000
still make a difference in a 
world where institutions often 

6638
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:20,100
seem too big to understand or 
change. 

6639
05:42:20,100 --> 05:42:23,300
It's about the chance to have 
real community in a world full 

6640
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:25,800
of fake connections. 
The strength of principled, 

6641
05:42:25,800 --> 05:42:29,200
pragmatism in a time of 
ideological extremism and the 

6642
05:42:29,200 --> 05:42:32,300
long-lasting nature of systems 
built on mutual, respect and 

6643
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:34,800
shared responsibility. 
But maybe the most important 

6644
05:42:34,800 --> 05:42:37,500
thing is The Accidental wisdom 
that comes from paying attention

6645
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:39,400
to. 
What works instead of what 

6646
05:42:39,400 --> 05:42:42,800
theory says should work. 
San Marino became a successful 

6647
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:46,200
country, not by following a big 
plan but by making good choices,

6648
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:49,500
one at a time, not by trying to 
get power but by being 

6649
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:52,100
responsible and not by trying to
get attention. 

6650
05:42:52,100 --> 05:42:54,900
But by earning respect their 
unintentional. 

6651
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:56,700
Success. 
Gives hope to all the other 

6652
05:42:56,700 --> 05:42:59,900
unintentional communities, 
neighborhoods groups, families, 

6653
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:02,500
and friendships that make up our
daily lives. 

6654
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,100
Like San Marino, the smaller 
human systems. 

6655
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:07,700
Often work best, When they focus
on working together in a 

6656
05:43:07,708 --> 05:43:12,200
practical way rather than, on 
abstract ideals, when they value

6657
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:15,200
flexibility over rigidity and 
when they remember that, the 

6658
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:17,000
goal isn't to become something 
impressive. 

6659
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:20,600
But to stay true to themselves a
sleep approaches, the lights 

6660
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:22,900
below start to blur, but the 
lesson is still clear. 

6661
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:26,300
Even though the world can seem 
too big and complicated to 

6662
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,200
navigate, there are still room 
for small communities, where 

6663
05:43:29,200 --> 05:43:32,000
everyone's voice matters where 
Neighbors Know Each Other's 

6664
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,100
names and where the business of 
living together is done with the

6665
05:43:35,100 --> 05:43:38,900
kind of practical wisdom, that 
turns survival into thriving. 

6666
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,000
San Marino became a country by 
mistake because it wouldn't stop

6667
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:44,700
being a community. 
We can make something lasting 

6668
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:47,700
real and worth. 
Keeping for the generations that

6669
05:43:47,700 --> 05:43:49,700
will have to deal with the 
results of our choices. 

6670
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:52,400
In the communities. 
We accidentally create by 

6671
05:43:52,400 --> 05:43:56,300
choosing where to spend our time
energy and Care sleep. 

6672
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:58,500
Well, knowing that the lights 
are still on in the world's 

6673
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:02,000
smallest Republic, which is on a
mountain in Italy, tomorrow's 

6674
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:03,600
Captain. 
Regents might be tonight's 

6675
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:08,100
Vineyard workers ancient stones.
Modern dreams and The Accidental

6676
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:11,100
nation is still on its unlikely 
journey into a future that is 

6677
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:14,300
uncertain. 
But hopeful the Republic of San 

6678
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:16,200
Marino is still around, not 
because it was meant to be 

6679
05:44:16,208 --> 05:44:20,300
great, but because for 17th 
centuries, ordinary people made 

6680
05:44:20,300 --> 05:44:22,400
extraordinary choices to protect
something. 

6681
05:44:22,400 --> 05:44:25,500
Valuable change, something 
useful and make something 

6682
05:44:25,500 --> 05:44:28,100
beautiful out of the simple 
things that people could work 

6683
05:44:28,100 --> 05:44:31,500
together on like Mountain Stone.
We all have the chance to build 

6684
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:33,600
something worth keeping in our 
own small ways. 

6685
05:44:33,600 --> 05:44:36,400
And in the communities, we 
choose this can happen by 

6686
05:44:36,400 --> 05:44:40,100
accident, but it can also happen
with purpose care, and the kind 

6687
05:44:40,100 --> 05:44:42,700
of practical wisdom, that turns 
good neighbors into lasting 

6688
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:43,200
Nations.