How the Gilded Age Looked Rich While Everyday Life Fell Apart | Boring History for Sleep

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Tonight, we step into an age 
that is polished on the surface 

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and difficult beneath it during 
the Gilded Age wealth gathered 

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in plain sight. 
Well ordinary life, unfolded 

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quietly and crowded rooms long 
hours and routines that left a 

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little room for ease. 
If you enjoy these slow Journeys

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through, the less seen sides of 
History. 

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You can like the video, 
subscribe. 

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And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
Now, dim the lights. 

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Turn on a fan for some noise and
adjust that pillow just right 

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while we begin. 
Welcome to an evening journey 

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through the streets and homes of
1880s America where the gap 

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between appearance and reality 
stretched wider than ever 

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before. 
While newspaper headlines, 

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celebrated millionaire mansions 
and Industrial fortunes, most 

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Americans lived in spaces, 
measured in square feet, rather 

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than Acres worked with their 
hands rather than their bank 

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accounts and found richness in 
Sandy suppers, rather than 

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Stockport. 
Folios, your walk, alongside the

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ordinary people who built the 
Gilded Age with their labor, 

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even as its golden gleam 
reflected off, windows, that 

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they could never afford to look 
through from the inside. 

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You step off the streetcar on a 
Tuesday afternoon in 1887, and 

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the first thing that strikes you
is how the city seems divided 

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into two entirely separate 
worlds occupying. 

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The same geography, Fifth Avenue
stretches Northwood like a 

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canyon carved from Marble and 
Limestone each Mansion trying to

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outdo its neighboring columns 
turrets and Ornamental Iron Work

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that probably Cost more than 
your father earned in his entire

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working life. 
A woman passes in a dress that 

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Russells with layers. 
You can't even count her hat. 

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Adorned with feathers from 
Birds. 

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You've never heard of possibly 
from continents. 

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You couldn't point to on a map. 
But you're not heading toward 

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Fifth Avenue, your feet know, 
the way home and home lies in a 

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different direction entirely 
where the streets narrow and the

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buildings press closer together 
like people, huddling for 

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warmth. 
The contrast isn't subtle. 

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It's the difference between a 
stage set and the backstage area

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where real life happens in all 
its unglamorous necessity. 

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You've seen the illustrations in
magazines, the ones showing Mrs.

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Vanderbilt's costume ball, where
she dressed as a Venetian 

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princess with a train that 
required two foot men to carry. 

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The newspaper said her, electric
lights, alone cost more than 

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most houses you remember. 
Laughing about it with your 

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neighbor, not because it was 
funny. 

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Exactly. 
But, because what else could you

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do with information? 
That absurd, the thing about the

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Gilded Age that historians would
later emphasized was right there

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in the name, gilded not golden. 
Thin layer of precious metal 

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covering something far more 
ordinary underneath, but when 

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you're living in it, you don't 
think about metaphors. 

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You think about the rent coming 
due on Friday and whether the 

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landlord will accept another 
week's delay. 

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You think about your boots that 
are almost worn through at the 

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sole and whether the cobbler 
might patch them. 

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One more time. 
You think about the smell of 

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cabbage drifting up from the 
floor below, which means the 

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Kowalski family is having the 
same thing for dinner, that you 

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are, because cabbage is cheap 
and filling and doesn't spoil 

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quickly in the icebox. 
You share with two other 

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families, the elevated train, 
rumbles passed overhead and you 

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instinctively duck, even though 
you're nowhere near tall enough 

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to be in danger. 
The noise is tremendous a daily 

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earthquake that rattles windows 
and makes conversation 

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impossible for the 32nds. 
It takes to pass. 

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Someone told you the people in 
the big houses complained about 

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the noise until the city, 
rerouted some of the lines, the 

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neighborhood got those rerouted 
lines, of course it did you pass

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herschel's dry good store where 
the owner sits in the window, 

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doing his bookkeeping by the 
last of the daylight He'll light

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his lamp soon but kerosene, 
costs money, and natural light 

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is free. 
As long as the sun cooperates. 

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His daughter is sweeping the 
front step and she nods at you, 

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not quite a greeting, but an 
acknowledgment that you're both 

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part of the same world of people
who sweep their own steps and 

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Count Their pennies and 
understand that waste is a kind 

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of sin. 
When you're living this close to

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the edge, the newspapers called 
it the age of progress and in 

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some ways they were entirely 
wrong, the Brooklyn, Bridge had 

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opened just a few years earlier 
and people still talked about it

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with genuine Wonder. 
That much steal and stone and 

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Engineering, ambition, spanning 
what had once seemed an 

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impossible distance, hell, 
Alexander Graham Bell's 

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telephone was starting to appear
in business offices, and Thomas 

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Edison's, electric light bulbs 
were beginning to replace gas 

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lamps in the fanciest 
establishments. 

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The world was changing with 
breathtaking speed, inventing 

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itself into something. 
Unrecognizable from what your 

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grandparents had known. 
But here's what the progress 

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looks like from your 
perspective, you could see the 

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electric lights from your window
glowing and building's you would

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never enter. 
You could read about the 

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telephone in the newspapers even
though the closest one to your 

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apartment was probably three 
miles away. 

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And a Banker's office. 
The Brooklyn Bridge was 

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magnificent, certainly, but the 
toll to cross it cost, a nickel 

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you offered and couldn't bear. 
Progress had arrived, brilliant,

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and gleaming, and expensive, and
it mostly seemed to benefit 

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people who already had more than
they needed. 

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Your building comes into view a 
five-story tenement that houses,

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70 people maybe 80, depending on
who's taken in relatives this 

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month, it was built quickly and 
cheaply. 15 years ago designed 

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by someone who had apparently, 
never considered that human 

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beings, might actually have to 
live in it. 

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The brick facade shows signs of 
hasty construction with mortar 

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joints, that aren't quite, even 
and windows that don't sit 

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perfectly Square in their 
frames. 

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There's no ornamentation here, 
no architectural, ambition 

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Beyond, keeping the weather out 
and maximizing the number of 

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rental units. 
That could be crammed into the 

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available space, but his home 
and that word carries more 

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weight than any mansion ever 
could, you know, every crack in 

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the sidewalk leading to the 
front door. 

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Every place where the third step
creaks loudly enough to wait 

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Mrs. Chen's baby and every Trick
to jiggling the door handle. 

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Just right. 
So it opens with without 

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sticking. 
These tiny pieces of practical 

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knowledge. 
Constitute your inheritance in a

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way that no trust fund ever. 
Could the front hall. 

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Smells like a mixture of 
cooking. 

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Odors, you've learned to 
identify without thinking Boiled

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beef from the Irish family on 
the second floor, something with

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garlic from the Italians, on the
fourth, and the sweet, sour 

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smell of pickling. 
That means someone's putting up 

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vegetables for winter. 
It's not pleasant exactly. 

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But it's familiar and there's 
comfort in familiarity when 

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everything else about Modern 
Life seems designed to keep you 

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slightly off balance. 
You climb the stairs slowly 

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because there's no rush and 
because your legs are already 

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tired from a long day. 
Each floor, reveals a slightly 

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different cross-section of 
working life. 

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The sound of children reciting 
lessons from behind one door, a 

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sewing machine's rhythmic 
clatter from another and someone

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practicing scales on what sounds
like a rented piano. 

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That's never been properly 
tuned. 

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These are the sounds of people 
trying to build something 

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better. 
Try to educate their children or

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develop skills, that might lead 
to slightly better work and try 

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to maintain small dignity in a 
world, that doesn't particularly

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care, whether they succeed or 
fail, your apartment occupies 

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Rooms on the fourth floor and 
those three rooms contain. 

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Everything that matters to you 
in any material sense, the main 

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room serves as kitchen, dining 
room, living room and during the

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coldest winter nights, bedroom 
for whoever can't bear to sleep 

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in the unheated back rooms, it 
measures roughly 12 feet by 14 

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feet. 
You know, this, because you want

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help to neighbor measure his 
identical apartment when he was 

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trying to figure out. 
If a particular piece of 

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furniture would fit, the answer 
had been no as it usually was. 

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When people imagined 
improvements to space is this 

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small one window faces the 
street, which makes you lucky by

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tenement standards. 
It means light. 

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And air means you can see the 
weather without going outside. 

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And means you're not one of the 
families living in the interior 

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rooms, that never see direct 
sunlight. 

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The window doesn't fit 
particularly well, you can feel 

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draft around it. 
Even now in September and come 

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to December, you'll stop rags in
the gaps, and hang a blanket 

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over at night to keep the warmth
in. 

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But for now it's Pleasant to 
Stand at it and watch the street

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below. 
The endless procession of push 

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carts and delivery wagons and 
people walking with purpose 

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toward destinations, you can 
only guess at the furniture is a

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collection of pieces acquired 
over years. 

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None of it matching, all of it, 
chosen primarily for function, 

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rather than appearance a table 
that seats for if nobody Minds 

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being crowned six, if you're 
willing to get creative with 

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seating arrangements, 4. 
Mismatched chairs. 

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One of which wobbles and 
requires a folded piece of 

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cardboard. 
Under one leg, I just have 

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drawers with drawers that don't 
slide easily. 

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Requiring, a particular 
technique of lifting while 

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pulling Shelf for dishes. 
And the few books, you own built

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by your father, from scrap, 
Lumber and still sturdy. 

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After 12 years, the cooking 
area. 

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Occupies one corner, centered 
around a cast iron stove that 

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serves a dual purpose, cooking, 
in all seasons and heating in 

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winter. 
It's not a bad stove. 

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Actually it bought it used from 
a family, moving to Chicago and 

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while it required a new great 
and some repairs to the flu, 

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it's proven reliable. 
The Cult of feeder is expensive,

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but you've learned to manage the
fire, carefully banking it at 

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night, so it doesn't go 
completely out using every bit 

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of heat. 
It produces on winter mornings, 

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that stove comes the center of 
all life in the apartment. 

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The warm heart around, which 
everything else ranges itself. 

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Your dishes a few but had a 
quote A set of eight plates 

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purchased from a going out of 
business sale. 

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Never mind that there are only 
four of you and you've never 

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wants needed. 
All eight plates at the same 

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time. 
The satisfaction of owning a 

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complete set outweighed. 
The Practical consideration cups

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in very conditions some chipped 
but still perfectly functional. 

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A good cooking pot, a frying 
pan, and a kettle for boiling 

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water. 
A set of Cutlery, that's been 

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sharpened so many times. 
The knife blades are noticeably 

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narrower than they once were 
These objects, don't represent 

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wealth, but they represent 
efficiency and sufficiency is 

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its own kind of achievement. 
The two smaller rooms serve as 

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bedrooms though, bedroom is 
perhaps two grand, a term for 

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spaces, barely large enough for 
a bed and chair. 

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Your parents occupy one room. 
You share the other. 

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With your younger sister, 
privacy is a luxury for people 

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with more square footage. 
You've learned to change clothes

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00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,700
quietly to read by candlelight 
without disturbing a sleep, and 

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to have private, thoughts and 
spaces where true privacy, 

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doesn't exist to amazing how 
adaptable humans. 

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Are how you can create invisible
walls, where physical ones don't

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exist, and how you can find 
Solitude inside your own head. 

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When there's no, where else to 
find it? 

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00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:10,600
Your sister has decorated her 
side of the room with pictures 

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clip from magazines. 
Illustrations of places shall 

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probably never. 
See dresses shall never wear and

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live shall never live. 
You don't mention this because 

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you understand the need for 
dreams and the importance of 

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imagining something. 
Beyond the immediate reality of 

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these three rooms. 
Besides you have your own 

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version of the same thing, a 
ticket stub, from a lecture, you

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attended at the public library, 
a pressed flower from a rare day

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trip to the countryside and 
small tokens of moments. 

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When the world felt larger than 
usual, the walls are thin enough

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that you can hear the row 
marrow, family, arguing and 

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Spanish next door. 
The O'Brien baby crying 

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00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:50,300
upstairs. 
A Mr. Feldman coughing in the 

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apartment below, this lack of 
acoustic privacy bothered you 

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when you first moved here, but 
you've grown accustomed to it. 

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Now the sounds are almost 
comforting evidence that you're 

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00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,300
not alone that these walls 
contain dozens of parallel 

230
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:05,300
lives. 
All unfolding simultaneously, 

231
00:12:05,300 --> 00:12:09,200
all facing similar struggles and
celebrating similar small 

232
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,300
victories. 
You know when Mrs, Romero's 

233
00:12:12,300 --> 00:12:15,200
husband works late because you 
hear her putting the children to

234
00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:18,400
bed alone, You know, when the 
O'Brien's are happy because you 

235
00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:22,600
hear them laughing you know 
Mister Feldman's cough is worse 

236
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:24,700
this year than last because 
you've been listening to it 

237
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:27,300
evolved. 
The building has no bathroom of 

238
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:30,600
course, that luxury belongs to a
different class of housing 

239
00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:33,600
entirely instead. 
There's a privy in the backyard 

240
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,200
shared by all five, floors and 
Arrangement. 

241
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:40,500
That's exactly as unpleasant as 
it sounds particularly in summer

242
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:43,200
or during Winter's worst weather
chamber pots. 

243
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:47,100
Handle nighttime Necessities 
another aspect of daily life 

244
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,100
that simply wouldn't appear in 
any gilded, portrait of the era,

245
00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:54,000
the gap between how the wealthy 
lived and how you lived wasn't 

246
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,800
just about money. 
It was about basic dignity about

247
00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:00,800
whether your daily routine 
included, elements that would 

248
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:02,700
have been familiar to Medieval 
peasants. 

249
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:06,200
The landlord who you've met 
exactly twice in the three 

250
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,000
years. 
You've lived here owned six 

251
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,100
buildings in this neighborhood. 
He lives in a perfectly nice 

252
00:13:11,100 --> 00:13:14,900
house in a perfectly. 
Nice, part of Brooklyn far 

253
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:17,400
enough removed from his 
property, That he never has to 

254
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:21,500
smell the overflowing privies or
hear the complaints about rats 

255
00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:25,500
or witness the way ice forms on 
the inside of Windows in 

256
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:27,600
January. 
He's not a cruel man. 

257
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:29,800
Exactly. 
He repairs things? 

258
00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,400
When absolutely necessary and 
he's been known to show leniency

259
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,600
when tenants fall behind on rent
due to illness or injury. 

260
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,600
But he's also not particularly 
concerned with your comfort 

261
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,200
beyond the minimum required to 
keep you paying rent. 

262
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:47,200
This is business and you're a 
line item in his Ledger, not a 

263
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,700
person with hopes and struggles 
and a life that matters. 

264
00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:51,900
Your mother is already preparing
dinner. 

265
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:55,500
When you arrive and the smell of
boiling potatoes, fills the 

266
00:13:55,508 --> 00:13:59,200
apartment with a steam that fogs
the window potatoes form, the 

267
00:13:59,208 --> 00:14:01,200
foundation of more meals than 
you could count. 

268
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:06,100
Boiled fried. 
Mashed baked added to soups, and

269
00:14:06,108 --> 00:14:09,800
stews, and stretched into 
various forms, to provide bulk 

270
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:14,100
and sustenance at minimal cost, 
a pound of potatoes cost about 2

271
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:17,000
cents, which meant they offered 
more calories per Penny than 

272
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,300
almost anything else available. 
People have been known to 

273
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:23,200
survive on Little Else during 
particularly Hard Times, 

274
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:25,900
tonight's menu includes those 
potatoes. 

275
00:14:25,900 --> 00:14:29,600
Some cabbage purchased from a 
pushcart vendor for 3 cents and 

276
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,300
a small piece of salt pork that 
will flavor the Cabbage during 

277
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:35,400
cooking and then be carefully 
saved to flavor something else. 

278
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,000
Tomorrow, this isn't poverty. 
Exactly. 

279
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,400
Genuine poverty means, not 
knowing if there will be food at

280
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,500
all. 
This is simply the mathematics 

281
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:47,000
of working-class life or a 
typical Factory wage of 10 

282
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:49,600
dollars per week. 
Had to cover, not just food, but

283
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:54,400
rent fuel clothing and any 
unexpected emergencies that 

284
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:56,900
arose after. 
Rent took three dollars and 

285
00:14:56,900 --> 00:14:59,100
fuel. 
Another dollar that left six 

286
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:02,300
dollars for everything else and 
those six dollars had to be 

287
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:04,900
managed with the Precision of 
the military campaign. 

288
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,100
Your mother has become an expert
in this kind of resource 

289
00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:10,900
management so she would never 
describe it that way. 

290
00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:14,700
She knows which pushcart vendors
lower their prices in the final 

291
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:17,100
hour before closing, when 
they're trying to sell 

292
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,600
everything before. 
It's spoils she Knows which 

293
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:23,000
Baker sells Dale, old bread at 
half price and how to make that 

294
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,400
bread palatable Again by 
steaming it briefly. 

295
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,400
She knows how to buy meat by the
ounce from the butcher. 

296
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:32,600
Selecting the cheapest cuts and 
using every scrap bones for 

297
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:37,100
broth fat for cooking, nothing 
wasted because waste is the same

298
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,800
as burning money, the family's 
diet follows a rhythm dictated 

299
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,000
by economics, rather than 
preference Monday often meant 

300
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,000
leftovers from Sunday's 
slightly, more substantial meal.

301
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:50,600
Tuesday and Wednesday were 
typically been based dishes. 

302
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,500
Thursday might Feature A Modest 
amount of fish if prices were 

303
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:57,000
reasonable. 
Friday adhered to Catholic 

304
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,900
tradition with no meat. 
Saturday was whatever could be 

305
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:03,600
assembled from the week's 
remains and Sunday. 

306
00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,700
Sunday was the day you might 
taste something approaching 

307
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:11,300
Prosperity, a chicken, if times 
were good, perhaps, or a roast 

308
00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:14,000
that filled the apartment with. 
Smells that made the other six 

309
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,500
days, more bearable, you eat at 
the table together, which is not

310
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:21,300
Universal in tenement buildings,
where some families have members

311
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:24,500
working, different shifts, who 
never share a meal, your father 

312
00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:27,700
offers a brief blessing, not 
particularly religious, your 

313
00:16:27,700 --> 00:16:31,100
family but maintaining certain 
Traditions provide structure to 

314
00:16:31,108 --> 00:16:32,900
days that might otherwise blur 
together. 

315
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:37,100
The food is plain but adequate 
and you've long since stopped 

316
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:38,500
expecting it to be anything 
else. 

317
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,100
Hunger is a sensation. 
You've experienced enough times 

318
00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:45,500
to appreciate satiation. 
Even if the meal providing, it 

319
00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:49,100
will never appear in anyone's 
cookbook conversation at dinner 

320
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:52,600
tends toward practical matters. 
Your father mentions that the 

321
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:54,700
factory might be, adding an 
extra shift, which would mean 

322
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:58,200
more work but also more money. 
Always a trade worth considering

323
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,200
your sister talks about a 
position. 

324
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:02,900
She heard might be opening at a 
shop that makes artificial 

325
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:06,300
flowers indoor work. 
That would be vastly preferable 

326
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,099
to the laundry where she 
currently spends her days in 

327
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:11,800
humidity and heat. 
Your mother notes that the 

328
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,500
grocer is selling sugar at a 
penny less per pound this week 

329
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:16,400
and she is considering buying 
extra. 

330
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:19,900
If the budget allows these 
discussions lack drama or 

331
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:23,400
romance, but they represent the 
actual substance of working 

332
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,099
life. 
A constant series of small 

333
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:29,300
calculations about how to 
squeeze the most value from 

334
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,500
limited resources. 
There's a skill to it, that goes

335
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,500
unrecognized, because it's not 
the kind of skill that can be 

336
00:17:35,508 --> 00:17:38,600
displayed or rewarded with 
anything except continued 

337
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:42,100
survival, your mother could 
probably manage the finances of 

338
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:44,300
a small business with the 
accounting Acumen. 

339
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:48,500
She's developed keeping the 
family fed and housed but nobody

340
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,600
would ever hire her to do such 
work because she is a Woman 

341
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:55,900
without formal education, whose 
expertise exists entirely in the

342
00:17:55,908 --> 00:17:59,200
Practical realm, after dinner 
your sister and mother clear the

343
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:01,000
dishes while you hold water from
the hallway. 

344
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,100
Tap for washing the building has
running water, which is 

345
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,400
something many older, tenements,
still required residents to 

346
00:18:07,408 --> 00:18:10,400
fetch water from a courtyard 
pump or even from a street 

347
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:14,400
hydrant, but the water is cold, 
always, which means heating it 

348
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,500
on the stove for any purpose 
that requires warmth washing 

349
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:21,900
dishes becomes a multi-step 
process, heat water add soap. 

350
00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:25,000
That's been carefully. 
Shaved from a bar wash quickly 

351
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:28,800
before the water cools. 
Too much rinse in cold water and

352
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:31,000
dry with a towel that's been 
washed and reused. 

353
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,300
So many times it's achieved a 
state of Perpetual dampness the 

354
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:38,100
economics of food extended 
beyond the meal itself to 

355
00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:41,000
include the labor, required to 
prepare and clean up after it. 

356
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:44,200
Your mother's work doesn't end 
when your father's does. 

357
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,600
She works from waking until 
sleep in an endless cycle of 

358
00:18:48,608 --> 00:18:51,900
cooking, cleaning mending. 
And managing, that's never 

359
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,900
finished, only paused 
temporarily the notion that 

360
00:18:55,908 --> 00:18:58,400
women didn't work outside. 
The home was a convenient 

361
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,200
fiction that ignored the reality
that home itself was a full-time

362
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:04,700
occupation. 
When you couldn't afford to hire

363
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:07,800
any of the labor out evening 
brings mending, which is 

364
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:09,600
everyone's least favorite 
activity. 

365
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:13,200
But also one of the most 
necessary clothing represents a 

366
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,400
significant expense, a decent 
pair of work, boots might cost, 

367
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,900
two dollars a winter coat, three
or four dollars and addressed to

368
00:19:19,908 --> 00:19:22,900
dollars or more for a family 
with limited income. 

369
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:25,500
These prices mean that clothing 
is not replaced when it wears 

370
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:29,600
out its repairs until repair 
becomes impossible and then the 

371
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,200
fabric is salvaged and 
repurposed for something else. 

372
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:35,700
Nothing goes to waste because 
waste is a luxury for people 

373
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:39,600
with money to spare Your 
father's work shirt has torn at 

374
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,600
the elbow where it rubs against 
Machinery. 

375
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,000
At the factory, your mother 
examines the damage with the eye

376
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:48,700
of someone who's performed this 
assessment, countless times is 

377
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:51,600
the fabric around, the tear 
strong enough to hold stitches 

378
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,600
or has it weakened to the point 
where a patch is necessary? 

379
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:58,400
She decides on a patch cuts a 
piece from a shirt that's 

380
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,100
already been cannibalized for 
parts and Begins. 

381
00:20:01,100 --> 00:20:04,100
The careful work of attaching it
in a way that will hold under 

382
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,100
stress. 
Your sister is darning stockings

383
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:09,800
a task. 
She complains about but performs

384
00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:12,400
with impressive skill. 
The technique requires 

385
00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,900
threading, the yard in a way 
that recreate the original 

386
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:17,300
fabric structure, and she's 
gotten good enough. 

387
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:19,100
That her repairs nearly 
invisible. 

388
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:22,000
She'll go through two or three 
pairs of stockings this year 

389
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:25,200
wearing them until they're more 
repair than original material. 

390
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:29,000
When they finally become 
unsalvageable, the fabric will 

391
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,800
become cleaning rags or be 
incorporated into a quilt. 

392
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:35,700
Your sowing buttons on a jacket,
which is boring work, but 

393
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:38,600
straightforward. 
The buttons themselves have been

394
00:20:38,608 --> 00:20:42,200
saved from other garments and 
stored in a tin that contains 

395
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,600
dozens of mismatched buttons in 
various sizes and colors finding

396
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,700
one that approximately matches 
his part of the challenge, and 

397
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:51,400
you've selected one that's close
enough. 

398
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:55,100
Even, if not perfect, nobody's 
going to inspect your jacket 

399
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:58,600
buttons closely enough to notice
the slight variation in shade 

400
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,900
the clothing you wear doesn't 
follow fashion, which is 

401
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:03,200
something that happens to other 
people. 

402
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:07,300
Fashion requires disposable 
income and a lifestyle that 

403
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:09,800
includes occasions, where 
appearance matters more than 

404
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,100
function. 
Your clothes are chosen for 

405
00:21:12,108 --> 00:21:16,800
durability and practicality wool
for winter cotton for summer. 

406
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,200
Dark colors that don't show dirt
as readily and simple designs. 

407
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,600
Without ornamentation, that 
might snag or tear your Sunday 

408
00:21:24,608 --> 00:21:27,900
outfit is slightly nicer, kept 
carefully and worn only for 

409
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:31,500
church and special occasions. 
But even that is plain by any 

410
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:34,700
objective standard the gap 
between your clothing and what 

411
00:21:34,700 --> 00:21:37,300
you see in magazine 
illustrations is so vast. 

412
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:41,400
It's almost laughable while 
Society is wearing gowns with 

413
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:45,200
bustles and trains and elaborate
trim require a assistance to 

414
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,300
dress and essentially, 
immobilizing the wearer, your 

415
00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:51,400
wearing a simple cotton dress 
that you can put on yourself and

416
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,600
move freely in while doing 
actual work, their clothing is a

417
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:57,200
statement about not having to 
work. 

418
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:00,600
While yours is designed for 
exactly the opposite purpose. 

419
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:04,800
Even the undergarments differ 
dramatically while we Women are 

420
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,400
compressing themselves into 
corsets and multiple layers of 

421
00:22:07,408 --> 00:22:10,800
petticoats, you're wearing basic
cotton under clothes, chose 

422
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:12,200
chosen for washability and 
comfort. 

423
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,600
During a long work day. 
The sowing continues in mostly 

424
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:19,200
comfortable silence. 
Broken, occasionally by request 

425
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,100
to pass the scissors or thread. 
This is time, you'll never get 

426
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:25,800
back hours. 
Spent maintaining what you 

427
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,700
already own rather than 
acquiring anything new or 

428
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:30,900
interesting. 
But it's also time spent 

429
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:33,800
together the family in one room.
With the lamp lit. 

430
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:37,100
Each person contributing to the 
collective maintenance that 

431
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:39,700
keeps life functioning. 
There's something almost 

432
00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:44,400
meditative about the repetition,
the needle going in and out and 

433
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,300
the gradual repair of damage. 
That would otherwise make the 

434
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:51,400
Garment unusable the evening 
slides toward bedtime through a 

435
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,200
ritual that varies little from 
night to night. 

436
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,000
Your father reads the newspaper 
by Lamplight or at least the 

437
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:01,000
sections that interest in 
employment, notices local news 

438
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,600
and the occasional human 
interest story. 

439
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:07,600
The paper cost two cents, which 
is enough that you don't buy it 

440
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:10,800
daily But your father brings 
home copies from the factory 

441
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:14,700
sometimes left behind by 
supervisors who finished reading

442
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:19,200
them information is cheaper. 
When it's secondhand your sister

443
00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:22,600
writes, a letter to a cousin who
Moved West to Ohio, trying to 

444
00:23:22,608 --> 00:23:25,300
make a new start in a place that
supposedly offered more 

445
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:27,600
opportunity. 
The letter is cheerful, 

446
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,600
emphasizing the positive aspects
of life here, while glossing 

447
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
over the difficulties because 
nobody wants to burden relatives

448
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:37,500
with complaints she mentions the
possible job at The Flower 

449
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,300
Factory described a dress. 
She saw in a shop window and 

450
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,400
asks questions about life in 
Columbus, that express interest 

451
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:48,000
without seeming nosy the letter 
represents connection across 

452
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:51,100
distance, the maintenance of 
family bonds. 

453
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:54,300
Even when family members scatter
across a continent in search of 

454
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,500
better. 
Circumstances your mother 

455
00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:59,900
balances, the household account 
book, a small Ledger, where she 

456
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:02,900
records every penny spent and 
Compares it against your 

457
00:24:02,900 --> 00:24:06,200
father's weekly wage. 
The arithmetic is simple, but 

458
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,600
crucial income must exceed. 
Expenses or at least match them 

459
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:12,900
closely enough, that nothing 
catastrophic happens. 

460
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:17,100
She's developed a system of 
small savings putting aside a 

461
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:19,600
nickel here and there. 
When possible building a reserve

462
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:22,400
against the inevitable 
emergencies that derail any 

463
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:25,000
family's Finance is a quarter 
saved. 

464
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,900
Now might prevent a crisis later
and might mean the difference 

465
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,400
between paying the rent on time 
or falling behind and starting a

466
00:24:32,408 --> 00:24:36,900
spiral that's hard to escape. 
You read, which is both escape 

467
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,800
and education. 
The book is borrowed from the 

468
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,500
public library. 
One of the truly Democratic 

469
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:46,200
institutions of the era where 
rich and poor had equal access 

470
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,600
to knowledge and Entertainment 
Tonight. 

471
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,800
It's a novel by someone you've 
never heard of the story, 

472
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:53,500
mattering. 
Less than the act of reading 

473
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:56,600
itself, the temporary 
transportation to some other 

474
00:24:56,608 --> 00:24:59,500
life books. 
Or Windows into worlds, you'll 

475
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:02,300
never physically visit and you 
value them accordingly. 

476
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:05,000
When this one is finished, 
you'll return it carefully and 

477
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,700
select another maintaining this 
small luxury that costs nothing.

478
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:12,000
But the time to walk to the 
library and back the lamp burn, 

479
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,800
steadily consuming kerosene at a
rate you're aware of even while 

480
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:18,900
trying not to think about it 
too, much light after dark is 

481
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,900
one of the Small Miracles. 
You've grown accustomed to the 

482
00:25:21,900 --> 00:25:26,300
ability to extend the day Beyond
Sunset limitations, but it's not

483
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,600
free. 
And the cost accumulates a cents

484
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,400
worth of kerosene here. 
Two cents worth their adding up 

485
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:36,200
over weeks and months. 
To a significant portion of the 

486
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,700
budget in winter when darkness 
comes early and stays late. 

487
00:25:39,700 --> 00:25:43,000
The kerosene bill becomes 
another burden on finance is 

488
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,100
already stretched thin by 
heating costs. 

489
00:25:46,300 --> 00:25:48,800
The building settles into its 
evening Rhythm around. 

490
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,600
You, the sound of children being
put to bed filter through walls,

491
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:56,400
parents voices firm. 
But affectionate, someone plays 

492
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,100
a harmonica on a different 
floor. 

493
00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:02,100
The music barely audible but 
Pleasant a reminder that people 

494
00:26:02,100 --> 00:26:05,300
still seek Beauty even in 
circumstances that don't 

495
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:10,100
naturally produce it. 
Mrs. Chen's, baby, cries 

496
00:26:10,100 --> 00:26:13,100
briefly, and then quiet soothed 
by methods. 

497
00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:16,700
You can only imagine The 
elevated train makes its final 

498
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,800
runs of the night. 
The rumble growing less frequent

499
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,200
as the our Advanced is Sunday 
afternoon. 

500
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,300
Brings you out side where the 
neighborhood transforms into 

501
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:29,000
something resembling a community
rather than just a collection of

502
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,700
people who happen to live near 
each other, the street becomes a

503
00:26:32,708 --> 00:26:36,500
social space with families, 
claiming sections of sidewalk 

504
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:38,800
and front. 
Steps and children running 

505
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,800
between buildings and games that
require more imagination than 

506
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:44,100
equipment. 
The adult settle into 

507
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:46,900
conversations that Meander 
through topics personal and 

508
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:53,000
political complaints, and hopes 
mixing freely Mr. Kowalski holds

509
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:54,700
forth on the situation in 
Poland. 

510
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaking with the passion of 
someone whose connection to 

511
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,100
another place remains Vivid. 
Even after years of absence, 

512
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,900
Misses O'Brien counters with her
own stories of Ireland. 

513
00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:10,100
The Grievances and Injustice, 
that drove her family here and 

514
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,100
the people left behind to write 
letters full of news that 

515
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:16,700
simultaneously foreign and 
familiar these conversations 

516
00:27:16,700 --> 00:27:19,600
Circle, familiar ground, because
the speakers don't have access 

517
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:22,200
to new information. 
There, repeating stories, 

518
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,300
they've told before because 
those stories constitute their 

519
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:28,700
connection to places and people 
they're likely never see again, 

520
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:31,900
the children play games, that 
require nothing, but willing, 

521
00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:37,300
participants tag hide and seek 
and elaborate pretense scenarios

522
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,000
that transformed the grimy 
Street into what ever. 

523
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,100
They need it to be their loud 
and energetic in the way 

524
00:27:43,108 --> 00:27:44,900
children are. 
When they've been cooped up in 

525
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,200
smaller Apartments, all week 
burning off energy, that has no,

526
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:52,100
where else to go, you watch your
younger Cousins play, remember, 

527
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:55,400
being that age and unaware of 
the economic reality, that 

528
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,500
constrain your life and a 
grateful that children possess 

529
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:02,600
that ability to find joy in 
circumstances that Would crush 

530
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,200
and adult who thought to much 
about them? 

531
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:09,100
Someone has organized a 
stickball game in the street 

532
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,600
using a broomstick and a ball 
that has been repaired. 

533
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:14,500
So many times. 
It's unclear what it was 

534
00:28:14,508 --> 00:28:18,000
originally made of The Game 
Stops periodically for passing 

535
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,400
wagons, then resumes with good 
natured arguments about whether 

536
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:25,100
the last tip was fair or foul. 
Nobody's keeping score. 

537
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:27,500
Exactly. 
But everyone knows whose winning

538
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,700
and the competition is fierce 
even though the stakes are 

539
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,000
non-existent Sports without 
equipment, are sports available 

540
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,600
to everyone, requiring, nothing,
but space and time and people 

541
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,800
willing to play. 
The sense of community here is 

542
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,700
complicated, on one hand. 
There's genuine Mutual support. 

543
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:47,900
Neighbors, helping, neighbors, 
sharing food. 

544
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,700
When someone falls on Hard Times
taking in children, when parents

545
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:55,500
need to work late and providing 
the kind of social safety net 

546
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,400
that doesn't exist. 
In any official Forum. 

547
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,600
On the other hand, there's 
competition for scarce resources

548
00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:05,900
and jobs, Petty rivalries, and 
resentments and the tensions 

549
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:08,500
that arise when too many people 
are trying to survive on two 

550
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:10,500
little. 
You've seen both sides 

551
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,000
experience, both the generosity 
and the selfishness that living 

552
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,500
in close. 
Quarters produces the local 

553
00:29:16,500 --> 00:29:19,700
Saloon on the corner is doing 
good business with men stopping 

554
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:23,500
by, after church, or avoiding 
Church entirely in favor of beer

555
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:26,300
and conversation. 
Your father isn't among them. 

556
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:29,900
He's never been much of a 
drinker and the family budget 

557
00:29:29,900 --> 00:29:32,200
doesn't have room for 
entertainment that expensive 

558
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:34,400
anyway. 
But you understand the appeal, 

559
00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:38,600
the desire for a space, that's 
neither work nor home where a 

560
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:41,500
man can pretend for an hour that
he's more than a cog in an 

561
00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:44,400
industrial machine. 
The saloon offers Escape as much

562
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,300
as alcohol. 
A place where status is measured

563
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:51,000
by your ability to tell a good 
story or buy a round, rather 

564
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,500
than by your bank balance or the
cut of your clothes, the church 

565
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:57,300
across the street finished 
services and an hour ago, but 

566
00:29:57,300 --> 00:29:59,600
people are still lingering 
outside, not quite ready to 

567
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,100
return to their Apartments. 
Religion plays a complex role 

568
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:07,000
here, it's simultaneously a 
source of genuine comfort, and a

569
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,100
social obligation, a place where
people gather as much for 

570
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,900
Community as for worship. 
The priest knows everyone knows 

571
00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:16,600
their struggles and offers 
Council that sometimes 

572
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,500
spiritual. 
And sometimes, just practical 

573
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:22,400
advice about navigating a world 
that seems designed to keep poor

574
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:24,200
people. 
Poor, you're not particularly 

575
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:27,800
devout but you attend because it
matters to your mother and 

576
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,800
because the church provides 
structure to the weak and 

577
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,700
connection to people beyond your
immediate household, your sister

578
00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:36,200
has been coughing for three 
days. 

579
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:40,000
Now your mother watches her with
the kind of concern that comes 

580
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,800
from knowing how quickly a 
simple cold can become something

581
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,800
serious Healthcare in 1887. 
And there's a luxury as much as 

582
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:49,400
a necessity. 
Something you purchase when you 

583
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:52,700
can afford it and hope to avoid 
when you can't the nearest 

584
00:30:52,700 --> 00:30:56,000
doctor charges 50 cents for a 
house call, which might not 

585
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,400
sound like much, but it 
represents half a day's wages 

586
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,100
and that's before you factor in 
the cost of any medicine, he 

587
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:05,700
might prescribe so you wait, 
what? 

588
00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:08,900
And hope the Cog resolves 
itself, the way most coughs do 

589
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:12,400
your mother makes her home 
remedies honey and lemon when 

590
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,200
you have them or hot water with 
a bit of whiskey or Steam, from 

591
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:19,000
a pot of boiling water to ease 
the tightness in the chest. 

592
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,700
These treatments are partake, 
wisdom and part desperation, the

593
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,900
medical knowledge passed down 
from generation to Generation by

594
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:30,000
people who couldn't afford 
doctors and had to figure out 

595
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:33,500
alternatives. 
Sometimes they work, sometimes 

596
00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:37,000
they don't and then you face the
choice of spending money, you 

597
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,700
don't have or living with 
whatever consequences follow 

598
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:43,000
from in action. 
The mathematics of Health in 

599
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:44,900
working class life were 
brutally. 

600
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:48,600
Simple getting sick meant 
missing work which meant missing

601
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,400
wages which meant falling behind
on bills which meant stress that

602
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,800
probably made you sicker 
recovery required rest and good 

603
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:59,400
nutrition and warmth all things 
that were in limited Supply when

604
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:00,900
your resources were already 
stretched. 

605
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:04,200
Thin people worked while sick 
because they had no choice 

606
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,900
spreading illnesses through 
factories and tenements creating

607
00:32:07,900 --> 00:32:10,400
cycles of infection that 
affected everyone. 

608
00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:13,600
Public Health efforts were 
beginning to acknowledge these 

609
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,700
realities, but slowly some 
cities had started inspecting. 

610
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:21,500
Tenement conditions posting 
notices about overcrowding and 

611
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:25,400
sanitation though enforcement 
was spotty and landlords often 

612
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,600
ignored violations. 
Unless someone important, 

613
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,900
complained the connection 
between poverty and disease was 

614
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:34,400
becoming clearer to researchers.
But the solutions required 

615
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,100
resources that nobody seemed 
willing to allocate to 

616
00:32:37,100 --> 00:32:39,900
neighborhoods like yours. 
Your father's back has been 

617
00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:42,900
bothering him for months. 
The result of years, spent 

618
00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:45,700
lifting heavy materials in the 
factory without any of the 

619
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:48,500
ergonomic considerations that 
might have prevented injury. 

620
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:52,500
He doesn't complain much because
complaining achieves nothing but

621
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:54,700
you notice how he moves 
carefully in the morning 

622
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:58,500
stretching slowly before his 
body remembers how to function. 

623
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:02,700
This is the price of physical 
labor, the gradual wearing down 

624
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,600
of the body that begins early 
and continues until either the 

625
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,300
body gives out or you find work.
That's less demanding. 

626
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,800
And finding such work requires 
skills and connections. 

627
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,400
That most people in this 
neighborhood don't possess the 

628
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,400
factory itself is dangerous in 
ways that would, horrify people 

629
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:22,300
from a future era where safety 
regulations exist machines 

630
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:25,000
without guards. 
Flaws slippery with oil and 

631
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:28,000
inadequate ventilation filling 
the air with particles that 

632
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:31,100
settle in lungs and stay. 
Their injuries are common enough

633
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,700
to be unremarkable. 
A crushed finger here, a burn 

634
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:37,900
their, the occasional maiming 
that ends someone's ability to 

635
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:40,600
work and therefore their ability
to support a family. 

636
00:33:40,608 --> 00:33:45,400
There's no workers compensation,
no insurance, and no safety, net

637
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,200
Beyond whatever charity, the 
Injured Workers family, and 

638
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,200
neighbors can provide, you know,
three people who have died from 

639
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:54,900
workplace accidents in the past 
five years, which is a statistic

640
00:33:54,900 --> 00:33:58,000
that would shock you, if you 
were so accustomed to it death, 

641
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,800
hovers closer in working class 
life, less theoretical, and more

642
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,000
immediate a presence you're 
aware of even when you're trying

643
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,400
not to think about it. 
Life expectancy for factory 

644
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,500
workers, Significantly shorter 
than for people who work in 

645
00:34:11,500 --> 00:34:14,000
offices or live on Fifth Avenue 
though. 

646
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,000
Nobody bothers to calculate the 
exact numbers because the 

647
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,100
underlying causes are too 
complicated and uncomfortable to

648
00:34:20,100 --> 00:34:23,000
address. 
Your mother keeps a small box 

649
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,800
hidden behind the chest of 
drawers and you've known about 

650
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,199
it since you were a child, it 
contains savings. 

651
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:34,800
Not much, never very much, but 
something quarters and dimes 

652
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,199
accumulate slowly. 
The result of small sacrifices 

653
00:34:38,199 --> 00:34:41,699
and careful management and the 
Box represents possibility. 

654
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:45,500
Maybe enough for your sister to 
take a business course that 

655
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:48,800
might lead to better work, maybe
enough to handle an emergency 

656
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,300
without falling into debt. 
Maybe just enough to prove that 

657
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:55,500
you're not completely at the 
mercy of circumstances that. 

658
00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:58,200
You have some tiny measure of 
control over your own fate. 

659
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,500
The dreams people Harbor in this
neighborhood are simultaneously 

660
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:05,100
modest and audacious. 
Mr. Kowalski wants to save 

661
00:35:05,100 --> 00:35:08,200
enough to buy a small plot of 
land somewhere and become his 

662
00:35:08,208 --> 00:35:10,300
own man, rather than working for
someone else. 

663
00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:14,500
Mrs. O'Brien hopes, her son 
might stay in school. 

664
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,400
Long enough to qualify for work 
that doesn't destroy his body. 

665
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,600
The Romeros are saving to bring 
relatives from Mexico, slowly 

666
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,700
accumulating, the money needed 
for tickets and bribes and all 

667
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:26,900
the expensive complications of 
immigration. 

668
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:29,500
These dreams aren't about 
becoming wealthy. 

669
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:32,800
Nobody here is deluded enough to
imagine that outcome. 

670
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:36,300
There are about achieving 
security about moving from 

671
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,900
precarious survival to something
more stable and about giving the

672
00:35:39,900 --> 00:35:42,400
Next Generation options that 
this generation. 

673
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:45,100
Never had. 
You have your own hopes though. 

674
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:47,200
You're careful about voicing 
them to explicitly. 

675
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,200
The idea of taking night classes
and learning skills, that might 

676
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,900
qualify you for office work, 
clerical positions, that pay 

677
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,200
better and don't require 
physical labor. 

678
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:01,000
It seems possible if you can 
save enough of the Jewish and if

679
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,000
you can stay awake, after a full
day of work, and if the class is

680
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:07,200
lead to actual opportunities 
rather than just knowledge 

681
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,400
without application, there are 
no guarantees but staying 

682
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:13,000
exactly where you are, 
guarantees nothing either. 

683
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:17,200
So the dream, persists, The 
possibility of home ownership 

684
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,500
seems distant but not completely
impossible. 

685
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:22,900
Housing lots in the outer 
reaches of Brooklyn or Queens 

686
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,000
are selling for a few hundred 
dollars and if you could save 

687
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,700
enough for a down payment and 
manage, the monthly mortgage 

688
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,600
payments, you could own rather 
than rent your own space, your 

689
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,600
own walls, nobody raising the 
rent or evicting you because 

690
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,900
they sold the building the 
independence appeals to you on 

691
00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:41,700
multiple levels, though. 
The reality of how long it would

692
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:45,000
take to accumulate the down, 
payment Makes the Dream feel 

693
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,700
more theoretical than practical.
Your sister has started putting 

694
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,700
aside a dollar a month 
Staggering sum from her 

695
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:55,200
perspective to order Hope Chest.
The tradition feels 

696
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:58,500
old-fashioned, but she's 
practical enough to recognize 

697
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:02,200
that marriage will probably be 
part of a future and starting 

698
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,200
that marriage with some 
resources of her own provides 

699
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,500
leverage and security. 
The chest slowly fills with 

700
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:13,900
items purchased on sale or made 
by hand Linens dishes and small 

701
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:17,800
tools for housekeeping. 
It represents preparation for a 

702
00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:20,100
life. 
She can't yet fully imagine but 

703
00:37:20,100 --> 00:37:22,800
no she needs to plan for the 
newspaper. 

704
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,300
Occasionally runs stories about 
people who started with nothing 

705
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:29,200
and made fortunes the self-made.
Millionaires of the Industrial 

706
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:33,000
Age, these stories are meant to 
be inspiring proof. 

707
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,300
That America is the land of 
opportunity, where hard work and

708
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:38,700
determination can overcome any 
obstacle. 

709
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,100
But you've noticed that these 
success stories always leave out

710
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:46,600
crucial details, the loan from a
wealthy relative, the lucky 

711
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,600
connection that provided Capital
the circumstances that Were 

712
00:37:50,608 --> 00:37:54,400
unique and not replicable. 
Hard work is necessary certainly

713
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:56,400
but it's not sufficient by 
itself. 

714
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,300
And everyone. 
In this neighborhood works hard 

715
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:03,100
without becoming millionaires. 
The Gilded ages Central irony 

716
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:06,500
was that the same industrial 
system, creating vast fortunes 

717
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,800
for a few was also creating the 
working class that made those 

718
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:12,600
fortunes possible. 
The Mansion on Fifth Avenue 

719
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:15,200
existed because of the labor 
performed in factories and 

720
00:38:15,208 --> 00:38:19,100
tenements But that connection 
was rarely acknowledged the 

721
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:20,600
wealthy. 
Praise themselves for their 

722
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,200
ambition and intelligence, while
treating workers as 

723
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:26,100
interchangeable parts. 
In Machinery, designed to enrich

724
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:28,300
others, you're aware of this 
Dynamic. 

725
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,500
Even if you can't articulate, it
precisely. 

726
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:34,400
You understand that your labor 
creates value that accumulates 

727
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,800
somewhere else in someone else's
bank account. 

728
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,200
The apartment is quiet now, 
except for the usual background,

729
00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:43,700
sounds the building settling 
someone moving around upstairs 

730
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:47,000
and distant Street noise. 
Your parents have retired to 

731
00:38:47,008 --> 00:38:49,900
their room. 
Your sister is asleep and you 

732
00:38:49,900 --> 00:38:52,500
have the kitchen table to your 
self for a rare moment of 

733
00:38:52,500 --> 00:38:56,000
solitude, the lamp Burns low 
because you're trying to serve 

734
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,700
kerosene, but then there's 
enough light to write in the 

735
00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,100
journal. 
You keep sporadically recording,

736
00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:03,800
thoughts and observations, that 
feel important, even though 

737
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:07,300
you're not sure why tonight, you
write about the gap between the 

738
00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:09,600
world, you inhabit. 
And the world you read about in 

739
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:12,700
newspapers and magazines, not 
with anger, exactly. 

740
00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:15,900
But with a kind of resigned 
awareness that these parallel 

741
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:19,900
real, Is exist simultaneously 
but being born into one rather 

742
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,500
than the other was pure chance. 
You could have been the child of

743
00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:26,700
a banker or industrialist just 
as easily as you were born to a 

744
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:29,800
factory worker and a housewife 
and that accident of birth 

745
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:33,400
determined almost everything 
that followed the wealthy didn't

746
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,100
earn their starting position. 
Any more than you earned yours, 

747
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:40,100
both were inherited one in the 
form of money and the other in 

748
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:43,100
the form of its absence. 
But you also write about the 

749
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:46,200
things that seem valuable even 
without money attached to them. 

750
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,100
The way your mother hums, while 
cooking finding contentment in 

751
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:53,800
simple domestic rhythms the way 
your father can fix almost 

752
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,800
anything with basic tools and 
Engineering solving problems 

753
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,900
through practical intelligence, 
that no school ever taught him. 

754
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:04,400
The way your system maintains 
optimism about the future. 

755
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:08,600
Despite overcoming evidence that
the future will probably look a 

756
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:11,600
lot like the press and these 
qualities, don't pay the rent, 

757
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:15,200
or put food on the table, but 
they make daily life, bearable, 

758
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,700
which might be more Important. 
You wonder sometimes what 

759
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,700
happens to all the people like 
you the ones living in a 

760
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:23,900
partments in neighborhoods that 
tourists never visit. 

761
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:27,600
Working in factories that 
produce goods for consumption 

762
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:29,400
elsewhere. 
Not individuals. 

763
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:33,200
Exactly. 
But collectively What Becomes of

764
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,900
a society, where most people 
spend their lives, barely 

765
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,400
getting by, while a tiny 
fraction? 

766
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:41,000
Accumulates wealth. 
They couldn't spend in multiple 

767
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:43,500
lifetimes. 
The political movements of the 

768
00:40:43,500 --> 00:40:46,100
era suggest you're not alone in 
asking these questions. 

769
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:50,100
Labor unions are forming. 
Despite Fierce opposition from 

770
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:54,400
employers, socialist ideas are 
circulating among workers and 

771
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:58,200
Strikes are becoming more common
as people collectively decide 

772
00:40:58,200 --> 00:41:01,100
that the current Arrangement 
isn't acceptable, but you're not

773
00:41:01,108 --> 00:41:03,600
naturally inclined toward 
politics or activism. 

774
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:07,700
Your life is too consumed with 
immediate concerns to spend much

775
00:41:07,700 --> 00:41:10,900
time on abstract, theories about
how Society should be 

776
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,100
reorganized. 
You need to work tomorrow and 

777
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:17,100
the day after that. 
And the day after that and the 

778
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:20,300
necessity of earning wages 
crowds out almost everything 

779
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:22,500
else. 
Maybe that's the system's 

780
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:25,700
greatest strength. 
It keeps most people too busy 

781
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:28,800
surviving to organize any 
effective opposition to how it 

782
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:32,900
functions. 
The lamp flickers, you realize 

783
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:36,100
the kerosene is almost gone. 
You should have refilled it 

784
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:38,900
yesterday, but you forgot. 
And now you're left with 

785
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:40,400
whatever remains in the 
reservoir. 

786
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:43,800
It's probably enough to last 
until you finish this entry and 

787
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:46,500
get ready for bed, but there's 
no margin for error. 

788
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:50,300
No extra time for lingering, 
everything operates, on tight 

789
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:54,000
margins here, not just money, 
but also time and energy, and 

790
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,600
resources of all kinds. 
You write one final observation,

791
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,500
That someday perhaps in some 
distant future. 

792
00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:05,600
People will look back on this 
era and wonder how anyone lived 

793
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,800
this way how entire classes of 
people accepted circumstances 

794
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:13,200
that future Generations will 
find shocking but you're also 

795
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:16,300
aware that every era. 
Probably contains injustices, 

796
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,000
that seem normal to the people 
living through them and 

797
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:20,700
outrageous to those who come 
later. 

798
00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:24,800
You're too embedded in your own 
time to see it clearly too. 

799
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:26,700
Focused on getting through each 
day to analyze. 

800
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:30,200
The larger patterns, historians 
will do that analysis of 

801
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:33,000
eventually and will write books 
about the Gilded Age and it's 

802
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,000
inequalities, but you're too 
busy, living it to study, it, 

803
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:40,600
the alarm clock a luxury, you 
saved months to purchase rattles

804
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:43,500
to life at 5:30. 
And you wake to Darkness, 

805
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:46,300
because autism is advancing and 
The Sun Won't rise for another 

806
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:49,500
hour. 
The apartment is cold, the fire 

807
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:52,000
in the stove, having died 
overnight, despite your mother's

808
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,600
best efforts to bank it. 
Getting out of bed requires 

809
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:58,200
willpower, forcing your body 
into motion. 

810
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:02,100
When every Instinct argues for 
staying under the blankets, the 

811
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,200
morning routine begins like 
every other morning washing in 

812
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:08,100
cold water dressing quickly in 
the chill and eating a simple 

813
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,400
breakfast of bread and coffee. 
Your father leaves first because

814
00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:14,700
his shift starts at 6. 
Walking the mile to the factory 

815
00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:16,500
rather than paying streetcar. 
Fare. 

816
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:19,400
He can save your sister and 
mother begin their own 

817
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:22,900
preparations, each moving 
through, well, practiced rituals

818
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,500
that require no thought the 
automatic choreography of people

819
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:30,200
who have performed these actions
thousands of times you stand at 

820
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:31,800
the window. 
Watching the street come to 

821
00:43:31,808 --> 00:43:34,600
life. 
The Lamplighter is extinguishing

822
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:38,600
the gas Street lamps, they glow.
Fading As Natural Light begins 

823
00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:42,700
to take over a milk wagon makes 
deliveries the horse knowing the

824
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:46,100
root better than the driver. 
Early workers streamed toward 

825
00:43:46,100 --> 00:43:50,600
various destinations heads down.
Moving with the purposeful pace 

826
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:52,400
of people who can't afford to be
late. 

827
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,100
The day is beginning in 
different to whether you're 

828
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:58,700
ready for it or not somewhere, 
Uptown in those Mansions along. 

829
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,900
Fifth Avenue, people are 
probably still asleep or just 

830
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:04,700
beginning to stir attended by 
servants. 

831
00:44:04,700 --> 00:44:07,800
Who've been up for hours, 
preparing breakfast, laying out 

832
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,200
clothes, and warming water for 
baths. 

833
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:13,900
Those people will wake to 
comfort and Leisure will eat 

834
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:17,100
meals prepared by others and 
will make decisions about how to

835
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,600
spend their Day based on 
preference, rather than 

836
00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:21,900
necessity. 
They'll never know what it's 

837
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:25,300
like to face this morning in 
this apartment, to feel the cold

838
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:28,000
and the tiredness and the 
knowledge that this day will be 

839
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,400
almost identical to yes. 
Today, and tomorrow will be 

840
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:34,600
almost identical to today. 
They also won't know the 

841
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:37,800
satisfaction of making this life
work, despite all the obstacles,

842
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,600
they won't know the pride in 
providing for your family, in 

843
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:44,200
keeping, everyone fed and housed
and moving forward. 

844
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:47,200
Even When the system seems 
designed to push you backward, 

845
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:49,900
they won't know the strength. 
It takes to face each day 

846
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:54,200
without despair to maintain hope
when hoping seems foolish and to

847
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:57,200
find meaning in circumstances 
that don't naturally produce it.

848
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:01,400
The Gilded Age gleamed brightly 
for some people, but its gold 

849
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:04,600
was decorative, rather than 
substantial, a thin layer 

850
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:08,200
covering harsh realities. 
Most people lived lives of hard 

851
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,100
work and modest means finding 
happiness and small pleasures 

852
00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:15,500
and maintaining dignity and 
circumstances that offered 

853
00:45:15,500 --> 00:45:19,100
little external validation, the 
gap between rich and poor was 

854
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,500
enormous. 
So was the gap between the 

855
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:23,600
appearance of prosperity and its
reality. 

856
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:28,000
The age was killed it, not gold 
and you lived on the underside 

857
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,300
of that guilt in the spaces, 
where the shine didn't reach 

858
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:34,500
you, finish your coffee, collect
your things, and head toward the

859
00:45:34,500 --> 00:45:37,000
door, another day, another 
dollar. 

860
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:42,100
Well, another 77 for 8 hours of 
work to be precise, but you'll 

861
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,100
learn it. 
And tomorrow, you'll do it 

862
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:46,300
again. 
And through the accumulation of 

863
00:45:46,300 --> 00:45:49,200
these ordinary days, you'll 
build a life that matters. 

864
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:53,600
Even if nobody ever writes about
it in newspapers or studies it 

865
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:56,200
in history books. 
This is what the Gilded Age 

866
00:45:56,208 --> 00:45:59,800
looked like for most people. 
Not golden, not celebrated, but 

867
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:03,100
real and substantial and worthy 
of remembering precisely because

868
00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:06,700
it was so ordinary the door 
closes behind you and the city 

869
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:10,900
swallows you up in to its 
morning crowds Somewhere in some

870
00:46:10,908 --> 00:46:13,400
distant future. 
People will try to understand 

871
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:16,600
this era and will debate its 
meaning and significance. 

872
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:20,600
But right now in this moment, 
you're too busy, living it to 

873
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:25,200
analyze it The worker Waits the 
day stretches ahead and life 

874
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:27,300
continues. 
In all its unglamorous 

875
00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:34,000
difficult, necessary Beauty. 
From the Vantage of old 

876
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,900
Macedonia, where Elders, 
gathered beneath olive trees to 

877
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:39,900
swap hush law. 
The story of Hercules emerged in

878
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,000
Sparks of disbelief. 
They whispered about a force 

879
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,500
that blurred, the boundaries 
between the mortal and divine 

880
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:50,100
realms. 
Child, born in Modesto insert an

881
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:52,900
unsettling gift. 
Feats of Strength performed. 

882
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:56,000
So calmly that someone did the 
gods had quite laid a blessing 

883
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:59,100
or a curse at his feet. 
Tyrans was a farming Community 

884
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:01,600
framed by rocky hills and 
clouded Skies. 

885
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:05,300
A place to find by the routine, 
labor and rigid social caution. 

886
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:09,100
The boys, first display of 
uncanny power was witnessed by a

887
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:12,900
shepherd with a single tug. 
He reigned in an ox known to 

888
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:15,900
drag grown men like ragdolls. 
It wasn't the show of force 

889
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:17,400
itself, that troubled on 
Lookers. 

890
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,600
It was the Eerie Silence with 
which he did it, as though, 

891
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:23,200
testing a boundary rather than 
reveling in might. 

892
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:28,300
Soon, neighbors recalled, other 
Auditors doors unhinged by a 

893
00:47:28,300 --> 00:47:32,100
careless push Footprints left in
stone and animals that yielded 

894
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:36,200
to his hand without resistance. 
though, some saw him as tyrion's

895
00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:40,700
protector and training, others 
felt uneasy Mortals were fragile

896
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:44,600
beings of such magnitude often 
Drew Divine iron. 

897
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:49,600
Hercules for his part behaved 
like any curious youth combing 

898
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:52,300
Riverbanks for turtles or 
carving shapes into the soft 

899
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:54,900
rock. 
Yet beneath each childlike. 

900
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:57,200
Pastime looked in awareness of 
difference. 

901
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,100
He sensed that the world around 
him fit like a shirt. 

902
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:02,700
One size two, small familiar, 
but constricting. 

903
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:05,900
A single miscalculation could 
fracture relationships or 

904
00:48:05,908 --> 00:48:09,800
destroy Trust? 
As he neared 15, rumors of 

905
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:11,600
unnatural. 
Predators swept across the 

906
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:16,300
Farmland Shepard's of wolves the
size of ponies with eyes lit by 

907
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,800
Pharrell intelligence. 
The local militia dared not test

908
00:48:19,800 --> 00:48:22,600
the truth of those claims 
leaving the fields in a state of

909
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:26,400
hush Hercules, compelled by 
equal parts curiosity and Duty 

910
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,800
gathered a simple Spear and 
ventured into the pine forests 

911
00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:33,100
alone for three nights. 
The darkness, swallowed him on 

912
00:48:33,100 --> 00:48:35,100
the fourth Dawn. 
He reappeared at the Village 

913
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:39,000
Edge clothes, torn blood running
down his arms yet he carried no 

914
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:41,200
trophy. 
Only the quiet certainty that 

915
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,900
the threat was gone word of his 
deed through Travelers wagons 

916
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:48,100
and along Shepard's Roots 
echoing into Lands Beyond. 

917
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,300
It was said that the Monstrous 
wolves vanished to swiftly as 

918
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:53,400
they had come in The Villages 
eyes. 

919
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,700
Such might have signaled, a 
guardian, or even a chosen 

920
00:48:56,700 --> 00:48:58,700
instrument of the Gods. 
Soon. 

921
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:02,200
They built humble olders to on 
him, they offered tiny bowls of 

922
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:05,700
grain and small cups of wine as 
offering to the boy who had 

923
00:49:05,700 --> 00:49:08,800
ensured their nights. 
Hercules accepted, none of it 

924
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:12,300
openly, he would pause at those 
altars gaze at them in faint 

925
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,400
puzzlement, then slip away 
inside him. 

926
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:18,500
A tug of longing clashed with 
the weight of expectation. 

927
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:22,800
Cherished, The farmlands rhythms
Morning, Light over tiller the 

928
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:26,300
love of cars in the summer yet 
each casual greeting. 

929
00:49:26,300 --> 00:49:28,800
Now carried a jolt of war and 
every dirt path. 

930
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:32,800
He Rome for Felton narrower as 
though funneling him towards 

931
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:36,900
some vast unseen Road. 
Occasionally he stole into the 

932
00:49:36,900 --> 00:49:39,800
hills to commune with Nature's 
raw pulse pressing. 

933
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:42,800
His broad hands against Boulders
as though listening for 

934
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:47,100
whispered secrets of stone. 
Turians was never the seat of 

935
00:49:47,108 --> 00:49:49,900
sophistication, unlike Athens or
Thebes. 

936
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:53,200
It lacked gilded temples and 
philosophical gatherings. 

937
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,000
In a way, the Simplicity of 
tyrans allowed Hercules to 

938
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:58,600
flourish without being 
overwhelmed. 

939
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:03,100
By rumors, people accepted him 
half weary half hopeful because 

940
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:05,500
they needed him. 
He held back storms. 

941
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:07,200
That might devour them in a 
single gulp. 

942
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:09,500
He soon learned of a summons 
from King. 

943
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:13,200
Yours of my Sinai. 
A monarch who demanded fealty 

944
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:16,200
and recognized the usefulness of
immortal Wheeling near Devine, 

945
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:20,700
might Friends warned him of 
Palace politics, even the local 

946
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:24,200
priest stooped with age 
cautioned that power hungry 

947
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:27,200
rulers, often feed on Legends 
until there's little left of the

948
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,600
legend itself. 
However, Hercules to an unspoken

949
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:33,300
reminder that a simple 
Shepherd's life would never be 

950
00:50:33,300 --> 00:50:35,700
his Gathering sparse, 
belongings. 

951
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:39,200
He took one last, look at the 
Farmland, the lopsided fence's, 

952
00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:42,000
the distant bleeding of goats 
that once filled his childhood 

953
00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:47,300
mornings, Then, as Dawn's first 
gleam, touch the Horizon, he set

954
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:50,100
out for my Sinai. 
Those who witnessed his 

955
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:53,000
departure claimed a hush fell 
upon tyrans like the land 

956
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:55,000
itself. 
Held its breath waiting. 

957
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:57,800
The path. 
He walked would lead to Triumph 

958
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:00,600
and sorrow. 
Forging a destiny, both luminous

959
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,500
and shattering in his heart 
Hercules. 

960
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:05,800
Hoped to find a way back to 
quiet field someday. 

961
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:09,500
But deep down he suspected the 
gods had other plans entirely. 

962
00:51:10,700 --> 00:51:12,500
The road to my scene, he 
stretched through rolling, 

963
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:16,700
planes dotted with olive, Groves
and Jagged hillside's, Hercules,

964
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:20,100
traveled quietly, observing the 
land more than pondering the 

965
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:22,500
future. 
Yet he couldn't ignore the 

966
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:25,700
murmur that followed him. 
A Hummer of anticipation carried

967
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:29,100
by Traders, roadside Shepherds 
and vagrant bars. 

968
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:31,700
Upon arrival at the Fortified 
City. 

969
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:36,500
He faced a spectacle drummers at
the gates banners hoisted. 

970
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:40,000
High and crowds training to see 
if rumex seeded reality. 

971
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:42,800
King Euros. 
This is Palace gleamed. 

972
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:46,700
Atop a rise of white stone. 
Once inside, Hercules, found 

973
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:49,700
himself before a ruler, whose 
thin lips twitched at each 

974
00:51:49,708 --> 00:51:53,900
mention of his name, despite 
grandiose surrounding Juris, 

975
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:58,000
exuded an air of self-importance
undermined by a hint of anxiety.

976
00:51:58,900 --> 00:52:01,900
In the hushed courteous. 
I'd Hercules with an old mix of 

977
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:04,900
curiosity and caution. 
They had heard the rumors of 

978
00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:08,200
Unstoppable strength. 
Now they assess the man himself 

979
00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:14,300
broad shouldered, wind Beacon 
eyes, calm as Still Water, yours

980
00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:18,000
wasted, no time. 
Word of your Deeds has traveled 

981
00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:21,000
far. 
He said feigning warmth to prove

982
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:24,400
your loyalty you shall fulfill 
labors for the glory of my seni.

983
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:28,300
And the gods, of course. 
Applause. 

984
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:32,500
Followed from courtiers though, 
it felt forced Hercules bowed. 

985
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:36,400
Not out of fear, but recognizing
that refusal would brand him. 

986
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:39,300
An enemy of a kingdom that 
seemed both powerful and Petty. 

987
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:44,200
Besides he sensed Destiny's 
nudge again, that intangible 

988
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:46,800
Force hinting these labors might
shape his future. 

989
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:51,900
His first assignment, the nemean
lion Villagers near neemia spoke

990
00:52:51,900 --> 00:52:53,300
of a cat, the size of a 
warhorse. 

991
00:52:53,300 --> 00:52:58,600
Its fur in pervious to Spears or
arrows, your demanded, its Pelt 

992
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,100
as proof setting out with 
minimal supplies. 

993
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:04,500
Hercules ventured into a region 
Shadow by tall grasses, and 

994
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:07,400
Jagged Rock. 
On the second day he spotted, 

995
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:10,600
massive portraits pressed into 
the soil following them. 

996
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:14,300
He entered a dank Cavern, over 
hung by dripping Vines, the lion

997
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:16,300
emerged. 
It's coach shimmering like 

998
00:53:16,300 --> 00:53:19,100
steel, arrows, snapped against 
its hide. 

999
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:22,600
Confirming the rumors. 
They grappled the Beast roaring 

1000
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,100
with unnatural ferocity while 
Hercules wrestled. 

1001
00:53:25,100 --> 00:53:29,300
In silence locking powerful arms
around the creatures neck that 

1002
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:33,500
last he wrenched, it downward 
ending its life with a blow that

1003
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:37,600
reverberated in his bones. 
No, Victory cry, escaped, his 

1004
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:41,200
lips, only relief, he skinned 
the lion with its claws. 

1005
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:43,200
And then draped the Pelt over 
his shoulder. 

1006
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,400
When he returned erathis balked 
at the sight of that massive 

1007
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:49,900
trophy. 
Commanding the city Gates shut. 

1008
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:54,000
He insisted Hercules remain 
outside due to displaying future

1009
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:58,100
conquests from a distance. 
Thus began a curious ritual. 

1010
00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:00,800
Each time. 
Hercules completed the labor, 

1011
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:04,100
the king would peer down from 
the safety of high walls, making

1012
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:09,100
excuses to avoid direct contact.
The champion Carmen compliance. 

1013
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,500
Never argued, he found no pride 
in forcing an audience, 

1014
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:16,300
fulfilling Duty was enough. 
Shortly after he faced the 

1015
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:19,700
learning and Hydra a serpent 
with nine heads that regrow if 

1016
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:23,500
cut Hercules approached, the 
swamp of learner its murky 

1017
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:27,600
Waters, stinking of wrote he 
attacked but each severed head, 

1018
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:31,600
sprouted two more, only with the
help of his nephew AO Laos who 

1019
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:33,900
cauterized each stump with 
Torchlight. 

1020
00:54:33,900 --> 00:54:38,500
Did Hercules Triumph lifting the
central head still hissing in 

1021
00:54:38,508 --> 00:54:42,300
death he returned to my Sinai, 
the king peering over parapets 

1022
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:46,100
dismissed the victory. 
You had helped he sneered yet 

1023
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:49,800
the people watching from a far 
Marvel laborers mounted the 

1024
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:53,500
Serenity and high end sacred to 
Artemis tested his finesse. 

1025
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:56,100
He chased it for a year across 
forests and streams. 

1026
00:54:56,100 --> 00:54:59,200
Before cornering, the golden 
antlered creature rather than 

1027
00:54:59,200 --> 00:55:01,700
slay it, merely captured and 
displayed it. 

1028
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:04,700
Then set it free, earning 
grudging respect from the 

1029
00:55:04,700 --> 00:55:06,800
goddess. 
He subdued, the air mountian 

1030
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,400
bore bringing it back alive 
after each feet these found 

1031
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,500
reasons to belittle. 
It still words spread forging 

1032
00:55:13,500 --> 00:55:16,400
Hercules's name into a Legend 
that outgrew even the king's 

1033
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,400
attempts to contain it hurt. 
Kills tasked with cleaning the 

1034
00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:23,300
audience Stables, an impossible 
mass of Filth left for decades. 

1035
00:55:23,300 --> 00:55:28,300
Diverted two rivers in a single 
day, washing away the grime and 

1036
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:32,700
exposing the Stables owner or 
guest for his dishonesty along. 

1037
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:35,200
The way. 
The hero recognized these tasks 

1038
00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:37,100
weren't simply chose from a 
cowardly King. 

1039
00:55:37,100 --> 00:55:41,600
They served as Rites of Passage 
Each laborer, illuminated facets

1040
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:44,400
of responsibility, cunning and 
mercy. 

1041
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:48,300
Yet Hercules also sensed to 
Growing Gulf between himself and

1042
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,500
normal life. 
Day by day, the realm saw him 

1043
00:55:51,500 --> 00:55:53,800
less as a man and more as a 
living weapon. 

1044
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:57,500
Behind the Feats and rumors 
loomed and unspoken Shadow 

1045
00:55:57,500 --> 00:56:00,400
stories hinted. 
He was atoning for a private 

1046
00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:02,300
tragedy caused by a Divine 
curse. 

1047
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,400
Carried that burden silently 
forging ahead on a path. 

1048
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,700
Paved by others demands in 
fulfilling each new labor, 

1049
00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:13,200
Hercules grew, ever more certain
that his real battle lay within 

1050
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:16,500
a test to see where the 
Monstrous foes or guilt from a 

1051
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:18,500
past soaked in blood would clay 
him first. 

1052
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:22,400
Overtime. 
Eurasia's list of Labor's, 

1053
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:23,800
seemed an endless. 
Well of peril. 

1054
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:28,600
Some missions exuded a sense of 
malice, as if the king aimed to 

1055
00:56:28,600 --> 00:56:31,200
eliminate Hercules by 
challenging him to confront real

1056
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:34,400
life nightmares. 
It wasn't the magnitude of tasks

1057
00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:37,600
that hallowed Hercules's Spirit.
It was the sense that each 

1058
00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:41,700
successful the king's 
resentment, Mycenae narrowed a 

1059
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:44,400
champion who stroden only to 
drop proof of another Victory 

1060
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:47,000
before Vanishing again. 
A door. 

1061
00:56:47,008 --> 00:56:50,400
One day a messenger gasping for 
breath approached, Hercules 

1062
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:54,400
outside the city walls. 
Threat looked by Lake 

1063
00:56:54,400 --> 00:57:07,000
stemphelet. 
Stymphalian birds were rumored 

1064
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:11,000
to be spawn of an ancient curse 
feasting on anyone who strayed 

1065
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,200
near the marsh eurystheus is 
decree was terse. 

1066
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,100
Exterminate them. 
Traveling to the lake. 

1067
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:19,400
Hercules. 
Found the Marshland choked with 

1068
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:23,700
tall, Reeds and stagnant water. 
At dusk, he glimpsed shadowy 

1069
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:27,500
shapes perched in Twisted, 
trees, Harrows alone would not 

1070
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,200
suffice for every creature. 
He felled others scattered into 

1071
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:33,600
the Gloom. 
Recalling an old tale. 

1072
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,800
He fashioned bronze clappers, 
forging a rackets. 

1073
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:40,200
So loud, its startled. 
The flock Skyward as they took 

1074
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:41,700
flight. 
He shot them down. 

1075
00:57:41,700 --> 00:57:45,500
Systematically their carcasses 
drifted into reads. 

1076
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:49,400
Painting, the swamp red, under 
the waning Sun, the few that 

1077
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:52,700
escaped took the legend of this 
Unstoppable, Archer with the 

1078
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:57,400
More labor, followed. 
Fetching, the cretan bull, a 

1079
00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:00,300
massive Beast rumored to 
breathe, fire, brought him face 

1080
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:04,300
to face with an animal maddened 
by captivity rather than slay 

1081
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:06,300
it. 
He subdued it, and brought it to

1082
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:11,100
my scenery, only to watch yours,
cower behind the gate Later, 

1083
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:13,200
capturing the mares of 
diameters. 

1084
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:16,200
Required wrestling Savage 
horses, bred for violence. 

1085
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,700
Some say Hercules fed diameters 
to his mares in a moment of 

1086
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:23,600
Grimm Poetic Justice ending 
their thirst for human flesh. 

1087
00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:27,600
Yet it was an act that left 
Hercules uneasy batching a 

1088
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:30,800
tyrant solved one evil, but the 
memory haunted him. 

1089
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:34,800
What lines, separated righteous 
punishment from barbarity. 

1090
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:38,500
In these wanderings, he 
discovered people who welcomed 

1091
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:42,000
him as a living legend yet 
recognized his underlying 

1092
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:46,200
Melancholy children peered 
around corners hoping to see the

1093
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:48,700
giant. 
Who wrestled monsters old man, 

1094
00:58:48,700 --> 00:58:51,300
offered wine praising him as 
champion of the downtrodden. 

1095
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:56,600
Occasionally Hercules Paws to 
help build a wall or fix a 

1096
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:59,700
broken roof acts of normalcy 
that anchored him to Everyday 

1097
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,500
Life. 
But the moment always came when 

1098
00:59:02,500 --> 00:59:05,900
a new labor call or a rumor of a
monstrous threat demanded his 

1099
00:59:05,900 --> 00:59:08,600
presence. 
And night, he grappled with 

1100
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:12,500
nightmares, the unwritten story 
behind his Force servitude Nord 

1101
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:15,500
at him a rumor that he'd once 
been driven crazed by Harris, 

1102
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:19,000
Roth causing him to commit 
unspeakable, Deeds against 

1103
00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:21,600
those. 
He loved Although few dead 

1104
00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:24,700
mention, it allowed, the weight 
of that guilt, never left his 

1105
00:59:24,700 --> 00:59:28,800
eyes even the Unstoppable, 
Hercules could not outrun sorrow

1106
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:31,900
that sprang from. 
Within eventually, your atheist 

1107
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,200
delivered, yet another test to 
steal the girdle of hippolyta. 

1108
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:39,400
Queen of the warrior women known
as Amazons in a land Beyond The 

1109
00:59:39,408 --> 00:59:42,800
Aegean Hercules Came Upon a 
culture of disciplined fighters 

1110
00:59:42,800 --> 00:59:45,400
who lived independent of typical
patriarchal laws. 

1111
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:50,200
Initially hippolyta welcome 
dialogue impressed by rumors of 

1112
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:53,500
a hero who balanced power with 
compassion He considered 

1113
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:55,300
granting him. 
The girdle as a diplomatic 

1114
00:59:55,300 --> 00:59:58,800
gesture. 
But Hera ever meddlesome spread 

1115
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:01,600
to meet among the Amazons 
Whispering that Hercules plan to

1116
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:05,400
abduct their Queen in the 
ensuing, chaos swords, clashed 

1117
01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:09,300
alliances, shattered and 
hippolyte fell dying. 

1118
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:12,600
She handed the girdle to 
Hercules her expression etched, 

1119
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:15,400
with betrayal, and sorrow, he 
departed. 

1120
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:18,400
With the prize cursing, the gods
who Twisted every peaceful 

1121
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:22,400
solution into conflict This 
pattern of tragedy bled across 

1122
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:25,800
each Mission, the more, he 
accomplished the less Solace. 

1123
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:30,400
He found, the blame was easily 
laid at your feet but Hercules 

1124
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:32,800
understood that the seeds of 
Discord came from the gods 

1125
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:37,600
themselves and from his heart 
burdened by regrets no monstrous

1126
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:41,200
Hydra or invulnerable. 
Lion calls him as much pain as 

1127
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:43,800
the memories. 
He could not arise each laborer 

1128
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:47,400
though celebrated by others felt
like an extension of penance 

1129
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:51,800
still Hercules pressed on. 
Partially out of Duty and 

1130
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:54,900
partially from an instinct 
that's stopping might let darker

1131
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,500
forces, run rampant. 
He was no politician, no orator,

1132
01:00:58,500 --> 01:01:02,300
but people believed in him and 
in their belief, he found a 

1133
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:04,100
reason to shoulder his tortured 
past. 

1134
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:08,400
So he continued forging 
alliances with honest, Souls 

1135
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:12,400
meeting, cunning foes in remote 
lands and slaying nightmares. 

1136
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:16,300
So ordinary folk could rest at 
night through scorching deserts 

1137
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:19,208
and perilous Seas. 
Hercules roamed like a 

1138
01:01:19,216 --> 01:01:22,200
Wandering, Guardian his 
reputation, derived more from 

1139
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:26,400
his deeds than his words. 
Even so a question circled 

1140
01:01:26,400 --> 01:01:30,000
endlessly, in his mind would 
save the world, ever wash away 

1141
01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:33,100
the blood on his conscience or 
was he doomed to carry his 

1142
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:37,100
haunted Legacy until the end. 
As the labors approached their 

1143
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:39,600
conclusion. 
Hercules observed a change in 

1144
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:42,900
the political landscape. 
My scene is commoners adored him

1145
01:01:42,900 --> 01:01:46,900
weaving new songs about his 
might but the courts seized with

1146
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:49,700
jealousy. 
King arrest Thais cornered by 

1147
01:01:49,700 --> 01:01:52,900
his decree pressed onward with 
increasingly Brazen demands 

1148
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,600
ordered Hercules to Journey to 
the far ages of the known world.

1149
01:01:57,600 --> 01:02:00,200
some suspected the king hoped, 
the hero would never return 

1150
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:03,500
sparing him the embarrassment of
living in another man shadow 

1151
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:07,500
Test soon arrived in the form of
the cattle of garion. 

1152
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,900
The creature Gary on, Rumored to
have three bodies. 

1153
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:14,500
Fused into one reigned over a 
sun-scorched, land beyond the 

1154
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:17,600
pillars marking, the westernmost
boundary of mortal travel. 

1155
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:22,600
The prize, a herd of crimson 
cattle, prized by gods and Kings

1156
01:02:22,600 --> 01:02:27,200
alike, Hercules set off Crossing
mountain, passes scorching 

1157
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:32,100
deserts and nameless Seas. 
He famously split a landmass to 

1158
01:02:32,100 --> 01:02:34,400
create a straight. 
Some said in a moment of 

1159
01:02:34,408 --> 01:02:38,200
frustration others, as a 
statement of power raising what 

1160
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:41,300
would later be called, the 
pillars of Hercules, He 

1161
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:44,600
eventually arrived at Gary. 
Ons domain where a monstrous 

1162
01:02:44,600 --> 01:02:48,000
Hound guarded the cattle. 
Battle battling Gary on demanded

1163
01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:51,100
strategy for each torso, wielded
a different weapon. 

1164
01:02:51,900 --> 01:02:54,700
Hercules exploited, the 
confusion striking, while the 

1165
01:02:54,708 --> 01:02:58,100
Giants struggled to coordinate, 
his three Minds with Gary on 

1166
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:01,400
slain heard of the cattle 
through hostile territories 

1167
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:04,100
clashing with thieves and 
hostile Kings along the way. 

1168
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:08,500
His triumphant return to my sin.
I driving those surreal, red 

1169
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:12,300
hided animals, caused a stir of 
both admiration and Dread yet. 

1170
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:15,600
These welcome to only from a 
safe distance soldiers. 

1171
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,400
Corral the cattle sacrificing 
many on your list. 

1172
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:20,700
This is orders. 
The more the king tried to 

1173
01:03:20,700 --> 01:03:23,800
belittle Hercules's efforts. 
The more ordinary citizens. 

1174
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:27,600
Hail the heroes as a savior of 
the realm, Privately Hercules 

1175
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:29,100
remained unmoved by their 
cheers. 

1176
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:33,400
Each new conquest carried Echoes
of moral conflict as if he were 

1177
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:35,300
a blade used by manipulative 
hands. 

1178
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,700
Another Monumental feat 
involved, the golden apples of 

1179
01:03:38,700 --> 01:03:42,100
the Hesperides guarded by a 
serpent coiled in a hidden 

1180
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:45,600
Orchard tail said the Apple's 
conferred immortality though. 

1181
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:49,100
Most Mortals never reached, the 
far-flung garden, Hercules 

1182
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:52,700
traveled for months uncertain. 
If such a place truly existed, 

1183
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:56,900
eventually he encountered, Atlas
the Titan condemned to hold the 

1184
01:03:56,900 --> 01:04:00,800
sky on his shoulders seizing. 
An opportunity Hercules offered 

1185
01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:03,800
to take that Cosmic bird and 
temporarily, if Atlas would 

1186
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:06,300
fetch the apples, Atlas, 
retrieved them. 

1187
01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:10,100
But then tried to abandon 
Hercules, hoping to free himself

1188
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:13,000
from eternal torment through a 
cunning Ploy. 

1189
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:16,500
Hercules tricked Atlas into 
reclaiming, the Heaven's walking

1190
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:19,900
off with the fabled fruit. 
When he presented the golden 

1191
01:04:19,900 --> 01:04:23,000
apples to erase Thais. 
The king had no idea what to do 

1192
01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:25,300
with them, Legend, says Athena 
herself. 

1193
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:28,600
Intervened returning, the 
Apple's to their rightful place.

1194
01:04:29,700 --> 01:04:33,100
In that moment, Hercules Glimpse
the gods, casual involvement, 

1195
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:36,900
they toyed with Mortal Affairs, 
granting fleeting favors or 

1196
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:40,200
curses shaping Destinies as one 
might Shuffle coins. 

1197
01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:43,800
He realized that each laborer 
was less about your irises 

1198
01:04:43,800 --> 01:04:47,700
commands and more about the gods
in scrutable agenda and his path

1199
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:50,500
of atonement. 
Only one task remained. 

1200
01:04:51,300 --> 01:04:52,900
Sending into the underworld to 
capture. 

1201
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,700
Cerberus the three-headed Hound 
of Hades this. 

1202
01:04:56,700 --> 01:05:00,600
Final labor surpassed mortal 
limits for no living Soul, 

1203
01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:03,100
dared, approach that dismal 
realm without invitation. 

1204
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:07,400
Hercules ventured down the dark 
corridors of the earth Guided by

1205
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:10,400
wailing spirits and the 
unrelenting pool of cosmic 

1206
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:13,300
Gloom. 
Before the Throne of Hades, he 

1207
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:16,000
offered to wrestle, Cerberus 
barehanded if permitted to bring

1208
01:05:16,008 --> 01:05:19,800
the Beast to the surface, the 
god, of the Dead, consented more

1209
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:23,000
amused than alarmed. 
Their struggle was fierce. 

1210
01:05:23,000 --> 01:05:27,900
Each of Cerberus is headed and 
snarled, snake-like Tails, 

1211
01:05:27,900 --> 01:05:30,900
lashing and fury. 
Yet the hero subdued the Beast. 

1212
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:35,000
Hauling it above ground to my 
scenes Gates, when you rest the 

1213
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:39,300
snarling Hound of death, he hid 
trembling behind his walls, 

1214
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:43,500
Hercules Mission done. 
Gently returned Cerberus to 

1215
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,800
Hades with all labors. 
Completed, Hercules, stood 

1216
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:50,100
outside my seen, his walls Eyes 
On The Fortress that had 

1217
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:52,700
dominated his life. 
He expected neither. 

1218
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:55,100
Thanks Nora release for he 
understood. 

1219
01:05:55,100 --> 01:05:57,600
His service wasn't to erase the 
aspect to something deeper. 

1220
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:01,600
Turning from the city he felt 
both emptiness and freedom. 

1221
01:06:01,600 --> 01:06:05,100
He had conquered beasts and 
brave Terrors unknown to Mortal 

1222
01:06:05,100 --> 01:06:08,500
men. 
Now the question loomed, could 

1223
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:10,300
he conquer the Shadows that 
clung to his heart? 

1224
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:14,200
He walked away the crowds on 
certain whether to weep it his 

1225
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:17,100
departure, or celebrate, their 
kings deliverance from jealousy,

1226
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:19,900
quietly. 
Hercules carried with him, The 

1227
01:06:19,900 --> 01:06:23,700
Echoes of every monstrous raw, 
every anguished cry. 

1228
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:27,400
Forging a destiny severed from 
Royal commands but still Bound 

1229
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:28,900
by the gods and scrutable 
Design. 

1230
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:32,900
Released from your wrist. 
This is demands Hercules. 

1231
01:06:32,900 --> 01:06:36,500
Drifted some claimed, he roamed 
until he found a remote Valley. 

1232
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:40,300
Building a modest home beside a 
sparkling Brook there. 

1233
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:43,900
He tried to cultivate olives and
Vine crops as those seeking 

1234
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:46,900
normalcy. 
Villagers in the vicinity grew 

1235
01:06:46,900 --> 01:06:49,800
accustomed to spotting a giant 
figure mending fences or hauling

1236
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:53,100
timber for the first time he 
blended into daily life. 

1237
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:57,200
If only briefly, Yet Tranquility
proved a Lucifer. 

1238
01:06:57,900 --> 01:07:01,300
Strangers arrived testing the 
legend, some wanted to measure 

1239
01:07:01,300 --> 01:07:04,800
strength against the famed 
demigod brandishing swords or 

1240
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:08,400
arrogant boasts others offered 
alliances steeped in Hidden 

1241
01:07:08,400 --> 01:07:10,300
agendas, Hercules, repelled 
them. 

1242
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:14,000
But each confrontation frayed, 
the delicate piece, rumors 

1243
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:16,800
circulated about a new champion 
who might best him. 

1244
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:20,400
And with each rumor came, 
another Challenger tiring of 

1245
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:24,000
this drama Hercules, took to the
road relinquishing, the valley 

1246
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:27,400
to preserve its calm, he 
wandered from City to City, 

1247
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:32,200
forging a reputation as a roving
Problem, Solver in Attica, he 

1248
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:34,100
drove away. 
Raiders who prayed on vulnerable

1249
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:38,500
farms in a, totally, a mediated 
disputes among tribal leaders to

1250
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:42,100
Proud to see peace themselves. 
Some towns offered him gold or 

1251
01:07:42,100 --> 01:07:45,900
titles but he reused yearning 
for something intangible. 

1252
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:47,600
That mortal wealth could not 
provide. 

1253
01:07:48,500 --> 01:07:51,900
Whispers of his identity, 
preceded, him children, recited 

1254
01:07:51,900 --> 01:07:55,700
his labors as bedtime stories. 
Local bars named beverages after

1255
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:59,000
him and traveling minstrels 
Twisted details for dramatic 

1256
01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:02,000
Flair. 
Along the way, Hercules and 

1257
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,100
countered day and era. 
A woman said to possess both 

1258
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:07,000
Keen intellect and Resolute 
compassion. 

1259
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:10,400
She saw through the aura of 
Legend urging him to confront 

1260
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:13,800
the guilt, that shadowed him Her
strength of spirit matched, his 

1261
01:08:13,808 --> 01:08:16,500
physical might, and their bond 
blossomed into love. 

1262
01:08:17,500 --> 01:08:18,899
For a while. 
He believed. 

1263
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:22,000
He might carve out a life of 
shared purpose, perhaps leading 

1264
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:24,500
a small settlement or teaching 
others to defend themselves 

1265
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:28,300
without tyranny. 
They married weaving fresh hopes

1266
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:32,800
into days that felt gentler yet 
the old Cycles returned one 

1267
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:35,100
evening. 
While traveling together, they 

1268
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:37,100
encountered, the Centaur nessus 
at a river. 

1269
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:40,500
Crossing nessus offered to Ferry
day are across the water. 

1270
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:44,700
But partway he revealed his 
intent to abductor, Hercules, 

1271
01:08:44,700 --> 01:08:46,399
Swift to act to let an arrow 
fly. 

1272
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:50,600
Its tip laced with Hydra poison.
The wounded Center collapsed. 

1273
01:08:50,600 --> 01:08:54,200
Blood soaking the shore in his 
final breaths. 

1274
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:58,500
He whispered to seat to Daya. 
Should she ever fear losing 

1275
01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:01,600
Hercules's? 
Love a garment stained with his.

1276
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:05,700
Blood would bind him to her 
moved by desperation. he 

1277
01:09:05,707 --> 01:09:09,700
gathered some of that blood too,
destroyed to see the Trap, Life 

1278
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:14,500
continued Hercules continued to 
be a Wandering force with day 

1279
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,500
and are either by his side or 
anxiously waiting at home. 

1280
01:09:18,300 --> 01:09:21,700
Over time, she wore about rumors
of his infidelity traveling. 

1281
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:24,700
The world exposed him to 
Temptations and his Legend, Drew

1282
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:28,500
admirers of every stripe in a 
moment of fragile insecurity. 

1283
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:32,500
She recalled, nests final words,
she treated a robe with the 

1284
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:34,800
centaurs blood. 
Believing it a charm that would 

1285
01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:38,000
secure Hercules's devotion, when
Hercules donned it. 

1286
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:42,300
The old poison ignited, like, 
living fire adhering to his 

1287
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:44,899
flesh. 
He taught at the fabric but the 

1288
01:09:44,908 --> 01:09:48,600
agony only worsened ripping his 
skin away, realizing the 

1289
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:52,399
horrifying betrayal. 
He raged in confusion, not 

1290
01:09:52,399 --> 01:09:55,200
knowing the entire truth of why 
the robe burned him alive. 

1291
01:09:56,100 --> 01:09:58,300
Faced with the insurmountable 
pain. 

1292
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:01,000
He sent no earthly remedy, could
quell it. 

1293
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:06,000
Daya horrified by what she had 
caused either fled or took her 

1294
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,100
life accounts, differ Hercules 
in his torment. 

1295
01:10:09,100 --> 01:10:11,900
Built a funeral pyre on Mount 
wetter. 

1296
01:10:12,800 --> 01:10:16,900
By tortured step, he climbed 
each footfall echoing the 

1297
01:10:16,900 --> 01:10:18,200
weights. 
He'd carried all his life. 

1298
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:23,100
Gilt Duty heartbreak. 
Stretched himself upon the wood 

1299
01:10:23,100 --> 01:10:26,600
begging for an end, to his 
suffering Flames were lit 

1300
01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:30,400
devouring, mortal flesh that 
wants battled monsters and 

1301
01:10:30,400 --> 01:10:33,600
kings. 
Smoke curl toward the sky 

1302
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:37,400
bearing, the essence of a hero 
who had saved entire Realms yet 

1303
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:40,100
fail to escape Divine, cunning 
and human Frailty. 

1304
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:44,700
Some say that in those final 
moments Zeus intervened lifting 

1305
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:48,000
his sons Immortal Spirit to 
Olympus others claim. 

1306
01:10:48,000 --> 01:10:52,500
Hercules simply became Ash the 
price of mixing superhuman Deeds

1307
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:54,200
with all two human 
vulnerabilities. 

1308
01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:57,800
Wherever the truth lies, the 
Legendary Champions. 

1309
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:01,600
Last mortal breath, vanished in 
mayo fulfilling at the destiny 

1310
01:11:01,600 --> 01:11:03,200
shaped by both Triumph and 
Agony. 

1311
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:06,800
Even the wind seemed to pause in
reverence as though 

1312
01:11:06,800 --> 01:11:10,100
acknowledging that no Beast or 
King had ever broken him as 

1313
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:14,600
completely as love and betrayal.
Hercules end on Mount wetter 

1314
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:16,900
thundered through the Greek 
world like a mournful. 

1315
01:11:16,900 --> 01:11:21,000
Lament those who did admired him
as a liberator, stood in stunned

1316
01:11:21,000 --> 01:11:24,100
silence, While others who had 
envied him spoke in hushed 

1317
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:26,500
voices were at the cruel, 
Caprice of fate. 

1318
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:29,600
Priests in local temples offered
contradictory explanations. 

1319
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:34,100
Some insisted his spirit rose to
the heavens, others deemed it, 

1320
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:37,500
just another tragic demise all 
be it of an extraordinary 

1321
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:40,300
mortal. 
In the weeks that followed 

1322
01:11:40,300 --> 01:11:44,900
altars across the Aegean bosom, 
offering in his memory trips of 

1323
01:11:44,900 --> 01:11:47,800
wine. 
Handfuls of grain, even small 

1324
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,300
wood, carvings depicting 
Alliance Pelt or a hefty Club 

1325
01:11:51,300 --> 01:11:53,800
ordinary. 
Folks, struggled to reconcile. 

1326
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:58,600
The downfall of a figure who had
bested Lyons hydras and giantess

1327
01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:01,700
How could such a Champions 
succumb to something as simple 

1328
01:12:01,708 --> 01:12:04,500
yet, devastating as poisoned 
fabric. 

1329
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:08,300
For many it. 
Confirmed that no one, not even 

1330
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:11,600
a demigod was immune to the 
brutal, interplay of divine, 

1331
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:14,600
grudges, and human failings. 
At mycenae. 

1332
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:17,800
King eurystheus is caught. 
Reportedly watched the news 

1333
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:21,200
unfold with uneasy satisfaction 
though the king had long 

1334
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:23,400
resented. 
Hercules learning of his 

1335
01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:25,700
agonizing death offered. 
No genuine relief. 

1336
01:12:25,700 --> 01:12:29,200
Only a Halo sense that the 
Realms most potent Shield was 

1337
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:31,400
gone. 
Some whispered that if a 

1338
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,400
champion like Hercules could be 
vanquished, perhaps the gods 

1339
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:38,600
would turn a harsher on lesser 
Mortals Fear lingard, in the 

1340
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:42,500
corridors of power. 
As though Hercules is fiery end 

1341
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:45,000
and shifted the cosmic balance 
in unpredictable ways. 

1342
01:12:46,000 --> 01:12:49,900
Stories multiplied as Tales, do 
certain bars favored, the 

1343
01:12:49,908 --> 01:12:53,800
uplifting version Zeus you can 
organizing his son's heroism. 

1344
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:56,600
Welcome him. 
Among The Immortals, they spun 

1345
01:12:56,600 --> 01:13:00,800
visions of, Hercules Seated on 
Olympus sipping, ambrosia, in 

1346
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,200
the presence of swirling. 
Constellation's others, told the

1347
01:13:04,200 --> 01:13:07,900
Bleaker side that the Flames 
consumed not just his body, but 

1348
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,500
every Vestige of his once 
glorious spirit, Scattering him 

1349
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:15,100
into Oblivion. 
Across the seas foreign scribes 

1350
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:17,700
embellished details. 
Turning him into a half 

1351
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:20,800
legendary King in land. 
He never visited or crediting 

1352
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:22,200
him with Feats. 
He never performed. 

1353
01:13:23,000 --> 01:13:26,300
Amid these Tales dayanara's part
in the tragedy sparked. 

1354
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:29,700
Endless debate, some portrayed 
her as a naive victim of 

1355
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:33,300
necessary, deception others, 
painted her as a jealous spouse.

1356
01:13:33,300 --> 01:13:35,300
Who rationally destroyed what 
she claimed to love. 

1357
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:38,000
Still others. 
Insisted the real blame lay. 

1358
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:41,700
With the gods to many listeners,
it hardly mattered heartbreak 

1359
01:13:41,700 --> 01:13:44,000
had been the final monster 
Hercules, couldn't defeat. 

1360
01:13:44,800 --> 01:13:47,800
Curiously in small villages, 
scattered near the site of his 

1361
01:13:47,800 --> 01:13:50,900
labors Hercules is memory 
retained, a more grounded 

1362
01:13:50,900 --> 01:13:54,700
quality in these Pockets. 
Older Farmers recalled how he 

1363
01:13:54,700 --> 01:13:57,500
wants to prepare to Broken die 
or rescued a Lost Child in the 

1364
01:13:57,508 --> 01:13:59,900
midst of a colossal Quest 
children. 

1365
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:02,900
Heard bed time stories of a 
giant who was kind enough to 

1366
01:14:02,900 --> 01:14:05,500
share bread with Travellers in 
need here. 

1367
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:09,800
Heroic Feats, remained or 
inspiring, but so, did the 

1368
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:13,000
everyday decent. 
See he displayed over time. 

1369
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:17,100
That dichotomy colossal. 
Strength paired with unfeigned, 

1370
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:21,500
humility became the tapestry of 
his Legend rulers from other 

1371
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:25,800
city-states seeing the potency 
of Hercules's name, erected 

1372
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:29,600
shrines, dedicated to him as a 
protective spirit They wanted 

1373
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:31,300
travelers to believe their 
territory. 

1374
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:35,400
Enjoyed the heroes blessing in 
some cities, small festivals, 

1375
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:38,800
arose, featuring contests of 
strength, reminiscent of his 

1376
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,700
fabled deeds. 
However, a whisper of caution 

1377
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:45,000
permeated every public 
commemoration, Hercules had 

1378
01:14:45,000 --> 01:14:48,500
conquered monstrous beasts and 
overcome impossible tasks, yet a

1379
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:51,500
subtle, Sting from the Mortal 
realm had undone, him might 

1380
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:55,100
alone could not out maneuver 
fail or fate or quell the 

1381
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:57,700
complexities of love for those 
who want him. 

1382
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:00,700
Personally, Warriors, like I 
allows or local Chiefs grateful 

1383
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:03,400
for his help. 
His absence left an Abe on 

1384
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:06,600
description, they recalled the 
quiet conviction, that guided 

1385
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:09,900
him, the guilt that shadowed his
eyes after each impossible feat.

1386
01:15:10,600 --> 01:15:13,000
His final torment seemed to 
Cosmic Injustice. 

1387
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:16,600
He had also a stark reminder 
that the line between Divine and

1388
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:19,900
human was never clean. 
Hercules had walked that line 

1389
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:23,500
throughout his life wrestling 
monstrous forms on behalf of the

1390
01:15:23,500 --> 01:15:25,800
powerless. 
While An Invisible War of 

1391
01:15:25,808 --> 01:15:30,200
deities, raged overhead over 
decades Recollections. 

1392
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:34,200
Softened younger Generations 
heard only the grand arcs the 

1393
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:38,300
nemean lion, the Hydra the 
Unstoppable hero details of 

1394
01:15:38,300 --> 01:15:42,000
heartbreak and moral doubt, 
vanished in the retailing by 

1395
01:15:42,000 --> 01:15:46,500
carved statues brandishing clubs
or wearing Lions skins yet in 

1396
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:48,900
rare corners of Greece. 
Of the full story was preserved 

1397
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:52,200
by those who had reason to 
remember a Titan among men who 

1398
01:15:52,200 --> 01:15:55,900
was neither, holy God, nor 
entirely mortal undone At Last 

1399
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:58,500
by the same vulnerabilities. 
He had once tried to transcend, 

1400
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:01,700
thus, Hercules's flame burned 
on. 

1401
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:05,000
In the minds of those who found 
resonance in his struggles even 

1402
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:09,500
long after the funeral pyres 
Embers cool to Ash time and 

1403
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,700
distance transformed Hercules 
from a man into a myth. 

1404
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:18,100
Greek cities, grew Allied and 
Ward, new Heroes Rose and fell 

1405
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:22,000
in the retelling of old stories.
His name emerged as a beacon of 

1406
01:16:22,008 --> 01:16:26,100
impossible feats, Philosophers 
invoked him as a parable, some 

1407
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:30,200
praising perseverance, others 
warning against arrogance, in 

1408
01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:32,500
remote, Villages, older 
Generations. 

1409
01:16:32,500 --> 01:16:34,100
Passed down, more intimate 
accounts. 

1410
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:37,700
How a colossal figure once 
mended a roof before chasing off

1411
01:16:37,700 --> 01:16:40,800
Marauders or how he accepted a 
bowl of wine on a cold night 

1412
01:16:40,800 --> 01:16:44,200
without flaunting his stature? 
As the classical era. 

1413
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:46,700
Gave way to Roman ascendancy. 
Hercules. 

1414
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:50,300
Evolved into a Roman emblem. 
soldiers, prayed to Hercules, 

1415
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:53,700
Invictus equating him with 
conquest and unrelenting will 

1416
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:56,500
Statues, proliferated from 
Grand. 

1417
01:16:56,500 --> 01:16:59,500
Marble works in the Forum to 
Tiny household shrines. 

1418
01:17:00,400 --> 01:17:03,900
Emperors hungry for legitimacy 
wrapped themselves in the 

1419
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:06,800
demigods in imagery. 
Hoping some shred of that 

1420
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:09,800
Timeless prowess might cloak 
their human frailties. 

1421
01:17:09,800 --> 01:17:13,300
However, the bragging about 
strength often overshadowed the 

1422
01:17:13,308 --> 01:17:17,800
deeper nuances of Hercules's 
trials, centuries later medieval

1423
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:21,300
Scholars, wrestled with Pagan 
Legacy attempting to blend 

1424
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:23,400
ancient myths into Christian 
Frameworks. 

1425
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:28,000
Hercules became a cautionary, 
Fitzhugh powerful yet undone by 

1426
01:17:28,000 --> 01:17:32,000
sin and trickery in the 
Renaissance artist seized upon 

1427
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,800
his heroic silhouette Palaces, 
displayed frescoes of him 

1428
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:39,000
wrestling lions, or heaving 
Mountainside highlighting the 

1429
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:42,500
human form in Dynamic Glory. 
playwrights toyed, with his 

1430
01:17:42,500 --> 01:17:46,200
Persona, sometimes as tragic 
hero sometimes as comedic foil, 

1431
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:50,700
each era, reinterpreting him a 
new Despite these cultural 

1432
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:55,500
Metamorphoses Echoes of his true
complexity, endured in certain 

1433
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:59,300
monastic, libraries meticulous, 
scribes noted lesser known 

1434
01:17:59,308 --> 01:18:01,900
episodes. 
The moral Agony behind his 

1435
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:05,900
labors, the Heartbreak that 
ended, his mortal story and the 

1436
01:18:05,908 --> 01:18:08,800
persistent question of whether 
the ever truly found peace. 

1437
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:13,100
For some he embodied the tragedy
of a life shaped by the Divine 

1438
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:15,200
lineage yet rooted in Mortal 
imitation. 

1439
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:18,300
For others. 
He served as a beacon of 

1440
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:21,800
aspiration proof that mortal 
will could confront, even the 

1441
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,900
gods designs and sometimes 
Triumph. 

1442
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,400
Beyond texts and statuary. 
Hercules lived on in the 

1443
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:32,000
intangible realm of folk memory 
fisherman of distant coasts, 

1444
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:34,900
recited short prayers to him 
before braving storms. 

1445
01:18:34,900 --> 01:18:38,000
As if the old Guardian might 
still Shield them from the Seas 

1446
01:18:38,000 --> 01:18:40,700
Wrath. 
Caravans Crossing desert Roots 

1447
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:44,700
invoke his name for safe Passage
Parents uncertain. 

1448
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:46,300
How to quiet a Restless child at
night? 

1449
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:50,300
Spun lullabies of a gentle giant
who wants fought off walls. 

1450
01:18:50,300 --> 01:18:53,800
So families could sleep in 
safety. these understated 

1451
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:57,700
tributes carried for the essence
of a hero who despite Divine 

1452
01:18:57,700 --> 01:19:01,900
drama always answered mortal 
need For a contemporary 

1453
01:19:01,900 --> 01:19:04,200
Observer. 
Perhaps in the middle Decades of

1454
01:19:04,208 --> 01:19:08,100
life, Hercules Tale resonates on
several levels. 

1455
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:10,700
There's the unbridled strength 
of Youth. 

1456
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:13,900
Those Unstoppable surges of 
ambition or optimism. 

1457
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:17,200
Then there's the gradual 
intrusion of responsibility, 

1458
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:21,300
regret and heartbreak. 
Middle-aged can bring reflection

1459
01:19:21,300 --> 01:19:24,600
how even the strongest Among Us 
wrestle with past mistakes, 

1460
01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:28,400
unfulfilled desires and the 
weight of moral compromise, 

1461
01:19:28,400 --> 01:19:32,300
Hercules with his Unstoppable 
arms and vulnerable heart 

1462
01:19:32,300 --> 01:19:35,800
mirrors. 
That Universal dilemma overall. 

1463
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:40,300
It's The Duality that Define him
Savior and Destroyer, Victor and

1464
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:44,300
victim demigod, and man, he 
sawed by mortal confines yet. 

1465
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:47,100
Remained Shackled by the gods 
whims and his own remorse. 

1466
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:49,300
Scholars. 
Today, still debate. 

1467
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,600
The meaning of his final Act. 
Was the funeral pyre, a mere 

1468
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:56,700
surrender to Agony or deliberate
Transcendence of mortal bounds. 

1469
01:19:56,700 --> 01:20:00,700
Did the smoke carry him to 
Olympus or was it a symbolic? 

1470
01:20:00,700 --> 01:20:03,100
Final note to the Ballard of an 
exhausted hero. 

1471
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:06,900
Some epilogues insist, he found 
a measure of immortality. 

1472
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:10,700
Seat among the pantheon a cosmic
nod to the labors. 

1473
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:13,700
He performed in the service of 
humanity and divine prerogative.

1474
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:16,800
Others claimed, his Spirit 
roams, the Mortal Realm. 

1475
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:19,800
Occasionally glimpsed in moments
of dire need. 

1476
01:20:20,500 --> 01:20:22,200
Most except that the ultimate 
truth. 

1477
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:26,400
Like so many ancient Tales 
remains in shifting layers of 

1478
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:30,100
interpretation. 
And so Hercules remains a 

1479
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:33,100
fixture in the collective 
psyche, he stands for more than 

1480
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:35,200
might alone. 
He stands for the cost of 

1481
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:39,000
greatness, the fleeting nature 
of redemption and the fragile 

1482
01:20:39,000 --> 01:20:42,400
boundary that separates Gods 
from men, where the chiseled in 

1483
01:20:42,400 --> 01:20:44,500
marble or a counted in a Village
Tavern. 

1484
01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:47,700
His Legend in dues. 
He is the champion forever, 

1485
01:20:47,700 --> 01:20:51,300
forging New Legends, even 
centuries after his final 

1486
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,700
breath. 
In that sense, Hercules lives on

1487
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:59,000
wherever human hearts still 
strive endure and grapple with 

1488
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,600
the powers Divine or Earthly 
that shape our destinies. 

1489
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:09,300
When we think of the Great 
Depression, we see dust storms 

1490
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:12,300
and bread, lines and CPA. 
Before we can appreciate the 

1491
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,600
cycle impact of the economic 
collapse. 

1492
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:18,000
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

1493
01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:20,700
extraordinary optimism, and 
excessive consumerism that 

1494
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:25,100
future can imagine. 
By 1988 Americans believed in 

1495
01:21:25,100 --> 01:21:27,200
Endless Prosperity, almost 
religiously. 

1496
01:21:27,200 --> 01:21:30,400
The typical manufacturing pay 
has increased by approximately 

1497
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:34,000
40%. 
Since the early 1920s, most new,

1498
01:21:34,000 --> 01:21:38,000
urban homes have indoor plumbing
longer luxury in less than a 

1499
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,000
decade car ownership rows from 8
million to 23 million. 

1500
01:21:41,700 --> 01:21:45,700
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

1501
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:50,200
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

1502
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:52,900
stock market. 
We thought we'd discovered 

1503
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:56,200
economic immortality said 
Philadelphia radio salesperson, 

1504
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,500
Martin Steinberg. 
My customers bought philco and 

1505
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:02,500
RCA's on installment plans with 
10% down. 

1506
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:06,100
I set up their new consoles as 
they discussed their Investments

1507
01:22:06,100 --> 01:22:09,400
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

1508
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:12,500
shoe shine, boy, those should 
have been warning signs, but we 

1509
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:16,000
were drunk with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

1510
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,100
times generated. 
A strange isolation extended 

1511
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:21,100
families, that live together for
economic reasons. 

1512
01:22:21,100 --> 01:22:25,000
Split into nuclear units, many 
young couple's bought homes in 

1513
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:26,500
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

1514
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:29,300
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

1515
01:22:29,300 --> 01:22:31,800
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

1516
01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:35,100
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

1517
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:38,600
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

1518
01:22:38,600 --> 01:22:42,900
establishments, When the crash 
came we discovered how much we'd

1519
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:46,100
sacrificed for material Goods, 
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 

1520
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:50,100
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

1521
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:53,800
My father was well, positioned, 
we owned a Packard, Frigidaire 

1522
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:56,400
and phone, we scarcely knew our 
neighbors. 

1523
01:22:56,400 --> 01:22:59,900
Everyone competed for new 
gadgets and things we had little

1524
01:22:59,900 --> 01:23:02,800
when my father lost his job in 
1930. 

1525
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:07,300
We had limited resources. 
They didn't know us well enough 

1526
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:09,700
to help and we were ashamed to 
ask for assistance. 

1527
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,100
American society is atomization 
would be deadly. 

1528
01:23:13,100 --> 01:23:17,100
During the economic crisis many 
families suffered alone with out

1529
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:20,700
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

1530
01:23:20,700 --> 01:23:22,500
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

1531
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:27,600
First Tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured, unlike 

1532
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:29,700
to today's FDIC insured, 
deposits. 

1533
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:32,500
Most Americans didn't know their
deposits. 

1534
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:36,300
Finance speculative Investments.
People viewed, the collapse of 

1535
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,300
rural banks in the late, 19th 
and early 20th, centuries as a 

1536
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:43,700
local issue, affecting backward,
rural communities, Continental 

1537
01:23:43,700 --> 01:23:46,700
Illinois, bank teller Harold 
Jenkins, recalls the denial 

1538
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:50,200
management assured us. 
These rural bank failures in 28,

1539
01:23:50,200 --> 01:23:53,200
were isolated cases attributable
to deteriorating. 

1540
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:57,300
Agricultural prices, The crucial
connections were missed our 

1541
01:23:57,300 --> 01:23:59,500
loan, officers approved 
mortgages with low down, 

1542
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:03,200
payments, and margin loans, for 
stock buyers after the crash are

1543
01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:06,900
leaders to correct, correction. 
This institutional, blindness 

1544
01:24:06,900 --> 01:24:10,800
included government in early 
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 

1545
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:14,100
Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

1546
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,400
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

1547
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:21,200
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic nomics

1548
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:25,100
held that economic hardship was 
necessary to purify and rebuild 

1549
01:24:25,100 --> 01:24:27,500
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

1550
01:24:27,500 --> 01:24:30,700
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt. 

1551
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:33,700
The psychological modifications 
forced on everyday. 

1552
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:37,800
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer, 

1553
01:24:37,800 --> 01:24:41,000
Behavior significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

1554
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:43,300
as convenience's and identity 
markers. 

1555
01:24:44,100 --> 01:24:45,700
Car or cigarette brand defined 
one. 

1556
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:48,900
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

1557
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:51,900
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

1558
01:24:52,900 --> 01:24:56,000
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

1559
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:58,800
Clarke. 
We forgot who we were the life 

1560
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:01,000
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

1561
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:03,300
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

1562
01:25:03,300 --> 01:25:06,800
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

1563
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:08,300
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

1564
01:25:08,300 --> 01:25:10,400
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

1565
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:12,600
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

1566
01:25:13,900 --> 01:25:16,500
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

1567
01:25:16,500 --> 01:25:19,600
between expectations and reality
to find the early depression. 

1568
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:23,700
The world, they were promised to
vanished overnight leaving them 

1569
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:27,400
in strange territory without 
Maps or goal guides the 

1570
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:31,600
financial collapse of 1929. 
To 1933 wasn't just about stock 

1571
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:33,500
market losses affecting wealthy 
investors. 

1572
01:25:33,500 --> 01:25:37,500
What truly devastated ordinary 
Americans was the destruction of

1573
01:25:37,500 --> 01:25:39,900
the banking system. 
And with it, their life savings 

1574
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:46,400
between 1930 and 1933 over. 
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 

1575
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:48,000
of all banks in the United 
States. 

1576
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:51,400
Each closure, triggered, 
cascading losses in communities 

1577
01:25:51,400 --> 01:25:55,100
where those Banks operated 
unlike today's news cycle, which

1578
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:57,800
might report bank failures as 
abstract statistics. 

1579
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:02,300
Those closures were visceral 
Community, altering events, I 

1580
01:26:02,300 --> 01:26:04,300
was walking to school, when I 
saw the crowd outside First 

1581
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:07,400
National remembered Eunice 
Templeton, who was 12 years old,

1582
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:10,100
in Galesburg Illinois. 
When her towns largest Bank 

1583
01:26:10,100 --> 01:26:13,800
closed, People were pounding on 
the doors, some women were 

1584
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:18,400
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 
owned the hardware store, sat on

1585
01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:22,000
the curb with his head in his 
hands my father lost 800 dollars

1586
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:26,300
his entire savings. 
That night mother cut up an old 

1587
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:27,800
dress to make me a new one for 
school. 

1588
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:31,200
We have to be creative. 
Now, she said her voice all 

1589
01:26:31,200 --> 01:26:32,900
tight, like she was holding 
something back. 

1590
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:37,200
What's really disgusting 
histories is how the crisis 

1591
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:39,400
transformed attitudes toward 
money itself. 

1592
01:26:40,700 --> 01:26:44,100
Before 1929 cash had been 
migrating from the mattress to 

1593
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:47,100
the bank account as Americans 
embraced financial institutions.

1594
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:50,400
After the banking collapse, many
developed, a profound distrust 

1595
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,200
of banks, that would last 
Generations communities 

1596
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:55,900
responded by developing 
extraordinary alternatives to 

1597
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:59,500
traditional currency. 
In Minneapolis, the organized 

1598
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:02,600
unemployed created script 
certificates, tied to hours of 

1599
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:06,800
work in California's Imperial 
Valley Farmers traded promissory

1600
01:27:06,800 --> 01:27:11,500
notes backed by Future crops. 
In Seattle professionals, formed

1601
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:14,500
exchange networks, where doctors
and lawyers traded Services 

1602
01:27:14,500 --> 01:27:16,000
directly with plumbers and 
electricians. 

1603
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:19,700
Wayne Thornton a plumbing 
contractor in Des Moines 

1604
01:27:19,708 --> 01:27:22,900
described his experience. 
Money just disappeared. 

1605
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,200
I had customers who needed leaks
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 

1606
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:30,200
I started taking chickens home. 
Canned vegetables and even 

1607
01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:33,900
Furniture in exchange for work, 
my secretary kept a ledger of 

1608
01:27:33,908 --> 01:27:37,800
who owned what by 1922. 
I was only getting about 30% of 

1609
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:41,000
my payments in actual currency. 
The rest was barter or promises.

1610
01:27:42,100 --> 01:27:44,400
This collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

1611
01:27:44,400 --> 01:27:47,700
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

1612
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:50,400
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

1613
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:54,000
When that's agreement, faltered 
communities improvised 

1614
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:56,600
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

1615
01:27:57,500 --> 01:27:59,100
For children. 
The depression's monetary 

1616
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:00,700
lessons were particularly 
complex. 

1617
01:28:00,700 --> 01:28:04,600
Kathryn Wagner, who grew up in 
San Francisco, recalled. 

1618
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:07,600
My father had been a successful 
attorney before the crash 

1619
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:10,000
suddenly. 
He was accepting payment in 

1620
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:12,700
firewood or fish. 
I remember asking for a nickel 

1621
01:28:12,700 --> 01:28:15,800
for candy, and my mother cried, 
not because we didn't have a 

1622
01:28:15,800 --> 01:28:19,000
nickel, we did, but because she 
understood that money now had to

1623
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:22,000
be hoarded save for absolute 
necessities. 

1624
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:25,300
The depression's monetary 
transformational was also 

1625
01:28:25,300 --> 01:28:28,300
visible in how physical currency
was treated bills. 

1626
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:32,600
Were pressed, flat coins were 
counted repeatedly and cache was

1627
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:34,900
hidden, increasingly creative 
locations. 

1628
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:38,800
Laura Hillman, whose father was 
a bank manager in Cincinnati 

1629
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:41,600
described finding money 
throughout their home after his 

1630
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:45,100
death in 1940. 
There were silver dollars in to 

1631
01:28:45,100 --> 01:28:48,600
the hems of curtains bills, 
tucked between book, pages coins

1632
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:50,600
and sealed mason jars, buried in
the garden. 

1633
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:55,000
Farther new beta than anyone how
fragile Banks were and it marked

1634
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:58,000
in permanently beyond the 
Practical aspects of monies, 

1635
01:28:58,000 --> 01:29:00,800
transformation was a deeper 
philosophical shift. 

1636
01:29:01,600 --> 01:29:04,600
Americans who had embraced 
consumer culture and defined 

1637
01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:07,300
themselves through purchases. 
Now found themselves questioning

1638
01:29:07,300 --> 01:29:11,100
the basis of value itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

1639
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:13,100
value, became unavoidably 
apparent. 

1640
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:16,700
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

1641
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:20,400
And when a skilled labor is 
daily wage fell from four 

1642
01:29:20,400 --> 01:29:22,700
dollars to one dollar. 
If work could be found at all. 

1643
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:26,800
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

1644
01:29:26,800 --> 01:29:29,900
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money, but the 

1645
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:33,000
whole concept. 
A house didn't change physically

1646
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:36,900
when its price dropped 80%, but 
suddenly the banks said, it was 

1647
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,000
worth a fifth of what they'd 
claimed last year. 

1648
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:42,000
A man's labor didn't change when
his wage was cut. 

1649
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:45,100
But now an hour of sweat was 
worth half ordered Bean. 

1650
01:29:45,900 --> 01:29:47,800
This change made people question
everything. 

1651
01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:52,400
This questioning extended to 
Authority itself when presidents

1652
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:54,600
Hoover and Roosevelt made 
pronouncements about the 

1653
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:56,800
economy. 
Many Americans had become 

1654
01:29:56,800 --> 01:30:00,400
skeptical of official narratives
having watched soundbanks 

1655
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:02,700
collapse and blue chip stocks 
become worthless. 

1656
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:05,500
They developed a weariness 
towards institutional 

1657
01:30:05,500 --> 01:30:07,800
pronouncements that would 
influence American politics for 

1658
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:10,300
decades. 
The depression's monetary chaos.

1659
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:14,500
Also produced unexpected, social
effects as cash became scarce. 

1660
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:16,700
Those who still had it gained 
outside. 

1661
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:19,900
Influence, small town Bankers, 
who had maintained liquidity. 

1662
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:23,400
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

1663
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:26,000
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

1664
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,400
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

1665
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:33,100
hierarchies based on traditional
status markers and more on 

1666
01:30:33,100 --> 01:30:36,600
financial Prudence a virtue that
had been largely dismissed 

1667
01:30:36,600 --> 01:30:40,600
during the exuberant 1920s. 
The social order flipped 

1668
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,700
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia. 

1669
01:30:44,600 --> 01:30:48,400
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 
were now, destitute while 

1670
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:50,700
cautious. 
Savers became Community leaders.

1671
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:55,100
Everyone thought our principal 
was a Frugal Miser, but he was 

1672
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:57,900
the only one who could provide 
small loans to prevent faculty 

1673
01:30:57,900 --> 01:31:01,600
members from losing their homes.
His influence grew tremendously,

1674
01:31:01,600 --> 01:31:05,200
the psychological impact of the 
depression created wounds that 

1675
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:09,000
statistics can't capture 
invisible scars, that shape 

1676
01:31:09,000 --> 01:31:12,700
behaviors relationships and 
World Views for Generations. 

1677
01:31:13,300 --> 01:31:16,700
While historians often focus on 
economic metrics, the True 

1678
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:19,000
Legacy lived in changed minds 
and hearts. 

1679
01:31:19,800 --> 01:31:22,800
For adults who had established 
identity's and expectations 

1680
01:31:22,800 --> 01:31:26,000
before the crash the cycle. 
Logical toll was particularly 

1681
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,100
severe. 
Edwin Matthews who practiced 

1682
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:31,600
medicine in Cleveland throughout
the 1930s observed. 

1683
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:35,600
I treated physical ailments, 
malnutrition tuberculosis 

1684
01:31:35,600 --> 01:31:39,400
exacerbated by poor housing 
industrial injuries but the most

1685
01:31:39,400 --> 01:31:42,400
common problems were 
psychological insomnia. 

1686
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:46,100
Played former businessman 
digestive disorders, affected 

1687
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:48,800
women, trying to feed families 
on inadequate budgets. 

1688
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:52,300
I observe Tremors in hands that 
had previously been steady. 

1689
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:55,900
These stress-related ailments 
rarely appear in depression. 

1690
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:58,000
Statistics yet. 
They're affected Millions. 

1691
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:00,500
More startling with the 
invisible. 

1692
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,400
Behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing 

1693
01:32:03,400 --> 01:32:06,000
became withdrawn 
decision-making, became 

1694
01:32:06,000 --> 01:32:09,100
Paralyzed by fear. 
Marriages strained under 

1695
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,000
Financial pressure developed 
communication patterns centered 

1696
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:13,900
on avoidance, rather than 
confrontation. 

1697
01:32:14,600 --> 01:32:17,700
My mother changed completely 
said, Richard Neville, who was 

1698
01:32:17,700 --> 01:32:20,400
10 years old when his father 
lost his accounting position in 

1699
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:22,508
1931. 
Before she had been the 

1700
01:32:22,516 --> 01:32:25,100
neighborhood social organizer 
card, parties, Community. 

1701
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:28,200
Theater Church of events. 
After we lost our home and moved

1702
01:32:28,200 --> 01:32:31,000
to a rental across town, she 
stopped seeing friends entirely,

1703
01:32:31,000 --> 01:32:33,800
she'd say she was too busy, but 
I would find her sitting 

1704
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:35,300
motionless by the window for 
hours. 

1705
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:38,600
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

1706
01:32:39,600 --> 01:32:42,600
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

1707
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,300
Shame about downward Mobility 
led many to isolate themselves 

1708
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:48,700
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

1709
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:51,000
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

1710
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:54,400
compounded, depression creating 
cycles of emotional decline that

1711
01:32:54,408 --> 01:32:57,200
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

1712
01:32:57,200 --> 01:33:01,000
primitive and stigmatized For 
children, the psychological 

1713
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:04,800
impacts manifested differently. 
Many developed extreme risk 

1714
01:33:04,800 --> 01:33:07,300
aversion and preoccupation with 
security that would influence 

1715
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:11,200
their adult decisions. 
Decades later, School teachers 

1716
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:13,800
reported students, hoarding 
lunch leftovers and school 

1717
01:33:13,800 --> 01:33:17,300
supplies children as young as 
six began asking anxious 

1718
01:33:17,300 --> 01:33:21,000
questions about family finances.
Clara Mortensen, who taught 

1719
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:24,900
third grade in Omaha noted for 
the depression children would 

1720
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:29,200
trade sandwich halves or share 
treats by. 1932, I observed 

1721
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:32,100
students carefully wrapping 
uneaten portions to take home. 

1722
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:35,200
They'd count crayons repeatedly 
to ensure none were lost. 

1723
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:37,600
These weren't behaviors. 
Their parents are directly 

1724
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:39,700
taught them. 
The children were absorbing the 

1725
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:41,300
anxiety from the atmosphere 
around them. 

1726
01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:45,500
What's particularly striking 
about depression neuropsychology

1727
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:47,400
was the disproportionate impact 
on men. 

1728
01:33:48,300 --> 01:33:50,900
In a culture that primarily 
Define masculine Success Through

1729
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:54,600
provider ship unemployment, 
profoundly impacted the core of 

1730
01:33:54,600 --> 01:33:58,200
male identity women, though, 
certainly not immune to 

1731
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:00,400
depression. 
Trauma offered had secondary 

1732
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:03,400
identities as caregivers and 
home managers that remained 

1733
01:34:03,400 --> 01:34:06,900
intact despite Financial 
collapse, Henry Gladwell who 

1734
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:09,300
spent two years, riding the 
rails after losing his Factory 

1735
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:11,400
job in Akron. 
Described this gender, 

1736
01:34:11,400 --> 01:34:15,000
differential, A man with out 
working in those days, wasn't a 

1737
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:17,500
man at all. 
Women could still be mothers and

1738
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:20,800
wives without paychecks. 
Women faced severe, hardships. 

1739
01:34:20,800 --> 01:34:23,000
But there are experienced with 
different from Men. 

1740
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:26,900
For us men unemployment wasn't 
just economic hardship. 

1741
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:29,500
It was a masculine, some 
fellows. 

1742
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:31,700
I knew would leave home each 
morning pretending to seek 

1743
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:34,200
employment, but would actually 
spend the day in the public 

1744
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:36,900
library just to maintain the 
fiction that they were still 

1745
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:40,300
trying. 
This gendered experience created

1746
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:43,800
lasting imprints on family. 
Dynamics children, who watched 

1747
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:47,200
fathers struggle with identity 
loss, often developed complex 

1748
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:49,300
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

1749
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:53,000
Many Depression era children 
grew up to become Workaholics 

1750
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:55,400
driving themselves. 
Relentlessly to avoid the 

1751
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:57,000
vulnerability. 
They had witnessed in their 

1752
01:34:57,000 --> 01:35:01,100
third parents, the psychological
impact extended to how people 

1753
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:04,100
viewed institutions, trust in 
Banks corporations and 

1754
01:35:04,100 --> 01:35:06,900
government suffered damage that 
would never fully heal. 

1755
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:09,800
For many, who had believed in 
American capitalism, as an 

1756
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:13,400
essentially Fair system at 
rewarded hard work, the 

1757
01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:17,800
depression destroyed, this 
foundational, assumption. my 

1758
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,200
father was a True Believer in 
the American dream explained, 

1759
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:24,800
Catherine Oaks whose family lost
their Michigan Farm to 

1760
01:35:24,800 --> 01:35:29,600
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,

1761
01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:34,400
and saved every penny. 
When the bank took our farm 

1762
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:39,100
something broken in him, not 
just sadness, his entire 

1763
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:42,600
worldview collapsed, he believed
there was a moral order where 

1764
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:45,700
virtue was rewarded. 
After that, he viewed all 

1765
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:49,000
institutions with suspicion, he 
wouldn't even trust the Post 

1766
01:35:49,000 --> 01:35:52,900
Office with packages. 
This institutional, distrust 

1767
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:55,600
manifested in behaviors that 
Outsiders often found 

1768
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:58,500
incomprehensible. 
People who had survived bank 

1769
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:01,300
failures might divide their 
modest savings between multiple 

1770
01:36:01,300 --> 01:36:04,600
hiding places. 
Important documents were kept at

1771
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:08,400
home rather than in safe deposit
boxes government assistance. 

1772
01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:11,500
Programs were viewed with 
suspicion even by those who 

1773
01:36:11,500 --> 01:36:16,300
desperately needed help, perhaps
most profoundly The depression 

1774
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,400
altered America's relationship 
with possibility itself. 

1775
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,500
The assumption that tomorrow 
would likely be better than 

1776
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:24,700
today. 
A quintessentially, American 

1777
01:36:24,700 --> 01:36:27,800
Outlook was replaced for many by
persistent expectation of 

1778
01:36:27,808 --> 01:36:31,200
calamity. 
This anticipatory anxiety became

1779
01:36:31,200 --> 01:36:34,500
so ingrained that many 
depression survivors maintained 

1780
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:37,400
emergencies preparation 
throughout their lives, long 

1781
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:40,800
after economic recovery. 
Grandmother kept a suitcase 

1782
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:43,200
packed until the day she died in
1992. 

1783
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:46,500
Recalled, Tom Whittaker about 
his grandmother who had lived 

1784
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:50,700
through bank runs in 1931. 
She insisted every family member

1785
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,300
memorized, a meeting location, 
if things fell apart again. 

1786
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:56,700
She maintained a pantry that 
could feed 20 people for months.

1787
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:59,900
When we cleaned out her 
apartment, we found gold coins. 

1788
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:01,800
Sewn into the lining of her 
winter coat. 

1789
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:05,300
The depression never ended in 
her mind when we examine the 

1790
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:07,100
depression Beyond economic 
statistics. 

1791
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:10,600
We discover how profoundly it 
transformed every day routines 

1792
01:37:10,600 --> 01:37:14,600
and practices necessity forced 
innovation in ways that 

1793
01:37:14,600 --> 01:37:17,200
fundamentally reshaped American 
domestic life. 

1794
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:20,900
Perhaps the most remarkable 
transformation happened in 

1795
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,200
kitchens Across America cooking 
practices that had been trending

1796
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:26,400
toward convenience Foods in the 
1920s. 

1797
01:37:26,400 --> 01:37:29,800
Reverse dramatically women, who 
had never baked bread found 

1798
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:32,800
themselves studying their 
grandmother's recipes complex 

1799
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:34,100
systems for food. 
Preservation. 

1800
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:36,700
Emerged in Urban Apartments, 
never designed for such 

1801
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:39,400
activities. 
Evelyn Carruthers, who managed 

1802
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:41,300
to household in Baltimore 
described. 

1803
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:45,800
This culinary Revolution, Before
29, I bought Baker's bread and 

1804
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:49,300
canned vegetables without 
thinking after my husband's pay 

1805
01:37:49,300 --> 01:37:51,800
was cut by 2/3. 
I had to relearn everything. 

1806
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:55,300
I converted our fire escape into
a cooling rack for bread. 

1807
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:58,600
I learned to make five different
meals from a single chicken. 

1808
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:02,400
Nothing was wasted. 
Potato peels became super stock 

1809
01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:04,500
and meat bones were boiled 
repeatedly. 

1810
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:07,300
We strained, the bacon, grease 
and used it for cooking 

1811
01:38:07,300 --> 01:38:10,500
throughout the week. 
This coloring transformation was

1812
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:14,100
not merely about frugality, it 
represented a fundamental change

1813
01:38:14,100 --> 01:38:15,800
in how Americans related to 
their food. 

1814
01:38:15,800 --> 01:38:19,800
The direct involvement in food 
production, created new 

1815
01:38:19,800 --> 01:38:23,400
relationships with ingredients 
and nutrition. despite financial

1816
01:38:23,400 --> 01:38:26,500
hardship, many depression 
survivors reported that their 

1817
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:30,500
diets improved in quality as 
they replaced processed foods 

1818
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:33,800
with scratch cooking, Home 
Maintenance underwent, similar 

1819
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:36,400
reinvention. 
The service economy that had 

1820
01:38:36,400 --> 01:38:38,500
begun emerging in the 1920s 
collapsed. 

1821
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,800
As families could no longer 
afford repairmen cleaners or 

1822
01:38:41,800 --> 01:38:45,200
delivery services. 
This scenario necessitated a 

1823
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:47,100
massive reskilling of the 
American population. 

1824
01:38:47,100 --> 01:38:50,000
Particularly among middle-class 
men who had specialized 

1825
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:52,800
professionally but now needed to
become generalists. 

1826
01:38:53,800 --> 01:38:56,700
Robert Thornhill who had worked 
as an accountant in Chicago 

1827
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,500
exemplified this transition. 
Before the crash I called 

1828
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:02,700
Professionals for everything 
electricians. 

1829
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:06,200
Plumbers Carpenters. 
After losing my position, I 

1830
01:39:06,200 --> 01:39:09,200
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 
Streetcar, fare let alone 

1831
01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:12,400
dollars for repairs. 
I traded accounting help to a 

1832
01:39:12,400 --> 01:39:14,000
hardware store owner for tools 
and manuals. 

1833
01:39:14,000 --> 01:39:18,500
I rewind our lighting, fixed the
toilet, and rebuilt, our kitchen

1834
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:22,600
table, My father had been a 
farmer who could fix anything 

1835
01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:25,500
skills? 
I dismissed as unnecessary and 

1836
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:28,100
modern times. 
The depression brought me back 

1837
01:39:28,100 --> 01:39:32,300
to his world with humility. 
This reskilling extended Beyond 

1838
01:39:32,300 --> 01:39:35,200
maintenance to a complete 
reimagining of household objects

1839
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:38,900
American's ingenious systems for
repurposing items. 

1840
01:39:38,900 --> 01:39:40,300
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

1841
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,300
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

1842
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:47,500
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

1843
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:51,300
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

1844
01:39:51,300 --> 01:39:53,600
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

1845
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:57,100
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

1846
01:39:58,000 --> 01:40:01,100
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renit the yarn into socks, 

1847
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:04,900
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

1848
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:09,300
set. she couldn't afford 
upholstery she needed fabric, so

1849
01:40:09,300 --> 01:40:12,300
she gathered, burlap coffee 
sacks from local shops, dyed 

1850
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:15,100
them, with walnut, husks to 
achieve a consistent color and 

1851
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:17,900
refinished our worn out 
furniture She stuffed the 

1852
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:20,300
cushions with unraveled cotton 
from worn out. 

1853
01:40:20,308 --> 01:40:23,600
Mattresses guests complemented, 
our rustic decor. 

1854
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:27,100
Never realizing it was born of 
desperation Transportation 

1855
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:29,100
underwent, perhaps the most 
visible transformation. 

1856
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:33,100
The automobile, which had become
Central to American identity in 

1857
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,300
the 1920s was now often 
unaffordable to operate. 

1858
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:39,800
Family, who kept their cars 
developed elaborate systems to 

1859
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:43,500
extend their utility adding 
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 

1860
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:47,100
Converting sedans in to pick up 
trucks by removing rear sections

1861
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,100
and modifying engines to burn 
lower quality fuels. 

1862
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:54,000
Many families returned to pre 
Automotive Transportation, Urban

1863
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:58,100
bicycle usage, Alan Parker, who 
delivered groceries in 

1864
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:02,100
Philadelphia noted, a 1932 the 
streets had changed completely, 

1865
01:41:02,100 --> 01:41:05,700
for weeks at a time people Park.
Their cars up on blocks to 

1866
01:41:05,700 --> 01:41:08,800
reduce tire. 
Wear bicycles were everywhere. 

1867
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:13,300
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

1868
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:15,300
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on the back. 

1869
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,900
Fender people rigged, incredible
trailers to bite for moving 

1870
01:41:18,900 --> 01:41:21,800
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

1871
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:26,400
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment movies, nightclubs

1872
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:29,400
and sports events became 
unaffordable luxuries for many 

1873
01:41:29,400 --> 01:41:33,500
in response Americans. 
Rediscovered, participatory and 

1874
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:36,500
entertainment, Community 
singing, amateur theatricals and

1875
01:41:36,500 --> 01:41:39,600
storytelling circles 
experienced, unexpected, 

1876
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:43,800
revivals or games enjoyed, 
unprecedented popularity with 

1877
01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:46,600
families, often making their own
versions of commercial games. 

1878
01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:49,800
The depression also forced 
reconsideration of living 

1879
01:41:49,800 --> 01:41:52,700
arrangements. 
Extended families, Consolidated 

1880
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,000
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

1881
01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:59,700
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

1882
01:41:59,700 --> 01:42:03,500
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

1883
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:05,500
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

1884
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:09,100
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

1885
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:10,800
other women, described these 
Arrangements. 

1886
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:14,600
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

1887
01:42:14,600 --> 01:42:18,100
a secretary and provided most of
our cashing come with my sewing 

1888
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:19,300
machine. 
Still in working order. 

1889
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:22,300
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

1890
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,400
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

1891
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:28,100
as any Factory schedule for 
cooking cleaning and job 

1892
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:31,000
hunting. 
We were relatives but necessity 

1893
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:32,600
made us close to the many 
families. 

1894
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,400
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

1895
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:41,400
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

1896
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:46,500
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

1897
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:48,100
available might come at any 
hour. 

1898
01:42:48,100 --> 01:42:51,200
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

1899
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:54,000
structure today is no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

1900
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:57,300
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

1901
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:01,300
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

1902
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:04,800
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred to 

1903
01:43:04,808 --> 01:43:07,600
spare. 
So I created a schedule as rigid

1904
01:43:07,600 --> 01:43:11,300
as the Mills up at 5:30 
breakfast, job hunting until 

1905
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:14,100
noon afternoon for a pair work 
or gardening. 

1906
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:17,300
I dedicate my evening's to 
reading in order to enhance my 

1907
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:20,800
skills on Sundays, I dedicate 
myself to church and spending 

1908
01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:23,100
time with my family, it wasn't 
about efficiency. 

1909
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:26,300
It was about maintaining sanity 
when the clock no longer ruled 

1910
01:43:26,300 --> 01:43:28,800
my life. 
This reinvention of daily 

1911
01:43:28,800 --> 01:43:30,600
routines wasn't merely 
adaptation. 

1912
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:33,900
It represented a profound 
cultural shift in how Americans 

1913
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:37,500
related to material Goods 
services and time itself. 

1914
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:40,900
The depression Force to 
Nationwide reassessment of needs

1915
01:43:40,900 --> 01:43:45,600
vs once durability versus 
disposability and self-reliance 

1916
01:43:45,600 --> 01:43:49,700
vs specialization These values 
would influence consumption, 

1917
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:52,600
patterns, and domestic practices
for decades after economic 

1918
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:54,700
recovery. 
The depression is famous for 

1919
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,600
individual hardships, but it's 
most impressive story. 

1920
01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:00,300
May be how communities devise 
survival strategies, that 

1921
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:02,400
changed American Social 
organization. 

1922
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:05,500
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

1923
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:07,900
individual efforts failed, 
highly sophisticated 

1924
01:44:07,900 --> 01:44:11,900
neighborhood, support systems 
arose, informal communication, 

1925
01:44:11,900 --> 01:44:15,200
networks, convey information 
about jobs Assistance, programs 

1926
01:44:15,200 --> 01:44:17,600
and local credit providers in 
metropolitan areas. 

1927
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:21,200
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

1928
01:44:21,200 --> 01:44:24,900
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

1929
01:44:24,900 --> 01:44:27,100
information. 
Before the crash. 

1930
01:44:27,100 --> 01:44:28,600
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

1931
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:30,400
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

1932
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:32,900
Two floors down. 
So Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

1933
01:44:32,900 --> 01:44:36,400
Goldstein, Mrs. Esposito. 
And my mother ran a Soup pot for

1934
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:39,600
both families in 1931. 
After learning about the 

1935
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,200
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 
informed. 

1936
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:45,600
My father old boundaries fell 
because survival demanded. 

1937
01:44:45,600 --> 01:44:50,100
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 
Candles with us on Friday nights

1938
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:52,400
because we are family, not 
because she was Jewish. 

1939
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:55,300
Community. 
Cohesion, led to practical 

1940
01:44:55,300 --> 01:44:58,500
assistance systems organic, 
Child Care cooperatives. 

1941
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:01,200
Let parents switch job. 
Hunting days tool. 

1942
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:03,500
Libraries let neighbors share 
expensive gear. 

1943
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:07,200
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

1944
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:10,000
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

1945
01:45:10,000 --> 01:45:13,400
mutual help organizations grow, 
many history's, focus on 

1946
01:45:13,400 --> 01:45:16,300
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

1947
01:45:16,300 --> 01:45:19,100
structures delivered faster, and
more culturally relevant Aid. 

1948
01:45:19,700 --> 01:45:22,900
religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefits, societies extended, 

1949
01:45:22,900 --> 01:45:26,200
their roles to meet economic 
requirements, The black 

1950
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:30,000
fraternal group Prince Hall 
Masons exhibited this expansion.

1951
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:33,200
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 
Washington said. 

1952
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:36,900
Our organization, traditionally 
provides burial benefits and 

1953
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:39,500
social connections. 
We became a job office Food, 

1954
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:42,700
Distribution Center and housing,
referral agency overnight during

1955
01:45:42,700 --> 01:45:46,000
the Depression, every working 
brother supported the unemployed

1956
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:49,000
when the economy failed our 
community retained dignity, 

1957
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:53,300
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 
workplace activism to provide 

1958
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:56,400
overall support. 
The international ladies garment

1959
01:45:56,400 --> 01:45:59,200
Workers Union in New York 
sponsored health clinics, 

1960
01:45:59,200 --> 01:46:01,700
Cooperative, housing, and adult 
education. 

1961
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:06,000
Michigan United, Auto Workers 
are employment council's, 

1962
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:09,700
organized, direct action to 
avoid eviction later, UAB 

1963
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:12,600
leader, Walter remembered early,
Depression, era activities, 

1964
01:46:13,400 --> 01:46:16,300
Hundreds of workers block the 
sheriff, when a family received 

1965
01:46:16,300 --> 01:46:19,500
an eviction notice, then we 
negotiate lower rent or payment 

1966
01:46:19,500 --> 01:46:22,600
schedules with the landlord, 
we'd return the family's 

1967
01:46:22,600 --> 01:46:24,100
possessions after authorities 
left. 

1968
01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:28,300
If eviction was inevitable, now 
we fought for Community survive,

1969
01:46:28,300 --> 01:46:31,800
not pay. 
Rural communities established 

1970
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:36,000
unique mutual help systems. 
Besides advocacy, The Grange 

1971
01:46:36,000 --> 01:46:39,300
coordinated seed exchanges, 
equipment, sharing and labor 

1972
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:42,000
pooling. 
Farmers formed, communal lending

1973
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:44,500
circles, based on European and 
African Customs. 

1974
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:47,400
When bank failures devastated, 
the conventional credit system, 

1975
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:52,000
Transformations were specially 
profound in churches, religion 

1976
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:55,100
became a distribution employment
and housing coordinators. 

1977
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:58,000
In addition, to spiritual 
assistance, when public 

1978
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:00,900
education funds, fell Church, 
basements became schools, 

1979
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:04,000
religious communities, that had 
focused on spirituality. 

1980
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:08,000
Now, addressed material, 
concerns directly, Before the 

1981
01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:11,100
depression, charity was a minor 
part of our ministry said data. 

1982
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:13,700
First Methodist Church, Pastor, 
Michael Thompson. 

1983
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:18,900
We turned our refuge into a 
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 

1984
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:21,200
Sunday School classes became 
healthcare clinics, with 

1985
01:47:21,200 --> 01:47:24,900
volunteer nurse's, we broadened 
Christian responsibility from 

1986
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:28,100
Spirits to bodies. 
Theological consequences were 

1987
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:29,800
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

1988
01:47:29,800 --> 01:47:31,800
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

1989
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:35,700
The cross-cutting aspect of 
these Community Systems was 

1990
01:47:35,700 --> 01:47:39,500
significant organizations that 
serviced ethnic religious or 

1991
01:47:39,500 --> 01:47:42,500
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

1992
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:44,900
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

1993
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:47,900
intentional, communities 
planned, Cooperative living 

1994
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:50,400
arrangements that pulled 
resources to Foster security 

1995
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,500
grew during the Depression. 
These included official Ventures

1996
01:47:54,500 --> 01:47:57,700
like West, Virginia's Arthur 
Dale community and spontaneous 

1997
01:47:57,700 --> 01:48:00,100
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

1998
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:04,200
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

1999
01:48:04,200 --> 01:48:07,900
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside, Seattle families. 

2000
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:11,100
Erected shelters from salvaged 
materials on vacation ground. 

2001
01:48:11,900 --> 01:48:15,700
We had sanitation, education, 
and food production committee is

2002
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,900
like a little town. 
Everyone contributed skills. 

2003
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:22,100
A fired teacher taught kids 
restaurant. 

2004
01:48:22,100 --> 01:48:25,200
Veterans, ran our shared 
kitchen, we printed labor, 

2005
01:48:25,200 --> 01:48:27,600
backed script. 
It was more than survival. 

2006
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:30,200
We were developing an 
alternative to the fail to 

2007
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:33,200
economy. 
These Villages were social and 

2008
01:48:33,200 --> 01:48:36,200
economic Innovation Labs. 
Many tried Cooperative, 

2009
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:39,600
ownership, labor exchange, a 
non-monetary economy is to 

2010
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:42,400
replace capitalism. 
Most of these attempts were 

2011
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:45,600
absorbed into mainstream 
Economic Institutions that the 

2012
01:48:45,600 --> 01:48:47,400
shaped American Community 
organization. 

2013
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:51,500
Community structures generated 
psychological resilience that 

2014
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:53,500
individuals couldn't most 
notably. 

2015
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:57,700
Mutual Aid, participants had 
lower depression, and suicide 

2016
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,900
rates than those who struggled 
alone Community responses, 

2017
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:03,300
brought meaning to suffering, 
that may have seemed useless. 

2018
01:49:04,800 --> 01:49:08,800
Chicago settlement house, worker
Margaret Wilson, said Community 

2019
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:12,900
connections, kept Spirits alive,
a huge psychological difference,

2020
01:49:12,900 --> 01:49:16,200
existed between unemployed men 
who joined our workers Council. 

2021
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:20,100
And those who stayed alienated 
meaning and perseverance came 

2022
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:22,800
from shared hardship. 
The council members endured 

2023
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:25,600
hunger and pain with friends, 
not shameful alone. 

2024
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:28,200
These Collective survival 
structures. 

2025
01:49:28,200 --> 01:49:31,000
Challenged American 
individualism greatly, they 

2026
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,200
showed that interdependence not 
self-reliance, determined 

2027
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:38,900
economic disaster, survivability
Long after the Depression, this 

2028
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:41,100
lesson shaped social policy and 
Community. 

2029
01:49:41,100 --> 01:49:44,300
Organizing the Great Depression 
affected, almost all Americans, 

2030
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:47,500
all though, some of events are 
forgotten black American 

2031
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,300
suffered greatly during the 
Depression but conventional 

2032
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:54,200
narrative, rarely mention it 
already discriminated against in

2033
01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:57,400
work housing and education. 
Black communities saw the 

2034
01:49:57,400 --> 01:49:59,300
depression as a worsening of 
their poverty. 

2035
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:03,100
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian
Thompson characterized this 

2036
01:50:03,100 --> 01:50:05,700
continuity. 
White's discussed the 

2037
01:50:05,700 --> 01:50:07,200
depression. 
Like it ended the world. 

2038
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:11,600
Historically colored people were
economically insecure last 

2039
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:14,100
hired. 
First dismissed, was our Norm we

2040
01:50:14,100 --> 01:50:17,700
lost even our minimal security, 
my spouse, and I saved 400 

2041
01:50:17,700 --> 01:50:20,600
dollars for a house. 
When Citizens Trust Bank failed 

2042
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:23,300
that money vanished. 
No government officials worried 

2043
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:25,200
about black Banks, like they did
white ones. 

2044
01:50:26,200 --> 01:50:29,700
Black agricultural workers 
suffered most in rural areas in 

2045
01:50:29,700 --> 01:50:32,500
addition to Chronic debt from 
sharecropping, they face falling

2046
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:34,500
cotton prices and agricultural 
mechanization. 

2047
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:38,500
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 
eliminated, thousands of jobs in

2048
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:40,800
the 1930s when Alternatives were
scarce. 

2049
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:44,400
This agricultural, displacement 
spurred the great migration of 

2050
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,300
black Americans to Northern 
cities where housing 

2051
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:50,500
discrimination forced them into 
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 

2052
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:54,500
Many new Delco initiatives 
helped Americans find housing 

2053
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,800
but redlining excluded black 
neighborhoods indigenous. 

2054
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:00,700
Populations experience the 
depression through a complicated

2055
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:04,400
mix of economic breakdown and 
Colonial policy. 

2056
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,600
The failure of the cash economy 
had less of an impact on 

2057
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:11,400
traditional subsistence tribes 
than on non-natives those forced

2058
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:13,300
into wage labor by previous 
government. 

2059
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:17,200
Legislation were especially 
vulnerable, Joseph, Blackhawk 

2060
01:51:17,200 --> 01:51:20,400
and Omaha Tribal member who 
worked in Nebraska Meatpacking 

2061
01:51:20,400 --> 01:51:22,900
facilities said government 
schools and reservation 

2062
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,700
regulations destroyed. 
Our grandparents, land-based 

2063
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:29,100
abilities, any of us relied on 
wage work, that disappeared 

2064
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:31,900
during the Depression, the 
transformation of our hunting 

2065
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:34,900
grounds into farms and our plant
Gathering sites into paved 

2066
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:36,700
areas. 
Prevented us from reverting to 

2067
01:51:36,700 --> 01:51:39,600
our ancient Customs, the 
simultaneous failure of both 

2068
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:44,300
systems, put us Between Worlds. 
The 1934 Indian reorganization 

2069
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:48,400
Act, despite its promotion as a 
progressive reform, resulted in 

2070
01:51:48,400 --> 01:51:50,800
increased economic dependency. 
During the Depression 

2071
01:51:50,800 --> 01:51:54,300
Constitution's, that prioritize 
resource exploitation have 

2072
01:51:54,300 --> 01:51:57,400
reformed tribes promoting 
outside interests over 

2073
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:00,500
indigenous communities. 
Next Mexican Americans in the 

2074
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:02,800
south-west had particularly 
depression problems. 

2075
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:05,700
Large producers slashed wages 
drastically. 

2076
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,700
But still demanded hard work 
when crop prices plummeted. 

2077
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,400
Mexican and Mexican-American 
workers faced violent 

2078
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:15,300
suppression and deportation due 
to their organizing efforts. 

2079
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:18,500
The federal government's 
repatriation plans, demonstrate 

2080
01:52:18,500 --> 01:52:23,100
economic, distress, and racial 
targeting about 60% of the one 

2081
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:25,200
to two million. 
Mexican-americans deported or 

2082
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,700
pushed to leave the US between 
1929 and 1936. 

2083
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:31,900
Were US citizens. 
The result was one of the 

2084
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:35,200
largest forced migrations in 
American history frequently with

2085
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:39,500
out legal procedure. 
Elena Ramirez whose family was 

2086
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:43,600
deported to Mexico in. 1932 
said, immigration agents in 

2087
01:52:43,608 --> 01:52:46,300
circled, our Los Angeles 
neighborhood and loaded everyone

2088
01:52:46,300 --> 01:52:48,600
onto trucks. 
The fact that my brother and I 

2089
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:51,700
were born in California and held
a American citizenship did not 

2090
01:52:51,700 --> 01:52:54,300
matter. 
We only had a few hours to pack.

2091
01:52:55,200 --> 01:52:57,400
My father worked at the same 
Factory for nine years. 

2092
01:52:57,400 --> 01:53:00,300
Our church school and Friends 
vanished overnight. 

2093
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:04,800
We landed in Mexico's strangers,
20 years after my parents 

2094
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:07,000
departed. 
We were considered pochos, 

2095
01:53:07,000 --> 01:53:10,100
neither Mexican Nora, American 
Urban Americans. 

2096
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:13,400
Rarely saw the hardship of rural
white population, in Appalachia,

2097
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:16,900
and the Ozarks Economic 
deterioration in these areas 

2098
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:20,700
began before 1929 owing to 
Resource extraction and changing

2099
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:24,400
agricultural markets, the 
depression sank economically 

2100
01:53:24,400 --> 01:53:27,500
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

2101
01:53:27,500 --> 01:53:30,400
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

2102
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:33,900
undeserving poor. 
New Deal initiatives favored, 

2103
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:36,300
recent middle-class dropouts 
over multi-generational. 

2104
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:38,900
Poor. 
Such multi-tiered assistance 

2105
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:41,100
schemes, occasionally excluded, 
the most desperate. 

2106
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:45,200
Disability during depression is 
another underestimated pain 

2107
01:53:45,200 --> 01:53:48,700
Factor family support systems 
and philanthropic institutions 

2108
01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:52,100
crumbled, putting Americans with
Disabilities in unparalleled 

2109
01:53:52,100 --> 01:53:54,900
hardship. 
When demand for disabled 

2110
01:53:54,900 --> 01:53:58,800
American Services, expanded 
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 

2111
01:53:58,800 --> 01:54:01,400
their facilities. 
A Massachusetts state 

2112
01:54:01,400 --> 01:54:03,500
psychiatric hospitals. 
Dr. Margaret Chen. 

2113
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:07,200
Observed this decline. 
We were understaffed and 

2114
01:54:07,200 --> 01:54:11,200
underfunded before the crash 
after State, budgets fell 

2115
01:54:11,200 --> 01:54:14,900
circumstances were terrible. 
Our patient base increased while

2116
01:54:14,900 --> 01:54:18,500
staff shrank by a third food 
quality, plummeted treatment 

2117
01:54:18,500 --> 01:54:21,900
became confinement. 
We ran out of resources during a

2118
01:54:21,900 --> 01:54:24,500
cute illness. 
So many individuals who could 

2119
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:26,500
have recovered were 
institutionalized for life. 

2120
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:30,400
Depression, devastated 
carefully, develop support 

2121
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:32,600
systems for physically. 
Challenged Americans living 

2122
01:54:32,600 --> 01:54:35,600
freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

2123
01:54:35,600 --> 01:54:38,300
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

2124
01:54:38,300 --> 01:54:40,700
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

2125
01:54:40,708 --> 01:54:43,700
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

2126
01:54:43,700 --> 01:54:47,400
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

2127
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:50,100
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

2128
01:54:50,100 --> 01:54:53,700
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

2129
01:54:53,700 --> 01:54:56,600
depression related, 
psychological, trauma, caused 

2130
01:54:56,600 --> 01:55:00,200
untreated mental health issues, 
how economic disaster, affected 

2131
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:03,400
youth is often forgotten in 
depression accounts schools, in 

2132
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:06,600
various locations, cut academic 
years, or shuttered, due to 

2133
01:55:06,600 --> 01:55:09,800
budget, limitations child labor,
which had been falling for 

2134
01:55:09,800 --> 01:55:13,800
decades roses families, required
cash from everyone malnutrition.

2135
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:16,800
A key development had lifelong 
physical and cognitive damage. 

2136
01:55:17,700 --> 01:55:20,000
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky 
teacher saw. 

2137
01:55:20,000 --> 01:55:23,000
These changes planting and 
harvest attendance was 

2138
01:55:23,000 --> 01:55:25,800
intermittent before the 
catastrophe, many children 

2139
01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:30,100
vanished by 1932, I found them 
working full-time at anything 

2140
01:55:30,100 --> 01:55:32,100
they could find when I visited 
their home's. 

2141
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:35,000
Some families had broken up with
children, living with relatives 

2142
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,300
or neighbors while parents 
looked for jobs. 

2143
01:55:37,300 --> 01:55:40,900
Many of my students lost the 
idea of infancy as a protected 

2144
01:55:40,900 --> 01:55:44,100
period of development. 
These forgotten depression 

2145
01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:46,600
scenes, show how economic 
disaster deep and social 

2146
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:49,800
divisions, while popular 
narratives highlight shared pain

2147
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,300
that linked Americans, these 
Forgotten Tales show how crises 

2148
01:55:53,300 --> 01:55:55,900
reinforced race region, aptitude
and age. 

2149
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:59,200
Hierarchies the Great Depression
created enduring legacies. 

2150
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:02,300
That shaped American Society for
Generations, in ways, few could 

2151
01:56:02,300 --> 01:56:05,500
have predicted these influences 
transformed behaviors and 

2152
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,400
attitudes that would persist 
long after economic recovery. 

2153
01:56:09,100 --> 01:56:11,700
The most visible Legacy was 
American's relationship with 

2154
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:15,000
Financial Risk. 
Depression survivors developed 

2155
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,400
what marketers later called, 
depression syndrome, Financial 

2156
01:56:18,400 --> 01:56:21,100
behaviors that prioritize 
security over opportunity. 

2157
01:56:21,100 --> 01:56:25,300
Even when economically 
irrational, Millionaires who had

2158
01:56:25,308 --> 01:56:27,800
survived bank failures 
maintained multiple modest 

2159
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,000
accounts rather than 
Consolidated ones. 

2160
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:34,000
Successful professionals refused
mortgages despite having amping 

2161
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:36,600
income. 
Families stockpiled Necessities 

2162
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:40,600
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 

2163
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:43,900
consumer researcher in the 1950s
noted that conventional 

2164
01:56:43,900 --> 01:56:46,800
advertising could not persuade 
depression survive, as they 

2165
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:49,100
evaluated purchases through a 
trauma lens. 

2166
01:56:49,100 --> 01:56:52,700
I interviewed a doctor who kept 
25 pounds of coffee in his 

2167
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:55,000
Pantry. 
When coffee was rattling during 

2168
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:58,900
the war he developed anxiety, 
about shortages. 20 years later 

2169
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:02,500
despite abundant supplies, he 
maintained this buffer against a

2170
01:57:02,500 --> 01:57:06,600
threat that no longer existed. 
This security oriented mindset 

2171
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:09,500
was passed down to children, 
raised by depression survivors. 

2172
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:13,200
The silent generation and early 
baby boomers inherited their 

2173
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:15,800
parents risk. 
Aversion, despite growing up in 

2174
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:19,500
unprecedented prosperity, This 
generational transmission of 

2175
01:57:19,500 --> 01:57:22,300
financial trauma influenced 
banking, housing and Retail 

2176
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:25,500
sectors for decades. 
As these sectors are knowingly, 

2177
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:28,300
catered to customers whose 
decision-making was influenced 

2178
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:30,000
by psychological patterns 
formed. 

2179
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:33,100
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

2180
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:35,000
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

2181
01:57:36,200 --> 01:57:40,200
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

2182
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:43,300
agencies. 
By 1940 government had become an

2183
01:57:43,300 --> 01:57:47,100
everyday present through relief,
programs employment projects and

2184
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,600
Regulatory Frameworks this 
created expectations that 

2185
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:52,700
transcended traditional 
political division. 

2186
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:57,300
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

2187
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:01,000
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

2188
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:03,900
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

2189
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:07,100
People welcomed me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

2190
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:10,800
people who philosophically 
opposed government interference.

2191
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:14,600
Now, expect governments 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

2192
01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:17,200
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

2193
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:19,700
recalibration of what government
was for. 

2194
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:24,400
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation the Arts

2195
01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:27,700
developed dual, impulses that 
seemed contradictory, but often 

2196
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:29,300
existed. 
Within the same Works 

2197
01:58:29,300 --> 01:58:33,100
unflinching documentation of 
suffering alongside Escapist 

2198
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,500
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

2199
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:38,900
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

2200
01:58:38,900 --> 01:58:42,400
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

2201
01:58:42,408 --> 01:58:46,600
Hollywood musicals and superhero
comics playwright Arthur Miller 

2202
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:48,800
explained this Duality the 
theater. 

2203
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:51,700
Swung between Agate prop realism
and Pure Fantasy. 

2204
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:54,700
What endured were works that 
somehow managed both 

2205
01:58:54,700 --> 01:58:57,700
acknowledging suffering, while 
suggesting Transcendence 

2206
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:01,400
audiences needed both truth and 
hope reality and possibility. 

2207
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:04,000
The depression created a 
generation that approached 

2208
01:59:04,000 --> 01:59:06,800
community building with 
deliberate intention having 

2209
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:09,400
experienced how economic 
disaster could isolate 

2210
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:12,800
individuals, many survivors 
became what sociologists later 

2211
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:16,600
called, intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

2212
01:59:16,600 --> 01:59:18,900
Community connections, as 
insurance against future 

2213
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:22,600
hardship, the explosion of Civic
organizations in post 

2214
01:59:22,600 --> 01:59:26,200
depression, America, from pta's 
to Neighborhood association's 

2215
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:30,800
reflected this impulse. 
While often viewed as expression

2216
01:59:30,800 --> 01:59:34,500
of 1950s conformity. 
These organizations actually 

2217
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:37,600
represented lessons learned from
1930s, isolation. 

2218
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:41,400
Perhaps most profound was the 
depression's impact, on 

2219
01:59:41,400 --> 01:59:45,500
Americans relationship, with 
work itself employment became 

2220
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:49,000
more than an economic necessity,
it became psychological 

2221
01:59:49,000 --> 01:59:51,700
validation. 
The experience of involuntary 

2222
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:55,000
joblessness created lasting 
associations between work and 

2223
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:56,800
identity. 
That influenced retirement 

2224
01:59:56,800 --> 02:00:00,900
patterns for decades. 
To Samuel Weinstein who studied 

2225
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:04,500
Aging in the 1970s found 
Prussian survivors approached 

2226
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:06,900
retirement differently than 
subsequent Generations. 

2227
02:00:06,900 --> 02:00:10,100
They often couldn't articulate. 
Why continue work felt essential

2228
02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:13,800
Once successful businessman told
me, I know, I don't need the 

2229
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:17,300
money but I need to be needed. 
their concern wasn't about 

2230
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:20,700
income, but about avoiding the 
cycle of uselessness, they had 

2231
02:00:20,708 --> 02:00:24,700
experienced during unemployment 
decades earlier Looking back, 

2232
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:28,000
many aspects of American life, 
we take for granted from Social 

2233
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:31,300
Security, to bank deposit, 
Insurance emerged directly from 

2234
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:35,000
depression experience's these 
institutional responses to 

2235
02:00:35,000 --> 02:00:38,700
catastrophe became so normalized
that their Origins and crisis 

2236
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:43,000
were forgotten their existence 
seemingly natural rather than a 

2237
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:45,100
response to specific historical 
trauma. 

2238
02:00:46,300 --> 02:00:49,200
What remains most remarkable 
about the depression's legacy is

2239
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:53,000
how it demonstrated both human 
vulnerability and resilience is 

2240
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:55,200
simultaneously. 
It revealed how quickly 

2241
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:58,300
Prosperity could vanish and how 
fragile social structures could 

2242
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:00,700
prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

2243
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:03,300
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

2244
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:05,100
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

2245
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:08,000
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

2246
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:10,500
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

2247
02:01:10,500 --> 02:01:13,000
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

2248
02:01:13,000 --> 02:01:16,400
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

2249
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:19,600
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

2250
02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:22,600
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

2251
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:25,800
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

2252
02:01:25,800 --> 02:01:28,700
kindnesses and communities 
forged in struggle. 

2253
02:01:28,700 --> 02:01:31,700
That replaced it. 
The Paradox of catastrophe is 

2254
02:01:31,700 --> 02:01:34,500
that it takes with one hand, but
gives with the other and 

2255
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:36,900
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses. 

2256
02:01:40,300 --> 02:01:42,600
You wake Before Dawn in an Amish
Farmhouse. 

2257
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:45,300
And the first thing you notice 
is what you don't hear. 

2258
02:01:46,200 --> 02:01:48,300
There's no mechanical hum, 
vibrating through the 

2259
02:01:48,300 --> 02:01:51,600
floorboards, no compressor 
cycling on in the corner of the 

2260
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:54,200
kitchen and no ambient 
electrical Buzz. 

2261
02:01:54,200 --> 02:01:58,200
That Modern Life has trained 
your ears to ignore Instead you 

2262
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:01,900
hear the actual sounds of 
mourning, a rooster clearing his

2263
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,800
throat in the barn, the settling
of wood beams cooling from 

2264
02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:09,000
yesterday's warmth and your own 
breathing in the darkness. 

2265
02:02:09,000 --> 02:02:13,300
You pad Barefoot across Wide 
Plank, Floors that still hold a 

2266
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:16,400
whisper of coolness from the 
night, the kitchen reveals 

2267
02:02:16,400 --> 02:02:20,100
itself gradually as your eyes, 
adjust taking shape, not from 

2268
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:24,200
overhead fluorescents, but from 
the pale blue suggestion of dawn

2269
02:02:24,200 --> 02:02:27,600
pressing against the windows, 
Everything here works on 

2270
02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:31,300
principles that predate 
Edison's, Laboratories the stove

2271
02:02:31,300 --> 02:02:34,300
runs on propane. 
Its pilot like a tiny 

2272
02:02:34,300 --> 02:02:38,200
constellation in the darkness. 
The lamps use compressed gas 

2273
02:02:38,200 --> 02:02:42,300
that hisses softly when you turn
the valve and somewhere deep in 

2274
02:02:42,308 --> 02:02:45,300
the earth, Beneath Your Feet. 
It's a chamber carved from clay 

2275
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:48,600
and stone where tonight's dinner
Waits In Perpetual Twilight. 

2276
02:02:48,600 --> 02:02:52,000
Your hand finds the cool metal 
handle of what looks like a 

2277
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:55,500
compact refrigerator, but when 
you open it, the light that 

2278
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:59,900
appears is an electric but 
chemical Simple glow produced by

2279
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:01,700
the refrigeration processes 
itself. 

2280
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:06,000
This is a gas powered 
refrigerator a technology that 

2281
02:03:06,000 --> 02:03:08,500
sounds impossible until you 
remember that. 

2282
02:03:08,500 --> 02:03:10,200
Cold is simply the absence of 
heat. 

2283
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:13,900
Can be manipulated in more ways 
than one. 

2284
02:03:14,800 --> 02:03:19,000
The unit uses ammonia hydrogen 
and water in a continuous cycle.

2285
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:22,300
Creating cold through 
evaporation and condensation, 

2286
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:24,700
rather than the electrical 
compression. 

2287
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:27,600
It's quieter than its electric 
cousin. 

2288
02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:31,100
Just an occasional gurgle as 
liquids change States. 

2289
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:34,100
Doing their molecular dance 
inside. 

2290
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:37,400
You find glass jars of milk, 
their cream rising, and thick 

2291
02:03:37,408 --> 02:03:40,100
plugs at the top because nobody 
here homogenizers anything. 

2292
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:44,000
There's a ceramic crock of 
butter firm enough to hold its 

2293
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:46,500
shape but soft enough to spread 
easily on fresh bread. 

2294
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:49,300
Covered dish, holds last night's
chicken. 

2295
02:03:49,300 --> 02:03:52,700
The fat congealed into Savory, 
jelly around the meat. 

2296
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:56,300
Everything sits arranged with 
the Precision of someone who 

2297
02:03:56,300 --> 02:04:00,500
understands that coldest sinks 
and warm air, rises that proper 

2298
02:04:00,500 --> 02:04:02,900
placement matters when your 
cooling system runs on 

2299
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:05,200
absorption rather than forced 
convection. 

2300
02:04:05,200 --> 02:04:08,900
But this gas refrigerator is 
actually the newest technology 

2301
02:04:08,900 --> 02:04:13,000
in this kitchen installed, 
perhaps 20 years ago after 

2302
02:04:13,000 --> 02:04:15,200
considerable debate within the 
community. 

2303
02:04:16,400 --> 02:04:20,900
The real story of Amish food, 
preservation lies deeper colder,

2304
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:25,000
and considerably older. 
It's written in the architecture

2305
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,700
of the land itself. 
In holes, dug into hillsides and

2306
02:04:28,700 --> 02:04:33,300
stone stacked with purpose. to 
understand how the akhmetshina, 

2307
02:04:51,800 --> 02:04:54,200
The path outside leads around 
the side of the house. 

2308
02:04:54,200 --> 02:04:58,700
Passed herb gardens still wet 
with Dew to adore set, almost 

2309
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:00,700
flush with a gentle slope in the
yard. 

2310
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:04,300
This isn't the entrance to a 
storm shelter, or a cold bin. 

2311
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:07,700
This is where Winter lives 
year-round, where the Earth 

2312
02:05:07,700 --> 02:05:11,300
itself becomes a refrigerator 
and where gravity and geology 

2313
02:05:11,300 --> 02:05:15,600
can spy to keep things fresh. 
This is The Root Cellar and it's

2314
02:05:15,600 --> 02:05:17,300
about to teach you things about 
temperature. 

2315
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:20,900
That no, Appliance manual ever. 
Could the door opens with a 

2316
02:05:20,908 --> 02:05:24,200
wooden groan, exhaling. 
Cool air that smells like 

2317
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:28,300
minerals and darkness like the 
inside of a cave where bears 

2318
02:05:28,300 --> 02:05:31,900
sleep through blizzards. 
You descend steps carved from 

2319
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:35,100
packed Earth, your hand trailing
along a stone wall. 

2320
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:40,400
That feels damp but not wet. 
Cool, but not cold alive in ways

2321
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:44,900
that concrete never manages. 
Each step down, brings a 

2322
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:48,000
perceptible temperature drop as 
if you're descending, through 

2323
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:51,300
layers of atmosphere. 
Moving from one microclimate to 

2324
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,900
another at the bottom, perhaps 
12 feet below the surface. 

2325
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,300
You find yourself in a room that
shouldn't exist according to 

2326
02:05:58,300 --> 02:06:00,900
everything Modern Life. 
Torture about food storage. 

2327
02:06:01,700 --> 02:06:03,900
There's no insulation in the 
Contemporary sense. 

2328
02:06:03,900 --> 02:06:06,400
No vapor barriers or thermal 
breaks. 

2329
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,500
The walls are simply stacked 
stone fitted together with the 

2330
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:13,200
patience of someone who 
understood the air gaps matter 

2331
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:16,800
that every space between rocks 
serves as a buffer zone. 

2332
02:06:16,800 --> 02:06:21,300
The floor is packed Earth. 
Slightly damp completing a 

2333
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:23,800
circuit with the walls and 
ceiling that maintains. 

2334
02:06:23,800 --> 02:06:27,300
A remarkably consistent 
temperature somewhere between 45

2335
02:06:27,300 --> 02:06:31,400
and 55 degrees Fahrenheit. 
This consistently exists because

2336
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:34,400
you're now below the frost line 
in the zone where seasonal 

2337
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:36,100
temperatures swing's, barely 
register. 

2338
02:06:36,100 --> 02:06:40,600
While the world of bakes or 
freezes this chamber remains 

2339
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:44,500
Locked In Perpetual. 
Autumn the Earth's Own Mass acts

2340
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:48,200
as a thermal battery absorbing 
heat and summer and releasing it

2341
02:06:48,200 --> 02:06:50,500
in winter. 
Creating a stable environment 

2342
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:52,800
that your ancestors understood 
intuitively. 

2343
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:57,100
They might not have known the 
thermodynamics, but they knew 

2344
02:06:57,100 --> 02:07:00,100
that potatoes stored here in 
October would still be firm in 

2345
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:02,000
March. 
That apples would keep their 

2346
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,300
crunch until spring mud season 
and that the Earth was the 

2347
02:07:05,300 --> 02:07:07,200
original refrigerator and 
required. 

2348
02:07:07,200 --> 02:07:10,900
No maintenance plan the shells 
reveal themselves as your eyes 

2349
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:13,400
adjust to the dim light 
filtering down the stairway. 

2350
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,400
wooden boards, rest on Stone 
supports each shelf 

2351
02:07:17,400 --> 02:07:20,000
strategically positioned, 
according to principles of 

2352
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:23,700
temperature stratification, The 
lowest shelves, where the 

2353
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:27,500
coldest air pools hold root 
vegetables, that tolerate near 

2354
02:07:27,500 --> 02:07:32,300
freezing conditions, carrots 
packed in sand, beats nestled in

2355
02:07:32,308 --> 02:07:35,200
sawdust and turn its wrapped in 
newspaper. 

2356
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:39,600
These storage methods are not 
quaint affectations, but 

2357
02:07:39,600 --> 02:07:42,000
practical solutions to moisture 
management. 

2358
02:07:43,100 --> 02:07:45,900
The sand and sawdust, prevent 
the vegetables from touching 

2359
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:49,900
each other while maintaining 
ideal humidity stopping. 

2360
02:07:49,900 --> 02:07:54,300
Both desiccation and wrote 
middle shelves, hold glass jars 

2361
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:57,400
of preserved, Goods, pickles, 
floating in Cloudy. 

2362
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:01,900
Brine apple sauce the color of 
Sunset and green beans packed 

2363
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:04,200
with dill heads. 
That look like tiny fireworks, 

2364
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:09,200
Frozen, mid explosion, These 
Jaws represent summer captured 

2365
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:12,600
and held hostage prevented from 
spoiling by carefully. 

2366
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:15,600
Calibrated acidity and the 
absence of air. 

2367
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:18,800
Canning is its own form of Cold 
Storage. 

2368
02:08:18,800 --> 02:08:21,300
When you think about it, 
creating an environment. 

2369
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:25,500
So hostile to bacteria that food
remains suspended in time, 

2370
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:29,100
waiting patiently to be 
remembered and consumed months 

2371
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:32,700
after its harvest, the highest 
shelves were temperatures climb 

2372
02:08:32,700 --> 02:08:36,100
closer to 60 degrees hold items 
that prefer less aggressive 

2373
02:08:36,100 --> 02:08:40,100
cooling winter squash with their
thick skins that protect Sweet, 

2374
02:08:40,100 --> 02:08:44,200
Orange flesh, onions braided 
together like rope and garlic 

2375
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:47,900
bulbs that fill the air with 
their pungent promise, Up here 

2376
02:08:47,900 --> 02:08:50,900
near the ceiling. 
The air moves slightly stirred 

2377
02:08:50,900 --> 02:08:53,000
by convection. 
Currents that flow down the 

2378
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:57,800
stairs across the floor and back
up again in an endless loop. 

2379
02:08:59,000 --> 02:09:01,600
This circulation isn't designed 
so much as allowed. 

2380
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:05,100
The natural consequence of 
opening a cool chamber to warmer

2381
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:08,400
air above but what makes this 
Root Cellar remarkable isn't 

2382
02:09:08,400 --> 02:09:12,200
just its function but also its 
redundancy and its passive 

2383
02:09:12,200 --> 02:09:14,700
nature. 
Nothing needs to be plugged in 

2384
02:09:14,700 --> 02:09:17,900
or turned on no. 
Compressor will fail at midnight

2385
02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:21,000
during a heat wave. 
No power outage will leave you 

2386
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:25,500
mourning or loss groceries, The 
Root Cellar, simply exists doing

2387
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:28,700
what it's done for centuries, 
asking nothing but occasional 

2388
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:30,700
attention and respect for its 
principles. 

2389
02:09:30,700 --> 02:09:34,900
It's the ultimate set it and 
forget it, Appliance installed 

2390
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:38,100
by previous generations and 
maintained by the simple Act of 

2391
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:40,200
closing the door. 
When you're finished, retrieving

2392
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,600
your turnips, The Root Cellar 
solves, the problem of modest 

2393
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:45,800
cooling. 
But what about actual freezing? 

2394
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:50,200
What happens when you need ice 
rather than just coolness and 

2395
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:52,700
preservation requires 
temperatures that make Frost 

2396
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:56,500
feathers across surfaces? 
For that, you need to travel 

2397
02:09:56,500 --> 02:10:00,600
backward in time to Winter 
itself or more specifically to 

2398
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:02,200
the moment. 
When winter was something you 

2399
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:05,800
could Harvest and store, when 
frozen water became currently 

2400
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:09,700
and a planning tool walk with me
now to the ice house, that 

2401
02:10:09,700 --> 02:10:13,700
peculiar structure that sits 100
yards from the main house built 

2402
02:10:13,700 --> 02:10:17,000
into the north side of a hill 
where Sunshine fears To Tread 

2403
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:20,400
even in summer, This building 
looks like an oversized Shed 

2404
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:23,700
from the outside but it's 
construction reveals obsessive 

2405
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:27,600
attention to insulation. 
Double walls, create a 6 inch 

2406
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:31,100
Gap, filled with sawdust that's 
been packed tight as insulation.

2407
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:35,400
The roof Sports two layers with 
an air gap between them and the 

2408
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:39,100
door fits into its frame like a 
watchmaker's masterpiece with 

2409
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:41,300
wool weather. 
Stripping that keeps warm air 

2410
02:10:41,308 --> 02:10:45,400
out more effectively than any 
modern refrigerator seal inside.

2411
02:10:45,400 --> 02:10:49,000
Even in July the temperature 
hovers, just above freezing, the

2412
02:10:49,000 --> 02:10:51,500
air carriers are mineralized 
coldness, that makes your breath

2413
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:53,700
visible. 
That tightens the skin on your 

2414
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:56,100
arms and raises every hair in 
salute. 

2415
02:10:56,900 --> 02:11:00,800
Stacked from floor to ceiling 
separated by layers of straw, 

2416
02:11:00,800 --> 02:11:05,100
sit blocks of ice, harvested 
five months ago when the pond 

2417
02:11:05,100 --> 02:11:08,700
was a solid sheet and the world 
was frozen solid. 

2418
02:11:09,700 --> 02:11:13,600
These blocks each roughly two 
feet square and 18 inches. 

2419
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:17,900
Thick, represent a Winter's day 
of communal labor of men and 

2420
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:21,400
horses and saws, working in 
concert to capture cold for 

2421
02:11:21,400 --> 02:11:23,000
future. 
Use the ice. 

2422
02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:27,200
Harvest was a ritual timed 
precisely for that window. 

2423
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:30,700
After the pondered Frozen, at 
least, 12 inches thick, but 

2424
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:34,600
before snow accumulated, heavily
enough to insulate the ice and 

2425
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:38,100
slow its thickening. 
He would have seen the entire 

2426
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,600
Community gather on a Saturday 
morning when breath frosted 

2427
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:44,800
beards and children stamped 
their feet against cold that 

2428
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:47,700
penetrated boot leather. 
Someone would have scored the 

2429
02:11:47,700 --> 02:11:51,900
ice with a horse-drawn plow 
fitted with metal teeth creating

2430
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:54,800
a grid of lines that marked 
where block should be cut. 

2431
02:11:55,700 --> 02:12:00,100
Then the soaring would begin men
working in pairs with long two, 

2432
02:12:00,100 --> 02:12:04,300
handled sores that sang through 
ice with a distinctive grinding.

2433
02:12:04,300 --> 02:12:08,300
Shriek each block once freed 
from its brothers would be 

2434
02:12:08,308 --> 02:12:12,200
guided towards Shore, using Pike
poles, then hoisted onto a 

2435
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:15,200
wooden slide where it would be 
loaded onto a wagon and 

2436
02:12:15,200 --> 02:12:18,900
transported to the Ice House. 
The loading required 

2437
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:22,600
choreography, worthy of a ballet
company, too much, haste and 

2438
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:26,400
blocks would crack too much 
delay and they'd begin freezing 

2439
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:30,400
together, two, little sawdust 
between layers and they'd fusing

2440
02:12:30,400 --> 02:12:33,200
to one, massive unusable block 
over the months. 

2441
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:38,000
The work generated A peculiar 
warmth despite sub-freezing 

2442
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:41,900
temperatures, the kind of heat 
that comes from exertion rather 

2443
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:45,600
than environment. 
So men would shed coats and work

2444
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:49,300
in shirtsleeves while their 
breath created private weather 

2445
02:12:49,300 --> 02:12:52,700
systems around their heads. 
The physics of Icehouse storage,

2446
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:56,300
a brutally simple. 
But deceptively effective ice 

2447
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:59,400
wants to melt, but melting 
requires, heat energy. 

2448
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:04,600
The sawdust insulation slows, 
heat transfer to a crawl, and 

2449
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,300
the blocks themselves create 
their own cooling Zone that 

2450
02:13:07,308 --> 02:13:11,000
resists warming. 
As outer layer slowly melt over 

2451
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:14,800
months, they refreeze slightly 
each night creating a 

2452
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:18,600
self-sealing barrier. 
Melt water drains away through 

2453
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,300
the floor into a carefully. 
Engineered runoff system. 

2454
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:24,500
Preventing the remaining ice 
from sitting in water. 

2455
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:28,500
That would accelerate melting. 
By late summer, you might have 

2456
02:13:28,500 --> 02:13:33,000
lost 40% of your Harvest to 
Melting, but 60% of a January 

2457
02:13:33,000 --> 02:13:35,900
crops, still means Frozen 
storage capacity through 

2458
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,400
September. 
This ice serves multiple 

2459
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:40,300
purposes Beyond, just chilling 
food. 

2460
02:13:41,400 --> 02:13:44,200
Cream destined to become ice 
cream gets packed in wooden. 

2461
02:13:44,200 --> 02:13:46,200
Buckets surrounded by ice and 
rock salt. 

2462
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:49,900
The salt lowering, the freezing 
point, and creating temperatures

2463
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:54,800
below 32 degrees. meet can be 
kept for days, rather than hours

2464
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:58,100
when buried in ice and butter 
stays firm even when the 

2465
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:01,900
thermometer pushes 90 degrees 
outside, The Ice House 

2466
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:05,900
essentially extends winter on 
demand, letting you summon cold 

2467
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:08,900
whenever necessary proof that 
you can indeed. 

2468
02:14:08,900 --> 02:14:11,000
Save the weather for later if 
you plan ahead. 

2469
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:13,900
But perhaps the most elegant 
solution to food preservation, 

2470
02:14:13,900 --> 02:14:16,500
sits where water emerges from 
the Earth itself. 

2471
02:14:16,500 --> 02:14:20,100
Instructions built around 
Springs that flow year-round 

2472
02:14:20,100 --> 02:14:22,300
with water. 
That never varies more than a 

2473
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,800
few degrees from its constant 54
degree temperature. 

2474
02:14:26,900 --> 02:14:29,800
The Spring House combines 
running water, with careful 

2475
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:32,700
architecture to create a cooling
system that operates 

2476
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:36,200
continuously without any input. 
Beyond gravity, and geology 

2477
02:14:36,200 --> 02:14:41,300
picture a small Stone building, 
maybe 10 feet by 12 built 

2478
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:45,700
directly over a natural spring. 
The water emerges from the 

2479
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:49,300
ground inside the structure 
flows through a shallow Channel,

2480
02:14:49,300 --> 02:14:52,700
carved from Stone and exits 
through an opening in the wall 

2481
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:56,100
downhill. 
The buildings walls are thick 

2482
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:58,800
Stone to feet or more. 
And the roof is heavily 

2483
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:02,700
insulated with sod or slate. 
Small Windows near. 

2484
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:05,400
The roofline allow air 
circulation, but prevent direct 

2485
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:09,100
sunlight from entering. 
The door faces North and is 

2486
02:15:09,100 --> 02:15:12,600
typically double layered with an
air gap between creating an air 

2487
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:15,000
lock that maintains the cool 
interior temperature. 

2488
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:19,300
Inside the spring Channel, 
dominate the floor plan, This 

2489
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:23,800
isn't a new Step across casually
it's maybe two feet wide and 8 

2490
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:26,400
inches deep flowing with gentle 
insistence. 

2491
02:15:27,300 --> 02:15:30,600
The water stays crystal clear 
because Spring Water, emerges, 

2492
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:34,400
filtered through layers of sand 
and rock, striped of settlement 

2493
02:15:34,400 --> 02:15:38,300
and organic material. 
More importantly, it stays cold 

2494
02:15:38,300 --> 02:15:42,600
drawing its temperature from the
aquifer 50 or 100 feet below 

2495
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:47,200
where seasonal variations, never
penetrate along both sides of 

2496
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:49,600
the channel Syd. 
Stone platforms, where Crocks 

2497
02:15:49,600 --> 02:15:53,600
and jars are placed. 
Milk Crocs still warm from the 

2498
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:57,000
morning milking are set directly
into the water which immediately

2499
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:00,400
begins stealing their heat. 
The flowing water carries that 

2500
02:16:00,400 --> 02:16:03,800
heat away Downstream preventing 
any temperature build-up that 

2501
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:07,600
would occur in Stillwater. 
Within an hour milk, that left 

2502
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:12,000
the cow at 98 Degrees has 
dropped to 60 degrees, extending

2503
02:16:12,000 --> 02:16:14,000
its freshness, from hours to 
days. 

2504
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:16,700
By evening, it's down to the 
springs. 

2505
02:16:16,700 --> 02:16:20,200
Ambient temperature, cold 
enough, that cream Rises slowly,

2506
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:24,200
and bacterial reproduction slows
to a crawl, but across sit on 

2507
02:16:24,208 --> 02:16:27,300
the slightly higher platforms, 
not in the water, but close 

2508
02:16:27,300 --> 02:16:30,400
enough, that evaporative, 
cooling from the stream creates 

2509
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:33,500
a microclimate, 10 degrees 
cooler than the surrounding air.

2510
02:16:34,700 --> 02:16:38,400
Eggs rest in wire baskets that 
hang in the water flow kept 

2511
02:16:38,400 --> 02:16:43,000
cool, but not cold preserved in 
that sweet spot where their last

2512
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:46,500
week since of days. 
Covered dishes containing 

2513
02:16:46,500 --> 02:16:48,600
leftovers line. 
The shelves of the water 

2514
02:16:48,600 --> 02:16:51,900
benefiting from the general 
coolness without getting damp, 

2515
02:16:51,900 --> 02:16:54,900
the Spring House, operates on 
principles, that modern 

2516
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:57,900
refrigeration Engineers would 
recognize but execute with 

2517
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:03,600
mechanical complexity, cool are 
being denser than warm air flows

2518
02:17:03,600 --> 02:17:07,100
downward, and pulls in the 
lowest spaces, the spring water 

2519
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:11,500
continuously, generates cool air
as it flows and that are stays 

2520
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:13,400
low trapped by the building's 
design. 

2521
02:17:14,600 --> 02:17:17,500
Warm air enters through the high
windows and exits. 

2522
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:20,900
The same way prevented from 
descending by the cold air 

2523
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:24,299
cushion below. 
This creates stratification with

2524
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:26,200
the coldest zone right at water 
level. 

2525
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:29,200
Where the milk Croc sit slightly
warmer zones. 

2526
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:32,700
Shelf height and the warmest are
near the ceiling where nothing 

2527
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:35,500
perishable is stored. 
What makes the Spring House? 

2528
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:38,799
Remarkable is its responsiveness
to external conditions. 

2529
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:43,200
On hot summer days, when you 
need cooling, most people visit 

2530
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,100
the Spring House, more 
frequently, opening the door and

2531
02:17:46,100 --> 02:17:49,400
disturbing the temperature 
stratification, but each opening

2532
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:53,500
all so introduces warm air that 
the spring water immediately 

2533
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:57,100
begins Cooling and the increased
air circulation actually 

2534
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:01,500
improves the system's efficiency
in winter when cooling is less 

2535
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:03,600
critical. 
The Spring House sees less 

2536
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:06,600
traffic and the building's 
thermal Mass prevents the 

2537
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,700
interior from freezing. 
Even when January drives 

2538
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:13,700
temperatures below, zero outside
the water that flows out of the 

2539
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:15,200
Spring House, doesn't go to 
waste. 

2540
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:19,600
Downstream, it might water. 
Livestock, or irrigator Garden, 

2541
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:23,200
his work is never done despite 
having already served as 

2542
02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:26,700
refrigerant. 
This multiple use philosophy. 

2543
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:30,700
Pervs Amish food preservation, 
nothing exists for a single 

2544
02:18:30,708 --> 02:18:33,000
purpose. 
When it conserves several an 

2545
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:37,900
energy where the human animal or
natural is always asked to pull 

2546
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:41,500
double duty whenever possible. 
Back in the kitchen, the gas 

2547
02:18:41,500 --> 02:18:44,900
refrigerator deserves a closer 
look because it represents a 

2548
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:47,600
fascinating compromise between 
modern convenience and 

2549
02:18:47,600 --> 02:18:51,299
traditional principles. 
Approved by most Amish 

2550
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:54,200
communities because it doesn't 
connect to the electrical grid 

2551
02:18:54,200 --> 02:18:57,900
the gas refrigerator operates on
principles that would seem like 

2552
02:18:57,900 --> 02:18:59,500
magic. 
If they won't just clever 

2553
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:02,900
chemistry the absorption 
refrigeration cycle sounds 

2554
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:05,600
complicated but follows a 
beautiful logic. 

2555
02:19:06,500 --> 02:19:09,000
Inside the sealed system 
ammonia. 

2556
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:12,299
Dissolves in water to create a 
solution that gets heated by a 

2557
02:19:12,299 --> 02:19:14,400
small gas flame. 
No. 

2558
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:17,000
Bigger than what you'd see on a 
water heater pilot light. 

2559
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:21,100
This heating separates the 
ammonia from the water and the 

2560
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:24,600
gaseous ammonia Rises to a 
condensed at the top of the unit

2561
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:28,500
where it calls back into liquid 
releasing heat in the process. 

2562
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:33,100
That liquid ammonia, then flows 
to an evaporator coil inside the

2563
02:19:33,100 --> 02:19:37,200
refrigerator compartment, where 
it meets hydrogen gas in a low 

2564
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:39,200
pressure environment. 
Here's where it gets 

2565
02:19:39,200 --> 02:19:41,900
interesting. 
The hydrogen doesn't participate

2566
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:45,200
in cooling directly but lowers 
the partial pressure of the 

2567
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:48,299
ammonia, which allows the 
ammonia to evaporate at low 

2568
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:51,200
temperatures. 
This evaporation absorbs heat 

2569
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,900
from inside the refrigerator, 
which is just a fancy way of 

2570
02:19:54,900 --> 02:19:59,300
saying it creates cold. 
The ammonia gas then flows to an

2571
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:02,500
absorber, where it meets water 
again, dissolves back into 

2572
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,500
solution and the cycle continues
indefinitely. 

2573
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:08,800
As long as that, tiny flame 
keeps burning, the beauty of 

2574
02:20:08,808 --> 02:20:12,300
this system is its lack of 
moving Parts, no, compressor 

2575
02:20:12,300 --> 02:20:16,600
cycling on and off no fan motors
pushing are around and no 

2576
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:20,400
electronic controls deciding 
when to defrost, The 

2577
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:24,400
refrigerator runs continuously 
at its own pace, creating cold 

2578
02:20:24,400 --> 02:20:27,300
through heat in a paradox that 
nonetheless works perfectly 

2579
02:20:27,300 --> 02:20:30,200
well. 
The only maintenance it requires

2580
02:20:30,200 --> 02:20:33,400
is occasional cleaning of the 
burner and a yearly checked to 

2581
02:20:33,400 --> 02:20:37,100
ensure the flu isn't blocked. 
Otherwise it's simply operates 

2582
02:20:37,100 --> 02:20:41,300
year after year, consuming a 
gallon of propane every week or 

2583
02:20:41,300 --> 02:20:44,500
two depending on ambient 
temperature and how often the 

2584
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:48,000
door opens, the interior looks 
familiar to anyone who's opened 

2585
02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:52,000
a refrigerator shells and door 
storage, a small freezer 

2586
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:55,000
compartment and crisper drawers 
for vegetables. 

2587
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:59,900
But the cooling isn't uniform 
like an electric model. the 

2588
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:03,600
freezer sits at the top where 
the evaporator coil runs coldest

2589
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:07,000
and temperature increases 
gradually toward the bottom, 

2590
02:21:08,000 --> 02:21:11,400
this means you need to store 
things strategically milk on the

2591
02:21:11,408 --> 02:21:15,000
top shelf or it stays coldest 
vegetables in the bottom 

2592
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:18,300
drawers, where they won't freeze
and leftovers in the middle 

2593
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:20,200
zones. 
According to their sensitivity, 

2594
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:22,800
to temperature. 
This temperature gradient isn't 

2595
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:26,800
a floor but a feature, if you 
understand it, Different foods 

2596
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:29,900
have different optimal, storage 
temperatures, and a single 

2597
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:31,800
temperature. 
Environment is actually a 

2598
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:33,700
compromise that suits nothing 
perfectly. 

2599
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:37,200
Eggs. 
Keep best around 45 degrees. 

2600
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:41,600
Just barely cool enough to slow 
bacteria, but not so cold that 

2601
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:45,600
flavors mute. 
Milk wants 30X degrees cold 

2602
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:48,100
enough to suppress spoilage but 
not so cold. 

2603
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:52,400
It freezes. 
Leafy greens prefer 32 degrees 

2604
02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:56,000
with high humidity while root 
vegetables, like its slightly 

2605
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,300
warmer and drier. 
The gas refrigerators natural 

2606
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:02,700
temperature of stratification. 
Lets you find the right zone for

2607
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:06,100
each food, if you understand the
map, most Amish families, who 

2608
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:08,900
use gas refrigerators, treat 
them as supplements to their 

2609
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:13,100
traditional storage methods. 
Rather than replacements, The 

2610
02:22:13,100 --> 02:22:16,400
refrigerator handles daily, use 
items and foods that don't store

2611
02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:18,300
well in root Cellars or 
springhouses. 

2612
02:22:18,300 --> 02:22:23,800
Fresh, milk, butter eggs, 
leftovers, and produce that's 

2613
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,400
been cut or prepared. 
Meanwhile the bulk storage of 

2614
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:30,400
preserved, Goods, root 
vegetables and seasonal 

2615
02:22:30,400 --> 02:22:33,100
harvests. 
Still happens in those older 

2616
02:22:33,100 --> 02:22:36,700
passive systems that don't 
require fuel or maintenance. 

2617
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:40,100
This layered approach to food 
storage demonstrates, a 

2618
02:22:40,100 --> 02:22:43,600
principal worth noting. 
Sometimes the best technology is

2619
02:22:43,600 --> 02:22:45,400
several Technologies working 
together. 

2620
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:49,700
Each handling, what it does best
on an August after noon when the

2621
02:22:49,700 --> 02:22:51,700
garden reaches its productive 
zenith. 

2622
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:55,100
The kitchen transforms into 
something between a laboratory 

2623
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:58,200
and a factory. 
A space dedicated to the ancient

2624
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:03,500
art of making food Immortal 
through heat acid and sealed 

2625
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:07,100
glass. 
Canning day has arrived that 

2626
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:11,100
Marathon session where bushels 
of tomatoes or beans or peaches 

2627
02:23:11,100 --> 02:23:14,300
get processed into shelf, stable
jars that will feed the family. 

2628
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:17,800
When snow covers the garden. 
The process begins with washing 

2629
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:22,100
so much washing that your hands 
prune and the sink overflows 

2630
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:27,200
with discarded stems and leaves 
tomatoes Pile in bowls their 

2631
02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:29,700
skins. 
Torton glossy still warm from 

2632
02:23:29,700 --> 02:23:31,500
the garden where they were 
picked at dawn. 

2633
02:23:32,600 --> 02:23:36,400
The variety matters here. 
Paste tomatoes with their thick 

2634
02:23:36,400 --> 02:23:40,500
walls and minimal seeds, bred 
specifically for canning because

2635
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:43,800
they break down into the perfect
consistency for source. 

2636
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:48,000
Slicing tomatoes with their 
juicy Interiors wouldn't work as

2637
02:23:48,000 --> 02:23:51,200
well, creating too much liquid 
and not enough body. 

2638
02:23:51,200 --> 02:23:55,000
The stove holds multiple pots in
various stages of the process. 

2639
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:59,700
One large pot sterilizes jars 
and boiling water, keeping them 

2640
02:23:59,700 --> 02:24:01,400
hot until the moment, they're 
filled. 

2641
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:03,500
So the glass won't crack from 
thermal shock. 

2642
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:08,300
Another pot contains the actual 
food being canned, tomatoes, 

2643
02:24:08,300 --> 02:24:11,800
cooking down with a bit of salt 
and maybe a leaf of Basil their 

2644
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:14,900
skin slipping off, in the heat 
to be scooped away and added to 

2645
02:24:14,900 --> 02:24:17,200
the compost bucket. 
Third. 

2646
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:20,700
Pot holds the jar lids in hot 
water, softening, the rubber 

2647
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:23,400
sealing compound that will 
create an airtight Bond. 

2648
02:24:23,400 --> 02:24:26,700
When everything cools The 
Filling requires steady hands 

2649
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:29,900
and attention to detail. 
Each jar gets packed full 

2650
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:33,600
leaving only a quarter inch of 
headspace at the top too much 

2651
02:24:33,608 --> 02:24:36,700
space, and bacteria, might 
survive in the airport to 

2652
02:24:36,700 --> 02:24:38,600
little. 
And the jar might not seal 

2653
02:24:38,600 --> 02:24:43,800
properly as its contents expand 
during processing. clean towel 

2654
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:47,300
wipes each Rim because even a 
tiny smear of food can prevent a

2655
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:51,300
proper seal The lids go on 
firmly but not obsessively 

2656
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:53,500
tight. 
Just enough to hold them in 

2657
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,000
place while allowing air to 
escape during processing. 

2658
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,400
Then comes the water bath 
assuming these are high acid 

2659
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:02,600
foods like tomatoes or pickles, 
The jars. 

2660
02:25:02,600 --> 02:25:05,500
Go into a huge pot with a rack 
on the bottom to prevent direct 

2661
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,900
contact with heat. 
Water must cover the jars by at 

2662
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:12,600
least an inch and then the whole
assembly gets brought to a boil 

2663
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,300
and maintain their for however 
long the recipe specifies, maybe

2664
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,700
25 minutes for quart jars of 
tomatoes, 45 minutes for larger 

2665
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:23,800
jars or longer. 
If you're at an altitude where 

2666
02:25:23,800 --> 02:25:25,300
water boils at lower 
temperatures. 

2667
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:28,900
During processing pressure 
inside the jars, builds as 

2668
02:25:28,900 --> 02:25:33,700
contents heat and expand forcing
air out past the lids when you 

2669
02:25:33,700 --> 02:25:37,000
remove the jars and they begin 
cooling, that pressure drops as 

2670
02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:39,800
contents contract. 
But now the lids are seated 

2671
02:25:39,800 --> 02:25:42,700
tightly against the rim. 
The resulting vacuum sucks. 

2672
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:46,300
The lid down with enough force 
that you hear it, seal a 

2673
02:25:46,300 --> 02:25:50,400
distinctive ping or pop that 
signals success a sealed. 

2674
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:54,500
Jar sit on a shelf for a year or
more its contents protected from

2675
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:57,500
air and bacteria by nothing more
than heat treatment and the 

2676
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:01,400
absence of oxygen low acid 
foods, like green beans or corn.

2677
02:26:01,400 --> 02:26:03,700
Require more aggressive 
processing because they can 

2678
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:08,400
Harbor botulism spores that 
survive boiling temperatures for

2679
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:11,400
these, you need a pressure 
canner, A specialized pot that 

2680
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:15,100
can raise internal temperatures 
to 240 degrees, by trapping 

2681
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:18,508
Steam, and building pressure, 
Pressure canner sits on the 

2682
02:26:18,516 --> 02:26:22,300
stove like a small bomb. 
Its gauge requiring, constant 

2683
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:26,100
monitoring to maintain precisely
the right pressure, too little 

2684
02:26:26,108 --> 02:26:30,100
and the food won't reach 
sterilization, temperature, too 

2685
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:31,900
much. 
And you risk, either a failed 

2686
02:26:31,900 --> 02:26:35,300
seal, or an extreme cases. 
An explosion of glass and 

2687
02:26:35,300 --> 02:26:38,400
vegetables across your kitchen. 
The canning Pantry fills 

2688
02:26:38,400 --> 02:26:42,300
gradually over summer and fall 
jars, accumulating like library 

2689
02:26:42,300 --> 02:26:44,600
books until shelves, grown under
the weight. 

2690
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,000
There's a satisfaction in 
looking at those preserved Goods

2691
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:51,400
knowing that February dinner is 
already prepared and waiting 

2692
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:54,900
that, the gardens Bounty wasn't 
lost to the compost, heat but 

2693
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:59,300
captured at Peak rightness. 
Each jar represents not just 

2694
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:05,300
food, but time and labor. 
To prepare for Seasons, ahead to

2695
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:09,300
Value self-sufficiently over 
convenience canning, predates, 

2696
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:13,100
Refrigeration by centuries and 
remains viable precisely, 

2697
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:15,800
because it doesn't depend on 
continuous energy input. 

2698
02:27:16,600 --> 02:27:19,700
Once processed and sealed jars. 
Need nothing. 

2699
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:22,400
But a cool. 
Dark storage space. 

2700
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:26,500
No electricity means. 
No power bills and no risk of 

2701
02:27:26,508 --> 02:27:28,500
spoilage from mechanical 
failure. 

2702
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:33,300
The only enemy is time itself 
which gradually degrades quality

2703
02:27:33,300 --> 02:27:36,600
even in sealed jars but properly
canned goods. 

2704
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:40,400
Remain safe for years even if 
their Peak flavor might fade. 

2705
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:43,700
After the first year, the 
architecture of an Amish home 

2706
02:27:43,700 --> 02:27:46,700
reveals cooling strategies built
into the structure itself. 

2707
02:27:47,500 --> 02:27:50,900
Passive designs that work with 
climate rather than against it. 

2708
02:27:51,700 --> 02:27:55,000
These aren't after thoughts, but
fundamental principles that 

2709
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:58,300
shape how the building meets the
world creating comfortable. 

2710
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:02,100
Interior temperatures through 
positioning materials, and air 

2711
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:04,500
flow management start with 
orientation. 

2712
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,700
The long axis of the house from 
east west presenting a narrow 

2713
02:28:09,700 --> 02:28:14,000
face to the Summer's path. 
This minimizes solar gain during

2714
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:17,300
the hottest part of the day, 
when the sun tracks High across 

2715
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:22,200
the southern sky, Large Windows 
face North and South rather than

2716
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:26,500
Eastern West allowing light with
the harsh direct sun, that would

2717
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:30,900
heat interior spaces. the 
south-facing windows get shaded 

2718
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:35,500
by Deep overhangs calibrated to 
let in winter sun, when it 

2719
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:40,400
tracks low, but block summer 
sun, when it climbs High This 

2720
02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:43,900
passive solar design costs 
nothing to operate and never 

2721
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:46,100
requires maintenance. 
Beyond cleaning windows 

2722
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:48,800
occasionally, the walls 
themselves are thick. 

2723
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:52,500
Often, 18 inches or more 
combining traditional framing 

2724
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:56,800
with substantial insulation. 
This thermal Mass slows heat 

2725
02:28:56,800 --> 02:29:00,900
transfer in both directions. 
Keeping cool interior air from 

2726
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:04,300
escaping on hot days and 
preventing outside heat from 

2727
02:29:04,300 --> 02:29:08,700
penetrating easily. 
The materials matter too plaster

2728
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:12,400
over last creates a denser more 
massive, interior surface than 

2729
02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:16,000
modern drywall, and that mass 
stalls coolness from night air 

2730
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:18,300
and releases it gradually 
through the day. 

2731
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:22,400
You can feel this effect. 
If you visit at mid-afternoon, 

2732
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:27,000
when outside temperatures 
pushing 90 degrees, but interior

2733
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:30,700
walls remain cool to the touch 
still holding onto the memory of

2734
02:29:30,700 --> 02:29:34,000
dawn windows, open in strategic 
pairs, to create 

2735
02:29:34,000 --> 02:29:36,300
cross-ventilation that pulls air
through the house. 

2736
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:39,800
A window near the floor. 
On the North side emits, cool. 

2737
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:43,000
Air that sinks naturally while a
window near the ceiling on the 

2738
02:29:43,008 --> 02:29:45,200
south side exhaust, warm air 
that rises. 

2739
02:29:45,200 --> 02:29:49,500
This isn't random chance but 
deliberate design creating a 

2740
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,500
convective current that 
continuously refreshes in 

2741
02:29:52,500 --> 02:29:55,200
interior air without fans or 
blowers. 

2742
02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:58,900
On summer nights. 
Every window in the house might 

2743
02:29:58,900 --> 02:30:02,100
open allowing cool evening air 
to flush out the days 

2744
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:03,200
accumulated. 
Heat. 

2745
02:30:04,700 --> 02:30:08,500
By morning the house interior 
sits, 10 or 15 degrees cooler 

2746
02:30:08,500 --> 02:30:12,000
than it will be by evening and 
closing windows before, the day 

2747
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:15,700
heats up traps that coolness 
inside the basement provides 

2748
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:17,400
additional cooling through its 
contact. 

2749
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:20,600
With stable subsurface, 
temperatures in traditional 

2750
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:23,500
design, the kitchen often 
included a summer kitchen in the

2751
02:30:23,500 --> 02:30:26,700
basement where cooking could 
happen without heating the main 

2752
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:31,100
living spaces. bread could be 
baked meals prepared and 

2753
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:35,000
preserves processed in a space 
that never exceeded 70 degrees 

2754
02:30:35,000 --> 02:30:40,500
even when the thermometer 
outside 90, This vertical 

2755
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,900
separation of function based on 
temperature is brilliant in its 

2756
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:48,500
Simplicity hot activities happen
when natural coolness exists and

2757
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:50,000
Living Spaces. 
Stay comfortable. 

2758
02:30:50,000 --> 02:30:52,900
Porches wrap around multiple 
side of the house. 

2759
02:30:52,900 --> 02:30:56,700
Creating shaded buffers zones, 
that prevent direct sun from his

2760
02:30:56,700 --> 02:31:00,400
walls and windows. 
These porches serve as outdoor 

2761
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:02,200
rooms where much of some life 
happens. 

2762
02:31:02,200 --> 02:31:05,900
Providing comfortable spaces 
without requiring the main house

2763
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:10,200
to accommodate Gathering during 
heat The porch roof, typically 

2764
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:13,800
six to eight feet deep cast 
Shadows, that move with the sun,

2765
02:31:13,808 --> 02:31:16,800
keeping walls cool during the 
hottest hours. 

2766
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:21,300
Come evening families, gather on
these porches, to catch, breezes

2767
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:23,300
and Escape. 
Residual heat from cooking 

2768
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:27,300
talking until Darkness brings 
mosquitoes and sends everyone 

2769
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:29,900
inside to bed's positioned near.
Open Windows. 

2770
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:33,100
The attic plays a crucial role 
in the thermal system. 

2771
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:35,300
Despite being the hottest space 
in the house. 

2772
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:40,200
Good attic ventilation typically
gable vents at each end combined

2773
02:31:40,200 --> 02:31:41,800
with soffit vents under the 
eaves. 

2774
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:46,100
Allows hot air to escape rather 
than radiating down through 

2775
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:50,300
ceilings in to Living Spaces. 
Some homes include whole house 

2776
02:31:50,300 --> 02:31:53,900
fans in the ceiling of the top 
floor hall way, human powered 

2777
02:31:53,900 --> 02:31:57,400
fans with police that can be 
operated to exhaust attic heat 

2778
02:31:57,400 --> 02:31:59,900
and pull cool air up from the 
basement. 

2779
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:04,500
This creates a chimney effect. 
Moving air through the entire 

2780
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:08,300
house in a cleansing circulation
that requires no electricity. 

2781
02:32:08,300 --> 02:32:11,300
Just someone willing to pull a 
rope for a few minutes. 

2782
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:14,300
Paint colors. 
Contribute to though, the harsh 

2783
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:17,300
typically avoid bright colors 
for cultural reasons rather than

2784
02:32:17,300 --> 02:32:21,200
thermal management. 
White or light colored exteriors

2785
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:24,700
reflect solar radiation. 
Instead of absorbing it, keeping

2786
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:29,000
surface temperatures, lower than
dark colors, would Metal roofs, 

2787
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:32,600
common on Amish buildings, 
reflect considerable, heat and 

2788
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:34,700
shed it quickly once the sun 
drops. 

2789
02:32:34,700 --> 02:32:38,300
Unlike asphalt, shingles that 
store heat and radiate it for 

2790
02:32:38,300 --> 02:32:41,600
hours after Sunset, 
understanding our mesh, food 

2791
02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:44,700
preservation means recognizing 
that their entire approach 

2792
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:47,300
follows seasonal rhythms rather 
than fighting them. 

2793
02:32:48,100 --> 02:32:50,300
The calendar dictates what's 
available and What needs 

2794
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:54,100
preserving creating a yearly 
cycle where each sees work 

2795
02:32:54,100 --> 02:32:57,300
prepares for the next spring 
arrives with a paradox. 

2796
02:32:57,300 --> 02:33:00,800
The Root Cellar is getting low 
just as fresh food, becomes 

2797
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:03,900
available again. 
Those potatoes planted last 

2798
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:06,400
eight, April and stored in 
October, a sprouting Eyes by 

2799
02:33:06,400 --> 02:33:09,700
March, and though their still 
edible their past their Prime, 

2800
02:33:09,700 --> 02:33:14,900
but spring brings early greens, 
lettuce, spinach and radishes 

2801
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:18,200
that need no preservation 
because they'll be eaten within 

2802
02:33:18,200 --> 02:33:22,400
days of harvest. 
Spring means baby animals, which

2803
02:33:22,400 --> 02:33:25,700
means fresh milk is suddenly 
abundant after Winter's reduced 

2804
02:33:25,700 --> 02:33:28,400
production. 
This Milt becomes butter and 

2805
02:33:28,400 --> 02:33:31,300
cheese preserved. 
Dairy products that extend 

2806
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:35,100
freshness from days to months 
Summers preservation's busy 

2807
02:33:35,100 --> 02:33:39,000
season a marathon of activity 
when the garden explodes with 

2808
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:42,100
productivity. 
June brings strawberries, that 

2809
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:45,400
must be jammed off Frozen 
quickly because they spoil 

2810
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,600
within days. 
July means cucumbers turning 

2811
02:33:48,600 --> 02:33:52,100
into pickles a transformation 
that happens in Crocks on the 

2812
02:33:52,108 --> 02:33:56,500
kitchen counter assault and time
convert fresh vegetables into 

2813
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:57,800
Tangy. 
Preserved ones. 

2814
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:02,800
August is to Meadow season, 
requiring all day, canning 

2815
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:05,000
sessions, that leave you 
smelling like a Pizza Kitchen, 

2816
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:08,700
but yielding dozens of jars that
will make winter pastures Source

2817
02:34:08,700 --> 02:34:11,300
possible. 
September brings the apple 

2818
02:34:11,300 --> 02:34:14,100
harvest. 
Some varieties are for immediate

2819
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:16,400
eating. 
While others are specifically 

2820
02:34:16,400 --> 02:34:19,400
grown for storage because 
they're thick skins and dense 

2821
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:22,000
flesh, let them lasts until 
spring in The Root Cellar. 

2822
02:34:22,000 --> 02:34:24,900
Each preservation method gets 
matched to the foods 

2823
02:34:24,900 --> 02:34:28,600
characteristics, water 
vegetables, like cucumbers and 

2824
02:34:28,600 --> 02:34:30,100
green. 
Beans are better than they 

2825
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:32,800
freeze because their texture 
would be destroyed by ice 

2826
02:34:32,800 --> 02:34:35,600
crystals. 
Berries, freeze beautifully but 

2827
02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:38,400
make terrible canned goods 
because the processing turns 

2828
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:41,200
them to mush. 
Apple's can be dried into 

2829
02:34:41,200 --> 02:34:44,700
leathery rings at storing, 
definitely, but pairs become 

2830
02:34:44,700 --> 02:34:48,300
grainy when dried and work 
better canned or fresh. 

2831
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:52,100
Learning these matches takes 
years of experience and 

2832
02:34:52,100 --> 02:34:55,300
generations of accumulated 
knowledge about which techniques

2833
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:57,800
work. 
With which foods fall is the 

2834
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:00,300
scoring season when The Root 
Cellar receives its winter 

2835
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:01,900
stock. 
Potatoes. 

2836
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:04,700
Get Doug off to the first like 
frost kills the vines. 

2837
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:09,100
But before hard freezes damage 
the tubers they're left to dry 

2838
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,300
in the field for a few hours. 
So dirt Falls away, easily, then

2839
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:17,000
stored in wooden boxes, where 
air can circulate Carrots, beets

2840
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:21,000
turnips and parsnips can stay in
the ground until needed. 

2841
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:25,400
Soil is the perfect storage 
medium, but many get Doug, and 

2842
02:35:25,400 --> 02:35:27,700
stored to avoid, having to 
harvest in snow. 

2843
02:35:28,700 --> 02:35:31,800
Winter squash get cured for two 
weeks at warm, temperatures to 

2844
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,800
harden their skins before. 
Moving to Cool Storage where 

2845
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:38,100
their last through March, winter
means, living off stored goods 

2846
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:41,000
and understanding scarcity and 
ways that Modern Life as 

2847
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:43,500
forgotten. 
By February, the food of 

2848
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:45,800
available is what you plan for 
months earlier. 

2849
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:48,600
If you didn't can enough to 
mottos or pickles. 

2850
02:35:48,600 --> 02:35:52,500
Well, you don't eat them until 
summer returns this isn't 

2851
02:35:52,500 --> 02:35:56,700
hardship but reality, a natural 
consequence of seasonally eating

2852
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,000
that creates anticipation. 
The first strawberry of June 

2853
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:02,400
taste better when you haven't 
eaten one since the previous 

2854
02:36:02,400 --> 02:36:04,200
June. 
Fresh corn in. 

2855
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,100
August feel special when you've 
been eating dried beans when 

2856
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:10,000
winter this seasonal Rhythm 
creates a different relationship

2857
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:12,400
with food than what supermarkets
offer. 

2858
02:36:13,200 --> 02:36:15,500
You can't eat whatever you want 
whenever you want it. 

2859
02:36:15,500 --> 02:36:19,800
But you also experience food at 
its peak right after harvest. 

2860
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:23,900
When flavors are most intense, 
Modern preservation techniques 

2861
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:28,000
like canning and freezing are 
improvements on older methods, 

2862
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:31,200
but they're still improvements 
within a seasonal framework 

2863
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:33,900
rather than attempts to 
eliminate Seasons entirely. 

2864
02:36:34,800 --> 02:36:36,600
Yacht. 
Misha accept that tomatoes. 

2865
02:36:36,600 --> 02:36:39,300
Have a season. 
The fresh milk production drops 

2866
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:42,200
in Winter and that some foods 
simply aren't available 

2867
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:44,400
year-round without heroic 
efforts. 

2868
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:47,900
They choose not to make the 
Rhythm also creates anticipation

2869
02:36:47,900 --> 02:36:52,900
and variety just when your tired
of winter squash spring greens 

2870
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:55,300
arrived. 
Just when you're overwhelmed by 

2871
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,600
summer toes they stop producing 
and fall apples. 

2872
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:01,900
Begin. 
This variety comes not from 

2873
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,500
importing foods from different 
climates, but from accepting 

2874
02:37:05,500 --> 02:37:09,200
what each season offers. 
It's a less monotonous diet than

2875
02:37:09,200 --> 02:37:12,700
eating the same globally. 
Sourced Foods year-round, even 

2876
02:37:12,700 --> 02:37:15,800
if it's less immediately, 
convenient preserving food 

2877
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:18,000
without electricity requires 
knowledge. 

2878
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,000
That must be preserved just as 
careful as the food itself. 

2879
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,200
This knowledge passes through 
generations, not through written

2880
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:29,400
instructions, but through 
experience through watching and 

2881
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:33,200
doing and through the 
accumulated wisdom of success 

2882
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,800
and failure over decades. 
The young woman, learns canning 

2883
02:37:36,800 --> 02:37:39,900
from her mother starting with 
simple recipes, like apple 

2884
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:41,700
sauce, that forgive minor 
errors. 

2885
02:37:41,700 --> 02:37:45,600
And graduating to more complex 
preserves that require precise 

2886
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,700
timing and Temperature Control. 
She learns that you can tell 

2887
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:53,000
when jelly is done by how it 
shoots off a spoon that the 

2888
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:55,500
temperature of the boiling 
mixture matters, but the visual 

2889
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:59,700
cues matter more and the recipes
are guidelines, but experience 

2890
02:37:59,700 --> 02:38:03,400
is the real teacher. 
These lessons can't be reduced 

2891
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:06,500
to written instructions because 
so much depends on variables 

2892
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:10,300
that change the pectin content 
of your particular apples. 

2893
02:38:10,300 --> 02:38:14,700
The humidity on canning day and 
the exact heat distribution in 

2894
02:38:14,700 --> 02:38:17,800
your particular stove. 
A young man learns, her ice 

2895
02:38:17,800 --> 02:38:21,400
harvesting from his father and 
uncles discovering through cold 

2896
02:38:21,400 --> 02:38:24,300
hands and aching back. 
How to soar blocks that a 

2897
02:38:24,300 --> 02:38:27,300
uniform enough to stack 
efficiently but not so perfect 

2898
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:31,300
that the effort wastes time he 
learns that ice quality matters.

2899
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:33,900
Clear ice from the center of the
pond stores. 

2900
02:38:33,900 --> 02:38:37,700
Better than cloudy ice from near
shore, that rushing the Harvest 

2901
02:38:37,700 --> 02:38:41,800
because a warm spell threatened 
can result in blocks too thin to

2902
02:38:41,800 --> 02:38:44,500
last through summer. 
And that the sawdust used for 

2903
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:48,700
insulation needs to be dry, or 
it will compress and lose its 

2904
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:51,400
insulating value. 
The knowledge, includes 

2905
02:38:51,400 --> 02:38:55,800
understanding failure modes, how
to recognize when a jar hasn't 

2906
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:57,900
sealed properly in needs 
reprocessing. 

2907
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,000
What spoiled food smells like 
before. 

2908
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:03,600
You've actually opened the jar 
and exposed yourself to Danger. 

2909
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:08,000
Not to tell if a potato in The 
Root Cellar as started rotting 

2910
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:11,100
and needs removing before its to
its neighbors. 

2911
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:15,300
These negative lessons are as 
important as positive ones 

2912
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:19,600
because food preservation when 
it fails can create food 

2913
02:39:19,600 --> 02:39:23,000
poisoning, that kills some 
knowledge is empirical rather 

2914
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:26,000
than theoretical. 
Nobody needs to know that 

2915
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:30,100
botulism spores can survive 
boiling temperatures, but die at

2916
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:34,500
240 degrees, they just need to 
know that low acid foods require

2917
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:37,000
pressure canning rather than 
water bath canning. 

2918
02:39:37,800 --> 02:39:40,200
Nobody needs to understand 
evaporative cooling. 

2919
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:42,700
Thermodynamics to use a Spring 
House, effectively. 

2920
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:46,200
They just need to know that 
milk, crops go in the water and 

2921
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:47,600
buttercross. 
Go above it. 

2922
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:51,900
The theory is interesting but 
the practice is what keeps food 

2923
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:55,300
safe and family fed. 
This knowledge also includes 

2924
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:59,200
seasonal timing that specific to
local climate when to plant 

2925
02:39:59,200 --> 02:40:01,300
potatoes. 
So they mature before the first 

2926
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:03,500
Frost. 
But late enough that they're not

2927
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:05,800
sitting in soil during the 
hottest part of Summer. 

2928
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:08,700
When various Apple varieties, 
right? 

2929
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:12,300
And which ones store well versus
which ones should be eaten 

2930
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:17,500
fresh, When to expect the spring
to run coldest, usually 8 pool 

2931
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:20,500
and snow melts. 
Still drains underground versus 

2932
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:24,300
when it warm slightly late 
summer when the aquifer has been

2933
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:26,200
warmed by months of 
precipitation. 

2934
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:31,100
These micro local Details Matter
enormously but aren't written in

2935
02:40:31,108 --> 02:40:34,900
books, they learn through years 
of observation and pass through 

2936
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,200
conversation. 
The knowledge system also 

2937
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:41,200
includes Community, wisdom about
what works and what doesn't if 

2938
02:40:41,200 --> 02:40:43,900
someone experiments with a new 
preservation technique and it 

2939
02:40:43,908 --> 02:40:47,100
works brilliantly that 
information spreads through 

2940
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,900
social networks. similarly, if 
someone tries something that 

2941
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:55,400
fails spectacularly that becomes
Community knowledge too, this 

2942
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,800
collective learning speeds 
adaptation and prevents repeated

2943
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,500
mistakes. 
A form of cultural Evolution 

2944
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:05,700
where successful techniques 
persist and unsuccessful ones, 

2945
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:09,600
get a band and all without any 
formal research program or 

2946
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:13,800
extension service guidance? 
Interestingly modern technology 

2947
02:41:13,800 --> 02:41:16,800
hasn't completely eliminated. 
This traditional knowledge even 

2948
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:20,100
among the army. 
Gas refrigerators still benefit 

2949
02:41:20,100 --> 02:41:22,000
from traditional placement 
strategies. 

2950
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:25,400
Don't put them near heat 
sources, and do allow air 

2951
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:29,200
circulation around the cooling 
coils root Cellars still need 

2952
02:41:29,200 --> 02:41:31,700
periodic. 
Checking for wrote and proper 

2953
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:35,100
humidity management. 
Bring houses still require 

2954
02:41:35,100 --> 02:41:38,000
maintenance of water channels 
and structural integrity. 

2955
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:42,400
The technology may have improved
in some areas but the underlying

2956
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:46,000
principles remain constant and 
understanding, those principles 

2957
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:50,000
matters, more than understanding
the specific tools as you stand 

2958
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:53,700
here in this Amish kitchen Dawn.
Now fully arrived in the world 

2959
02:41:53,700 --> 02:41:56,700
waking around you. 
You might wonder what lessons 

2960
02:41:56,700 --> 02:41:58,800
translate from this life to your
own. 

2961
02:41:59,700 --> 02:42:03,000
You're probably not going to dig
a root cellar or harvest ice 

2962
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:05,700
from a pond. 
But the principles underlying 

2963
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:08,600
these practices aren't strictly 
about technology. 

2964
02:42:09,300 --> 02:42:12,400
There are about understanding 
systems, planning ahead and 

2965
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:15,500
accepting limits. 
The most obvious lesson is 

2966
02:42:15,500 --> 02:42:19,300
redundantly The Amish don't 
depend on a single preservation 

2967
02:42:19,300 --> 02:42:21,400
method. 
But layer, multiple approaches 

2968
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:25,600
root Cellars for bulk storage 
springhouses for daily. 

2969
02:42:25,600 --> 02:42:28,700
Use items. 
Ice house is for actual freezing

2970
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:32,400
canning for long-term. 
Shelf-stable goods and gas 

2971
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:37,100
refrigerators for convenience. 
If one system fails others 

2972
02:42:37,100 --> 02:42:39,900
continue working. 
Compare this to Modern 

2973
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:43,200
dependents on electric 
Refrigeration where a power 

2974
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:45,800
outage or mechanical? 
Failure means potentially losing

2975
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:49,000
everything perishable. 
The Amisha approach while more 

2976
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:51,800
labor intense is also more 
resilient against individual 

2977
02:42:51,800 --> 02:42:54,400
failures. 
Another lesson is the value of 

2978
02:42:54,400 --> 02:42:58,400
passive systems route Sellers 
and Spring House is require no 

2979
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:01,700
ongoing energy input. 
Once built they function 

2980
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:05,300
indefinitely without fuel or 
electricity maintained only by 

2981
02:43:05,300 --> 02:43:07,500
occasional cleaning and 
structural repairs. 

2982
02:43:08,500 --> 02:43:11,800
Modern Life tends toward active 
systems that solve problems 

2983
02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:15,400
through continuous energy, 
application, air, conditioning, 

2984
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:19,800
refrigeration, and heating all 
of, which stopped working the 

2985
02:43:19,800 --> 02:43:23,600
moment, power fails. 
Passive systems continue 

2986
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:26,000
functioning, regardless of 
external circumstances, 

2987
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:29,900
providing a baseline of 
performance that isn't dependent

2988
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:33,100
on Supply chains or 
infrastructure the seasonal 

2989
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:35,600
eating pattern enforced by 
traditional preservation. 

2990
02:43:35,600 --> 02:43:39,800
Methods also offers lessons 
Modern supermarkets, provide 

2991
02:43:39,800 --> 02:43:43,400
year-round access to produce 
regardless of season which seems

2992
02:43:43,400 --> 02:43:45,800
like pure gain and until you 
consider the costs. 

2993
02:43:46,500 --> 02:43:50,400
Energy for transportation and 
storage loss of flavor, from 

2994
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:53,700
early, harvesting to survive 
shipping and disconnect from 

2995
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:57,400
local growing patterns. 
Eating seasonally does not 

2996
02:43:57,408 --> 02:44:01,600
require going full Amish, but it
can mean prioritizing local 

2997
02:44:01,600 --> 02:44:05,200
foods during their peak season 
preserving some of that Bounty 

2998
02:44:05,200 --> 02:44:07,400
for off season use and 
accepting. 

2999
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,200
That some foods are seasonal 
treats rather than everyday 

3000
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,300
Staples. 
The knowledge preservation 

3001
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:15,400
aspect raises questions about 
skill maintenance in an 

3002
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:18,700
automated world. 
It's convenience Technologies, 

3003
02:44:18,700 --> 02:44:22,200
handle more tasks, the knowledge
of how to do things manually. 

3004
02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:25,300
Atrophies. 
You might not need to know how 

3005
02:44:25,300 --> 02:44:28,500
to can tomatoes until the day 
you want to preserve your garden

3006
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:32,000
Harvest and by then you've lost 
access to the grandmother who 

3007
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,300
could have taught you. 
The Amish maintain these skills,

3008
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,900
through continuous practice, but
that practice only happens 

3009
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:40,800
because their lifestyle requires
it. 

3010
02:44:41,600 --> 02:44:44,800
For the rest of us, maintaining 
traditional skills means making 

3011
02:44:44,800 --> 02:44:47,800
deliberate choices to learn and 
practice them. 

3012
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:51,600
Despite not needing them for 
survival, the community aspect 

3013
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:54,900
of traditional preservation. 
Also translates beyond the ahmes

3014
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:59,100
context, Ice harvesting and 
large-scale canning aren't solo 

3015
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:02,000
activities. 
But community events that build 

3016
02:45:02,000 --> 02:45:04,100
social bonds while accomplishing
work. 

3017
02:45:05,100 --> 02:45:07,300
Modern Life. 
Can convenience often comes with

3018
02:45:07,300 --> 02:45:10,300
isolation. 
You can feed yourself entirely 

3019
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:12,800
without ever interacting with 
neighbor's or sharing labor. 

3020
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,900
There's nothing wrong with 
convenience, but recognizing 

3021
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:19,600
what's lost might? 
Inspire finding other ways to 

3022
02:45:19,600 --> 02:45:23,100
build community connections. 
The architectural lessons about 

3023
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:27,100
passive cooling applied directly
to Modern construction houses 

3024
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:30,400
can be oriented to minimize 
solar gain, designed for 

3025
02:45:30,400 --> 02:45:34,000
cross-ventilation and built with
thermal mass that moderates 

3026
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:37,100
temperature swings. 
These principles work, 

3027
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:40,100
regardless of whether you have 
air conditioning, they simply 

3028
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:43,000
make climate control easier and 
less energy intensive. 

3029
02:45:43,700 --> 02:45:46,100
Modern building codes. 
Often ignore these traditional 

3030
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:49,100
principles in favor of 
mechanical systems, but there's 

3031
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:52,700
no reason you can't have both 
perhaps the deepest lesson is 

3032
02:45:52,708 --> 02:45:56,300
about accepting constraints. 
The Amish choose limits. 

3033
02:45:56,300 --> 02:45:58,000
That might seem arbitrary from 
outside. 

3034
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:00,800
No electricity, no cars. 
No internet. 

3035
02:46:00,800 --> 02:46:03,900
But within those constraints, 
they've developed sophisticated,

3036
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:08,200
solutions to practical problems.
Modern Life tends toward 

3037
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:10,300
eliminating constraints through 
technology. 

3038
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:13,700
Assuming that more options and 
greater convenience are always 

3039
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:18,100
improvements, examples, suggest 
that sometimes constraints, 

3040
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,200
Force, creativity and build 
resilience in ways that 

3041
02:46:21,200 --> 02:46:24,400
unlimited options. 
Don't you'll notice that none of

3042
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:26,200
this is actually about 
Refrigeration. 

3043
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:30,200
Food preservation is the visible
practice, but the underlying 

3044
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,200
patterns are about living 
deliberately planning ahead 

3045
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:37,400
maintaining skills building 
community and understanding 

3046
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,900
systems. 
These principles apply whether 

3047
02:46:40,900 --> 02:46:44,300
you're storing potatoes, in a 
root cellar or organizing your 

3048
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:48,200
life in a city apartment. 
The specific techniques might 

3049
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:52,500
not transfer, but the mindset 
does before we finish. 

3050
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:56,500
Let's sit with one. 
Uncomfortable thought modern 

3051
02:46:56,500 --> 02:47:00,000
refrigeration for all its 
convenience is fragile. 

3052
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:04,400
Your refrigerator depends on 
electricity flowing, reliably on

3053
02:47:04,400 --> 02:47:06,600
Supply, chains, delivering 
replacement parts. 

3054
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:10,000
And on repair technicians 
understanding complex systems 

3055
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:14,200
when hurricanes knock out power 
or I storms down transmission 

3056
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:16,400
lines. 
The weakness becomes obvious 

3057
02:47:17,300 --> 02:47:21,300
Food spoils freezes Thor and 
suddenly those old preservation 

3058
02:47:21,300 --> 02:47:24,700
methods don't seem quite. 
So quaint the Amish approached 

3059
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:27,200
to food preservation is 
resilient precisely because it 

3060
02:47:27,200 --> 02:47:28,700
doesn't depend on 
infrastructure. 

3061
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:31,900
That can fail Earth doesn't stop
being cool underground. 

3062
02:47:32,800 --> 02:47:37,300
Springs don't stop flowing ice 
once harvested stays Frozen if 

3063
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:41,600
properly stored Canned goods, 
remain safe on shelves, the 

3064
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:45,300
techniques are decentralized. 
Each household maintains its own

3065
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:48,600
systems, rather than depending 
on electrical grids that serve 

3066
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:52,100
thousands. 
This decentralization means that

3067
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:55,700
problems can be local rather 
than catastrophic consider what 

3068
02:47:55,700 --> 02:47:57,700
happens when your refrigerator 
breaks. 

3069
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:03,300
You call a repair service wait 
days or weeks for parts possibly

3070
02:48:03,300 --> 02:48:06,000
lose food. 
If the timing is bad and pay 

3071
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:07,400
several hundred dollars for the 
fix. 

3072
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:11,600
When an Amish Root Cellar has a 
problem, maybe a door, seal 

3073
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:16,300
fails, or drainage backs up. 
Fix involves basic carpentry or 

3074
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,500
simple excavation. 
Skills that household members 

3075
02:48:19,500 --> 02:48:23,000
already possess. 
The repair cost is measured in 

3076
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:26,000
hours of Labor, rather, than 
specialty Parts shipped from 

3077
02:48:26,008 --> 02:48:29,200
distant factorize. 
This resilience also applies to 

3078
02:48:29,200 --> 02:48:32,400
economic disruption. 
If energy costs spiked 

3079
02:48:32,400 --> 02:48:35,600
dramatically modern 
refrigeration, becomes expensive

3080
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:38,800
to operate. 
If your income drops and you 

3081
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:40,600
can't afford the electricity 
bill. 

3082
02:48:40,600 --> 02:48:44,600
That expensive refrigerator 
becomes a non-functional Botox. 

3083
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:49,200
Traditional methods have minimal
ongoing costs, no power bills, 

3084
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:52,700
no, maintenance contracts, just 
occasional labor that you 

3085
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:56,200
provide yourself. 
In economic terms, their Capital

3086
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:58,800
expenses rather than operating 
expenses. 

3087
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:02,200
And once the initial investment 
is made the ongoing burden, 

3088
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,300
nearly disappears, the knowledge
required for traditional 

3089
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:08,200
preservation is also more 
resilient than dependent on 

3090
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:11,500
specialists. 
When you know how to can 

3091
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:14,400
vegetables or manage a root 
cellar, you're not dependent on 

3092
02:49:14,408 --> 02:49:16,400
Experts being available and 
affordable. 

3093
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:20,300
The knowledge can be shared 
freely without patent concerns 

3094
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:23,900
or proprietary restrictions, it 
can be practiced at a small 

3095
02:49:23,908 --> 02:49:26,600
scale without requiring 
industrial infrastructure. 

3096
02:49:27,500 --> 02:49:31,400
This makes it remarkably 
Democratic available to anyone 

3097
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,600
willing, to invest the time to 
learn and the labor to execute. 

3098
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:37,900
There's all so resilience in the
Simplicity of the systems. 

3099
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:41,000
A root cellar, has fewer points 
of failure than a modern 

3100
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:43,700
refrigerator. 
There's no compressor to burn 

3101
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:45,800
out. 
No electronic controls to 

3102
02:49:45,800 --> 02:49:48,300
malfunction and no refrigerant 
to leak. 

3103
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:51,800
The worst that typically happens
is you need to restock some 

3104
02:49:51,800 --> 02:49:54,800
stone or repair a door. 
Compare this to Modern 

3105
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:57,700
appliances, where a failed 
circuit board might mean 

3106
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:00,800
replacing the entire unit 
because repairs cost more than 

3107
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:03,200
replacement. 
This isn't an argument that 

3108
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:05,800
everyone should abandon modern 
refrigeration and dig route 

3109
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:09,000
sellers in their backyards. 
Modern Life has different 

3110
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:12,300
requirements and constraints 
than a mission life and trying 

3111
02:50:12,300 --> 02:50:15,100
to copy their methods. 
Exactly would be impractical for

3112
02:50:15,100 --> 02:50:18,900
most people. but understanding 
the Alternatives exist that 

3113
02:50:18,900 --> 02:50:21,600
there are multiple ways to solve
food, preservation problems 

3114
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:25,000
provides a kind of mental 
resilience, even if you never 

3115
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:29,700
act on it, Knowing you could. 
If necessary preserve food, 

3116
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:32,400
without electricity, makes you 
less dependent and more 

3117
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:34,700
confident. 
Even if you never actually need 

3118
02:50:34,700 --> 02:50:38,400
to do it, the kitchen has warmed
as morning progressed and the 

3119
02:50:38,408 --> 02:50:42,500
sounds of the day have fully 
arrived chickens complaining in 

3120
02:50:42,508 --> 02:50:47,000
their run horses, shifting in 
their stools and distant voices 

3121
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:48,900
of family. 
Member starting their work. 

3122
02:50:49,900 --> 02:50:53,500
You've witnessed an alternative 
to Modern food preservation, not

3123
02:50:53,500 --> 02:50:57,400
better or worse, but different 
optimized for different values 

3124
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:01,000
and constraints, the Amish, keep
food cold without electricity 

3125
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:03,900
through a combination of old 
techniques and careful, 

3126
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:07,700
adaptation, root Cellars, that 
use Earth stable, temperature 

3127
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:10,400
springhouses that harness 
flowing water. 

3128
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:14,200
Ice house is that store Winter 
for summer, use gas 

3129
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:18,100
refrigerators that avoid 
electrical grids canning, that 

3130
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,500
makes food shelf stable, an 
architectural design that keeps 

3131
02:51:21,500 --> 02:51:25,100
Living Spaces, cool, None of 
these techniques are 

3132
02:51:25,100 --> 02:51:28,300
particularly complex but there 
are effective use requires 

3133
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:31,300
knowledge planning and labor 
that Modern Life has largely 

3134
02:51:31,300 --> 02:51:33,900
automated away. 
What makes these methods 

3135
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:36,000
remarkable? 
Isn't there quaintness? 

3136
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:37,700
But their resilience and 
sustainability. 

3137
02:51:39,100 --> 02:51:41,900
They work independently of 
infrastructure that can fail. 

3138
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:45,500
They require minimal ongoing 
energy input and they can be 

3139
02:51:45,508 --> 02:51:49,000
maintained with basic skills 
rather than specialized 

3140
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,700
expertise in an error 
increasingly concerned with grid

3141
02:51:52,700 --> 02:51:56,100
reliability energy costs and 
environmental impact. 

3142
02:51:56,100 --> 02:52:00,100
There's something quietly 
revolutionary about systems that

3143
02:52:00,100 --> 02:52:05,400
simply work year after year 
asking nothing but attention and

3144
02:52:05,400 --> 02:52:08,600
respect as you prepare to leave 
this kitchen and returned to 

3145
02:52:08,600 --> 02:52:11,800
your electrically powered life. 
You carry new knowledge about 

3146
02:52:11,800 --> 02:52:15,300
cold that it can be harvested 
from Winter and stored for 

3147
02:52:15,300 --> 02:52:17,900
summer. 
That Earth itself is a 

3148
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:20,100
refrigerator. 
If you dig deep enough, that 

3149
02:52:20,100 --> 02:52:24,200
flowing water continuously 
creates coolness and that food 

3150
02:52:24,200 --> 02:52:27,000
can be preserved in dozens of 
ways that don't require 

3151
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:30,900
continuous energy input. 
Whether you have a use this 

3152
02:52:30,900 --> 02:52:33,600
knowledge practically or simply 
hold it to his interesting 

3153
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:36,100
background information. 
You now understand that the 

3154
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:39,200
particular Solutions, Modern 
Life chose are the only possible

3155
02:52:39,200 --> 02:52:42,900
solution and sometimes the old 
ways persist because they work 

3156
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:45,600
remarkably well. 
The Amish aren't preserving 

3157
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:48,700
these techniques out of 
nostalgia stubbornness, but 

3158
02:52:48,700 --> 02:52:50,900
because they've chosen a 
different set of trade-offs 

3159
02:52:50,900 --> 02:52:55,500
valuing self-sufficiently 
community and independence from 

3160
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:57,400
infrastructure, over convenience
and ease. 

3161
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:02,300
The choices aren't available or 
desirable for everyone, but they

3162
02:53:02,300 --> 02:53:04,400
demonstrate that Alternatives 
exist. 

3163
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:07,500
The technology isn't a one-way 
ratchet. 

3164
02:53:07,500 --> 02:53:10,800
Where newer is always better and
that sometimes the most 

3165
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,500
sophisticated solution is the 
one that works reliably with 

3166
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:18,400
minimal fuss for centuries. 
So tonight when you open your 

3167
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:22,300
electric refrigerator and cool 
air washes over your face, maybe

3168
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:24,900
you'll think about The Root 
Cellar dug into a hillside. 

3169
02:53:24,900 --> 02:53:28,600
The spring running cold through 
a stone building, the ice 

3170
02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:32,900
blocks, cut from Frozen ponds 
and the gas refrigerator quietly

3171
02:53:32,900 --> 02:53:34,600
absorbing heat Through 
Chemistry. 

3172
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,400
And maybe you'll appreciate that
we live in a time when we can 

3173
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:42,200
choose between many solutions to
the same problem when both 

3174
02:53:42,200 --> 02:53:45,000
ancient wisdom and modern 
convenience are available. 

3175
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:48,600
And when you can Harvest cold 
from the earth, or summon it at 

3176
02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:53,000
the touch of a button. 
Both work both have their place 

3177
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:57,000
and knowing both exist makes you
richer than knowing only one 

3178
02:53:57,000 --> 02:53:59,900
sleep. 
Well, knowing that somewhere 

3179
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:05,200
tonight food stays fresh, in the
earth's Embrace called by Stone 

3180
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:09,000
and water and ice preserved by 
methods that predate, our 

3181
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:12,500
grandparents, grandparents 
quietly working as they have for

3182
02:54:12,500 --> 02:54:16,200
centuries, asking nothing but 
what the land freely provides. 

3183
02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:23,300
You stand at the threshold of 
your new life, feeling the salt 

3184
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:26,800
wind push against your coat. 
Like an insistent hand, trying 

3185
02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:28,600
to turn you back towards 
civilization. 

3186
02:54:30,000 --> 02:54:32,300
Behind you. 
The supply boat is already 

3187
02:54:32,300 --> 02:54:35,600
growing smaller heading back 
toward the mainland Village that

3188
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:38,300
will now exist only as a 
collection of distant lights 

3189
02:54:38,300 --> 02:54:41,400
after sunset. 
Before you rise your light 

3190
02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:45,200
house, a White Tower, standing 
70 feet, tall Against the Grain,

3191
02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:49,400
November Sky of 1887. 
This is your new home, the 

3192
02:54:49,400 --> 02:54:51,200
calling it home. 
Feels like calling the ocean 

3193
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:56,300
upon The light house occupies a 
rocky Promontory that juts into 

3194
02:54:56,300 --> 02:55:00,300
the Atlantic, like, a defiant 
finger surrounded on three sides

3195
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:02,200
by water that changes color with
the weather. 

3196
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:06,400
Today, it's the color of pewter 
tomorrow. 

3197
02:55:06,400 --> 02:55:10,200
It might be emerald green and 
during storms, it turns almost 

3198
02:55:10,200 --> 02:55:12,500
black Though, you don't know 
that yet. 

3199
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:15,400
You will learn the Seas, moods 
the way other people. 

3200
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:17,300
Learn their spouse's 
Expressions. 

3201
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,200
The light house itself is 
surprisingly graceful, 

3202
02:55:20,200 --> 02:55:22,600
considering its utilitarian per 
purpose. 

3203
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:25,500
The tower is built from Granite 
blocks. 

3204
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,400
Each one weighing several 
hundred pounds and fitted 

3205
02:55:29,400 --> 02:55:31,900
together with the kind of 
precision, that suggests the 

3206
02:55:31,900 --> 02:55:34,300
builders understood that lives 
would depend on their 

3207
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:37,900
craftsmanship. 
The exterior is painted white 

3208
02:55:37,900 --> 02:55:41,700
and shows signs of the constant 
maintenance required to 

3209
02:55:41,700 --> 02:55:46,400
withstand salt, spray and wind. 
At the top, the lantern room 

3210
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:49,700
gleams with hundreds of glass 
panes refracting. 

3211
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:53,200
The afternoon light into 
scattered diamonds attached to 

3212
02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:56,500
the base of the tower is the 
keepers dwelling a two-story 

3213
02:55:56,500 --> 02:55:59,000
Stone building. 
That looks almost cozy compared 

3214
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:00,800
to the towers or steer 
functionality. 

3215
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:05,500
Smoke rises from the chimney 
evidence that the previous 

3216
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,300
keeper followed protocol and 
left, the stove burning to 

3217
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:12,200
prevent dampness from setting 
into the walls in a few hours 

3218
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:15,000
that previous keeper will finish
explaining your duties. 

3219
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:17,100
And depart on the supply boats 
return trip. 

3220
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:21,000
Leaving you alone with your new 
responsibilities, the path from 

3221
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:23,800
The Landing to the light house 
is with stones that have been 

3222
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,000
worn Smooth by countless 
footsteps. 

3223
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:30,300
Alongside it runs a wooden rail 
currently decorated with dried 

3224
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:32,900
salt crystals that sparkle in 
the weak sunlight. 

3225
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:36,700
You'll learn to appreciate that 
rail during winter storms. 

3226
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:40,100
When the wind tries to pluck 
your feet and send you tumbling 

3227
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:42,800
into the Rocks. 
Below your appointment is a 

3228
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:44,900
assistant Lighthouse. 
Keeper came through the light 

3229
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:47,100
house bored. 
After months of paperwork and 

3230
02:56:47,100 --> 02:56:50,800
references. 
The position pays $40 per month.

3231
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,900
Not a fortune, but steady 
employment in an era when 

3232
02:56:54,900 --> 02:56:58,300
economic depressions come as 
regularly as seasons. 

3233
02:56:58,900 --> 02:57:02,100
More importantly, it offers 
something that's increasingly 

3234
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:05,700
rare. 
Clear purpose every ship 

3235
02:57:05,700 --> 02:57:07,800
captain. 
Who safely navigates past this 

3236
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:09,200
Promontory? 
Willow. 

3237
02:57:09,200 --> 02:57:12,000
Their success partly to your 
diligence, though? 

3238
02:57:12,000 --> 02:57:14,900
They'll never know your name. 
The isolation is already 

3239
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:17,300
palpable and you've been here 
less than an hour. 

3240
02:57:17,308 --> 02:57:22,200
The nearest Village is 6 miles 
by water 12, by the coastal road

3241
02:57:22,200 --> 02:57:24,500
that becomes impassable during 
winter storms. 

3242
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:27,600
The supply boat comes once a 
month where the permitting 

3243
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:31,400
during bad Winters, you might go
10 weeks without seeing another 

3244
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:33,200
human face beyond your head 
keeper. 

3245
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:35,800
For some people, this would feel
like imprisonment. 

3246
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:38,700
For you. 
It feels like an escape from the

3247
02:57:38,700 --> 02:57:42,100
increasingly crowded and 
complicated world of the 1880s 

3248
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,700
were cities grow faster than 
anyone can manage them, and 

3249
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:49,100
Telegraph wires, connect 
everything, to everything else. 

3250
02:57:49,100 --> 02:57:53,800
In ways that make privacy feel 
obsolete, the previous keeper 

3251
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:56,400
emerges, from the dwelling 
wiping, his hands on his apron, 

3252
02:57:56,400 --> 02:58:00,200
he's a Weatherman in his 60s 
whose faces has been carved by 

3253
02:58:00,200 --> 02:58:03,800
wind, and Sun into something. 
Resembling, the surrounding rock

3254
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:07,000
formation. 
His name is Jeremiah and he 

3255
02:58:07,008 --> 02:58:09,100
spent the last 15 years at this 
station. 

3256
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:13,300
Now his roommate ISM has grown 
too severe for the constant 

3257
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:16,100
climbing that the position 
requires, and he's been 

3258
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:19,000
transferred to a Harbor Light 
with shorter stairs, and more 

3259
02:58:19,000 --> 02:58:21,400
medical access. 
He gestures for you to follow 

3260
02:58:21,400 --> 02:58:27,200
him and your education begins. 
The first lesson, he explains is

3261
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:29,900
understanding that. 
The lighthouse is not just a 

3262
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:33,500
building, it's a machine, a 
living system, that requires 

3263
02:58:33,500 --> 02:58:38,000
constant, attention, and care. 
Every component depends on every

3264
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:41,900
other component and neglecting 
any single element can mean 

3265
02:58:41,900 --> 02:58:44,700
disaster for ships. 
Depending on your light, you 

3266
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:48,500
climb the towers interior spiral
staircase, your footsteps, 

3267
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:50,500
echoing off the curved iron 
walls. 

3268
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:54,800
The stairs are Steep and narrow 
designed to fit within the 

3269
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:59,100
towers tapering structure. 
There are 93 steps from bottom 

3270
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:02,500
to top and Jeremiah informs you 
that your climb them, at least 

3271
02:59:02,500 --> 02:59:05,300
six times per day more during 
storms. 

3272
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:08,500
When you need to monitor the 
light more frequently, Your legs

3273
02:59:08,500 --> 02:59:11,100
will hurt for the first month, 
then they'll adapt. 

3274
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,000
Becoming strong in ways that 
surprise you. 

3275
02:59:14,000 --> 02:59:16,900
When you eventually visit town 
and find you can walk up Hill's 

3276
02:59:16,900 --> 02:59:19,600
that wind other people the rooms
within the tower, are 

3277
02:59:19,600 --> 02:59:22,800
surprisingly cozy. 
There's a small storage area for

3278
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:26,600
lamp oil, another for cleaning 
supplies and a third that serves

3279
02:59:26,600 --> 02:59:30,400
as a workshop for repairs. 
Everything smells of oil and 

3280
02:59:30,400 --> 02:59:33,300
metal and the particular 
mustiness that comes from Stone 

3281
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:36,600
buildings near the sea. 
The walls are thick enough that 

3282
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:40,000
the Roar of waves become muted 
to a steady background Rhythm 

3283
02:59:40,000 --> 02:59:44,100
like, living inside a large 
seashell at the top, you emerge 

3284
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:47,000
into the lantern room and the 
views, whatever, breathe, The 

3285
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:51,000
Climb hasn't already taken. 
Glass around you on all sides 

3286
02:59:51,000 --> 02:59:55,200
offering a panoramic Vista of 
oceans sky and the rocky 

3287
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:57,600
Coastline stretching in both 
directions. 

3288
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:02,200
The fresnel lens, dominates, the
center of the room, a 

3289
03:00:02,200 --> 03:00:05,500
magnificent, arrangement of 
glass prisms that stands taller 

3290
03:00:05,500 --> 03:00:08,800
than you and represents the 
Pinnacle of 19th century. 

3291
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:12,800
Optical engineering, Jeremiah 
explains that this particular 

3292
03:00:12,800 --> 03:00:17,600
lens is a third order from Nell 
with 186 separate glass prisms, 

3293
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:20,400
arranged in concentric rings 
around the lamp at its Center. 

3294
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:24,600
The lens rotate on A Clockwork 
mechanism, powered by weights 

3295
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:28,200
that descend through the tower, 
requiring rewinding, every four 

3296
03:00:28,200 --> 03:00:32,900
hours, When properly maintained 
and lit, this lens can amplify 

3297
03:00:32,900 --> 03:00:36,200
the light of a single lamp to be
visible for 15 miles at sea. 

3298
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:39,900
A beacon that can mean the 
difference between safe passage 

3299
03:00:39,900 --> 03:00:42,800
and shipwreck. 
The lamp itself Burns, coals or 

3300
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:46,700
oil derived from rapeseed. 
It requires careful trimming of 

3301
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:49,700
the wick, every few hours to 
prevent smoking, which would 

3302
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:51,600
blacken the lens and diminish 
the light. 

3303
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,600
The lens must be cleaned daily 
with special polishing cloths. 

3304
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,000
That never quite lose, the smell
of the cleaning solution. 

3305
03:00:58,900 --> 03:01:01,300
The Clockwork mechanism needs 
weekly oiling. 

3306
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:05,200
The windows require constant 
washing to remove salt deposits.

3307
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,600
The list of Maintenance tasks, 
feels endless, but Jeremiah 

3308
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:13,200
shows you that they'll soon 
become second nature As Natural 

3309
03:01:13,200 --> 03:01:15,000
as breathing. 
You spend the afternoon, 

3310
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:18,500
learning these tasks, your hands
Awkward on equipment that 

3311
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:20,700
Jeremiah handles with 
unconscious Grace. 

3312
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:24,000
He shows you how to judge when 
the wick needs trimming by the 

3313
03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:27,400
color of the flame, how to wind 
the Clockwork with exactly, the 

3314
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:30,300
right tension and how to clean 
the lens without leaving 

3315
03:01:30,300 --> 03:01:32,700
streaks, that will scatter the 
light in efficiently. 

3316
03:01:32,700 --> 03:01:36,500
Each task has been refined 
through Decades of keeper 

3317
03:01:36,500 --> 03:01:39,700
experience into something 
approaching ritual as the sun 

3318
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:41,700
begins. 
Its descent toward the Western 

3319
03:01:41,700 --> 03:01:46,200
Horizon, Jeremiah checks his 
pocket watch a nods It's time 

3320
03:01:46,200 --> 03:01:48,300
for the most important moment of
the keepers day. 

3321
03:01:48,300 --> 03:01:51,800
The lighting ceremony. 
You follow him through the 

3322
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:55,000
preparation opening the 
ventilators to prevent heat 

3323
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:58,300
buildup, checking the oil 
reservoir and adjusting the wick

3324
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:02,300
to the proper height. then as 
the sun, touches the Horizon, 

3325
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:06,300
Jeremiah light to match and 
applies it to the wick, the lamp

3326
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:09,600
catchers with a soft whoosh and 
immediately, the lens begins 

3327
03:02:09,600 --> 03:02:13,300
working its magic The simple 
flame becomes something else. 

3328
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:16,100
Entirely a brilliant beam of 
light. 

3329
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:19,100
That sweeps across the darkening
sea as the lens rotates. 

3330
03:02:20,300 --> 03:02:22,800
Standing in the lantern room, 
you're surrounded by moving 

3331
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:26,700
patterns of Illumination as if 
you've somehow stepped inside a 

3332
03:02:26,700 --> 03:02:29,300
kaleidoscope. 
It's beautiful enough that you 

3333
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,700
forget to breathe from a moment,
Jeremiah allows himself a small 

3334
03:02:32,700 --> 03:02:35,900
smile. 
This he says never gets old. 

3335
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:40,900
For 15 years, he's lit this lamp
and it still feels like a small 

3336
03:02:40,900 --> 03:02:44,300
miracle every time. 
Then he reminds you that the 

3337
03:02:44,300 --> 03:02:47,900
miracle requires constant, 
vigilance, the lamp must, never 

3338
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:49,900
go out between sunset and 
sunrise. 

3339
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:54,700
Never flicker never fail. 
Ships are depending on it and 

3340
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:57,400
ships carry, human lives that 
night. 

3341
03:02:57,400 --> 03:03:00,700
You take your first watch 
sitting in the lantern room 

3342
03:03:00,700 --> 03:03:03,100
while the lens rotates and the 
lamp burned steady. 

3343
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:05,700
Through the Windows, you can see
nothing. 

3344
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:08,900
But Darkness punctuated by stars
and the occasional 

3345
03:03:08,900 --> 03:03:11,600
phosphorescent Wavecrest. 
You understand. 

3346
03:03:11,608 --> 03:03:14,900
Now, why light housekeepers 
develop a particular philosophy 

3347
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:17,900
about their work? 
Your responsible for something 

3348
03:03:17,900 --> 03:03:21,300
larger than yourself a light 
that guides strangers through 

3349
03:03:21,300 --> 03:03:24,800
Danger. 
Both humbling and oddly 

3350
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:28,300
comforting as midnight 
approaches, you climb down to 

3351
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:30,000
wake. 
Jeremiah for his watch shift. 

3352
03:03:30,000 --> 03:03:33,400
Tomorrow, he'll depart. 
And this Lighthouse will become 

3353
03:03:33,400 --> 03:03:36,300
your sole responsibility. 
Shared only with the head 

3354
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:37,500
keeper. 
You haven't yet met. 

3355
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:41,800
Tomorrow, your new life, truly 
begins at the edge of the world 

3356
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:45,000
where the most important thing 
you'll do each day is simply 

3357
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:46,900
keep a light burning through the
darkness. 

3358
03:03:46,900 --> 03:03:51,900
The head Keepers alarm clock 
sounds at 4:45 a.m. which in 

3359
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:53,700
December means, you're waking in
full Darkness. 

3360
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,200
Your room in the keepers 
dwelling is small but adequate 

3361
03:03:57,200 --> 03:04:00,300
about 10 feet square with a 
narrow bed. 

3362
03:04:00,300 --> 03:04:04,200
A dresser a wash down and a hook
for hanging your coat. 

3363
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:08,700
The walls are whitewashed stone 
that stays cool in summer and 

3364
03:04:08,700 --> 03:04:10,800
holds Winter's chill like a 
grudge. 

3365
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:14,200
You've learned to sleep in wool 
socks and under multiple 

3366
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:17,500
blankets, you like the bedside 
candle from The Embers, you 

3367
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:19,600
banked in your small stove 
before retiring. 

3368
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:23,700
Flames struggles briefly in the 
cold air before steadying 

3369
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,900
casting Shadows that make the 
room feel even smaller. 

3370
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:30,100
Outside. 
You can hear the Eternal 

3371
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:33,200
conversation between Wind and 
Sea though. 

3372
03:04:33,200 --> 03:04:35,800
After two months here, you 
barely notice it. 

3373
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:39,400
Unless the weather turns violent
dressing requires efficiency in 

3374
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:42,500
the cold, You pull on wool 
trousers over your long 

3375
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,800
underwear. 
Add a flannel shirt, a wool vest

3376
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:50,200
and your Keepers uniform jacket.
The jacket is regulation. 

3377
03:04:50,800 --> 03:04:53,500
Dark blue Wool with brass 
buttons bearing. 

3378
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:57,100
The lighthouse board insignia. 
You're supposed to wear it 

3379
03:04:57,100 --> 03:04:59,900
whenever you might encounter 
visitors though, out here, 

3380
03:04:59,900 --> 03:05:02,400
visits a rare enough that you 
mostly wear it to remind 

3381
03:05:02,400 --> 03:05:04,600
yourself. 
That you have a real job with 

3382
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:08,300
real Authority. 
Even if your kingdom is only 70 

3383
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:11,600
feet of Tower and a few Acres of
rock, the water in your wash 

3384
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:14,300
stand, has a thin skin of ice 
that cracks. 

3385
03:05:14,300 --> 03:05:17,600
When you push your finger 
through you face quickly, 

3386
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:21,300
gasping at the cold, then dry 
with a rough towel. 

3387
03:05:22,300 --> 03:05:24,300
Your reflection in the small 
mirror shows. 

3388
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:27,600
Someone, whose face is already 
changing from two months of wind

3389
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:31,100
and weather. 
Skin slightly rougher eyes 

3390
03:05:31,100 --> 03:05:34,800
adapted to constantly. 
Scaning her eyes and a general. 

3391
03:05:34,808 --> 03:05:36,800
Air of competence that wasn't 
there. 

3392
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:40,000
When you arrived down stairs, 
the head keeper is already 

3393
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,700
staking the kitchen stove, 
coaxing last night's colds, back

3394
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:46,600
into flames and adding split 
wood from the box beside the 

3395
03:05:46,600 --> 03:05:49,600
half. 
His name is Samuel and he's been

3396
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:52,600
a keeper for 20 years, the last 
five at this station. 

3397
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:56,600
He's a methodical man in his 
forties, who are his lighthouse.

3398
03:05:56,600 --> 03:05:59,300
Keeping the way, a good 
watchmaker approaches timepieces

3399
03:05:59,300 --> 03:06:03,300
with absolute attention to 
detail and a conviction that 

3400
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:05,500
proper maintenance prevents most
problems. 

3401
03:06:05,500 --> 03:06:08,700
The kitchen is the heart of the 
dwelling warm and practical. 

3402
03:06:08,700 --> 03:06:13,000
There's the cast, iron stove, a 
sturdy table with two chairs, 

3403
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:17,700
open shelves, holding dishes and
dry goods and windows Facing 

3404
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,300
East to catch morning, light, 
when it eventually arrives. 

3405
03:06:21,400 --> 03:06:23,500
A kettle perpetually sits on the
stove. 

3406
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:27,400
Ready for tea or coffee, and the
room smells of wood smoke. 

3407
03:06:27,400 --> 03:06:30,300
Yes. 
To this fish stew and the yeasty

3408
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:32,400
center of the bread you bake two
days ago. 

3409
03:06:32,400 --> 03:06:36,000
Samuel nods is greeting. 
He's not a morning talker and 

3410
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:37,500
You Begin your part of the 
routine. 

3411
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:42,300
Coffee goes into the pot. 
Rough grounds measured by Ai and

3412
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:44,800
water from the system that 
collects rainwater from the 

3413
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:48,800
roof. while it Brews you slice 
bread from the loaf and set out 

3414
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:53,200
butter jam, and the smoke 
tearing That's been a breakfast 

3415
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:56,200
staple since the supply boats 
last visit three weeks ago. 

3416
03:06:56,200 --> 03:07:00,500
Breakfast is functional rather 
than elaborate, the smoke 

3417
03:07:00,500 --> 03:07:02,500
tearing is salty enough to wake 
your mouth. 

3418
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:06,600
The bread is dense and filling. 
And the coffee is strong enough 

3419
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:10,000
that you can feel your thoughts 
organizing themselves with each 

3420
03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:15,300
sip Samuel reads yesterday's 
newspaper, already four days 

3421
03:07:15,300 --> 03:07:19,600
old, when the supply boat 
delivered it now a week old, but

3422
03:07:19,600 --> 03:07:23,600
still your primary connection to
the larger world You learn that 

3423
03:07:23,600 --> 03:07:26,100
President Cleveland has made 
some pronouncement about 

3424
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:28,700
tariffs. 
That there's been another labor 

3425
03:07:28,700 --> 03:07:31,400
dispute in Pittsburgh and that 
the weather in New York has been

3426
03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:34,000
unseasonably warm after 
breakfast. 

3427
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:37,000
Comes the morning inspection, 
which Samuel treats with the 

3428
03:07:37,000 --> 03:07:41,300
seriousness of a military drill.
You both Don your coats and step

3429
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:44,200
into the pre-dawn darkness, 
where the light from your 

3430
03:07:44,200 --> 03:07:47,300
Lantern room, still sweeps 
across the sea in its endless 

3431
03:07:47,300 --> 03:07:50,400
rotation. 
The path of the tower is 

3432
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:52,100
familiar enough. 
Now that you could walk it 

3433
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:55,400
blindfolded though your careful 
anyway, the stones can be 

3434
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:58,800
slippery with overnight content.
Sensational inside the tower, 

3435
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:01,500
you climb the 93 steps with the 
ease of repetition. 

3436
03:08:01,500 --> 03:08:04,700
Your legs no longer Burn. 
By the time you reach the top 

3437
03:08:04,700 --> 03:08:09,300
and you stopped counting steps 
weeks ago In the lantern room, 

3438
03:08:09,300 --> 03:08:12,700
the lamp still Burns steady, 
tended, during the night 

3439
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:15,600
watches. 
The first task is extinguishing 

3440
03:08:15,600 --> 03:08:18,600
it properly waiting until dawn 
is fully established. 

3441
03:08:18,600 --> 03:08:22,500
Then carefully reducing the wick
before, extinguishing the flame.

3442
03:08:22,500 --> 03:08:27,600
The timing matters extinguished 
too early and a ship might be 

3443
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:30,900
approaching in the last 
Darkness, too late and you're 

3444
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:33,300
wasting expensive oil with the 
lamp out. 

3445
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,600
You open the ventilators to 
clear accumulated, heat and 

3446
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:38,800
fumes. 
Then begin the cleaning routine.

3447
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:43,600
The lens is your primary 
concern, dust, salt, crystals, 

3448
03:08:43,600 --> 03:08:47,300
and any such from the lamp must 
be removed to maintain optimal, 

3449
03:08:47,300 --> 03:08:51,100
light transmission. 
You use special cloths dampened 

3450
03:08:51,100 --> 03:08:53,800
with cleaning solution. 
Working, methodically through 

3451
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:55,600
each section of the fresnel 
lens. 

3452
03:08:56,700 --> 03:08:59,800
Prisms, catch and Scatter. 
The dawn light as you work 

3453
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:04,300
throwing rainbow patterns across
the lantern room walls, Samuel 

3454
03:09:04,300 --> 03:09:07,800
inspects the Clockwork mechanism
while you clean checking for 

3455
03:09:07,800 --> 03:09:10,900
anywhere in the gears ensuring 
the weights moves smoothly 

3456
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:13,800
during the night. 
And adding tiny drops of oil to 

3457
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:17,500
pivot Points. 
The mechanism is remarkably 

3458
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:21,100
precise but also remarkably 
unforgiving of neglect. 

3459
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:24,200
A few missed maintenance 
sessions, could lead to a 

3460
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,900
regular rotation and a regular 
rotation means ships, might not 

3461
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:31,300
see the light at expected 
intervals after the lantern 

3462
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,500
room, you descend to check the 
oil storage noting, the current 

3463
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:37,500
level in the reservoir and 
calculating how many more days 

3464
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:39,300
before you'll need to transfer 
oil. 

3465
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:42,800
From the storage barrels. 
Everything is recorded in the 

3466
03:09:42,800 --> 03:09:48,000
Keeper's log oil levels, weather
conditions, visibility any ship,

3467
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:51,500
sighted, maintenance performed, 
and even notable bird. 

3468
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:54,400
Sightings The Lighthouse board 
reviews. 

3469
03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:57,800
These logs during inspections 
and keepers have been dismissed 

3470
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:00,700
for an adequate record. 
Keeping the fog Bell gets 

3471
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:04,500
checked next even though fog is 
unlikely in the current crisp 

3472
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:08,100
December weather. 
The Bell mechanism uses a wound 

3473
03:10:08,100 --> 03:10:10,600
spring to strike at regular 
intervals, during low 

3474
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:12,500
visibility, and like, everything
else. 

3475
03:10:12,500 --> 03:10:17,600
It requires regular maintenance 
You test it, briefly the Deep, 

3476
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:21,700
clang Echoes across the rocks 
and sea, a sound, both mournful 

3477
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:24,500
and reassuring. 
By the time, you complete the 

3478
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:27,200
morning inspection real Dawn as 
arrived. 

3479
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:31,900
The sun rises over the ocean. 
Turning the water from black to 

3480
03:10:31,900 --> 03:10:35,800
gray to blue green revealing the
endless texture of waves. 

3481
03:10:36,800 --> 03:10:38,800
Fishing Schooner is visible to 
the South. 

3482
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:41,900
Probably heading back to Port 
after a night's work. 

3483
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,800
You make a note in the log. 
One vessel sighted Schooner 

3484
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:48,700
rigged. 
Coarse approximately Northwest 

3485
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:51,900
distance. 
Three miles back in the dwelling

3486
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,100
you and Samuel divide the days 
work. 

3487
03:10:54,100 --> 03:10:57,200
He'll handle the paperwork and 
begin repairs, on the supply 

3488
03:10:57,200 --> 03:11:00,800
sheds roof, which leaked during 
the last storm, you'll manage 

3489
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:03,500
the daily maintenance tasks and 
start preparing tomorrow's 

3490
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:05,800
bread. 
There's also laundry that needs 

3491
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:08,700
doing the lighthouse board is 
particular about Keepers, 

3492
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:12,200
maintaining neat appearances. 
And that means regular washing, 

3493
03:11:12,200 --> 03:11:16,000
despite the extra work involved 
the rest of the morning unfolds 

3494
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:19,300
in productive routine. 
You refill oil, lamps sweep, 

3495
03:11:19,300 --> 03:11:22,400
floors. 
Check the rain system, level an 

3496
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:23,900
inventory supplies against the 
list. 

3497
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:25,600
You're preparing for the next 
supply boat. 

3498
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:28,700
There's a meditative quality to 
these tasks. 

3499
03:11:28,700 --> 03:11:32,400
Each one contributing to the 
smooth operation of your small 

3500
03:11:32,400 --> 03:11:34,900
domain. 
Your responsible for 

3501
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:37,900
infrastructure. 
Safety, navigation and record, 

3502
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:42,400
keeping which makes you part 
engineer part, bureaucrat, and 

3503
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:45,700
part guardian of Travelers. 
You'll never meet around. 

3504
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:49,600
Mid-morning you start bread 
dough mixing flour, salt, yeast 

3505
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:52,700
and water in proportions. 
You've learned to judge by 

3506
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:55,200
field. 
The dough is sticky and 

3507
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,700
resistant at first then 
gradually becomes smooth and 

3508
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:02,100
elastic under your kneading. 
You set it to rise near the 

3509
03:12:02,108 --> 03:12:06,200
stove, covered with a damp 
cloth, knowing it will double in

3510
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:08,800
size by afternoon. 
There's something satisfying 

3511
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:11,900
about bread, making the way 
basic ingredients. 

3512
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:15,700
Transformed through patient work
into something essential lunch 

3513
03:12:15,700 --> 03:12:19,600
is simple yesterday, stew, 
reheated, more bread and tea, 

3514
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:23,100
the stew is improved with time. 
The waist used do all the 

3515
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:26,400
flavors melded together. 
Samuel mentioned that he'll 

3516
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:28,000
likely transfer to a land 
station. 

3517
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:31,500
Next year, his wife is tired of 
the isolation and wants to be 

3518
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:34,600
near their grandchildren. 
This means you might become 

3519
03:12:34,600 --> 03:12:38,700
headkeeper here or transfer to 
another station or possibly 

3520
03:12:38,700 --> 03:12:41,600
train, a new assistance. 
In light housekeeping, 

3521
03:12:41,600 --> 03:12:44,600
everything is temporary. 
Except the lights themselves. 

3522
03:12:44,600 --> 03:12:47,000
After lunch comes more 
maintenance. 

3523
03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:51,400
There's always more maintenance.
He clean windows trim lamp Wicks

3524
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:55,400
polish brass fittings. 
Check the storm shutters inspect

3525
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:59,000
roofing shingles and perform. 
A doesn't other small tasks, 

3526
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:01,000
that collectively. 
Ensure the light house remains 

3527
03:13:01,000 --> 03:13:04,300
functional and presentable the 
light house bored sends 

3528
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:07,900
inspectors without warning 
Keepers, who fail inspection can

3529
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:12,300
be demoted or dismissed by 
mid-afternoon a brief rest. 

3530
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:15,500
You sit on the bench outside the
dwelling drinking tea and 

3531
03:13:15,508 --> 03:13:18,200
watching the sea. 
The fishing schooner from this 

3532
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:21,100
morning is returning. 
Probably successfully given how 

3533
03:13:21,100 --> 03:13:24,700
low it sits in the water. 
A few gulls wheel overhead, 

3534
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:27,000
their cries mixing with the 
Wind. 

3535
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,100
The bread dough has risen 
properly and now sits in the 

3536
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:32,800
oven filling the dwelling with 
yeasty warmth. 

3537
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:37,600
This is your life now routine 
and responsibility isolation and

3538
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:41,200
purpose, and the endless cycle 
of Maintenance and vigilance 

3539
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:45,300
It's not the life you imagine in
your youth but it's proving to 

3540
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:48,200
be the life you needed here at 
the edge of the world. 

3541
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:52,500
Things are simple, if not easy, 
the light must burn, the 

3542
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:55,700
Machinery, must work and the 
ships must be guided safely 

3543
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:59,500
through the night. everything 
else is just details, the 

3544
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,900
fresnel lens that dominate your 
Lantern room represents Decades 

3545
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:06,600
of optical research compressed 
in to crystalline precision, 

3546
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:10,400
Before Augustine Jean, frenell, 
revolutionized Lighthouse, 

3547
03:14:10,400 --> 03:14:13,700
technology. 
In the 1820s lighthouse's, use 

3548
03:14:13,700 --> 03:14:17,800
Simple reflectiz, that wasted 
most of their light Fornells 

3549
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:21,800
Innovation, arranging prisms and
concentric circles to capture 

3550
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:25,100
and focus light, that would 
otherwise scatter, uselessly 

3551
03:14:25,100 --> 03:14:30,200
transformed Maritime navigation.
Standing before your third order

3552
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:31,900
lens. 
You're looking at technology 

3553
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:35,200
that's essentially unchanged 
since fresnel's original designs

3554
03:14:35,200 --> 03:14:38,300
because sometimes the first 
solution is also the perfect 

3555
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,800
solution. 
Your lens consists of 186 

3556
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:45,400
individual, glass prisms, held 
in a bronze framework that 

3557
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:49,100
rotates around the central lamp.
The innermost ring features the 

3558
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:53,300
largest prisms called bullseyes.
Each one hand, ground and 

3559
03:14:53,300 --> 03:14:56,100
Polished to tolerances measured 
in fractions of millimeters 

3560
03:14:56,100 --> 03:14:59,100
surrounding. 
These are smaller refracting 

3561
03:14:59,100 --> 03:15:02,600
prisms that capture light 
traveling at Angles and redirect

3562
03:15:02,600 --> 03:15:06,200
it toward the horizon. 
The entire assembly weighs 

3563
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:10,000
nearly two tons yet floats on a 
Mercury Bar that allows the 

3564
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:12,700
Clockwork mechanism to rotate it
with remarkable. 

3565
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:16,200
Smoothness understanding the 
lens means, understanding light 

3566
03:15:16,200 --> 03:15:19,700
itself, you've learned that 
light travels in straight lines,

3567
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:23,500
until something makes it changed
Direction, which is exactly what

3568
03:15:23,500 --> 03:15:25,700
each prism does with exquisite 
precision. 

3569
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,600
The bullseyes concentrate the 
lamps output into focused beams,

3570
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,000
that sweep across the sea as the
lens rotates. 

3571
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,300
Ships captains can identify your
light house by counting the 

3572
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:41,900
interval between flashes. 
Your station produces one, flash

3573
03:15:41,900 --> 03:15:46,800
every 30 seconds, a signature is
distinct as a fingerprint the 

3574
03:15:46,800 --> 03:15:49,800
lamp at the lens is heart is 
simpler than you'd expect given 

3575
03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:51,600
the sophisticated Optics 
surrounding it. 

3576
03:15:52,300 --> 03:15:54,600
It's essentially just a fancy 
oil lamp. 

3577
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:58,700
A brass Reservoir holding 
culture oil, a circular Wick 

3578
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,200
that can be raised or lowered 
and a chimney to direct fumes 

3579
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:04,800
upward. 
But getting that simple lamp to 

3580
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:06,700
burn. 
Steadily for 12, winter hours, 

3581
03:16:06,700 --> 03:16:09,100
requires attention that borders 
on meditation. 

3582
03:16:09,100 --> 03:16:12,700
You've learned to read the flame
like a language, a yellow 

3583
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:14,600
orange. 
Flame means the wick is too high

3584
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:17,300
or needs trimming. 
A blue, white flame means its 

3585
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:20,000
perfect. 
A flickering flame suggests 

3586
03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:22,200
draft problems or contaminated 
oil. 

3587
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:26,400
The wick itself is cotton tape 
about two inches wide and it 

3588
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:29,200
needs trimming every four hours 
to remove the carbon buildup 

3589
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:32,900
that accumulates as it burns too
much trimming and you'll use up 

3590
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:36,800
the wick, prematurely two little
and smoke will blacken your 

3591
03:16:36,808 --> 03:16:39,400
beautiful lens. 
Trimming, the wick requires 

3592
03:16:39,400 --> 03:16:41,900
small scissors designed 
specifically for the purpose, 

3593
03:16:42,800 --> 03:16:46,400
Sharp enough to cut cleanly 
through, Chardon small enough to

3594
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:48,700
maneuver in the confined space 
around the lamp. 

3595
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:52,200
You wait until the flame is at 
its lowest safely. 

3596
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:55,200
Then carefully. 
Snip away the black and Edge, 

3597
03:16:55,200 --> 03:17:00,400
creating a smooth circular cut. 
The flame responds immediately, 

3598
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:05,700
burning brighter and cleaner. 
It's a small satisfaction but 

3599
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:10,300
satisfaction nonetheless, the 
oil itself comes in 50 gallon, 

3600
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:13,400
barrels delivered by the supply 
boat each Barrel, weighing over 

3601
03:17:13,408 --> 03:17:16,800
400 pounds you. 
And Samuel roll them from The 

3602
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:20,000
Landing, to the oil storage 
room, using a wooden track, then

3603
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:22,500
to count the oil into smaller 
containers for daily. 

3604
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:27,000
Use the oil has a faintly 
vegetable smell and a viscosity 

3605
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:30,700
that varies with temperature, 
thinner in summer, thicker and 

3606
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:34,000
winter in extreme cold. 
You sometimes need to warm the 

3607
03:17:34,008 --> 03:17:36,800
oil slightly before adding it to
the lamps of War. 

3608
03:17:36,800 --> 03:17:40,600
Cleaning, the lens is your 
favorite task a calling it to 

3609
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:43,600
task doesn't capture the 
ritualistic quality. 

3610
03:17:43,600 --> 03:17:46,900
It's acquired you work in the 
early morning, after 

3611
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:50,100
extinguishing the lamp, when 
sunlight streams, through the 

3612
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:53,300
lantern room windows and turns 
the lens, into a sculpture of 

3613
03:17:53,300 --> 03:17:57,800
light, Your cleaning, cloths are
soft flannel dampened with a 

3614
03:17:57,800 --> 03:17:59,500
solution of alcohol, and 
distilled water. 

3615
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:03,600
You work systematically 
cleaning, one prism at a time 

3616
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:07,900
buffing until no streaks remain.
Each prism reveals its 

3617
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:12,000
personality during cleaning Some
collect dust preferentially on 

3618
03:18:12,000 --> 03:18:15,300
their upper surfaces. 
Others show salt, crystals at 

3619
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:18,600
their edges where spray somehow 
penetrates the lanterns 

3620
03:18:18,600 --> 03:18:21,700
weatherproofing. 
The bullseyes require extra 

3621
03:18:21,700 --> 03:18:24,300
attention because any 
imperfection in their surfaces 

3622
03:18:24,300 --> 03:18:26,000
will scatter light and weaken 
the beam. 

3623
03:18:26,700 --> 03:18:29,600
You've learned that the best 
technique is small circular 

3624
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:33,100
motions, followed by vertical 
buffing and that checking your 

3625
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:36,200
work against sunlight reveals 
streaks that are invisible in 

3626
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:38,900
other conditions. 
The Clockwork mechanism that 

3627
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:42,000
rotates, the lens is Victorian 
engineering at its finest. 

3628
03:18:42,900 --> 03:18:46,900
Brass gears still cables and 
iron weights, working in concert

3629
03:18:46,900 --> 03:18:51,400
to produce perfectly consistent 
rotation. the weights, descend 

3630
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:54,700
through the towers Center, 
connected by cables, that wrap 

3631
03:18:54,700 --> 03:18:58,600
around a drum connected to the 
lens assembly, as the weights 

3632
03:18:58,600 --> 03:19:01,800
fall, they turn the drum, which 
rotates the lens through a 

3633
03:19:01,800 --> 03:19:04,700
series of reduction gears that 
slowed the rotation to the 

3634
03:19:04,700 --> 03:19:07,800
prescribed speed winding. 
The Clockwork happens, every 

3635
03:19:07,800 --> 03:19:12,200
four hours regardless of whether
or fatigue You open the access 

3636
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:15,800
panel in the lantern room floor,
grass, The Windlass handle and 

3637
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:19,600
begin cranking. 
The weights rise slowly through 

3638
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,400
the towers Hollow core 
accompanied by clicking sounds 

3639
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:25,700
as the ratchet mechanism 
prevents reverse motion. 

3640
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:30,700
Your arms learned quickly, to 
judge the proper Rhythm too fast

3641
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:35,500
and you'll exhaust yourself to 
slow and you'll waste time the 

3642
03:19:35,500 --> 03:19:38,100
full winding takes about 15 
minutes and leaves your 

3643
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:40,000
shoulders. 
Feeling pleasantly worked, 

3644
03:19:40,000 --> 03:19:44,500
occasionally usually during 
storms, something goes wrong, a 

3645
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:48,400
gear tooth might chip a cable 
might Fray, or the Mercury bath 

3646
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:51,300
might have irregularities these 
problems. 

3647
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:55,600
Transformed from abstract 
possibilities into urgent crises

3648
03:19:55,600 --> 03:19:58,700
because the light must keep 
turning You've learned to 

3649
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:02,400
perform repairs while the system
continues operating working 

3650
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:04,600
around. 
Moving Parts with tools held in 

3651
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:08,600
hands that can't afford to shake
bunts during a January nor 

3652
03:20:08,600 --> 03:20:11,700
Easter the Clockwork began. 
Grinding ominously around two 

3653
03:20:11,700 --> 03:20:15,400
a.m. during your watch, You 
discovered that moisture at 

3654
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:19,100
somehow penetrated the gear 
housing causing rust to bind one

3655
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,500
of the reduction gears. 
Samuel joined you in the lantern

3656
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:25,800
room and together you performed.
Emergency field maintenance 

3657
03:20:25,800 --> 03:20:30,200
disassembling, the mechanisms 
section by section while 

3658
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:33,600
manually rotating the lens to 
keep the light sweeping properly

3659
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:37,800
cleaning, each gear, applying 
fresh oil, and reassembling 

3660
03:20:37,800 --> 03:20:41,100
everything before. 
The next rotation interval, the 

3661
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:42,300
repair took three hours and 
left. 

3662
03:20:42,300 --> 03:20:44,300
You both exhausted and 
exhilarated. 

3663
03:20:45,100 --> 03:20:47,500
When the Clockwork, resumed, its
smooth operation. 

3664
03:20:47,500 --> 03:20:50,700
Samuel actually smiled. 
And said, this was why 

3665
03:20:50,700 --> 03:20:52,200
Lighthouse? 
Keeping wasn't for everyone. 

3666
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:55,700
It required, people who could 
solve problems at 2 a.m. during 

3667
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:59,400
storms while maintaining a light
that ships were depending on You

3668
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:03,500
felt a pride that had nothing to
do with ego and everything to do

3669
03:21:03,500 --> 03:21:07,400
with competence validated the 
lens has taught you patience. 

3670
03:21:08,100 --> 03:21:10,600
You cannot Rush its cleaning 
without leaving streaks. 

3671
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:13,900
You cannot force the Clockwork 
to wind faster than its 

3672
03:21:13,900 --> 03:21:16,500
mechanics. 
Allow you cannot make the lamp 

3673
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:18,700
burn brighter than it is 
designed permits. 

3674
03:21:18,700 --> 03:21:23,400
Instead you work within 
constraints achieving Excellence

3675
03:21:23,400 --> 03:21:25,900
through consistent attention, 
rather than dramatic 

3676
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:28,900
intervention. 
It's a philosophy that applies 

3677
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:31,000
Beyond light housekeeping, 
though. 

3678
03:21:31,000 --> 03:21:33,600
You don't often have time to 
contemplate such connections, 

3679
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:36,500
some times during quiet 
afternoons. 

3680
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:39,800
When all maintenance is complete
in the sea as Karm, you simply 

3681
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:42,700
sit in the lantern room and 
watch light move through glass. 

3682
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:47,100
The sun, strikes, prisms, 
changing angles, as a crosses, 

3683
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:51,300
the sky creating patterns that 
shift with geometric precision. 

3684
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:56,000
You understand now why Friel 
devoted years to developing this

3685
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,900
technology? 
There's something profound about

3686
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:02,200
shaping light with such 
Precision about taking something

3687
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,800
as ephemeral as photons and 
bending them to human purpose. 

3688
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:09,900
The lens will Outlast you. 
It was here before you arrived 

3689
03:22:09,900 --> 03:22:13,000
and will remain after you depart
serving keeper after Keeper in 

3690
03:22:13,008 --> 03:22:16,300
its patient mission of guiding 
ships through Darkness. 

3691
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:19,700
This isn't Melancholy. 
It's comforting. 

3692
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:23,400
You're part of a Continuum, a 
Lincoln, a chain of 

3693
03:22:23,408 --> 03:22:26,500
responsibility that extends 
backward through decades and 

3694
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:29,000
forward into an unimaginable 
future. 

3695
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,300
Your job is simply to maintain 
your link, keeping it strong and

3696
03:22:33,308 --> 03:22:36,900
bright for whoever comes next, a
sunset approaches, and you 

3697
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:39,600
prepare to like the lamp for 
another night, you run through 

3698
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:43,100
the checklist that's become 
second, nature ventilators, over

3699
03:22:43,100 --> 03:22:47,800
oil reservoir full Wick trimmed 
and positioned Clockwork. 

3700
03:22:47,800 --> 03:22:50,700
Wound, cleaning completed and 
log entries. 

3701
03:22:50,700 --> 03:22:54,300
Current Then you strike the 
match and touch it to the wick. 

3702
03:22:54,300 --> 03:22:58,000
And once again, the machine 
comes to life, transforming a 

3703
03:22:58,000 --> 03:23:00,300
simple flame into a beacon 
visible. 

3704
03:23:00,300 --> 03:23:04,100
For miles, across the darkening 
sea, the light sweeps outward 

3705
03:23:04,100 --> 03:23:06,200
and somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

3706
03:23:06,200 --> 03:23:09,500
A ship's Captain sees it and 
marks their position with 

3707
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:12,100
relief. 
You'll never meet that captain 

3708
03:23:12,100 --> 03:23:15,100
or know their name. 
But for this moment, you're 

3709
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:17,200
connected through the 
intermediary of light and glass,

3710
03:23:17,200 --> 03:23:21,800
it's enough, it's everything. 
The isolation accumulates 

3711
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:23,800
gradually like snow on a 
rooftop. 

3712
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,100
The first week felt like a 
peaceful Retreat from city 

3713
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:31,100
crowds and social obligations. 
The second week introduced 

3714
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:33,500
moments of Silence. 
So complete, you could hear your

3715
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:36,500
own heartbeat. 
By the third month, you've 

3716
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:40,200
learned that Solitude isn't 
simply the absence of people its

3717
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:43,200
own presence as tangible as wind
or weather. 

3718
03:23:43,200 --> 03:23:46,600
Samuel is good company, but 
Lighthouse, keeping doesn't 

3719
03:23:46,600 --> 03:23:48,400
encourage, extensive 
conversation. 

3720
03:23:49,200 --> 03:23:53,100
You work parallel rather than 
together, each managing assigned

3721
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:57,300
tasks, with practice deficiency.
Meals a brief and functional 

3722
03:23:57,300 --> 03:23:59,600
evening's. 
Find you both absorbed in 

3723
03:23:59,608 --> 03:24:02,300
separate Pursuits him. 
Reading or doing. 

3724
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:04,400
Repairs. 
You writing letters or 

3725
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:07,900
maintaining personal equipment. 
The dwelling has become like a 

3726
03:24:07,900 --> 03:24:11,100
ship where two Sailors share 
space while respecting each 

3727
03:24:11,100 --> 03:24:14,700
other psychological territory, 
you've discovered that Solitude 

3728
03:24:14,700 --> 03:24:18,500
changes, how you think? 
Without constant social input. 

3729
03:24:18,500 --> 03:24:22,700
Your mind develops his own 
rhythms and preoccupations you 

3730
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:26,200
find yourself contemplating 
questions that would seem absurd

3731
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:28,900
in City. 
Contexts whether the gulls 

3732
03:24:28,900 --> 03:24:33,900
recognize individual humans, how
fish experienced storms and what

3733
03:24:33,900 --> 03:24:36,800
percentage of waves break 
without anyone watching them. 

3734
03:24:37,800 --> 03:24:41,200
These aren't practical 
questions, but they occupy the 

3735
03:24:41,200 --> 03:24:44,200
mental space that social 
obligations previously. 

3736
03:24:44,200 --> 03:24:47,800
Filled the sea itself, becomes a
companion of sorts though. 

3737
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:51,300
An impersonal one. 
It has moods but no intentions 

3738
03:24:51,300 --> 03:24:55,200
patterns but no purposes. 
You've learned to read its 

3739
03:24:55,200 --> 03:24:59,200
Changing Faces, the long rolling
swells that signal, distance 

3740
03:24:59,200 --> 03:25:02,800
storms, the sharp chop, that 
means local wind shifts. 

3741
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:06,700
And the, glassy calm that 
precedes, where the changes each

3742
03:25:06,700 --> 03:25:08,400
condition creates its own 
soundtrack. 

3743
03:25:08,400 --> 03:25:13,000
Gentle lapping against rocks 
explosive crashes against 

3744
03:25:13,000 --> 03:25:15,800
Cliffs. 
All the peculiar hissing sound 

3745
03:25:15,800 --> 03:25:20,200
of spray suspended in strong 
winds, winter storms, transform 

3746
03:25:20,200 --> 03:25:22,900
the light house in to something 
between a fortress and a prison.

3747
03:25:23,700 --> 03:25:27,200
When nor Easter's blow in from 
the Atlantic waves, reach 

3748
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:30,700
Heights that seem impossible 
until you witness them water 

3749
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:32,900
explodes against rocks with 
force. 

3750
03:25:32,900 --> 03:25:36,200
That makes the tower vibrate 
sending spray high enough to 

3751
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,200
coat the lantern room glass with
salt despite its 70 foot 

3752
03:25:39,208 --> 03:25:43,100
elevation During these storms, 
you cannot leave the lighthouse 

3753
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:45,400
grounds. 
Even the short walk between 

3754
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:48,000
dwelling and Tower. 
Becomes dangerous as wind tries 

3755
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:50,600
to lift your feet. 
You've learned to prepare for 

3756
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:52,300
storms. 
The way squirrels prepare for 

3757
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:56,300
winter, when the barometer drops
and clouds Mass on the horizon, 

3758
03:25:56,300 --> 03:26:00,700
you and Samuel spring into 
action, Storm shutters get 

3759
03:26:00,700 --> 03:26:04,700
secured over dwelling Windows. 
Extra oil gets, hold up to the 

3760
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:07,900
lantern room. 
The fog Bell mechanism gets 

3761
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:11,500
checked and double-checked. 
Fresh water containers, get 

3762
03:26:11,500 --> 03:26:15,000
filled from the system. 
Firewood gets stacked inside 

3763
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:18,100
near the stove. 
Then you wait knowing that. 

3764
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:20,600
The next few days will test, 
both the lighthouses 

3765
03:26:20,600 --> 03:26:22,600
construction and your own 
endurance. 

3766
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:26,600
The worst storm hit in February.
A three-day Tempest that made 

3767
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:30,100
previous storms seem like 
rehearsals waves reached 

3768
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:31,900
Heights. 
That seem to violate natural 

3769
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:35,100
laws, sending green water 
crashing over rocks. 

3770
03:26:35,100 --> 03:26:37,000
You thought were safely above 
sea level. 

3771
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:40,900
The wind howled with voices, 
that sounded Almost Human. 

3772
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,200
Finding every Gap in the 
lighthouse is weatherproofing 

3773
03:26:44,200 --> 03:26:47,800
and exploiting it. 
You and Samuel took two, our 

3774
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:51,300
watches in stead of four because
the strain of maintaining the 

3775
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:54,800
light during such conditions 
exhausted concentration faster 

3776
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:57,900
than normal during that storm. 
You discovered depths of 

3777
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:01,200
fatigue, you hadn't known 
existed, you're watching shifts,

3778
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:04,800
became exercises in sustained 
focused, despite overwhelming 

3779
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:09,800
tiredness, wind noise and the 
towers constant motion as waves,

3780
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:13,800
Hamid, its foundation. 
You learn to climb the 93 steps 

3781
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:17,400
in a zombie-like state respond 
to routine problems, through 

3782
03:27:17,400 --> 03:27:21,200
muscle memory alone and stay 
alert enough to catch actual 

3783
03:27:21,200 --> 03:27:24,600
emergencies, through the fog of 
exhaustion, when the storm 

3784
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:28,300
finally broke and the Sea 
calmed, you and Samuel emerged 

3785
03:27:28,300 --> 03:27:30,600
into brilliant. 
Sunshine that made the violence 

3786
03:27:30,600 --> 03:27:33,000
of the preceding days. 
Seem like a hallucination. 

3787
03:27:33,800 --> 03:27:37,900
The Rocks were scoured, cleaner 
vegetation Driftwood, littered 

3788
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:40,200
the grounds. 
Several Windows had cracked, 

3789
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,600
despite their storm shutters, 
but the lighted burned steadily 

3790
03:27:43,600 --> 03:27:46,400
throughout. 
And that was the only measure of

3791
03:27:46,408 --> 03:27:49,900
success that mattered Solitude 
or so brings unexpected 

3792
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:53,100
encounters with Wildlife that 
shares this Rocky promontory. 

3793
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:57,200
Seals haul out on rocks, below 
the light house. 

3794
03:27:57,200 --> 03:27:59,400
Their barking. 
Carrying up on. 

3795
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:03,100
Quiet, evening's Harbors. 
Sometimes pass. 

3796
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:06,700
Close enough that you can hear 
their breathing. during spring 

3797
03:28:06,700 --> 03:28:10,400
and fall migrations, bird 
stopped to rest warblers 

3798
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:14,100
thrushes and even once a 
bewildered looking wood duck 

3799
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:17,000
that seemed to surprise to find 
itself here as you were to see 

3800
03:28:17,000 --> 03:28:21,400
it the Birds teach you about 
navigation and determination The

3801
03:28:21,400 --> 03:28:25,000
small ones, weighing barely, an 
ounce somehow cross hundreds of 

3802
03:28:25,008 --> 03:28:29,000
miles of ocean during migration.
Occasionally they're drawn to 

3803
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:31,300
the lighthouse beam during foggy
nights. 

3804
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:33,900
Circling the lantern room in 
confusion. 

3805
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:37,600
You've learned to extinguish the
lamp briefly during these events

3806
03:28:37,600 --> 03:28:41,900
allowing Birds to escape the 
Fatal Attraction, then relighted

3807
03:28:41,900 --> 03:28:45,200
once they've Departed. 
The lighthouse board doesn't 

3808
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:48,300
officially sanction this 
practice, but you suspect most 

3809
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,500
Keepers do it anyway, you've 
also become acquainted with the 

3810
03:28:51,500 --> 03:28:55,200
resident, gulls three pairs that
nest on the rocks, each spring, 

3811
03:28:55,200 --> 03:28:57,000
and maintain territories year 
round. 

3812
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:01,400
One pair which you've mentally 
named Friedrich and Clara for no

3813
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:04,400
particular reason as grown 
accustomed to your presence 

3814
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,100
enough that they don't 
immediately flee when you emerge

3815
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:09,900
from the dwelling. 
They've learned your routines 

3816
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:12,700
and appear expectantly when you 
dispose of fish scraps. 

3817
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:17,300
It's not exactly friendship but 
it's a relationship of sorts. 

3818
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:21,000
The cycleogical weight of 
isolation varies with seasons 

3819
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:23,600
and weather. 
Summerfields easier to despite 

3820
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:27,200
longer watches because decent 
weather allows outdoor work that

3821
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:31,300
provides Variety in sunshine. 
Winter compresses life into 

3822
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:33,300
smaller spaces with short, a 
days. 

3823
03:29:33,300 --> 03:29:37,500
Intensifying the sense of being 
contained in a small Stone box 

3824
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:41,300
at the edge of civilization. 
You've learned to recognize the 

3825
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:45,300
warning signs in your self and 
Samuel increasing irritability, 

3826
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:49,800
attention, lapses, sleep, 
disturbances and to address them

3827
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:51,400
through. 
Deliberate routine changes 

3828
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:54,400
before they become serious. 
Problems letters become 

3829
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:58,600
lifelines during deep winter. 
The supply boat brings male 

3830
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:01,000
monthly when weather permits, 
and you've developed 

3831
03:30:01,000 --> 03:30:04,500
correspondences with family, 
friends, and even other 

3832
03:30:04,500 --> 03:30:07,800
Lighthouse keepers. 
Writing letters forces 

3833
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:11,500
articulation of experiences that
might otherwise remain wordless 

3834
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:14,900
Impressions, reading letters, 
brings news of the outside 

3835
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:17,200
world. 
Though, their content often 

3836
03:30:17,200 --> 03:30:20,100
highlights how different your 
daily concerns have become from.

3837
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:22,500
Those of City. 
Dwellers your mother writes 

3838
03:30:22,500 --> 03:30:24,400
about church, socials and 
neighborhood. 

3839
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:28,400
Gossip difficulties with 
servants and the rising cost of 

3840
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:31,300
groceries. 
Your brother described his work 

3841
03:30:31,300 --> 03:30:34,300
at the bank and his concerned 
about his eldest son's 

3842
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:37,200
education. 
These letters arrive from a 

3843
03:30:37,200 --> 03:30:40,500
world that feels increasingly 
foreign despite having left it 

3844
03:30:40,500 --> 03:30:43,700
only months ago. 
You write back with descriptions

3845
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:47,700
of Storms and seals lens 
maintenance and supply boat 

3846
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:51,300
visits, and wonder if your life 
seems a strange to their, as 

3847
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:53,500
theirs. 
Now seems to you, you've 

3848
03:30:53,500 --> 03:30:56,400
discovered that Solitude sharp 
and certain perceptions. 

3849
03:30:56,400 --> 03:31:00,200
While darling others, you've 
become exquisitely, attuned to 

3850
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:04,100
weather patterns, mechanical 
sounds and the ocean's moods, 

3851
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:07,200
but you've noticed your social 
skills growing Rusty. 

3852
03:31:07,900 --> 03:31:11,500
During the supply boat Captain's
monthly visits you sometimes 

3853
03:31:11,500 --> 03:31:15,000
struggle with casual 
conversation having grown on a 

3854
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:17,700
custom to the rapid fire 
exchanges that characterize 

3855
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:21,700
normal social interaction. 
You find yourself Talking Too 

3856
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:24,400
Long about topics. 
The captain clearly finds boring

3857
03:31:24,400 --> 03:31:27,400
or falling silent when social 
conventions suggests you should 

3858
03:31:27,408 --> 03:31:30,100
respond. 
But there are compensations. 

3859
03:31:30,100 --> 03:31:32,800
You've learned to find 
entertainment in things City 

3860
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:36,200
dwellers would consider mundane 
watching sunset colors. 

3861
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:39,800
Change minute by minute across 
the water, tracking, cloud, 

3862
03:31:39,800 --> 03:31:43,500
formations and predicting, the 
next days weather, Observing how

3863
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:45,500
different wins. 
Create different patterns and 

3864
03:31:45,500 --> 03:31:48,200
grass, that's managed to rout 
itself between rocks. 

3865
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:52,100
These aren't substitutes for 
human interaction, but their 

3866
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:55,900
sources of genuine interest that
expand rather than diminish. 

3867
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:59,700
Your experience Solitude has 
also for self-reliance in ways 

3868
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,900
that proved surprisingly 
satisfying, when equipment, 

3869
03:32:02,900 --> 03:32:06,300
breaks Europe at your self for 
improvised Solutions. 

3870
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:09,900
When Food Supplies run low, 
before the supply boat arrives, 

3871
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:13,500
you get creative with what 
remains when loneliness 

3872
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:16,300
threatens to overwhelm you 
develop strategies. 

3873
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:19,700
Vigorous physical work detailed 
letter writing. 

3874
03:32:19,700 --> 03:32:23,400
Self-assigned projects that 
restore cycle balance. 

3875
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:27,900
The sea continues is eternal 
conversation with the Rocks, a 

3876
03:32:27,900 --> 03:32:29,600
sound. 
So constant, it's become silent.

3877
03:32:30,600 --> 03:32:32,700
You've learned that isolation 
isn't the absence of 

3878
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:35,100
stimulation. 
It's a different quality of 

3879
03:32:35,100 --> 03:32:38,800
Engagement with the world. 
Instead of the scattered 

3880
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:42,700
attention demanded by City Life 
you've developed sustained focus

3881
03:32:42,700 --> 03:32:47,200
on narrower concerns instead of 
superficial interactions with 

3882
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,300
many people. 
You've built deeper 

3883
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:53,400
relationships with Place purpose
and the handful of individuals 

3884
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,600
who share this isolated 
existence. 

3885
03:32:56,700 --> 03:32:58,300
A spring approaches a nice 
finally. 

3886
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,500
Retreats from the Rocks. 
You find yourself anticipating 

3887
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:03,800
rather than dreading and another
season at the light? 

3888
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:07,700
The isolation that initially 
felt like deprivation and has 

3889
03:33:07,700 --> 03:33:11,800
become a kind of Freedom here, 
stripped of social performance 

3890
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:15,300
and urban distraction. 
You've discovered a version of 

3891
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:18,200
yourself that perhaps more 
authentic than the person who 

3892
03:33:18,200 --> 03:33:20,400
navigated city streets six 
months ago. 

3893
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:25,300
It's not a discovery, you'd have
made anywhere else, and while 

3894
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,200
you occasionally Miss 
civilization's comforts, you 

3895
03:33:28,200 --> 03:33:30,200
wouldn't trade this knowledge 
for an easier life. 

3896
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:34,000
The supply boats are rival is 
always an event even after 

3897
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:36,000
multiple experience with the 
routine. 

3898
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:40,500
You spot it while making 
afternoon rounds, a dark shape, 

3899
03:33:40,500 --> 03:33:44,500
materializing from Coastal Haze 
gradually resolving into the 

3900
03:33:44,500 --> 03:33:46,100
familiar lines of the light 
house. 

3901
03:33:46,100 --> 03:33:48,500
Tender that serves this section 
of coast. 

3902
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:52,100
Samuel sees it too. 
In remarks, the captain Morrison

3903
03:33:52,100 --> 03:33:54,600
is making good time. 
Despite yesterday's rough Seas. 

3904
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:56,400
You both head down to The 
Landing. 

3905
03:33:56,400 --> 03:33:59,200
Carrying the outgoing mail in 
your requisition list for next 

3906
03:33:59,200 --> 03:34:02,100
month's supplies. 
The Landing is a stone platform 

3907
03:34:02,100 --> 03:34:06,000
built into the most sheltered 
section of rocks with iron rings

3908
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:08,000
set into the stone for securing 
boats. 

3909
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:12,500
Even in calm weather, the tender
doesn't dock directly Morrison 

3910
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:15,500
anchors offshore and send 
supplies in on a smaller Dory 

3911
03:34:15,500 --> 03:34:19,300
Road by his assistant. 
A taciturn Maine native named 

3912
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:23,500
Webb who can read waves, the way
you read lamp Flames the Dory 

3913
03:34:23,500 --> 03:34:27,700
arrives, loaded with crates, 
barrels and canvas bags, you and

3914
03:34:27,708 --> 03:34:29,600
Samuel help haul everything up 
to The Landing. 

3915
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:32,500
While Morrison himself comes 
ashore to conduct his monthly 

3916
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:35,400
inspection. 
He is required to verify that 

3917
03:34:35,400 --> 03:34:37,600
the light house meets Lighthouse
board, standards. 

3918
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:40,300
Check the keepers logs and 
Report any deficiencies. 

3919
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:43,600
In practice, he's also your 
primary connection to the 

3920
03:34:43,600 --> 03:34:47,600
outside world bringing 
newsletters, occasional treats 

3921
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:50,300
and the simple presence of 
someone new to talk with 

3922
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:54,200
Morrison has been running this 
Supply route for 12 years and 

3923
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,100
knows every light housekeeper on
his Circuit by name and 

3924
03:34:57,108 --> 03:35:00,400
temperament. 
He is a compact man in his 50s 

3925
03:35:00,400 --> 03:35:03,900
with weathered hands and the 
kind of practical competence 

3926
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:07,500
that inspires confidence. 
While you and Samuel unload 

3927
03:35:07,500 --> 03:35:10,800
supplies, he performs his 
inspection with the thoroughness

3928
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:13,000
of someone who takes 
bureaucratic responsibilities, 

3929
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:17,000
seriously, but isn't looking to 
create problems unnecessarily, 

3930
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:21,800
he climbs, the tower checks, the
lens and lamp examines the fog, 

3931
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:25,400
Bell mechanism and reviews, your
log entries for the past month. 

3932
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:29,500
Everything passes inspection as 
you knew it would. 

3933
03:35:30,300 --> 03:35:33,200
Samuel runs two tighter station 
for things to slip. 

3934
03:35:34,000 --> 03:35:36,100
Morrison signs. 
The log to indicate his 

3935
03:35:36,100 --> 03:35:39,600
approval, then produces letters 
and newspapers from his coat 

3936
03:35:39,600 --> 03:35:42,600
pocket. 
You resist the urge to tear into

3937
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:45,500
the immediately. 
Maintaining the social Curtis of

3938
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,808
offering Morrison tea before he 
departs, over tea in the 

3939
03:35:48,816 --> 03:35:51,700
dwellings kitchen, Morrison 
shares news from his other 

3940
03:35:51,700 --> 03:35:55,400
Lighthouse stations, The Keeper 
at Portsmouth Harbor, Light is 

3941
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:59,000
retiring after 30 years. 
There was a rescue at Baker's 

3942
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:00,500
Island during the February 
storm. 

3943
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:02,600
A fishing boat driven onto 
rocks. 

3944
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:05,900
All Cruise saved, thanks to the 
keeper, spotting their distress 

3945
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:08,500
signals. 
A new assistant. 

3946
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:11,700
Keeper at Cape Ann Lite, is a 
struggling with the isolation 

3947
03:36:11,700 --> 03:36:14,400
and might not complete his 
probation period. 

3948
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,000
He also shares news from The 
Wider World. 

3949
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:20,700
Filtered through his own 
perspective, the economy is 

3950
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:23,200
improving though, fishing 
remains difficult. 

3951
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:26,900
There's talk of new Lighthouse. 
Construction further up the 

3952
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,300
coast, some inventor claims to 
be working on an electric 

3953
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:32,000
lights. 
That might eventually replace 

3954
03:36:32,000 --> 03:36:34,400
oil lamps, though. 
Morrison is skeptical. 

3955
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:37,900
He seemed too many innovations 
that looked good on paper, but 

3956
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:42,300
fail in real conditions. 
You Savor this conversation even

3957
03:36:42,300 --> 03:36:46,100
though Morrison's topics 
Ordinary by City standards after

3958
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:51,000
weeks of only Samuels company. 
Anyone newest fascinating, you 

3959
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:53,700
find yourself listening to 
Morrison's stories about routine

3960
03:36:53,700 --> 03:36:58,000
Supply runs as if their hired 
Venture which probably says more

3961
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:00,200
about your isolation than about 
the stories. 

3962
03:37:00,200 --> 03:37:04,400
Actual interest level Morris and
also brings small luxuries that 

3963
03:37:04,400 --> 03:37:05,900
aren't on the official supply 
list. 

3964
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:10,600
Fresh apples from his own 
Orchard, a tin of fancy tea and 

3965
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:12,400
recent issues of Harper's 
Weekly. 

3966
03:37:13,800 --> 03:37:17,200
He's gifts are technically 
outside regulations but their 

3967
03:37:17,200 --> 03:37:19,900
part of the informal economy 
that makes Lighthouse life. 

3968
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:23,800
Bearable In return, you give him
fresh baked bread and smoked 

3969
03:37:23,800 --> 03:37:26,200
fish items. 
That Morrison will appreciate 

3970
03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:30,100
during a Supply runs to other 
stations after an hour Morrison 

3971
03:37:30,100 --> 03:37:33,200
prepares to depart. 
The Tide is turning and he wants

3972
03:37:33,200 --> 03:37:34,900
to make his next station before 
dark. 

3973
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:37,800
You helped carry empty barrels 
back to the Dory. 

3974
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:40,300
These will be cleaned and 
refilled for next month's 

3975
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:43,000
delivery. 
Web loads them efficiently. 

3976
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:44,700
While Morrison does a final 
check. 

3977
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:45,900
That he hasn't forgotten 
anything. 

3978
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,100
The Dory pulls away from The 
Landing and you watch it return 

3979
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:52,100
to the tender. 
Morrison ways from the deck as 

3980
03:37:52,100 --> 03:37:55,900
the tenders engine costs to life
and the vessel turns back toward

3981
03:37:55,900 --> 03:37:59,000
the mainland. 
Within minutes, it's disappeared

3982
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:02,600
into the same Coastal, Hazard 
emerge from and you're left with

3983
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,600
the supplies to sort and the 
letters to read and the renewed 

3984
03:38:05,600 --> 03:38:08,100
awareness that you won't see 
another human face for at least 

3985
03:38:08,108 --> 03:38:10,900
four weeks late. 
March brings, whether that can't

3986
03:38:10,900 --> 03:38:12,400
decide what season it wants to 
be. 

3987
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:16,400
One Day offers spring Sunshine, 
warm enough for shirt sleeves. 

3988
03:38:16,400 --> 03:38:19,900
The next brings freezing rain 
that coat, everything and 

3989
03:38:19,900 --> 03:38:22,800
treacherous ice. 
The barometer has been falling 

3990
03:38:22,800 --> 03:38:26,600
steadily for two days and the 
sky is taken on that peculiar. 

3991
03:38:26,600 --> 03:38:29,700
Yellowish quality that 
experience to keep his 

3992
03:38:29,700 --> 03:38:32,900
recognized as a storm. 
Warning Samuel checks the 

3993
03:38:32,900 --> 03:38:37,800
barometer again, and notes the 
reading in the log, 29.2 inches 

3994
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:40,400
and dropping. 
The windows shifted to the 

3995
03:38:40,400 --> 03:38:44,300
Northeast and the swells are 
building with the slow powerful 

3996
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:46,800
Rhythm. 
That indicates a major storm 

3997
03:38:46,800 --> 03:38:50,900
system approaching You both know
what's coming, a spring 

3998
03:38:50,900 --> 03:38:54,300
Nor'easter potentially worse 
than winter storms, because the 

3999
03:38:54,300 --> 03:38:57,500
temperature can trust between 
systems creates additional 

4000
03:38:57,500 --> 03:39:00,700
violence storm. 
Preparation begins with a kind 

4001
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:04,000
of practice urgency. 
You secure everything that could

4002
03:39:04,000 --> 03:39:09,200
blow away or get damaged? 
Tools spare parts, anything left

4003
03:39:09,200 --> 03:39:13,900
outside gets moved into storage.
Storm shutters go up over the 

4004
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:17,200
dwellings, Windows, plunging, 
the interior into premature 

4005
03:39:17,200 --> 03:39:20,400
Twilight. 
Extra lamp oil gets hold up to 

4006
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:24,400
the lantern room along with 
spare Wix cleaning supplies and 

4007
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:27,400
Emergency Equipment. 
The fog Bell gets a thorough 

4008
03:39:27,400 --> 03:39:29,800
check because low visibility is 
virtually, guaranteed. 

4009
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:35,100
You test the mechanism oil, the 
moving parts and verify that the

4010
03:39:35,100 --> 03:39:39,100
spring tension is correct. 
The bells deep tone Echoes 

4011
03:39:39,100 --> 03:39:41,800
across the rocks, and gulls 
scatter from their roosting 

4012
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:45,400
spots in apparent, irritation at
the noise food, preparation 

4013
03:39:45,400 --> 03:39:47,800
comes next, you bake extra 
bread. 

4014
03:39:47,800 --> 03:39:51,800
Knowing that the stove may be 
needed continuously for heat and

4015
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:54,400
that you won't want to deal with
baking during the storm's Peak. 

4016
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:59,000
Samuel makes a large pot of stew
enough for several days of 

4017
03:39:59,000 --> 03:40:02,000
reheating. 
Fresh water containers, get 

4018
03:40:02,000 --> 03:40:06,200
filled from the system candles 
and matches get staged where 

4019
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:09,200
they'll be accessible if the 
storm knocks out your ability to

4020
03:40:09,200 --> 03:40:13,000
move freely between buildings. 
The storm arrives that evening 

4021
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:16,900
announcing itself with wind that
goes from fresh to Violent in 

4022
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:21,200
less than an hour. 
Rain comes horizontally finding 

4023
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:23,100
every tiny Gap. 
In the lighthouse is 

4024
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:26,100
weatherproofing waves. 
Begin their assault on the 

4025
03:40:26,108 --> 03:40:29,900
rocks, with increasing Fury, 
sending spray high enough that 

4026
03:40:29,900 --> 03:40:33,000
you can hear it, hitting the 
land of room glass, 70 feet of 

4027
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:36,500
sea level. 
Your watch begins at 8 p.m. and 

4028
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:38,500
climbing. 
The tower is already noticeably 

4029
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:42,700
more difficult. the wind makes 
the iron Stars vibrate and you 

4030
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:46,400
can feel the tower swaying 
slightly within its design 

4031
03:40:46,400 --> 03:40:50,700
parameters but still 
disconcerting In the lantern 

4032
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:54,700
room, the lamp burn steady, 
despite the chaos outside the 

4033
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:58,100
lens rotate, with its usual 
Precision, sending beams of 

4034
03:40:58,100 --> 03:41:01,300
light out into the storm though.
You wonder if any ships are 

4035
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:04,200
close enough to see it through 
the rain and spray, the noise is

4036
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:07,500
extraordinary, wind howls 
through the lantern rooms 

4037
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:10,300
ventilators, with a sound that 
varies from whistling to 

4038
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:12,100
shrieking depending on wind 
direction. 

4039
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:16,800
Waves, crash against the rocks 
with reports, like Canon fire. 

4040
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:20,600
Rain hammers, the glass with 
such force that you worry about 

4041
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:23,900
cracks though, the thick pains 
are designed to withstand 

4042
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:27,200
exactly this abuse. 
Through the Windows when 

4043
03:41:27,200 --> 03:41:30,400
lightning flashes you catch 
glimpses of seas. 

4044
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:32,700
So wild they look like moving 
mountains. 

4045
03:41:32,700 --> 03:41:35,700
You perform your watch duties 
with extra attention. 

4046
03:41:35,700 --> 03:41:39,500
The lamp needs checking every 30
minutes and stead of every hour.

4047
03:41:40,400 --> 03:41:43,700
Wind-driven variations in the 
ventilator air flow can affect 

4048
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:46,700
the Flames stability. 
The Clockwork requires 

4049
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:49,500
monitoring because temperature 
changes from the violent weather

4050
03:41:49,500 --> 03:41:53,200
can affect its precision. 
The windows need constant 

4051
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:54,900
inspection for any signs of 
water. 

4052
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:58,200
Infiltration that could threaten
the lamp or damage the lens 

4053
03:41:58,200 --> 03:42:01,000
around midnight. 
You notice water beginning to 

4054
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:04,800
pull on the lantern room floor 
beneath the Eastern Windows this

4055
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:07,200
shouldn't happen. 
The weatherproofing is supposed 

4056
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:11,300
to prevent any significant in 
filtration you investigate and 

4057
03:42:11,300 --> 03:42:13,400
discover. 
The wind-driven spray has found 

4058
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:16,500
a tiny Gap where the window 
frame meets the wall and the 

4059
03:42:16,500 --> 03:42:19,600
sheer volume of water, hitting 
the light house has overwhelmed.

4060
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:22,800
The normal drainage you stuff 
the Gap with Rags from your 

4061
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:26,200
cleaning supplies which slows 
but doesn't stop the leak. 

4062
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:29,700
The water is coming in faster 
than it can drain through the 

4063
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:33,400
floors intended drainage holes. 
If it accumulates enough to 

4064
03:42:33,400 --> 03:42:37,000
reach the lens mechanism it 
could cause damage or freeze the

4065
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:40,000
rotation. 
You grab every available cloth 

4066
03:42:40,000 --> 03:42:44,600
and begin a cycle of mopping up,
water ringing out, cloths and 

4067
03:42:44,600 --> 03:42:48,600
repeating all while maintaining 
your watch duties and monitoring

4068
03:42:48,600 --> 03:42:51,000
the lamp. 
By the time Samuel comes to 

4069
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:54,300
relieve you at 2 a.m. you're 
exhausted and soaked, despite 

4070
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:57,400
your oil skins. 
You explain the leak situation 

4071
03:42:57,400 --> 03:43:01,300
and he nods grimly. 
This storm is testing the light 

4072
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:02,800
house. 
In ways that routine weather 

4073
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:06,800
doesn't you, dissent the 
dwelling change into dry clothes

4074
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:09,500
and try to sleep. 
Despite win noises that 

4075
03:43:09,500 --> 03:43:13,000
penetrates even through thick 
stone walls, four hours later, 

4076
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:17,100
Samuel wakes, you early The 
leakers worsened and he needs 

4077
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:19,700
help. 
You climb back up to find the 

4078
03:43:19,700 --> 03:43:21,700
lantern room. 
Floor, covered in a quarter inch

4079
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:25,300
of water. 
Despite Samuels efforts Together

4080
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:29,400
you work out a system one person
constantly mops, while the other

4081
03:43:29,400 --> 03:43:31,300
maintains the watch duties and 
tens. 

4082
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:34,000
The lamp. 
You trade off every 30 minutes 

4083
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:37,300
to prevent exhaustion. 
The storm continues through the 

4084
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:39,000
next day and into the following 
night. 

4085
03:43:39,800 --> 03:43:44,000
You and Samuel fall into a 
rhythm of work refreshed and 

4086
03:43:44,000 --> 03:43:47,300
more work. 
Meals become Hasty, Affairs of 

4087
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:49,600
bread and cold. 
Stew, eaten standing up. 

4088
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:54,200
Sleep comes in two-hour chunks, 
between watches, the leak 

4089
03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:56,600
remains manageable, but requires
constant attention. 

4090
03:43:57,500 --> 03:44:01,500
The lamp burn steadily, the lens
keeps rotating, and that's what 

4091
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:05,100
matters on the third day. 
The wind finally begins to 

4092
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:09,300
decrease the rain continues, but
without the driving force of 

4093
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:13,000
gale force winds, The waves, 
gradually diminish from 

4094
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:16,000
terrifying to merely dangerous, 
to Simply rough. 

4095
03:44:16,800 --> 03:44:19,800
You and Samuel repair the leak 
properly using materials from 

4096
03:44:19,800 --> 03:44:23,000
the maintenance supplies, 
sealing it with Oakham and tar, 

4097
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:25,100
that should withstand any future
storms. 

4098
03:44:25,100 --> 03:44:28,200
When the storm finally ends? 
You both emerge into a world 

4099
03:44:28,208 --> 03:44:30,200
that's been scrubbed clean, the 
Rocks. 

4100
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:34,500
Gleam in returning Sunshine, the
sea still agitated, but no 

4101
03:44:34,500 --> 03:44:37,500
longer violent shows, colors. 
You'd almost forgotten during 

4102
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:40,700
the storms gray chaos. 
Driftwood is scattered 

4103
03:44:40,700 --> 03:44:43,900
everywhere, including a massive 
Timber that must have come from 

4104
03:44:43,900 --> 03:44:46,800
a ship somewhere. 
You make a note in the log to 

4105
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:49,200
report it as it might indicate a
wreck. 

4106
03:44:49,200 --> 03:44:52,800
The dwelling shows, minor 
damage, several roof shingles 

4107
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:56,500
missing one window cracked 
despite its storm shutter and 

4108
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:59,400
water stains on the ceiling 
where rain found gaps and the 

4109
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:02,100
roofing. 
The lighthouse Tower itself is 

4110
03:45:02,100 --> 03:45:05,500
essentially undamaged. 
It's been standing here for 40 

4111
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:08,500
years and will probably stand 
for another 40 built by people 

4112
03:45:08,500 --> 03:45:10,900
who understood what forces it 
would need to withstand. 

4113
03:45:10,900 --> 03:45:14,400
You're both exhausted in a way 
that goes beyond physical 

4114
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:17,100
tiredness. 
Three days of heightened, 

4115
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:20,300
alertness irregular, sleep, and 
constant work, of depleted 

4116
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:22,200
reserves. 
You didn't know you were using 

4117
03:45:22,800 --> 03:45:26,700
But there's also satisfaction 
the storm tested you and you 

4118
03:45:26,700 --> 03:45:29,300
passed. 
The light burned steadily 

4119
03:45:29,300 --> 03:45:32,300
throughout. 
Any ship that needed guidance 

4120
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:35,700
received it. 
You did your job, Samuel makes 

4121
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:37,600
proper coffee. 
The good kind. 

4122
03:45:37,600 --> 03:45:40,600
He reserves for special 
occasions and you sit together 

4123
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:43,800
in the kitchen, not talking much
but sharing the quiet 

4124
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:46,900
satisfaction of people who have 
whether something difficult 

4125
03:45:46,900 --> 03:45:50,200
together. 
Outside the gulls of return to 

4126
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,300
their usual spots. 
Apparently, unbothered by having

4127
03:45:53,300 --> 03:45:56,200
spent three days, hunkered down 
in whatever shelter. 

4128
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,300
They'd found the next supply 
boat, visit is still two weeks 

4129
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:02,600
away, but you've already started
the mental list of items you'll 

4130
03:46:02,600 --> 03:46:06,600
need to repair storm damage. 
More roofing shingles window, 

4131
03:46:06,600 --> 03:46:10,200
glass Oakham and tar and paint 
for areas. 

4132
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:11,600
Where the storm. 
Stripped it away. 

4133
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:16,000
The list is long but manageable 
storm damage is part of 

4134
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:18,900
Lighthouse life as routine as 
daily maintenance. 

4135
03:46:18,900 --> 03:46:23,500
Even if the specific damage 
varies that night lighting, the 

4136
03:46:23,500 --> 03:46:27,100
lamp feels different than usual.
You go through the same physical

4137
03:46:27,100 --> 03:46:31,200
motions, checking oil trimming 
Wick, adjusting ventilators 

4138
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:34,500
striking the match. 
But with renewed appreciation, 

4139
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:38,400
for the ritual significance. 
This lamp has burned through 

4140
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:41,000
worst storms and you'll probably
ever experienced. 

4141
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:44,200
It will continue burning long. 
After you've moved on to another

4142
03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:48,000
station or retired, from 
Lighthouse service entirely the 

4143
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:51,200
lens, catches the flame and 
transforms it into beams that 

4144
03:46:51,200 --> 03:46:54,700
sweep out across the darkening. 
Sea Somewhere beyond your 

4145
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:57,300
horizon. 
A ship's Captain Marks their 

4146
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:01,800
position and continue safely on 
their course, the storm is over 

4147
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,900
the light. 
Burns on all his well, Samuel 

4148
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:09,500
receives, his transfer orders in
late April, he'll be moving to a

4149
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:11,700
harbor like closer to his family
by the end of May. 

4150
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:15,400
The news arrives in a letter 
from the light house board 

4151
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:18,600
formal and impersonal as all 
official correspondents. 

4152
03:47:19,500 --> 03:47:20,900
He reads it aloud over 
breakfast. 

4153
03:47:20,900 --> 03:47:24,400
His tone neutral, though. 
You detect relief underneath 

4154
03:47:25,300 --> 03:47:28,700
He's been at this isolated 
station for five years and while

4155
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:31,900
he's never complained, you know,
his wife's letters, have grown 

4156
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:34,300
increasingly urgent about 
wanting him closer to home. 

4157
03:47:34,300 --> 03:47:36,500
This means changes for you, as 
well. 

4158
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:39,900
The lighthouse board offers you 
the position of head keeper, 

4159
03:47:39,900 --> 03:47:43,600
which comes with a modest, pay 
increase and full responsibility

4160
03:47:43,600 --> 03:47:46,300
for the station. 
You'll also receive a new 

4161
03:47:46,308 --> 03:47:49,300
assistant keeper. 
A young man named Thomas who's 

4162
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:52,600
completing his training at a 
more accessible station and will

4163
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:56,100
arrive when Samuel departs, you 
accept the promotion with mixed 

4164
03:47:56,100 --> 03:48:00,500
feelings on one hand, it's 
recognition of competence and a 

4165
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:02,300
step forward in the lighthouse 
service career. 

4166
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:06,700
Structure on the other hand, it 
means losing Samuel's steady 

4167
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:08,800
presence and experienced 
judgment. 

4168
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:13,500
You've learned to read his 
moods, trust his decision and 

4169
03:48:13,500 --> 03:48:16,200
appreciate his particular 
approach to light housekeeping. 

4170
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:20,300
Breaking in a new assistant will
require patience and attention. 

4171
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:23,500
You're not certain you have 
Samuel spends his remaining 

4172
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:25,100
weeks. 
Training you in aspects of 

4173
03:48:25,100 --> 03:48:27,200
headkeeper responsibilities. 
You haven't handled? 

4174
03:48:28,100 --> 03:48:31,800
There's more paperwork than the 
new realized monthly reports to 

4175
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:35,700
the lighthouse board, Inventory,
management, Supply recognitions 

4176
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,100
and personal evaluations. 
There's also the weight of final

4177
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:43,700
Authority As assistant keeper, 
you could always defer difficult

4178
03:48:43,700 --> 03:48:46,200
decisions to Samuel as 
headkeeper. 

4179
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:48,700
Those decisions will be solely 
yours. 

4180
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:52,200
He also shares wisdom that isn't
in any manual. 

4181
03:48:53,100 --> 03:48:56,200
How to judge when someone's 
isolation difficulties or a 

4182
03:48:56,200 --> 03:48:59,000
temporary adjustment versus a 
genuine unsuitability for 

4183
03:48:59,000 --> 03:49:01,600
Lighthouse work. 
How to balance necessary 

4184
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:03,900
discipline with the flexibility 
required? 

4185
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:07,500
When two people must live and 
work in very close quarters. 

4186
03:49:07,500 --> 03:49:11,200
How to represent the lighthouse 
service properly during the rare

4187
03:49:11,200 --> 03:49:14,800
occasions when outside is visit?
These lessons come through 

4188
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:18,800
stories and observations rather 
than lectures Samuels preferred 

4189
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:21,500
teaching method. 
One evening sharing Tobacco on 

4190
03:49:21,508 --> 03:49:24,000
the bench outside. 
The dwelling Samuel tells you 

4191
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:27,900
about his first station a remote
light where he served under a 

4192
03:49:27,900 --> 03:49:30,700
head keeper who'd been light 
housekeeping for 30 years. 

4193
03:49:31,900 --> 03:49:34,300
That keeper had taught Samuel 
something that proved more 

4194
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:36,100
valuable than any Technical 
Training. 

4195
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:39,900
Light housekeeping isn't really 
about maintaining equipment or 

4196
03:49:39,900 --> 03:49:42,600
following procedures. 
It's about maintaining your 

4197
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:46,400
self, your alertness, your 
judgment, your sense of purpose,

4198
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:49,700
because everything else depends 
on the keepers, reliability. 

4199
03:49:49,700 --> 03:49:53,800
You ask what happens when you 
can't maintain yourself when the

4200
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:56,400
isolation or exhaustion or sheer
routine? 

4201
03:49:56,400 --> 03:50:00,000
Where is udown? 
Samuel takes a long draw on his 

4202
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:03,400
pipe and says, that's when you 
either find new ways to stay 

4203
03:50:03,400 --> 03:50:05,600
engaged or you request to 
transfer. 

4204
03:50:06,500 --> 03:50:08,800
There's no shame in recognizing 
your Limits. 

4205
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:11,900
The Shame is in staying at a 
station, you can no longer 

4206
03:50:11,908 --> 03:50:15,000
manage properly because then 
ships are depending on someone 

4207
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:18,000
who's no longer Dependable, 
Thomas arrives on the same 

4208
03:50:18,000 --> 03:50:22,500
supply boat that takes Samuel 
away, he's 23 eager and clearly 

4209
03:50:22,500 --> 03:50:26,200
nervous about this posting You 
remember feeling similar 

4210
03:50:26,200 --> 03:50:29,700
nervousness six months ago, 
which now seems like years? 

4211
03:50:30,500 --> 03:50:32,700
Samuel introduces. 
You both hands. 

4212
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:36,200
You a formal letter, confirming 
your promotion and says, he'll 

4213
03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:40,300
write once he settled at his new
station, then he's in the Dory, 

4214
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:42,800
heading toward the tender and 
you're alone with your new 

4215
03:50:42,800 --> 03:50:46,300
assistant Thomas, has that 
scrubbed Earnest. 

4216
03:50:46,300 --> 03:50:49,000
Look of someone who spent more 
time studying manuals than 

4217
03:50:49,000 --> 03:50:52,100
actually working his uniform is 
pristine. 

4218
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:55,600
His equipment is new and his 
questions reveal that he's 

4219
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:57,400
memorized procedures without 
yet. 

4220
03:50:57,400 --> 03:51:01,000
Understanding why they matter 
you recognize this because you 

4221
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:04,900
were similar not long ago. 
Time and experience will season 

4222
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:07,800
him. 
Your job is ensuring he survives

4223
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:09,300
long enough to gain that 
experience. 

4224
03:51:09,300 --> 03:51:12,700
You start his training the same 
day because Lighthouse work 

4225
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:16,200
doesn't pause for transitions. 
The afternoon's tasks become 

4226
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:19,500
teaching opportunities. 
You demonstrate proper lens 

4227
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:22,700
cleaning while explaining why 
technique matters, you show him 

4228
03:51:22,700 --> 03:51:25,600
how to read the barometer and 
what different patterns indicate

4229
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,700
you have him practice Wick 
trimming until he can do it 

4230
03:51:28,700 --> 03:51:32,900
smoothly, each task comes with 
context, that connects procedure

4231
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:36,400
to purpose, Thomas is quick to 
learn mechanical tasks, but 

4232
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:40,600
struggles with the isolation 
psychological aspects, After a 

4233
03:51:40,600 --> 03:51:43,100
week, he admits that the silence
bothers him. 

4234
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:47,000
He is from, Boston, accustomed 
to constant noise and activity. 

4235
03:51:48,100 --> 03:51:51,300
The light house is quietness 
feels oppressive and he's having

4236
03:51:51,300 --> 03:51:54,600
trouble sleeping because the 
wind and wave sound too loud in 

4237
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:57,500
the absence of City. 
Sounds, you remember, feeling 

4238
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:01,600
similarly disoriented by the 
acoustic environment You suggest

4239
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,900
strategies that helped you 
focusing on the natural rhythms 

4240
03:52:04,900 --> 03:52:07,400
treating. 
The sounds as information rather

4241
03:52:07,400 --> 03:52:11,400
than noise and understanding 
that adjustment takes time, you 

4242
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:12,900
will. 
So share, something Samuel 

4243
03:52:12,900 --> 03:52:16,400
tortue that some people adapt to
isolation and others don't. 

4244
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:19,800
And there's no predicting which 
type someone is until they're 

4245
03:52:19,800 --> 03:52:22,200
actually living it. 
The first storm you whether with

4246
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:25,800
Thomas reveals, both his 
potential and his gaps, he 

4247
03:52:25,800 --> 03:52:28,900
handles the watch duties. 
Well, staying alert and 

4248
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:32,300
following procedures. 
But he becomes anxious in ways. 

4249
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:36,800
That interfere with judgment. 
When the fog Bell mechanism jams

4250
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:40,400
during the storm's Peak Thomas 
panics and wants to wake you 

4251
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:42,400
immediately you're already 
awake. 

4252
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:46,600
No experience keeper sleep 
soundly during storms and you 

4253
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:49,500
talked him through diagnosing 
and fixing the problem himself. 

4254
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:52,400
Afterward. 
You explain that Lighthouse, 

4255
03:52:52,400 --> 03:52:56,400
keeping requires a particular 
kind of calm Emergencies will 

4256
03:52:56,400 --> 03:53:00,200
happen often at the worst 
possible moments panicking, 

4257
03:53:00,200 --> 03:53:04,400
waste time and clouds judgement.
The solution is trusting your 

4258
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:08,200
training working systematically.
And knowing when to ask, for 

4259
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:13,300
help vs when to solve problems 
independently, Thomas nods. 

4260
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:15,700
But you can see, he still 
processing. 

4261
03:53:15,700 --> 03:53:19,100
This experience will be his real
teacher. 

4262
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,400
You're also learning lessons 
about leadership. 

4263
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:24,100
That didn't seem important. 
When you were assisting keeper, 

4264
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,100
you discover that different 
people require different 

4265
03:53:27,100 --> 03:53:30,600
management approaches. 
Thomas responds, well to Patient

4266
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:34,900
explanation but poorly to 
criticism even constructive 

4267
03:53:34,900 --> 03:53:38,400
criticism, he needs explicit. 
Praise for good work. 

4268
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:42,400
Whereas Samuel operated on the 
assumption that no comment meant

4269
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:45,700
satisfactory performance. 
You find yourself thinking about

4270
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:50,000
how Samuel managed you his mixed
of giving you responsibility 

4271
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:51,700
while remaining available for 
questions. 

4272
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:54,600
His way of correcting mistakes, 
without making you feel 

4273
03:53:54,600 --> 03:53:57,600
incompetent and his patients 
with your adjustment to 

4274
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:01,100
isolation. 
You try to emulate this approach

4275
03:54:01,100 --> 03:54:03,800
with Thomas while developing 
your own leadership style, 

4276
03:54:03,800 --> 03:54:07,300
letters from Samuel arrived. 
Monthly, with the supply boat. 

4277
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:11,300
He settling well at his new 
station, enjoying being closer 

4278
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,900
to his grandchildren but admits 
missing the clean Simplicity of 

4279
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,800
the remote lighthouse. 
Harbor Lights have more 

4280
03:54:17,800 --> 03:54:21,500
visitors, more bureaucracy, and 
more distractions from the 

4281
03:54:21,508 --> 03:54:24,500
essential work. 
He asks, how Thomas is 

4282
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:27,800
developing and offers advice on 
managing a young assistant. 

4283
03:54:27,800 --> 03:54:31,300
Enthusiasm without crushing his 
Spirit, you write back with 

4284
03:54:31,300 --> 03:54:34,700
updates and questions grateful 
for the continued mentorship. 

4285
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:38,300
Even a distance, Samuels 
letters, become a kind of 

4286
03:54:38,308 --> 03:54:41,800
professional development 
resource offering perspectives. 

4287
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:44,900
You can't get from manuals or 
even from direct experience. 

4288
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:48,300
He is teaching you to see 
patterns across situations 

4289
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:51,900
rather than treating. 
Each challenge as unique as 

4290
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:54,800
summer arrives, you and Thomas 
settle into a functional 

4291
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:57,300
partnership. 
He's growing more comfortable 

4292
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,800
with isolation developing his 
own routines and interests. 

4293
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,800
He's revealed a talent for 
sketching and fills notebooks 

4294
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:08,100
with drawing of birds waves, 
cloud, formations, and 

4295
03:55:08,100 --> 03:55:11,600
Lighthouse equipment. 
His mechanical skills improve 

4296
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:15,700
with practice and is panic. 
Responses diminish as experience

4297
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,000
builds confidence. 
You've also discovered 

4298
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:22,300
unexpected satisfaction in 
teaching, helping Thomas develop

4299
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,500
competence feels meaningful in 
ways that simply maintaining the

4300
03:55:25,500 --> 03:55:29,000
lighthouse doesn't You're not 
just keeping a light burning 

4301
03:55:29,000 --> 03:55:32,300
your training, someone who will 
continue the work after you move

4302
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:34,700
on. 
It's a kind of immortality 

4303
03:55:34,700 --> 03:55:38,400
passing skills and knowledge 
forward through generations of 

4304
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:41,000
Keepers. 
One evening, Thomas asks, why 

4305
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:44,100
you became a light housekeeper, 
you realize you've never 

4306
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:46,500
articulated this clearly even to
yourself. 

4307
03:55:46,500 --> 03:55:50,300
After thinking, you say 
something about wanting work 

4308
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:54,100
that matters that has a clear 
purpose and measurable results. 

4309
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:57,800
You want to be responsible for 
something important but not be 

4310
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:00,500
crushed by administrative 
complexity or social 

4311
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:02,600
performance. 
Lighthouse. 

4312
03:56:02,600 --> 03:56:05,700
Keeping offered honest work, 
where competence is obvious and 

4313
03:56:05,700 --> 03:56:08,900
where your effort directly 
affects other safety Thomas. 

4314
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:12,000
Considers this and admits. 
He became a keeper partly to 

4315
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:14,200
escape family. 
Pressure to join his father's 

4316
03:56:14,200 --> 03:56:16,100
business. 
Lighthouse. 

4317
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:18,400
Work seemed adventurous 
romantic. 

4318
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:22,500
Even the reality has been harder
and less romantic than he 

4319
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,100
imagined, but also more 
satisfying. 

4320
03:56:25,900 --> 03:56:28,500
There's something real about 
this work that his father's 

4321
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:31,700
import business lacked. 
You understand exactly what he 

4322
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:34,600
means. 
Modern Life in the 1880s feels 

4323
03:56:34,600 --> 03:56:38,600
increasingly abstract money 
represents, labor contracts, 

4324
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:42,200
represent relationships and 
cities represent communities, 

4325
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:46,900
but deliver anonymity, Here, at 
the Lighthouse, everything is 

4326
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:51,000
concrete the Lighty the burns or
it doesn't the lenses either 

4327
03:56:51,000 --> 03:56:53,900
clean or it isn't ships. 
Either pass safely or they 

4328
03:56:53,908 --> 03:56:56,300
don't. 
There's Clarity here that's 

4329
03:56:56,300 --> 03:56:59,700
increasingly rare in a world 
growing more complex by the year

4330
03:56:59,700 --> 03:57:02,700
as you and Thomas, share, 
tobacco and watch Sunset color. 

4331
03:57:02,700 --> 03:57:06,200
The water you realize you've 
become what Samuel was to you. 

4332
03:57:06,900 --> 03:57:09,900
A bridge between the lighthouse 
Services institutional 

4333
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:13,000
requirements and the human 
reality of doing this work. 

4334
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:17,800
It's a role you never sought but
of apparently accepted you'll no

4335
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:19,000
longer just keeping a light 
house. 

4336
03:57:19,000 --> 03:57:23,000
You're keeping a tradition, 
maintaining a skill set and 

4337
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:25,600
preparing the Next Generation to
continue the work. 

4338
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:28,900
The light will Outlast. 
You both serving Keepers you'll 

4339
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:31,900
never meet and guiding ship's 
that have not been yet. 

4340
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:36,200
But for now in this moment you 
and Thomas are its Guardians. 

4341
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:40,400
You're doing work that matters 
in a place that demands your 

4342
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:43,900
best with a purpose that needs 
no justification. 

4343
03:57:43,900 --> 03:57:47,200
It's enough. 
The inspector arrives in August 

4344
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:49,900
without warning which is 
precisely how the lighthouse 

4345
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:53,500
board prefers it You spot his 
boat approaching on a Tuesday 

4346
03:57:53,508 --> 03:57:57,700
morning, not the regular Supply 
tender but a smaller vessel that

4347
03:57:57,700 --> 03:57:59,900
carries only the inspector and 
his assistant. 

4348
03:58:00,600 --> 03:58:03,500
You have about 15 minutes to 
ensure everything is presentable

4349
03:58:03,500 --> 03:58:05,600
though. 
Samuels training has made you 

4350
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:09,000
meticulous enough that the 
lighthouse is always inspection 

4351
03:58:09,000 --> 03:58:11,000
ready. 
The inspector is a career 

4352
03:58:11,000 --> 03:58:12,800
Lighthouse service man named 
Henderson. 

4353
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:17,000
Severe and thorough in ways that
make you understand why Keepers 

4354
03:58:17,000 --> 03:58:21,700
sometimes dread these visits. 
He examined everything running 

4355
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:24,700
white gloved, fingers along 
windowsills, to check for dust 

4356
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:29,400
testing, the fog Bell mechanism.
Repeatedly scrutinizing log, 

4357
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:33,000
entries for any irregularities 
and measuring oil consumption 

4358
03:58:33,000 --> 03:58:37,400
against your reported usage. 
Thomas is visibly nervous but 

4359
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:40,200
you've learned that the best 
approach to inspection is quiet 

4360
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,900
confidence in your work. 
Henderson finds minor issues 

4361
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:47,500
some brass fittings could be 
more polished and you'll log 

4362
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:51,100
entries, occasionally lack 
detail lead prefer to see But 

4363
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:53,200
nothing that suggests inadequate
performance. 

4364
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:56,900
He signs your station log to 
indicate satisfactory 

4365
03:58:56,900 --> 03:58:59,100
inspection. 
Then does something unexpected. 

4366
03:59:00,300 --> 03:59:02,700
He asked to talk with you 
privately in the lantern room, 

4367
03:59:02,700 --> 03:59:07,300
once their Henderson severity 
softened slightly, he explains 

4368
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:09,800
that he's been inspecting 
lighthouses for 20 years 

4369
03:59:09,800 --> 03:59:12,900
visiting every station from 
Maine to Maryland. 

4370
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:17,200
He seen excellent Keepers, 
adequate Keepers and Keepers who

4371
03:59:17,208 --> 03:59:19,800
should never have been assigned 
to isolated stations. 

4372
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:23,800
You he says a developing into an
excellent keeper. 

4373
03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:27,500
Your station is well, 
maintained, your assistant is 

4374
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,700
progressing properly, and your 
log entries, demonstrate the 

4375
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:34,400
kind of attention to detail that
prevents problems, rather than 

4376
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:37,800
merely responding to them, then 
Henderson, share something that 

4377
03:59:37,800 --> 03:59:40,900
stays with you for years. 
He says that light housekeeping 

4378
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:44,700
is entering a transitional 
period, electricity is coming. 

4379
03:59:44,700 --> 03:59:48,500
Not this year or next but within
your career Life Time. 

4380
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:53,000
When it arrives, it will change 
everything about how lights are 

4381
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:56,300
maintained and operated the 
Light House service will need 

4382
03:59:56,300 --> 03:59:58,500
Keepers. 
Who can adapt to new technology 

4383
03:59:58,500 --> 04:00:02,100
while maintaining the core 
values of vigilance and 

4384
04:00:02,100 --> 04:00:05,400
responsibility that have always 
defined the profession. 

4385
04:00:05,400 --> 04:00:10,700
He sees that adaptability in you
more importantly, he sees 

4386
04:00:10,700 --> 04:00:13,300
someone who understands that 
Lighthouse keeping isn't really 

4387
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:15,900
about technology. 
It's about maintaining 

4388
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:19,800
reliability and systems. 
That others depend on that 

4389
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:22,700
understanding will remain 
relevant regardless of whether 

4390
04:00:22,700 --> 04:00:26,200
the lights burn oil or 
electricity, He's recommending 

4391
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:29,400
you for Advanced Training when 
it becomes available, preparing 

4392
04:00:29,400 --> 04:00:33,100
you for eventual promotion to 
inspector or to manage multiple 

4393
04:00:33,100 --> 04:00:35,900
stations. 
This conversation transforms how

4394
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:39,000
you think about your work. 
You'd been viewing Lighthouse 

4395
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,600
keeping as an honest job at 
civilization's Edge, a way to 

4396
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:45,800
escape modern complexity. 
Henderson helps. 

4397
04:00:45,800 --> 04:00:48,800
You see it differently as 
participation in a critical 

4398
04:00:48,800 --> 04:00:52,300
infrastructure that enables 
Maritime Commerce, military 

4399
04:00:52,300 --> 04:00:55,600
operations and safe passage for 
anyone who Ventures onto the 

4400
04:00:55,600 --> 04:00:58,800
sea. 
Your light house is one node in 

4401
04:00:58,800 --> 04:01:01,100
a network of lights. 
That collectively make Ocean 

4402
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:04,000
Travel safer than its ever been 
in human history. 

4403
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:07,500
After Henderson departs, you 
find yourself looking at the 

4404
04:01:07,508 --> 04:01:12,000
light house differently, Tower 
is 70 feet of granite but it's 

4405
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:15,800
also an idea made physical. 
The idea that humans have a 

4406
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:17,900
responsibility to help each 
other navigate Danger. 

4407
04:01:18,900 --> 04:01:23,000
The lenses, two tons of glass 
and bronze, but it's also a 

4408
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:26,000
commitment that darkness and 
distanced don't absolve as of 

4409
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:28,300
Duty to strangers will never 
know our names. 

4410
04:01:28,300 --> 04:01:31,200
You share some of Henderson's 
comments with Thomas over dinner

4411
04:01:31,200 --> 04:01:32,800
though. 
Not the part about your 

4412
04:01:32,800 --> 04:01:35,400
potential advancement. 
That feels like ghosting. 

4413
04:01:36,400 --> 04:01:39,800
But you tell him about the 
coming changes about electricity

4414
04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:43,300
and modernization and about the 
need to balance tradition with 

4415
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,500
adaptation. 
Thomas listens carefully and 

4416
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:48,900
asks, intelligent questions 
about how electrical lights 

4417
04:01:48,900 --> 04:01:52,500
might work and whether they'll 
still require constant tending, 

4418
04:01:52,500 --> 04:01:56,400
the truth is you don't know. 
you've read articles about 

4419
04:01:56,400 --> 04:02:00,000
Edison's electric lights in New 
York City, but applying that 

4420
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:02,900
technology to lighthouses 
involves challenges, you can 

4421
04:02:02,908 --> 04:02:06,200
barely imagine Will electric 
lights. 

4422
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:08,100
Need the same kind of focused 
lenses. 

4423
04:02:09,000 --> 04:02:11,200
Will they burn a steadily as oil
lamps? 

4424
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:14,000
Will they require different 
maintenance skills? 

4425
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:17,600
These questions are above your 
pay grade, but their 

4426
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:19,700
increasingly relevant to your 
professions. 

4427
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:23,600
Future as Autumn arrives, you 
notice changes in your own 

4428
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:25,100
perspective on light 
housekeeping. 

4429
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:31,000
The work hasn't changed the same
daily maintenance the same. 

4430
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:34,400
Watch rotations. 
The same endless attention to 

4431
04:02:34,400 --> 04:02:37,200
detail. 
But you're understanding has 

4432
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:39,700
deepened. 
You see connections between 

4433
04:02:39,700 --> 04:02:43,900
tasks that once seemed separate,
you anticipate problems before 

4434
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:46,800
they develop, you've 
internalized, The rhythms of 

4435
04:02:46,800 --> 04:02:49,900
this place so completely that 
you can sense when something 

4436
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:53,400
slightly wrong even before you 
consciously identify. 

4437
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:57,200
What Thomas is developing 
similarly though he is months 

4438
04:02:57,200 --> 04:02:59,000
behind where you were at his 
stage. 

4439
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:03,200
He no longer panicked during 
routine problems has learned to 

4440
04:03:03,200 --> 04:03:06,700
read whether signs and can clean
the lens with your supervision. 

4441
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:09,900
He is also growing more 
comfortable with isolation, 

4442
04:03:09,900 --> 04:03:13,300
having found his own ways to 
stay engaged through his artwork

4443
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,200
and let her writing. 
He'll make a good head keeper 

4444
04:03:16,200 --> 04:03:19,700
someday probably sooner than he 
expects given the lighthouse 

4445
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:21,700
Services. 
Constant need for qualified 

4446
04:03:21,700 --> 04:03:25,100
Personnel, one, October evening,
a vessel passes close enough 

4447
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:28,000
that you can see Crew moving on 
Deck, they're probably 

4448
04:03:28,008 --> 04:03:30,900
repositioning after a day's 
fishing heading back to Port 

4449
04:03:30,900 --> 04:03:34,000
while daylight Remains The 
Vessel is completely 

4450
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:38,100
unremarkable, a working Schooner
like dozens you've seen but 

4451
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:42,000
watching it your suddenly aware 
of your role in its safety that 

4452
04:03:42,000 --> 04:03:44,000
crew trust that your light will 
burn tonight. 

4453
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:46,500
They've probably never thought 
about it. 

4454
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:49,600
Consciously Lighthouse, is just 
part of the maritime landscape 

4455
04:03:49,600 --> 04:03:54,400
like tides and prevailing winds.
But their trust is real. 

4456
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:59,500
If your light fails, if you make
a mistake in maintenance, or if 

4457
04:03:59,500 --> 04:04:02,800
you fall asleep during watch, 
their vessel could run onto 

4458
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:05,800
these rocks. 
They're lives their families, 

4459
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:09,600
their Futures, all of them. 
Depend partly on your vigilance,

4460
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:14,700
this recognition carries, no 
drama or grand, emotion, it 

4461
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:17,200
simply true the way mathematics 
is true. 

4462
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:22,000
Your work matters, not in 
abstract, theoretical ways, but 

4463
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:24,100
in concrete life and death 
terms. 

4464
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:27,400
Ship's Captain, who safely 
navigates past? 

4465
04:04:27,400 --> 04:04:30,700
Your light doesn't owe you. 
Thanks, they owe you competence 

4466
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:33,500
which you provide through 
attention to tasks that have 

4467
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:35,100
become routine but remain 
crucial. 

4468
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,600
You've also begun to understand 
your place in the Continuum of 

4469
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:40,300
Keepers who've maintained this 
light. 

4470
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:44,600
The first keeper littered in 
1847 when your parents were 

4471
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:48,200
children, since then, dozens of 
keepers of performed, the same 

4472
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,600
tasks, you perform maintaining 
the same light through similar 

4473
04:04:51,600 --> 04:04:54,000
storms and identical daily 
routines. 

4474
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:57,800
After you leave, others will 
continue the work using 

4475
04:04:57,800 --> 04:04:59,700
techniques. 
Your currently teaching Thomas, 

4476
04:04:59,700 --> 04:05:03,700
this continuity is the real 
Legacy, not any individual, 

4477
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,200
Keepers service, but The 
Unbroken chain of responsibility

4478
04:05:06,200 --> 04:05:08,900
that keeps lights burning year 
after year. 

4479
04:05:08,900 --> 04:05:13,800
Decade after decade your maining
that chain adding your link 

4480
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:15,900
while preparing the next key to 
add theirs. 

4481
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:20,000
It's work that lacks Glory. 
But possesses genuine, dignity 

4482
04:05:20,000 --> 04:05:22,600
winter. 
Returns with its shorter days 

4483
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:25,200
and longer watches. 
The cold is familiar. 

4484
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:28,800
Now the isolation is normal, and
the routines have become so 

4485
04:05:28,800 --> 04:05:31,400
ingrained that you could perform
them while half asleep. 

4486
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:35,300
Thomas has fully adapted and no 
longer needs close supervision. 

4487
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:38,700
You've developed the kind of 
functional partnership that 

4488
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:43,000
allows two people to share small
spaces without friction each 

4489
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:46,700
person occupying their own 
psychological territory while 

4490
04:05:46,700 --> 04:05:49,600
contributing to Shared goals the
supply. 

4491
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:51,900
Boat brings news of changes 
throughout the lighthouse 

4492
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:54,500
service. 
Two new lighthouses are under 

4493
04:05:54,500 --> 04:05:56,100
construction further up the 
coast. 

4494
04:05:56,900 --> 04:05:59,500
Several older lights, are being 
upgraded with more powerful 

4495
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,200
lenses. 
There's talk of establishing a 

4496
04:06:02,200 --> 04:06:05,400
training center, where keeper 
candidates would receive formal 

4497
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:07,500
instruction before station 
assignments. 

4498
04:06:08,400 --> 04:06:12,200
The service is professionalizing
becoming more systematic, and 

4499
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:14,900
less dependent on informal, 
knowledge transmission. 

4500
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:17,900
You wonder how this will change 
the keeper experience? 

4501
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:21,300
Will formal training. 
Replace the apprenticeship 

4502
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:23,000
model? 
Where experienced Keepers teach 

4503
04:06:23,000 --> 04:06:27,700
newcomers will standardize. 
Eliminate the local, variations 

4504
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:31,200
and individual techniques that 
currently characterize different

4505
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:34,800
stations, progress seems 
inevitable, but you hope 

4506
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,000
something essential isn't lost 
in the modernization on the 

4507
04:06:38,008 --> 04:06:40,400
winter, solstice the longest 
night of the year. 

4508
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,200
He stand alone in the lantern 
room during your evening. 

4509
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:48,200
What the lamp burn steadily, the
lens rotates with its precise 

4510
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:52,300
Rhythm and the beam sweeps out 
across darkness that seems 

4511
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:56,600
especially absolute tonight. 
Below the dwellings Windows glow

4512
04:06:56,600 --> 04:07:00,300
with Thomas's Lamplight. 
Beyond that there's only C and 

4513
04:07:00,300 --> 04:07:03,100
stars and the distant lights of 
other vessels navigating through

4514
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,300
the night. 
Your 32 years old in excellent 

4515
04:07:06,300 --> 04:07:09,400
Health, with potentially 20 more
years of Lighthouse. 

4516
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:12,400
Keeping ahead of you You could 
eventually manage multiple 

4517
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:16,200
stations train new inspectors or
maybe participate in the 

4518
04:07:16,200 --> 04:07:19,100
transition to electrical lights 
that Henderson mentioned. 

4519
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:22,200
Future is uncertain, but not 
frightening. 

4520
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:25,000
You've learned to be comfortable
with uncertainty in this 

4521
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:27,800
profession where weather and 
mechanical failures. 

4522
04:07:27,800 --> 04:07:31,700
Provide constant reminders, that
control is limited and temporary

4523
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:35,800
what you know with certain is 
that tonight tomorrow night and 

4524
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:38,600
every night for, as long as 
you're assigned to this station,

4525
04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:43,500
the light will burn. 
Ships will pass safely captains,

4526
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:45,900
will mark their positions and 
continue their voyages. 

4527
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:50,500
This work will continue long 
after your gone, maintained by 

4528
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:52,100
Keepers who learn the same 
lessons. 

4529
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:55,800
You've learned face similar 
challenges and find similar 

4530
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:59,500
satisfactions in work, that 
demands their best, the lens 

4531
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:01,500
catches the Lamplight, and sends
it out. 

4532
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,600
Across the Dark Water, Somewhere
Beyond Your Horizon. 

4533
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:06,600
Someone sees it and knows where 
they are. 

4534
04:08:06,600 --> 04:08:09,200
That's enough, that's 
everything. 

4535
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:13,500
The legacy of the light isn't 
written in records or celebrated

4536
04:08:13,500 --> 04:08:17,500
in ceremonies, it's written in 
safe, passages in ships, that 

4537
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:20,800
reach port and improves that 
returned home to families, who 

4538
04:08:20,800 --> 04:08:23,900
never knew they were in danger. 
You check the oil reservoir, 

4539
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:26,500
trim the wick, and wind the 
Clockwork mechanism. 

4540
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:31,100
The routine continued because 
the need continues Dawn is still

4541
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:34,000
8 hours way and the light must 
burn until then. 

4542
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:38,600
And through every night that 
follows, this is your work, your

4543
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:42,800
purpose, your contribution to 
the slow accumulation of human 

4544
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:45,700
efforts that make the world's 
slightly safer. 

4545
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:49,600
Slightly more navigable and 
slightly more survivable. 

4546
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:52,600
For those who Venture into 
dangerous places, the light 

4547
04:08:52,600 --> 04:08:56,300
sweeps across the sea regular as
a heartbeat reliable as a 

4548
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,000
sunrise. 
You stand watch through another 

4549
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,500
night at the edge of the world, 
guardian of a flame that guides 

4550
04:09:02,500 --> 04:09:05,300
strangers through Darkness. 
Its work. 

4551
04:09:05,300 --> 04:09:07,800
That requires no applause 
because it provides its own 

4552
04:09:07,808 --> 04:09:09,800
meaning. 
And that meaning is enough. 

4553
04:09:14,000 --> 04:09:17,500
Picture yourself standing in any
European city of that era. 

4554
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:21,200
Streets would be narrower than 
any Ally. 

4555
04:09:21,200 --> 04:09:24,400
You'd feel comfortable walking 
down today, packed with wooden 

4556
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,200
houses that lean toward each 
other like, gossiping neighbors.

4557
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:31,000
The smell would hit you. 
First a mixture of wood smoke 

4558
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:33,900
horses, unwashed wool, and 
chamber pots being empty from 

4559
04:09:33,900 --> 04:09:37,800
upper windows. 
People bathed in frequently not 

4560
04:09:37,800 --> 04:09:41,000
because they enjoyed being 
dirty, but because hauling and 

4561
04:09:41,000 --> 04:09:42,900
heating water was exhausting 
work. 

4562
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:46,400
The population was still 
recovering from the black death,

4563
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,600
which had swept through a 
century and a half earlier, like

4564
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:53,400
a terrible storm, taking perhaps
a third of Europe's people with 

4565
04:09:53,400 --> 04:09:57,400
it cities, emptier than they 
should, with the band and 

4566
04:09:57,400 --> 04:09:59,600
building standing like gaps in a
smile. 

4567
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:04,000
But paradoxically this tragedy 
had created opportunities. 

4568
04:10:04,800 --> 04:10:09,100
With fewer people, competing for
resources wages, Rose social 

4569
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:12,200
Mobility increased. 
An ordinary folks began to 

4570
04:10:12,200 --> 04:10:14,400
imagine lives. 
Their grandparents never could 

4571
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:19,200
have dreamed of Spain in 1492 
was having what we might call a 

4572
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:21,600
moment? 
For nearly 8 centuries the 

4573
04:10:21,608 --> 04:10:25,600
Iberian Peninsula. 
Iberian had been a patchwork of 

4574
04:10:25,600 --> 04:10:29,100
Christian and Muslim kingdoms. 
Sometimes, fighting sometimes 

4575
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:33,200
trading, always influencing each
other in ways that created one 

4576
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:35,200
of medieval Europe's Most 
sophisticated. 

4577
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:38,800
Cultures, But that January 
something. 

4578
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:42,300
Dramatic happened. 
The Catholic monarchs Ferdinand,

4579
04:10:42,300 --> 04:10:44,300
Ferdinand and Isabella, 
Isabella. 

4580
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:48,400
Finally? 
Conquered Grenada, Grenada the 

4581
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:52,300
last Muslim Kingdom in Spain. 
this wasn't just a military 

4582
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:56,000
Victory, it was the culmination 
of what the Spanish called, the 

4583
04:10:56,000 --> 04:11:02,700
Reconquista raycon Keys, tar, 
meaning reconquest For Ferdinand

4584
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,400
and Isabella. 
This moment marks, Bane's 

4585
04:11:05,400 --> 04:11:08,700
transformation from a collection
of squabbling kingdoms into 

4586
04:11:08,700 --> 04:11:10,900
something approaching a unified 
Nation. 

4587
04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:16,000
They were feeling confident, and
ambitious, and perhaps a bit in 

4588
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:17,600
toxicated with their own 
success. 

4589
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:22,200
This matters for our story 
because confident monarchs are 

4590
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:25,100
more likely to fund risky. 
Ventures that sensible, people 

4591
04:11:25,100 --> 04:11:28,700
would avoid The economic 
situation in Europe, was getting

4592
04:11:28,700 --> 04:11:31,800
complicated in ways that would 
sound oddly familiar to you. 

4593
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:35,500
There was an international trade
imbalance that kept everyone up 

4594
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:37,800
at night. 
European Nobles. 

4595
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:42,100
Wanted spices from Asia. 
Pepper cinnamon nutmeg and 

4596
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:44,900
cloves. 
With the kind of desperate 

4597
04:11:44,900 --> 04:11:47,600
longing, you might reserve for 
your favorite comfort food. 

4598
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:52,100
These spices weren't just about 
making food taste better though.

4599
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:55,400
That was certainly part of it. 
They were status symbols 

4600
04:11:55,400 --> 04:11:59,100
preservatives and sometimes 
medicines having A well-stocked 

4601
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:00,900
spice. 
Cabinet was like driving a 

4602
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:03,300
luxury car today. 
But here's the problem. 

4603
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:06,900
These spices came from Asia 
through a complex network of 

4604
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:10,100
middlemen. 
Arab Merchants controlled much 

4605
04:12:10,100 --> 04:12:13,800
of the trade, moving Goods 
through the Middle East, then 

4606
04:12:13,800 --> 04:12:16,400
Venetian and genoese Traders, 
would buy them at marked up 

4607
04:12:16,408 --> 04:12:19,900
prices and sell them at even 
higher prices throughout Europe.

4608
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:23,600
By the time, pepper reached your
dinner table, it had passed 

4609
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,600
through so many hands that it 
was literally worth its weight 

4610
04:12:26,600 --> 04:12:29,400
in gold. 
Wealthy Europeans were 

4611
04:12:29,400 --> 04:12:32,400
essentially hemorrhaging money 
Eastwood and they seemed to be 

4612
04:12:32,408 --> 04:12:36,000
no way to stop it. 
The traditional route to Asia 

4613
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:38,500
went Overland through 
territories controlled by the 

4614
04:12:38,500 --> 04:12:41,000
Ottoman Empire which had 
recently conquered 

4615
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:45,400
Constantinople, Constantinople 
in 1453. 

4616
04:12:46,600 --> 04:12:48,600
The Ottomans weren't 
particularly interested in 

4617
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:52,400
making trade easy for European 
Christians, they added their own

4618
04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:56,900
fees, imposed restrictions and 
generally made the whole process

4619
04:12:56,900 --> 04:12:59,500
as expensive and frustrating as 
possible. 

4620
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:04,900
This created what Economist 
would call a supply problem and 

4621
04:13:04,900 --> 04:13:07,200
what everyone else would call a 
massive headache. 

4622
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:10,900
European merchants and monarchs 
began wandering. 

4623
04:13:11,600 --> 04:13:13,600
Wasn't there. 
Another way to reach Asia. 

4624
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:16,900
Couldn't someone find a route 
that bypassed all these 

4625
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:18,700
middlemen and their inflated 
prices? 

4626
04:13:19,800 --> 04:13:23,300
The Portuguese Portuguese had 
been working on one answer for 

4627
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:26,000
decades. 
They were methodically sailing 

4628
04:13:26,000 --> 04:13:30,400
down the African Coast mapping 
every Inlet an island gradually 

4629
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:32,900
working their way toward the 
southern tip of Africa. 

4630
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:37,400
It was slow methodical work, the
maritime equivalent of 

4631
04:13:37,400 --> 04:13:40,500
carefully, painting a house, one
section at a time. 

4632
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:47,600
By 1488, Bartolomeu Dias, 
Bartolomeu Diaz had finally 

4633
04:13:47,600 --> 04:13:51,000
rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 
Proving that there was a sea 

4634
04:13:51,000 --> 04:13:54,500
route to Asia around Africa. 
But this route was long and 

4635
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:57,500
dangerous and required multiple 
stops for supplies. 

4636
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:00,500
Surely. 
Some people thought there must 

4637
04:14:00,508 --> 04:14:04,200
be a shorter way. 
What if you could sail directly 

4638
04:14:04,200 --> 04:14:07,700
west across the Atlantic and 
reach Asia from the other side, 

4639
04:14:08,600 --> 04:14:12,600
the world was round after all 
educated Europeans had known 

4640
04:14:12,600 --> 04:14:15,300
this for centuries. 
Despite what your Elementary 

4641
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:17,900
School teacher might have told 
you about Columbus proving the 

4642
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:21,600
Earth was round. 
The question wasn't, whether the

4643
04:14:21,600 --> 04:14:25,500
world was round, but how round 
it was and what laid between 

4644
04:14:25,500 --> 04:14:28,900
Europe and Asia? 
Into this world of economic 

4645
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:32,500
anxiety, geographical 
speculation and post Conquest 

4646
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,200
confidence. 
Walked a man with an idea that 

4647
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:37,000
most people thought was 
ridiculous. 

4648
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,400
But before we meet him properly,
let's understand. 

4649
04:14:40,400 --> 04:14:44,100
Just how vast his Ambitions were
and how many people told him he 

4650
04:14:44,100 --> 04:14:49,000
was absolutely out of his mind. 
Christopher Columbus or 

4651
04:14:49,000 --> 04:14:52,900
Christopher Columbus, 
Christopher O'Connor in his 

4652
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:57,900
native Italian or Cristobal 
Colon Cristobal Loan in the 

4653
04:14:57,900 --> 04:15:00,500
Spanish. 
He adopted was not the kind of 

4654
04:15:00,500 --> 04:15:02,400
person. 
You'd expect to change world 

4655
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:06,000
history. 
He was born around 1451 in 

4656
04:15:06,000 --> 04:15:10,900
general, are a bustling Italian 
port city to a family of wolves 

4657
04:15:10,900 --> 04:15:13,300
Weavers. 
Not poor exactly. 

4658
04:15:13,300 --> 04:15:16,000
But definitely working class by 
the standards of the day. 

4659
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:19,300
Young Christopher didn't want to
spend his life working with 

4660
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:21,800
wool. 
He was drawn to the sea with the

4661
04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:25,100
kind of magnetic attraction that
some people feel for certain 

4662
04:15:25,100 --> 04:15:28,600
callings. 
By his twenties, he was working 

4663
04:15:28,600 --> 04:15:32,300
as a merchant sailor, traveling 
the Mediterranean, and learning 

4664
04:15:32,300 --> 04:15:35,700
the Practical, realities of 
navigation, where the patterns, 

4665
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:39,300
and how to keep a wooden ship 
from sinking, which was a 

4666
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:44,200
surprisingly complicated task. 
What may Columbus different from

4667
04:15:44,200 --> 04:15:46,400
other Sailors? 
Was not his navigational skill 

4668
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:48,400
though. 
He was certainly competent. 

4669
04:15:48,400 --> 04:15:52,000
But rather his obsessive 
conviction that he had figured 

4670
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:53,800
something out that everyone else
had missed. 

4671
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:57,700
He believed he could reach Asia 
by sailing west across the 

4672
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:01,000
Atlantic and that this route 
would be shorter and easier than

4673
04:16:01,000 --> 04:16:04,800
going around Africa. 
Now, here's where things get 

4674
04:16:04,800 --> 04:16:07,500
interesting. 
Columbus wasn't exactly wrong 

4675
04:16:07,500 --> 04:16:10,900
about the world being round, but
he was spectacularly. 

4676
04:16:10,900 --> 04:16:14,100
Wrong about its size. 
He had studied various 

4677
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:17,600
geographical texts including the
works of the ancient Greek 

4678
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:21,300
astronomer Ptolemy Tolle Mia, 
and the medieval traveler Marco 

4679
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:22,800
Polo. 
Marco Polo. 

4680
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:27,800
Based on his reading and a fair 
bit of Wishful Thinking Columbus

4681
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:31,100
calculated that the distance 
from the Canary Islands to Japan

4682
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:36,300
was about 2,400 nautical miles. 
The actual distance is more like

4683
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:40,600
12,000 nautical miles, Columbus 
was off by a factor of five, 

4684
04:16:40,600 --> 04:16:43,900
which in navigation, terms is 
like thinking your local grocery

4685
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,000
store as a five minute walk. 
When it's actually in a 

4686
04:16:47,000 --> 04:16:50,300
different state most educated 
people of the time, new 

4687
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:51,900
Columbus's calculations were 
wrong. 

4688
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:55,400
When he first pitched his idea 
to Portuguese King John the 

4689
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:58,800
second the king assembled, a 
committee of mathematical and 

4690
04:16:58,800 --> 04:17:02,000
geographical experts who 
basically told him, thanks. 

4691
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:04,700
But this gentleman has no idea 
what he's talking about. 

4692
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:09,100
The Portuguese were polite about
it but their message was clear. 

4693
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:13,300
Columbus's plan would result in 
ships, running out of food and 

4694
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:17,300
water long before reaching Asia 
leading to the crew dying 

4695
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:19,000
miserably in the middle of the 
ocean. 

4696
04:17:19,900 --> 04:17:21,900
Not the kind of investment, that
makes sense. 

4697
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:25,300
Undeterred and Columbus was 
nothing. 

4698
04:17:25,300 --> 04:17:28,200
If not stubborn, he took his 
proposal to Spain. 

4699
04:17:29,200 --> 04:17:33,700
This was around 1485 and Spain 
was still busy with the Granada 

4700
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:37,000
campaign. 
Ferdinand and Isabella heard him

4701
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:37,800
out. 
But weren't immediately 

4702
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:40,400
convinced. 
They formed their own Committee 

4703
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:44,600
of experts who spent years 
studying Columbus's proposal and

4704
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,500
came to essentially the same 
conclusion as the Portuguese. 

4705
04:17:47,500 --> 04:17:50,500
The man's geography was deeply 
flawed. 

4706
04:17:51,400 --> 04:17:54,000
But here's where Columbus's 
personality becomes crucial to 

4707
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:56,600
our story. 
He wasn't the kind of person who

4708
04:17:56,608 --> 04:18:01,100
accepted know as a final answer.
He kept pushing kept refining. 

4709
04:18:01,100 --> 04:18:04,800
His pitch and kept showing up at
Court like that one relative who

4710
04:18:04,800 --> 04:18:07,200
won't stop talking about their 
business idea, at family, 

4711
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:11,600
gatherings, He was persistent to
the point of being annoying, but

4712
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:14,700
that persistent was precisely 
what his plan required. 

4713
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:19,100
Columbus, spent years in Spain, 
waiting petitioning and 

4714
04:18:19,100 --> 04:18:22,500
gradually making connections. 
He wasn't wealthy or 

4715
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:26,100
particularly, well born, but he 
had a gift for self-promotion. 

4716
04:18:26,100 --> 04:18:29,100
That would make modern Marketing
Executives jealous. 

4717
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:31,800
He dressed. 
Well, carried himself with 

4718
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:35,200
confidence and spoke about his 
plans with such conviction. 

4719
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:38,500
That some people started to 
believe him to despite the 

4720
04:18:38,500 --> 04:18:40,600
mathematical evidence suggesting
otherwise. 

4721
04:18:41,800 --> 04:18:44,600
During these years of waiting 
Columbus developed a quasi, 

4722
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:48,000
religious interpretation of his 
mission. he began to see 

4723
04:18:48,000 --> 04:18:51,600
himself, not just as an Explorer
seeking a shorter trade route, 

4724
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:55,200
but as someone destined to 
spread Christianity to distant 

4725
04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:59,600
lands, this wasn't unusual for 
the time religious and 

4726
04:18:59,600 --> 04:19:02,600
Commercial motivations were 
thoroughly mixed in 15th century

4727
04:19:02,600 --> 04:19:06,900
European thinking. 
But for Columbus, this religious

4728
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:11,000
Dimension became increasingly 
important, he was in his own 

4729
04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:13,800
mind, doing God's work as much 
as the monarchs work. 

4730
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:18,300
The Breakthrough came in 1492 
shortly after Granada fell. 

4731
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:22,700
With the Reconquista complete 
Ferdinand and Isabella suddenly 

4732
04:19:22,700 --> 04:19:26,200
had time attention. 
And perhaps some surplus funds 

4733
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:29,000
available. 
More importantly, they were in 

4734
04:19:29,000 --> 04:19:32,500
that dangerous cycle state where
recent success makes you more 

4735
04:19:32,500 --> 04:19:35,800
willing to take risks. 
They just accomplished something

4736
04:19:35,800 --> 04:19:39,500
that had taken their ancestors 
centuries, maybe this genuine 

4737
04:19:39,500 --> 04:19:41,800
with his grand plan, wasn't so 
crazy. 

4738
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:45,500
After all the terms Columbus, 
negotiated reveal either, 

4739
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:50,600
tremendous self-confidence or 
spectacular depending on your 

4740
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:52,800
perspective. 
He demanded. 

4741
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:56,100
Not just funding for the voyage 
but also titles and privileges 

4742
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:58,400
that seemed absurdly 
presumptuous. 

4743
04:19:59,300 --> 04:20:03,500
He wanted to be named admiral of
the ocean, sea governor of any 

4744
04:20:03,500 --> 04:20:06,200
land. 
He discovered and received 10% 

4745
04:20:06,200 --> 04:20:08,700
of all wealth generated from his
discoveries. 

4746
04:20:09,500 --> 04:20:13,200
And he wanted these privileges 
to be hereditary passing to his 

4747
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:16,800
children and grandchildren. 
Most people approaching monarchs

4748
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:19,900
with a business proposal. 
Don't start by demanding Noble 

4749
04:20:19,900 --> 04:20:23,900
titles and a significant cut of 
hypothetical future profits. 

4750
04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:29,800
But Columbus wasn't most people 
and somehow remarkably Ferdinand

4751
04:20:29,800 --> 04:20:31,300
and Isabella agreed to his 
terms. 

4752
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:34,600
Perhaps, they figured that if 
the voyage fail the titles would

4753
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:39,100
be meaningless anyway. 
If it succeeded, well, they deal

4754
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:43,600
with the consequences, then, by 
April 1492, everything was in 

4755
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:45,900
Place. 
Columbus, had his commission, 

4756
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:49,900
his titles and most importantly,
his funding Now came the 

4757
04:20:49,900 --> 04:20:53,300
Practical work of actually 
assembling an expedition capable

4758
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:56,600
of sailing into the unknown, 
Atlantic Ocean, and hopefully 

4759
04:20:56,600 --> 04:21:00,400
returning to tell about it. 
Imagine you've just been 

4760
04:21:00,400 --> 04:21:03,300
permission to attempt something 
that most experts think is 

4761
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:06,000
impossible. 
Well probably kill you and 

4762
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:08,600
requires convincing other people
to come along and risk their 

4763
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:10,600
lives on your questionable 
mathematics. 

4764
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:15,600
That was Columbus's situation in
the spring of 1492 and he 

4765
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:18,300
approached it with the 
methodical efficiency of someone

4766
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:21,700
who spent decades preparing for 
exactly this opportunity. 

4767
04:21:23,100 --> 04:21:26,400
This challenge was ships, 
Columbus needed vessels that 

4768
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:29,900
were seaworthy enough to handle 
Atlantic conditions, large 

4769
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:32,700
enough to carry supplies for 
what might be a very long Voyage

4770
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,700
yet small enough to be 
maneuvered and maintained by 

4771
04:21:35,700 --> 04:21:40,100
relatively small Crews. 
After some searching, he secured

4772
04:21:40,100 --> 04:21:43,300
three ships from the port? 
Town of Palos p. 

4773
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:47,600
A h l, o, s. 
The largest was the Santa Maria 

4774
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:51,600
Santa Maria, which served as 
Columbus's Flagship. 

4775
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:56,000
She was a Now. 
Now, a type of cargo vessel that

4776
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:58,500
was sturdy but not particularly 
fast or maneuverable. 

4777
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,900
The Santa Maria was probably 
around 60 feet long, about the 

4778
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:06,900
length of a modern bowling lane 
and could carry perhaps 40 crew 

4779
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:08,900
members along with months of 
supplies. 

4780
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:11,700
She wasn't Beautiful by anyone's
standards. 

4781
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:15,300
Medieval ships were built for 
function rather than Elegance 

4782
04:22:15,300 --> 04:22:18,700
with high Castle's at the bow 
and Stern that made them look 

4783
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:22,600
what top heavy and awkward. 
The other two ships were 

4784
04:22:22,600 --> 04:22:27,200
caravels Care reveals the Pinter
Pinter and the Neenah. 

4785
04:22:28,900 --> 04:22:33,500
Caravels were smaller and faster
than now with triangular lateen 

4786
04:22:33,500 --> 04:22:35,800
sails that allowed them to sail 
closer to the wind. 

4787
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:39,200
They were the sports cars of 
15th century, Maritime 

4788
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:42,400
technology. 
Quicker, more responsive and 

4789
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,500
generally more fun to sail 
though, less spacious and 

4790
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:49,600
comfortable than larger vessels.
Finding ships was relatively 

4791
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:54,000
easy compared to finding Crews? 
Word had gotten around Palos 

4792
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:57,100
that some genoese sailor, wanted
to recruit men for a voyage into

4793
04:22:57,108 --> 04:22:59,000
the Atlantic with no clear 
destination. 

4794
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:02,100
This was not an attractive job 
posting. 

4795
04:23:03,000 --> 04:23:06,400
Sailors of the era were tough 
experience men who made their 

4796
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:10,000
living understanding risk, and 
most of them thought Columbus's 

4797
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:12,700
plans, sounded like an elaborate
form of suicide. 

4798
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:18,000
Columbus had helped recruiting 
though, from the pins on pinzone

4799
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:23,700
Brothers, particularly Martina 
lawn so pins on Martina and 

4800
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:27,200
experienced local Captain whose 
reputation helped legitimize the

4801
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:30,200
expedition. 
When pins on agreed to Captain 

4802
04:23:30,200 --> 04:23:33,100
the Pinter, other Sailors 
started to reconsider. 

4803
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:37,300
If someone is capable as pins on
thought, this Voyage was worth 

4804
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:39,100
attempting. 
Apps. 

4805
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:43,200
It wasn't complete Madness. 
The crews they assembled were a 

4806
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:45,000
fascinating. 
Cross-section of late medieval 

4807
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:48,000
Society. 
There were experienced Sailors 

4808
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:51,000
who had spent their lives, 
reading weather and waves, young

4809
04:23:51,000 --> 04:23:53,000
men seeking adventure and 
wealth. 

4810
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:56,500
A few minor criminals who had 
been offered pardons in exchange

4811
04:23:56,500 --> 04:24:00,000
for joining the voyage. 
And Specialists like the fleet 

4812
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:03,700
surgeon Carpenter and Cooper, 
the person who maintained the 

4813
04:24:03,708 --> 04:24:07,000
water barrels, which was an 
absolutely critical job. 

4814
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:09,500
Provisions for the voyage 
required. 

4815
04:24:09,500 --> 04:24:14,300
Careful calculation, two little 
food and they'd starve too much.

4816
04:24:14,300 --> 04:24:18,000
And the ship's would be 
dangerously overloaded They 

4817
04:24:18,000 --> 04:24:21,300
loaded ship's biscuit a rock 
hard bread. 

4818
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:24,300
That could last for months 
without spoiling though. 

4819
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:27,400
It tended to develop weevils 
that crunch between your teeth. 

4820
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:32,300
There were barrels of salted. 
Meat and Fish dried legumes 

4821
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,200
cheese, olive oil, wine and 
water. 

4822
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:38,900
Food was impossible to preserve 
for long voyages. 

4823
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:42,600
So after a few weeks at Sea, 
everyone would be living on 

4824
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:47,300
preserved foods that tasted 
increasingly unappealing The 

4825
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:50,700
ships also carried live animals,
chickens for fresh eggs. 

4826
04:24:50,700 --> 04:24:54,800
A few pigs in case they needed 
fresh meat and the ship's cats 

4827
04:24:54,800 --> 04:24:59,500
whose job was killing rats. 
Medieval ships, always had rats,

4828
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:03,100
which ate stored food, chewed 
through ropes and generally made

4829
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:07,100
nuisances of themselves. 
Cats were valued crew members 

4830
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:10,000
whose contributions to the 
voyage were just as important as

4831
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:12,900
any sailors. 
Navigation equipment was 

4832
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:16,900
relatively simple by modern 
standards, Columbus had magnetic

4833
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:19,600
compasses for determining 
Direction though. 

4834
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:22,800
Everyone knew they didn't point 
exactly North and you had to 

4835
04:25:22,808 --> 04:25:26,900
adjust for this era. 
For determining latitude, how 

4836
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:31,600
far, north or south you were, he
could use an astrolabe, a SS 

4837
04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:35,300
true labor quadrant to measure 
the angle of the Sun or north 

4838
04:25:35,300 --> 04:25:39,100
star of The Horizon. 
These instruments required clear

4839
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:42,700
skies and steady hands. 
And even when used perfectly, 

4840
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:45,200
they were only accurate to 
within a degree or two. 

4841
04:25:46,400 --> 04:25:49,400
Terming longitude how far east 
or west, dude. 

4842
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:52,700
Traveled was essentially 
impossible with 15th century 

4843
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:55,200
technology. 
The best you could do was 

4844
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:57,200
estimate based on your speed and
direction. 

4845
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:00,300
The technique called dead 
reckoning, that required 

4846
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:03,300
educated guessing and 
accumulated errors rapidly. 

4847
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:06,900
Columbus would be sailing into 
the unknown with only a vague 

4848
04:26:06,908 --> 04:26:10,700
idea of where he was and no 
reliable way to know how far 

4849
04:26:10,700 --> 04:26:13,600
he'd gone. 
The expedition was scheduled to 

4850
04:26:13,600 --> 04:26:16,800
depart from Palos on, August, 
3rd, 1492. 

4851
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:21,100
In the days before departure 
there must have been a strange 

4852
04:26:21,100 --> 04:26:26,000
mixture of excitement, anxiety, 
and last minute preparations. 

4853
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:30,100
Sailor said goodbye to families.
They might never see again. 

4854
04:26:30,800 --> 04:26:33,300
Supplies were loaded and checked
and loaded again. 

4855
04:26:34,700 --> 04:26:38,200
Columbus reviewed his charts and
calculations one more time 

4856
04:26:38,200 --> 04:26:40,700
though. 
By this point he probably had 

4857
04:26:40,700 --> 04:26:43,600
the memorized. 
The night before departure 

4858
04:26:43,600 --> 04:26:48,200
Columbus and his men attended a 
final Mass asking for divine 

4859
04:26:48,200 --> 04:26:51,600
protection on their Journey. 
This wasn't just religious 

4860
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:54,100
convention. 
They were genuinely afraid of 

4861
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:56,900
what lay ahead. 
The Atlantic Ocean was known to 

4862
04:26:56,900 --> 04:26:58,700
Europeans. 
Mostly through rumors and 

4863
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:00,800
occasional. 
Fishing Expeditions, that didn't

4864
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:04,700
Venture far from Shore. 
What Columbus proposed was 

4865
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:08,900
sailing directly into that. 
Vast blue mystery, trusting that

4866
04:27:08,900 --> 04:27:12,900
eventually, they'd find land on 
the other side. on the morning 

4867
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:16,000
of August 3rd with the tide 
turning favorable and wind from 

4868
04:27:16,000 --> 04:27:19,500
the right direction, the three 
ships raised their anchors and 

4869
04:27:19,500 --> 04:27:23,300
began moving toward the harbor 
mouth Families gathered on Shore

4870
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,500
to watch them, leave waving and 
probably praying. 

4871
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:30,400
Ships were small enough that you
could still see, individual 

4872
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:33,900
people on Deck as they passed 
into the open ocean and turned 

4873
04:27:33,900 --> 04:27:37,600
South toward the Canary Islands.
Their last stop before heading 

4874
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:41,000
into the unknown. 
And with that, the voyage that 

4875
04:27:41,000 --> 04:27:44,900
would change world history began
not with drama or Fanfare but 

4876
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:49,000
with creaking wood. 
Snapping canvas and the ordinary

4877
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:52,300
work of sailing that these men 
had done hundreds of times 

4878
04:27:52,300 --> 04:27:55,300
before. 
Except this time, they were 

4879
04:27:55,300 --> 04:27:58,800
sailing toward a destination 
that existed only in Columbus's 

4880
04:27:58,800 --> 04:28:02,800
confident imagination. 
The journey to the Canary 

4881
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,900
Islands was routine. 
These were well known Waters, 

4882
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:08,600
that Spanish and Portuguese 
Sailors had been navigating for 

4883
04:28:08,600 --> 04:28:10,900
decades. 
The three ships. 

4884
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:14,200
Reached the islands in about a 
week and there they stopped for 

4885
04:28:14,200 --> 04:28:18,300
repairs and final preparations. 
The Pinter had developed Rudder 

4886
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:21,400
problems that needed fixing and 
every one wanted to make sure 

4887
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:24,700
all equipment was in perfect 
condition before heading into 

4888
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,800
the true unknown. 
They Departed, the Canary 

4889
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:32,200
Islands on September 6th sailing
west in to the Atlantic with 

4890
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,400
favorable winds filling their 
sails for you. 

4891
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:37,300
Sitting comfortably in the 21st 
century. 

4892
04:28:37,300 --> 04:28:40,400
It's hard to imagine what those 
first days must have. 

4893
04:28:40,408 --> 04:28:44,500
Felt like these men were leaving
behind everything familiar and 

4894
04:28:44,500 --> 04:28:48,600
sailing toward nothing. 
Certain The last sight of land 

4895
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:50,700
disappeared behind them and a 
head. 

4896
04:28:50,700 --> 04:28:54,200
Lay only water extending to the 
Horizon in every direction. 

4897
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:59,600
The life at Sea in 4092 had a 
certain Timeless quality. 

4898
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:04,100
Days began Before Dawn, when the
nightwatch would be relieved by 

4899
04:29:04,108 --> 04:29:07,200
fresh sailors. 
The ships boy, would turn the 

4900
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,800
ample later. 
Ample yester. 

4901
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:14,600
The half-hour glass that marks 
time and sing out a traditional 

4902
04:29:14,600 --> 04:29:18,400
verse to Mark the new watch. 
Breakfast might be ships 

4903
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,700
biscuits softened in wine 
perhaps with some cheese or 

4904
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,200
olives. 
If you were lucky during the 

4905
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,300
day, there was always worked to 
be done sales needed. 

4906
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:31,600
Adjusting as win conditions 
changed ropes, required constant

4907
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:37,000
attention, they stretched frayed
and needed replacing The ship's 

4908
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:39,700
Hull had to be pumped regularly 
because Wooden Ships, always 

4909
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:41,800
leaked. 
At least a little and that water

4910
04:29:41,800 --> 04:29:43,800
had to be removed before it 
accumulated. 

4911
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:48,500
Men took turns at these tasks 
breaking, the monotony of 

4912
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:52,100
sailing with the satisfaction of
keeping their vessel in good 

4913
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:53,600
order. 
Columbus. 

4914
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:57,400
Maintained a careful of the 
voyage noting wind conditions. 

4915
04:29:57,400 --> 04:30:01,700
Estimated distance is traveled 
and any unusual observation, 

4916
04:30:01,700 --> 04:30:06,400
interestingly, he kept two 
versions of his Reckoning one 

4917
04:30:06,400 --> 04:30:10,000
that showed his true estimates 
of how far they traveled and 

4918
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:12,700
another short of version that he
shared with the crew. 

4919
04:30:13,600 --> 04:30:16,600
The idea was to prevent them 
from becoming too anxious about 

4920
04:30:16,600 --> 04:30:18,100
how far they'd ventured from 
home. 

4921
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:22,700
Whether this deception actually 
fooled, anyone is debatable 

4922
04:30:22,700 --> 04:30:25,700
experienced Sailors, could judge
distances. 

4923
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:29,100
Pretty accurately, just by 
watching the water slide past 

4924
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:31,800
the hull. 
The weather during those first 

4925
04:30:31,800 --> 04:30:33,600
weeks was remarkably 
cooperative. 

4926
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,600
Tradewinds reliable, easterly 
winds, that blow across the 

4927
04:30:38,600 --> 04:30:41,600
Atlantic at certain latitudes. 
Push them. 

4928
04:30:41,600 --> 04:30:45,500
Steadily Westward. 
The ocean was relatively calm 

4929
04:30:45,500 --> 04:30:48,900
with gentle, swells that rock 
the ship's but didn't threaten 

4930
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:51,600
them. 
For Sailors accustomed to the 

4931
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:54,600
temperamental Mediterranean or 
the storm in North Atlantic. 

4932
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:59,600
This steady mild weather must 
have seemed almost suspiciously 

4933
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:02,700
Pleasant. 
But as days turned into weeks, 

4934
04:31:02,700 --> 04:31:06,200
with no sign of land anxiety, 
began to grow. 

4935
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:10,500
By late September, they'd been 
sailing west for nearly three 

4936
04:31:10,500 --> 04:31:14,500
weeks longer than most Sailors 
had ever been completely out. 

4937
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:19,000
Of sight of land, the crew 
started noticing small signs and

4938
04:31:19,000 --> 04:31:21,200
interpreting them as evidence 
that land must be near. 

4939
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:25,500
A bird flying past, became proof
that land was just over the 

4940
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:28,600
horizon. 
Floating seaweed suggested 

4941
04:31:28,600 --> 04:31:32,900
nearby Shores, even changes in 
cloud formations were analyzed 

4942
04:31:32,900 --> 04:31:36,200
for hints of land. 
Columbus was careful to note. 

4943
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:39,300
These signs in his log, 
sometimes with more optimism 

4944
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:43,100
than the evidence warranted. 
part of this was genuine belief,

4945
04:31:43,100 --> 04:31:47,500
he expected to reach Asia any 
day now based on his faulty 

4946
04:31:47,500 --> 04:31:51,400
calculations part was 
leadership, keeping the crews 

4947
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:54,600
hopeful and focused on the goal 
rather than their growing fears.

4948
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:58,100
Food remained adequate but was 
becoming monotonous. 

4949
04:31:59,100 --> 04:32:01,100
Fresh Provisions. 
From the Canary Islands were 

4950
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:03,600
long gone. 
Everyone was living on ships 

4951
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:06,600
biscuit, salted meat that had to
be soaked in water before. 

4952
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:11,000
It was chewable dried beans and 
endless water that tasted 

4953
04:32:11,000 --> 04:32:13,400
increasingly of the wooden 
barrels that held it. 

4954
04:32:13,400 --> 04:32:17,500
There was wine too though it was
carefully rationed Drunk 

4955
04:32:17,500 --> 04:32:20,700
Sailors, were dangerous Sailors,
especially when you were in the 

4956
04:32:20,708 --> 04:32:22,600
middle of an ocean with no 
landmarks. 

4957
04:32:23,600 --> 04:32:26,400
Ships maintained visual contact 
with each other during the day. 

4958
04:32:26,400 --> 04:32:31,100
Sailing close enough to see each
other sails at night, they would

4959
04:32:31,100 --> 04:32:33,100
hang lanterns to mark their 
positions. 

4960
04:32:33,900 --> 04:32:36,900
Columbus had given strict orders
that the ship should stay 

4961
04:32:36,900 --> 04:32:39,500
together. 
If one developed problems or 

4962
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:42,300
made an important Discovery, the
others needed to know 

4963
04:32:42,300 --> 04:32:45,200
immediately. 
Sometimes in the evening when 

4964
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:47,900
weather permitted Sailors would 
shout back and forth between 

4965
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:50,900
vessels, sharing news and 
maintaining the social 

4966
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:53,100
connections that help preserve 
morale. 

4967
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,300
As October arrived and they 
entered their 5th week at Sea, 

4968
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:01,200
the mood was becoming tense. 
There had been false alarms 

4969
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:02,700
where someone thought they saw 
land. 

4970
04:33:02,700 --> 04:33:06,700
Only to realize it was just 
clouds on the horizon or trick 

4971
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:09,599
of light on water. 
Each disappointment, made the 

4972
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:13,900
next alarm less credible, the 
men began to wander quietly at 

4973
04:33:13,900 --> 04:33:16,800
first. 
Then more openly for the 

4974
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:18,700
Columbus actually knew where he 
was going. 

4975
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,300
Columbus himself must have been 
experiencing private doubts, 

4976
04:33:22,300 --> 04:33:26,300
though we couldn't show them. 
Leaders in crisis, can't afford 

4977
04:33:26,300 --> 04:33:29,300
the luxury of openly questioning
their own decisions. 

4978
04:33:29,300 --> 04:33:33,400
Each day, he would take his 
readings, consult his charts. 

4979
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:37,700
Make his calculations and assure
everyone that Asia must be 

4980
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:43,500
closed now very close any day. 
Now the ships will and well 

4981
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,599
maintained but they were 
experiencing the normal wear 

4982
04:33:46,599 --> 04:33:50,400
that any vessel endures after 
weeks at sea, Small leaks. 

4983
04:33:50,400 --> 04:33:54,200
Required more frequent pumping. 
Sales developed tears, that 

4984
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:57,500
needed, patching, ropes 
stretched, and frayed. 

4985
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:01,500
Nothing catastrophic that the 
cumulative effect reminded 

4986
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:04,500
everyone, that these were old 
wooden vessels held together 

4987
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:08,800
with tar, rope and hope carrying
them across an ocean whose 

4988
04:34:08,800 --> 04:34:09,800
extent. 
They had severely 

4989
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:14,300
underestimated. 
On October 10th more than a 

4990
04:34:14,300 --> 04:34:17,400
month after leaving the 
canaries, there was a kind of 

4991
04:34:17,408 --> 04:34:21,099
confrontation with crew members 
demanding that they turned back.

4992
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,099
Columbus's response. 
According to his log was to 

4993
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:27,900
promise that if they didn't find
land in the next few days, they 

4994
04:34:27,900 --> 04:34:31,599
would indeed return home. 
Whether This Promise was genuine

4995
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:33,700
or just to stalling tactic is 
unclear. 

4996
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:37,400
What is clear is that Columbus 
bought himself a little more 

4997
04:34:37,400 --> 04:34:39,500
time? 
And that time would prove to be 

4998
04:34:39,500 --> 04:34:42,700
exactly enough. 
The night of October 11th was 

4999
04:34:42,700 --> 04:34:46,000
clear with a Moon bright enough 
to illuminate the ocean. 

5000
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:49,800
The ship's continued sailing 
west on Full Sail. 

5001
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:53,300
Pushed by Steady Tradewinds, 
that had barely varied in the 

5002
04:34:53,300 --> 04:34:56,300
weeks. 
The watch was changed regularly 

5003
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:59,700
with fresh Sailors, taking their
positions while tired ones went 

5004
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:02,800
below to rest. 
Though, probably few men were 

5005
04:35:02,800 --> 04:35:05,599
actually sleeping. 
Everyone sensed that something 

5006
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:08,500
was about to happen. 
Around 10 p.m. 

5007
04:35:08,500 --> 04:35:12,099
Columbus thought he saw a light 
in the distance, something like 

5008
04:35:12,099 --> 04:35:16,200
a candle moving up and down. 
He called others to look but the

5009
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:19,000
light disappeared before anyone 
could confirm what it might have

5010
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,099
been. 
Was it real or just wishful 

5011
04:35:22,099 --> 04:35:25,500
thinking? 
Columbus, noted it in his log 

5012
04:35:25,500 --> 04:35:27,400
but didn't make any dramatic 
announcements. 

5013
04:35:28,099 --> 04:35:32,000
A leader who cried land, too. 
Often would lose all 

5014
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:35,700
credibility. 
The real Discovery came at 2 

5015
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:40,700
a.m. on October 12th. 
Rodrigo de Triana Rodrigo de 

5016
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:44,500
tree, Anna, a sailor. 
Keeping watch on the Pinter saw 

5017
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:46,500
something darker than the night.
Sky ahead. 

5018
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:49,599
A solid shadow that didn't move 
like waves. 

5019
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:52,200
He shouted. 
The words that everyone had been

5020
04:35:52,200 --> 04:35:57,300
waiting to hear. 
Tiara Tiara land land land. 

5021
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:02,300
The Pinter fired a cannon to 
Signal the other ships that boom

5022
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:04,700
echoing across. 
The Dark Water must have, woken,

5023
04:36:04,700 --> 04:36:07,400
anyone who was sleeping and sent
everyone else. 

5024
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:09,200
Rushing to the rails to see for 
themselves. 

5025
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:13,200
Yes. 
There it was and unmistakable 

5026
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:17,000
dark Mass ahead of them, the 
silhouette of land against the 

5027
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,200
Starlit sky. 
Columbus immediately ordered the

5028
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:24,400
sales reduced in darkness. 
Approaching unknown Shores was 

5029
04:36:24,400 --> 04:36:28,200
extremely dangerous. 
There might be reefs sandbars or

5030
04:36:28,207 --> 04:36:30,800
rocks that could tear open a 
ship's Hull in seconds. 

5031
04:36:31,800 --> 04:36:34,500
Better to heave two and wait for
Dawn than risk everything. 

5032
04:36:34,500 --> 04:36:36,300
When they were so close to their
goal. 

5033
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:40,599
So the three ships bobbed in the
gentle swells, just offshore 

5034
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:45,200
everyone awaken excited, waiting
for Sunrise to reveal what they 

5035
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:48,400
had found. 
As Dawn broke on October the 

5036
04:36:48,400 --> 04:36:52,800
12th 1492. 
The crews of the Santa Maria 

5037
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:58,200
Pinter and Nina saw before them.
Allow Green Island, fringed with

5038
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:01,200
white beaches. 
The water was a brilliant 

5039
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:06,000
turquoise so clear, you could 
see the Sandy Bottom palm trees 

5040
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:09,300
swayed in the warm breeze. 
Birds wheeled overhead. 

5041
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,599
After more than a month of 
seeing nothing but ocean, the 

5042
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:17,700
sight of land. 
Any land must have seemed almost

5043
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:21,900
miraculous What they had found 
was a small island in what we 

5044
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:26,200
now, call the Bahamas. 
The native Taino tear Eno people

5045
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:31,300
called it guanaja knee. 
Local numbers would rename it. 

5046
04:37:31,308 --> 04:37:35,700
San Salvador, San Salvador. 
Meaning, Holy Savior in Spanish.

5047
04:37:36,700 --> 04:37:39,099
The Spanish lowered boats, and 
rowed ashore. 

5048
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:42,900
Columbus dressed in his finest 
clothing and carrying the Royal 

5049
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:45,500
Banner. 
Onto the beach and formally 

5050
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:47,800
claimed the island for Ferdinand
and Isabella. 

5051
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:51,599
He planted a cross and had a 
notary record the entire 

5052
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:53,500
proceeding in proper legal 
language. 

5053
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,200
From the Spanish perspective. 
This ceremony transformed 

5054
04:37:57,200 --> 04:38:00,500
unknown Wilderness into Spanish 
territory though. 

5055
04:38:00,500 --> 04:38:02,900
Of course, the Taino people who 
had been living there for 

5056
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:05,700
Generations, might have had 
opinions about this if anyone 

5057
04:38:05,700 --> 04:38:09,000
had bothered to ask them. 
Speaking of the Taino, they 

5058
04:38:09,000 --> 04:38:12,200
emerge from the forest 
cautiously curious about these 

5059
04:38:12,200 --> 04:38:15,599
strange visitors who had arrived
in enormous boats with white 

5060
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:18,800
wings. 
The Taino were a sophisticated 

5061
04:38:18,800 --> 04:38:22,500
people with their own complex 
culture, Agriculture and social 

5062
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:25,300
organization. 
The wall little clothing, the 

5063
04:38:25,300 --> 04:38:29,099
Caribbean climate didn't require
it and decorated their bodies 

5064
04:38:29,099 --> 04:38:33,400
with paint and ornaments. 
To Spanish Eyes, accustomed to 

5065
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:37,200
layers of wool and leather this 
seemed exotic and somewhat 

5066
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:38,800
shocking. 
Columbus. 

5067
04:38:38,800 --> 04:38:42,000
Tried to communicate through 
gestures establishing that you 

5068
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:44,700
can convey basic ideas without 
shared language. 

5069
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,200
The understanding anything 
complex or nuanced was 

5070
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:51,099
impossible. 
The Taino were friendly and 

5071
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:55,700
curious bringing Gifts of 
parrots, cotton thread and darts

5072
04:38:55,700 --> 04:38:59,099
to trade for the glass beads and
Brass Bells the Spanish offered.

5073
04:38:59,800 --> 04:39:02,599
Both sides thought they were 
getting a tremendous bargain, 

5074
04:39:02,599 --> 04:39:06,700
the Taino value, the novel 
European Goods, while Columbus, 

5075
04:39:06,700 --> 04:39:09,400
thought the cotton thread and 
gold ornaments. 

5076
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:12,000
The Taino war was signs of 
greater wealth nearby. 

5077
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:16,200
Over the following days and 
weeks, Columbus would Island hop

5078
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:19,300
through the Bahamas and along 
the coast of Cuba and 

5079
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:22,599
Hispaniola. 
Hispanyola now Haiti, and the 

5080
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:26,099
Dominican Republic always 
searching for the wealthy Asian 

5081
04:39:26,099 --> 04:39:31,200
civilization, he expected to 
find He kept asking in gestures 

5082
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:35,599
where he could find gold spice's
and the great cities he'd read 

5083
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:39,300
about in Marko's accounts. 
The Taino kept pointing him 

5084
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:42,100
onward to other Islands, 
possibly, because they had some 

5085
04:39:42,100 --> 04:39:45,200
gold or because they were 
diplomatically trying to send 

5086
04:39:45,200 --> 04:39:47,000
these persistent strangers 
somewhere else. 

5087
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:51,000
Columbus interpreted every 
gesture as confirmation that he 

5088
04:39:51,000 --> 04:39:53,900
was getting closer to the world 
of Asia, though. 

5089
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:57,200
In reality, he was exploring 
Islands whose inhabitants lived 

5090
04:39:57,200 --> 04:40:00,600
in sustainable balance with 
their environment and had little

5091
04:40:00,600 --> 04:40:03,600
interest in accumulating the 
kind of mineral wealth that 

5092
04:40:03,600 --> 04:40:07,300
obsessed Europeans. 
The landscape Columbus explored 

5093
04:40:07,300 --> 04:40:10,100
was beautiful in ways that his 
European experience hadn't 

5094
04:40:10,100 --> 04:40:14,200
prepared him for. 
The Caribbean in October is warm

5095
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:17,800
but not oppressively hot with a 
reliable trade, winds, that keep

5096
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,800
the air moving. 
The water is remarkably clear. 

5097
04:40:20,800 --> 04:40:25,000
Teeming with colorful fish that 
must have amazed Sailors 

5098
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,700
accustomed to the murky Waters 
of European coasts. 

5099
04:40:29,800 --> 04:40:31,800
The forest was dense with 
vegetation. 

5100
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:35,500
That was simultaneously exotic 
and Vaguely Familiar. 

5101
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:41,100
Palm trees they recognized but 
also plants that had no European

5102
04:40:41,100 --> 04:40:44,200
equivalents. 
Columbus's log from this period 

5103
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:47,300
reveal Someone caught between 
one at what he seeing and 

5104
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:51,000
frustration that it doesn't 
match his expectations, the 

5105
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:53,400
islands of beautiful. 
Yes, but where are the great 

5106
04:40:53,400 --> 04:40:56,800
cities? 
The Catered Commerce, the 

5107
04:40:56,800 --> 04:41:00,700
warehouses full of spices. 
He kept expecting to round the 

5108
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:04,100
next Headland and find something
that looked like his imagined 

5109
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:06,600
Asia. 
But instead found more Islands, 

5110
04:41:06,600 --> 04:41:10,100
more forest and more Villages of
friendly but not particularly 

5111
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:12,800
wealthy people. 
On Christmas Day. 

5112
04:41:12,800 --> 04:41:16,100
The Santa Maria ran a ground on 
the North Coast of Hispaniola. 

5113
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:20,100
Ship couldn't be saved, though. 
The crew, and most of the 

5114
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:22,200
supplies were rescued without 
loss of life. 

5115
04:41:23,000 --> 04:41:25,700
Columbus took this as a sign 
that he should establish a 

5116
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:29,300
settlement there. 
Which he called La Navidad, La 

5117
04:41:29,300 --> 04:41:34,700
Navidad the nativity He left 39,
Men Behind with supplies and 

5118
04:41:34,700 --> 04:41:36,900
instructions to build a fort and
search for gold. 

5119
04:41:36,900 --> 04:41:39,900
While he prepared to return to 
Spain in the two remaining 

5120
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:42,600
ships. 
The decision to return was 

5121
04:41:42,600 --> 04:41:46,700
driven by practical necessity. 
He needed more supplies, more 

5122
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:50,000
men and needed to report his 
discoveries to Third and 

5123
04:41:50,000 --> 04:41:52,700
Isabella. 
But it was also driven by 

5124
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:56,000
growing concerns about crew 
morale and the seaworthiness of 

5125
04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:59,700
his remaining vessels. 
The Nino and Pinter had been at 

5126
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:02,900
sea, for months now and needed. 
Proper maintenance that could 

5127
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:04,500
not be done on a beach in the 
Caribbean. 

5128
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:09,500
The return Voyage began in 
January 1493 and it was 

5129
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:11,800
immediately clear. 
This wouldn't be as pleasant as 

5130
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:15,100
the outbound Journey. 
The Tradewinds that had pushed 

5131
04:42:15,100 --> 04:42:17,800
them so reliably West were now 
blowing against them. 

5132
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:22,100
Columbus had to sail North first
to reach the westerlies winds 

5133
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:25,800
that blow from west to east at 
high altitudes which meant more 

5134
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:30,700
time at Sea and more, wear on 
already tired, ships and cruise,

5135
04:42:30,700 --> 04:42:34,700
the cruise were exhausted. 
The ships were showing their age

5136
04:42:34,700 --> 04:42:38,000
and everyone was surviving on 
increasingly unappetizing 

5137
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:40,800
provisions. 
But morale was better than on 

5138
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:43,700
the outbound voyage. 
Because now they knew land 

5139
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:47,500
existed out there, they'd seen 
it and walked on it, and they 

5140
04:42:47,500 --> 04:42:49,700
were going home with proof of 
their discoveries. 

5141
04:42:50,500 --> 04:42:52,900
Columbus had loaded. 
The ships with samples of 

5142
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:57,400
plants, including pineapples and
tobacco leaves, as well as live 

5143
04:42:57,400 --> 04:42:59,700
parrots. 
Whose colorful plumage into 

5144
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:01,300
mimic sounds made them. 
Perfect. 

5145
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,800
Ambassadors from the new world 
it also brought several Taino 

5146
04:43:05,800 --> 04:43:08,800
people with him, some 
voluntarily and some very much 

5147
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:12,600
not this was standard practice 
for 15th century. 

5148
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:16,600
Explorers bringing back native 
people to demonstrate to Moncks 

5149
04:43:16,600 --> 04:43:19,200
what you'd found and to 
potentially trained as 

5150
04:43:19,200 --> 04:43:24,000
interpreters for future voyages.
The morality of this practice is

5151
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:27,500
deeply troubling by modern 
standards, but Columbus, didn't 

5152
04:43:27,500 --> 04:43:31,400
see it that way. 
In his mind he was introducing 

5153
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:35,000
these people to Christianity and
European civilization which he 

5154
04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:37,800
believed was self-evidently, 
beneficial for everyone 

5155
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:40,400
involved. 
The return Voyage was rougher 

5156
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:43,000
than the journey out. 
February in the North Atlantic 

5157
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:47,200
is not pleasant sailing weather.
the ships and countered storms, 

5158
04:43:47,200 --> 04:43:50,700
that toss them, like toys 
testing every joint and seal 

5159
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:54,800
There were days when the crew 
could do little besides hold on 

5160
04:43:54,800 --> 04:43:58,400
and pray while waves crashed 
over the decks and wind tore at 

5161
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,500
the rigging. 
Medieval ships were remarkably 

5162
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:05,200
resilient, but they weren't 
comfortable and in heavy whether

5163
04:44:05,200 --> 04:44:09,600
they were genuinely frightening.
During one, particularly Fierce 

5164
04:44:09,600 --> 04:44:11,900
storm. 
Columbus had a moment of panic 

5165
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:14,200
that the Expeditions discoveries
might be lost. 

5166
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:17,600
If both ships, sank. 
He wrote a brief account of his 

5167
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:21,400
discoveries sealed it in a cast 
and threw it overboard. 

5168
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:24,300
Hoping that if the worst 
happened, someone would 

5169
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,300
eventually find The Cask and 
Spain would at least know what 

5170
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:31,200
he accomplished. 
The cast was never found but the

5171
04:44:31,208 --> 04:44:34,900
gesture reveals how uncertain he
was about surviving the Voyage 

5172
04:44:34,900 --> 04:44:37,600
Home. 
They made landfall in the Azores

5173
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:40,300
whose Wars Portuguese islands in
the Middle. 

5174
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:43,900
Atlantic in mid, February, 
taking on freshwater and 

5175
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:47,400
Provisions. 
The Portuguese authorities there

5176
04:44:47,400 --> 04:44:50,200
were suspicious of the Spanish 
ships returning from, who knows 

5177
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:54,100
where and there were some tense 
moments involving accusations of

5178
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:58,200
unauthorized exploration, but 
Columbus managed to navigate 

5179
04:44:58,200 --> 04:45:01,300
these political complications 
and continued towards Spain. 

5180
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:06,000
Final Approach to the Iberian 
Peninsula, brought more storms 

5181
04:45:06,000 --> 04:45:08,400
and the Pinter Nino were 
separated. 

5182
04:45:09,300 --> 04:45:12,800
Columbus in the Nino was blown 
to Portugal while the Pinta 

5183
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:15,600
under Martina Lawns opinion. 
Headed directly for Spain. 

5184
04:45:16,500 --> 04:45:19,800
Both ships survived though. 
Pinson exhausted. 

5185
04:45:19,800 --> 04:45:23,100
And Ill from The Voyage would 
die shortly after reaching home.

5186
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:27,600
Columbus landed in Lisbon on 
March 4th and had to explain to 

5187
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:29,900
the Portuguese. 
King why he was showing up in a 

5188
04:45:29,900 --> 04:45:33,000
Spanish ship after making 
discoveries in waters the 

5189
04:45:33,000 --> 04:45:35,300
Portuguese considered within 
their sphere of influence. 

5190
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:38,600
It must have been a delicate 
conversation but Columbus, 

5191
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,700
handled it diplomatically and 
was eventually allowed to 

5192
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:45,600
continue to Spain. 
He finally reached Palace on 

5193
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:50,700
March 15th, 1493 more than seven
months after departing. 

5194
04:45:51,600 --> 04:45:54,200
The entire town turned out to 
welcome the returning. 

5195
04:45:54,200 --> 04:45:57,600
Explorers here were men. 
Who'd sailed into the Westin 

5196
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:01,700
ocean and somehow returned alive
bringing parrots and plants and 

5197
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:04,400
stories that seemed almost too 
incredible to believe. 

5198
04:46:05,400 --> 04:46:07,000
Was it true? 
They'd reached Asia? 

5199
04:46:07,000 --> 04:46:09,300
Columbus. 
Certainly seem to think so 

5200
04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:12,200
though, some observers probably 
had doubts. 

5201
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:16,000
News of the discovery spread 
across Spain with the speed of 

5202
04:46:16,000 --> 04:46:20,100
all, really good gossip. 
Within days, Ferdinand and 

5203
04:46:20,100 --> 04:46:23,500
Isabella knew that Columbus had 
returned with Tales finding land

5204
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:26,200
fast. 
The West They summoned him to 

5205
04:46:26,208 --> 04:46:29,500
Barcelona Barcelona. 
Where the Royal Court was 

5206
04:46:29,500 --> 04:46:32,800
currently residing to present 
his findings formally. 

5207
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:36,900
Columbus made this journey into 
a kind of triumphal procession. 

5208
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:40,900
He brought his Taino companions 
dressed them in European style 

5209
04:46:40,900 --> 04:46:43,900
clothing and paraded them 
through towns along the way. 

5210
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:48,100
He displayed the parrots, the 
gold ornaments and the exotic 

5211
04:46:48,100 --> 04:46:50,900
plants. 
People gathered to stare at 

5212
04:46:50,900 --> 04:46:53,900
these wonders and Columbus. 
Played the role of Conquering 

5213
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:57,800
Hero with evident enjoyment. 
The formal reception of the 

5214
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:00,700
Barcelona court was everything. 
Columbus could have hoped for 

5215
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:05,000
Ferdinand and Isabella received 
him with great honor, had him 

5216
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:08,300
sit in their presence, a 
significant gesture of Royal 

5217
04:47:08,300 --> 04:47:11,600
favor and listen to his accounts
with evident interest. 

5218
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:16,800
Court was dazzled by the parrots
and exotic Goods impressed by 

5219
04:47:16,800 --> 04:47:21,100
the gold samples and intrigued 
by the Taino people whom 

5220
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:24,300
Columbus presented as proof of 
the sophisticated population, 

5221
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:29,300
counted In Columbus's telling 
his discoveries were everything,

5222
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:33,000
he'd promised and more. 
He had reached Asia or at least 

5223
04:47:33,008 --> 04:47:36,200
islands off the Asian Coast. 
He had found friendly 

5224
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:38,600
populations ready to embrace 
Christianity. 

5225
04:47:38,600 --> 04:47:42,200
There was gold available and 
surely greater wealth. 

5226
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:46,100
Lay just a little further west, 
All Spain needed to do was 

5227
04:47:46,100 --> 04:47:49,600
support a second larger 
Expedition and the riches of the

5228
04:47:49,600 --> 04:47:53,400
East would flow directly into 
Spanish coffers bypassing all 

5229
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,200
those expensive Middle Men. 
Third, Man. 

5230
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:59,400
And Isabella, were convinced 
within months, they were 

5231
04:47:59,400 --> 04:48:03,400
organizing a second voyage with 
17 ships and over 1,000 men, 

5232
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:09,000
Settlers soldiers priests and 
Artisans who would establish a 

5233
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:11,300
permanent Spanish presence in 
these new lands. 

5234
04:48:12,100 --> 04:48:15,200
Columbus would lead this much 
larger Expedition back across 

5235
04:48:15,200 --> 04:48:18,000
the Atlantic to follow up on his
initial discoveries. 

5236
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:22,500
The speed with which this second
expedition, was organized 

5237
04:48:22,500 --> 04:48:25,800
reveals how important Columbus's
Discovery seemed to Spanish 

5238
04:48:25,800 --> 04:48:28,600
monks. 
They were just interested in 

5239
04:48:28,600 --> 04:48:31,100
exotic plants and friendly 
Islanders. 

5240
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:34,500
They saw an opportunity to 
establish Spanish power in new 

5241
04:48:34,500 --> 04:48:38,200
territories and hopefully gained
direct access to Asian wealth. 

5242
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:43,300
Columbus's Discovery had opened 
a door and Spain was determined 

5243
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:47,100
to walk through it before anyone
else could. but there was also 

5244
04:48:47,100 --> 04:48:51,000
anxiety beneath the celebration,
the Portuguese were 

5245
04:48:51,000 --> 04:48:54,300
understandably concerned about 
Spanish, Expeditions sailing 

5246
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:58,300
into Waters, they considered 
their territory, To prevent 

5247
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:02,100
conflict between two Catholic 
kingdoms, Pope Alexander, the 

5248
04:49:02,100 --> 04:49:05,500
sixth, who happened to be 
Spanish, drew a line on the map 

5249
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:08,900
of the Atlantic. 
The Treaty of Tordesillas Tour 

5250
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:09,600
de sea. 
Yes. 

5251
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:14,600
In 1494 dividing the 
non-european world between Spain

5252
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:17,500
and Portugal. 
Everything east of the line 

5253
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:20,300
would be Portuguese. 
Everything West would be 

5254
04:49:20,300 --> 04:49:23,300
Spanish. 
It was an audacious Act of 

5255
04:49:23,308 --> 04:49:27,600
cartographic imperialism, two 
European kingdoms and the pope 

5256
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:30,200
calmly dividing up the entire 
world between them. 

5257
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:34,100
Of course, neither the Taino 
people nor any of the other 

5258
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:36,100
populations living in these 
discovered. 

5259
04:49:36,100 --> 04:49:40,300
Territories had been consulted 
about this arrangement. from 

5260
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,600
their perspective, these strange
visitors in big ships had 

5261
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:47,500
showing up uninvited and when 
now ownership of everything they

5262
04:49:47,500 --> 04:49:51,200
saw It was a fundamental 
misunderstanding that would have

5263
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:55,400
tragic consequences in the 
coming decades. now, as you 

5264
04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:58,600
settle deeper into your blanket 
with perhaps that second cup of 

5265
04:49:58,608 --> 04:50:04,000
tea, let's talk about what 
Columbus's 1492 Voyage actually 

5266
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:06,700
meant. 
Because the reality is more 

5267
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:09,300
complicated, and more 
interesting than the simplified 

5268
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:11,100
versions. 
You might remember from school 

5269
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:13,900
First, let's address what 
Columbus didn't do. 

5270
04:50:13,900 --> 04:50:17,300
He didn't prove the Earth was 
round educated. 

5271
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:19,900
Europeans had known that for 
over 1,000 years. 

5272
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:23,400
He didn't discover America in 
any meaningful sense. 

5273
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:27,500
People have been living there. 
For at least 15,000 years and 

5274
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,800
Viking explorers had visited 
North America centuries before 

5275
04:50:30,800 --> 04:50:33,500
Columbus. 
He didn't even set out to 

5276
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:37,500
discover a new continent. 
He was trying to reach Asia and 

5277
04:50:37,500 --> 04:50:40,000
remained convinced until his 
death that he had succeeded. 

5278
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:44,600
What Columbus actually did was 
establish a permanent connection

5279
04:50:44,600 --> 04:50:48,200
between two hemispheres that are
developed separately for 

5280
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:51,700
thousands of years. 
This connection, which 

5281
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:55,300
historians call the Columbian 
Exchange, transformed, both 

5282
04:50:55,300 --> 04:50:57,800
sides in ways that nobody 
involved could have predicted. 

5283
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:02,500
From the Americas to Europe, 
Africa and Asia came crops that 

5284
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:04,400
would reshape agriculture 
worldwide. 

5285
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:08,700
Potatoes became a staple food in
Ireland and Northern Europe. 

5286
04:51:08,700 --> 04:51:11,500
Supporting population growth 
that wouldn't have been 

5287
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:15,900
possible, otherwise Tomatoes, 
transformed Italian cuisine. 

5288
04:51:16,600 --> 04:51:19,500
The Italians were initially 
suspicious of these strange red 

5289
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,400
fruits. 
Korn became crucial for feeding,

5290
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:24,300
both people and animals 
throughout the world. 

5291
04:51:25,300 --> 04:51:28,500
Chocolate and vanilla created 
entirely new categories of 

5292
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:32,800
flavor tobacco spread globally 
with affects both social and 

5293
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:34,800
medical that are still with us 
today. 

5294
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:38,200
From Europe, Africa and Asia to 
the Americas. 

5295
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:41,500
Came wheat, rice sugarcane and 
bananas. 

5296
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:46,900
Along with livestock including 
horses, cattle pigs chickens and

5297
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:49,500
sheep. 
These animals and plants 

5298
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:53,100
transformed American landscape 
and Indigenous ways of life. 

5299
04:51:53,900 --> 04:51:56,700
The horse in particular, 
revolutionized life for many 

5300
04:51:56,700 --> 04:52:00,000
Native American people's 
specially on the Great Plains 

5301
04:52:00,000 --> 04:52:02,900
where mounted hunting 
transformed entire cultures. 

5302
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:07,400
But the exchange also carried 
diseases, and this is where the 

5303
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:11,700
story becomes tragic. 
European diseases, smallpox 

5304
04:52:11,700 --> 04:52:15,600
measles typhus and others 
devastated in indigenous 

5305
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:19,100
American population who had no 
immunity to these illnesses. 

5306
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:23,500
Within a century of Columbus's, 
first voyage the native 

5307
04:52:23,500 --> 04:52:27,200
population of the Caribbean was 
essentially extinct and 

5308
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:29,200
Mainland. 
Populations had suffered 

5309
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:32,400
mortality rates that are almost 
impossible to comprehend. 

5310
04:52:33,300 --> 04:52:37,500
Some estimates suggest that 90% 
of indigenous Americans died 

5311
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:41,500
from introduced diseases within 
a century of first Contact. 

5312
04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:46,200
This wasn't intentional genocide
in most cases, people in the 

5313
04:52:46,208 --> 04:52:49,000
15th and 16th. 
Centuries didn't understand how 

5314
04:52:49,000 --> 04:52:52,000
diseases spread or how immunity 
worked. 

5315
04:52:52,700 --> 04:52:56,500
But the effect was genocide or 
regardless of intent and it 

5316
04:52:56,500 --> 04:53:00,700
facilitated European conquest 
and colonization in ways that 

5317
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,800
wouldn't have been possible if 
native population's had remained

5318
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:08,000
at pre-contact levels. 
The Americas were conquered and 

5319
04:53:08,008 --> 04:53:10,400
not primarily by Spanish steel 
and gunpowder. 

5320
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:14,200
But by invisible microscopic 
organisms, that traveled 

5321
04:53:14,200 --> 04:53:18,700
alongside the Explorers The 
discovery also sparked, what we 

5322
04:53:18,700 --> 04:53:21,400
might call the first true age of
globalization. 

5323
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:26,600
Within Decades of Columbus's 
Voyage, Spanish Portuguese, 

5324
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:31,500
English French and Dutch 
explorers Chris, crossing the 

5325
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:36,000
ocean's mapping, coastlines, and
establishing trade networks, 

5326
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:38,600
that connected distant regions 
for the first time. 

5327
04:53:39,700 --> 04:53:44,500
Products ideas, people and 
diseases began flowing around 

5328
04:53:44,500 --> 04:53:47,800
the world in patterns that had 
never existed before. 

5329
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:53,300
This globalization had profound 
economic effects, the influx of 

5330
04:53:53,308 --> 04:53:56,800
American silver into Europe. 
Particularly from the minds of 

5331
04:53:56,808 --> 04:54:01,800
Potosi Potosi in modern Bolivia 
caused inflation and economic 

5332
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:04,800
disruption while also funding 
European expansion. 

5333
04:54:05,800 --> 04:54:08,400
The plantation economies 
established in the Americas 

5334
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:12,000
created demand for enslaved, 
African labor leading to the 

5335
04:54:12,008 --> 04:54:15,500
horrific Atlantic slave trade 
that would transport millions of

5336
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:17,200
people in Chains across the 
ocean. 

5337
04:54:17,200 --> 04:54:20,900
Over the following centuries, 
the environmental impacts were 

5338
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:25,000
equally profound European 
farming practices, animal 

5339
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:28,500
husbandry and land, use 
patterns, transformed, American,

5340
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:31,700
Landscapes, Forests were cleared
for agriculture. 

5341
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:34,600
Native species. 
Were displaced by introduced 

5342
04:54:34,600 --> 04:54:38,700
ones and ecosystems that had 
existed for Millennia were 

5343
04:54:38,700 --> 04:54:41,100
fundamentally altered within 
Generations. 

5344
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:44,500
For Spain. 
Columbus's, discoveries marked. 

5345
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:47,300
The beginning of a vast American
Empire that would last for over 

5346
04:54:47,300 --> 04:54:50,500
three centuries. 
At its height, Spanish, America 

5347
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:54,600
stretched from California. 
To Tierra del Fuego t e. 

5348
04:54:54,600 --> 04:55:01,400
I r o including most of South 
America Central, America, 

5349
04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:06,100
Mexico, the Caribbean and 
significant portions of what is 

5350
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:10,400
now, the United States. 
This Empire generated enormous 

5351
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:14,100
wealth for Spain though. 
Interestingly that wealth didn't

5352
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:16,300
translate into lasting Economic 
Development? 

5353
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:21,200
Spain in 1800 was arguably less 
economically Dynamic than it. 

5354
04:55:21,208 --> 04:55:26,300
Had been in 1500 suggesting that
sometimes sudden wealth can be 

5355
04:55:26,308 --> 04:55:28,300
as disruptive as it is 
beneficial. 

5356
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:32,700
Columbus himself made three more
voyages to the Americas after 

5357
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:36,300
1492. 
Exploring more of the Caribbean 

5358
04:55:36,300 --> 04:55:39,800
the coast of Central America and
the northern coast of South 

5359
04:55:39,800 --> 04:55:42,400
America. 
Each Voyage brought new 

5360
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:44,400
discoveries but also increasing 
frustration. 

5361
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:48,200
He never found the wealthy Asian
civilizations. 

5362
04:55:48,200 --> 04:55:51,800
He expected. the settlements he 
established struggled with 

5363
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:56,700
disease, hunger and conflict 
with indigenous people's His 

5364
04:55:56,700 --> 04:55:59,400
administrative abilities. 
As Governor didn't match his 

5365
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:01,600
skills as Navigator and 
Explorer. 

5366
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:06,200
Columbus's later years were 
marked by declining Royal favor.

5367
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:08,800
Legal battles over the 
Privileges. 

5368
04:56:08,800 --> 04:56:12,500
He'd been promised and growing 
bitterness about not receiving 

5369
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:18,300
what he felt, he deserved. 
He died in 1506 still believe in

5370
04:56:18,300 --> 04:56:21,100
he'd reached Asia. 
Never understanding that he'd 

5371
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:23,600
actually encountered two. 
Continents entirely on known to 

5372
04:56:23,600 --> 04:56:27,400
European geography. 
His reputation has fluctuated 

5373
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:30,900
wildly over the centuries in the
19th century. 

5374
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:34,400
He was celebrated as a Visionary
hero, who opened a new world. 

5375
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:38,800
In recent decades, he's been 
more critically examined as 

5376
04:56:38,800 --> 04:56:42,900
someone whose voyages initiated 
Conquest colonization and 

5377
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:47,600
cultural destruction. 
Both views contain truth though.

5378
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:50,300
Neither captures the full 
complexity of what actually 

5379
04:56:50,300 --> 04:56:53,300
happened. 
Perhaps the most accurate way to

5380
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:56,200
think about Columbus is as 
someone who was simultaneously. 

5381
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,800
Brave, stubborn Visionary and 
deeply flawed. 

5382
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:02,100
Someone whose achievement was 
real. 

5383
04:57:02,100 --> 04:57:05,800
But whose understanding of what 
he'd achieved was limited and 

5384
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:09,600
whose voyages had consequences, 
far beyond anything he intended 

5385
04:57:09,600 --> 04:57:14,100
or could have imagined. 
The 1492 Voyage was the end of a

5386
04:57:14,100 --> 04:57:15,600
story. 
But the beginning of many 

5387
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:20,400
stories, stories of exploration 
and exploitation cultural 

5388
04:57:20,400 --> 04:57:23,500
exchange and cultural 
destruction economic 

5389
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:28,300
transformational change. 
These stories are still playing 

5390
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:31,400
out today. 
When you eat a tomato ride, a 

5391
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,600
horse or use a word borrowed 
from a Native American language,

5392
04:57:34,600 --> 04:57:38,100
your participating in exchanges 
that began with Columbus's 

5393
04:57:38,100 --> 04:57:41,500
voyage across the Atlantic, As 
we approach the end of our 

5394
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:45,300
journey through 1492. 
Let's slow down and consider 

5395
04:57:45,300 --> 04:57:48,800
some of the small human details.
That often get lost in the 

5396
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:52,800
grand, historical narrative. 
Because understanding The Voyage

5397
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:54,300
isn't just about dates and 
roots. 

5398
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:57,500
It's about imagining. 
What the experience was actually

5399
04:57:57,500 --> 04:57:59,200
like for the people who lived 
through it. 

5400
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:04,500
Think about what it meant to be 
at sea for 33 days in 1492. 

5401
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:09,000
There was no privacy on the 
small ships, you slept in shifts

5402
04:58:09,000 --> 04:58:13,700
on the deck or in cramped spaces
below surrounded by the same few

5403
04:58:13,700 --> 04:58:17,600
dozen men day after day. 
You couldn't shower or properly,

5404
04:58:17,600 --> 04:58:21,700
bathe your clothes became stiff 
with salt spray and sweat. 

5405
04:58:22,700 --> 04:58:25,800
The constant motion of the ship 
meant you were never fully still

5406
04:58:25,800 --> 04:58:29,900
even when trying to rest. 
Your hands would be rough with 

5407
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:33,400
rope Burns and calluses. 
The sun would beat down during 

5408
04:58:33,400 --> 04:58:35,400
the day. 
And at night, the temperature 

5409
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:37,800
would drop enough that you'd be 
grateful for any covering you 

5410
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:40,200
could find. 
Food was always slightly 

5411
04:58:40,200 --> 04:58:43,100
unpleasant. 
Ship's biscuit was hard enough 

5412
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,400
to break teeth, and was usually 
full of weevils that you learned

5413
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:48,300
to ignore because protein is 
protein. 

5414
04:58:49,300 --> 04:58:53,200
The Salted meat had been 
preserved for months and tasted 

5415
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:57,000
predominantly of salt. 
Requirement hours of soaking 

5416
04:58:57,000 --> 04:59:01,200
before it was remotely edible. 
Water from the barrels developed

5417
04:59:01,200 --> 04:59:05,000
an increasingly unpleasant taste
as the voyage progressed taking 

5418
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:07,500
on flavors from the wood and 
whatever. 

5419
04:59:07,500 --> 04:59:10,600
Had been stored in those barrels
before wine. 

5420
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:13,900
Helped Mask, The Taste but wine 
rations were carefully 

5421
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,400
controlled The sounds of the 
voyage would become a constant 

5422
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:20,000
backdrop. 
The creaking of wood as the ship

5423
04:59:20,000 --> 04:59:23,400
flexed in the waves. 
The snap of canvas is wind 

5424
04:59:23,400 --> 04:59:27,300
filled the sails, the splash of 
water against the hull and the 

5425
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,300
squeal of ropes under tension. 
At night. 

5426
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:33,200
These sounds would be punctuated
by the calls of the watch 

5427
04:59:33,200 --> 04:59:36,700
marking time and the occasional 
shout as someone spotted 

5428
04:59:36,700 --> 04:59:40,200
something in the darkness, 
usually nothing but imagination 

5429
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:42,900
playing tricks. 
The sailors would have developed

5430
04:59:42,900 --> 04:59:45,500
rituals and superstitions to 
manage their anxiety. 

5431
04:59:46,700 --> 04:59:49,700
Seeing a shark following, the 
ship might be interpreted as a 

5432
04:59:49,700 --> 04:59:53,000
bad omen. 
Birds appearing would be taken a

5433
04:59:53,000 --> 04:59:56,600
signs of nearby land. 
Changes in watercolor floating 

5434
04:59:56,600 --> 05:00:00,000
seaweed or shifts and wind 
direction, would all be analyzed

5435
05:00:00,000 --> 05:00:04,300
and discussed endlessly. when 
you have nothing to do but sale 

5436
05:00:04,300 --> 05:00:09,100
and worry every detail becomes 
significant Columbus himself 

5437
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:11,100
probably slept little during the
voyage. 

5438
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:14,500
As Commander, he felt 
responsible, for every decision,

5439
05:00:14,500 --> 05:00:18,400
every course correction and 
every interpretation of wind and

5440
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,200
weather. 
His cabin on the Santa Maria was

5441
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,400
probably barely large enough to 
lie down in and he would have 

5442
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:28,000
spent most of his time on Deck 
Consulting with his Pilots, 

5443
05:00:28,000 --> 05:00:31,700
checking instruments and 
projecting confidence, even when

5444
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,500
he might have felt doubt. 
The moment when Rodrigo de 

5445
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,800
Triana spotted, land must have 
been Electric. after weeks of 

5446
05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:44,900
tension and increasing doubt, 
suddenly there it was Proof that

5447
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:48,600
Columbus's calculations. 
However, flawed had led them to 

5448
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:52,300
land rather than Doom. 
The relief must have been 

5449
05:00:52,300 --> 05:00:55,000
overwhelming. 
Men who had been contemplating 

5450
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:58,600
Mutiny, was suddenly Vindicated 
for continuing, The Impossible 

5451
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:00,900
had become real visible on the 
horizon. 

5452
05:01:02,200 --> 05:01:06,000
Walking On Solid Ground after 33
days at Sea produces. 

5453
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:10,200
A strange sensation, your body 
has a gaped to constant motion 

5454
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:13,000
and suddenly, the Earth feels 
like it's swaying. 

5455
05:01:13,000 --> 05:01:16,700
Even though it's perfectly 
still. this phenomenon which 

5456
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:20,000
Sailors call land legs, would 
have made those first steps on 

5457
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:24,200
the beach of San Salvador, feel 
unsteady and dreamlike The sand 

5458
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:28,000
would have felt impossibly soft 
compared to wooden decks the 

5459
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:30,500
smell of vegetation and Earth 
would have been almost 

5460
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,200
overwhelming after weeks of 
smelling nothing. 

5461
05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:37,700
But salt water and unwashed Men.
The encounter with the Taino 

5462
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:39,800
people must have been profound 
for both groups. 

5463
05:01:40,600 --> 05:01:44,100
Imagine being a teeno person on 
guanahani, that October morning.

5464
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:48,100
You're going about your usual 
activities when suddenly you see

5465
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,800
something impossible floating 
houses with enormous white 

5466
05:01:51,800 --> 05:01:55,200
Wings, approaching your Island. 
People emerge from these 

5467
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:57,300
floating houses dressed in 
bizarre. 

5468
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,600
Colorful clothing, that covers 
their entire bodies. 

5469
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:04,500
They have hair on their faces, 
which seems strange and somewhat

5470
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,600
unsettling. 
The carry metal objects that 

5471
05:02:07,600 --> 05:02:09,800
shine in the sun, like nothing 
you've ever seen. 

5472
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:13,300
These strangers make sound that 
aren't quite language. 

5473
05:02:13,300 --> 05:02:15,200
They don't know any of the 
words, you know? 

5474
05:02:15,200 --> 05:02:16,900
And you don't know any of 
theirs. 

5475
05:02:16,900 --> 05:02:21,000
They seem friendly but also 
somewhat aggressive, claiming 

5476
05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:23,600
ownership of things that clearly
already belong to your people. 

5477
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:27,900
They're fascinated by small 
amounts of gold that you wear as

5478
05:02:27,900 --> 05:02:30,700
ornaments, but see money 
interested in things that have 

5479
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:34,600
real value in your culture. 
From the Spanish perspective, 

5480
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:39,200
the Taino seem to be living in a
kind of Eden, warm, climate, 

5481
05:02:39,200 --> 05:02:43,100
abundant food, no obvious 
poverty, or Warfare. 

5482
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:47,600
But they also seemed naive and 
unsophisticated by European 

5483
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:51,300
standards lacking. 
The metal tools complex 

5484
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:54,500
architecture and obvious 
accumulation of wealth that 

5485
05:02:54,508 --> 05:02:59,100
Europeans associated with 
civilization, This initial 

5486
05:02:59,100 --> 05:03:02,000
impression would shape European 
attitudes toward indigenous 

5487
05:03:02,000 --> 05:03:05,100
Americans for Centuries with 
tragic consequences. 

5488
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:08,800
The parrots that Columbus 
brought back to Spain, must have

5489
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:12,400
caused a sensation. 
Imagine being a Spanish peasant 

5490
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,700
who never left your village. 
Who'd never seen any bird more 

5491
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:19,300
exotic than a peacock suddenly 
seeing these brilliantly colored

5492
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:21,300
creatures. 
That could mimic human speech. 

5493
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:25,600
It would have seemed like magic 
like proof that the world 

5494
05:03:25,600 --> 05:03:28,000
contained wonders. 
You'd never imagined. 

5495
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:31,300
The Taino people Columbus 
brought back experienced. 

5496
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:34,800
Even more profound displacement,
They went from tropical 

5497
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:39,000
Caribbean islands to the Cold 
Stone cities of Spain, from a 

5498
05:03:39,008 --> 05:03:40,900
society. 
They understood to one where 

5499
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:43,200
everything was strange and often
incomprehensible. 

5500
05:03:44,400 --> 05:03:47,900
They were displayed at court 
like, curiosity's, baptized as 

5501
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:50,900
Christians, whether they 
understood what that meant and 

5502
05:03:50,900 --> 05:03:54,300
most of them, probably died far 
from home, the victims of 

5503
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:57,700
European diseases, or simply the
stress of total cultural 

5504
05:03:57,700 --> 05:04:00,800
displacement. 
As we near the end of our time 

5505
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:03,600
together tonight, it's worth 
acknowledging, that despite 

5506
05:04:03,600 --> 05:04:06,400
centuries of scholarship, 
they're still much about the 

5507
05:04:06,400 --> 05:04:09,500
1492. 
Voyage that remains uncertain or

5508
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:14,000
contested history isn't as tidy 
as we sometimes, pretend and 

5509
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:17,100
honest historians admit what 
they don't know, alongside what 

5510
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:19,600
they do. 
We don't know exactly which 

5511
05:04:19,600 --> 05:04:21,100
island, Columbus first landed 
on. 

5512
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:25,200
San Salvador is the traditional 
identification, but some 

5513
05:04:25,200 --> 05:04:27,900
Scholars argue, for other 
islands in the Bahamas, based on

5514
05:04:27,900 --> 05:04:31,400
different interpretations of 
Columbus's, descriptions the 

5515
05:04:31,400 --> 05:04:33,800
landmarks, he described. 
Don't perfectly match. 

5516
05:04:33,800 --> 05:04:37,200
Any single Island, possibly 
because coastlines have changed 

5517
05:04:37,200 --> 05:04:40,900
over five centuries or because 
his observations were as precise

5518
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:43,700
as we'd like or because 
translation and transmission 

5519
05:04:43,700 --> 05:04:46,400
have introduced errors in to the
surviving texts. 

5520
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:50,000
We don't know exactly how many 
people lived in the Americas 

5521
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:54,000
before European contact. 
Estimates range from perhaps 50 

5522
05:04:54,100 --> 05:04:57,900
million to over 100 million. 
The pre-contact population 

5523
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:00,400
figures are notoriously 
difficult to establish. 

5524
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,600
We know the population collapse 
catastrophically after contact. 

5525
05:05:05,400 --> 05:05:07,900
But we're less certain about 
what it was before that 

5526
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:10,800
collapse. 
We don't fully understand what 

5527
05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:14,600
Columbus was thinking during his
late Year's his writings from 

5528
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:18,300
that period, combined religious 
mysticism bitter complaints 

5529
05:05:18,300 --> 05:05:22,500
about not receiving his promised
rewards and continued insistence

5530
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,700
that he'd reached Asia. 
Was he genuinely convinced he'd 

5531
05:05:26,700 --> 05:05:29,900
found the Indians or did he 
gradually come to suspect? 

5532
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:33,400
He'd found something else we 
couldn't admit it without 

5533
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:37,200
undermining his own claims, 
we'll probably never know for 

5534
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:39,300
certain. 
We also don't know what the 

5535
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:41,900
Taino people really thought 
about the Spanish arrival 

5536
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,500
because we only have Spanish 
accounts of these early 

5537
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:47,900
encounters. 
The Taino had no writing system 

5538
05:05:47,900 --> 05:05:51,600
and Spanish observers 
interpreted Taino reactions 

5539
05:05:51,600 --> 05:05:53,100
through their own cultural 
assumptions. 

5540
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:57,800
When the Taino seemed friendly 
and generous, was that their 

5541
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:01,100
genuine response or a diplomatic
strategy for dealing with 

5542
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:05,500
potentially dangerous strangers.
When they pointed Columbus 

5543
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:09,200
toward other Islands were they 
genuinely directing him toward 

5544
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:14,000
goal or trying to send him away.
Teeno voice is largely absent 

5545
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:16,000
from his historical records 
though. 

5546
05:06:16,000 --> 05:06:18,700
Archaeologists and 
anthropologists continue working

5547
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:21,300
to reconstruct their culture 
from Material evidence. 

5548
05:06:22,300 --> 05:06:24,900
There's also ongoing debate 
about whether Columbus should be

5549
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:27,300
celebrated condemned or 
something in between. 

5550
05:06:28,200 --> 05:06:30,100
This isn't just an academic 
question. 

5551
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:35,000
It affects how we name holidays?
What we teach in schools and how

5552
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:38,700
we think about the origins of 
the modern America's Some people

5553
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:42,800
emphasize his courage and 
navigational skill his role in 

5554
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:44,900
connecting previously isolated 
hemispheres. 

5555
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:48,500
Others emphasize the devastating
consequences. 

5556
05:06:48,500 --> 05:06:51,000
His voyages had for indigenous 
peoples. 

5557
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:54,400
The beginning of centuries of 
conquest and exploitation. 

5558
05:06:55,600 --> 05:06:58,300
Perhaps the most honest answer 
is that Columbus was neither 

5559
05:06:58,300 --> 05:07:02,500
hero nor villain but something 
more, human and complicated. 

5560
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:06,100
Someone who achieved something, 
remarkable through a combination

5561
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:10,700
of skill stubbornness and 
favorable circumstances, whose 

5562
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:14,200
achievement had consequences, 
far beyond anything he intended 

5563
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:16,700
or understood. 
He wasn't trying to destroy 

5564
05:07:16,700 --> 05:07:20,100
indigenous civilizations or 
transform Global ecosystems. 

5565
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,400
He was trying to find a shortcut
to Asia and make his fortune. 

5566
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,400
But intention and consequences 
are different things and we have

5567
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:30,700
to Grapple with both. 
As you prepare to Drift Off to 

5568
05:07:30,708 --> 05:07:33,100
Sleep. 
Here's a final thought about the

5569
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:36,600
1492 Voyage. 
It's real significance. 

5570
05:07:36,600 --> 05:07:38,300
Wasn't in what Columbus 
intended. 

5571
05:07:38,300 --> 05:07:42,500
But in what he accidentally 
started, He intended to reach 

5572
05:07:42,500 --> 05:07:45,000
Asia. 
He accidentally encountered two 

5573
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:46,700
continents. 
That Europeans didn't know 

5574
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:49,700
existed. 
He intended to establish a quick

5575
05:07:49,700 --> 05:07:53,800
trade route for spices, he 
accidentally initiated centuries

5576
05:07:53,800 --> 05:07:57,800
of cultural, exchange conflict, 
and transformation, that 

5577
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,800
reshaped the entire world. 
He intended to make his fortune 

5578
05:08:01,800 --> 05:08:05,800
and secure his legacy. 
He partially succeeded at both, 

5579
05:08:05,800 --> 05:08:10,500
though, not in ways, he expected
and his legacy remains deeply 

5580
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:14,200
contested five centuries. 
Later, the voyage reminds us 

5581
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:18,000
that human actions often have 
unintended consequences and that

5582
05:08:18,000 --> 05:08:20,900
the most historically 
significant events aren't always

5583
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:23,300
the ones that people at the time
thought were most important. 

5584
05:08:24,600 --> 05:08:29,000
Those 90 Sailors departing 
Palace in August 1492. 

5585
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:32,200
Probably thought they were 
embarking on a risky trading 

5586
05:08:32,200 --> 05:08:34,500
Expedition. 
That would either make them rich

5587
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:37,600
or kill them. 
They had no idea. 

5588
05:08:37,600 --> 05:08:40,200
They were beginning a process 
that would transform the entire 

5589
05:08:40,200 --> 05:08:43,100
human world. 
It's humbling in a way. 

5590
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:47,400
We make our decisions based on 
our limited understanding, our 

5591
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:50,500
immediate goals and the 
knowledge of available to us. 

5592
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:54,300
We can't predict how those 
decisions will echo through time

5593
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:56,300
or what their long term 
consequences will be. 

5594
05:08:57,200 --> 05:08:59,800
Columbus couldn't have predicted
that his voyage would lead to 

5595
05:08:59,808 --> 05:09:02,300
the potato, becoming a staple 
food in Ireland. 

5596
05:09:02,300 --> 05:09:06,900
All the horses were transformed 
life for planes in Indians all 

5597
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:08,600
that. 
The mixing of human populations 

5598
05:09:08,600 --> 05:09:11,600
from different continents, would
create the diverse society that 

5599
05:09:11,600 --> 05:09:14,500
existed today. 
But here's something more 

5600
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:17,400
hopeful while we can't predict 
consequences. 

5601
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,500
We can think about the values 
that guide our decisions. 

5602
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:26,000
Columbus was motivated primarily
by ambition wealth and religious

5603
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:28,700
conviction. 
We might choose different 

5604
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:32,300
motivations, curiosity 
compassion, sustainability and 

5605
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:35,200
Justice. 
We can't control what happens, 

5606
05:09:35,200 --> 05:09:38,600
centuries after a gone. 
But we can try to make choices 

5607
05:09:38,600 --> 05:09:40,400
that reflect what we think is 
important. 

5608
05:09:41,600 --> 05:09:45,800
Story of 1492 is ultimately a 
story about humans venturing 

5609
05:09:45,800 --> 05:09:50,700
into uncertainty with incomplete
information and making decisions

5610
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:54,200
that seem reasonable at the time
but have unpredictable results. 

5611
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,000
That's not just history. 
That's life. 

5612
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:01,300
Every day all of us make small 
decisions that have Ripple 

5613
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:02,900
effects. 
We can't fully anticipate. 

5614
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:07,200
We do our best with what we know
and hope that our best is good 

5615
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,600
enough. 
So as you close your eyes to 

5616
05:10:09,608 --> 05:10:13,100
night, you might think about 
those three small ships sailing 

5617
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:17,300
west across an ocean that seemed
endless carrying, people who are

5618
05:10:17,300 --> 05:10:20,300
frightened and hopeful and 
determined heading toward a 

5619
05:10:20,308 --> 05:10:22,900
destination. 
They completely misunderstood, 

5620
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:26,300
but reached anywhere, it's a 
reminder that sometimes things 

5621
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:29,200
work out despite our 
misunderstanding and that the 

5622
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:31,900
journey itself. 
However, uncomfortable and 

5623
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:35,300
uncertain, Can be a significant 
as the destination. 

5624
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:39,200
The Atlantic Ocean still 
connects Europe and the Americas

5625
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:42,600
cross. 
Now by planes in hours rather 

5626
05:10:42,600 --> 05:10:47,300
than ships in weeks, but the 
fundamental Human Experience of 

5627
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:51,600
venturing into uncertainty 
hoping for the best and dealing 

5628
05:10:51,600 --> 05:10:55,800
with unexpected consequences 
remains remarkably unchanged, 

5629
05:10:56,600 --> 05:11:00,000
We're all in our own ways 
sailing into unknown, Waters 

5630
05:11:00,000 --> 05:11:04,400
Guided by imperfect knowledge 
and hoping will find land on the

5631
05:11:04,408 --> 05:11:07,500
other side. 
Sweet dreams fellow traveler 

5632
05:11:07,500 --> 05:11:10,100
may, your own Voyage is whatever
they might be. 

5633
05:11:10,100 --> 05:11:14,000
Bring you safely to Shores your 
happy to discover and may the 

5634
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:16,700
consequences of your Journeys. 
Be once you can live with 

5635
05:11:16,700 --> 05:11:21,300
peaceful. 
The story of 1492 is over, but 

5636
05:11:21,300 --> 05:11:24,800
your own story continues and who
knows what new world you might 

5637
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:27,700
discover in the days ahead. 
Rest. 

5638
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:32,200
Well tomorrow is another Voyage 
but tonight you can simply drift

5639
05:11:32,200 --> 05:11:35,900
on gentle waves toward the 
peaceful shores of sleep knowing

5640
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,700
that humans have always ventured
into the unknown and somehow 

5641
05:11:39,700 --> 05:11:47,300
remarkably kept moving forward. 
Picture. 

5642
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:51,500
This it's 1955 and you're 
walking through Indianapolis on 

5643
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:55,400
a Sunday morning, the air smells
like coffee and car exhaust and 

5644
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:57,900
somewhere in the distance, you 
can hear the familiar sound of 

5645
05:11:57,900 --> 05:12:00,900
church bells. 
But if you follow a different 

5646
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:03,300
sound, the one that's part, 
Revival meeting part theater 

5647
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:06,000
performance. 
You'll find yourself outside a 

5648
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:07,700
modest building. 
Where something unusual is 

5649
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:10,700
happening. 
Inside a young man, adorned with

5650
05:12:10,708 --> 05:12:14,000
slicked back, hair and thick 
glasses is performing an act 

5651
05:12:14,000 --> 05:12:15,800
that would cause your 
grandmother to tremble. 

5652
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:18,500
He's preaching to a 
congregation, that looks like a 

5653
05:12:18,508 --> 05:12:21,900
rainbow black folks, and white 
folks, all sitting together, 

5654
05:12:21,900 --> 05:12:26,200
like, it's the most natural 
thing in the world in 1955, in 

5655
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,400
Indianapolis, this event was 
about as radical as announcing 

5656
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:33,200
you discovered Life on Mars. 
Even then it was evident that 

5657
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:35,100
Jim Jones was not your typical 
preacher. 

5658
05:12:36,200 --> 05:12:38,900
He had this way of speaking that
made people lean forward in this

5659
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:41,700
seats like he was sharing 
secrets from the universe 

5660
05:12:41,700 --> 05:12:44,300
itself. 
When he talked about building a 

5661
05:12:44,300 --> 05:12:47,500
better world, his voice carried 
the kind of conviction that 

5662
05:12:47,500 --> 05:12:50,400
made, you want to believe him 
even if you weren't sure what 

5663
05:12:50,400 --> 05:12:53,800
exactly you were believing in. 
You see Jones had figured out 

5664
05:12:53,800 --> 05:12:56,600
something that politicians and 
snake, oil salesmen have known 

5665
05:12:56,600 --> 05:12:59,500
for centuries. 
People are hungry for belonging,

5666
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,500
not just the Casual, hey, how's 
your weekend? 

5667
05:13:02,500 --> 05:13:05,500
Kind of belonging. 
But the Deep soul level kind, 

5668
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:07,800
that makes you feel like you 
finally found your tribe. 

5669
05:13:08,800 --> 05:13:11,900
In the 1950s America. 
The hunger for belonging was 

5670
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:16,400
particularly acute due to its 
rigid social rules and invisible

5671
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:19,800
but very real barriers. 
Jones called his church. 

5672
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:22,800
The people's Temple, which 
sounds innocent enough Until you

5673
05:13:22,800 --> 05:13:26,400
realize he chose that name. 
Very deliberately Not God's 

5674
05:13:26,400 --> 05:13:29,700
Temple or Christ Temple but 
people's Temple. 

5675
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,000
He was positioning himself as 
the pastor of humanity itself 

5676
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:35,300
though. 
At the time, it probably just 

5677
05:13:35,300 --> 05:13:36,700
sounded Progressive and 
inclusive. 

5678
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:39,200
The man had a gift for reading 
people. 

5679
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:41,600
Like they were open books. 
He'd spot. 

5680
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,700
The lonely Widow in the third 
row, the young couple struggling

5681
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,300
to make ends meet and the 
teenager who felt like an 

5682
05:13:47,300 --> 05:13:51,100
outsider everywhere else and 
somehow he'd make each of them 

5683
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:53,700
feel like they were the most 
important person in the room. 

5684
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,200
It was like watching a Master 
Chef work, you couldn't quite 

5685
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:00,500
see all the ingredients going 
into the dish but the result was

5686
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:04,800
undeniably appealing. 
What made Jones particularly 

5687
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:07,200
dangerous? 
Wasn't that he was obviously 

5688
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:09,700
evil. 
Those types are easy to spot 

5689
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:12,000
coming. 
It was that he genuinely seemed 

5690
05:14:12,000 --> 05:14:15,300
to care about social justice. 
He was advocating for racial 

5691
05:14:15,300 --> 05:14:17,500
equality decades before it was 
fashionable. 

5692
05:14:17,500 --> 05:14:20,700
Running soup kitchens and taking
in foster children. 

5693
05:14:21,700 --> 05:14:25,000
If you were keeping score of 
Good, Deeds versus red flags in 

5694
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:27,600
those early days, The Good Deeds
were winning by a landslide. 

5695
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,900
The thing about charismatic 
leaders, they're like those 

5696
05:14:31,900 --> 05:14:34,600
Russian nesting dolls. 
You think, you know who they 

5697
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,200
are, but then you find another 
version inside. 

5698
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:41,100
And another inside that Jones, 
the Civil Rights Advocate 

5699
05:14:41,100 --> 05:14:44,600
contained Jones. 
The control Enthusiast Jones. 

5700
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:47,700
The megalomaniac contained 
something much darker that 

5701
05:14:47,700 --> 05:14:52,300
wouldn't fully emerge until much
later in the early 1960s Jones. 

5702
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:54,100
Relocated his operations to 
California. 

5703
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:57,800
Deciding that it would be more 
advantageous to establish a 

5704
05:14:57,800 --> 05:15:00,800
Utopian community, in a state 
with favorable weather 

5705
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:03,300
conditions. 
He set up shop in Redwood 

5706
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:05,500
Valley, a small town in northern
California. 

5707
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:08,400
That was about as far from the 
urban chaos of the era as you 

5708
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:10,600
could get, without actually 
leaving civilization. 

5709
05:15:12,200 --> 05:15:15,000
The temple was growing and with 
it Jones's Ambitions. 

5710
05:15:15,000 --> 05:15:17,600
He wasn't content to just run a 
church anymore. 

5711
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,000
He wanted to create a whole new 
way of living. 

5712
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:24,100
He started talking about 
Apostolic socialism, which was 

5713
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:28,000
basically Christianity mixed 
with communist ideals seasoned 

5714
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:29,900
with a healthy dose of Jim Jones
worship. 

5715
05:15:30,900 --> 05:15:33,500
It seemed as though someone had 
Blended traditional religion, 

5716
05:15:33,500 --> 05:15:37,100
political revolution, and a 
personality cult to the utmost 

5717
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:39,300
degree. 
And people were buying it. 

5718
05:15:39,300 --> 05:15:42,700
Hundreds of people, not just a 
handful were embracing it. 

5719
05:15:43,500 --> 05:15:46,000
They were selling their houses, 
quitting their jobs and moving 

5720
05:15:46,000 --> 05:15:48,700
to be closer to the temple. 
They were turning over their 

5721
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:51,900
Social Security checks, their 
savings accounts and their trust

5722
05:15:51,900 --> 05:15:54,000
funds. 
They were signing custody of 

5723
05:15:54,000 --> 05:15:56,800
their children over to Jones. 
You might be wondering how 

5724
05:15:56,800 --> 05:16:00,600
intelligent capable adults could
make such drastic decisions but 

5725
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:03,500
that's the thing about gradual 
persuasion, it's like gaining 

5726
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:05,600
weight. 
You don't notice it happening 

5727
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:08,200
until one day you realize your 
pants don't fit anymore. 

5728
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,800
Imagine you're feeling lost in 
your life, maybe your recently 

5729
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:14,900
divorced, or you've just lost a 
job or your dealing with the 

5730
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,500
kind of depression that makes 
getting out of bed feel like 

5731
05:16:17,500 --> 05:16:20,500
climbing Everest. 
Then someone comes along who not

5732
05:16:20,500 --> 05:16:24,100
only understands your pain but 
also offers you a purpose, a 

5733
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:26,100
family, and a chance to change 
the world. 

5734
05:16:27,000 --> 05:16:29,300
Delivered by someone who seems 
to have all the answers. 

5735
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:31,500
That's a pretty compelling sales
pitch. 

5736
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:35,400
Jones had mastered a technique 
that psychologists now refer to 

5737
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:38,100
as love bombing. 
But back then, people simply 

5738
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:40,000
refer to it as incredibly 
welcoming. 

5739
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:43,500
New members were showered with 
attention given important 

5740
05:16:43,500 --> 05:16:46,300
sounding roles and made to feel 
like they were part of something

5741
05:16:46,300 --> 05:16:48,900
historic. 
It was like being invited to the

5742
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:52,500
coolest party in town except the
party never ended and gradually 

5743
05:16:52,500 --> 05:16:54,100
you realized, you weren't 
allowed to leave. 

5744
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,900
The temples daily routine was 
designed to keep people busy and

5745
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:00,100
connected. 
There were meetings every night 

5746
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:04,100
work projects during the day and
social activities that filled 

5747
05:17:04,100 --> 05:17:05,500
up. 
Any remaining free time. 

5748
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:07,500
It was like being at summer 
camp. 

5749
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:10,900
If summer camp lasted forever 
and the counselors gradually 

5750
05:17:10,900 --> 05:17:12,600
took over every aspect of your 
life. 

5751
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,400
Jones was particularly skilled 
at creating artificial urgency. 

5752
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:20,300
He'd receive Visions about 
impending nuclear war, or he 

5753
05:17:20,300 --> 05:17:23,300
discovered plots, by government 
agencies, to destroy the temple,

5754
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:27,300
these crises always seem to 
require immediate action usually

5755
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:30,200
involving more commitment, more 
donations, or more isolation 

5756
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:33,000
from the outside world. 
It was like watching someone 

5757
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:35,300
play a video game where the 
difficulty level kept 

5758
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:38,200
increasing, except the players 
didn't realize they were playing

5759
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:41,300
a game. 
The social dynamics within the 

5760
05:17:41,300 --> 05:17:44,900
temple were fascinating in a 
disturbing way, Jones had 

5761
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:48,200
created a system where loyalty 
to him was rewarded with status 

5762
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:51,300
and privilege, while questioning
anything was treated as a 

5763
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:55,200
character flaw that needed to be
corrected Public confession 

5764
05:17:55,200 --> 05:17:57,500
sessions. 
Became a regular feature, where 

5765
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:00,300
members would admit to thoughts 
or behaviors that showed 

5766
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:02,000
insufficient Devotion to the 
cause. 

5767
05:18:02,800 --> 05:18:05,700
It was akin to group therapy, 
but in stead of promoting 

5768
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:08,700
healing its systematically 
undermined individuals. 

5769
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:11,400
What's particularly chilling, is
how Jones? 

5770
05:18:11,400 --> 05:18:13,800
Use genuine social problems to 
justify? 

5771
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:17,800
Increasingly Extreme Measures. 
He'd point to racism poverty and

5772
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:20,600
violence in the outside world as
evidence that the temple was the

5773
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:22,000
only safe space for his 
followers. 

5774
05:18:22,800 --> 05:18:25,900
Every news story about social 
unrest became proof that he was 

5775
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:28,100
right about the need for radical
change. 

5776
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:31,400
It was like he was using the 
world's problems as marketing 

5777
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:35,700
material for his cult. 
By the mid-1970s Jones had 

5778
05:18:35,700 --> 05:18:39,200
perfected what he called. 
Revolutionary suicide, the idea 

5779
05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:41,700
that dying for the cause was 
more noble than living in a 

5780
05:18:41,708 --> 05:18:44,300
corrupt World. 
He'd have members drink, what 

5781
05:18:44,300 --> 05:18:46,600
they thought was poisoned in 
fake drills to test their 

5782
05:18:46,600 --> 05:18:49,700
commitment. 
It was like fire drills except 

5783
05:18:49,700 --> 05:18:52,800
instead of preparing for an 
emergency, they were rehearsing 

5784
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:56,200
for mass suicide. 
The temples Financial operations

5785
05:18:56,200 --> 05:18:59,900
were equally sophisticated Jones
had convinced hundreds of people

5786
05:18:59,900 --> 05:19:03,200
to sign over their Social 
Security checks, their pensions 

5787
05:19:03,200 --> 05:19:06,700
and their property Deeds. 
The organization was pulling in 

5788
05:19:06,700 --> 05:19:10,000
millions of dollars annually, 
which gave Jones enormous, power

5789
05:19:10,000 --> 05:19:12,600
and influence. 
He used this money to buy 

5790
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:16,900
politicians silence critics, and
create an image of the temple as

5791
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:19,200
a legitimate social justice 
organization. 

5792
05:19:19,200 --> 05:19:22,900
Meanwhile Jones himself was 
becoming increasingly paranoid 

5793
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:25,400
and unstable. 
He was addicted to prescription 

5794
05:19:25,400 --> 05:19:28,700
drugs sleeping, very little and 
becoming convinced that 

5795
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,300
government agents were 
infiltrating his organization. 

5796
05:19:32,300 --> 05:19:36,000
But instead of seeking help, he 
used his paranoia to justify, 

5797
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:38,200
even more extreme control over 
his followers. 

5798
05:19:38,900 --> 05:19:41,400
It was like watching someone's 
mental health deteriorate in 

5799
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:45,200
real time, except hundreds of 
people were dependent on him for

5800
05:19:45,200 --> 05:19:48,500
their sense of reality. 
The most tragic part was how to 

5801
05:19:48,500 --> 05:19:51,300
convince his followers that 
their love for him was actually 

5802
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:54,400
love for Humanity. 
He'd created a system where 

5803
05:19:54,400 --> 05:19:57,700
caring about your own family, 
your own needs, or your own 

5804
05:19:57,700 --> 05:20:01,600
future was seen as selfish. 
The only acceptable form of love

5805
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:04,800
was Devotion to the cause which 
meant Devotion to Jim Jones. 

5806
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:09,000
It was emotional manipulation to
spiritual enlightenment. 

5807
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:14,400
By 1977 Jones was facing 
increasing scrutiny from former 

5808
05:20:14,400 --> 05:20:17,000
members investigative 
journalists and government 

5809
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:19,800
agencies. 
His response wasn't to address 

5810
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:23,200
the legitimate concerns being 
raised, but to plan an escape 

5811
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:26,600
he'd been working on an 
agricultural project in Guyana, 

5812
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:31,000
a remote South American country,
He called it Jones town because 

5813
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:33,300
apparently modesty wasn't one of
his virtues. 

5814
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:36,800
Temple members presented the 
move to Guyana as the ultimate 

5815
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,100
expression of their commitment 
to building a better world. 

5816
05:20:39,900 --> 05:20:42,100
They were going to create a 
socialist Paradise in the 

5817
05:20:42,100 --> 05:20:45,600
jungle, free from the racism and
oppression of American society. 

5818
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:49,900
It sounded like an adventure a 
chance to be Pioneers in a new 

5819
05:20:49,908 --> 05:20:53,600
kind of community. 
What Jones didn't mention was 

5820
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:56,700
that, once his followers got to 
Guyana, they'd be trapped in one

5821
05:20:56,700 --> 05:21:00,200
of the most isolated places on 
Earth, completely dependent on 

5822
05:21:00,200 --> 05:21:03,600
him for survival, with no way to
leave, even if they wanted to. 

5823
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:08,200
The agricultural project was 
really a prison and the paradise

5824
05:21:08,200 --> 05:21:11,400
was about to become a nightmare.
You know how sometimes you book 

5825
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:14,100
a vacation based on pictures 
that turn out to be misleading. 

5826
05:21:14,100 --> 05:21:18,500
Well, imagine if instead of a 
disappointing hotel room, he 

5827
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:21,500
ended up in a jungle clearing 
with basic, wooden buildings, no

5828
05:21:21,500 --> 05:21:24,000
electricity. 
And the nearest neighbor about A

5829
05:21:24,000 --> 05:21:26,900
Million Miles Away. 
That's essentially what happened

5830
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:31,500
to the nearly 1,000 people who 
moved to Jonestown between 1977 

5831
05:21:31,500 --> 05:21:35,700
and 1978. 
Jones had been working on this 

5832
05:21:35,700 --> 05:21:38,800
Guyana project for years, 
selling it to his followers, as 

5833
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:41,700
their chance to build a 
socialist Utopia away from the 

5834
05:21:41,700 --> 05:21:44,000
racial tensions and political 
problems of America. 

5835
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:49,300
The brochures and yes, there 
were actually brochures showed 

5836
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,400
smiling, people working in Lush 
Gardens children, playing 

5837
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:55,000
happily and everyone living in 
harmony with nature. 

5838
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:57,900
Project appeared to be a hybrid 
of a farming. 

5839
05:21:57,900 --> 05:22:02,400
Commune and a tropical resort. 
The reality was more akin to a 

5840
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:04,200
hybrid of a prison camp and a 
survival show. 

5841
05:22:04,200 --> 05:22:07,800
The buildings were basic wooden 
structures that let in every bug

5842
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:11,400
snake and tropical disease, the 
jungle had to offer the promised

5843
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:14,300
agricultural Paradise was mostly
cleared land where crops 

5844
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:16,800
struggled to grow in soil, that 
hadn't been properly prepared, 

5845
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:20,600
the medical facilities, 
consisted of a small Clinic that

5846
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,500
was better equipped for treating
home sickness and tropical 

5847
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,500
diseases. 
But here's the thing about being

5848
05:22:26,500 --> 05:22:30,200
trapped in an isolated location 
with a charismatic leader, you 

5849
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:32,500
start to normalize things that 
would have seemed completely 

5850
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:36,100
insane back home. 
When Jones announced that 

5851
05:22:36,100 --> 05:22:39,400
everyone would work 12-hour days
in the fields, everyone was 

5852
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:41,200
presented as contributing to the
collective. 

5853
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:44,600
Good, his mandatory evening 
meetings, which lasted until 

5854
05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:47,600
midnight were dubbed, 
revolutionary education. 

5855
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:51,400
When he started controlling, who
could talk to whom it was 

5856
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:53,600
described as maintaining, unity 
and focus. 

5857
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:57,000
The daily routine at Jonestown 
was designed to keep people 

5858
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,500
exhausted and dependent. 
You'd wake up at 6 a.m. to the 

5859
05:23:00,508 --> 05:23:02,900
sound of Jones's voice over the 
loudspeaker system. 

5860
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:05,100
Yes. 
There were speakers throughout 

5861
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:07,600
the camp broadcasting, his 
messages constantly. 

5862
05:23:07,600 --> 05:23:10,500
After a quick breakfast of rice 
and beans. 

5863
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:13,700
The menu didn't vary much. 
You'd head to the fields for 

5864
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:15,500
manual labor. 
That would make a prison work 

5865
05:23:15,500 --> 05:23:17,200
detail. 
Look like a leisurely stroll. 

5866
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:21,100
Jones had figured out that 
physical exhaustion was one of 

5867
05:23:21,108 --> 05:23:23,000
the most effective forms of Mind
Control. 

5868
05:23:23,800 --> 05:23:27,400
When people are tired hungry and
overwhelmed, they don't have the

5869
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,400
mental energy to question, 
authority or think critically 

5870
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:33,000
about this situation. 
It's like trying to solve 

5871
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:35,900
complex math problems. 
After running a marathon your 

5872
05:23:35,900 --> 05:23:38,400
brain just doesn't have the 
resources to function properly. 

5873
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:42,400
The social dynamics in Jones 
town were even more controlling 

5874
05:23:42,400 --> 05:23:43,700
than they had been back in 
California. 

5875
05:23:44,800 --> 05:23:47,700
Jones had informant throughout 
the community who reported on 

5876
05:23:47,700 --> 05:23:51,000
anyone who expressed doubts or 
complained about conditions. 

5877
05:23:51,700 --> 05:23:54,600
Private conversations were 
discouraged and anyone caught 

5878
05:23:54,600 --> 05:23:57,700
spreading negativity would be 
subjected to public criticism, 

5879
05:23:57,700 --> 05:23:59,500
session's that could last for 
hours. 

5880
05:24:00,200 --> 05:24:03,000
It was like living in a fishbowl
except the fish were being 

5881
05:24:03,008 --> 05:24:06,300
constantly watched by other fish
who might turn them into the 

5882
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:08,100
head fish, what made the 
situation? 

5883
05:24:08,100 --> 05:24:11,800
Particularly tragic was how 
Jones used people's genuine 

5884
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:13,900
desire to help others as a 
weapon against them. 

5885
05:24:14,600 --> 05:24:17,100
He'd convinced parents that 
their children would be better 

5886
05:24:17,100 --> 05:24:20,500
off in the communal Nursery then
use the children as leverage to 

5887
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:23,400
keep the parents in line. 
He'd tell people that their 

5888
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:25,300
elderly relatives needed special
care. 

5889
05:24:25,300 --> 05:24:28,000
Then isolate those relatives. 
So they couldn't share their 

5890
05:24:28,000 --> 05:24:32,400
concerns with family members. 
The medical situation at Jones 

5891
05:24:32,400 --> 05:24:34,300
town was particularly 
disturbing. 

5892
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:38,200
Jones was consuming, massive 
quantities of prescription drugs

5893
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:42,400
stimulants to keep him awake 
sedatives to help him sleep and 

5894
05:24:42,400 --> 05:24:45,400
various other medications to 
manage his increasingly erratic 

5895
05:24:45,400 --> 05:24:48,300
Behavior. 
But instead of getting proper 

5896
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,700
treatment, he was being enabled 
by a small circle of loyalists 

5897
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,300
who had convinced themselves 
that his drug use was somehow 

5898
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,200
necessary for his leadership 
abilities. 

5899
05:24:57,100 --> 05:24:59,500
Meanwhile, the general 
population was dealing with 

5900
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:03,300
tropical diseases, malnutrition 
and injuries from the manual 

5901
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:06,400
labor all while being told that 
complaining about their health 

5902
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,500
was a sign of weakness or 
disloyalty. 

5903
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:13,200
The medical staff was 
overwhelmed and under-equipped 

5904
05:25:13,200 --> 05:25:16,700
trying to treat serious 
conditions with basic supplies 

5905
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:20,300
and no way to evacuate patients,
who needed more advanced care. 

5906
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:25,200
Jones had also instituted what 
he called extended family 

5907
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:28,800
relationships, which was really 
a system of a range Partnerships

5908
05:25:28,800 --> 05:25:31,300
designed to break down 
traditional family, bonds and 

5909
05:25:31,300 --> 05:25:34,600
increased loyalty to him. 
People were encouraged to report

5910
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:36,700
on their family members. 
If they showed signs of 

5911
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:40,000
disloyalty and children were 
taught to see Jones as their 

5912
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:42,500
primary parent figure. 
It was like, he was 

5913
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,200
systematically dismantling, 
every relationship that might 

5914
05:25:45,200 --> 05:25:48,200
compete with his authority. 
The communication with the 

5915
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:51,000
outside world was completely 
controlled by Jones and his 

5916
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:54,700
inner circle Jones and his inner
circle, centered letters home, 

5917
05:25:54,700 --> 05:25:57,900
monitored, phone calls, and 
carefully, managed visitors. 

5918
05:25:58,900 --> 05:26:01,400
Family members back in the 
United States were told that 

5919
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:03,100
their loved ones were too busy 
building. 

5920
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,100
The new community to write off 
and that they were happier than 

5921
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:09,100
they'd ever been. 
It was like an entire Community 

5922
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:12,100
had been kidnapped, but the 
kidnappers were sending cheerful

5923
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:14,300
postcards to prevent anyone from
noticing. 

5924
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:18,900
By early 1978. 
Some people were starting to 

5925
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:20,800
realize that they'd made a 
terrible mistake. 

5926
05:26:20,800 --> 05:26:24,300
But leaving Jones Town wasn't as
simple as buying a plane ticket.

5927
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:28,300
The nearest airport was hours 
away through jungle terrain and 

5928
05:26:28,300 --> 05:26:31,600
Jones had convinced the Guyanese
government that he was running a

5929
05:26:31,600 --> 05:26:34,000
legitimate agricultural project.
That deserved protect 

5930
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:36,700
protection. 
Anyone who tried to leave was 

5931
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:38,000
told. 
They were abandoning their 

5932
05:26:38,000 --> 05:26:41,700
commitment to social justice and
betraying their fellow community

5933
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:45,800
members Few individuals who 
succeeded in escaping recounted.

5934
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:47,800
Tales that appeared almost 
unreal. 

5935
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:52,500
They recounted Tales of armed 
guards, food shortages, and a 

5936
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:54,600
leader who has evidently losing 
his sense of reality. 

5937
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:58,000
However, many dismissed, their 
accounts as the complaints of 

5938
05:26:58,008 --> 05:27:01,200
individuals, unable to cope with
the challenges of establishing a

5939
05:27:01,200 --> 05:27:04,600
new Society. 
Jones, meanwhile was becoming 

5940
05:27:04,600 --> 05:27:07,300
increasingly paranoid about 
outside interference. 

5941
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:10,600
He was convinced that government
agents were planning to destroy 

5942
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,400
Jones town and he began 
preparing his followers for what

5943
05:27:13,400 --> 05:27:16,500
he called. 
Revolutionary suicide, the idea 

5944
05:27:16,500 --> 05:27:19,800
that dying for the cause was 
preferable to being captured or 

5945
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:22,800
destroyed by enemies. 
It was like, he was writing the 

5946
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:26,200
script for a tragedy and casting
his followers as the unwilling 

5947
05:27:26,200 --> 05:27:28,100
actors. 
You know that feeling when 

5948
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:31,400
you're in a relationship that's 
gone bad but you've invested so 

5949
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:33,600
much time and energy that 
leaving feels impossible. 

5950
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:37,000
Imagine a scenario where not 
only your romantic life is at 

5951
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:41,100
risk but also your entire sense 
of identity your family, your 

5952
05:27:41,100 --> 05:27:43,400
future and potentially your 
entire life. 

5953
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:47,200
That's what it was like for the 
people trapped in Jones town as 

5954
05:27:47,200 --> 05:27:50,600
1978 war on. 
By this point, Jones wasn't even

5955
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:53,000
pretending to be a legitimate 
religious leader anymore. 

5956
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:55,000
He'd started referring to 
himself. 

5957
05:27:55,000 --> 05:27:58,600
As God holding bizarre reminisce
where followers were required to

5958
05:27:58,600 --> 05:28:02,100
worship him directly. 
The man who had once preached 

5959
05:28:02,100 --> 05:28:05,400
about Christian love and social 
justice was now demanding that 

5960
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,400
people bowed down to him and 
confess their inadequacies in 

5961
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:11,900
elaborate public rituals, it was
like watching someone's ego 

5962
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,800
inflate until it consumed 
everything around it. 

5963
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:18,700
The daily routine had become a 
form of psychological torture 

5964
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:22,500
disguised as Community Building.
Jones would wake people up in 

5965
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:24,600
the middle of the night for 
emergency meetings about 

5966
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,600
imaginary threats. 
He'd force them to participate 

5967
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:31,200
in Revolutionary games that were
really exercises in human 

5968
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:34,600
relation and control, he'd 
separate families, reassign, 

5969
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,600
living arrangements, and change 
work, assignments, seemingly at 

5970
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,000
random. 
All while insisting that these 

5971
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:41,700
changes were necessary for the 
greater good. 

5972
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,200
What made the situation 
particularly cruel was how Jones

5973
05:28:46,200 --> 05:28:48,000
used people's own values against
them. 

5974
05:28:48,000 --> 05:28:51,200
He'd convinced parents that true
love meant allowing their 

5975
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:54,300
children to be raised by the 
community rather than forming 

5976
05:28:54,300 --> 05:28:57,400
selfish attachments. 
He tell people that their desire

5977
05:28:57,400 --> 05:28:59,100
to contact. 
Family members back home was 

5978
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,200
evidence of Bourgeois 
sentimentality that needed to be

5979
05:29:02,200 --> 05:29:04,700
overcome. 
He'd frame every natural human 

5980
05:29:04,700 --> 05:29:07,500
instinct as a character. 
Flaw that required correction. 

5981
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:11,700
The physical conditions at Jones
town were deteriorating rapidly.

5982
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,500
The agricultural project that 
was supposed to make the 

5983
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:16,800
community self-sufficient was 
failing, spectacularly. 

5984
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:21,100
Crops were dying equipment. 
Was breaking down and the 

5985
05:29:21,108 --> 05:29:24,200
tropical climate was proving far
more challenging than anyone had

5986
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:26,600
anticipated. 
People were losing weight, 

5987
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:29,900
getting sick and working 
themselves to exhaustion trying 

5988
05:29:29,900 --> 05:29:33,100
to meet impossible goals. 
Jones responded to these 

5989
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:35,500
failures, by blaming his 
followers for their lack of 

5990
05:29:35,508 --> 05:29:38,500
commitment. 
If the crops weren't growing it 

5991
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,400
was because people weren't 
working hard enough. 

5992
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:43,800
If people were getting sick, it 
was because they were allowing 

5993
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:45,600
negative thoughts to affect 
their health. 

5994
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:49,600
If the community wasn't thriving
it was because individuals were 

5995
05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:51,800
being selfish instead of putting
the collective. 

5996
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:56,000
Good first it was like watching 
someone set a house on fire and 

5997
05:29:56,000 --> 05:29:59,900
then blame it for burning. 
The psychological manipulation 

5998
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:02,500
had reached levels that would 
have impressed totalitarian 

5999
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:05,900
dictators Jones had created a 
system where questioning 

6000
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:07,900
anything was treated as a mental
illness. 

6001
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:10,600
Or expressing. 
Doubts was considered evidence 

6002
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:13,100
of moral weakness. 
Where the only acceptable 

6003
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:15,900
emotional was gratitude for the 
privilege of being part of his 

6004
05:30:15,900 --> 05:30:19,100
revolutionary experiment. 
People were literally being 

6005
05:30:19,100 --> 05:30:21,700
programmed to doubt their 
perceptions and instincts. 

6006
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:25,500
Meanwhile, back in the United 
States, family members were 

6007
05:30:25,500 --> 05:30:28,300
becoming increasingly concerned 
about their loved ones in Jones 

6008
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:31,600
Town, they'd formed a group 
called The concerned relatives. 

6009
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:35,500
Led by a man named Leo, Ryan who
happened to be a congressman 

6010
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:38,600
from California. 
Ryan had been hearing disturbing

6011
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:41,300
stories from people who'd 
escaped from Jonestown and he 

6012
05:30:41,308 --> 05:30:44,600
decided to investigate 
personally Jones was terrified 

6013
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:48,500
of outside scrutiny, and for 
good reason, The escapees 

6014
05:30:48,500 --> 05:30:51,300
stories, depicted a community. 
That resembled a concentration 

6015
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:53,400
camp rather than a utopian 
experiment. 

6016
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:58,000
They talked about armed guards, 
food shortages, brutal 

6017
05:30:58,000 --> 05:31:00,900
punishment, for minor 
infractions, and a leader who 

6018
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:03,500
was clearly suffering from 
severe mental illness and drug 

6019
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,300
addiction. 
The congressman's planned, visit

6020
05:31:06,300 --> 05:31:10,000
sent Jones into a panic, he knew
that if Ryan actually saw the 

6021
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:12,600
conditions at Jones town, the 
whole operation would be 

6022
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:15,900
exposed, but he also knew that 
preventing the visit would raise

6023
05:31:15,900 --> 05:31:18,900
even more suspicions. 
So he decided to put on a show 

6024
05:31:18,900 --> 05:31:22,800
cleaning up the camp, coaching 
his followers on what to say and

6025
05:31:22,800 --> 05:31:25,700
preparing for what he hoped 
would be a brief superficial 

6026
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,100
visit that would satisfy the 
congressman's Curiosity. 

6027
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:31,700
Jones underestimated, the 
willingness of some of his 

6028
05:31:31,700 --> 05:31:34,000
followers to risk everything in 
order to escape. 

6029
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,400
The Congressional visit was the 
first real chance they'd had to 

6030
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:39,900
get out. 
It was like, prisoners planning,

6031
05:31:39,900 --> 05:31:43,000
a jailbreak, except the prison 
guards, were people they'd want 

6032
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:47,100
considered friends and family. 
The tension in Jones town, 

6033
05:31:47,100 --> 05:31:49,300
during the weeks leading up to 
Ryan's visit was almost 

6034
05:31:49,300 --> 05:31:52,100
unbearable Jones. 
Alternated between manic 

6035
05:31:52,100 --> 05:31:55,300
optimism about deceiving, the 
congressman, and paranoid rage 

6036
05:31:55,300 --> 05:31:58,400
about exposure. 
His followers oscillated between

6037
05:31:58,400 --> 05:32:01,400
the hope of eminent rescue and 
the fear of potential 

6038
05:32:01,400 --> 05:32:03,500
consequences if they are tempted
to flee. 

6039
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:06,900
Jones had been conducting 
practice sessions for what he 

6040
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:09,000
called. 
Revolutionary suicide for 

6041
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:11,600
months. 
Telling his followers that death

6042
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:13,800
was preferable to being captured
by their enemies. 

6043
05:32:14,600 --> 05:32:17,700
He'd frame these rehearsals as 
tests of loyalty but they were 

6044
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:19,300
really psychological 
conditioning. 

6045
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,900
Preparing People for the 
unthinkable, it resembled a 

6046
05:32:22,900 --> 05:32:25,400
rehearsal for a tragedy that 
everyone hoped would never 

6047
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,400
materialized. 
The community was living under 

6048
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,400
constant surveillance, with 
Joneses, most, loyal followers 

6049
05:32:31,400 --> 05:32:34,700
watching for any signs of 
disloyalty, or Escape attempts, 

6050
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:38,700
People had completely destroyed,
trust fearing that their own 

6051
05:32:38,700 --> 05:32:40,300
family members. 
Might report anything. 

6052
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,700
They said to Jones, it was like 
living in a police state, except

6053
05:32:43,700 --> 05:32:46,400
the police, were your neighbors 
and the dictator was someone 

6054
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:48,900
you'd want once. 
Loved and trusted as November 

6055
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:52,700
1978 approached everyone, in 
Jones town could feel that 

6056
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:55,800
something was about to happen. 
Jones was becoming increasingly 

6057
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:59,600
erratic his speeches more 
paranoid and threatening the 

6058
05:32:59,600 --> 05:33:01,400
armed. 
Guards were more visible, the 

6059
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,000
rules more strict and the 
punishments, more severe. 

6060
05:33:04,000 --> 05:33:05,900
It was like watching a pressure 
cooker. 

6061
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:09,300
Building toward an explosion 
except no one knew exactly when 

6062
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:13,100
or how it would happen. 
The people trapped in Jonestown 

6063
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:15,400
were about to face the ultimate 
test of their survival 

6064
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:18,800
instincts, and many of them had 
been so thoroughly manipulated 

6065
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:21,100
that they no longer trusted 
their judgment about what 

6066
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:25,600
survival even meant. 
November the 17th 1978 started 

6067
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,600
like any other day in Jonestown,
which is to say it started with 

6068
05:33:29,600 --> 05:33:33,400
Jim Jones's voice crackling over
the loudspeaker system at dawn, 

6069
05:33:33,400 --> 05:33:36,500
reminding everyone that they 
were part of something greater 

6070
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:39,300
than themselves, but you could 
feel the tension in the air 

6071
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:43,100
thick as the jungle humidity. 
Today was different because 

6072
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:47,200
today Congressman Leo, Ryan was 
coming to visit Jones, had been 

6073
05:33:47,208 --> 05:33:50,600
preparing for this moment for 
weeks coaching his followers on 

6074
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,000
what to say and how to act The 
settlement had been cleaned up, 

6075
05:33:54,000 --> 05:33:57,600
most obviously sick people had 
been hidden away and everyone 

6076
05:33:57,600 --> 05:33:59,900
had been reminded that the 
future of their revolutionary 

6077
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:02,500
experiment depended on. 
Convincing Ryan, that everything

6078
05:34:02,500 --> 05:34:05,000
was wonderful. 
It was like preparing for the 

6079
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:08,200
world's most important job in to
view except the consequence of 

6080
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:11,900
failure were unthinkable. 
When Ryan small delegation 

6081
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:13,900
arrived, a company by some 
journalists. 

6082
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:17,400
And a few relatives of Jones, 
Town residents Jones, put on his

6083
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:20,400
most Charming performance. 
He gave them a tour of the 

6084
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,800
Agricultural areas, showed them 
the communal dining hall and 

6085
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:26,500
presented Jones town. 
As a thriving, example of racial

6086
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:29,600
Harmony and Collective living. 
The Casual observers. 

6087
05:34:29,600 --> 05:34:32,300
It might have looked impressive 
at least on the surface. 

6088
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:35,600
But some of the residents were 
watching for their chance. 

6089
05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:38,500
Few brave souls had been 
planning for this moment, 

6090
05:34:38,500 --> 05:34:41,400
knowing it might be their only 
opportunity to escape. 

6091
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:45,900
They were taking enormous risks 
Jones had stressed that anyone 

6092
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:48,200
who tried to leave would be 
considered a traitor to the 

6093
05:34:48,208 --> 05:34:50,600
cause and traitors face severe 
consequences. 

6094
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:53,800
It was like, planning, a 
jailbreak, where the guards were

6095
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:56,300
your family members. 
The visit was supposed to be 

6096
05:34:56,300 --> 05:34:59,400
brief and ceremonial, but it 
quickly became clear that some 

6097
05:34:59,400 --> 05:35:03,100
people wanted out a family named
The Parks approached, Ryan's 

6098
05:35:03,100 --> 05:35:07,000
delegation and quietly asked for
help leaving then others began 

6099
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:10,300
to step forward, despite the 
obvious Terror in their eyes. 

6100
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:13,400
It was like watching people 
finally find the courage to 

6101
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,900
admit that their marriage was 
abusive except the stakes were 

6102
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:19,900
life and death. 
Jones, tried to maintain his 

6103
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:22,400
composure, but you could see the
panic in his eyes. 

6104
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:26,000
His carefully orchestrated 
performance was falling apart. 

6105
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:28,700
And with it, his control over 
the situation. 

6106
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:32,300
He started making increasingly 
desperate attempts to convince 

6107
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:35,700
people to stay alternating, 
between pleading and veiled 

6108
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:38,000
threats. 
It was like watching a skilled 

6109
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:40,200
actor for getting his lines. 
In the middle of the most 

6110
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:41,800
important performance of his 
career. 

6111
05:35:42,600 --> 05:35:45,500
As the day wore on more people 
gathered the courage to approach

6112
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:48,200
Ryan's group. 
They were afraid but they were 

6113
05:35:48,200 --> 05:35:49,900
more afraid of staying than of 
leaving. 

6114
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:53,700
Some had family members who 
refused to go with them creating

6115
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:56,400
heartbreaking scenes of 
families, being torn apart by 

6116
05:35:56,400 --> 05:35:59,700
impossible choices. 
Others were prevented from 

6117
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:02,400
leaving by armed guards, who are
still loyal to Jones. 

6118
05:36:02,400 --> 05:36:05,800
The situation reached a Breaking
Point when Jones realized he 

6119
05:36:05,800 --> 05:36:07,400
couldn't control the narrative 
anymore. 

6120
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:11,000
Too many people were asking to 
leave and the journalists were 

6121
05:36:11,008 --> 05:36:12,700
asking too many difficult 
questions. 

6122
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:16,000
The facade of the happy 
voluntary Community was 

6123
05:36:16,000 --> 05:36:19,400
crumbling and Jones knew that. 
Once the truth got out, 

6124
05:36:19,400 --> 05:36:23,200
everything would be over in the 
late afternoon, Ryan's 

6125
05:36:23,200 --> 05:36:25,700
delegation prepared to leave 
taking with them. 

6126
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:29,000
About 20, people who had asked 
for help escaping, they headed 

6127
05:36:29,000 --> 05:36:31,700
to the small airstrip that 
served as Jones towns connection

6128
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,900
to the outside world, probably 
thinking the worst was over. 

6129
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:38,600
They had no idea that Jones was 
about to make a decision that 

6130
05:36:38,600 --> 05:36:40,800
would turn their rescue mission 
into a massacre. 

6131
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,000
As the group waited at the 
airstrip for their plane to be 

6132
05:36:44,008 --> 05:36:47,800
ready, Jones was back at the 
settlement making frantic 

6133
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:50,500
preparations for what he called 
revolutionary suicide. 

6134
05:36:50,500 --> 05:36:54,600
He'd been planning for this 
moment for months stockpiling, 

6135
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:57,300
the materials he'd need and 
conditioning his followers to 

6136
05:36:57,300 --> 05:36:59,100
see death as preferable to 
capture. 

6137
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:02,900
It was like he'd been writing 
the Final Act of a tragedy and 

6138
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:04,800
was now ready to Stage the 
performance. 

6139
05:37:05,600 --> 05:37:08,000
The attack at the airstrip came 
suddenly and without warning 

6140
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:12,100
armed men, loyal to Jones opened
fire on the delegation, killing 

6141
05:37:12,100 --> 05:37:14,300
Congressman, Ryan, three 
journalists. 

6142
05:37:14,300 --> 05:37:17,700
And one of the defectors others 
were wounded, but managed to 

6143
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:19,600
hide in the jungle until help 
arrived. 

6144
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:23,300
It was like a war movie, but 
real, and it was happening to 

6145
05:37:23,300 --> 05:37:27,500
people who came to help. 
Back at Jones Town, Joan Jones, 

6146
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:30,400
gather his followers in the 
central Pavilion and told them 

6147
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:32,900
that the attack on Ryan's group 
meant they were now at war with 

6148
05:37:32,900 --> 05:37:36,100
the United States government. 
He claimed that soldiers would 

6149
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:38,900
be coming to torture and kill 
them and that their only option 

6150
05:37:38,900 --> 05:37:41,200
was to die with dignity on their
own terms. 

6151
05:37:41,200 --> 05:37:44,800
It was the ultimate manipulation
using people's fear of a 

6152
05:37:44,808 --> 05:37:47,400
terrible fate, to convince them 
to choose an even worse. 

6153
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:51,000
One audio recordings capture the
horrific scene that followed 

6154
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,300
Jones with his soothing and 
commanding voice, persuaded 

6155
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:58,000
hundreds of people to Consumer, 
cyanide-laced fruit punch. 

6156
05:37:58,000 --> 05:38:01,500
He presented it as a 
revolutionary act, a way to make

6157
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:04,700
a statement about their 
commitment to the cause parents,

6158
05:38:04,700 --> 05:38:05,900
were told to give it to their 
children. 

6159
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:10,500
First to spare them, the pain of
watching their parents die. some

6160
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:13,500
people resisted arguing that 
they should try to escape or 

6161
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,800
fight back instead of giving up 
But Jones had spent years 

6162
05:38:16,800 --> 05:38:19,400
conditioning, his followers to 
trust his judgment over their 

6163
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,200
own instincts. 
He'd created a system where 

6164
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:24,500
questioning his decisions were 
seen as disloyalty. 

6165
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:27,300
And where disloyalty was the 
worst possible sin? 

6166
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:30,600
Even in this final moment, many 
people couldn't bring themselves

6167
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,400
to defy him. 
The few survivors later, 

6168
05:38:33,400 --> 05:38:36,800
described scenes of absolute 
horror people, convulsing and 

6169
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:38,600
dying. 
While Jones continued to speak 

6170
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:41,200
over the loudspeaker telling 
them they were doing something 

6171
05:38:41,200 --> 05:38:45,200
beautiful and revolutionary. 
Children were crying, parents 

6172
05:38:45,200 --> 05:38:48,500
were screaming and threw it all 
Joan's kept insisting. 

6173
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,400
That the event was a moment of 
Triumph rather than tragedy. 

6174
05:38:52,300 --> 05:38:56,000
Within hours, more than 900. 
People were dead including over 

6175
05:38:56,000 --> 05:38:59,400
300 children? 
The agricultural project that 

6176
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,400
was supposed to create, a better
world have become the site of 

6177
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:04,900
the largest mass murder suicide 
in modern history. 

6178
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:09,300
The man who had once preached 
about love and social justice 

6179
05:39:09,300 --> 05:39:12,400
had led his followers into the 
ultimate Act of Destruction. 

6180
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:15,500
The world was rocked by the news
of the Jonestown tragedy. 

6181
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:18,800
When the first reports came in 
about a mass suicide in the 

6182
05:39:18,808 --> 05:39:21,800
jungles of Guyana, most people 
couldn't process what they were 

6183
05:39:21,808 --> 05:39:25,600
hearing. 
Was the death toll over 900, the

6184
05:39:25,600 --> 05:39:29,100
death, toll included, hundreds 
of children at the hands of a 

6185
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:30,800
religious leader who had 
convinced them to drink, 

6186
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:34,000
poisoned punch. 
It sounded like something from a

6187
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:36,600
horror movie, not something that
could happen in real life. 

6188
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,100
The images that emerge from the 
scene were haunting Beyond 

6189
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:43,400
description, aerial photographs,
showed bodies scattered 

6190
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:46,700
throughout the settlement 
families lying together, and 

6191
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:48,900
children who had died in their 
parents arms. 

6192
05:39:49,600 --> 05:39:53,400
It looked like a war zone except
there had been no battle just a 

6193
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:55,400
madman's. 
Final Act of control over people

6194
05:39:55,400 --> 05:39:57,000
who are trusted him with their 
lives. 

6195
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:00,500
The world struggled to 
understand how such a thing 

6196
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:02,500
Could Happen. 
How could hundreds of 

6197
05:40:02,508 --> 05:40:06,100
intelligent caring, people be 
convinced to kill themselves and

6198
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:08,900
their children. 
Dismissing them all as crazy or 

6199
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:12,500
gullible was an easy answer but 
it didn't explain how a diverse 

6200
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:16,200
group of teachers. 
Nurses social workers and other 

6201
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,200
professionals could also come to
the Allure of a charismatic 

6202
05:40:19,200 --> 05:40:22,000
leader. 
The investigation that followed 

6203
05:40:22,000 --> 05:40:24,500
revealed the full scope of 
Joan's operation. 

6204
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:27,500
The people's Temple had been 
pulling in millions of dollars 

6205
05:40:27,500 --> 05:40:30,100
annually. 
Much of it from Social Security 

6206
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:32,800
checks, and property sales by 
members, who had turned over 

6207
05:40:32,800 --> 05:40:34,900
their entire lives to the 
organization. 

6208
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:39,400
Jones had used this money to buy
political influence, silence 

6209
05:40:39,400 --> 05:40:42,100
critics and create the 
infrastructure for his jungle 

6210
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:44,700
prison. 
It was like discovering that a 

6211
05:40:44,700 --> 05:40:47,300
charity organization had really 
been a sophisticated criminal 

6212
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:51,000
Enterprise The few survivors who
had escaped the final tragedy 

6213
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:55,000
began to tell their stories and 
a picture emerged of systemic 

6214
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:58,200
psychological manipulation that 
had taken place over many years.

6215
05:40:59,500 --> 05:41:02,700
People hadn't just decided one 
day to follow Jones to Guyana 

6216
05:41:02,700 --> 05:41:05,400
and die for his cause. 
They'd been gradually 

6217
05:41:05,400 --> 05:41:09,200
conditioned isolated from 
outside influences and broken 

6218
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:11,400
down until they couldn't trust 
their judgment anymore. 

6219
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:14,800
Family members who had lost. 
Loved ones at Jones, Town, found

6220
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:17,400
themselves grappling with 
unfathomable emotions. 

6221
05:41:17,400 --> 05:41:22,100
They were grieving but they were
all so angry at Jones at the 

6222
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:25,400
themselves for not intervening 
sooner and at a system that had 

6223
05:41:25,400 --> 05:41:28,800
loud such a thing to happen. 
They had been trying to get 

6224
05:41:28,800 --> 05:41:31,800
their relatives out of the 
temple for years but were told 

6225
05:41:31,808 --> 05:41:34,000
they were the ones with the 
problem and didn't understand 

6226
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:37,900
the beautiful Community. 
Their loved ones had found The 

6227
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:40,700
psychological Community began 
studying what had happened at 

6228
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:44,400
Jonestown as a way to understand
how Mass manipulation Works. 

6229
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:48,700
They identified patterns that 
Jones had used, love bombing new

6230
05:41:48,700 --> 05:41:52,300
recruits gradually increasing 
commitment levels, isolating 

6231
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:56,300
people from outside influences 
and creating an yes versus their

6232
05:41:56,300 --> 05:41:59,800
mentality that made questioning 
the leader feel like, betraying 

6233
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:02,800
the group, what made the 
Jonestown tragedy, particularly 

6234
05:42:02,800 --> 05:42:05,600
disturbing was, how Jones had 
used people's best impulses 

6235
05:42:05,600 --> 05:42:08,000
against them. 
He attracted followers by 

6236
05:42:08,000 --> 05:42:11,300
appealing to their desire for 
social justice, Racial equality,

6237
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:14,800
and community service. 
He'd convinced them that their 

6238
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:17,500
willingness to sacrifice for 
others was evidence of their 

6239
05:42:17,500 --> 05:42:21,400
moral superiority. then he'd 
gradually redefine sacrifice 

6240
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:24,700
until it meant, giving up 
everything their money, their 

6241
05:42:24,700 --> 05:42:29,400
relationships their autonomy, 
and finally, their lives The 

6242
05:42:29,400 --> 05:42:32,800
political implications were 
also, significant Jones had 

6243
05:42:32,800 --> 05:42:34,700
established political 
connections with prominent 

6244
05:42:34,700 --> 05:42:37,500
politicians, who had praised his
work, with the poor and 

6245
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:40,600
marginalized. 
The Revelation that he'd been 

6246
05:42:40,608 --> 05:42:44,000
running a cult that ended in 
mass murder was embarrassing for

6247
05:42:44,000 --> 05:42:46,700
many public figures who had 
Associated themselves with the 

6248
05:42:46,700 --> 05:42:49,500
people's Temple. 
It was like discovering that a 

6249
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:52,100
respected charity had been a 
front for organized crime. 

6250
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:55,700
Religious communities also had 
to Grapple with the implications

6251
05:42:55,700 --> 05:42:58,700
of what had happened. 
Jones had started as a 

6252
05:42:58,700 --> 05:43:01,100
legitimate Minister and the 
people's Temple had been 

6253
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:04,800
affiliated with mainstream 
Christian denominations, the 

6254
05:43:04,800 --> 05:43:07,500
tragedy raised uncomfortable 
questions about how religious 

6255
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,600
Authority could be abused, and 
how communities could protect 

6256
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:13,100
themselves from charismatic 
leaders, who might have 

6257
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:17,200
dangerous intentions The media 
coverage of Jonestown was 

6258
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:18,900
intense and often 
sensationalized. 

6259
05:43:18,900 --> 05:43:23,300
The phrase drinking the Kool-Aid
entered popular culture as a way

6260
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:25,100
to describe blind obedience to 
Authority. 

6261
05:43:26,000 --> 05:43:28,200
Though, most people who use the 
phrase don't realize their 

6262
05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:31,500
referencing a tragedy, where 
hundreds of children died, it 

6263
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:34,300
was like turning a mass murder 
into a cultural meme, which 

6264
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:36,900
somehow made it feel less real 
and more distant. 

6265
05:43:37,900 --> 05:43:40,400
The fact that most of the people
responsible for the tragedy had 

6266
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:44,500
already died complicated legal 
aftermath After orchestrating, 

6267
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:48,000
the mass suicide Jones shot. 
Himself leading to the deaths of

6268
05:43:48,000 --> 05:43:51,300
many of his top lieutenants A 
few survivors who could have 

6269
05:43:51,300 --> 05:43:55,100
faced criminal charges or either
obvious, victims themselves, or 

6270
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,200
at played such minor roles that 
prosecution appeared futile. 

6271
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:02,600
The Guyanese government which 
allowed Jones to establish his 

6272
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:06,000
settlement faced questions about
how they had been deceived and 

6273
05:44:06,000 --> 05:44:08,400
whether they bore any 
responsibility for what had 

6274
05:44:08,400 --> 05:44:11,400
happened, they had seen the 
people's Temple as a legitimate 

6275
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:14,300
agricultural project that would 
bring investment and development

6276
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:16,100
to a remote area of their 
country. 

6277
05:44:16,100 --> 05:44:19,500
Instead, they had unknowingly 
provided the location. 

6278
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:22,100
For one of the most horrific 
mass murders in history, 

6279
05:44:22,100 --> 05:44:25,700
international law enforcement 
agencies began to pay more 

6280
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:29,000
attention to religious movements
that operated across National 

6281
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:31,900
boundaries. 
The Jonestown tragedy had shown 

6282
05:44:31,900 --> 05:44:34,900
how a cult leader could use 
multiple countries jurisdictions

6283
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,200
to avoid scrutiny and creates 
situations, where followers 

6284
05:44:38,200 --> 05:44:41,000
could be completely isolated 
from help or oversight? 

6285
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:44,200
Mental health professionals, 
began developing, a better 

6286
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:47,000
understanding of how to help 
people who had been involved in 

6287
05:44:47,000 --> 05:44:49,700
high control groups. 
They learned that survivors 

6288
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:52,800
often suffered from complex 
trauma that combined elements of

6289
05:44:52,800 --> 05:44:55,600
abuse brainwashing and survivors
guilt. 

6290
05:44:56,500 --> 05:44:59,500
Recovery required not just 
healing from the cycle damage, 

6291
05:44:59,500 --> 05:45:03,200
but also rebuilding the ability 
to trust their own judgment and 

6292
05:45:03,200 --> 05:45:06,700
form healthy relationships. 
When you truly reflect on Jones 

6293
05:45:06,700 --> 05:45:09,400
town is clear that it wasn't a 
tale of blatantly evil, 

6294
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:13,300
individuals, engaging in 
blatantly evil actions, it was a

6295
05:45:13,300 --> 05:45:15,400
story about how good intentions 
can be weaponized. 

6296
05:45:15,400 --> 05:45:19,400
How the desire to belong can be 
turned into a trap and how the 

6297
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:22,700
very human need for meaning and 
purpose can be manipulated by 

6298
05:45:22,700 --> 05:45:25,600
someone who understands those 
needs better than his victims, 

6299
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:29,900
understand themselves. 
The people who follow Jim Jones 

6300
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:31,900
into the jungle, weren't stupid 
or weak. 

6301
05:45:31,900 --> 05:45:35,500
They were teachers and nurses 
parents and grandparents people 

6302
05:45:35,500 --> 05:45:38,600
who are dedicated their lives to
helping others and making the 

6303
05:45:38,600 --> 05:45:41,300
world a better place. 
They were the kind of people 

6304
05:45:41,300 --> 05:45:44,200
you'd want as neighbors, the 
kind who would bring you soup 

6305
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:46,800
when you were sick and organized
fundraisers for local charities.

6306
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:49,800
That's what makes their Fates so
terrifying. 

6307
05:45:49,800 --> 05:45:52,800
If it could happen to them, it 
could happen to anyone. 

6308
05:45:53,400 --> 05:45:56,400
In the decades, since Jones 
Town, we've learned a lot about 

6309
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:58,900
how Cults operate, but we 
haven't necessarily gotten 

6310
05:45:58,900 --> 05:46:01,900
better at preventing them. 
The internet has made it easier 

6311
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:05,200
for charismatic leaders, to find
vulnerable people and gradually 

6312
05:46:05,200 --> 05:46:07,100
draw them into isolated 
communities. 

6313
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:10,600
Social media algorithms can 
create Echo chambers, that 

6314
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:14,900
reinforce extreme beliefs Same 
cycle, vulnerabilities that 

6315
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:18,500
Jones exploited in the 1970s are
still present today. 

6316
05:46:18,500 --> 05:46:22,400
Just in different forms. 
The warning signs that experts. 

6317
05:46:22,400 --> 05:46:24,700
Now, recognize were all there in
the people's temples. 

6318
05:46:24,700 --> 05:46:28,700
Evolution the gradual escalation
of commitment, the isolation 

6319
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:32,300
from outside influences, the 
punishment of questioning, the 

6320
05:46:32,300 --> 05:46:34,200
creation of US versus their 
mentality. 

6321
05:46:34,200 --> 05:46:36,900
The increasing control of a 
member's daily lives. 

6322
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:39,900
These patterns, repeat 
themselves in various forms 

6323
05:46:39,900 --> 05:46:41,900
across different types of high 
control groups. 

6324
05:46:42,800 --> 05:46:46,200
What's particularly haunting is 
how Jones used the language of 

6325
05:46:46,200 --> 05:46:49,400
love and social justice to 
justify increasingly extreme 

6326
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:52,100
demands. 
He convinced people that their 

6327
05:46:52,100 --> 05:46:55,000
willingness to give up their 
individuality was evidence of 

6328
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:56,300
their commitment to the 
collective. 

6329
05:46:56,300 --> 05:46:58,800
Good. 
He framed their isolation from 

6330
05:46:58,800 --> 05:47:01,500
family and friends as Liberation
from toxic relationships. 

6331
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:06,200
He presented their financial 
exploitation as generous sharing

6332
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:08,800
with the community. 
It appeared as though he had 

6333
05:47:08,800 --> 05:47:12,400
subverted all positive values, 
the children who died at Jones 

6334
05:47:12,400 --> 05:47:14,200
Town had no choice in their 
fate. 

6335
05:47:14,200 --> 05:47:17,400
They were born into the temple 
or brought their by parents who 

6336
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:19,700
genuinely believe they were 
providing their children with 

6337
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:22,700
the better life. 
These kids grew up thinking that

6338
05:47:22,700 --> 05:47:25,800
Jim Jones was a father figure 
that the temple was their family

6339
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:29,100
and that the outside world was 
dangerous and corrupt. 

6340
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:32,900
Many trusted their parents when 
they gave the poisoned drink 

6341
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:34,900
because they were taught to 
trust adults. 

6342
05:47:34,900 --> 05:47:39,200
The survivors who escaped before
the final tragedy have to live 

6343
05:47:39,200 --> 05:47:41,400
with complex feelings of guilt 
and loss. 

6344
05:47:41,400 --> 05:47:45,300
They saved themselves, but they 
couldn't save their friends. 

6345
05:47:45,300 --> 05:47:48,700
And family members who stayed 
behind, They had to rebuild 

6346
05:47:48,700 --> 05:47:52,200
their entire sense of reality 
after learning that a man, they 

6347
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:53,800
once trusted kill their loved 
ones. 

6348
05:47:53,800 --> 05:47:57,200
It's like surviving a house fire
in which you are unable to save 

6349
05:47:57,200 --> 05:47:59,400
everyone else. 
In the building, the families 

6350
05:47:59,400 --> 05:48:02,200
who lost loved ones at Jonestown
have faced, a different kind of 

6351
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:04,400
grief. 
They've had to mourn people who 

6352
05:48:04,400 --> 05:48:07,600
they felt had abandoned them for
the cult while also dealing with

6353
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:09,400
the knowledge that their 
relatives died. 

6354
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:11,400
As victims of manipulation and 
abuse. 

6355
05:48:11,400 --> 05:48:14,200
They've had to reconcile their 
anger, at their loved ones 

6356
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:16,600
choices, with their 
understanding that those choices

6357
05:48:16,600 --> 05:48:18,700
were made under extreme 
psychological pressure. 

6358
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:22,400
The broader implications of 
Jones Town continued to resonate

6359
05:48:22,400 --> 05:48:25,000
today. 
We live in an era of increasing 

6360
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:28,300
political polarization where 
people are drawn to leaders who 

6361
05:48:28,300 --> 05:48:30,400
promised Simple Solutions to 
complex problems. 

6362
05:48:31,400 --> 05:48:34,200
We see communities forming 
around, shared Grievances and 

6363
05:48:34,200 --> 05:48:37,400
shared enemies where loyalty to 
the group become more important 

6364
05:48:37,400 --> 05:48:41,000
than critical thinking. 
We watch as people gradually cut

6365
05:48:41,000 --> 05:48:43,700
ties with family and friends who
don't share their beliefs, 

6366
05:48:43,700 --> 05:48:47,000
creating the same kind of 
isolation that made Jones Town 

6367
05:48:47,000 --> 05:48:49,700
possible. 
The tragedy also highlighted, 

6368
05:48:49,700 --> 05:48:52,200
the importance of maintaining 
connections to diverse 

6369
05:48:52,200 --> 05:48:53,900
perspectives and outside 
communities. 

6370
05:48:54,900 --> 05:48:58,000
Those who are most vulnerable to
Jones's manipulation, often 

6371
05:48:58,000 --> 05:49:00,700
isolated from family, friends 
and other support. 

6372
05:49:01,700 --> 05:49:04,600
When your entire social world 
revolves around one group and 

6373
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:07,400
one leader, it becomes almost 
impossible to maintain 

6374
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:10,300
perspective on what's normal and
what's dangerous. 

6375
05:49:11,800 --> 05:49:15,400
Modern cult experts emphasize 
that the best protection against

6376
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:19,300
manipulation is maintaining what
they call distributed Trust. 

6377
05:49:20,100 --> 05:49:22,700
Having relationships and 
commitments that span multiple 

6378
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:25,800
communities. 
And contexts When you place all 

6379
05:49:25,800 --> 05:49:29,400
your trust in a single entity, 
you expose yourself to the 

6380
05:49:29,400 --> 05:49:32,500
control of that entity. 
But when your life includes 

6381
05:49:32,500 --> 05:49:35,600
family, friends, work, 
colleagues, hobby groups, and 

6382
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:39,100
other connections, it's much 
harder for any single person or 

6383
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:42,000
organization to gain total 
control over your thinking. 

6384
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:45,400
The Jonestown tragedy. 
So, showed how important it is 

6385
05:49:45,400 --> 05:49:48,400
to trust your instincts. 
When something feels wrong, even

6386
05:49:48,400 --> 05:49:52,100
if you can't articulate, exactly
what bothering you Many people 

6387
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:55,100
who eventually escaped from the 
temple later said they had felt 

6388
05:49:55,100 --> 05:49:57,800
uneasy about certain things for 
months or years before they 

6389
05:49:57,800 --> 05:50:01,700
finally decided to leave. but 
they'd been trained to dismiss 

6390
05:50:01,700 --> 05:50:05,000
those feelings as weakness, 
selfishness or lack of faith in 

6391
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:08,700
the cause In our current 
information environment where 

6392
05:50:08,700 --> 05:50:11,500
we're constantly bombarded with 
conflicting messages about 

6393
05:50:11,500 --> 05:50:14,200
what's true and what's 
important, the lessons of 

6394
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:15,900
Jonestown are more relevant than
ever. 

6395
05:50:15,900 --> 05:50:19,100
We need to be able to think 
critically about the sources of 

6396
05:50:19,100 --> 05:50:22,100
our information to maintain 
relationships with people who 

6397
05:50:22,100 --> 05:50:24,900
might challenge our assumptions 
and to trust our judgment. 

6398
05:50:24,900 --> 05:50:28,300
When something doesn't feel 
right the story of Jones town is

6399
05:50:28,300 --> 05:50:31,300
ultimately about the fragility 
of human judgment and the 

6400
05:50:31,300 --> 05:50:34,200
importance of the communities 
that help us maintain our sense 

6401
05:50:34,200 --> 05:50:37,300
of reality. 
It serves as a reminder that 

6402
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:40,500
isolation from outside 
perspectives and systematic 

6403
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:43,600
manipulation can lead even the 
most intelligent and 

6404
05:50:43,600 --> 05:50:47,000
well-meaning individuals astray.
But it's also about the human 

6405
05:50:47,000 --> 05:50:50,600
Spirits resilience and The 
Bravery needed to escape toxic 

6406
05:50:50,600 --> 05:50:51,500
or dangerous situations.