The Quiet Mystery of How Doctors Learned the Body | Boring History

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Hey there, you sleepy Couch 
Potato. 

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I'm glad you drifted in tonight,
the working on the audio speed 

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to make it consistently smooth. 
So please give feedback. 

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Now, with rain, tracing soft 
lines along the dark. 

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It feels easier to turn inward 
and let the day loosen. 

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Tonight we're easing into the 
quiet mystery of how doctors 

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learned the body. 
Not as a Triumph for a timeline.

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But as a long patient, listening
hands learning by touch eyes, 

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learning by doubt, Minds 
Learning by revision. 

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If this type of karma, 
reflection helps you unwind, 

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feel free to follow, leave a 
like and share where your 

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listening from and what time it 
is for you. 

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Now let your head settle into 
the pillow length in your breath

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and let the rain steady Rhythm 
carry us. 

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Gently into the calm history 
story. 

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Your settling in, for the night,
in a world, with human body, as 

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being mapped down to individual 
cells, photographed in 

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cross-sections and scan in three
dimensions until almost nothing 

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remains hidden. 
But there was a time stretching 

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across Millennia when the body 
was the great unknown country 

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and doctors were explorers with 
nothing but their hands their 

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eyes and their careful attention
to guide them through territory.

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That could not be seen or 
conquered, only slowly patiently

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understood. 
The old physician sits on a 

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wooden stool beside a sleeping 
child. 

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His hand resting lightly on the 
boy's wrist. 

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He's been here for hours. 
Barely moving his fingers 

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pressed against the pulse point 
with the gentle insistence of 

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someone who knows that answers 
come slowly. 

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The bodies reveal themselves, 
only to those willing to wait. 

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Outside the marketplace is 
emptied, the sun has tracked 

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across the sky and begun its 
descent. 

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Still, he sits. 
This is medicine in an age when 

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no one has ever seen inside a 
living human body. 

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When the interior landscape 
remains as mysterious as The Far

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Side of the Moon. 
But this physician lets call him

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what his patience. 
Call him simply the Healer has 

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spent 30 years learning to read 
the surface's to interpret the 

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visible signs of invisible 
processes. 

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His education has been a long 
patient to accumulation of 

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observations. 
Each one filed away in memory, 

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cross reference against 
thousands of other moments, just

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like this one. 
The boys pulse flutters under 

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the healers fingertips, like a 
trapped bird. 

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Not the steady rhythm of Health,
something a erratic uncertain. 

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The Healer closes his eyes not 
to shut out the world, but to 

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focus entirely on this one 
sensation, the complex 

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conversation happening between 
the boys' heart and his own 

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fingers. 
Fast then, slow strong. 

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Then weak, he's feeling for 
patterns for the particular 

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signature of this illness. 
You might wonder how anyone 

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could learn medicine this way 
through touch alone, through 

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surfaces and symptoms. 
Consider what you already know 

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without seeing it. you know, 
when you're getting sick before 

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any test, could confirm it, You 
feel the difference between 

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tired and exhausted between 
hungry and nauseated and between

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the AK of overwork and the of 
injury? 

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your body speaks a language, you
understand, without having taken

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a single anatomy class, the 
Healer has simply learned to 

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listen to other people's bodies 
with same attention, you give 

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your own He's developed a 
vocabulary of observation, so 

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refined that he can distinguish 
between dozens of different 

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types of polls. 
Each one telling him something 

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about what's happening inside in
that hidden country. 

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He'll never see. 
He opens his eyes and looks at 

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the boys face pale but with a 
strange flush. 

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The cheeks dry lips. 
Slightly parted the breath 

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coming shallow and quick. 
The Healer leans closer not 

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touching. 
Now just observing He Notes The 

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Faint yellowish tint to the 
white of the eyes. 

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The way, the boys hands curl. 
Slightly inward rather than 

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lying relaxed. 
That killer smell rising from 

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the child's skin. 
Not the usual Center of healthy 

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sleep, but something sour 
something wrong. 

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Every sense becomes a tool for 
gathering information. 

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Smell tells him about internal 
processes, the sweetness that 

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sometimes signals, certain 
fevers the metallic Tang. 

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That a company's others. 
Cite reveals color changes 

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swelling and the quality of skin
and eyes. 

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Hearing catches the rattle or 
wheeze of breath and the sounds 

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of digestion. 
Taste though. 

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Use more rarely can detect 
changes in blood or other fluids

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and touch. 
Touch is everything. 

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The primary language through 
which bodies communicate their 

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secrets, The boys mother hovers.
Nearby. 

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Wringing her hands. 
She wants to ask questions once 

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reassurance and want something 
to do. 

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But the Healer has trained her 
to silence during these 

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examinations. 
Not unkindly, he's explained 

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that he needs quiet to hear what
the body is saying. 

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That Interruption scatter is 
concentration like stones thrown

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into Stillwater. she understands
or tries to though the waiting 

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clearly costs her After what 
feels like an eternity but is 

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probably only half an hour. 
The Healer straightens and nods 

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to himself. 
He's found the pattern. 

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He was looking for and matched 
it to similar cases in his 

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memory. 
This fever is the kind that 

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comes from bad water from 
something ingested rather than 

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caught from the air. 
It will burn hot for three days.

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Then break suddenly, the boy 
will be weak for a week after 

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but should recover fully How 
does he know this? 

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Because he seen it before dozens
of times he's tracked, the 

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progression of this particular 
illness through its complete 

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cycle noted, what helps and what
doesn't and learn to recognize 

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its signature early enough to 
reassure worried parents that 

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their child isn't dying, just 
sick in a predictable manageable

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way. 
This is the foundation of early 

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medicine, pattern recognition, 
built up through thousands of 

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careful of observations. 
The Healer carries in his 

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memory. 
What later? 

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Physicians will write in 
textbooks, the natural history 

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of diseases, the typical course,
each one follows and the signs 

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that distinguish a dangerous 
illness from a merely unpleasant

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one. 
He finally speaks to the mother,

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his voice low and calm. 
The boy needs cool water to 

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drink as much as he'll take no 
food until the fever breaks. 

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The body doesn't want food right
now and forcing. 

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It will only make things worse. 
Cool clothes on the forehead and

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wrists change frequently. 
Someone should sit with him and 

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watch for any change in the 
breathing or the color of the 

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skin. the lips turn blue if the 
pulse becomes thread thin, if 

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the fever climbed so high, the 
boy starts shaking 

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uncontrollably, then send for 
the Healer immediately 

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otherwise. 
Wait, the body knows how to 

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fight this illness. 
The healers job is simply to 

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support that fight. 
Keep the boy comfortable and 

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ensure, nothing interferes with 
the natural healing process. 

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The mother nods, some of the 
panic leaving her face. 

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This is another crucial part of 
the healer's work managing fear.

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Providing the calm certainly 
that allows families to endure 

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illness without falling into 
despair. 

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He's learned that Panic itself 
can be a kind of disease 

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spreading through households and
making everyone sick with 

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anxiety. 
Before he leaves the Healer does

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one more thing, he mocks the 
date on a small wooden sticky 

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carries noting it with a 
particular series of notches 

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that remind him of this case. 
Later, he'll add this 

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observation to his mental 
catalog boy age, 7 fever from 

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bad water Autumn season pulse 
pattern like this. 

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Recovery expected. 
A catalog grows constantly every

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patient adding to his 
understanding. 

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Walking home through the 
Twilight streets, the Healer 

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thinks about the limitations of 
his knowledge. 

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He knows what happens, but not 
always why he knows. 

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This fever comes from bad water,
but not What in the water causes

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it. 
He knows the pulse changes and 

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certain ways during Illness, but
not what mechanism inside the 

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body, creates those changes. 
The interior remains mysterious 

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approachable. 
Only through the surface signs, 

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these Shadows on the cave wall 
that hinted shapes. 

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He cannot see and yet and this 
is the remarkable thing. 

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He can heal any way or rather, 
he can support the body's own 

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healing and can recognize when 
it needs help. 

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And when it needs only time and 
space to do its work, Medicine 

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without seeing inside the body 
as like navigation by stars. 

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You can't see the ocean floor. 
Can't shut every current and 

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show but you can still find your
way if you pay attention to the 

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visible signs. 
If you learn the patterns that 

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repeat themselves, across 
different Journeys, The night 

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deepens in his room. 
The Healer pulls out a piece of 

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bark and a sharpened stick. 
He begins to write not in words.

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He has few of those but in 
symbols and pictures that will 

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help him remember today's 
observations. 

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A simple drawing of a pulse 
pattern, a note about the season

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and the source of the illness. 
These marks are his textbook, 

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his reference guide, and his way
of extending memory beyond what 

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his own mind can hold. 
This is how it begins this slow 

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patient accumulation of 
knowledge about the body builds 

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observation by observation 
pattern by pattern by people 

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willing to sit for hours with 
their fingers on a pulse, their 

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eyes on a face and their minds 
open to what the visible can 

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teach them about the invisible. 
The body is Mystery. 

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Yes, but not a knowable just 
patient, requiring attention 

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offering its secret slowly to 
those who learn its language. 

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Your skin is telling stories 
right now broadcasting 

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information about your internal 
state to anyone trained to read 

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it. 
The Healer learn this language 

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the way. 
You might learn a foreign tongue

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through immersion through making
mistakes and correcting them. 

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And through years of practice 
that gradually made the strange 

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familiar. 
He's teaching his Apprentice. 

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Now a young woman with quick 
eyes and steady hands they're 

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examining a farmer who's come 
complaining of stomach troubles 

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and the healer is showing his 
student what to look for. 

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Press here. 
He says, guiding her fingers to 

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a spot below the farmer's. 
Ribs, gentle, like, testing 

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where the bread dough is ready. 
What do you feel? 

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The Apprentice concentrates her 
face scrunched with effort, it's

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harder than it should be. 
Tense. 

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The heeler nods. 
Now, press here. 

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He moves her hand to the other 
side. 

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Notice the difference. 
She does. 

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One side yields. 
Normally under gentle pressure, 

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the other resists the muscle 
beneath contracted in a way that

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suggests pain inflammation or 
something wrong. 

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This a symmetry tells a story 
about what's happening inside in

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the hidden organs. 
Her fingers can't reach but can 

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somehow still sense. 
Touches the healers primary 

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tool, refined to an 
extraordinary degree. 

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He's learned that different 
tissues feel different muscle. 

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Has a particular density 
swollen. 

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Lymph nodes are certain robbery 
quality an inflamed joints, a 

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hot tightness. 
He's learned that bodies tents 

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around injuries and illnesses 
trying to protect themselves 

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that these protective patterns 
can be read like Maps leading to

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the source of trouble. 
It over the months of her 

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apprenticeship, he teaches his 
student, the entire lexicon of 

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touch how to palpate the abdomen
feeling for hardness distension 

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and unusual masses? 
How to examine joints testing, 

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their range of motion noting 
where they stick or grind or 

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send the patient flinching away.
How to run fingers along the 

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spine, finding misalignments or 
tender points. how to press on 

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the chest and feel the heartbeat
below, learning the difference 

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between strong and weak, 
regular, and irregular, The 

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touch isn't just about finding 
problems, it's also a form of 

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treatment. 
The Healer shows his Apprentice,

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How firm pressure on certain 
points can ease pain. 

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How gentle massage can help 
drain swollen tissues and how 

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manipulation of stiff joints can
sometimes restore their 

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function. 
The body responds to touch and 

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seems to heal faster when tended
by confident Caring Hands. 

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There's something almost magical
about this. 

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Though, the Healer would never 
use that word. 

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He's not performing magic, he's 
working with the body's own 

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responses with mechanisms. 
He doesn't fully understand, but

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has learned to trust. 
Touch communicates, something 

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Beyond mere physical 
manipulation. 

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It says you're not alone in 
this. 

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Someone is attending to you. 
Help is here. 

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The Apprentice is also learning 
to read color that other great 

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language of surfaces. 
The Healer has taught her to 

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observe the exact shade of a 
patient's skin, the greatness 

233
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:36,900
that suggests heart trouble, the
yellow of liver problems and the

234
00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:39,200
blue tinged power of breathing 
difficulties. 

235
00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:43,300
He has taught her to look at 
tongues which change color and 

236
00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,700
texture with different 
illnesses. 

237
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:49,800
To examine eyes noting, whether 
they're bright or dull, yellow, 

238
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:54,500
or red sunken or bulging. 
Even waste products become text 

239
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:58,400
to be read the Healer, examines 
your in for color Clarity, and 

240
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:03,200
smell feces for consistently 
color and presents of blood 

241
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,900
vomit. 
For its contents and character. 

242
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:09,700
These may seem like unpleasant 
tasks but there are diagnostic 

243
00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:14,000
gold offering Windows into 
Digestive and eliminative 

244
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:15,500
processes happening out of 
sight. 

245
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:18,600
What's remarkable is? 
How much information can be 

246
00:14:18,608 --> 00:14:22,500
gathered this way without any 
technology without seeing 

247
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:26,000
inside? 
The body is constantly reporting

248
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,800
its status through these surface
signs like a castle sending 

249
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,000
smoke signals from within its 
walls. 

250
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,300
The healer is simply learned to 
read the signals to connect them

251
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:40,100
to internal States and to build 
a working model of what must be 

252
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:43,500
happening inside based on what 
he can observe outside. 

253
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:47,400
Farmer, meanwhile has been 
patient through this 

254
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,500
examination. 
Custom to the healers thorough 

255
00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:53,200
approach. 
And the Healer finally speaks 

256
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:57,300
its with quiet confidants. 
Problem is in the digestion. 

257
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:01,700
Something eaten, that disagreed.
Now causing inflammation and 

258
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:05,900
spasm, nothing dangerous, but 
uncomfortable The treatment will

259
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:09,800
be simple, a day of fasting to 
let the system calm down then. 

260
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,500
Bland Foods, gradually 
reintroduced and herbal tea to 

261
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:18,100
ease the spasm time and rest. 
The farmer nods and leaves 

262
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:21,000
reassured. 
The Apprentice however has 

263
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,700
questioned How do you know, it's
not something more serious? 

264
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:27,500
How can you be sure when you 
can't see what's happening 

265
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,700
inside Gila considers this 
carefully. 

266
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:35,000
Can't be absolutely certain he 
admits, but I can be reasonably 

267
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:39,300
confident based on patterns this
pain started suddenly after a 

268
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,300
meal. 
Not gradually over weeks, it's 

269
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:46,100
in this particular location, not
spread throughout the abdomen. 

270
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:50,200
His color is good. 
His pulse is normal and he has 

271
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,200
no fever. 
All of this together points to 

272
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:57,000
Temporary digestive upset rather
than serious disease. 

273
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,100
If you're wrong, then he'll get 
worse and often better. 

274
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:03,500
And he'll come back. 
And I'll revise, my 

275
00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:06,800
understanding medicine is not 
about being, right? 

276
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,300
Every time it's about being 
right. 

277
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,900
More often than wrong, about 
recognizing your mistakes and 

278
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:17,200
learning from the Humility. 
This acknowledgment of 

279
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:21,600
limitation is part of what makes
the Healer affective, he knows 

280
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,400
the boundaries of his knowledge 
and knows when he is reading 

281
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:26,600
clear, signals. 
And when he's making educated 

282
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,300
guesses, he doesn't pretend to 
certain to eat. 

283
00:16:29,300 --> 00:16:32,300
He doesn't possess, which means 
his patients, trust him when he 

284
00:16:32,308 --> 00:16:36,800
does Express confidence, The 
Apprentice watches in work over 

285
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,900
the following weeks. 
Gradually absorbing not just the

286
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:43,400
techniques, but the philosophy 
behind them, she learns that 

287
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:47,500
examination is as much are to 
science, requiring, intuition 

288
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:51,800
bill on experience. 
She learns to trust her senses 

289
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,100
to let her fingers and eyes and 
nose teacher. 

290
00:16:55,100 --> 00:16:59,600
What books cannot Because there 
are no books only this direct 

291
00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,300
transmission of Knowledge from 
one practitioner to another. 

292
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:06,700
One evening. 
After a particularly long day of

293
00:17:06,708 --> 00:17:10,099
seeing patients, the Healer 
shows his Apprentice, something 

294
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:14,900
he's been working on series of 
small clay tablets on which is 

295
00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:17,200
been trying to record different 
pulse patterns. 

296
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:22,800
Each tablet has a simple image 
lines that wave or Spike or stay

297
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,200
flat representing the different 
rhythms. 

298
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:29,800
He has learned to recognize its 
crude and limited, but it's an 

299
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:33,000
attempt to preserve knowledge 
Beyond his own memory to create 

300
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,700
something that could teach 
future students, even after he's

301
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:38,800
gone. 
The Apprentice traces, the lines

302
00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,600
with her finger trying to match 
them to the sensation. 

303
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:43,700
She fell to vary his patients 
risks. 

304
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:49,100
It's difficult. 
Pulses, so complex, so variable,

305
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:54,300
so dependent on context. but she
appreciates the effort and 

306
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:57,000
understands that her teacher is 
trying to build something large 

307
00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,900
than his own practice, something
that could accumulate and grow 

308
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:06,500
over Generations, The body has 
so many ways of speaking the 

309
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,000
Helix is quietly. 
We've learned some of its 

310
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,500
language, but there's much more,
we don't know. 

311
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:16,100
Maybe someday someone will find 
ways to see inside to 

312
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,100
understand, what we can only 
guess at now. 

313
00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:25,000
But until then we work with what
we have, our hands, our eyes, 

314
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:30,500
our patient attention, The 
Apprentice nods understanding 

315
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:33,600
that she's being initiated into 
a tradition that stretches back 

316
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,800
Beyond memory. 
A long lineage of healers who 

317
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,500
learn to read the body surface 
signs who developed touch into 

318
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,100
an instrument of diagnosis and 
comfort and who understood that 

319
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:46,500
not seeing inside, didn't mean 
not knowing anything. 

320
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:48,600
It just meant knowing 
differently. 

321
00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:53,400
As the night deepens and candles
burn low, the Healer and his 

322
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:57,000
Apprentice sit together in 
comfortable silence, two people 

323
00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:00,400
at different points, along the 
same journey of learning to hear

324
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:02,800
what body say when they cannot 
speak in words. 

325
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:06,500
When their true, this must be 
read through skin and pulsing 

326
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:10,100
color through the subtle 
languages of Flesh that reveal 

327
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:13,000
themselves, only to those 
patient enough to learn them. 

328
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,100
The merchant arrives at the 
healer's door in mid-morning 

329
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,500
well-dressed, but moving like 
someone much older than his 

330
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:22,100
years. 
Everything about him, suggests 

331
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:25,100
pain, careful way. 
He lowers himself onto the 

332
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:28,100
stool, the shallow breathing, 
and the tension visible in every

333
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:30,500
muscle. 
But when the Healer asks, what 

334
00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,800
troubles him, the merchants 
answer is frustratingly. 

335
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:38,800
Vague Everything he says nothing
works, right my stomach. 

336
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:44,200
My head, my sleep, I'm exhausted
but can't rest, I'm hungry, but 

337
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,800
food tastes like ashes. 
Another healer might focus on 

338
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,400
individual symptoms and might 
treat the stomach separately 

339
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,200
from the head. 
The sleeplessness is unrelated 

340
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,000
to the appetite. 
But this healer has learned 

341
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,300
something crucial over his 
Decades of practice. 

342
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:03,300
The body doesn't experience 
itself in isolated Parts, it's a

343
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:07,600
unified whole and illness in one
area, ripples outward, affecting

344
00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:10,300
everything else. 
So, instead of immediately 

345
00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:13,800
Examining The Merchant stomach 
or head, the Healer asks about 

346
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,500
his life. 
What does his work involve? 

347
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,800
How are things at home, has 
anything changed recently. 

348
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,500
When did these symptoms begin? 
And what else was happening at 

349
00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:26,600
that time? 
The merchant shifts 

350
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:29,500
uncomfortably. 
These questions seem irrelevant 

351
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:32,500
to him too personal and not 
properly Medical. 

352
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:37,200
But the Healer Waits patiently 
and eventually the story 

353
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:40,700
emerges, the merchants business 
is failing. 

354
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:47,200
Get some mounting, his wife is 
angry his children distant, he 

355
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,000
can't sleep because he lies 
awake, calculating losses, 

356
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,300
trying to find solutions that 
don't exist. 

357
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:56,700
He can't eat because his stomach
is a knot of anxiety, everything

358
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,400
hurts, because he's carrying the
weight of impending ruin. 

359
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,500
Now, the Healer understands the 
symptoms aren't separate 

360
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,600
problems. 
Requiring separate treatments. 

361
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:09,300
They're all expressions of the 
same fundamental distress. 

362
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:12,500
The body and mind aren't 
separate kingdoms, but 

363
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:15,800
intimately connected. 
Each affecting the other in ways

364
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:20,200
that Cascade an amplifier. 
This holistic understanding is 

365
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,800
Central to the healers approach.
He doesn't see a collection of 

366
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:26,900
symptoms to be individually 
addressed, but a whole person 

367
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:28,800
whose balances has been 
disrupted. 

368
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,700
Treating just the stomach would 
be like, trying to calm a storm.

369
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:35,100
He Sea by smoothing out 
individual ways. 

370
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:38,200
You might have temporary 
success, but the underlying 

371
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:42,700
turbulence remains the healer's 
examination when it comes 

372
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:46,400
includes the merchants physical 
state, but also his emotional 

373
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:51,400
and social circumstances He asks
about relationships about work 

374
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,000
about what brings joy, and what 
brings sorrow? 

375
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,500
He observes, not just pulse and 
tongue but posture and 

376
00:21:57,508 --> 00:21:59,900
expression. 
The way the merchant holds 

377
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:02,200
himself and the quality of his 
voice. 

378
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:05,400
This broader view reveals 
patterns that pure physical 

379
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:08,300
examination, might miss the 
heeler. 

380
00:22:08,300 --> 00:22:11,200
Sees that the merchants tension 
is concentrated in his shoulders

381
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:15,100
and jaw, Asic holding patterns 
for someone bearing unbearable 

382
00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,300
stress. 
His pulses tight and constricted

383
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,500
the rhythm of someone whose 
entire system is clenched 

384
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:25,400
against overwhelming pressure. 
His eyes though, physically 

385
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:29,300
healthy have a haunted quality. 
The look of someone who hasn't 

386
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:33,000
felt safe, or at ease in months.
None of this can be fixed with 

387
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,300
herbs alone. 
The healing knows this? 

388
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:38,300
He could prescribe something to 
help them Merchants sleep and 

389
00:22:38,308 --> 00:22:40,900
something else to settle his 
stomach, but these would be 

390
00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:42,800
temporary patches on a deeper 
wound. 

391
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:47,300
What the merchant needs, is a 
change in his circumstances, a 

392
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:48,700
release from the pressure, 
crushing him. 

393
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,800
Of course, the Healer can't 
solve the merchants find natural

394
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,000
problems. 
He is not a miracle worker. 

395
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:56,400
But he can do something 
important. 

396
00:22:57,300 --> 00:23:00,100
He can help them Merchant 
understand what's happening and 

397
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:03,200
can name the connection between 
his external stresses, and his 

398
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:06,600
internal suffering. 
This understanding itself is 

399
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:11,100
therapeutic transforming 
mysterious frightening symptoms,

400
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,100
into a comprehensible response 
to intolerable circumstances. 

401
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:19,600
The Healer also knows that 
bodies have wisdom that symptoms

402
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,400
sometimes serve protective 
purposes. 

403
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,500
The merchants inability to eat, 
might be his body's way of 

404
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:28,600
saying, stop. 
Something is very wrong. 

405
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,300
You need to change course. 
His sleeplessness. 

406
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:34,800
Might be an alarm that won't 
shut off until the danger is 

407
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:37,100
addressed. 
Suppressing these symptoms 

408
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,500
without addressing their cause 
would be like covering the 

409
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:41,800
warning light on a cart that is 
about to lose a wheel. 

410
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,500
What the Healer offers in Stead 
is support for the whole person.

411
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,900
Herbs that won't eliminate 
anxiety but might take its edge 

412
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:53,100
off enough that the merchant can
think more clearly and can make 

413
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:56,600
better decisions. 
Gentle physical treatments, 

414
00:23:56,600 --> 00:24:00,900
massage and careful stretching 
to release some of the muscular 

415
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:02,700
tension. 
That's making everything worse. 

416
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,400
Advice about small manageable 
changes, walks in, fresh are 

417
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,400
moments of Stillness and talking
with someone trustworthy about 

418
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,800
the birds. 
He's carrying Most importantly, 

419
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,900
the Healer offers perspective. 
Your body isn't betraying you, 

420
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,300
he explains, it's responding, 
normally to abnormal 

421
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:27,600
circumstances. 
These symptoms are messages, not

422
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:29,600
enemies. 
They're telling you that 

423
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,000
something in your life needs to 
change, listen to them. 

424
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,200
This conversation alone seems to
help. 

425
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:41,200
The merchant shoulders drop 
slightly his breathing deepens, 

426
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:45,100
some color returns to his face. 
He's not cured. 

427
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:49,200
His problems remain. 
But he feels less alone with 

428
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:54,000
them less bewildered by his own 
physical distress. healer has 

429
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,100
learned through long experience,
that illness rarely has a single

430
00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:02,100
cause It emerges from the 
complex interaction of Body Mind

431
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:07,300
emotion and circumstances. 
Person might develop a fever 

432
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:11,000
from a physical infectious, but 
whether they recover quickly or 

433
00:25:11,008 --> 00:25:14,300
slowly can depend on their 
emotional state, they're living 

434
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:18,200
conditions their relationships 
and their sense of hope or 

435
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,500
despair. 
This is why he always asks about

436
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:24,900
the whole life. 
Not just the ailing part, he 

437
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:26,500
wants to know about sleep and 
food. 

438
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:31,800
Yes, but also about work and 
family about fears and joys and 

439
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,400
about what feels wrong. 
Even if it can't be named body's

440
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,000
existing context, and healing 
requires addressing the whole 

441
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,000
situation, not just the most 
obvious symptoms. 

442
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:46,500
His Apprentice watching this 
interaction is struck by how 

443
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:48,800
much time the Healer spends 
simply listening. 

444
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:53,000
She's been trained to examine to
palpate and to observe. 

445
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,400
But she still learning the skill
of deep listening. 

446
00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,800
Of creating space for people to 
tell the whole truth of their 

447
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,200
experience. 
After the merchant leaves, not 

448
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:07,200
cured, but somewhat eased with 
some practical suggestions and 

449
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,400
more importantly, with 
understanding the Healer turns 

450
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:15,300
to his Apprentice, Remember he 
says, we treat people not 

451
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:18,300
diseases. 
The same illness will manifest 

452
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,100
differently in different bodies 
and will require different 

453
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:23,000
approaches depending on who's 
carrying it. 

454
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,700
Cookie cutter medicine, might be
faster but it's rarely 

455
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:30,100
affective. 
The Apprentice nods beginning to

456
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:32,100
grasp the complexity of what 
she's learning. 

457
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:34,900
It would be simpler if bodies 
were machines. 

458
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:38,300
That broke in predictable ways 
and could be fixed with standard

459
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:40,800
repairs. 
But bodies are living systems 

460
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,700
embedded in lives. 
And those lives are messy and 

461
00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:46,600
complicated and impossible to 
separate from the physical 

462
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,000
symptoms. 
They produce over the following 

463
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,700
months, she learns to take this 
holistic view in her own 

464
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:56,700
examination. 
She learns to ask not just where

465
00:26:56,700 --> 00:26:59,000
does it hurt? 
But what else is happening in 

466
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,600
your life? 
She learns to see patterns 

467
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:05,500
connecting physical symptoms to 
emotional states to notice how 

468
00:27:05,500 --> 00:27:09,300
grief can manifest as chest 
pain, how fear can settle in the

469
00:27:09,308 --> 00:27:11,800
gut and how rage can create 
headaches. 

470
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:16,600
This doesn't mean she dismisses 
physical causes infections are 

471
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,500
real injuries. 
Are real and bodily malfunctions

472
00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:23,200
are real. 
But she learns to see them in 

473
00:27:23,208 --> 00:27:26,300
context. 
To understand that the same 

474
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:30,300
infection might overwhelm one 
person while another fights, it 

475
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:33,700
off easily, depending on factors
that have nothing to do with the

476
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:37,100
microbes themselves. 
She is learning to be a Healer 

477
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,200
who treats whole people who 
understands that the boundaries 

478
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,600
between body and mind between 
physical and emotional and 

479
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:47,100
between individual and 
environment are far more porous 

480
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:50,600
than they might first appear. 
That health is not just the 

481
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:54,800
absence of disease, but to state
of balance, involving every 

482
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:59,300
aspect of a person's existence. 
This is sophisticated medicine 

483
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:03,800
built without microscopes or 
blood tests without x-rays or 

484
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,100
lab results. 
Its medicine based on careful. 

485
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:10,800
Observation of the whole person 
on understanding patterns, that 

486
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:15,300
connect seemingly disparate 
symptoms and on recognizing that

487
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,800
healing often requires changes 
that go far beyond, prescribing 

488
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:23,300
remedies, As night falls and the
days patients depart the Healer 

489
00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:26,100
and his Apprentice sit together 
discussing, what they've seen. 

490
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:31,100
These conversations are part of 
her education, too learning to 

491
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,100
think about medicine, not as a 
set of rigid rules, but as a 

492
00:28:34,100 --> 00:28:38,100
flexible creative practice, that
must be adapted to each unique 

493
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:42,600
person and situation, the body 
remains mysterious, its 

494
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:46,200
Interiors, still unseen. 
But through this holistic 

495
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:49,800
approach through attention to 
the whole person and all their 

496
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:53,600
circumstances, the Healer has 
found ways to work with that 

497
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:55,800
mystery. 
To support healing. 

498
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,100
Even when he can't see exactly 
what is happening inside. 

499
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,700
It's medicine that honors 
complexity that works with 

500
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:05,800
systems rather than just 
symptoms. 

501
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:10,000
And that understands Health as a
merging from the intricate 

502
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:14,400
balance of countless factors 
physical and otherwise The old 

503
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,800
Heelers memory. 
Contains thousands of cases 

504
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:22,600
filed away in intricate detail, 
cross-reference and organized in

505
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:24,400
ways. 
He couldn't fully explain if 

506
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,200
asked Its not photographic 
memory. 

507
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:31,700
Those don't really exist, not 
the way story suggests, but its 

508
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:35,800
trained memory honed by Decades 
of deliberate attention to 

509
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:40,100
patterns and outcomes. 
When a new patient arrives with 

510
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:43,600
a particular constellation of 
symptoms, the healer's Mind 

511
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:47,300
automatically searches through 
its archives as he seen this 

512
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:51,400
before, what happened last time.
What worked and what didn't? 

513
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,600
The comparison happens almost 
instantly below the level of 

514
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,100
conscious thought his 
experienced. 

515
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:01,600
I recognizing patterns, the way 
you might recognize a familiar 

516
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:05,100
face in a crowd without having 
to consciously analyze each 

517
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:07,100
feature. 
This mental library, is the 

518
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:10,300
foundation of medical knowledge 
before writing becomes common. 

519
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:14,400
It's how understanding 
accumulates and deepens each 

520
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,100
healer adding their observations
to what their teachers taught 

521
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:20,400
them refining and sometimes 
correcting, the wisdom passed 

522
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:23,100
down. 
But memory is also fragile. 

523
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,100
Essentially, at the boundaries, 
the Healer can remember, last 

524
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:31,000
week's patients and sharp detail
and can recall unusual cases 

525
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:32,800
from years ago because they were
memorable. 

526
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:36,300
But the ordinary cases the 
middle range of observation that

527
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:40,500
didn't stand out those blur and 
fade their lessons potentially 

528
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:44,200
lost. 
This is why in recent years, the

529
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,400
Healer has begun working with 
marks and symbols trying to 

530
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,800
create external memory ways of 
preserving observations, beyond 

531
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,000
the capacity of his own mind. 
It's slow work. 

532
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,300
May Difficult by the limitations
of materials and by the 

533
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:01,200
challenge of finding symbols 
that can capture the complexity 

534
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,500
of what he knows. 
He's not writing in the modern 

535
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:06,700
sense. 
There's no alphabet, no 

536
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,800
standardized script. 
Stead, he's developed a personal

537
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:14,100
system of images and marks that 
helped trigger his memory. 

538
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:18,000
A drawing of a plant reminds 
him, which herb treats, which 

539
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,500
condition. 
A pattern of dots represents a 

540
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:24,900
particular type of pulse. 
A stick figure with marks on the

541
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:28,500
abdomen recalls a case of 
internal pain that resolved with

542
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:31,700
specific treatment. 
His Apprentice is learning the 

543
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:36,000
system, adding her own marks and
modifications together, their 

544
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:37,900
creating something that could 
Outlast them. 

545
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:41,900
Both A Primitive medical texts. 
That future healers could study 

546
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:46,000
in build upon One after noon, 
the heeler shows his Apprentice 

547
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,700
a series of notched bones. 
He is collected over the years, 

548
00:31:48,700 --> 00:31:53,100
each knot represents a case of a
particular fever marked with 

549
00:31:53,100 --> 00:31:57,500
small symbols indicating the 
outcome recovery death or 

550
00:31:57,500 --> 00:32:01,300
ongoing illness By counting The 
Notches, he can tell his 

551
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:06,800
Apprentice. 47 people, I've 
treated with this fever, 39 

552
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,600
recovered six died and two 
remain chronically ill. 

553
00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:13,800
The deaths were all among the 
very young or very old. 

554
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,900
This is crude statistics born 
from observation and careful 

555
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:20,600
record-keeping. 
The Healer doesn't think of it 

556
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,500
as mathematics. 
He's just noticed patterns and 

557
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:26,400
found a way to track them. 
But it allows him to make 

558
00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:29,400
predictions to help patients 
what they can reasonably expect 

559
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,200
and to give them odds rather 
than just guesses. 

560
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:34,600
The Apprentice is Amazed by 
this. 

561
00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:38,100
She hadn't realized her teacher 
was keeping such detailed 

562
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:41,000
records and hadn't. 
Understood that healing could be

563
00:32:41,008 --> 00:32:45,200
approached, so systematically. 
She asks to learn the marking 

564
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,900
system to start keeping her own 
records. together, they develop 

565
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:53,700
ways to note, not just outcomes 
but circumstances they Mark, 

566
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:57,900
whether the patient was well fed
or malnourished, young or old 

567
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:02,400
and treated immediately or only 
after the oldest of progressed, 

568
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:06,100
Gradually patterns emerged, that
wouldn't be visible from 

569
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:08,800
Individual cases. 
They see that early treatment, 

570
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:12,000
improves outcomes, the good 
nutrition provides. 

571
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:15,000
Some protection against severe 
illness and that certain 

572
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,600
conditions run in families. 
And this is the beginning of 

573
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:20,700
what will eventually become 
medical literature. 

574
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:24,200
The systematic recording and 
Analysis of observations. 

575
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,700
But it's happening in a world 
without books without 

576
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,000
standardized writing where each 
healer must invent their own 

577
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,600
system of preservation. 
The Healer also, teaches his 

578
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:37,700
Apprentice memory techniques, 
the same ones he learned from 

579
00:33:37,700 --> 00:33:40,400
his own teacher. 
Methods of organizing 

580
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,800
information mentally. 
So it can be retrieved when 

581
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:46,600
needed he teaches her to 
associate treatments with Vivid 

582
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,300
mental images, to create memory 
palaces where different types of

583
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,700
knowledge are stored in 
different imaginary rooms and to

584
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:56,500
use Rhythm and repetition to 
cement important information. 

585
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,700
Your mind is your primary tool. 
He tells her Sharper than any 

586
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:04,600
knife more reliable than any 
written record. 

587
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,900
If you train it properly. 
But you must be deliberate about

588
00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:10,300
what you can commit to memory 
and how you organize it. 

589
00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:14,699
She learns to review cases each 
evening going over the days 

590
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:17,600
patients in her mind noting. 
What was unusual? 

591
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,500
What was typical? 
What surprised her This nightly 

592
00:34:21,500 --> 00:34:24,800
review helps transfer 
observations from short-term to 

593
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:28,100
long-term memory and ensures 
that lessons are lost. 

594
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:31,600
But even with trained memory, 
and primitive record, keeping 

595
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:35,900
knowledge remains precarious. 
When a Healer dies, much of what

596
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:39,600
they knew dies with them, unless
they've successfully passed it 

597
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,600
to apprentices. 
And even the Best Transmission 

598
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:45,100
loses some Nuance. 
The Apprentice loans. 

599
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:47,800
The rules, but not all the 
exceptions, the general 

600
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:50,300
patterns, but not the subtle 
variations. 

601
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:54,900
This is why the healer is so 
committed to his marking system 

602
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:59,000
imperfect as it is. 
He knows his memory will fail 

603
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:03,200
eventually, either through age 
or death, but these marks might 

604
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:05,700
endure. 
Might teach future healers 

605
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,700
things, he learned through 
Decades of patient observation, 

606
00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,800
One of his most precious 
possessions is a piece of 

607
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,300
treated leather on which he's 
drawn the human body as he 

608
00:35:15,300 --> 00:35:18,700
understands it. 
It's not accurate in the way in 

609
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:22,000
a text would be, he's never seen
inside a body. 

610
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,800
So he's working from external 
observation and inference. 

611
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:29,300
But it shows the major landmarks
as he knows them, the hearts 

612
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:33,000
somewhere in the chest, the 
stomach below the liver to the 

613
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,000
side and the intestines coiled 
in the abdomen. 

614
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:40,200
It's a map of mystery more than 
knowledge but it helps him 

615
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,000
teachers. 
Apprentice where to palpate 

616
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,900
where different organs can be 
felt through the skin and what 

617
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:50,400
areas correspond to what 
functions. when she examines a 

618
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:54,200
patient abdomen, she can refer 
to the map and can understand 

619
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:58,800
that pain in this location, 
likely involves these organs The

620
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:00,800
healer is aware that his map is 
probably wrong. 

621
00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:04,500
In many details, he's made his 
best guesses based on limited 

622
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:07,500
information, but it's better 
than no map at all. 

623
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:10,900
And future healers can correct 
and refine it as they learn 

624
00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:13,800
more. 
As the months passed The 

625
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,200
Apprentice of her own 
record-keeping habits. 

626
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,100
She scratches notes onto bits of
bark. 

627
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:22,400
Draws. 
Images on clay, tablets and ties

628
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,400
notes, and chords to remember, 
important observations. 

629
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:29,600
The system is different from her
teachers adapted to her own mind

630
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:33,100
and needs. 
This diversity is probably good 

631
00:36:33,100 --> 00:36:36,300
different approaches to 
recording, might preserve 

632
00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:40,100
different types of information. 
together their participating in 

633
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,800
one of Humanity's great projects
the accumulation and 

634
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:47,100
transmission of knowledge across
Generations it's happening 

635
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:52,100
slowly haltingly without any 
grand plan But each careful 

636
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:55,700
observation, each Mark that 
captures and preserves a 

637
00:36:55,708 --> 00:36:58,400
pattern. 
Each Apprentice, who learns and 

638
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:01,800
adds their own discoveries. 
All of this builds towards 

639
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,200
something larger than any 
individual Heeler. 

640
00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:06,800
The Healer knows he stands in a 
long. 

641
00:37:06,808 --> 00:37:09,900
Lineage his teacher taught him, 
what their teacher taught them, 

642
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:13,400
stretching back to the first 
healers who began this, patient 

643
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:17,000
work of observation and his 
Apprentice will teach others who

644
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,200
will teach others. 
Still each generation refining 

645
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:22,400
and expanding the understanding 
of the body. 

646
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,900
In its healing, Memory Remains, 
the primary vessel for this 

647
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:29,200
knowledge, but now, it's being 
supplemented and preserved in 

648
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,400
external forms that can Outlast 
individual lives. 

649
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:35,900
It's the beginning of medicine 
as a cumulative discipline. 

650
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,100
There's something that can grow 
and improve rather than having 

651
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:41,400
to be rediscovered. 
A new each generation. 

652
00:37:42,900 --> 00:37:46,000
As the evening deepens the 
Healer and his Apprentice sit by

653
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,600
firelight reviewing the marks 
and symbols, they've created 

654
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:54,300
discussing, what should be 
preserved and how its patient 

655
00:37:54,300 --> 00:37:56,900
work? 
This building of knowledge, but 

656
00:37:56,900 --> 00:38:00,400
then everything about healing 
requires, patience, the body 

657
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:04,800
heals slowly, understanding, 
accumulates gradually and wisdom

658
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:08,600
takes time to mature, The marks 
they make tonight might endure 

659
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:10,400
for decades and might teach 
healers. 

660
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,200
They'll never meet, or they 
might be lost destroyed by fire,

661
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,500
or water or simply forgotten. 
There's no way to know But they 

662
00:38:19,508 --> 00:38:22,900
make them anyway driven by the 
hope that knowledge carefully 

663
00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:24,800
gathered shouldn't be 
carelessly, lost. 

664
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,300
But the lessons of experienced 
deserve to Outlast the 

665
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:31,500
individuals who learned them, 
the boundary between life and 

666
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:35,300
death has always been sacred 
territory, carefully guarded by 

667
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,900
custom and fear. 
Bodies of the Dead, are powerful

668
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:43,600
things charged with meaning 
surrounded by ritual and taboo. 

669
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:48,000
and for most of human history, 
they remain in violate to cut 

670
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,400
open, a dead body would be 
Unthinkable violation. 

671
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,000
So profound. 
It has no name But knowledge has

672
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,600
limits and some healers begin to
wonder. 

673
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:02,100
What if we could see inside? 
What, if the Mysteries we spend 

674
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:04,900
our lives trying to understand 
through surface signs? 

675
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:08,800
Could be directly observed? 
The Healer thinks about this 

676
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:10,900
sometimes though he'd never 
speak of it allowed. 

677
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:14,500
He spent 30 years, building, 
mental models of the Interior 

678
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:18,700
body based on what he can feel 
through skin and what he can 

679
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:22,300
infer from Simpsons. 
But he knows these models are 

680
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:26,200
speculation educated guesses 
that might be fundamentally 

681
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:29,300
wrong. 
There are moments examining a 

682
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:32,900
patient with an abdominal Mass, 
trying to determine what organ 

683
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:35,600
is affected. 
When he wishes desperately that 

684
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:39,600
he could simply look. 
Not in a living person, which 

685
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:42,400
would be both cruel and quickly 
fatal. 

686
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:47,100
But in someone already dead who 
suffering was finished, whose 

687
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:49,500
body might yet? 
Serve by teaching the living, 

688
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:53,500
Such thoughts, feel dangerous, 
almost blasphemous. 

689
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:57,100
The dead a sacred. 
They belong to whatever comes 

690
00:39:57,100 --> 00:39:59,900
after not to the Curiosity of 
Healers. 

691
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,600
To cut them open were disturb 
their Journey, which show 

692
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:07,800
disrespect to ancestors and gods
and would cross lines that exist

693
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,500
for good reason. 
And yet the wandering persists 

694
00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:15,800
in some places far away. 
He's heard rumors of cultures 

695
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,500
that handle their dead 
differently. 

696
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:22,400
People who mummified bodies with
elaborate care, removing organs 

697
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:25,500
in the process. 
Surely, they must see inside 

698
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:27,900
during this work and must learn 
something from what they 

699
00:40:27,900 --> 00:40:31,400
observe. 
But if so that knowledge doesn't

700
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:34,900
travel, it remains locked within
Those Distant practices. 

701
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:37,100
Not shared with healers 
elsewhere. 

702
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:40,900
The healers Apprentice asks in 
one day with the blunt, honesty 

703
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,300
of Youth. 
Why don't we look inside? 

704
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:47,900
Not in living people, but in 
those who have died, wouldn't 

705
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:49,300
that teach us what we need to 
know? 

706
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:53,900
He considers how to answer. 
Because the dead aren't ours to 

707
00:40:53,908 --> 00:40:57,400
use that way because there are 
boundaries between respect and 

708
00:40:57,400 --> 00:40:59,700
knowledge. 
And we can't always sacrifice 

709
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:04,600
one for the other because He 
pauses trying to articulate 

710
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:06,800
something, he feels more than 
understands. 

711
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:10,500
Because there's wisdom in 
acknowledging mystery in 

712
00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:12,600
accepting that some things 
remain hidden. 

713
00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:16,600
But even as he says this, he 
wonders if it's entirely true. 

714
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:20,100
Is there really wisdom in 
ignorance or is he just 

715
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:22,900
rationalizing? 
Fear calling inevitable, 

716
00:41:22,900 --> 00:41:26,200
limitation of virtue. 
The question haunts him. 

717
00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:29,000
He thinks about all the 
patients, his lost over the 

718
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,100
years. 
All the time, he couldn't help 

719
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,400
because he didn't understand 
what was happening inside. 

720
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:36,600
With those deaths have been 
prevented, if he'd known more 

721
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:40,100
would care for respectful 
examination, of the dead of 

722
00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:43,300
saved the living. 
There's no way to know and 

723
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:46,500
perhaps that's the hardest part.
The cost of ignorance is 

724
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:48,700
invisible, you can't count the 
lives. 

725
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:50,300
That might have been saved by 
knowledge. 

726
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:53,900
You don't possess You can only 
count the lives lost despite 

727
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:56,600
your best efforts. 
Despite all your careful 

728
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:58,600
observation and accumulated 
wisdom. 

729
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:01,700
In some cities part of the 
South. 

730
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:05,700
Taboos are beginning to loosen 
or the rumors say. 

731
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:10,200
Certain schools of healing are 
permitted to dissect. 

732
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:13,600
The bodies of executed criminals
people who forfeited their 

733
00:42:13,608 --> 00:42:17,100
rights by their crimes, whose 
bodies are considered available 

734
00:42:17,100 --> 00:42:18,900
for use. 
That would be Unthinkable for 

735
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:22,200
ordinary dead. the Healer has 
heard that these dissections 

736
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:26,100
reveal astonishing things that 
the heart has Chambers and 

737
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:29,800
valves that the lungs are like 
sponges that the liver is 

738
00:42:29,808 --> 00:42:33,600
divided into sections and that 
the intestines are far longer 

739
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:37,500
than anyone imagined that the 
old mental Maps built from 

740
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:40,500
external observation. 
And inference are both partly 

741
00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:43,500
right and partly profoundly 
wrong. 

742
00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:47,000
This knowledge troubles him on 
one hand. 

743
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,900
It's exciting finally direct 
observation of what he spent 

744
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:53,300
decades trying to understand in 
directly. 

745
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:57,100
On the other hand, it makes him 
acutely aware of his own. 

746
00:42:57,100 --> 00:43:00,700
Ignorance of how much he's been 
guessing and of how many of his 

747
00:43:00,700 --> 00:43:03,300
confident explanations were 
probably mistaken. 

748
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:08,000
His Apprentice younger and less 
burdened by tradition, is less 

749
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:10,800
conflicted. 
She wants to learn from these 

750
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,800
dissections and wants to travel 
to the cities where they happen 

751
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:17,500
and see for herself. 
She doesn't understand why the 

752
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:21,200
Healer hesitates while he seems 
pulled between curiosity and 

753
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,000
restraint. 
The knowledge is there, she 

754
00:43:24,008 --> 00:43:26,100
argues, people are already doing
this work. 

755
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:28,900
Why shouldn't we benefit from 
what they're learning? 

756
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,200
Because there's a difference, 
the Healer says slowly between 

757
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,700
accepting knowledge that exists 
and actively participating in 

758
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:40,200
creating it. 
I Can't Stop Those Distant 

759
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,700
positions from cutting open the 
dead, but I can choose not to do

760
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:46,400
it myself and can choose to 
maintain the boundaries my own 

761
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:50,200
culture considers sacred. 
Even if people die because of 

762
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:51,600
your respect for those 
boundaries. 

763
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:55,200
It's a brutal question and the 
Healer doesn't have a good 

764
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:57,900
answer. 
Perhaps he says, finally. 

765
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:00,700
Or perhaps, there are other ways
to gain knowledge. 

766
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:05,100
Slow, aways, that don't require 
violating the dead, perhaps 

767
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:07,300
patient. 
Observation over Generations, 

768
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:11,200
will eventually reveal what 
dissection shows more quickly, I

769
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:13,900
don't know. 
I only know that I must practice

770
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:15,600
medicine in a way I can live 
with. 

771
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:19,300
And for me, that means 
respecting certain limits. 

772
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:22,900
The Apprentice isn't satisfied 
with this answer, but she 

773
00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:25,700
accepted for now. 
She continues her training, 

774
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:28,800
learning all the Healer can 
teach about reading bodies from 

775
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:31,700
the outside and about 
understanding health and illness

776
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:35,000
through surface signs. 
But he can see her restlessness 

777
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:38,400
a hunger for the kind of direct 
knowledge that comes from 

778
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:41,100
looking inside. 
One day. 

779
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:43,500
She'll probably travel to those 
Southern cities. 

780
00:44:43,500 --> 00:44:47,300
She'll probably observe 
dissections and learn anatomy in

781
00:44:47,300 --> 00:44:48,300
ways. 
Her teacher, never could. 

782
00:44:48,300 --> 00:44:53,400
And when she returns, if she 
returns, she'll know, things 

783
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,600
that will make her a better 
healer than he is, he accepts 

784
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:00,200
this, it's the natural 
progression of knowledge, each 

785
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:04,300
generation building on and 
surpassing what came before, but

786
00:45:04,300 --> 00:45:06,500
he also knows that something 
will be lost in this 

787
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:09,400
progression. 
The careful art of inference. 

788
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:12,600
The skill of reading the 
invisible through the visible, 

789
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:16,100
these will become less valued as
direct observation becomes 

790
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:18,600
possible. 
Future healers will learn 

791
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,000
Anatomy from books and to 
sections, rather than 

792
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:24,000
developing. 
The patient to surface is that 

793
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,300
has been the foundation of 
meters and for millennia is this

794
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:29,500
progress or loss? 
Probably both. 

795
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,100
Knowledge is never gained 
without cost, and the costs 

796
00:45:33,100 --> 00:45:34,400
aren't always obvious at the 
time. 

797
00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:38,100
The Healer continues, his work 
continues, his careful 

798
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:41,000
observation and continues 
teaching, his Apprentice 

799
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:44,400
everything he knows. 
That the world is changing 

800
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,000
around him, and medicine is 
changing with it. 

801
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:49,900
The boundaries between 
permissible and forbidden 

802
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:52,700
shifting. 
What seemed Unthinkable is 

803
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:56,000
becoming thinkable. 
Then doable then routine. 

804
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:58,900
Is living in a hinge moment, 
though. 

805
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:00,600
He can't fully see it from where
he stands. 

806
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:05,400
Medicine is beginning its slow, 
irreversible movement from 

807
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:09,600
inference to direct observation,
from Reading signs to examining 

808
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,400
structures. 
The body's interior is being 

809
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,400
unveiled. 
And once seen it can never again

810
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:20,300
be completely mysterious Part of
him Mourns this, there was 

811
00:46:20,308 --> 00:46:23,300
something beautiful about the 
old meds and about the humble 

812
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:26,700
acknowledgment that some things 
remain hidden that we work with 

813
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:28,800
partial knowledge and must be 
content with it. 

814
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:32,200
There was crafted in building 
understanding through patient 

815
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:35,500
accumulation of surface 
observations through careful 

816
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:37,000
reasoning from visible to 
Invisible. 

817
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:41,100
But another part of him a part, 
that's a Healer before. 

818
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:44,700
Everything else knows that 
direct knowledge will save lives

819
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:48,300
will make medicine more 
effective and will reduce the 

820
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:50,300
suffering. 
His witnessed over his Decades 

821
00:46:50,300 --> 00:46:53,300
of practice. 
How can he argue against that? 

822
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:57,400
So he stands in the attention, 
honoring the old boundaries 

823
00:46:57,400 --> 00:46:59,400
while ignoring their eventual 
dissolution. 

824
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:02,800
Teaching is Apprentice the 
careful Arts of inference while 

825
00:47:02,800 --> 00:47:06,000
knowing she'll eventually have 
access to forms of knowledge 

826
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:08,200
that will make some of those 
Arts obsolete. 

827
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:12,000
The sacred and the Forbidden are
not static categories. 

828
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,400
What? 
One generation considers 

829
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,400
Untouchable the next might see 
as necessary. 

830
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:21,000
And somewhere in this 
progression medicine is being 

831
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,800
transformed. 
Though, whether into something 

832
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,000
better or merely different 
remains to be seen? 

833
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:29,600
When the Healer tries to explain
to patients what's happening 

834
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,300
inside them, he doesn't use 
clinical language. 

835
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:37,200
There isn't any instead, he 
reaches for metaphors drawn from

836
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,600
the natural world images that 
make invisible processes 

837
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,900
comprehensible, Your body is 
like a garden. 

838
00:47:43,900 --> 00:47:47,700
He tells a woman struggling with
chronic digestive problems right

839
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:49,600
now, the gardeners overgrown 
with weeds. 

840
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,600
We need to clear them gently 
prepare the soil and plant good 

841
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:56,500
things. 
It takes time, you can't rush a 

842
00:47:56,500 --> 00:47:58,800
garden. 
The metaphor works because 

843
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,200
everyone understands Garden's 
knows about cultivation and 

844
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:05,500
patience and knows that forcing 
things doesn't help. 

845
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:09,700
The woman nods. 
Her anxiety, easing slightly. 

846
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,400
She can picture this and can 
understand treatment as tending 

847
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:18,800
rather than fighting. to a young
man with fever he says, Your 

848
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:23,000
body is fighting a fire inside. 
Fever is how it burns away the 

849
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:25,500
illness. 
Our job is to keep the fire from

850
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:29,200
spreading too hot, to give your 
body water and fuel for the 

851
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:32,200
fight, but not to extinguish the
fire to quickly. 

852
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:37,200
It's doing necessary work. 
Again the metaphor makes sense. 

853
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:40,900
Fire is something people 
understand respect and know how 

854
00:48:40,908 --> 00:48:43,600
to work with. 
The young man gross that is 

855
00:48:43,600 --> 00:48:46,600
fever isn't just something to 
suppress, but a tool his body is

856
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:48,900
using even if it feels 
uncomfortable. 

857
00:48:50,600 --> 00:48:52,900
These nature metaphors aren't 
just teaching tools. 

858
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:55,700
They shape how the Healer 
himself thinks about the body. 

859
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:59,800
He genuinely sees it as Garden, 
like there's something that 

860
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:03,800
grows and needs tending that can
be harmed by harsh treatment or 

861
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:07,600
neglect and that responds to 
Gentle appropriate care. 

862
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:12,200
He sees it as River like, with 
fluids and energies that need to

863
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:15,500
flow freely. 
When something blocks the flow 

864
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:19,500
injury illness stagnation 
problems arise. 

865
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:23,300
Treatment often involves 
restoring flow removing 

866
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:26,600
blockages and ensuring. 
Nothing is damming up where it 

867
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:30,000
should run for free. 
He sees it as fire like in his 

868
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,600
vital heat, the warmth that 
animates living tissue and 

869
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:37,600
withdraws in death. 
This vital fire needs fuel and 

870
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:40,300
air can burn too hot or too 
cool. 

871
00:49:40,300 --> 00:49:45,000
And can be rekindled when low or
banked when excessive his 

872
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:48,500
Apprentice learns to think in 
these terms to see bodies as 

873
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:52,600
ecology is rather than machines,
as living systems, that 

874
00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:56,300
self-regulate when healthy a 
need only guidance back toward 

875
00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:59,500
balance when ill, It's a 
fundamentally different 

876
00:49:59,500 --> 00:50:02,800
framework from Modern 
biomedicine, but it's not wrong.

877
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:06,000
It's just a different way of 
organizing understanding. 

878
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,500
When they examine a patient 
together, the Healer asks his 

879
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:13,500
Apprentice. what's the weather 
like inside this person, she's 

880
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:17,000
learned to answer in 
metaphorical terms, dampen, cold

881
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:23,100
stagnant, like a marsh, or hot 
and dry like Summer, Wind, These

882
00:50:23,100 --> 00:50:26,000
descriptions capture something 
real about the patient's State 

883
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:29,300
and translating visible 
processes into observable 

884
00:50:29,300 --> 00:50:32,300
patterns. 
The Healer also uses seasonal, 

885
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:36,900
metaphors bodies have seasons, 
just like the year does times of

886
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:40,100
growth and grossed activity and 
dormant sea. 

887
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:43,200
Illness often comes from being 
in the wrong season in 

888
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:46,600
internally from trying to 
maintain summer energy in Winter

889
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:50,600
conditions, or vice versa. 
Treatment involves helping the 

890
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:52,400
body, find its appropriate 
season. 

891
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,100
He explains to an exhausted 
patient. 

892
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:58,600
You're trying to maintain High 
summer while your body needs 

893
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:01,700
Autumn. 
You need to slow down to let 

894
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,500
some things die back to 
consolidate for the coming 

895
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:07,000
winter. 
Fighting against your season, 

896
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:11,600
only exhaust, you further. 
The patient understands this 

897
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,000
immediately. 
Everyone knows you can't force 

898
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:17,700
spring before its time and can't
hold on to Summer indefinitely 

899
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:21,500
accepting your season and 
working with it rather than 

900
00:51:21,500 --> 00:51:24,200
against it. 
This makes intuitive sense. 

901
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,300
What's remarkable is, how useful
these metaphors are how much 

902
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:30,300
they capture about bodily 
processes? 

903
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:34,400
Despite having no basis in 
anatomy or physiology as it will

904
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:38,400
later be understood The Healer 
doesn't know about cells or 

905
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:41,500
organs or biochemistry, but his 
garden River. 

906
00:51:41,500 --> 00:51:44,400
Fire framework allows him to 
think productively about health 

907
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:47,400
and illness and to make 
treatment decisions that often 

908
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:50,800
work. 
This is because metaphors aren't

909
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:53,800
just poetic decoration The 
Thinking Tools. 

910
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:57,600
They organize observations 
suggest interventions and 

911
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:01,100
predict outcomes. 
The garden metaphor leads to 

912
00:52:01,100 --> 00:52:05,000
certain treatment approaches 
gentle cultivation over harsh 

913
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:09,000
intervention, attention to 
environment and nourishment and 

914
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:11,200
patients with natural growth 
processes. 

915
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:16,200
The river metaphor suggests 
others, removing blockages 

916
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:20,000
restoring flow, and ensuring 
nothing stagnates. 

917
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:23,100
Different healers favor, 
different metaphors, and 

918
00:52:23,100 --> 00:52:25,100
developed different Frameworks 
for understanding. 

919
00:52:26,100 --> 00:52:30,500
Some see the body primarily in 
terms of balance hot and cold 

920
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:34,500
dry and moist all needing to be 
kept in proportion. 

921
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:39,500
Others emphasize, vitality. 
The life force that animates, 

922
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:41,600
the body and whose strength 
determines health. 

923
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:47,100
Still others focus on Spirits or
energies invisible forces that 

924
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:51,200
flow through the body and can be
directed or redirected these 

925
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:53,600
different Frameworks lead to 
different medicines and 

926
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:56,700
different treatment approaches, 
but all of them share something 

927
00:52:56,700 --> 00:53:00,300
important. 
We see the body as alive as a 

928
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:02,900
system, with its own 
intelligence and self-healing 

929
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:06,400
capacity as something to be 
supported rather than 

930
00:53:06,400 --> 00:53:09,900
controlled. 
The healers Apprentice asks in 

931
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:11,800
one day. 
These metaphors. 

932
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:13,700
True is the body. 
Really? 

933
00:53:13,700 --> 00:53:18,200
Like a garden or a river. 
Considers this carefully, their 

934
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:20,900
true enough to be useful, 
whether they're literally 

935
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:23,600
accurate. 
Whether there's actually fire 

936
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:25,900
inside us or fluids that flow 
exactly. 

937
00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:30,900
Like Rivers, I can't say, I have
never seen inside but the 

938
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:34,200
metaphors help me think clearly 
about what I observe and help me

939
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:36,200
make predictions that often turn
out, right? 

940
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:41,700
that's a kind of truth, even if 
it's not the only kind, This 

941
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:44,400
pragmatic approach to knowledge 
is characteristic of the 

942
00:53:44,400 --> 00:53:47,500
healer's medicine. 
He's not primarily concerned 

943
00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:51,400
with absolute truth. 
How could he be working with a 

944
00:53:51,408 --> 00:53:53,200
body? 
He can't see inside. 

945
00:53:53,200 --> 00:53:57,200
He's concerned with useful, 
understanding with Frameworks 

946
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,300
that help him help people. 
And with models, that guide 

947
00:54:00,300 --> 00:54:05,100
effective action over time these
metaphors become so embedded in 

948
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:09,000
medical thinking that they're 
almost invisible just the way 

949
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:12,500
things are understood. 
Future Physicians will inherit 

950
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:15,900
them and build on them sometimes
without realizing their working 

951
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:17,800
within metaphorical Frameworks 
at all. 

952
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,100
And when direct anatomical, 
observation eventually becomes 

953
00:54:22,100 --> 00:54:25,700
possible when the body's 
interior is finally unveiled. 

954
00:54:25,700 --> 00:54:28,900
These old metaphors, won't 
immediately disappear. 

955
00:54:29,700 --> 00:54:31,700
Some will be abandoned as 
clearly wrong. 

956
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:35,700
But others will persist 
transformed but recognizable 

957
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,000
because they captured something 
true. 

958
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:39,900
Even if they got the mechanism 
wrong. 

959
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:44,800
The idea of balance, for 
instance, that Health involves 

960
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:48,300
maintaining proper proportions 
between different elements will 

961
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:52,600
continue in new forms, 
translated into homeostasis and 

962
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:56,700
physiological regulation. 
The idea of flow will persist in

963
00:54:56,700 --> 00:54:59,400
understanding of circulation and
neural conduction. 

964
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:02,900
The idea of vital heat will 
eventually be understood in 

965
00:55:02,900 --> 00:55:07,000
terms of metabolism, but the 
basic Insight that living bodies

966
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:10,800
generate and maintain warmth and
that this warmth is essential to

967
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:15,000
life remains accurate. 
So the healers metaphors aren't 

968
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:17,600
just primitive placeholders for 
better knowledge to come. 

969
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:22,100
They're genuine insights ways of
organizing observation that 

970
00:55:22,108 --> 00:55:25,900
capture real patterns even when 
the underlying explanations are 

971
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:28,400
wrong. 
They're how medicine thinks when

972
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:31,900
it can't see how understanding 
develops in the absence of 

973
00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:36,100
direct observation. 
As the afternoon light slant, 

974
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:39,400
through the window, the Healer 
and his Apprentice continue 

975
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:42,100
their work. 
Seeing bodies, as gardeners 

976
00:55:42,100 --> 00:55:46,500
needing tending, Rivers needing 
flow and fires needing fuel. 

977
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:51,700
And somehow impossibly this 
works, people get better under 

978
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:55,200
their care more often than not. 
The metaphors for all their 

979
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:58,600
limitations are sufficient to 
guide healing, the body remains 

980
00:55:58,600 --> 00:56:01,900
mysterious in its depth but its 
surfaces speak. 

981
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:05,700
Clearly to those who learn its 
languages, the language of pulse

982
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:09,600
and color of heat and moisture 
of balance and flow. 

983
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:12,700
All understood through metaphors
drawn from the world. 

984
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:16,900
Everyone knows the visible world
of Gardens and rivers and fire. 

985
00:56:16,900 --> 00:56:20,600
That helps make sense of the 
invisible world within The 

986
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,800
healers bag contains tools, 
though. 

987
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,800
None of them would be recognized
as medical instruments by Modern

988
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,200
Eyes. 
There are sharp flints for 

989
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:32,100
Lancing boils and cutting away 
dead tissue Hollow Reeds for 

990
00:56:32,100 --> 00:56:34,300
drawing fluid from swollen 
joints. 

991
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:39,000
Pieces of polished bone used for
massage and manipulation lengths

992
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:43,100
of gut for stitching wounds 
strips of bark, for splinting 

993
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:46,600
broken bones, these are 
primitive tools in the sense 

994
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:50,600
that they're made from natural 
materials crafted by hand and 

995
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:53,900
limited in what they can do. 
But their sophisticated in their

996
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:58,300
use representing generations of 
a refinement of discovering what

997
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,900
works and what doesn't and have 
adapting available materials to 

998
00:57:01,908 --> 00:57:05,200
medical purposes. 
The healer is teaching his 

999
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:09,500
Apprentice to Lance an abscess. 
Swollen, painful collection of 

1000
00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:12,800
pus that needs draining. 
He shows how to select the 

1001
00:57:12,808 --> 00:57:16,700
sharpest, Flint, how to heat it,
briefly inflamed to cleanse it. 

1002
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:20,600
How to position the patience of 
their braced and comfortable and

1003
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:23,400
how to make a quick clean cut at
the lowest point of the 

1004
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:25,400
swelling. 
So gravity helps with drainage 

1005
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:30,600
Speed is kindness here. 
He tells her hesitation prolongs

1006
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:34,000
pain decide where you're going 
to cut then do it decisively. 

1007
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:39,200
She practices first on a piece 
of fruit, learning the angle and

1008
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:41,100
pressure needed for a clean 
incision. 

1009
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:45,000
Then, with the Healer, guiding 
her hand, she makes her first 

1010
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:48,200
cut on an actual patient. 
You have to say drains 

1011
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:51,500
immediately leaving pressure. 
Patient gasps. 

1012
00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:55,100
But then relaxes the throbbing 
pain already beginning to ease. 

1013
00:57:56,000 --> 00:58:00,000
This is surgery at its most 
basic cutting to release to 

1014
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:05,000
remove to repair its limited by 
tools and by the fundamental 

1015
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:07,200
problem that cutting deeply into
a living body. 

1016
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,700
Almost inevitably leads to death
from bleeding or infection. 

1017
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:16,000
So surgical intervention remains
superficial confined to surface 

1018
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:18,600
problems that can be addressed 
without entering the body's 

1019
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:21,600
core. 
But within these limitations 

1020
00:58:21,600 --> 00:58:25,700
significant work can be done. 
The Healer can stitch, torn 

1021
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:29,000
skin, aligning edges carefully. 
So they heal with minimal 

1022
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:32,400
scarring. 
He can set broken bones, feeling

1023
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:35,700
through skin to position 
fragments correctly, then 

1024
00:58:35,700 --> 00:58:37,800
splintering them. 
So they stay in place during 

1025
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:40,900
healing. 
He can remove surface, growths 

1026
00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:45,300
extract, foreign objects like 
Thorns or embedded stones and 

1027
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:49,500
drain fluid collections, he is 
also learned careful techniques 

1028
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:53,300
for Corey using heated metal to 
seal bleeding or burn away 

1029
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:57,200
diseased tissue. 
It's brutal sometimes necessary 

1030
00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:00,000
and he's refined the process as 
much as possible. 

1031
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:05,400
Knowing how hot the metal should
be, how long to apply it and how

1032
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,300
to minimize damage to 
surrounding healthy tissue. 

1033
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:11,000
His Apprentice learns. 
All of this through careful, 

1034
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:13,800
practice. 
Starting with simple tasks and 

1035
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:15,800
gradually moving to more complex
ones. 

1036
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:19,900
She learns that successful. 
Use of tools isn't about the 

1037
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,200
tools themselves, but about the 
knowledge and skill, guiding 

1038
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:26,100
them. 
Sharp Flint in inexperienced. 

1039
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:29,800
Hands is just a dangerous Rock. 
In the healers hands. 

1040
00:59:29,800 --> 00:59:31,800
It becomes a precise surgical 
instrument. 

1041
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:35,600
Healer has also developed 
specialized tools for specific 

1042
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:38,600
purposes. 
A curved bone needle for 

1043
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:42,600
stitching and awkward locations 
a flat stone with a carefully. 

1044
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,400
Ground Edge for scraping away, 
infection from wounds, a Halo 

1045
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,500
bird bone, for blowing medicinal
powders into ears or throats. 

1046
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:53,300
Each tool, represents someone's 
clever solution to a practical 

1047
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:56,000
problem, refined through trial 
and error. 

1048
00:59:56,700 --> 00:59:59,700
Some tools serve diagnostic 
rather than therapeutic 

1049
00:59:59,700 --> 01:00:02,100
purposes. 
The Healer has a collection of 

1050
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:05,100
different weights. 
Small stones of known heaviness 

1051
01:00:05,100 --> 01:00:09,300
that he uses to test muscles 
strength, having patience lift 

1052
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:11,400
or hold them to assess their 
capacity. 

1053
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:14,900
He has wooden rods of various 
sizes for testing joint 

1054
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:17,800
flexibility. 
Seeing how far a limb can bend 

1055
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:21,800
before resistance or pain 
appears, He's even developed a 

1056
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:25,300
crude but effective tool for 
listening to the chest, a hollow

1057
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,400
wooden tube that amplifies the 
sound of heartbeat and breath 

1058
01:00:28,400 --> 01:00:32,400
when pressed against the skin. 
It's not as sophisticated as the

1059
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,900
stethoscope that will eventually
be invented, but it serves a 

1060
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:39,700
similar purpose allowing him to 
hear things his naked ear would 

1061
01:00:39,700 --> 01:00:43,400
miss The Apprentice is 
fascinated by this listening 

1062
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:47,300
tube by how much information it 
reveals Through it. 

1063
01:00:47,300 --> 01:00:50,900
She can hear the heart's Rhythm 
clearly and can distinguish 

1064
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:54,400
strong Beats from weak ones and 
regular from irregular. 

1065
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:58,400
She can hear breath moving in 
the lungs and can detect wheezes

1066
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:01,100
and rattles that indicate 
obstruction or fluid. 

1067
01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:06,000
This tool extends your senses, 
the Healer explains your ears 

1068
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:08,900
alone, might miss these sounds, 
but the tube gathers them, 

1069
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,700
focuses them and makes them 
Audible. 

1070
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:16,500
Good tools, don't replace skill.
They enhance it allowing you to 

1071
01:01:16,508 --> 01:01:20,900
observe more precisely. 
This principle guide all his 

1072
01:01:20,900 --> 01:01:24,600
tool use tools are Servants of 
observation and intervention, 

1073
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,000
not replacements for knowledge 
and judgment. 

1074
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,700
The tool can help you see or 
hear or manipulate more 

1075
01:01:30,700 --> 01:01:33,900
precisely, but it can't tell you
what you're seeing or what to do

1076
01:01:33,900 --> 01:01:37,600
about it. 
That requires understanding Bill

1077
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,400
through experience and teaching.
The Healer also understands the 

1078
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:44,900
limitations of his tools. 
Many things he'd like to do, 

1079
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:48,300
remain impossible. 
Can't look inside a living body 

1080
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:50,400
to see what's causing internal 
problems. 

1081
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:54,100
He can't reach deeply enough to 
repair damaged organs. 

1082
01:01:54,100 --> 01:01:58,800
He can't measure with Precision.
Can't quantify blood flow or 

1083
01:01:58,800 --> 01:02:00,600
body temperature or blood 
composition. 

1084
01:02:01,600 --> 01:02:05,400
All these measurements are 
relative hotter than weaker than

1085
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:09,600
more swollen than these 
limitations frustrate him 

1086
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:11,400
sometimes, especially when they 
prevent him. 

1087
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:14,400
From helping someone who knows 
could be saved if only he could 

1088
01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:17,900
see what was wrong, reach where 
the problem was and measure what

1089
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,100
needed measuring but he's 
learned to work within 

1090
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:24,400
constraints to do what's 
possible rather than morning, 

1091
01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:28,000
what isn't His Apprentice will 
inherit these tools along with 

1092
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:29,500
the knowledge of how to use 
them. 

1093
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:32,900
She'll probably modify some and 
create new ones as she 

1094
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:35,800
encounters problems. 
That existing tools don't solve.

1095
01:02:36,600 --> 01:02:39,600
This is how Medical Technology 
develops in the absence of 

1096
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:43,000
manufactured instruments. 
Through small incremental, 

1097
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:45,800
Innovations by practitioners 
trying to solve specific 

1098
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:49,000
problems. 
Over Generations, tools become 

1099
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:54,200
more refined materials improve 
Stone, gives way to metal and 

1100
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:58,000
crude needles to precisely 
crafted ones technique's become 

1101
01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:01,900
more sophisticated knowledge. 
Accumulates about what works and

1102
01:03:01,900 --> 01:03:05,100
what doesn't what safe and 
what's dangerous? 

1103
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:10,300
The fundamental principle 
remains tools extend the healers

1104
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:13,100
capabilities without replacing 
the healers judgment. 

1105
01:03:14,200 --> 01:03:17,300
Sharp knife can heal or harm 
depending on the knowledge. 

1106
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:21,000
Guiding it A listening tube can 
reveal important information, 

1107
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:23,900
but only to ears trained to 
interpret what they hear. 

1108
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:28,300
As the afternoon wears on the 
Healer and his Apprentice clean 

1109
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:31,100
and organize the tools a ritual 
performed. 

1110
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:34,800
After each day's work, each tool
is examined for damage, 

1111
01:03:34,800 --> 01:03:38,300
sharpened or polished as needed.
And wrapped carefully. 

1112
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:42,700
For storage. 
This care matters tools that 

1113
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:46,000
aren't maintained properly 
become unreliable potentially 

1114
01:03:46,000 --> 01:03:49,100
dangerous, The Apprentice asks 
about tools. 

1115
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:51,500
She's heard of from distant 
lands, needle. 

1116
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:54,900
So fine, they can Pierce skin 
without pain and blade. 

1117
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:58,500
So sharp they cut without 
tearing the Healer nods. 

1118
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:03,300
Such tools exist made by Kraft's
people who've devoted their 

1119
01:04:03,300 --> 01:04:07,000
lives to perfecting them. 
Perhaps someday will have access

1120
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:10,700
to them, but remember better 
tools won't make you a better 

1121
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:13,700
healer if you're knowledge and 
judgment on equally refined 

1122
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:18,300
Tools are only as good as the 
hands and mind wielding them. 

1123
01:04:19,100 --> 01:04:22,000
This wisdom guide, The 
Apprentice as learning she 

1124
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,600
practices, not just with tools 
but also on understanding when 

1125
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:28,500
to use them. 
And when not to when 

1126
01:04:28,500 --> 01:04:32,400
intervention helps and when it 
harms the most important tool, 

1127
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:36,200
she's learning is Judgment the 
ability to assess situations 

1128
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:38,200
accurately and respond 
appropriately. 

1129
01:04:39,100 --> 01:04:43,600
Physical tools are secondary to 
this as night falls, the tools, 

1130
01:04:43,600 --> 01:04:47,800
rest in their bag waiting for 
tomorrow's needs their simple 

1131
01:04:47,808 --> 01:04:50,100
things. 
These flints and bones and 

1132
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:52,900
reads. 
But in skilled hands their 

1133
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:54,900
sufficient for much of the work 
that needs doing. 

1134
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,100
Not everything, never 
everything. 

1135
01:04:58,100 --> 01:05:02,300
But enough enough to relieve 
suffering to repair damaged and 

1136
01:05:02,300 --> 01:05:04,200
to support the body's own 
healing efforts. 

1137
01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:08,400
The Healer knows that someday 
tools will be more sophisticated

1138
01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:12,300
than anything he can imagine. 
But he also knows that the 

1139
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:14,400
fundamental work will remain the
same. 

1140
01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:18,200
Using whatever tools are 
available Guided by whatever 

1141
01:05:18,200 --> 01:05:20,800
knowledge has been accumulated 
to help bodies heal. 

1142
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:26,000
The tools may change that the 
purpose in jurors, the Healer 

1143
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,000
sits alone in the darkness of 
early morning, unable to sleep. 

1144
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:31,700
He is thinking about the child, 
he lost yesterday. 

1145
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:35,200
A little girl who came to him 
with what seemed like a simple 

1146
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,200
fever. 
He treated it the way he treated

1147
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:42,200
dozens of similar cases. 
Cooling cloths, plenty of 

1148
01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:44,100
fluids. 
Careful watching. 

1149
01:05:45,100 --> 01:05:49,700
But this time the fever didn't 
break it climbed in Stead and 

1150
01:05:49,700 --> 01:05:52,000
climbed until the child began 
convulsing. 

1151
01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:57,100
And then she was gone despite 
everything he tried. 

1152
01:05:57,100 --> 01:06:01,400
He failed. not through 
negligence or ignorance of what 

1153
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:06,700
he knew but simply because what 
he knew wasn't enough There was 

1154
01:06:06,708 --> 01:06:09,500
something different about this 
case, something he didn't 

1155
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,300
recognize in time. 
Some Factor, he didn't 

1156
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:14,900
understand that turned a routine
illness into a deadly one. 

1157
01:06:14,900 --> 01:06:18,300
This is the hardest part of 
medicine harder than the 

1158
01:06:18,300 --> 01:06:21,400
physical demands or the long 
hours the failures. 

1159
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:24,800
The people you can't help 
despite your best efforts. 

1160
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:27,800
Despite all your accumulated 
knowledge and skill. 

1161
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:31,500
The case is that remind you how 
much you don't know how many 

1162
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:35,300
Mysteries remain unsolved? 
The Healer has lost patience. 

1163
01:06:35,300 --> 01:06:37,600
Before many over his long 
career. 

1164
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:41,100
You can't practice medicine 
without sometimes failing. 

1165
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:45,500
The human body is too complex to
variable and to affected by 

1166
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:49,500
factors beyond any healers 
control, some people get better,

1167
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:53,300
and some don't, and the line 
between those outcomes isn't 

1168
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:56,400
always clear. 
But each loss still hurts. 

1169
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:59,900
It still feels like personal 
failure, even when 

1170
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:01,500
intellectually he knows it 
isn't. 

1171
01:07:03,000 --> 01:07:04,900
The little girl's face haunts 
him. 

1172
01:07:04,900 --> 01:07:08,700
Her frightened eyes in these 
Final hours when he could see he

1173
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:10,700
was losing her. 
But didn't know why, or how to 

1174
01:07:10,700 --> 01:07:13,700
stop it. 
His Apprentice finds him there 

1175
01:07:13,708 --> 01:07:17,300
at dawn sitting with his grief. 
She's young enough that she 

1176
01:07:17,300 --> 01:07:19,900
still believes skilled healers, 
shouldn't lose patience. 

1177
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:22,800
And that knowledge should be 
sufficient to save everyone. 

1178
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:26,400
She doesn't yet understand. 
That medicines power is limited 

1179
01:07:26,400 --> 01:07:29,100
that many battles are lost 
regardless of skill. 

1180
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:32,700
Tell me what happened. 
She says, what went wrong. 

1181
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:35,500
The Healer describes the case in
detail. 

1182
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:39,700
Every symptom, he observed, 
every decision he made every 

1183
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:42,000
treatment. 
He attempted he's trying to 

1184
01:07:42,008 --> 01:07:45,100
learn from the failure to 
understand what he missed, or 

1185
01:07:45,100 --> 01:07:48,000
misunderstood and to see if 
there was a different path, he 

1186
01:07:48,000 --> 01:07:51,200
could have taken. 
But the truth, which he's coming

1187
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:54,600
to accept is that he probably 
couldn't have saved her. 

1188
01:07:55,300 --> 01:07:58,600
Not with what he knows, not with
the tools he has available. 

1189
01:07:59,500 --> 01:08:02,700
The illness moved too fast and 
attacked something vital that he

1190
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:07,000
has no way to reach or repair. 
Perhaps in the future with more 

1191
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:09,200
knowledge. 
Someone will know how to treat 

1192
01:08:09,200 --> 01:08:13,200
such cases, but he does not. 
This realization does not 

1193
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,800
comfort him. 
It just makes the loss feel 

1194
01:08:15,800 --> 01:08:19,000
bigger. 
Not just this one child, but all

1195
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,500
the people who will die from 
similar causes until medicine 

1196
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:24,500
advances enough to prevent those
deaths. 

1197
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:28,700
How many? 
How long He's Apprentice is 

1198
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:31,300
struggling with her own 
reactions, she was there, she 

1199
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:34,600
helped with the treatment and 
she also to save the child. 

1200
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:37,100
Should we have done something 
differently? 

1201
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:41,000
She asks bled her given 
different herbs called for other

1202
01:08:41,008 --> 01:08:44,000
Healers. 
I don't know the Healer admits 

1203
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:48,100
I've been asking myself the same
questions, but I don't think any

1204
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:49,399
of those things would have 
changed the outcome. 

1205
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:53,500
This was beyond our current 
understanding, then what uses 

1206
01:08:53,500 --> 01:08:56,100
all are learning. 
If we still can't help, it's a 

1207
01:08:56,100 --> 01:08:58,600
bit of question and the Healer 
doesn't have a satisfying 

1208
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,399
answer. 
We help many, he says, finally 

1209
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:06,300
not all but many, and every case
teachers are something even the 

1210
01:09:06,300 --> 01:09:08,800
failures. 
Especially the failures. 

1211
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:11,800
Maybe they show us the 
boundaries of our knowledge and 

1212
01:09:11,800 --> 01:09:13,700
point us toward what we still 
need to learn. 

1213
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:17,200
Over the following days, the 
Healer carefully reviews, 

1214
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:19,700
everything. 
About the case, makes detailed 

1215
01:09:19,700 --> 01:09:22,399
notes of symptoms and 
progression and tries to 

1216
01:09:22,399 --> 01:09:24,200
identify patterns that might 
help him. 

1217
01:09:24,200 --> 01:09:26,600
Recognize similar cases, early 
in the future. 

1218
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:29,899
He asks, other healers, if 
they've seen anything like it 

1219
01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:32,700
shares his observations and 
seeks their input. 

1220
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:35,399
Slowly a clearer picture 
emerges. 

1221
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:38,200
This illness though rare has 
been seen before. 

1222
01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:41,600
It comes on like an ordinary 
fever but progresses differently

1223
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:45,200
and attacks the brain in ways. 
Most fevers don't it kills 

1224
01:09:45,200 --> 01:09:47,300
quickly. 
And there's no known treatment 

1225
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:51,200
for helps the best. 
Anyone can do is recognize it 

1226
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:53,500
early and warn the family to 
prepare for the worst. 

1227
01:09:54,300 --> 01:09:57,100
This knowledge doesn't save the 
little girl who's already lost. 

1228
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:00,800
But it might help the next child
who developed similar symptoms 

1229
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:04,700
might allow the Healer to give 
families realistic expectations 

1230
01:10:04,700 --> 01:10:08,400
and might prevent false hope or 
unnecessary, harsh treatments 

1231
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:11,900
tried in desperation. 
This is how medical knowledge 

1232
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,400
advances in part through 
failures. 

1233
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:17,500
Through careful, attention to 
cases that, don't respond to 

1234
01:10:17,500 --> 01:10:20,700
standard treatments and through 
the painful, accumulation of 

1235
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:24,400
understanding about what doesn't
work and what might work better 

1236
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:27,500
the Healer shares this case, 
with his Apprentice, not to 

1237
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:32,100
burden her but to teach her and 
essential lesson medicine is 

1238
01:10:32,100 --> 01:10:34,500
built on failure as much as 
success. 

1239
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:38,400
Every effective treatment was 
discovered by trying, many and 

1240
01:10:38,400 --> 01:10:41,500
effective ones, every accurate, 
understanding of disease, 

1241
01:10:41,500 --> 01:10:43,900
progression was built by 
carefully, observing many 

1242
01:10:43,900 --> 01:10:46,800
disease, progressions, including
fatal ones. 

1243
01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:51,400
Don't let failure paralyze you. 
He tells her but don't dismiss 

1244
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:53,300
it either. 
Hold each failure. 

1245
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:57,100
Carefully learn from it and let 
it make you more humble and more

1246
01:10:57,100 --> 01:10:59,500
determined. 
The worst thing would be to 

1247
01:10:59,500 --> 01:11:02,500
become callous to stop caring 
about the ones you lose. 

1248
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,600
Your grief is proof that you're 
still taking this work. 

1249
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:09,200
Seriously. 
The Apprentice nods trying to 

1250
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,500
integrate this difficult truth. 
She's learning, that medicine 

1251
01:11:12,500 --> 01:11:15,600
isn't about always winning. 
It isn't about heroic 

1252
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:17,500
interventions. 
That snatch people back from 

1253
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:20,500
death. 
It's about steady patient work 

1254
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:24,400
about helping where you can 
accepting limits where you must 

1255
01:11:24,400 --> 01:11:28,300
and constantly trying to expand 
what's possible through careful 

1256
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:32,400
observation and learning. 
Some failures are preventable 

1257
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,900
caused by ignorance or 
carelessness or poor judgment. 

1258
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:38,800
Those demand accountability and 
Improvement. 

1259
01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:42,200
But other failures are simply 
the current boundary of 

1260
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,400
possible. 
And all you can do is try to 

1261
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:47,300
push that boundary outward 
through patient effort over 

1262
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,100
time. 
The Healer returns to work, 

1263
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,100
carries on with his rounds and 
treats the patients who come to 

1264
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:55,500
him. 
But he carries the little girls 

1265
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:58,400
memory with him. 
Adding her case to his mental 

1266
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:01,400
catalog of unsold. 
Mysteries of illnesses. 

1267
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:05,100
He doesn't yet know how to treat
Some day someone might 

1268
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:08,900
understand, such cases better. 
Someday children with those 

1269
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:13,300
symptoms might be saved. 
But that some days isn't now and

1270
01:12:13,300 --> 01:12:16,200
the Healer has to practice 
medicine in the present with 

1271
01:12:16,200 --> 01:12:20,000
present limitations. 
So he does what he can saves 

1272
01:12:20,000 --> 01:12:22,800
whom he can and bears. 
The weight of those he couldn't 

1273
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:26,200
save. 
This part of the work, perhaps 

1274
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:29,500
the hardest part. but 
unavoidable for anyone who takes

1275
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:33,200
healing, seriously, his 
Apprentice watches in return to 

1276
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:36,900
his duties with renewed respect.
She's seeing that skill and 

1277
01:12:36,900 --> 01:12:39,100
knowledge aren't enough that 
medicine. 

1278
01:12:39,100 --> 01:12:42,900
Also requires resilience the 
ability to continue working 

1279
01:12:42,900 --> 01:12:47,400
despite failures and to maintain
compassion despite losses. 

1280
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:50,500
These qualities can't be taught 
directly. 

1281
01:12:50,500 --> 01:12:54,300
They are developed through 
experience, through facing your 

1282
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:57,000
own limitations and choosing to 
continue anyway. 

1283
01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:01,500
As the weeks passed, the acute 
pain of this particular failure 

1284
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:04,500
fade somewhat though it never 
disappears entirely. 

1285
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:07,900
The Healer adds it to the 
weight, he carries the 

1286
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,300
collection of people. 
He's lost over his long career. 

1287
01:13:10,300 --> 01:13:15,100
Each one is remembered, each one
matters and each one drives him 

1288
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:18,200
to keep learning, keep observing
and keep trying to understand 

1289
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:20,100
more about the body in its 
working. 

1290
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:22,800
So that future failures might be
prevented. 

1291
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:27,100
This is the healers relationship
with failure, not Acceptance in 

1292
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:29,700
the sense of surrender. 
But acknowledgment that it's 

1293
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,500
inevitable that learning 
requires encountering, the 

1294
01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:35,900
limits of current knowledge and 
that progress happens only by 

1295
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:38,300
carefully studying what went 
wrong and trying to understand 

1296
01:13:38,300 --> 01:13:42,000
why. 
The body remains mysterious, 

1297
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:46,500
despite everything continues to 
surprise and confound and 

1298
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:49,900
continues to present cases that 
don't fit established patterns. 

1299
01:13:50,700 --> 01:13:53,700
And the Healer continues, his 
patient work of observation and 

1300
01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:57,300
learning one case at a time. 
Building understanding through 

1301
01:13:57,300 --> 01:14:00,900
both successes and failures 
through both healing and loss. 

1302
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:03,900
Years of past. 
Now, decades. 

1303
01:14:04,600 --> 01:14:07,700
The healer is old. 
His hands are shaky, and his 

1304
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:11,500
eyesight is fading. 
His Apprentice no longer an 

1305
01:14:11,500 --> 01:14:13,300
apprentice but a Healer in her 
own, right? 

1306
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:16,100
There's taken over most of the 
active practice. 

1307
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:20,200
But he still sees patients 
occasionally still teaches when 

1308
01:14:20,200 --> 01:14:23,700
asked and still participates in 
the ongoing, work of trying to 

1309
01:14:23,700 --> 01:14:26,800
understand the body. 
And he's come to a surprise in 

1310
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:30,200
realization. 
He knows both more and less than

1311
01:14:30,200 --> 01:14:33,800
he did when he started. 
More because of accumulated 

1312
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:39,100
experience, thousands of cases, 
observed patterns recognized and

1313
01:14:39,100 --> 01:14:41,100
successful treatments 
identified. 

1314
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:46,500
His mental catalog of medical 
knowledge is vast refined by 

1315
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:50,300
Decades of practice. 
He can recognize subtle 

1316
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:53,600
variations in pulse, that is 
youngest self would have missed 

1317
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:57,700
and can predict disease 
progression with accuracy. 

1318
01:14:57,700 --> 01:14:59,500
Born from having seen it all 
before. 

1319
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:02,700
But less because he's also 
learned how much remains 

1320
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:05,100
unknown. 
How many questions have no 

1321
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:08,500
answers and how many Mysteries 
resist solution and despite 

1322
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:12,700
patient investigation? 
The DP has gone into medicine. 

1323
01:15:12,700 --> 01:15:16,000
The more he's discovered 
complexity Beyond his capacity 

1324
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:20,400
to fully understand The body is 
not a simple system that yields 

1325
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:22,600
its secrets to persistent 
inquiry. 

1326
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:27,100
It's astonishingly intricate 
interconnected in ways that make

1327
01:15:27,100 --> 01:15:31,200
it nearly impossible to isolate 
single causes, or predict 

1328
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:33,300
individual outcomes with 
certainty. 

1329
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:37,400
It responds to treat treatment 
but also doesn't respond in ways

1330
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:41,300
that seem random but probably 
aren't Following rules. 

1331
01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:45,500
He consents, but not articulate.
He has learned that two people 

1332
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:48,400
with a parently identical 
symptoms can have completely 

1333
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:50,200
different outcomes from the same
treatment. 

1334
01:15:51,200 --> 01:15:54,200
That illness can vanish 
spontaneously or persist despite

1335
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:57,200
aggressive intervention. 
That the body's own healing 

1336
01:15:57,200 --> 01:16:00,400
capacity, sometimes works 
miracles that no healer could 

1337
01:16:00,408 --> 01:16:03,700
orchestrate and sometimes fails 
for no clear reason. 

1338
01:16:04,500 --> 01:16:06,800
This isn't discouraging so much 
as humbling. 

1339
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:10,200
The Healer has made peace with 
medicine's limitations and has 

1340
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:12,700
accepted that perfect 
understanding may not be 

1341
01:16:12,708 --> 01:16:15,300
possible. 
And that he'll die with more 

1342
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:19,000
questions than answers despite a
lifetime of careful observation.

1343
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:23,700
His former Apprentice visits in 
one evening to discuss a 

1344
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:26,900
puzzling case together. 
They review what she's observed,

1345
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:30,600
consider possible, explanations 
and debate treatment approaches.

1346
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:34,200
Their conversation, ranges, 
across Decades of shared 

1347
01:16:34,200 --> 01:16:38,600
experience, referencing cases. 
They both remember and patterns,

1348
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,700
they both noticed. 
This transmission of Knowledge 

1349
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:44,300
from one generation to. 
The next is how medicine 

1350
01:16:44,300 --> 01:16:48,300
progresses even without written 
texts, or formal institutions, 

1351
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:50,600
what the Healer learned from his
teacher? 

1352
01:16:50,600 --> 01:16:53,300
He's passed to his Apprentice 
who will pass it on? 

1353
01:16:53,308 --> 01:16:57,400
Would in turn each generation, 
adds new observations refines, 

1354
01:16:57,400 --> 01:16:59,200
old understanding, and corrects 
mistakes. 

1355
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,600
But each generation or faces the
same fundamental challenge, 

1356
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:07,500
understanding a system of 
profound complexity with limited

1357
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:10,800
tools and incomplete 
information, The body doesn't 

1358
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:14,400
give up its Secrets, easily, it 
requires, patience, humility, 

1359
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,800
and willingness to sit with 
uncertainty while continuing to 

1360
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:20,800
work, despite it. 
And the Healer has learned to be

1361
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:24,100
comfortable with this tension to
hold knowledge, likely while 

1362
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:27,300
using it confidently and to 
acknowledge mystery while not 

1363
01:17:27,300 --> 01:17:31,900
being paralyzed by it. 
This balance between knowing and

1364
01:17:31,900 --> 01:17:35,600
not knowing between confidence 
and humility, it might be his 

1365
01:17:35,600 --> 01:17:39,100
greatest achievement more 
important than any specific 

1366
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:42,600
medical knowledge. 
He's accumulated Is the evening 

1367
01:17:42,600 --> 01:17:45,300
deepens, their conversation 
turns philosophical. 

1368
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:49,600
What is the body? 
Really a garden to be tended? 

1369
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:53,900
A river to be channeled. 
Fire to be fueled. 

1370
01:17:54,700 --> 01:17:57,800
Or something else, entirely 
something that resists all 

1371
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,000
metaphors. 
That remains fundamentally 

1372
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:02,500
mysterious. 
No matter how carefully observed

1373
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:07,000
All of those and none of them. 
The Healer says, finally, the 

1374
01:18:07,000 --> 01:18:11,800
body is itself irreducible to 
any single framework, we use 

1375
01:18:11,800 --> 01:18:14,800
metaphors, because we need ways 
to think about it, but we 

1376
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,800
shouldn't mistake our Thinking 
Tools for the reality itself. 

1377
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:22,400
His Apprentice nods 
understanding. this wisdom, 

1378
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:25,600
knowing the difference between 
models and reality between 

1379
01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:29,200
useful Frameworks and literal 
truth is perhaps what 

1380
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:33,600
distinguishes mature practice 
from naive, certainly They sit 

1381
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:36,900
in comfortable silence to 
practitioners at different 

1382
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:40,200
stages of the same Journey. 
Both working with the same 

1383
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:44,400
fundamental mystery. 
Human body in all its complexity

1384
01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:49,100
resistant to full comprehension.
But responsive to Patient. 

1385
01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:53,000
Careful attention. 
The healing knows his time is 

1386
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:57,100
limited now within a few years 
at most he'll die and his 

1387
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,500
accumulated knowledge will die 
with him except for what he's 

1388
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:04,300
managed to pass on. 
This should feel tragic but 

1389
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:08,200
somehow it doesn't. 
He's part of a continuity larger

1390
01:19:08,200 --> 01:19:12,300
than himself, a long lineage of 
healers stretching backward and 

1391
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:15,700
forward in Time Each 
contributing their observations 

1392
01:19:15,700 --> 01:19:17,500
to an ever-growing 
understanding. 

1393
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:21,300
The body's Mysteries endure but 
so does the work of 

1394
01:19:21,300 --> 01:19:24,500
Investigation. 
Future healers will have tools 

1395
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:28,500
he can't imagine knowledge built
on foundations, he's helped lay,

1396
01:19:28,500 --> 01:19:31,700
they'll solve problems. 
He couldn't and will understand 

1397
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:33,900
things that puzzled him his 
entire life. 

1398
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,400
But there also faced new 
Mysteries and new complexities 

1399
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:39,200
revealed by their deeper 
understanding. 

1400
01:19:40,200 --> 01:19:44,100
This is the nature of knowledge.
Each answer opens, new questions

1401
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:47,000
and each solved mystery reveals 
deeper ones. 

1402
01:19:47,000 --> 01:19:50,700
The workers never finished. 
Just continually refined and 

1403
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:53,400
expanded. 
As his former Apprentice 

1404
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:55,900
prepares to leave the Healer 
offers final advice. 

1405
01:19:56,900 --> 01:20:00,000
Stay curious. 
Stay humble, pay attention to 

1406
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:03,200
what the body shows you even 
when it contradicts, what you 

1407
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,600
think, you know, trust your 
observations, but hold your 

1408
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:10,800
theories, likely, and remember 
that helping people matters more

1409
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:14,600
than perfect understanding, 
sometimes knowing enough is 

1410
01:20:14,600 --> 01:20:18,600
sufficient. 
She Embraces him understanding 

1411
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:20,200
that. 
This might be one of their loss 

1412
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:24,300
such conversations. 
When she's gone, the Healer sits

1413
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:29,400
alone reflecting on his long 
career on all his learned and 

1414
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:33,200
failed to learn and on the 
enduring mystery of the body 

1415
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:38,000
that has been his life's work. 
Outside Stars wheel through 

1416
01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:41,900
their ancient patterns inside 
the healer's heart continues. 

1417
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:45,900
Its steady work, pumping blood 
through vessels, he's never seen

1418
01:20:45,900 --> 01:20:50,100
following rhythms, he felt on, 
thousands of wrists, but never 

1419
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:55,100
fully understood His lungs, 
breathe, his stomach digests, 

1420
01:20:55,100 --> 01:20:59,900
and his brain processes, all of 
it happening in darkness in the 

1421
01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:02,800
hidden interior country. 
He spent his life trying to 

1422
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:07,600
understand from the outside. 
The mystery in dues, it always 

1423
01:21:07,600 --> 01:21:10,800
will be suspects, no matter how 
much is eventually learned. 

1424
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:14,900
The body is too complex to 
Dynamic and to individual to 

1425
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:19,400
ever be completely known. 
But partial knowledge carefully 

1426
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:23,000
accumulated and thoughtfully 
applied is enough to help people

1427
01:21:23,000 --> 01:21:26,900
enough to ease suffering and 
enough to justify a life spent 

1428
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:31,400
in this patient investigation. 
The Healer closes, his eyes 

1429
01:21:31,400 --> 01:21:33,400
tired. 
Now, ready for sleep. 

1430
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:38,100
Tomorrow, there will be more 
patients, more observations and 

1431
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:41,400
more small additions to the vast
catalog of medical knowledge. 

1432
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:45,700
But tonight he rests in the 
peaceful acceptance that the 

1433
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:48,500
work is enough. 
That what he's learned and 

1434
01:21:48,500 --> 01:21:52,500
taught matters and that the 
mystery he leaves unsolved will 

1435
01:21:52,500 --> 01:21:55,400
drive future, healers forward, 
just as it drove him. 

1436
01:21:56,600 --> 01:21:59,800
The body remains mysterious 
hidden in his debts. 

1437
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:03,400
But it speaks clearly enough to 
those who learn its languages, 

1438
01:22:03,400 --> 01:22:07,400
who develop the patience to 
listen and who accept that 

1439
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:12,100
understanding is always partial.
But nonetheless valuable this is

1440
01:22:12,100 --> 01:22:16,100
the healers Legacy, not complete
knowledge but the method of 

1441
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:20,100
pursuing it the attitude of 
careful observational, coupled 

1442
01:22:20,100 --> 01:22:23,800
with humble acknowledgment of 
limitation, And perhaps that's 

1443
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:33,900
enough, perhaps it always was. 
Imagine your city around 

1444
01:22:33,900 --> 01:22:37,300
Humanity's first. 
Controlled fire may be 400,000 

1445
01:22:37,300 --> 01:22:39,500
years ago, give or take a few 
millennia. 

1446
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:43,900
You're not quite a modern human 
yet, your brow Ridge is more 

1447
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:46,400
pronounced. 
Your posture slightly different 

1448
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:50,400
But your brain is asking the 
same questions humans still 

1449
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:54,300
asked today, what is this? 
How does it work and most 

1450
01:22:54,308 --> 01:22:57,300
importantly, how can I use this 
to make my life better? 

1451
01:22:58,100 --> 01:23:00,500
The fire itself was already 
miraculous enough. 

1452
01:23:00,500 --> 01:23:03,500
Your ancestors had watched 
lightning strikes for 

1453
01:23:03,508 --> 01:23:06,800
generations and seen the 
devastating and cleansing power 

1454
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:10,400
of wildfire. 
But now, now they could carry 

1455
01:23:10,400 --> 01:23:13,100
this Elemental force in their 
hands feed. 

1456
01:23:13,100 --> 01:23:17,300
It control it and make it dance 
to human rhythms. 

1457
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:22,800
The warmth alone would have been
revolutionary transforming caves

1458
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:26,100
from Cold, Stone Chambers in to 
something approaching home's. 

1459
01:23:26,100 --> 01:23:28,200
But then something unexpected 
happened. 

1460
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:32,200
Someone, let's call her the 
world's first accidental Aroma 

1461
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:36,700
therapist through some Greenwood
onto the fire Maybe it was wet 

1462
01:23:36,700 --> 01:23:40,500
Sage or pine boughs or some 
resinous, branch that hadn't 

1463
01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:43,600
dried properly. 
The smoke that Rose wasn't, the 

1464
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:48,500
usual grey plume, this smoke was
thick and aromatic and when it 

1465
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:51,000
drifted past someone's face, 
something changed. 

1466
01:23:51,000 --> 01:23:53,900
You have to understand that 
these early humans had no 

1467
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,500
context for what we'd call 
relaxation. 

1468
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:00,800
Stress relief. 
Life was an endless cycle of 

1469
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:05,600
hunting Gathering, avoiding 
predators and trying not to die 

1470
01:24:05,600 --> 01:24:07,300
from infected wounds or bad 
weather. 

1471
01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:11,300
Concept of deliberately calming 
yourself would have seemed as 

1472
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:15,500
alien as quantum physics. 
But when that fragrance smoke 

1473
01:24:15,500 --> 01:24:19,400
passed by muscles, that had been
tense for days, suddenly 

1474
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:23,800
loosened, Minds that had been 
vigilantly scanning for danger. 

1475
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:26,900
Found themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece, 

1476
01:24:26,900 --> 01:24:29,800
probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

1477
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:33,100
Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

1478
01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:36,400
Humans are pattern recognition 
machines. 

1479
01:24:36,400 --> 01:24:39,500
And eventually someone noticed 
that burning of her made the 

1480
01:24:39,508 --> 01:24:41,500
caves smell clean and left 
people. 

1481
01:24:41,500 --> 01:24:45,000
Feeling, lighter, Burning 
certain resins made everyone 

1482
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:48,600
drowsy and content. 
Burning others seem to sharpen 

1483
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:52,300
the mind or lift the spirits. 
These early experiments were 

1484
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:56,100
written down writing, wouldn't 
be invented for thousands of 

1485
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:58,900
years, but they were passed down
through demonstration and 

1486
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:01,900
experience. 
The knowledge became embedded in

1487
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:05,100
human culture. 
So deeply by the time we 

1488
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:08,100
invented writing smoking, 
various substances for various 

1489
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:10,000
effects, was already an ancient 
practice? 

1490
01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:12,800
The interesting thing is that 
this discovery was almost 

1491
01:25:12,800 --> 01:25:15,800
certainly made independently and
dozens of different locations 

1492
01:25:15,800 --> 01:25:19,300
around the world. 
Humans in Africa, Asia Europe, 

1493
01:25:19,300 --> 01:25:22,800
and eventually the Americas all 
figured out that smoke could be 

1494
01:25:22,808 --> 01:25:24,500
more than just a byproduct of 
fire. 

1495
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:28,800
It could be a tool, a medicine, 
a pathway to Altered States Of 

1496
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,100
Consciousness, or simply a 
moment of relief in otherwise 

1497
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,100
Relentless lives. 
Consider the sensory experience 

1498
01:25:35,100 --> 01:25:38,000
for these early humans. 
They lived in a world that was 

1499
01:25:38,008 --> 01:25:40,900
simultaneously more Vivid and 
more limited than ours. 

1500
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:44,000
No, artificial lights. 
Meant that fire was. 

1501
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:45,500
The only thing holding back 
apps. 

1502
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:49,100
Luke Darkness. 
No processed foods meant every 

1503
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:53,400
meal was an adventure in Wild 
flavors, and no air pollution 

1504
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:56,900
meant that the smell of burning 
herbs, was a profound departure 

1505
01:25:56,900 --> 01:26:01,900
from the normal sense of Earth 
animals and unwashed humans when

1506
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:05,100
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it
transformed the space entirely. 

1507
01:26:05,100 --> 01:26:08,400
The flickering firelight would 
make the smoke visible as it 

1508
01:26:08,400 --> 01:26:12,800
Rose and swirled creating 
patterns that human eyes, the 

1509
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:16,400
valve to spot predators and prey
couldn't help but follow. 

1510
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:20,700
The smell would announce itself 
immediately, overwhelming the 

1511
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:23,300
caves normal odors with 
something intentional and 

1512
01:26:23,300 --> 01:26:26,700
controlled. 
And The Taste because smell and 

1513
01:26:26,700 --> 01:26:29,600
taste are intimately. 
Connected would Linger on the 

1514
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:32,000
tongue. 
A reminder, that this moment was

1515
01:26:32,000 --> 01:26:35,100
different from normal moments. 
Some of these early smoke 

1516
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:39,700
experiments probably went badly,
Certain plants when burned 

1517
01:26:39,700 --> 01:26:44,600
produce toxic fumes that cause 
nausea headaches or worse? 

1518
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:47,800
There must have been countless 
trial and error incidents that 

1519
01:26:47,800 --> 01:26:50,000
ended with everyone, stumbling 
out of a cave. 

1520
01:26:50,008 --> 01:26:52,800
Gasping for fresh air and 
wondering why their ancestors 

1521
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,700
had recommended burning that 
particular plant, but the 

1522
01:26:55,700 --> 01:26:59,400
successes those plants that 
produced Pleasant calming or 

1523
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:03,000
Consciousness altering smoke. 
Those got remembered and 

1524
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:07,300
repeated by the time humans were
anatomically modern roughly 

1525
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:11,000
300,000 years ago, the knowledge
of smoke and its effects was 

1526
01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:13,100
already an established part of 
human culture. 

1527
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:18,400
Archaeological evidence shows 
that even neanderthals are close

1528
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:21,100
cousins who died out around 
40,000 years ago. 

1529
01:27:21,100 --> 01:27:25,900
Used aromatic plants 
deliberately We found traces of 

1530
01:27:25,900 --> 01:27:29,300
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 
Suggesting they were either 

1531
01:27:29,300 --> 01:27:32,600
eating them or breathing their 
smoke for therapeutic purposes. 

1532
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:36,800
This will wasn't Superstition or
primitive ignorant. 

1533
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,700
These are early, humans were 
conducting empirical experiments

1534
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:43,800
with their own consciousness. 
Discovering that certain 

1535
01:27:43,800 --> 01:27:47,100
substances could reliably 
produce specific effects. 

1536
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:51,200
They were in their way. 
The world's first farmer college

1537
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:54,400
is working with the Laboratories
or double blind studies. 

1538
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:57,900
But with a deep intuitive, 
understanding of how plants and 

1539
01:27:57,900 --> 01:28:03,000
human body's interact, the smoke
itself became a teacher, Watch 

1540
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:05,700
how it rises always seeking the 
sky. 

1541
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:09,200
Never moving straight but 
dancing and response to air 

1542
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:11,700
currents, too subtle for human 
senses to detect. 

1543
01:28:12,700 --> 01:28:15,700
See how it gathers along. 
The cave ceiling creating a 

1544
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:18,400
visible layer between Earth and 
Stone. 

1545
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:21,300
Notice how it clings to hair and
clothing. 

1546
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:24,900
Marking those who sat closest to
the fire with a lingering 

1547
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:28,500
reminder of the experience. 
These observations would later 

1548
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:32,600
become metaphors and spiritual 
Concepts Smoke Rises like 

1549
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:35,900
prayers. 
Smoke connects Earth to Sky, 

1550
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:39,900
smoke transforms, solid matter, 
into something ethereal and 

1551
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:43,100
temporary. 
But the metaphors came, the 

1552
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:48,100
simple, physical reality, 
burning certain things, produces

1553
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:49,600
smoke that makes you feel 
different. 

1554
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:53,400
And feeling different can be 
exactly what you need. 

1555
01:28:53,400 --> 01:28:57,600
Fast forward, several 100,000 
years humans have invented, 

1556
01:28:57,600 --> 01:29:01,700
agriculture, built cities 
developed, writing systems, and 

1557
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:05,400
created the first civilization 
where now in the ancient world 

1558
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:09,000
of temples and Priests of 
organized, religion and 

1559
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,600
institutionalized ritual and 
smoke are old friend from the 

1560
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:15,900
cave has become absolutely 
Central to how humans interact 

1561
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,500
with the Divine picture yourself
in ancient Egyptian temple 

1562
01:29:19,500 --> 01:29:23,800
around 2000, BCE You've been 
awake since before, Dawn 

1563
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:26,400
preparing for Ceremony, that 
will honor the gods and 

1564
01:29:26,400 --> 01:29:29,600
hopefully secure Their Blessings
for the coming Harvest. 

1565
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:34,000
The temple itself is a Marvel, 
massive stone. 

1566
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:37,700
Columns, carved with hieroglyphs
painted in colors that would 

1567
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:41,500
seem garish by modern standards,
but that Shimmer beautifully and

1568
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:44,100
Lamplight. 
But what hits you first before 

1569
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:47,500
you even enter the inner 
Sanctuary is the smell Incense 

1570
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:51,300
has been burning in this Temple 
for hours, maybe days, the 

1571
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:54,100
priests know that the Sacred 
Space must be properly prepared,

1572
01:29:54,100 --> 01:29:57,100
and preparation means filling 
the air with fragrance. 

1573
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,500
So thick you can almost see it 
the ancient Egyptians took their

1574
01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:04,800
incense seriously and by 
seriously I mean they built an 

1575
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:08,700
entire economic system around 
it, they imported frankincense 

1576
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:11,100
and myrrh from the mysterious 
Land of Punt. 

1577
01:30:11,100 --> 01:30:15,600
Probably modern Somalia, or 
Yemen paying enormous sums for 

1578
01:30:15,600 --> 01:30:18,100
resins that were literally worth
their weight in gold. 

1579
01:30:19,500 --> 01:30:23,200
Famous reliefs at Dale bihari 
show, Queen hatshepsut's 

1580
01:30:23,200 --> 01:30:26,600
expedition to punt bringing 
back, living Murray trees, like 

1581
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:31,200
Botanical trophies, why this 
obsession with aromatic smoke. 

1582
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:35,200
The Practical answer is that 
temples were located in hot 

1583
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:39,200
climate filled with animal 
sacrifices and attended by 

1584
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,000
crowds of people who bathed less
frequently than we do. 

1585
01:30:42,800 --> 01:30:46,500
Incense was among other things, 
the ancient world's most 

1586
01:30:46,508 --> 01:30:49,800
sophisticated air freshener. 
But that's only part of the 

1587
01:30:49,800 --> 01:30:51,900
story. 
The Egyptians believed that 

1588
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,600
fragrant smoke was literally 
food for the Gods. when they 

1589
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:59,700
burned incense before a statue 
of RA or Osiris, they weren't 

1590
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:02,700
just creating a pleasant 
atmosphere, they were providing 

1591
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:07,200
sustenance to Divine beings who 
existed in a realm, Beyond human

1592
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:11,800
senses, The smoke rising from 
the sensor was a bridge between 

1593
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:15,600
worlds carrying prayers and 
offerings to places. 

1594
01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:18,400
Humans couldn't reach the 
physical effect of. 

1595
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,000
This constant incense burning 
would have been significant 

1596
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:26,700
Ancient temples used 
frankincense Murray's and other 

1597
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,100
resins that we now know, 
contained psychoactive 

1598
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:32,000
compounds. 
Frankincense for instance 

1599
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:35,000
contains Tetra Hydra cannabinol 
and other chemicals. 

1600
01:31:35,000 --> 01:31:38,900
That can produce mild Euphoria 
and reducing anxiety when burned

1601
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:42,600
in enclosed spaces. 
Stand in a temple filled with 

1602
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:45,800
frankincense, smoke for hours 
and you're going to feel 

1603
01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:48,700
different. 
Calmer more contemplative, 

1604
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:52,700
perhaps more receptive to 
spiritual experiences, the 

1605
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,900
priest understood this, even if 
they couldn't explain it in 

1606
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,800
modern pharmacological terms, 
then that the right combination 

1607
01:31:59,800 --> 01:32:03,700
of incense charming and ritual 
could induce States Of 

1608
01:32:03,700 --> 01:32:06,500
Consciousness that felt like 
communication with the divine. 

1609
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:11,100
Whether these states actually 
involved Supernatural contact or

1610
01:32:11,100 --> 01:32:13,700
were simply altered brain 
chemistry is almost beside the 

1611
01:32:13,708 --> 01:32:17,400
point. 
The experience was real profound

1612
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:21,500
and reliably reproducible. 
Now travel West to ancient 

1613
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:26,000
Greece around 500 BCE. 
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 

1614
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:29,200
that famous Sanctuary where 
priestesses delivered prophecies

1615
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:32,400
that Kings and Generals would 
stake their fortunes on. 

1616
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:36,300
The Oracle sits in a small 
chamber, built over a geological

1617
01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:39,100
fault, a modern researchers have
discovered something, 

1618
01:32:39,100 --> 01:32:42,100
fascinating. 
That felt releases ethylene, 

1619
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:44,900
gas. 
A sweet smelling substance that 

1620
01:32:44,900 --> 01:32:48,300
produces Euphoria and 
dissociative States in moderate 

1621
01:32:48,300 --> 01:32:50,800
concentration. 
The Greeks didn't know about 

1622
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:54,100
ethylene chemistry, but they 
certainly knew that the pythia, 

1623
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:58,300
The Prestige, who served as the 
Oracle would breathe deeply from

1624
01:32:58,300 --> 01:32:59,800
the vapors rising from the 
earth. 

1625
01:32:59,800 --> 01:33:03,400
Then enter a trance State during
which she would speak the words 

1626
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:05,400
of Apollo. 
They burned additional 

1627
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:09,700
substances, Laurel leaves barley
and other materials to enhance 

1628
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:12,600
the effect and create an 
atmosphere thick with smoke and 

1629
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:15,000
mystery. 
You can imagine standing in that

1630
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,500
sacred Precinct waiting, your 
turn to consult the Oracle. 

1631
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:21,900
The smell of burning Laurel 
fills your nostrils. 

1632
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:26,300
Sharp slightly medicinal 
Strangely compelling. 

1633
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:30,500
The pythia's attendance, 
maintain the fires adding more 

1634
01:33:30,500 --> 01:33:32,400
leaves When the Smoke begins to 
thin. 

1635
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:36,000
The whole process has been 
refined over centuries to 

1636
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:39,800
produce maximum psychological 
and pharmacological effect when 

1637
01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:42,600
the pythia. 
Finally, speaks her words are 

1638
01:33:42,600 --> 01:33:45,500
often cryptic and ambiguous 
famously. 

1639
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:49,400
So, But in that smoke filled 
chamber with your own 

1640
01:33:49,400 --> 01:33:52,500
Consciousness, slightly altered 
by the atmospheric compounds 

1641
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:56,000
you've been breathing. those 
ambiguous words, seem pregnant, 

1642
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:59,900
with meaning, your mind, makes 
connections sees patterns and 

1643
01:33:59,900 --> 01:34:02,900
find significance, that might 
not survive, exposure, to clear,

1644
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:07,200
air, and sober reflection the 
Romans practical, as always took

1645
01:34:07,200 --> 01:34:10,900
incent culture and 
industrialized it, They imported

1646
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:14,300
so much frankincense and myrrh 
that the trade routes carrying, 

1647
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:16,900
these materials, became some of 
the most important economic 

1648
01:34:16,900 --> 01:34:21,800
arteries of the ancient world. 
Roman temples burned incense 

1649
01:34:21,800 --> 01:34:25,500
constantly not just during 
special ceremonies but as a 

1650
01:34:25,500 --> 01:34:29,000
regular offering to maintain 
good relations with the gods but

1651
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,800
Romans also recognize the 
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 

1652
01:34:33,700 --> 01:34:36,800
Wealthy households burned 
incense to mask unpleasant, 

1653
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:39,500
odors and create an atmosphere 
of luxury. 

1654
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:45,000
Roman Physicians, like Galen and
dioscorides wrote extensively 

1655
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:47,700
about the medicinal properties 
of different incentives. 

1656
01:34:47,700 --> 01:34:50,700
Recommending specific substances
for specific conditions, 

1657
01:34:50,700 --> 01:34:56,600
headache tribe, burning willow 
bark, anxiety chamomile, smoke 

1658
01:34:56,600 --> 01:35:00,900
insomnia, Valerian or Poppy. 
The sensors themselves. 

1659
01:35:00,900 --> 01:35:05,600
Those ornate metal containers 
designed to burn incense became 

1660
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:08,800
works of art. 
Some were simple, clay bowls 

1661
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:12,300
others were elaborate bronze 
constructions with chains for 

1662
01:35:12,300 --> 01:35:16,800
carrying perforated Lids to 
control airflow and decorative. 

1663
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:20,000
Elements that showed exactly how
important incense of become to 

1664
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:23,900
Mediterranean culture across the
Mediterranean in ancient Judea, 

1665
01:35:23,900 --> 01:35:26,900
incense played a central role in
Temple worship. 

1666
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,400
The book of Exodus describes a 
specific incense recipe. 

1667
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:37,700
Stacked tea on nature, galbanum 
and frankincense mixed in 

1668
01:35:37,700 --> 01:35:41,300
precise proportions. 
That was so sacred that making 

1669
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,100
it for any purpose other than 
Temple worship was punishable by

1670
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,300
exile. 
Cloud of incense smoke in the 

1671
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:49,900
Temple's holy of holies was 
thought to Veil The Very 

1672
01:35:49,900 --> 01:35:53,600
presence of God, making the 
Divine bearable, to humanize 

1673
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:58,600
this period. 
Roughly 3,000 BCE to 500 CE 

1674
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:01,600
represents the high. 
Watermark of institutional, 

1675
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:05,800
incense culture in the ancient 
world Smoke had evolved from a 

1676
01:36:05,800 --> 01:36:08,700
cave, Discovery to a Cornerstone
of religious practice. 

1677
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:12,600
From an accidental finding to a 
deliberate technology for 

1678
01:36:12,600 --> 01:36:16,000
altering Consciousness, and 
creating Sacred Space, while 

1679
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:18,000
priests were burning incense and
temples. 

1680
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,700
And other group of professionals
was discovering that smoke could

1681
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:24,900
heal the body as directly as it 
elevated, the spirit. 

1682
01:36:26,500 --> 01:36:30,000
The ancient Physicians those 
observers of human suffering who

1683
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:33,700
combined empirical observation 
with theoretical Frameworks, 

1684
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:37,000
that seemed both sophisticated 
and charmingly wrong by modern 

1685
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,100
standards. 
Developed an entire branch of 

1686
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,400
Therapeutics based on inhaling 
medicinal smoke. 

1687
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:48,400
Let's visit ancient China, 
around 200, BCE your suffering, 

1688
01:36:48,400 --> 01:36:50,800
from a persistent cough. 
That's been keeping you away at 

1689
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:54,100
night in your family, is finally
scraped together enough money to

1690
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:57,500
consult a physician. 
He's a learned man who has 

1691
01:36:57,500 --> 01:37:00,500
studied the Classic's 
understands the flow of chi 

1692
01:37:00,500 --> 01:37:03,400
through the body and has 
accessed to the accumulated. 

1693
01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:07,100
Medical wisdom of centuries, 
after examining your tongue, 

1694
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:10,500
checking your pulse at several 
points and asking detailed 

1695
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:12,900
questions about your diet and 
daily routine. 

1696
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:18,200
He nods thoughtfully. 
The problem he explains is an 

1697
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:22,400
imbalance of energies in your 
lungs Complicated by excess 

1698
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:25,400
dampness. 
The treatment requires a careful

1699
01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:28,800
combination of approaches, but 
one element will be therapeutic.

1700
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,700
Smoke, The Physician produces a 
small bundle of dried herbs, 

1701
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:36,700
mahua ephedra, some dried 
Mulberry leaf and other 

1702
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:40,500
materials you don't recognize 
The instructs you to burn these 

1703
01:37:40,500 --> 01:37:42,200
over. 
Charcoal and breathe. 

1704
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:45,300
The resulting smoke deeply. 
Three times per day. 

1705
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,000
Always facing East in the 
morning and West, in the 

1706
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,900
evening. 
The ritual specification isn't 

1707
01:37:50,900 --> 01:37:53,500
arbitrary. 
Chinese medicine viewed. 

1708
01:37:53,500 --> 01:37:57,400
The body as intimately connected
to Cosmic patterns and timing 

1709
01:37:57,400 --> 01:38:00,900
treatments to align with daily 
Cycles was thought to enhance 

1710
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:04,500
their effectiveness the herbs. 
He's prescribed actually work 

1711
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:09,100
though, not for the reason he 
believed Marwan contains a 

1712
01:38:09,108 --> 01:38:12,400
federal and Broncho dilator that
opens Airways and makes 

1713
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:15,100
breathing easier. 
The other herbs have 

1714
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:17,800
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties 

1715
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:20,500
that were genuinely helped her 
respiratory infection. 

1716
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:24,700
The act of deliberately slowing 
your breathing to inhale, the 

1717
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:29,100
smoke, probably helped to 
inducing a relaxation response. 

1718
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:32,800
That reduces stress related 
coughing, the Chinese were not 

1719
01:38:32,800 --> 01:38:37,000
alone in developing smoke bass 
Therapeutics in Ancient India, 

1720
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:41,200
ayurvedic Physicians created, 
elaborate systems of tumor 

1721
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:47,300
Therapeutic smoking. 
The sushruta samhita, a medical 

1722
01:38:47,300 --> 01:38:52,100
texts, composed around 600 BCE 
described specific herbs to be 

1723
01:38:52,108 --> 01:38:55,500
smoked for specific conditions. 
Asthma. 

1724
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:58,100
Try mixture. 
That includes cannabis, and 

1725
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:01,900
datura. 
Mental disturbances different 

1726
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:04,400
combinations of aromatic, woods 
and resins. 

1727
01:39:04,400 --> 01:39:07,700
Even hiccups had their own 
prescribed smoke treatment. 

1728
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:11,000
These ayurvedic Physicians. 
Understood something important. 

1729
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:14,800
Different substances produced 
different effects depending on 

1730
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:18,700
how they are consumed. 
Cannabis eaten as food produces 

1731
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:22,300
one set of effects. 
The same plant, smoke produces 

1732
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:24,700
different fast faster acting 
results. 

1733
01:39:25,700 --> 01:39:29,200
This wasn't Superstition, it was
practical farmer College by 

1734
01:39:29,200 --> 01:39:33,000
careful observation, the Greeks 
and Romans Incorporated 

1735
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:35,500
therapeutic smoking into their 
medical practice. 

1736
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,800
HIPAA Crites, the father of 
Western medicine, described 

1737
01:39:39,800 --> 01:39:43,000
using smoke inhalation, to treat
gynecological problems. 

1738
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:46,600
His reasoning was based on the 
theory that the uterus could 

1739
01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:49,900
wander through the body. 
A delightful wrong idea, called 

1740
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:53,800
the wandering womb, and strong, 
smelling smoke would drive it 

1741
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:58,600
back to its proper position. 
The theory was nonsense, but 

1742
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:02,200
some of the herbs he recommended
had genuine anti-inflammatory or

1743
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:05,900
muscle relaxing properties. 
That probably provided actual 

1744
01:40:05,900 --> 01:40:08,900
relief Galen. 
Probably the most influential 

1745
01:40:08,900 --> 01:40:12,800
physician of the ancient world 
wrote extensively about smoke 

1746
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:15,600
Therapeutics. 
He distinguished between 

1747
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:19,100
different types of smoke based 
on their properties, hot, or 

1748
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:22,400
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 
thick. 

1749
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:26,300
A physician needed to match the 
qualities of the therapeutic. 

1750
01:40:26,300 --> 01:40:28,800
Smoke to the imbalance in the 
patient's body. 

1751
01:40:29,700 --> 01:40:33,600
Too much heat in the lungs, use 
cooling smoke from cucumber 

1752
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:37,900
seeds or letter, too much cold 
warming smoke from Pepper or 

1753
01:40:37,900 --> 01:40:40,200
mustard. 
The interesting thing is that 

1754
01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:43,800
many of these ancient smoke 
remedies actually worked, even 

1755
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:47,800
if the theoretical explanations 
were completely wrong, When you 

1756
01:40:47,800 --> 01:40:52,100
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its
Vapor your congested sinuses do 

1757
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:55,600
clear not because you're 
balancing humors or just in your

1758
01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:59,500
key but because you collector is
a genuine expectorant and 

1759
01:40:59,500 --> 01:41:03,000
decongestant. 
Ancient Physicians, didn't need 

1760
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,500
to understand the chemistry to 
observe that it worked and to 

1761
01:41:06,508 --> 01:41:09,500
incorporate it into their 
practice, some ancient smoke 

1762
01:41:09,500 --> 01:41:13,100
therapies were surprisingly, 
sophisticated Greek, and Roman 

1763
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:15,500
Physicians. 
Developed fumigation tents where

1764
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:17,100
patients with respiratory 
problems. 

1765
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:20,200
Could sit surrounded by 
therapeutic smoke from 

1766
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:21,400
carefully. 
Chosen herbs. 

1767
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:25,300
The dosage could be controlled 
by adjusting ventilation. 

1768
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:29,200
The duration of treatment was 
specified, precisely and 

1769
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:32,700
patients were monitored for 
adverse reactions in ancient 

1770
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:34,500
Persia. 
Physicians at the famous. 

1771
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:37,400
Medical school in gunnedah 
shapur, compiled, extensive 

1772
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,700
farmaca, payers that included 
detailed descriptions of 

1773
01:41:40,700 --> 01:41:44,300
therapeutic smoking. 
The categorized hundreds of 

1774
01:41:44,308 --> 01:41:46,900
plants by their effects. 
When burned and inhaled, 

1775
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:50,300
creating reference works that 
Physicians could consult when 

1776
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:54,200
treating specific conditions, 
the sensory experience of these 

1777
01:41:54,200 --> 01:41:56,400
treatments would have been 
significant in itself. 

1778
01:41:56,400 --> 01:42:00,800
Imagine suffering from some 
chronic condition joint pain. 

1779
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:04,500
Respiratory problems or 
digestive issues. and being 

1780
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,600
prescribed, a treatment that 
involves City in a warm room 

1781
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:11,100
filled with aromatic smoke, 
while a physician monitors your 

1782
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:15,600
response The relaxation induced 
by the setting, the attention 

1783
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:19,100
from a respected healer, and the
pleasant smell of the burning 

1784
01:42:19,100 --> 01:42:21,700
herbs. 
All of these factors would work 

1785
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:25,500
together to produce, what modern
medicine calls Placebo effects 

1786
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:27,700
though that term doesn't quite 
capture. 

1787
01:42:27,700 --> 01:42:30,500
The complexity of what's 
happening because here's the 

1788
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:33,200
thing, about Placebo effects, 
they're real. 

1789
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:37,200
When your brain believes healing
is occurring, it triggers 

1790
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:39,800
physiological. 
Processes that promote actual 

1791
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:43,100
healing. 
Stress hormones, decrease the 

1792
01:42:43,100 --> 01:42:47,900
immune function, improves pain, 
perception changes. the ancient 

1793
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:50,800
physicians may not have 
understood the mechanisms but 

1794
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:54,100
they understood that healing 
involved, the whole person Body 

1795
01:42:54,100 --> 01:42:56,900
Mind and Spirit And that 
therapeutic. 

1796
01:42:56,900 --> 01:42:58,900
Smoke could address. 
All three aspects 

1797
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:01,800
simultaneously. 
While Physicians were refining, 

1798
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,400
therapeutic smoke into a medical
art and Priests were perfecting.

1799
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:09,100
Incense rituals Merchants were 
creating networks. 

1800
01:43:09,100 --> 01:43:12,200
That would carry aromatic 
substances across continents and

1801
01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:16,000
oceans. 
These trade routes, particularly

1802
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:19,700
the famous Silk Road and the 
maritime spice route didn't just

1803
01:43:19,700 --> 01:43:23,200
transport Goods. 
The carried knowledge practices 

1804
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,200
and entire cultural Traditions 
around smoke and its uses 

1805
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,100
picture yourself as a merchant 
in a caravan. 

1806
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:31,600
Traveling. 
The Silk Road around 200 CE 

1807
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:36,300
You've been on the road for 
months, moving slowly from Oasis

1808
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:38,400
to Oasis across the heart of 
Asia. 

1809
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:42,800
Your camels are loaded with 
various Goods, but the most 

1810
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:47,600
valuable light items are small 
light and Incredibly expensive 

1811
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:52,900
resins herbs and aromatic Woods 
that will eventually be burned 

1812
01:43:52,900 --> 01:43:56,200
in temples, palaces and Wealthy 
homes across the known world. 

1813
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,500
The economics of the incense 
trade were fascinating and 

1814
01:43:59,500 --> 01:44:04,300
sometimes absurd Frankincense 
and myrrh harvested from trees 

1815
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:07,700
in southern Arabia, and the Horn
of Africa could increase in 

1816
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:11,300
value by a factor of 50 or more.
By the time they reached Rome or

1817
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:15,100
shangaan, Merchants could become
wealthy from a single successful

1818
01:44:15,100 --> 01:44:17,700
Caravan though. 
They could also lose everything 

1819
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:21,900
to Bandits sandstorms or simple 
miscalculations about market 

1820
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:25,500
demand, but these Merchants were
carrying more than commodities. 

1821
01:44:26,400 --> 01:44:29,600
At each stop along the Route. 
They shared information about 

1822
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:33,800
how different cultures used 
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 

1823
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,500
technique for burning incense 
learned in India, might be 

1824
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:39,300
combined with Chinese theories 
about herbal properties and 

1825
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:42,800
Persian aesthetic preferences to
create something entirely new 

1826
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:48,200
The Silk Road was like a massive
slow motion cultural blenda 

1827
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:52,200
mixing practices and beliefs 
about smoke in to increase in 

1828
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:56,400
complex combinations. 
Consider Sandalwood that 

1829
01:44:56,400 --> 01:44:59,700
aromatic wood from India that 
has been prized for thousands of

1830
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,800
years. 
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 

1831
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:06,800
primarily a religious substance 
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 

1832
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:09,400
temples to purify space and 
honor the divine. 

1833
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:13,300
But as it traveled along trade 
routes at acquired, New Uses and

1834
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:17,400
meanings Chinese Buddhists 
adopted Sandalwood incense but 

1835
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:19,800
integrated it with Taoist 
practices and Confucian 

1836
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:22,800
Aesthetics. 
Japanese culture eventually 

1837
01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:27,300
transformed incense appreciation
into kodo literally the way of 

1838
01:45:27,300 --> 01:45:31,700
incense a ceremonial art form is
refined as tea, ceremony, 

1839
01:45:32,500 --> 01:45:35,500
Islamic cultures Incorporated 
Sandalwood into their own 

1840
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:38,300
devotional practices. 
While developing new 

1841
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:41,700
combinations with rows and other
aromatics. 

1842
01:45:42,500 --> 01:45:45,300
Christian churches began using 
it as an alternative to 

1843
01:45:45,300 --> 01:45:49,000
frankincense the same substance 
moving through different 

1844
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:51,400
cultural. 
Contexts became multiple 

1845
01:45:51,400 --> 01:45:53,200
different things while remaining
itself. 

1846
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:56,500
This is one of Smoke's, 
interesting properties. 

1847
01:45:56,500 --> 01:46:00,400
Its concreted enough to be a 
definite substance with specific

1848
01:46:00,400 --> 01:46:04,200
effects that ephemeral enough to
acquire, whatever symbolic. 

1849
01:46:04,200 --> 01:46:06,200
Meaning human's want to project 
onto it. 

1850
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:09,400
The maritime spice routes that 
connected the Indian Ocean 

1851
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:11,700
world, where equally important 
for spreading smoke. 

1852
01:46:11,700 --> 01:46:15,700
Kulture Arab traders sailing 
from East Africa, to India to 

1853
01:46:15,700 --> 01:46:19,600
South East, Asia carried, not 
just cinnamon cloves and pepper,

1854
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:22,900
but also knowledge about 
aromatics and their uses. 

1855
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:26,400
An Indonesian method for 
processing benzoin. 

1856
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:30,400
Resin might be combined with 
Indian ivic theories and Arab 

1857
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:33,500
perfumery techniques to create 
new products and practices. 

1858
01:46:33,500 --> 01:46:37,100
Some of these aromatic 
substances traveled, astonishing

1859
01:46:37,100 --> 01:46:41,500
distances, Camphor from Borneo. 
Found its way to Chinese temples

1860
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:45,200
and European apothecaries. 
Hallows wood from Southeast. 

1861
01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:47,500
Asia became prized in Middle 
Eastern palaces. 

1862
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:52,100
Dragon's blood resin from the 
socra islands off, Yemen, 

1863
01:46:52,100 --> 01:46:56,000
traveled to China, India, Rome, 
and eventually Medieval Europe. 

1864
01:46:56,800 --> 01:47:01,100
Each substance carried with its 
stories practices and beliefs 

1865
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,200
about smoke and its properties 
the Traders themselves. 

1866
01:47:04,200 --> 01:47:08,400
Often became experts in aromatic
substances, they needed to know,

1867
01:47:08,400 --> 01:47:11,700
not just market prices, but also
how to identify genuine 

1868
01:47:11,700 --> 01:47:16,100
materials versus Delta's, how to
store and transport delicate, 

1869
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:19,300
resins, without losing their 
aromatic properties and what 

1870
01:47:19,300 --> 01:47:21,700
different customers in different
regions preferred. 

1871
01:47:22,600 --> 01:47:26,700
A successful incense Merchant 
was part chemist, part cultural 

1872
01:47:26,700 --> 01:47:30,000
Anthropologist and part 
Logistics expert. 

1873
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:35,300
These trade routes Technologies 
for using aromatic smoke. this 

1874
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:38,400
censor designs, we discussed 
earlier those specialized 

1875
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:42,300
containers for burning incense 
evolved through contact between 

1876
01:47:42,300 --> 01:47:46,100
different cultures, Chinese 
designs influenced, personal 

1877
01:47:46,100 --> 01:47:50,400
work in Indian temple, practices
and spied, South East Asian 

1878
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,000
Buddhist rituals Arab 
Innovations in perfumery 

1879
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:56,200
influenced. 
European approaches to aromatic 

1880
01:47:56,200 --> 01:47:58,500
substances by the medieval 
period. 

1881
01:47:58,500 --> 01:48:01,200
You could track cultural 
influence by following incense 

1882
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:04,500
practices, When you see a 
particular way of blending 

1883
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:07,800
aromatics, or a specific ritual,
use of smoke appearing. 

1884
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,500
In a new region, you're usually 
seeing evidence of trade contact

1885
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:14,800
and cultural Exchange. 
Smoke became a marker of 

1886
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:17,900
cultural connection. 
A visible sign that ideas and 

1887
01:48:17,900 --> 01:48:21,800
practices were flowing between 
regions the economic importance 

1888
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:24,700
of the incense trade, also 
shaped political relationships, 

1889
01:48:25,500 --> 01:48:28,800
Control over frankincense and 
myrrh producing regions was 

1890
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:31,900
contested by various Powers 
throughout ancient history. 

1891
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:35,300
The Romans even launched 
military Expeditions into 

1892
01:48:35,300 --> 01:48:39,600
Arabia, partly to try to control
incense supplies and reduce the 

1893
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:41,800
enormous costs. 
They were paying to Arabian 

1894
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:47,400
merchants The Expeditions failed
desert Warfare is hard but the 

1895
01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:51,100
attempt shows just how valuable 
these aromatic substances had 

1896
01:48:51,100 --> 01:48:53,300
become. 
What's remarkable is that this 

1897
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:58,000
vast complex trade system 
existed primarily to serve human

1898
01:48:58,000 --> 01:49:02,800
desires for Pleasant smells and 
altered consciousness Yes, some 

1899
01:49:02,800 --> 01:49:06,300
aromatic substances, had 
important medicinal uses and yes

1900
01:49:06,300 --> 01:49:10,900
incense played crucial roles in 
religious practices but at its 

1901
01:49:10,900 --> 01:49:14,400
core, the incense trade existed 
because humans across cultures 

1902
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:17,500
agreed that filling the air with
fragrant smoke was worth 

1903
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:21,100
enormous effort and expense. 
This tells us something about 

1904
01:49:21,100 --> 01:49:24,900
human priority is when we're not
purely practical creatures 

1905
01:49:24,900 --> 01:49:27,400
focused only on immediate 
survival needs. 

1906
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:32,300
We're also aesthetic beings who 
Value Beauty, pleasure, and 

1907
01:49:32,300 --> 01:49:35,700
experiences that transport us 
Beyond ordinary consciousness. 

1908
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:40,600
The ancient instance trade serve
these deeper human needs and 

1909
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:43,300
Merchants became wealthy because
they understood something 

1910
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:45,600
essential about what humans want
from Life. 

1911
01:49:45,600 --> 01:49:49,500
By now several thousand years 
into Humanity's relationship 

1912
01:49:49,500 --> 01:49:54,000
with aromatic smoke, something 
interesting, had happened, Smoke

1913
01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:56,000
hadn't just become a tool or 
commodity. 

1914
01:49:56,000 --> 01:50:00,100
It had become a language a 
system of symbols through which 

1915
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:04,400
humans expressed ideas about the
sacred, the mysterious and the 

1916
01:50:04,408 --> 01:50:06,700
boundaries between different 
Realms of existence. 

1917
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:09,600
Let's explore. 
How different cultures turn this

1918
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:12,500
physical phenomenon into 
metaphor, and how those 

1919
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:15,100
metaphors shaped human, 
understanding of Consciousness, 

1920
01:50:15,100 --> 01:50:18,000
Divinity. 
And the structure of reality 

1921
01:50:18,000 --> 01:50:22,500
itself starting in ancient, 
Mesopotamia, that cradle of 

1922
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:25,400
civilization between the Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers. 

1923
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:29,400
The Babylonians and Assyrians 
burned incense in their temples 

1924
01:50:29,400 --> 01:50:33,000
but they also carefully observe 
that patterns smoke made as it 

1925
01:50:33,008 --> 01:50:36,700
Rose. 
Specialized priests Bahru. 

1926
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:40,600
They were called practiced 
divination by smoke. 

1927
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:44,900
Reading messages from the gods 
in how incense smoke curled 

1928
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:47,400
drifted or suddenly changed 
Direction. 

1929
01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:49,900
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 
might sound. 

1930
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:54,500
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 
to air, currents, temperature, 

1931
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:58,200
gradients, and subtle 
environmental factors that human

1932
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:02,600
senses can't directly detect. 
The baru were essentially using 

1933
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:06,000
smoke as a visualization tool 
for invisible atmospheric 

1934
01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:08,900
conditions, then interpreting 
these patterns. 

1935
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:12,600
According to complex symbolic 
systems that have been refined 

1936
01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:15,800
over Generations. 
They were wrong about the God, 

1937
01:51:15,800 --> 01:51:19,700
sending messages. 
But right that smoke reveals 

1938
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:21,800
information about the 
environment that would otherwise

1939
01:51:21,800 --> 01:51:24,200
be hidden, the symbolism was 
clear. 

1940
01:51:25,300 --> 01:51:28,700
Smoke connects the visible and 
invisible, the known and 

1941
01:51:28,700 --> 01:51:31,700
unknown. 
It emerges from the solid matter

1942
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:35,900
of incense, or herbs transforms 
into something ethereal and 

1943
01:51:35,900 --> 01:51:39,700
disappears in to air. 
Travelling, perhaps to Realms 

1944
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:43,300
Beyond human perception. 
This made smoke a perfect 

1945
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:47,200
metaphor for the Soul's Journey 
after death for prayers seeking 

1946
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:50,000
Divine attention. 
And for any movement between 

1947
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:54,500
material and spiritual Realms in
ancient China, smoke took on 

1948
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:58,100
different, but related meanings.
Dallas philosophers, watched 

1949
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:01,500
incense smoke rising, and 
temples, and saw lessons about 

1950
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:05,100
the nature of reality. 
The smoke follows its nature, 

1951
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,800
they noted, it doesn't try to be
anything other than what it is 

1952
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:11,300
doesn't resist. 
Its own transformation from 

1953
01:52:11,300 --> 01:52:15,300
visible to Invisible and doesn't
cling to any particular form or 

1954
01:52:15,300 --> 01:52:18,600
place this made. 
Smoke a teaching tool about Wu 

1955
01:52:18,600 --> 01:52:22,100
away, effortless action, and 
about accepting change. 

1956
01:52:22,100 --> 01:52:24,700
Rather than fighting it Chinese 
poets. 

1957
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:27,100
Wrote extensively about incense 
smoke. 

1958
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:30,300
Using it as a metaphor, for 
everything from romantic 

1959
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,600
Longing, To political 
frustration to the transients of

1960
01:52:33,608 --> 01:52:37,600
life itself. 
Lead by one of China's greatest 

1961
01:52:37,600 --> 01:52:41,300
poets, wrote about smoke from 
his incense, burner twisting 

1962
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:45,200
like dragon shapes connecting, 
his writing desk to the realm of

1963
01:52:45,208 --> 01:52:47,800
the Immortals. 
The smoke wasn't just 

1964
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:50,800
decoration. 
It was a visual representation 

1965
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:54,300
of the connection between 
mundane reality and Transcendent

1966
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,300
experience. 
That poetry sought to capture in

1967
01:52:57,300 --> 01:52:59,600
India. 
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 

1968
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:01,600
embedded in both Hindu and 
Buddhist practice. 

1969
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:06,800
The Sanskrit word Dumar smoke 
appears in countless religious 

1970
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:09,100
texts. 
Usually associated with 

1971
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:12,400
transformational purification, 
and the transition between 

1972
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:16,600
states, When a Hindu cremation 
releases smoke into the sky. 

1973
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,500
That smoke represents the 
deceased. 

1974
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:22,500
Essence beginning its journey to
whatever comes next. 

1975
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:27,200
When Buddhist monks burn incense
the rising smoke. 

1976
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:29,700
Visualizes. 
The rise of Merit from good 

1977
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:33,000
actions. 
The dispersion of negative Karma

1978
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:35,200
and the movement of 
Consciousness toward 

1979
01:53:35,200 --> 01:53:38,700
Enlightenment, the Buddha 
himself, apparently used as a 

1980
01:53:38,708 --> 01:53:42,900
teaching metaphor In various 
sutras, he compared clinging to 

1981
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:45,400
impermanent things to try to 
grasp smoke. 

1982
01:53:46,400 --> 01:53:49,400
The harder, you squeeze the 
faster at escapes and your left 

1983
01:53:49,408 --> 01:53:52,400
with nothing but perhaps a 
lingering smell on your hands. 

1984
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:56,700
The lesson was about 
non-attachment about recognizing

1985
01:53:56,700 --> 01:53:59,400
that everything like smoke is 
temporary and cannot be 

1986
01:53:59,400 --> 01:54:01,800
possessed. 
Native American cultures 

1987
01:54:01,800 --> 01:54:04,700
developed their own Rich. 
Smoke symbolism, though. 

1988
01:54:04,700 --> 01:54:07,700
We should be careful here about 
generalizing cross hundreds of 

1989
01:54:07,708 --> 01:54:11,100
distinct cultures. 
Many groups use smoke from 

1990
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:17,200
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 
Sweetgrass in ways that combined

1991
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:19,500
practical purposes with deep 
symbolic. 

1992
01:54:19,500 --> 01:54:23,900
Meaning Smoke might purify a 
space carry prayers to the 

1993
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:27,500
spirit world, Mark the 
boundaries of sacred ground, or 

1994
01:54:27,500 --> 01:54:31,700
seal agreements between people's
the peace pipe sage and or 

1995
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:35,100
ceremonial pipe. 
Traditions found in many North 

1996
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:38,000
American cultures treated smoke 
as a covenant, mediator. 

1997
01:54:38,800 --> 01:54:42,400
When former enemy, shared smoke 
from the same pipe, they were 

1998
01:54:42,400 --> 01:54:44,500
creating a physical and symbolic
Bond. 

1999
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:49,000
The smoke, they exhaled had been
inside their bodies mingling 

2000
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:52,500
with their breath and blood. 
Sharing that smoke meant sharing

2001
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:56,500
something essential. 
Breaking an agreement made over.

2002
01:54:56,500 --> 01:54:58,200
The pipe wasn't just political 
betrayal. 

2003
01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:01,700
It was spiritual violation in 
Islamic cultures. 

2004
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:04,200
Smoke acquired, meaning related 
to both Beauty and 

2005
01:55:04,208 --> 01:55:07,300
Transcendence. 
Persian, poetry frequently 

2006
01:55:07,300 --> 01:55:11,500
mentioned incense smokers as a 
symbol of devotion longing and 

2007
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:13,700
the attempt to reach Beyond 
material limitations. 

2008
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:18,200
Sufi Mystics sometimes used 
aromatic smokers part of their 

2009
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:22,200
practices seeing in its Rising 
movement and image of the souls 

2010
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:27,000
aspiration toward God. 
The best smoked pure fragrant, 

2011
01:55:27,000 --> 01:55:29,600
Rising straight and true 
represented. 

2012
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:33,700
The ideal spiritual State 
medieval European Christianity 

2013
01:55:33,700 --> 01:55:36,700
inherited. 
Its smoke, symbolism partly from

2014
01:55:36,700 --> 01:55:39,200
Jewish temple, traditions and 
partly from broader 

2015
01:55:39,200 --> 01:55:43,000
Mediterranean cultures. 
The smoke of incense in a 

2016
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:46,400
cathedral represented prayers 
rise to heaven, but it also had 

2017
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:48,100
more practical symbolic 
functions. 

2018
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:51,700
It marked Sacred Space as 
distinct from ordinary space. 

2019
01:55:52,500 --> 01:55:56,100
Created an atmosphere for 
experiences of the numinous and 

2020
01:55:56,100 --> 01:55:58,800
literally Illustrated 
theological Concepts about 

2021
01:55:58,800 --> 01:56:01,900
mediation, between human and 
divine Realms. 

2022
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:05,800
The writers of medieval mystical
texts often use smokers a 

2023
01:56:05,800 --> 01:56:08,000
metaphor for Spiritual 
experiences that couldn't be 

2024
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:12,400
captured in ordinary language. 
How do you describe a vision of 

2025
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:15,300
God? 
It's like seeing through smoke 

2026
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:20,000
you perceive something, you 
know, something is there but you

2027
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:23,000
can't make out clear details and
the experience is inherently 

2028
01:56:23,000 --> 01:56:26,200
transitory Smoke became the 
language for describing 

2029
01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:30,700
encounters with the interesting 
across all these Traditions is 

2030
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:34,600
how Smoke's physical properties.
Its visibility combined with 

2031
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:38,600
intangibility its upward 
movement and its gradual 

2032
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:42,600
dissolution made it almost 
universally available as a 

2033
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:47,200
metaphor for similar Concepts. 
Different cultures didn't arrive

2034
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:49,000
at identical. 
Smoke, symbolism. 

2035
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:53,000
But there are striking parallels
in how humans have interpreted 

2036
01:56:53,000 --> 01:56:56,100
this phenomenon. 
The color of smoke also acquired

2037
01:56:56,100 --> 01:57:00,300
symbolic meanings white, smoke 
was generally positive, Pure 

2038
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:05,300
Clean or suspicious black smoke,
suggested something wrong, 

2039
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:10,300
dangerous, or malevolent Grace 
Mo was ambiguous, neither 

2040
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:14,500
clearly good nor bad. 
These color associations weren't

2041
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:17,200
arbitrary. 
They related to what actually 

2042
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:19,100
produces different colored 
smoke. 

2043
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:23,400
White smoke comes from clean 
burning aromatics and black 

2044
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:27,000
smoke from incomplete combustion
or impure materials. 

2045
01:57:28,100 --> 01:57:31,300
Humans turn these practical 
observations into symbolic 

2046
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:34,100
systems, even the smell of smoke
carried. 

2047
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:37,000
Symbolic weight. 
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 

2048
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:40,800
presence, spiritual Purity or 
successful ritual. 

2049
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:44,100
Acrid smoke indicated, something
gone wrong. 

2050
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:47,300
Either in the physical 
preparation of materials, or 

2051
01:57:47,300 --> 01:57:50,900
metaphorically in the spiritual 
state of the people involved. 

2052
01:57:52,200 --> 01:57:55,900
Smell that most Primal and 
emotionally evocative of senses.

2053
01:57:56,800 --> 01:58:00,100
Became a way of evaluating the 
quality and success of smoke 

2054
01:58:00,100 --> 01:58:02,900
bass practices. 
While temples filled with 

2055
01:58:02,900 --> 01:58:05,900
incense smoke and Physicians. 
Prescribed therapeutic 

2056
01:58:05,900 --> 01:58:10,500
fumigation, another traditional 
was developing one more personal

2057
01:58:10,500 --> 01:58:14,800
more intimate and more focused 
on individual Consciousness than

2058
01:58:14,800 --> 01:58:15,700
Collective. 
Ritual. 

2059
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:20,300
This was the tradition of 
smoking from pipes, a practice 

2060
01:58:20,300 --> 01:58:22,700
that would eventually Circle the
globe and become one of 

2061
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:25,700
Humanity's most widespread ways 
of altering Consciousness. 

2062
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:29,800
The early as pipes we know about
come from various places and 

2063
01:58:29,800 --> 01:58:33,400
probably represent independent 
invention rather than diffusion 

2064
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:37,300
from a single source. 
Ancient people's in Africa Asia 

2065
01:58:37,300 --> 01:58:41,100
and the Americas all developed 
pipe Technologies though they 

2066
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:43,700
used them for different 
substances and invested them 

2067
01:58:43,700 --> 01:58:46,500
with different meanings. 
Let's start in the Americas 

2068
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:50,300
where tobacco was first, 
domesticated and smoking first 

2069
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:52,100
became a complex cultural 
practice. 

2070
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:56,600
Long before Europeans arrived 
indigenous, peoples throughout 

2071
01:58:56,600 --> 01:59:00,700
North, and South America, were 
cultivating tobacco and 

2072
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:03,300
developing elaborate 
Technologies and rituals around 

2073
01:59:03,300 --> 01:59:05,700
smoking it. 
But here's something that often 

2074
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:09,700
gets misunderstood these weren't
casual recreational practices 

2075
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:13,300
when a Mayan priests smoked 
tobacco through a long read tube

2076
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:16,700
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 

2077
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:20,200
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 
they were engaging in religious 

2078
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:22,600
practice as serious as any 
Temple ceremony. 

2079
01:59:23,500 --> 01:59:27,000
The smoke from these pipes was 
medicine, Sacrament and 

2080
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:29,400
diplomatic tool all rolled into 
one. 

2081
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,900
The physical experience of 
smoking tobacco through a pipe 

2082
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:35,800
would have been intense. 
Far more so than modern 

2083
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,100
cigarettes. 
Ancient tobacco over at his was 

2084
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:42,100
significantly stronger than 
modern breeds and pipes. 

2085
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:45,100
Smoking delivers nicotine more 
efficiently than modern smoking 

2086
01:59:45,100 --> 01:59:48,300
methods. 
The immediate effects mild. 

2087
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:51,700
Euphoria slight. 
Nausea, dizziness altered 

2088
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:54,000
perception. 
Could have reinforced the sense 

2089
01:59:54,000 --> 01:59:56,700
that something spiritually 
significant was occurring. 

2090
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,200
Native American Pipe, Traditions
often, treated the pipe itself 

2091
02:00:00,208 --> 02:00:02,800
as sacred. 
Materials were chosen, 

2092
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:06,800
carefully, certain Woods 
specific stones and decorations 

2093
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:10,900
that carried symbolic meaning. 
The process of filling lighting 

2094
02:00:10,900 --> 02:00:13,600
and smoking the pipe followed 
prescribed patterns. 

2095
02:00:13,600 --> 02:00:17,200
Smoke might be offered to the 
four directions to the Earth and

2096
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:22,100
Sky or to ancestors or spirits. 
The entire practice was 

2097
02:00:22,100 --> 02:00:24,300
choreographed to create an 
experience, that was 

2098
02:00:24,300 --> 02:00:27,200
simultaneously, physical the 
nicotine effects. 

2099
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:32,500
Social pipes were often smoked 
communally, and spiritual the 

2100
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:36,300
ceremonial context, provided 
meaning in Asia different pipe 

2101
02:00:36,300 --> 02:00:38,400
Traditions developed around 
different substances. 

2102
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:42,600
Chinese and Southeast Asian 
opium pipes represented a 

2103
02:00:42,600 --> 02:00:46,500
fascinating case study in how 
substance technology and culture

2104
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:49,900
interact. 
Opium smoking, which became 

2105
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:52,700
widespread in China during the 
17th and 18th. 

2106
02:00:52,700 --> 02:00:56,100
Centuries required, specialized 
equipment and technique. 

2107
02:00:57,100 --> 02:00:59,100
The pipes were often works of 
art. 

2108
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:03,900
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls.
Sometimes decorated with 

2109
02:01:03,900 --> 02:01:07,800
intricate carvings or inlays. 
The Opium smoking ritual was 

2110
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:10,100
elaborate. 
The Opium had to be prepared. 

2111
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:13,300
Cooked cleaned formed into 
pills. 

2112
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,300
The pipe had to be held at the 
correct angle over a lamp. 

2113
02:01:16,308 --> 02:01:19,800
The smoker had to know exactly 
how to heat the Opium peel. 

2114
02:01:19,800 --> 02:01:22,200
And when to inhale, Done 
correctly. 

2115
02:01:22,200 --> 02:01:24,300
The process produced a 
distinctive. 

2116
02:01:24,300 --> 02:01:26,800
Sweet smell and a wave of 
relaxation. 

2117
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:30,500
That opium uses described as 
like floating on a warm sea. 

2118
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:34,100
We should note here that opium 
addiction became a severe social

2119
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:37,300
problem in 19th century. 
China with devastating 

2120
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:39,600
consequences for individuals and
Society. 

2121
02:01:40,700 --> 02:01:43,400
But understanding the appeal 
requires acknowledging, the 

2122
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:47,800
Sensei and cycle of attractions 
of the practice, the ritual, The

2123
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:52,300
Taste, the immediate relief from
pain or anxiety and cleaned. 

2124
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:55,700
And the temporary escape from a 
difficult lives in the Middle 

2125
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:59,700
East and Central, Asia 
waterpipes, who cars, or naglas 

2126
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:03,100
evolved as a way to smoke 
tobacco and other substances 

2127
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:06,300
with some of the harshness 
filtered out, The hookah 

2128
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:09,600
represents sophisticated 
engineering smokers drawn 

2129
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:13,200
through water, which cools it 
and remove some errands, then 

2130
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:15,100
through a long tube to The 
Smokers mouth. 

2131
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:19,500
Multiple people can smoke from 
the same, hookah simultaneously,

2132
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:23,600
making it a social technology as
much as a drug delivery system. 

2133
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:26,900
Who can smoking in traditional 
Middle Eastern culture was 

2134
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:29,500
allegedly practiced associated 
with coffee houses. 

2135
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:34,200
Intellectual discussion and 
unhurried socializing You didn't

2136
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,100
just smoke a hookah. 
You spent an evening at a hookah

2137
02:02:37,100 --> 02:02:40,400
lounge, talking philosophy or 
politics or everyday concerns 

2138
02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:43,300
with friends, while sharing 
flavored tobacco smoke, that 

2139
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:46,900
tasted of Apple Rose or other 
aromatics? 

2140
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:52,600
Practice created a specific kind
of social space slightly removed

2141
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:54,900
from ordinary. 
Time were conversation could 

2142
02:02:54,900 --> 02:02:58,500
wander and people could relax 
European and American pipes 

2143
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:01,500
smoking Traditions, which 
developed primarily in the 16th 

2144
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,400
through 19th centuries, created 
their own cultures around the 

2145
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,800
practice. 
Clay pipes, then Briar pipes 

2146
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:11,200
became Technologies of 
contemplation. 

2147
02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:15,300
The ritual of choosing a tobacco
blade, feeling the pipe 

2148
02:03:15,300 --> 02:03:18,700
properly, lighting it with care,
and maintaining the burn, 

2149
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:22,400
through strategic puffing. 
These actions required attention

2150
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:26,600
and provided structure for 
thinking many scholars, writers 

2151
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:30,100
and artists described pipe 
smoking as an aid to 

2152
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:34,000
concentration and creativity. 
The gentle stimulation from 

2153
02:03:34,000 --> 02:03:37,700
nicotine combined with the 
meditative quality of the ritual

2154
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:41,700
and the pleasant Taste of good 
tobacco created conditions that 

2155
02:03:41,700 --> 02:03:44,200
many found conducive to 
intellectual work. 

2156
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:47,200
This wasn't just justification 
for a habit. 

2157
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:50,900
There's evidence that moderate 
nicotine intake, can enhance 

2158
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:54,000
certain cognitive functions, 
particularly sustained, 

2159
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:57,800
attention the pipe itself became
a symbol in European and 

2160
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:02,100
American culture of masculinity 
intellectuality Leisure or 

2161
02:04:02,100 --> 02:04:04,500
contemplation depending on 
context. 

2162
02:04:05,600 --> 02:04:08,600
Sherlock Holmes, is pipes. 
Suggested his analytical mind. 

2163
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:12,400
Father Christmas is pipe 
represented Jolly contentment. 

2164
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:16,500
The pipe smoking Professor 
became such a cultural archetype

2165
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:19,500
that even people who never 
smoked recognized The 

2166
02:04:19,500 --> 02:04:22,600
Stereotype, what United? 
All these different pipe 

2167
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:25,900
Traditions from Amazonian 
tobacco to Asian opium to 

2168
02:04:25,900 --> 02:04:28,600
European. 
Briar pipes was the intimate 

2169
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:30,400
personal quality of the 
experience. 

2170
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:33,900
Unlike Temple incense. 
That filled a large space. 

2171
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:36,700
For many people, unlike 
Physicians fumigations 

2172
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:40,000
administers as treatment. 
Pipe smoking was about 

2173
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:43,800
individual Consciousness, 
personal ritual and chosen 

2174
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:47,200
moments of altered awareness. 
The pipe created a small 

2175
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:49,800
immediate relationship between a
person and smoke. 

2176
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:55,000
You control every aspect what 
you smoked when you smoked and 

2177
02:04:55,000 --> 02:04:59,200
how much you smoked the Smoke, 
Filled your mouth, touched your 

2178
02:04:59,208 --> 02:05:03,000
tongue and entered your lungs, 
or in some traditions was only 

2179
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,600
taken into the mouth. 
It was yours in a way that 

2180
02:05:05,600 --> 02:05:09,300
communal smoke wasn't this 
personal quality made pipes 

2181
02:05:09,300 --> 02:05:12,700
attractive for contemplation 
marking transitions between 

2182
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:16,500
activities and for creating 
small islands of ritual in 

2183
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:20,200
otherwise unstructured time. you
could smoke a pipe while 

2184
02:05:20,200 --> 02:05:23,600
thinking through a problem, 
while grieving a loss while 

2185
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:28,600
celebrating a success, while 
simply watching the sun set, the

2186
02:05:28,600 --> 02:05:31,700
smoke became a companion, to 
your thoughts, a physical 

2187
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:34,900
manifestation of the moment you 
were inhabiting different, 

2188
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:37,900
cultures, develop different 
etiquette around pipes, smoking,

2189
02:05:38,800 --> 02:05:40,600
In some native American 
traditions. 

2190
02:05:40,600 --> 02:05:43,300
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking, would be deeply 

2191
02:05:43,300 --> 02:05:46,700
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

2192
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:50,000
and space in. 
Victorian England, pipes smoking

2193
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,600
was, gendered male and confined 
to specific rooms or times, 

2194
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:57,300
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where and 

2195
02:05:57,300 --> 02:06:01,400
when smoke was appropriate, The 
Middle Eastern coffee houses, 

2196
02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:05,600
who could smoking was communal 
and conversational the pipe 

2197
02:06:05,600 --> 02:06:08,600
passed between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

2198
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:12,800
experience of pipe smoking 
varied enormously depending on 

2199
02:06:12,800 --> 02:06:16,600
what was being smoked and how 
Tobacco, could be sweet or 

2200
02:06:16,600 --> 02:06:21,100
harsh, smooth or biting aromatic
or plain. 

2201
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:25,400
Opium produced, a distinctive 
smell that became associated 

2202
02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:29,400
with relaxation and Escape. 
Cannabis, which has been smoked 

2203
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:32,600
in, various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

2204
02:06:32,600 --> 02:06:36,700
Another sensory profile, Earth, 
Thea and more pungent than 

2205
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,800
tobacco with quite different 
effect on Consciousness. 

2206
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,800
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipe smoking spread once

2207
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:47,800
global trade networks emerged in
the 16th and 17th centuries. 

2208
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:51,700
Tobacco, which was completely 
unknown outside the Americas. 

2209
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:56,500
Before 1492 had reached every 
inhabited continent within a 

2210
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:58,900
century of European contact with
the new world. 

2211
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:03,300
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 
Europe and Oceania with 

2212
02:07:03,300 --> 02:07:07,300
remarkable speed suggesting that
the practice are answered some. 

2213
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:11,500
Widespread human need or desire.
This rapid spread wasn't just 

2214
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:13,000
about nicotine addiction, 
though. 

2215
02:07:13,000 --> 02:07:16,208
That certainly played a role. 
It was a about the appeal of a 

2216
02:07:16,216 --> 02:07:19,500
personal ritual that could 
create moments of calm, in 

2217
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,200
increasingly, complex, 
connected, and demanding 

2218
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:26,200
societies. 
As the world modernized as 

2219
02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:28,000
traditional rhythms of 
agricultural. 

2220
02:07:28,000 --> 02:07:30,400
Life gave way to Urban 
industrial time. 

2221
02:07:31,100 --> 02:07:34,900
The pipe offered a portable 
personal technology for creating

2222
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,200
small moments of peace. 
Now, we approach more recent 

2223
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:41,600
history that period from roughly
1700 to 1900. 

2224
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:45,200
When the practices we've been 
discussing underwent significant

2225
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:48,300
transformation. 
The Scientific Revolution was 

2226
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:51,800
changing how educated people 
understood smoke and its effects

2227
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:56,100
industrialization was changing 
how aromatic substances were 

2228
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,900
produced and distributed. 
Colonialism was disrupting 

2229
02:07:59,900 --> 02:08:02,900
traditional practices while 
spreading them to new contexts. 

2230
02:08:03,700 --> 02:08:06,700
Let's consider how European 
expansion affected incense 

2231
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:10,300
Traditions worldwide. 
When Portuguese traders reached 

2232
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:14,000
India and Southeast Asia when 
Spanish conquistadors and 

2233
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:17,300
counted American civilizations. 
And when Dutch Merchants 

2234
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:20,900
established themselves in 
Indonesia, they found a labor of

2235
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:25,000
sophisticated Traditions around 
aromatic smoke, some of these 

2236
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:27,100
Traditions. 
They adopted others, they 

2237
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:31,200
disrupted and still others. 
They try to suppress Christian 

2238
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,200
missionaries for instance often 
viewed indigenous smoking 

2239
02:08:34,200 --> 02:08:39,000
practices with deep suspicion. 
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 

2240
02:08:39,008 --> 02:08:42,700
Americas look disturbingly like 
religious ritual, which of 

2241
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:46,600
course, it was, and missionaries
work to suppress it as paganism.

2242
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:50,700
They had no problem with incense
in their own churches, which was

2243
02:08:50,700 --> 02:08:53,600
also a religious smoke ritual 
but probably Christian and 

2244
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,700
therefore acceptable this 
selective acceptance and 

2245
02:08:56,700 --> 02:09:00,200
rejection created. 
Interesting hybrid practices in 

2246
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:04,300
Latin America indigenous smoking
Traditions mixed with Catholic 

2247
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:09,100
incense used to create something
new In India Hindu incense, 

2248
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,300
practices continued but also 
influence British colonial 

2249
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:15,800
culture. 
By the Victorian era, wealthy 

2250
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:19,300
British homes routinely burned 
in Indian incense, though 

2251
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:22,400
usually stripped of their 
original religious meaning and 

2252
02:09:22,400 --> 02:09:25,200
appreciated primarily for their 
exotic fragrance. 

2253
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:29,200
The scientific study of smoke 
and its effects began in Earnest

2254
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:32,600
during this period. 
Chemists started analyzing the 

2255
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:34,900
compounds and various aromatic 
substances. 

2256
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:39,300
Identifying specific molecules 
responsible for particular, 

2257
02:09:39,300 --> 02:09:42,800
smells or effects. 
Physicians began conducting 

2258
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:46,100
something resembling clinical 
trials testing. 

2259
02:09:46,100 --> 02:09:48,700
Whether therapeutic smoking 
actually worked for the 

2260
02:09:48,708 --> 02:09:51,500
conditions. 
It was prescribed to treat some 

2261
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:54,400
traditional smoke remedies held 
up reasonably well under 

2262
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:58,100
scientific scrutiny. 
Yes, eucalyptus smoke does help 

2263
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:01,400
respiratory problems. 
We can now explain exactly why 

2264
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:04,400
in terms of chemical 
constituents and their 

2265
02:10:04,400 --> 02:10:07,300
interactions with human 
respiratory tissues other 

2266
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:09,300
traditional practices didn't 
fare as well. 

2267
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:13,400
No smoke from burnt goat hair 
will not cure epilepsy 

2268
02:10:13,400 --> 02:10:17,000
regardless of what ancient 
Physicians believed, but this 

2269
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:20,300
scientific understanding also 
strips of much of its mystery 

2270
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:23,600
and symbolic power. 
When aromatic smoke becomes 

2271
02:10:23,600 --> 02:10:27,100
merely a delivery mechanism for 
specific chemical compounds. 

2272
02:10:27,100 --> 02:10:30,600
It loses something of its 
capacity to carry, meaning 

2273
02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:34,000
beyond the physical. 
The rationalization of smoke 

2274
02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:37,400
knowledge, made practices more 
effective in some ways while 

2275
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:41,400
making them less meaningful in 
others industrialization changed

2276
02:10:41,400 --> 02:10:45,600
the incense trade dramatically. 
Instead of rare resins carried 

2277
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:49,100
across continents. 
By Caravan aromatic substances 

2278
02:10:49,100 --> 02:10:52,400
could be synthesized in 
factories or at least mass 

2279
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:54,600
produced from Plantation grown 
materials. 

2280
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:59,000
This made in sense, much cheaper
and more widely available which 

2281
02:10:59,000 --> 02:11:02,700
was good for Access but not so 
good for the sense of precious 

2282
02:11:02,700 --> 02:11:06,400
Rarity that had surrounded 
aromatics for thousands of 

2283
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,200
years. 
The 19th century also saw 

2284
02:11:09,200 --> 02:11:11,900
increasing concerns about 
smoking health effects 

2285
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:15,900
Physicians who had once 
prescribed therapeutic smoking 

2286
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:19,000
began noticing that heavy 
smokers seem to develop 

2287
02:11:19,000 --> 02:11:22,800
distinctive health problems. 
The connection between tobacco 

2288
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:25,500
and various diseases was 
beginning to be recognized 

2289
02:11:25,500 --> 02:11:29,200
though, it would take until the 
mid-20th century before the full

2290
02:11:29,200 --> 02:11:32,400
scope of smoking. 
Health impacts became clear this

2291
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:36,000
created an interesting 
Divergence Temple incense and 

2292
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:38,500
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 
remained relatively 

2293
02:11:38,500 --> 02:11:42,100
uncontroversial. 
People recognized inhaling 

2294
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,400
enough smoke in these context to
cause health problems. 

2295
02:11:45,300 --> 02:11:48,600
But pipe smoking and especially 
cigarette smoking came under 

2296
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:53,000
increasing scrutiny as evidenced
that regular smoke, inhalation 

2297
02:11:53,000 --> 02:11:57,300
damaged lungs, and contributed 
to various diseases, the 

2298
02:11:57,300 --> 02:11:59,400
cigarette which became dominant 
in the 20th. 

2299
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:03,500
Century represented a departure 
from older smoking traditions in

2300
02:12:03,500 --> 02:12:06,500
important ways. 
Cigarettes were Industrial 

2301
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:10,700
Products, uniform mass produced 
and designed for quick 

2302
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:13,700
consumption rather than 
contemplative ritual. 

2303
02:12:15,200 --> 02:12:19,000
The cigarette breaks, the pipes,
smoking session, same basic 

2304
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:22,600
activity, but compressed hurried
and stripped of most ceremonial 

2305
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:26,500
elements where pipes smoking and
required some skill and tension.

2306
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:28,100
You had to pack the pipe 
properly. 

2307
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:31,100
Keep it lit and manage. 
The ash cigarette. 

2308
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:35,900
Smoking was nearly effortless. 
Striker match, inhale exhale, 

2309
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:40,000
repeat this ease of use 
contributed to much higher 

2310
02:12:40,000 --> 02:12:42,700
consumption rates and 
consequently much worse, Health 

2311
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:46,000
outcomes. 
Cigarette was Smoke, practice 

2312
02:12:46,000 --> 02:12:49,700
optimized for nicotine delivery 
rather than for ritual, 

2313
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:54,400
contemplation or social bonding 
yet even cigarettes acquired 

2314
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:57,800
their own rituals and meanings. 
The sharing of cigarettes 

2315
02:12:57,800 --> 02:13:01,900
between soldiers created bonds, 
the offered cigarette, became a 

2316
02:13:01,900 --> 02:13:05,200
social gesture, the lighting of 
someone else's cigarette had its

2317
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:08,100
own etiquette and even romantic 
connotations. 

2318
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:11,900
Humans, it seems will create 
ritual around any repeated 

2319
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:16,400
practice, even industrial ones. 
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 

2320
02:13:16,400 --> 02:13:19,900
continue to evolve in various 
directions in Japan. 

2321
02:13:19,900 --> 02:13:24,400
Kodo the way of incense became 
increasingly refined as an 

2322
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:27,700
aesthetic practice separate from
religious contexts. 

2323
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:30,000
Practitioners learn to 
distinguish. 

2324
02:13:30,000 --> 02:13:33,900
Hundreds of different aromatic 
Woods to appreciate subtle 

2325
02:13:33,900 --> 02:13:37,600
differences in fragrance and to 
use incense as a focus for 

2326
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:41,800
meditation and mindfulness. it 
was like wine tasting but for 

2327
02:13:41,800 --> 02:13:46,300
smoke and equally sophisticated 
in India, the ancient traditions

2328
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:49,600
of incense making continued but 
also adapted to Modern Commerce 

2329
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,100
Factories and cities like 
Bangalore produced incense 

2330
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:56,400
sticks in enormous quantities, 
maintaining traditional 

2331
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:59,300
formulations while using modern 
manufacturing techniques. 

2332
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,000
The smell of Jasmine or 
Sandalwood, incense became 

2333
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:07,100
associated with Indian culture. 
Generally carried worldwide by 

2334
02:14:07,100 --> 02:14:10,600
the Indian diaspora Western 
counterculture movements in the 

2335
02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:15,000
1960s and seventies rediscovered
incense and brought it into 

2336
02:14:15,000 --> 02:14:16,900
mainstream Euro of American 
culture. 

2337
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:20,900
Young people burning nag Champa 
in their Apartments were 

2338
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:24,300
participating. 
Often unknowingly in Smoke 

2339
02:14:24,300 --> 02:14:27,200
Traditions that stretched back, 
thousands of years. 

2340
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:32,000
The context had changed Bohemian
Flats rather than ancient 

2341
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:36,400
temples but the basic practice 
of filling a space with aromatic

2342
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:37,900
smoke remained. 
The same. 

2343
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:41,900
This period also saw renewed 
interest in indigenous smoking 

2344
02:14:41,900 --> 02:14:45,300
practices, particularly 
Ayahuasca ceremonies and similar

2345
02:14:45,300 --> 02:14:48,000
traditions. 
Some of this interest was 

2346
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:49,900
respectful and carefully 
conducted. 

2347
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:54,800
Some of it amounted to cultural 
appropriation with sacred 

2348
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:58,200
practices stripped from their 
original context and treated as 

2349
02:14:58,200 --> 02:15:01,600
recreational drug use. 
The distinction matters. 

2350
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:05,000
There's a difference between 
participating meaningfully in a 

2351
02:15:05,000 --> 02:15:09,500
tradition and simply consuming 
exotic experience is as you 

2352
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:10,800
nestled deeper into your 
blanket. 

2353
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:13,500
And perhaps notice how your own 
breathing is slowed while 

2354
02:15:13,500 --> 02:15:16,200
reading this story. 
Let's turn to what modern 

2355
02:15:16,200 --> 02:15:20,200
science has discovered about why
smoke bass practices affect the 

2356
02:15:20,200 --> 02:15:23,100
way they do. 
Understanding the mechanisms, 

2357
02:15:23,100 --> 02:15:27,200
doesn't diminish The Experience,
if anything it reveals, how 

2358
02:15:27,200 --> 02:15:31,100
intuitive our ancestors were in 
their observations, the human 

2359
02:15:31,100 --> 02:15:34,500
olfactory system. 
Your sense of smell is directly 

2360
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:38,400
connected to the limbic system. 
Those ancient structures deep in

2361
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:40,400
your brain that process in 
motion and memory. 

2362
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,800
This is why certain smells can 
instantly transport you to 

2363
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:49,500
Childhood evoke powerful 
emotional responses or create 

2364
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:51,300
immediate feelings of karma 
anxiety. 

2365
02:15:52,700 --> 02:15:56,400
When you smell incense or 
aromatic smoke the molecules 

2366
02:15:56,400 --> 02:16:00,100
trigger, not just sensory 
perception, but emotional and 

2367
02:16:00,100 --> 02:16:02,900
memory responses that bypass 
conscious reasoning. 

2368
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:06,300
Ancient people didn't know about
the limbic system but they 

2369
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:08,900
certainly knew that certain 
smells made them feel certain 

2370
02:16:08,900 --> 02:16:11,300
ways. 
They were working with the same 

2371
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:14,500
neurological architecture. 
We have today conducting 

2372
02:16:14,500 --> 02:16:17,300
empirical experiments and 
altering their own Consciousness

2373
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:20,300
and carefully noting which 
plants produced which affects 

2374
02:16:20,300 --> 02:16:23,800
modern chemistry as identified, 
the specific compounds 

2375
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:26,400
responsible for many traditional
incense effects. 

2376
02:16:27,300 --> 02:16:30,800
Frank incense contains bus 
Weller acids and other molecules

2377
02:16:30,800 --> 02:16:33,799
that have genuine 
anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic

2378
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:36,000
anxiety. 
Reducing properties. 

2379
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:40,700
When burned frankincense 
releases these compounds in a 

2380
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,200
form that can be absorbed 
through the respiratory system, 

2381
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:47,000
producing measurable effects on 
brain, chemistry and emotional 

2382
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:51,100
state, lavender. 
Smoke contains Lena, little 

2383
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:55,000
acetate compounds that have been
shown in the laboratory studies,

2384
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:57,500
to reduce, stress hormones and 
promote relaxation. 

2385
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:02,000
The Greeks and Romans who burned
lavender to promote, calmness 

2386
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:06,000
weren't just engaging in 
Superstition, they were using a 

2387
02:17:06,000 --> 02:17:09,799
substance that genuinely affects
human neurobiology and ways that

2388
02:17:09,799 --> 02:17:13,100
reduce anxiety. 
Similarly, the therapeutic 

2389
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:16,900
smoking practices of ancient 
Physicians often prescribed 

2390
02:17:16,900 --> 02:17:21,900
genuinely effective substances. 
When Chinese doctors recommended

2391
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:24,200
smoking, mahag for respiratory 
problems. 

2392
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:27,900
They were unknowingly 
prescribing a fee dream, a 

2393
02:17:27,900 --> 02:17:32,000
powerful Broncho dilator. 
When Indian ayurvedic Physicians

2394
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,500
prescribed, cannabis smoke for 
various conditions, they were 

2395
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:38,400
using a substance with 
documented effects on pain, 

2396
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:42,900
norcia and several other 
symptoms modern Neuroscience as 

2397
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:44,700
all. 
So helped, explain why ritual 

2398
02:17:44,700 --> 02:17:47,700
and setting matter so much for 
smoked bass practices. 

2399
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:51,200
The brain doesn't just respond 
to chemical compounds. 

2400
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:54,500
It responds to expectations 
context and meaning. 

2401
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:57,900
When you burn incense in a 
context, you've learned to 

2402
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:00,700
associate with relaxation or 
spiritual experience. 

2403
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:04,700
Your brain begins producing the 
associated response before. 

2404
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:08,100
You've even inhaled any smoke, 
this isn't just cycle. 

2405
02:18:08,100 --> 02:18:12,000
By the way, the expectation of 
relaxation triggers real. 

2406
02:18:12,000 --> 02:18:15,600
Measurable changes in brain, 
chemistry increased serotonin 

2407
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:18,900
and dopamine, and decrease 
quarters and adrenaline. 

2408
02:18:19,799 --> 02:18:22,700
The chemical compounds in the 
smoke then enhance and extend 

2409
02:18:22,708 --> 02:18:25,700
these changes creating a 
synergistic effect. 

2410
02:18:25,700 --> 02:18:28,700
That's more powerful than either
context or chemistry alone 

2411
02:18:28,700 --> 02:18:32,500
breathing patterns matter too 
and this is something ancient 

2412
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:34,500
practitioners understood 
intuitively. 

2413
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:38,900
When you deliberately slow and 
deepen, your breathing to inhale

2414
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:43,100
aromatic smoke, your activating,
your parasympathetic nervous 

2415
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:46,799
system, the rest and digest mode
that counteract stress 

2416
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:50,400
responses, the compounds in the 
Smoke, enhance this effect. 

2417
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,000
The breathing pattern itself is 
doing significant work. 

2418
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:57,700
This explains why similar 
practices emerged in different 

2419
02:18:57,700 --> 02:19:02,600
cultures humans everywhere have 
the same basic neurobiology, the

2420
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:06,700
same limbic system responses to 
aromatic compounds and the same 

2421
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:10,100
parasympathetic relaxation 
response to slow breathing 

2422
02:19:10,799 --> 02:19:15,299
Ancient people's in China, India
Rome and the Americas 

2423
02:19:15,299 --> 02:19:19,000
independently discovered that 
burning certain plants and 

2424
02:19:19,000 --> 02:19:22,900
breathing the smoke deeply 
produced specific desirable 

2425
02:19:22,900 --> 02:19:26,100
effects because they were all 
working with the same human 

2426
02:19:26,100 --> 02:19:28,600
Hardware. 
Modern research has also 

2427
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:31,500
revealed some unexpected 
benefits of certain aromatic 

2428
02:19:31,500 --> 02:19:33,799
compounds. 
Rosemary smoke. 

2429
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:37,600
For instance, contains molecules
that appear to enhance memory 

2430
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,900
and cognitive function. 
Studies have shown that people 

2431
02:19:40,900 --> 02:19:44,500
performing memory tasks in room 
centered with rosemary, perform 

2432
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:48,000
better than control groups. 
Ancient peoples who burned 

2433
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,300
Rosemary while studying or 
before important meetings may 

2434
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:54,500
have been unwittingly using a 
genuine cognitive enhancer 

2435
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:58,200
interestingly, the communal 
aspects of smoke practices. 

2436
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:02,100
Also have measurable effects. 
when people participate in 

2437
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:05,500
shared rituals, whether 
religious incense ceremonies or 

2438
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:09,400
communal pipes, smoking their 
stress hormones, decreased their

2439
02:20:09,400 --> 02:20:12,400
sense of social connection 
increases and various measures 

2440
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,800
of well-being improve The smoke 
is part of this. 

2441
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:20,400
But so is the ritual itself, the
shared experience and the sense 

2442
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:24,300
of participating in something 
larger than yourself, Placebo 

2443
02:20:24,300 --> 02:20:25,500
effects. 
We mentioned earlier. 

2444
02:20:25,500 --> 02:20:28,500
Turn out to be far more complex 
and interesting than once 

2445
02:20:28,500 --> 02:20:31,100
thought. 
Modern research shows that 

2446
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:33,900
Placebo responses involved. 
Genuine changes in 

2447
02:20:33,900 --> 02:20:37,700
neurotransmitter levels immune 
function and even gene 

2448
02:20:37,700 --> 02:20:40,800
expression. 
When ancient healers conducted 

2449
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:44,200
elaborate smoke rituals for sick
patients, they were triggering 

2450
02:20:44,200 --> 02:20:47,500
healing responses that were as 
real as any pharmaceutical 

2451
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:50,400
effect. 
Even if the mechanisms were 

2452
02:20:50,400 --> 02:20:53,300
completely different from what 
the healers believed there are 

2453
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:55,700
also risks. 
And modern science has made 

2454
02:20:55,700 --> 02:20:58,800
these clearer than ever. 
Regular smoke, inhalation, 

2455
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:02,700
regardless of the substance 
damages respiratory tissues and 

2456
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:05,400
increases risks of various 
cancers and lung diseases. 

2457
02:21:05,400 --> 02:21:09,200
The difference between 
occasional ceremonial incense, 

2458
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:12,200
exposure and daily tobacco 
smoking is enormous in terms of 

2459
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:15,600
health outcomes. 
But even aromatic smoke in high 

2460
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:17,900
concentrations can be 
problematic for people with 

2461
02:21:17,900 --> 02:21:20,800
respiratory conditions. 
This creates an interesting 

2462
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:23,400
tension. 
The practice is we've been 

2463
02:21:23,400 --> 02:21:25,700
discussing, do have genuine 
effects. 

2464
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:28,600
Cycleogical neurological and 
social. 

2465
02:21:29,700 --> 02:21:32,700
But they all carry risks that 
increase with frequency and 

2466
02:21:32,700 --> 02:21:35,400
intensity of use. 
Ancient peoples. 

2467
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,200
Generally use these practices 
more sparingly than modern 

2468
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:41,900
recreational smokers, which 
likely limited health impacts 

2469
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:44,200
while preserving the ritual and 
psychological benefits. 

2470
02:21:44,200 --> 02:21:47,500
The modern scientific 
understanding of smoke, and its 

2471
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:50,300
effects suggests that our 
ancestors were remarkably 

2472
02:21:50,300 --> 02:21:52,600
sophisticated observers of human
consciousness. 

2473
02:21:52,600 --> 02:21:57,100
And the substance is that, alter
it They couldn't explain the 

2474
02:21:57,100 --> 02:21:59,800
mechanisms in terms of 
neurotransmitters and receptor 

2475
02:21:59,800 --> 02:22:03,000
sites but they could reliably 
predict that burning substance 

2476
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:06,200
in context why would produce 
affect zeed? 

2477
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:09,700
That's empirical science. 
Even without the theoretical 

2478
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:13,300
Frameworks, we've added now as 
we move into the present day, 

2479
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:17,700
the story of smoke becomes more 
personal and immediate You might

2480
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:21,100
have your own experiences with 
incense, with the smell of wood 

2481
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:25,500
smoke from a fireplace with the 
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet

2482
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:29,500
grass or with memories attached 
to particular sense that rise 

2483
02:22:29,500 --> 02:22:32,400
and curling wisps. 
The relationship between modern 

2484
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:35,500
people and aromatic smokers, 
complicated, full of 

2485
02:22:35,508 --> 02:22:38,000
contradictions that would have 
baffled our ancestors. 

2486
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:41,400
We know more about the chemistry
and health effects than any 

2487
02:22:41,400 --> 02:22:44,900
previous generation yet, we 
often use this knowledge poorly.

2488
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:48,700
We have access to aromatics from
around the world at prices, that

2489
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:52,500
would Astound ancient Merchants.
Yet, we often fail to appreciate

2490
02:22:52,500 --> 02:22:54,600
the depth of traditionals behind
them. 

2491
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:58,800
Walk into most metaphysical 
bookstores, yoga studios, or 

2492
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:02,400
wellness centers in the western 
world, and you'll find incense 

2493
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:06,300
for sale often. 
Nag Champa from India, but also 

2494
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:09,000
white sage bundles Palo Santos, 
sticks. 

2495
02:23:09,000 --> 02:23:13,000
Copeland and various other 
aromatics from Traditions 

2496
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:16,300
worldwide. 
This represents unprecedented 

2497
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:19,800
access to global smoke 
Traditions, but also raises 

2498
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:23,200
questions about cultural 
appropriation sustainable 

2499
02:23:23,200 --> 02:23:26,800
harvesting and where the 
transplanted practice is retain 

2500
02:23:26,800 --> 02:23:29,700
their meaning, outside their 
original contexts. 

2501
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,300
The white sage situation is 
particularly instructive. 

2502
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:37,300
White sages, sacred various 
Native, American peoples, 

2503
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:39,900
particularly in California, and 
the Southwest. 

2504
02:23:41,000 --> 02:23:44,800
Smudging with white sage burning
bundles of the dried herb to 

2505
02:23:44,800 --> 02:23:48,300
purify spaces is an important 
practice in these traditions. 

2506
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:52,500
But commercial harvesting has 
put white sage populations under

2507
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:56,500
pressure and seeing this sacred 
plant sold in every new age 

2508
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,800
shop, understandably, bothers, 
many Native Americans. 

2509
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:04,300
This is the smoke tradition in 
globalization and its 

2510
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:08,800
complicated on one hand, people 
worldwide seeking calm and 

2511
02:24:08,800 --> 02:24:12,600
purification through aromatic 
smoke, a participating in 

2512
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:16,800
fundamentally human practices 
that transcend culture on the 

2513
02:24:16,808 --> 02:24:18,900
other hand. 
There's something troubling 

2514
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:22,200
about sacred Traditions being 
commodified and stripped of 

2515
02:24:22,208 --> 02:24:25,700
their contexts. 
The smoke Remains the Same but 

2516
02:24:25,700 --> 02:24:27,500
the meaning has changed in 
Translation. 

2517
02:24:27,500 --> 02:24:31,600
Meanwhile, incense traditions in
their homelands continue to 

2518
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:35,900
evolve Visitor Buddhist temple, 
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 

2519
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:39,600
And you'll find practices that 
combine ancient formulations 

2520
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:43,500
with modern sensibilities. 
The incense might be made using 

2521
02:24:43,500 --> 02:24:46,100
traditional recipes but 
manufactured and 

2522
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:49,500
climate-controlled Facilities 
with quality testing, that 

2523
02:24:49,500 --> 02:24:53,200
ensures consistent products. 
The rituals continue. 

2524
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:56,000
But in buildings that have 
electric lights, air 

2525
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,800
conditioning, and live stream 
services for distant devotees in

2526
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:02,200
India. 
The incense industry has become 

2527
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:06,100
a significant economic sector 
employing, thousands of people 

2528
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:07,800
in traditional craft 
manufacturing. 

2529
02:25:07,800 --> 02:25:12,000
That's been modernized without 
being completely industrialized.

2530
02:25:12,900 --> 02:25:15,000
Families that have made incense 
for Generations. 

2531
02:25:15,000 --> 02:25:18,300
Now export their products 
globally while maintaining 

2532
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:21,100
recipes and techniques passed 
down through the centuries. 

2533
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:25,400
Its traditional adapting to 
modernity finding ways to 

2534
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:29,300
continue that don't require 
rejecting change entirely the 

2535
02:25:29,300 --> 02:25:32,100
medical use of aromatic, smoke 
has largely disappeared in 

2536
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:35,700
developed countries, replaced by
more reliable pharmaceutical. 

2537
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:38,700
Approaches the doctor isn't 
going to prescribe therapeutic 

2538
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:40,800
fumigation for your respiratory 
infection. 

2539
02:25:40,800 --> 02:25:43,600
They'll give you antibiotics or 
antivirals. 

2540
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:48,200
The aromatherapy, the use of 
essential oils and aromatic 

2541
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:50,100
compounds for psychological and 
Mild. 

2542
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:54,100
Physical benefits has found a 
niche as complementary medicine,

2543
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:57,200
essential oil, diffusers 
represent an interesting 

2544
02:25:57,200 --> 02:26:00,700
evolution of smoke practice, 
instead of burning aromatic 

2545
02:26:00,700 --> 02:26:03,400
substances. 
These devices vaporize essential

2546
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:06,300
oils and water. 
Creating a fragrant Mist that 

2547
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:09,800
disperses through a room. 
It smoke without combustion 

2548
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:14,000
aromatics without Ash. 
And a sanitized version of 

2549
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:17,100
ancient practices adapted for 
modern homes that have smoked 

2550
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:19,900
detectors and fire codes. 
Does it work? 

2551
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:24,800
Yes, and no. 
The aromatic compounds still 

2552
02:26:24,800 --> 02:26:27,600
affect the limbic system. 
Still produce psychological 

2553
02:26:27,600 --> 02:26:30,800
responses and still create 
Pleasant environments. 

2554
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:34,500
Something is lost when you 
remove the visual element of 

2555
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:37,800
smoke Rising. 
The slight edge of danger from 

2556
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:42,100
working with fire and the 
ritualized aspects of preparing 

2557
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:45,600
and lighting incense. 
The diffuser is more convenient 

2558
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:49,100
and probably safer but 
convenient and safety are the 

2559
02:26:49,108 --> 02:26:51,800
only value that matter. 
The cigarette culture that 

2560
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,200
dominated much of the 20th 
century as finally declining as 

2561
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:59,000
health consequences, become 
undeniable and social acceptance

2562
02:26:59,000 --> 02:27:01,600
of evaporate. 
Fewer people. 

2563
02:27:01,608 --> 02:27:03,600
Smoke cigarettes now than at any
time. 

2564
02:27:03,600 --> 02:27:06,100
Since the 1920s in most 
developed countries. 

2565
02:27:07,000 --> 02:27:10,400
This is undoubtedly good for 
public health but it's also 

2566
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:13,900
removed one of the few remaining
widespread smoke practices from 

2567
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:16,200
everyday life. 
Some of this void has been 

2568
02:27:16,208 --> 02:27:19,300
filled by cannabis legalization 
in various jurisdictions. 

2569
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:24,600
As cannabis becomes legal for 
recreational, use New Traditions

2570
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:28,300
and practices are emerging 
around its consumption. some of 

2571
02:27:28,300 --> 02:27:32,600
these Echo older Traditions, the
past joint as a social bonding 

2572
02:27:32,600 --> 02:27:36,900
ritual has parallels to passed 
pipes in various cultures Others

2573
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:40,800
are distinctly, modern vaporizes
and Edibles representing, 

2574
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:43,900
approaches to cannabis 
consumption, that minimize or 

2575
02:27:43,900 --> 02:27:47,400
eliminate smoke entirely. 
The use of incense in religious 

2576
02:27:47,400 --> 02:27:52,100
and spiritual contexts continues
worldwide relatively unchanged 

2577
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:54,000
by modernity's other 
transformation. 

2578
02:27:55,100 --> 02:27:58,800
Walk into a Catholic Church 
during high mass visit a Hindu 

2579
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:02,600
temple during Puja or attend. 
A Buddhist Meditation session. 

2580
02:28:02,600 --> 02:28:06,200
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 
being used for purposes, that 

2581
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:09,500
would be instantly recognizable 
to practitioners from centuries 

2582
02:28:09,500 --> 02:28:12,200
ago. 
This continuity is remarkable 

2583
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:15,900
given how much else has changed?
Interestingly, there's been a 

2584
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,900
modern Revival of interest in 
contemplative practices 

2585
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,600
generally and incense as 
followed along. 

2586
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:25,900
Mindfulness meditation, which 
has become surprisingly 

2587
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:29,800
mainstream in secular Western 
culture, often incorporates 

2588
02:28:29,800 --> 02:28:33,600
incense as a focus for attention
or simply as atmosphere. 

2589
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:38,500
The practice has been stripped 
of religious associations but 

2590
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:42,600
retains the basic Insight that 
aromatic smoke can help create 

2591
02:28:42,600 --> 02:28:45,700
mental States conducive to calm 
awareness. 

2592
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:50,300
The Japanese incense ceremony 
codo has even founded here at 

2593
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:53,900
Japan though whether these 
practitioners fully appreciate 

2594
02:28:53,900 --> 02:28:56,600
the aesthetic and philosophical 
depth of the tradition is 

2595
02:28:56,600 --> 02:29:00,000
debatable. 
Still, the fact that people are 

2596
02:29:00,000 --> 02:29:02,700
willing to spend hours learning 
to distinguish subtle 

2597
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:06,700
differences in aromatic Woods 
suggest that ancient approaches 

2598
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:10,100
to smoke, appreciation can still
resonate with modern 

2599
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:13,200
sensibilities. 
Environmental concerns are 

2600
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:15,600
adding New Dimensions to how we 
think about smoke. 

2601
02:29:16,500 --> 02:29:20,100
Burning incense or anything else
releases particular matter and 

2602
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:24,400
various chemicals into the air. 
In indoor air quality has become

2603
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,800
a recognized Health concern. 
And burning substance is 

2604
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:29,700
indoors, regularly isn't great 
for it. 

2605
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:34,200
This creates another tension. 
Practices that brought calm to 

2606
02:29:34,200 --> 02:29:37,100
countless Generations. 
Now faced questions about 

2607
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:39,400
whether they're worth the 
environmental and health costs. 

2608
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:42,900
There's also the simple fact 
that many modern people don't 

2609
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:44,700
know how to safely work with 
fire. 

2610
02:29:45,600 --> 02:29:49,000
We've outsourced flame to gas. 
Stoves furnaces and pilot lights

2611
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,800
controlled automatic. 
Requiring no attention. 

2612
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:56,500
The idea of deliberately 
lighting something on fire and 

2613
02:29:56,500 --> 02:29:59,000
managing it while. 
It burns is foreign to people 

2614
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:01,900
who've grown up with smoke 
detectors, that sound at the 

2615
02:30:01,908 --> 02:30:06,800
first hint of combustion. 
Ancient practices assume a 

2616
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:10,000
comfort level with fire. 
That many modern people simply 

2617
02:30:10,000 --> 02:30:12,300
lack. 
Get, the fundamental human 

2618
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:14,900
responses to aromatic smoke, 
have not changed. 

2619
02:30:15,800 --> 02:30:19,000
When you smell Sandalwood or 
frankincense, your brain, 

2620
02:30:19,000 --> 02:30:22,600
processes it using the same 
neural Pathways that lit up in 

2621
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:26,600
ancient Egyptians brain. 
When you watch smoke curl and 

2622
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:30,100
Rise, you're seeing the same 
patterns that fascinated 

2623
02:30:30,100 --> 02:30:34,200
Mesopotamian diviners. 
When you associate certain 

2624
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:37,500
smells with calm or 
contemplation, you are 

2625
02:30:37,508 --> 02:30:39,400
participating in conditioning 
processes. 

2626
02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:42,900
That humans have been using for 
Millennia as we approach the end

2627
02:30:42,900 --> 02:30:44,600
of our journey through smokes 
history. 

2628
02:30:44,600 --> 02:30:49,200
It's worth pausing to reflect on
why this matters, why the story 

2629
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:52,500
of Humanity's relationship with 
aromatic smoke, deserves 

2630
02:30:52,500 --> 02:30:56,000
telling, and what it reveals 
about, who we are as a species 

2631
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:59,400
at the most basic level. 
The story of smoke is a story 

2632
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:03,500
about human curiosity and 
experimentation Our ancestors 

2633
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:06,200
didn't have to figure out that 
burning certain plants produced 

2634
02:31:06,200 --> 02:31:09,700
Pleasant or interesting effects.
They could have just burned. 

2635
02:31:09,700 --> 02:31:12,500
What ever would was convenient 
and being content with warmth 

2636
02:31:12,500 --> 02:31:15,700
and Light? 
Humans, don't work that way. 

2637
02:31:16,500 --> 02:31:20,700
We experiment, observe remember 
and refine. 

2638
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:24,300
We notice patterns and explore 
possibilities. 

2639
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:28,200
We turn accidental discoveries 
into deliberate practices. 

2640
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:31,200
The fact that humans in wildly 
different cultures, 

2641
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:33,900
independently, discovered, 
similarly uses for aromatic, 

2642
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:38,800
smoke tells us something about 
Universal human needs, Across 

2643
02:31:38,800 --> 02:31:43,100
every continent in climate from 
article to Tropical people 

2644
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:46,400
sought ways to alter 
Consciousness, create Sacred 

2645
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:49,900
Space. 
Mark, important moments, find 

2646
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:53,800
relief from pain or anxiety, and
connect with something Beyond 

2647
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:58,000
every day reality. 
Smoke became one tool among many

2648
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:00,500
for meeting. 
These needs, this suggests that 

2649
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:03,400
the desire for altered. 
Consciousness isn't a pathology 

2650
02:32:03,400 --> 02:32:06,900
or a weakness. 
But a fundamental aspect of 

2651
02:32:06,900 --> 02:32:10,600
human psychology. 
We're not meant to exist in one 

2652
02:32:10,600 --> 02:32:13,700
constant state. 
We need Variety in our 

2653
02:32:13,708 --> 02:32:18,400
experiences access to different 
modes of Consciousness and ways 

2654
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:21,200
to step outside ordinary 
perception and see from 

2655
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:25,200
different angles. 
Aromatic smoke provided this for

2656
02:32:25,200 --> 02:32:29,900
most of human history which is 
why its practices so widely and 

2657
02:32:29,900 --> 02:32:32,800
persisted. 
So long, the story of smoke is 

2658
02:32:32,800 --> 02:32:35,700
also a story about the tension 
between material and meaning. 

2659
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:40,700
Smoke is a physical phenomenon, 
combustion producing particular 

2660
02:32:40,700 --> 02:32:44,400
matter, suspended in air. 
But humans have never been 

2661
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:46,400
content to treat it as merely 
physical. 

2662
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:51,300
We've invested smoke with 
meaningless used as a language 

2663
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:53,600
for Concepts. 
That can't be expressed in words

2664
02:32:53,600 --> 02:32:56,400
alone. 
And made it carry our hopes and 

2665
02:32:56,408 --> 02:33:00,700
prayers to rails, we can't 
directly perceive this capacity 

2666
02:33:00,700 --> 02:33:03,600
to see beyond the purely 
physical to find meaning in 

2667
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,500
natural phenomena to create 
symbol systems. 

2668
02:33:06,500 --> 02:33:08,500
That let us think about abstract
Concepts. 

2669
02:33:08,500 --> 02:33:13,100
This is distinctly human. 
Other animals might enjoy 

2670
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:17,100
Pleasant smells, but only humans
burn aromatics in specific 

2671
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:19,900
contexts to deliberately alter 
their mental States. 

2672
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:22,900
While simultaneously, expressing
spiritual beliefs through the 

2673
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:26,900
act itself, the global spread of
smoke Traditions, through trade 

2674
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:30,600
routes tells us something about 
human connectivity, We tend to 

2675
02:33:30,600 --> 02:33:33,600
think of ancient people as 
isolated in their own cultures 

2676
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:37,400
but the fact that frankincense 
from Southern Arabia ended up in

2677
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:41,400
Chinese temples that tobacco 
from the Americas reached Asia 

2678
02:33:41,400 --> 02:33:44,300
within decades. 
And that incense formulas, 

2679
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:48,500
spread across continents, all 
this reveals networks of human 

2680
02:33:48,500 --> 02:33:51,700
connection that were 
surprisingly robust and far. 

2681
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:55,000
Reaching these trade networks 
weren't just about economics. 

2682
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:59,000
There were about shared Human. 
Experience is about the 

2683
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:01,600
recognition that people in 
distant lands, were seeking 

2684
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:06,400
similar things. 
Calm transcendents healing and 

2685
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:10,000
connection to the divine The 
merchant who carried 

2686
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:13,300
frankincense from Arabia to Rome
was carrying more than a 

2687
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:16,000
commodity. 
They were carrying one cultures,

2688
02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:19,500
approached to these Universal 
needs an introducing it to 

2689
02:34:19,508 --> 02:34:21,800
people, who would adapt it to 
their own purposes. 

2690
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,400
The evolution of smoke practices
over time shows, human 

2691
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:30,000
creativity and adaptability Same
basic principle. 

2692
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:33,800
Burning aromatic substances and 
breathing or being present with 

2693
02:34:33,800 --> 02:34:37,500
the smoke has been endlessly 
varied and refined. 

2694
02:34:38,200 --> 02:34:42,400
From cave, fires to Temple 
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to

2695
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:46,400
Modern, incense sticks. 
Humans have found countless ways

2696
02:34:46,400 --> 02:34:48,100
to engage with this simple 
practice. 

2697
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:51,900
Each variation reflecting 
different values Technologies 

2698
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:55,200
and cultural contexts. 
There's something deeply 

2699
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:57,200
Democratic about smoke 
practices. 

2700
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:01,400
Unlike some technologies that 
require rare materials or expert

2701
02:35:01,400 --> 02:35:05,400
knowledge, almost anyone can 
burn our automatic substances 

2702
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:09,700
and benefit from the experience.
Yes, there are a laboratory 

2703
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:13,100
Traditions that require years to
master, but the basic practice 

2704
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:17,200
is accessible to everyone. 
This accessibility helps explain

2705
02:35:17,200 --> 02:35:21,800
why smoke practice is spread, so
widely and persisted across huge

2706
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:25,600
differences in wealth, power and
social organization. 

2707
02:35:25,600 --> 02:35:29,200
The modern decline of some smoke
Traditions, raises questions 

2708
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:33,300
about what we're losing. 
Not just specific practices, but

2709
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:36,600
a whole way of engaging with 
Consciousness ritual, and the 

2710
02:35:36,608 --> 02:35:40,200
material world. 
When we replace incense with 

2711
02:35:40,208 --> 02:35:43,900
room deodorizers, when we 
substitute essential old, 

2712
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:47,300
diffusers for sensors, when we 
eliminate smoke practices 

2713
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:51,400
entirely due to health concerns,
what are we giving up along with

2714
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:54,200
what we gain? 
This isn't a call to reject 

2715
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:58,500
modernity or ignore legitimate 
health concerns But it is worth 

2716
02:35:58,500 --> 02:36:02,500
recognizing that our ancestors 
smoke practices emerged from and

2717
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:05,800
spoke to genuine human needs 
that don't disappear. 

2718
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:09,200
Just because we've developed new
technologies, The need for 

2719
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:11,500
ritual for moments of 
deliberate. 

2720
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:14,700
Calm, the sensory experience? 
Is that anchor Us in the 

2721
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:16,900
present? 
These persist, whether we 

2722
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:19,800
acknowledge them or not. 
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 

2723
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:21,400
is? 
How such a simple thing. 

2724
02:36:21,400 --> 02:36:25,600
Aromatic smoke could carry so 
much weight across so many 

2725
02:36:25,608 --> 02:36:29,900
cultures and so many centuries. 
We've developed incredibly 

2726
02:36:29,900 --> 02:36:34,100
sophisticated Technologies 
mapped the human genome and sent

2727
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:35,800
probes to the edge of the solar 
system. 

2728
02:36:36,800 --> 02:36:40,000
Yet something as basic as 
burning aromatic resins and 

2729
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:43,100
breathing, the smoke can still 
produce experiences that modern 

2730
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:46,900
science fully explains but can't
quite replicate through. 

2731
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:51,600
Any other means the smell of 
Frankincense or Sandalwood the 

2732
02:36:51,600 --> 02:36:56,000
site of smoke curling upward, 
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 

2733
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:59,100
your tongue. 
These experiences connect you 

2734
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:03,100
directly to humans who lived 
thousands of years ago, who 

2735
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:06,500
found in the same smells and 
sights access to States Of 

2736
02:37:06,508 --> 02:37:09,500
Consciousness. 
They valued It's a form of time 

2737
02:37:09,500 --> 02:37:13,300
travel, not through technology 
but through shared experience 

2738
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:16,300
across the centuries. 
As you finish this story and 

2739
02:37:16,300 --> 02:37:18,900
prepare for sleep, you might be 
more aware of the air. 

2740
02:37:18,900 --> 02:37:22,200
You're breathing the way sense. 
Linger, in your room, and the 

2741
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:24,900
quality of Stillness that can 
settle over a space in the 

2742
02:37:24,900 --> 02:37:28,100
evening. 
These awarenesses are part of 

2743
02:37:28,108 --> 02:37:32,700
what smoke practices cultivated.
Tension to subtle sensory 

2744
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:36,500
experiences recognition that the
invisible can be, as important 

2745
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:40,600
as the visible and understanding
that Consciousness is not fixed,

2746
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:44,500
but fluid the story of smoke is 
in the end. 

2747
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:48,400
Your story too. 
Whether you've ever burned in 

2748
02:37:48,400 --> 02:37:51,700
sense or not, whether you have 
any personal smoke practices or 

2749
02:37:51,700 --> 02:37:55,600
not, your part of a species that
has been exploring Consciousness

2750
02:37:55,600 --> 02:38:00,800
seeking calm and finding meaning
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 

2751
02:38:00,800 --> 02:38:04,700
thousands of years that's worth 
remembering as you drift towards

2752
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:06,900
sleep. 
You're not separate from this 

2753
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:09,100
history. 
You're its latest chapter 

2754
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:12,700
carrying forward, patterns of 
human experience that stretch 

2755
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:16,100
back to those first cave 
dwellers, who threw aromatic 

2756
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:19,500
branches on their fires and 
discovered that the world could 

2757
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:23,200
suddenly seemed different more 
spacious and more full of 

2758
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:25,900
possibility. 
The practice is changed. 

2759
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:29,100
The substance is vary and the 
cultural context shift. 

2760
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:32,500
But the underlying human, 
impulses remain constant. 

2761
02:38:33,400 --> 02:38:35,600
We seek moments of Peace in 
difficult times. 

2762
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,700
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate it from the 

2763
02:38:39,700 --> 02:38:42,600
mundane. 
We use our senses to Anchor 

2764
02:38:42,600 --> 02:38:46,800
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore altered state of 

2765
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:48,800
consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

2766
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:52,800
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully human 

2767
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:57,000
life, smoke visible. 
Breath transformation made 

2768
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:01,200
tangible, the boundary between 
solid and are serves all these 

2769
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,100
purposes and more. 
It's been medicine and Sacrament

2770
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,900
recreational therapy art form 
and spiritual practice. 

2771
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:11,600
It's linked distant, cultures, 
and revealed, common Humanity. 

2772
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:16,100
It's been studied by scientists 
and Mystics sought by Kings and 

2773
02:39:16,100 --> 02:39:19,500
available to peasants tomorrow. 
You might smell wood smoke from 

2774
02:39:19,500 --> 02:39:23,400
a neighbor's fireplace or 
incense from a nearby Temple or 

2775
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,100
simply the lingering Aroma of 
your evening tea. 

2776
02:39:26,900 --> 02:39:30,200
When you do, you might remember 
this story and recognize that 

2777
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:33,100
your experiencing something 
humans have found meaningful for

2778
02:39:33,100 --> 02:39:34,600
longer than we've had written 
language. 

2779
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:38,800
You might notice how the smell 
of your mood, how your breathing

2780
02:39:38,800 --> 02:39:41,900
changes, and how the moment 
feels slightly different from 

2781
02:39:41,900 --> 02:39:45,300
moments without that aromatic 
presence, or you might not. 

2782
02:39:45,300 --> 02:39:49,100
You might simply go about your 
day unaware of the ancient 

2783
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:51,500
Traditions playing out in the 
background of Modern Life. 

2784
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:55,400
Either way, the smoke will 
continue to rise carrying with 

2785
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,800
it meaning and memories 
accumulated across Millennia. 

2786
02:39:58,800 --> 02:40:02,200
The practice is we've discussed 
face and uncertain future. 

2787
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:07,400
Climate change, urbanization, 
health, concerns, and cultural 

2788
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:09,900
shifts. 
All challenged traditional smoke

2789
02:40:09,900 --> 02:40:12,800
practices. 
Some will adapt and continue. 

2790
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:16,800
Others will fade a new forms. 
Will emerge that we can't yet 

2791
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:19,700
predict But the human needs 
these practices. 

2792
02:40:19,700 --> 02:40:23,600
Address aren't going anywhere, 
which suggests that some form of

2793
02:40:23,600 --> 02:40:25,500
smoke. 
Traditional persist, as long as 

2794
02:40:25,500 --> 02:40:29,200
humans do perhaps future. 
Historians will look back at our

2795
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:32,400
area, as the moment when 
Humanity's ancient relationship,

2796
02:40:32,400 --> 02:40:35,800
with aromatic smoke underwent, 
his most dramatic 

2797
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:40,100
transformation, Or perhaps, 
they'll see our time as just 

2798
02:40:40,100 --> 02:40:44,800
another adaptation in an ongoing
story that continues to unfold 

2799
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:46,900
in ways, both familiar and 
surprising. 

2800
02:40:46,900 --> 02:40:50,000
What we can say with certainty, 
is that smoke has been a 

2801
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:52,900
faithful companion to human 
consciousness for longer than 

2802
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:55,200
any other deliberately sought 
altered state. 

2803
02:40:55,900 --> 02:41:00,300
Before alcohol, fermentation 
before Plant cultivation before 

2804
02:41:00,300 --> 02:41:04,100
writing or wheels or cities. 
Humans were burning aromatic 

2805
02:41:04,100 --> 02:41:07,000
substances and discovering that 
the right smoke at the right 

2806
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:10,100
time could open doors to 
experience, the made life more 

2807
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:12,500
bearable and sometimes 
Transcendent. 

2808
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:16,500
That's not a small thing that's 
evidence that humans have always

2809
02:41:16,500 --> 02:41:20,300
been more than just survival 
machines focused on food shelter

2810
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:23,900
and reproduction Where 
meaning-making creatures 

2811
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:27,600
Consciousness exploring animals?
Being who seek? 

2812
02:41:27,600 --> 02:41:30,600
Not just to live but to 
experience living fully in all 

2813
02:41:30,600 --> 02:41:33,900
its varieties and depths, as you
close your eyes and feel 

2814
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:35,800
yourself beginning to drift into
sleep. 

2815
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:39,300
Imagine for a moment, all the 
people across all the centuries 

2816
02:41:39,300 --> 02:41:42,200
who have laying down at Days, 
end with the smell of aromatic 

2817
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:44,700
smoke, still lingering in their 
awareness. 

2818
02:41:45,500 --> 02:41:48,400
Roman priestesses after a day of
Temple service. 

2819
02:41:49,200 --> 02:41:51,900
Chinese Scholars. 
After evening study sessions. 

2820
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:55,900
Native American Elders off to 
ceremonial pipe sharing. 

2821
02:41:56,800 --> 02:42:01,500
Medieval monks after even song. 
Victorian gentlemen after 

2822
02:42:01,500 --> 02:42:04,800
contemplative pipe smoking, 
you're part of that vast 

2823
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,000
invisible Community. 
All the humans who have sought 

2824
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:12,700
and found moments of Peace 
Insight or Transcendence through

2825
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:15,900
the simple Act of being present 
with aromatic smoke. 

2826
02:42:16,800 --> 02:42:21,000
The specific practices differ, 
the beliefs vary, and the 

2827
02:42:21,000 --> 02:42:25,400
cultural context shift. 
But the experience connects you 

2828
02:42:25,400 --> 02:42:30,000
across time to countless others 
who breathe deeply, watch, Smoke

2829
02:42:30,000 --> 02:42:34,100
Rise and felt something shift in
their awareness sleep. 

2830
02:42:34,100 --> 02:42:36,900
Well, knowing that the air you 
breathe has carried, not just 

2831
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:39,700
oxygen, but meaning for, as long
as humans have existed. 

2832
02:42:40,800 --> 02:42:44,000
The darkness that gathers around
you as you sleep once glowed 

2833
02:42:44,000 --> 02:42:47,200
with firelight and the 
Stillness, you enter was filled 

2834
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:51,300
with the center of sacred smoke.
You're not alone in this moment,

2835
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:55,100
you're accompanied by ancestors 
Beyond counting, who found in 

2836
02:42:55,100 --> 02:42:57,600
Smoke something worth 
preserving, and passing down 

2837
02:42:57,600 --> 02:43:00,900
tomorrow will bring its own 
challenges and joys, its own 

2838
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:04,400
moments of stress and peace. 
But you'll carry with you. 

2839
02:43:04,400 --> 02:43:07,900
Now, this story, this awareness 
that Karma has always been 

2840
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:10,600
available. 
That humans have always found 

2841
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:14,500
ways to create space for 
reflection and renewal and that 

2842
02:43:14,500 --> 02:43:18,000
something as simple as aromatic.
Smoke, has served as a bridge to

2843
02:43:18,000 --> 02:43:21,200
better states of mind for longer
than we can fully comprehend. 

2844
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:24,500
And if you choose to light 
incense, or simply notice the 

2845
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,800
scent of wood smoke drifting, 
past your window, you'll do so, 

2846
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:30,500
with deeper understanding of 
what your participating in. 

2847
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:34,900
Not just a personal preference 
or a pleasant smell, but a 

2848
02:43:34,900 --> 02:43:37,800
practice that connects you to 
the oldest most persistent human

2849
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:41,700
Traditions. 
The last Ember glows Fades and 

2850
02:43:41,700 --> 02:43:45,800
finally goes dark. 
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 

2851
02:43:45,800 --> 02:43:49,700
thinning, as it climbs becoming 
invisible, as it joins the air. 

2852
02:43:50,600 --> 02:44:03,300
the story continues even as this
telling ends rest now, Close 

2853
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:06,200
your eyes and imagine a time 
before Forks, existed. 

2854
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:09,800
Before napkins, before anyone 
ever told you to keep your 

2855
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:13,400
elbows off the table, we're 
going back, roughly 300,000 

2856
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:16,600
years to when your ancient 
ancestors, were just trying to 

2857
02:44:16,600 --> 02:44:20,000
figure out this whole Being 
Human thing and table manners, 

2858
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:24,000
ranked somewhere below, avoid 
being eaten by large cats on 

2859
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:28,300
their list of concerns. 
Picture early humans gathered 

2860
02:44:28,300 --> 02:44:32,200
around a fire as the sun sets 
casting orange light across the 

2861
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:36,800
landscape, there's no table 
obviously that Innovation is 

2862
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:38,700
still tens of thousands of years
away. 

2863
02:44:39,600 --> 02:44:44,900
Instead people Crouch or sit on 
the ground, probably on whatever

2864
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:47,000
Flat Rock, seemed most 
comfortable that day. 

2865
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,600
Meal is simple. 
Perhaps some roasted meat from 

2866
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:54,000
the day's hunt, Maybe, Roots or 
berries, gathered from the 

2867
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:57,000
surrounding area, all eaten with
the original utensils. 

2868
02:44:57,000 --> 02:45:00,500
Your hands. 
There's a certain poetry to the 

2869
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:03,400
simplicity. 
No one worried about which Fork 

2870
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:05,100
to use because Forks, didn't 
exist. 

2871
02:45:05,100 --> 02:45:08,300
No one stressed about proper 
posture because there were no 

2872
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:12,600
chairs to slout in. 
The biggest etiquette concern 

2873
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,300
was probably making sure 
everyone got their fair share. 

2874
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:18,100
Which is actually a form of 
table manners. 

2875
02:45:18,100 --> 02:45:21,300
When you think about it, just 
the most fundamental kind. 

2876
02:45:22,500 --> 02:45:25,900
Fire crackle, Softly. 
Someone tears off a piece of 

2877
02:45:25,900 --> 02:45:29,700
meat and passes it along 
fingers, get greasy and that's 

2878
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:32,300
perfectly fine. 
Because the concept of finger 

2879
02:45:32,300 --> 02:45:35,400
bowls won't be invented for 
another several millennia. 

2880
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:38,800
When you're done eating, you 
might wipe your hands on grass 

2881
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:41,100
or simply lick them clean the 
evening. 

2882
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:43,800
Air is cool and bellies are full
and that's really all that 

2883
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:46,900
matters. 
There's thousands of years drift

2884
02:45:46,900 --> 02:45:50,400
by like lazy clouds. 
Human start developing small 

2885
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:54,900
rituals around eating, not 
rules, exactly but patterns. 

2886
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,900
Maybe the eldest person, eats 
first, maybe certain foods are 

2887
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:01,600
shared While others are claimed 
individually. 

2888
02:46:02,400 --> 02:46:05,800
These aren't written guidelines 
writing hasn't been invented yet

2889
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:09,000
but they're the seeds of what 
will eventually become table 

2890
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,600
manners. 
The rhythm of communal eating 

2891
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:14,300
develops, its own. 
Gentle Cadence, there's 

2892
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:17,900
something deeply soothing about 
eating together, sharing food 

2893
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:21,400
prepared over the same fire. 
You can almost hear the soft 

2894
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:26,100
sound of prehistoric meals. 
The crackle of flames the murmur

2895
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:30,100
of voices in early languages. 
We'd never recognized and the 

2896
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:33,400
simple satisfaction of full 
stomachs and warm companionship 

2897
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:38,900
in caves across Europe, Africa, 
and Asia, similar scenes play 

2898
02:46:38,900 --> 02:46:43,400
out night after night. the 
details vary different foods, 

2899
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:47,000
different Landscapes, different 
faces around different fires, 

2900
02:46:48,000 --> 02:46:51,500
But the essence remains constant
humans eating together, 

2901
02:46:51,500 --> 02:46:55,100
developing the first social 
bonds that would eventually lead

2902
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:58,700
to civilization. 
Table manners in their most 

2903
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:01,400
primitive form. 
A really just the codification 

2904
02:47:01,400 --> 02:47:04,900
of respect and sharing. 
There's no stress in these 

2905
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:07,700
ancient meals. 
No, wondering if you're using 

2906
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:11,100
the right spoon or whether your 
napkin should go on your left or

2907
02:47:11,100 --> 02:47:14,000
right. 
Just the simple Act of eating 

2908
02:47:14,000 --> 02:47:17,900
together as Darkness. 
Settles in around the fire's 

2909
02:47:17,900 --> 02:47:21,100
warm glow. 
Let that Simplicity wash over 

2910
02:47:21,100 --> 02:47:24,300
you like a warm bath. 
Now we're going to fast forward 

2911
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:28,800
and you can feel time flowing 
like honey slow and sweet to 

2912
02:47:28,800 --> 02:47:33,600
around 3,000 BCE when 
civilizations in Mesopotamia and

2913
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:36,600
Egypt started getting Fancy with
their eating Arrangements. 

2914
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:39,600
This is where things start 
getting interesting and a 

2915
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:43,200
wonderful drowsy, sort of weigh 
the same areas, those clever 

2916
02:47:43,200 --> 02:47:46,800
people who invented writing and 
the wheel and beer truly 

2917
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:51,000
Humanity's Greatest Hits also 
began developing the first real 

2918
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:54,800
dining customs. 
Imagine a wealthy Sumerian 

2919
02:47:54,800 --> 02:47:57,200
household where Lotte tables 
appear for the first time. 

2920
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:01,700
People still sit on the floor or
on, cushions, but now there's a 

2921
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:05,900
designated surface for food. 
It's a small change that makes a

2922
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:08,100
big difference. 
Like the first time someone 

2923
02:48:08,100 --> 02:48:10,700
decided been to a better than 
sleeping on bare ground. 

2924
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:15,100
In these early Mesopotamian, 
homes bread served as both food 

2925
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:17,700
and plate. 
You tear off a piece of 

2926
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:21,300
flatbread and use it to scoop 
up, stews, vegetables, and 

2927
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:23,600
meats. 
When you finish eating, you 

2928
02:48:23,600 --> 02:48:26,300
could eat your plate. 
It's brilliantly, efficient and 

2929
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:29,300
remarkably tidy, no dishes to 
wash off afterward. 

2930
02:48:30,100 --> 02:48:33,100
The warm bread in your hands 
slightly oily from whatever it 

2931
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:35,600
had. 
Scooped still, radiating gentle 

2932
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:39,600
heat from the oven. 
Egyptian dining Customs evolved 

2933
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:42,500
along similar lines, but with 
their own special flourishes. 

2934
02:48:43,300 --> 02:48:47,400
The Egyptians loved a good feast
and they developed elaborate 

2935
02:48:47,400 --> 02:48:51,300
protocols around these meals. 
servants would bring water and 

2936
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:54,500
nature on and naturally 
occurring salt for guests to 

2937
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:58,700
wash their hands before eating 
It's the first recorded instance

2938
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:03,400
of Premier hand washing which 
means somewhere around 2000 BC 

2939
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:06,100
e. 
Someone decided Clean Hands made

2940
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:09,800
for better dining. picture 
yourself at an Egyptian, bankwit

2941
02:49:10,500 --> 02:49:13,000
The room is cool despite the 
desert heat outside. 

2942
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:17,400
Thanks to thick, mud brick, 
walls palm fronds wave, gently 

2943
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:20,700
overhead, creating shifting 
patterns of Shadow and Light. 

2944
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,600
Your Seated on a low stool and 
before you is a small table 

2945
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:29,800
Laden with food, roasted duck, 
fresh figs bread, still warm 

2946
02:49:29,800 --> 02:49:33,300
from the oven and bear in a clay
vessel that stays surprisingly 

2947
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:36,600
cool. 
Servant approaches with a bowl 

2948
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:39,500
of water and a clean cloth. 
You dip your fingers in the 

2949
02:49:39,508 --> 02:49:41,700
water. 
It's been infused with flower 

2950
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,400
petals. 
Let's smells faintly of Lotus 

2951
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:48,000
blossoms. 
The cloth is soft linen woven. 

2952
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,400
So finally, it feels like a 
Whisperer against your skin. 

2953
02:49:52,400 --> 02:49:56,000
This is civilization's way of 
saying before we eat together, 

2954
02:49:56,000 --> 02:49:59,900
let's be cleaned together. 
It's a small gesture that 

2955
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:04,300
carries enormous meaning. 
The Egyptians also pioneered the

2956
02:50:04,308 --> 02:50:07,200
concept of dining in courses, 
rather than having everything 

2957
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:10,200
presented at once. 
First might come fruits and 

2958
02:50:10,208 --> 02:50:14,700
vegetables, then fish then, meet
each course, arriving with its 

2959
02:50:14,700 --> 02:50:18,200
own subtle ceremony. 
There's a rhythm to this kind of

2960
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:21,400
eating a gentle progression, 
that mirrors, the flow of the 

2961
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:25,700
Nile itself. 
Predictable soothing? 

2962
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:31,400
In ancient China around the same
period entirely different dining

2963
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:34,900
Customs were emerging. 
The Chinese developed the use of

2964
02:50:34,900 --> 02:50:39,100
Chopsticks around 1200 BCE and 
with them came, a whole 

2965
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:42,700
philosophy of eating Chopsticks 
required patience, precision and

2966
02:50:42,700 --> 02:50:45,500
practice. 
They slowed down the eating 

2967
02:50:45,500 --> 02:50:48,600
process, which the Chinese sages
believed was healthier for 

2968
02:50:48,600 --> 02:50:51,200
digestion and better for social 
interaction. 

2969
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,000
Confucius that wise teacher 
whose thoughts would influence 

2970
02:50:55,000 --> 02:50:58,400
Asian culture for millennia? 
Had strong opinions about 

2971
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,000
dining. 
He believed that the way you ate

2972
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:04,200
revealed your character, Food 
should be cut into small 

2973
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:05,800
manageable pieces in the 
kitchen. 

2974
02:51:05,800 --> 02:51:08,800
Never at the table. 
When knives might suggest 

2975
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:11,700
violence. 
Meals should be eaten slowly 

2976
02:51:11,700 --> 02:51:15,700
with attention to Flavors and 
textures conversation. 

2977
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:19,100
Should be gentle and thoughtful,
can you feel how these ancient 

2978
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:21,300
practices were already moving 
toward mindfulness? 

2979
02:51:22,600 --> 02:51:26,000
The Egyptians with their ritual 
hand washing the Chinese with 

2980
02:51:26,000 --> 02:51:29,200
their deliberate Chopsticks and 
the mess of attainments with 

2981
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:31,100
their orderly progression of 
courses. 

2982
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:33,900
All of them were discovering 
that eating could be more than 

2983
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:37,700
just fuel consumption. 
It could be meditation, ceremony

2984
02:51:37,700 --> 02:51:41,600
or art. 
In ancient Greece, symposiums 

2985
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:43,400
became the height of civilized 
dining. 

2986
02:51:44,200 --> 02:51:49,300
Men would recline on couches. 
Yes, lying down while eating the

2987
02:51:49,300 --> 02:51:52,700
Greeks really knew how to relax 
and enjoy course after course of

2988
02:51:52,700 --> 02:51:55,700
food, while discussing 
philosophy poetry and politics 

2989
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:00,800
Wine was mixed with water in 
special vessels called craters. 

2990
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:04,100
And there were specific 
protocols for how much water to 

2991
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:06,600
add depending on the seriousness
of the discussion. 

2992
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:11,900
The gentle clinking of ceramic 
cups, the soft rustle of robes 

2993
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,100
is Danish shifted on their 
couches and the murmur of 

2994
02:52:15,100 --> 02:52:17,800
thoughtful conversation 
punctuated by laughter. 

2995
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:21,400
Greek dining rooms must have had
a wonderful peaceful energy. 

2996
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:24,800
Even the occasional heated 
debate, would eventually smooth 

2997
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:27,900
out into philosophical 
contemplation as the evening 

2998
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:30,700
wore on and the wine to water 
ratio shifted. 

2999
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:35,100
Romans never, once to be 
outdone, by Greeks took the 

3000
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:39,300
concept of elaborate dining and 
expanded it to almost absurd 

3001
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:42,000
levels. 
A wealthy Roman dinner party 

3002
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:46,200
called a convivium could last 
for hours featuring dozens of 

3003
02:52:46,208 --> 02:52:49,700
courses, entertainment between 
dishes and social. 

3004
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:52,400
Rituals that made a modern 
etiquette look simple by 

3005
02:52:52,400 --> 02:52:54,800
comparison. 
But here's what's lovely about 

3006
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:58,900
Roman dining in customs, despite
all the elaborate protocols, the

3007
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:00,800
underlying goal was comfort and 
pleasure. 

3008
02:53:01,600 --> 02:53:05,500
Couches were cushioned with the 
softest Fabrics rooms were 

3009
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:08,000
designed to catch cooling 
breezes in summer and retain 

3010
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:12,400
warmth in winter. 
Servants moved silently ensuring

3011
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:14,100
guests. 
Never had to reach for anything.

3012
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:18,100
The entire experience was 
engineered to help diners, 

3013
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:21,400
relax, completely. 
Imagine reclining on one of 

3014
02:53:21,400 --> 02:53:25,000
those Roman dining couches. 
Propped up on your left elbow as

3015
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,300
was customary leaving your right
hand free for eating. 

3016
02:53:29,100 --> 02:53:32,000
The cushions beneath you are 
stuffed with wool and covered in

3017
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:33,500
linen. 
That's been washed so many 

3018
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:36,300
times. 
It feels like Silk The room 

3019
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:40,100
spells of olive, oil herbs and 
the faint smokiness of the 

3020
02:53:40,100 --> 02:53:43,200
kitchen fires. 
Someone is playing a liar in the

3021
02:53:43,200 --> 02:53:46,200
corner. 
Very softly, just loud enough to

3022
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,500
fill the silence between 
conversation and these ancient 

3023
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:52,800
civilizations were discovering 
something profound that. 

3024
02:53:52,800 --> 02:53:55,400
How we eat together shapes who 
we become together? 

3025
02:53:56,600 --> 02:53:58,600
Table manners weren't just 
arbitrary rules. 

3026
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:02,400
They were Frameworks for 
connection opportunities, for 

3027
02:54:02,400 --> 02:54:07,400
Artistry, and Pathways to peace.
As you drift deeper into 

3028
02:54:07,400 --> 02:54:10,700
relaxation, let that 
understanding settle over. 

3029
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:15,300
You like a warm gentle blanket. 
We're moving forward now through

3030
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:20,400
time like a slow River arriving 
in medieval Europe around 1,000 

3031
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:23,200
CE. 
This is when table manners 

3032
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,800
started becoming truly codified 
written down in manuscripts, 

3033
02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:30,000
that Nobles would study with the
same seriousness, we might apply

3034
02:54:30,000 --> 02:54:33,600
to learning a new language. 
The medieval period is 

3035
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:37,000
fascinating for table manners, 
because it represents a kind of 

3036
02:54:37,008 --> 02:54:40,400
bridge between ancient in 
formality and modern refinement.

3037
02:54:41,300 --> 02:54:45,400
Castles and manor houses had 
great Halls where dozens, or 

3038
02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:49,100
even hundreds of people might 
eat together creating a need for

3039
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:51,200
Clear. 
Social rules about how to behave

3040
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:53,900
when you're sharing a trestle 
table with everyone from night 

3041
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:57,200
to Kitchen staff. 
To a great hall on a winter 

3042
02:54:57,208 --> 02:55:00,700
evening torches and candles, 
provide flickering light that 

3043
02:55:00,700 --> 02:55:02,700
make shadows danced on stone 
walls. 

3044
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:07,200
The fire in the central, half 
crackles and Pops sending 

3045
02:55:07,200 --> 02:55:12,000
occasional Sparks upward. 
Long wooden tables, run the 

3046
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,800
length of the hall and people 
are beginning to gather for the 

3047
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:18,300
evening meal. 
The air smells of wood smoke 

3048
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:22,600
roasting meat and the musty of 
the rushes scattered on the 

3049
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:25,500
floor. 
You're Seated on a wooden bench.

3050
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:28,500
Chairs with backs are still 
mostly reserved for the very 

3051
02:55:28,500 --> 02:55:29,900
important people at the high 
table. 

3052
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:35,200
Before you is a trencher, which 
is a thick slice of stale bread 

3053
02:55:35,200 --> 02:55:38,400
that serves as your plate, it's 
going to soak up juices and 

3054
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:41,400
gravies from your meal, and by 
the end of dinner, it will be 

3055
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:43,400
thoroughly, saturated and 
delicious. 

3056
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:47,000
Sometimes trenches were given to
the poor after meals. 

3057
02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:49,200
Other times. 
They were eaten by the diners 

3058
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:53,400
themselves. 
Waste not want not Medieval 

3059
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:56,000
table, manners, were spelled out
in text with wonderfully 

3060
02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:59,500
Specific Instructions. 13th 
century guide. 

3061
02:55:59,500 --> 02:56:03,000
Advised do not touch your ears 
or nose with your bare hands 

3062
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:07,200
while eating another suggested 
refrain from picking your teeth 

3063
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:09,500
with your knife. 
He's instructions. 

3064
02:56:09,500 --> 02:56:12,200
Tell us something important. 
They wouldn't need to write 

3065
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:14,000
these rules down. 
If people weren't doing these 

3066
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:17,900
things medieval dining was 
clearly a work in progress. 

3067
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:21,500
The concept of sharing was 
Central to Medieval eating. 

3068
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:24,700
You didn't have your own cup, 
you shared one with your 

3069
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:27,200
neighbor. 
Large serving dishes called 

3070
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:30,800
messes, were placed along the 
table, and groups of four to six

3071
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:32,400
people would eat from the same 
mess. 

3072
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:35,800
This required cooperation, and a
certain amount of consideration.

3073
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:39,100
Taking too much meant your mess 
mates. 

3074
02:56:39,100 --> 02:56:41,900
Would go. 
Hungry hogging the shared cup. 

3075
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:45,500
Meant thirsty neighbors. 
Etiquette manuals from this 

3076
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:49,000
period emphasized cleanliness 
with an almost desperate 

3077
02:56:49,000 --> 02:56:52,100
urgency. 
Wash your hands before eating. 

3078
02:56:52,100 --> 02:56:55,600
They insist wipe your mouth 
before drinking from the shared 

3079
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:58,200
cup. 
Don't put food back into the 

3080
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:00,100
communal dish after you've 
bitten it. 

3081
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,700
Reading between the lines, you 
can sense medieval people trying

3082
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:07,800
very hard to make communal 
dining more pleasant while 

3083
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:12,300
working with limited resources. 
Forks were virtually unknown in 

3084
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:14,400
medieval Europe. 
They wouldn't become common 

3085
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:18,200
until the Renaissance. 
Stead, you ate with a knife and 

3086
02:57:18,200 --> 02:57:21,900
your fingers, which required a 
certain delicacy. he was 

3087
02:57:21,900 --> 02:57:24,700
supposed to eat with your thumb 
index and middle fingers, only 

3088
02:57:24,700 --> 02:57:29,600
using all five fingers was 
considered boorish It's oddly 

3089
02:57:29,600 --> 02:57:32,000
specific. 
But when you think about it 

3090
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:36,200
heating with just three fingers 
does require more precision and 

3091
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:40,400
care and grabbing food with your
whole hand, the rhythm of a 

3092
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:42,600
medieval meal had its own 
soothing quality. 

3093
02:57:43,400 --> 02:57:46,900
First serve servant brought 
basins of water around for hand 

3094
02:57:46,900 --> 02:57:50,600
washing, then bread was placed 
on the table, not just the 

3095
02:57:50,600 --> 02:57:53,000
trenches, but fresh bread for 
eating. 

3096
02:57:54,500 --> 02:57:57,800
Then came the first course. 
Usually something in a source 

3097
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:01,300
that could be scoped up with 
bread, Between courses, there 

3098
02:58:01,300 --> 02:58:03,800
might be entertainment a 
Minstrel singing. 

3099
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:06,900
A juggler performing or simply 
conversation. 

3100
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:08,800
Flowing up. 
And down the long tables. 

3101
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:11,800
Drinking Customs have their own 
gentle ceremony. 

3102
02:58:12,500 --> 02:58:16,100
When you wanted wine or ale, you
didn't just grab the shared cup 

3103
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:18,600
and drink. 
You were supposed to wipe your 

3104
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,900
mouth first so you wouldn't 
leave food residue on the rim, 

3105
02:58:21,900 --> 02:58:25,800
then you drank wipe the Rim 
Clean and pass the cup to your 

3106
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:29,000
neighbor. 
It created a rhythm white during

3107
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,900
White Pass. 
The cup was making its way 

3108
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:35,900
around the table like a slow 
companionable dance. 

3109
02:58:36,800 --> 02:58:39,900
One, particularly Charming 
medieval Custer was the voider, 

3110
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:43,400
a bowl placed on the table for 
bones, shells and other 

3111
02:58:43,400 --> 02:58:46,700
inevitable scraps. 
The name itself is wonderful 

3112
02:58:46,700 --> 02:58:49,400
descriptive. 
It's where food goes to be 

3113
02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:52,700
voided from the meal. 
Servants were periodically, 

3114
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,900
empty the void as and bring 
fresh ones, keeping the table, 

3115
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:59,400
relatively tidy despite the 
absence of individual plaits. 

3116
02:59:00,300 --> 02:59:02,600
As the evening progressed and 
the meal moved through its 

3117
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:05,100
horses. 
The Great Hall would grow warmer

3118
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:08,200
from all the bodies and the fire
louder from wine and 

3119
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,300
conversation and somehow more 
intimate despite the crowds. 

3120
02:59:12,300 --> 02:59:15,200
There's something about sharing 
food from communal dishes and 

3121
02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:18,300
drinking from shared cups that 
breaks down social barriers, 

3122
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:21,600
even in hierarchical, medieval 
Society. 

3123
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:26,300
The highest ranking people sat 
at the high table, which was 

3124
02:59:26,300 --> 02:59:29,300
literally elevated on a platform
so everyone could see them. 

3125
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:34,000
This created a theater of 
dining, the noble family, eating

3126
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:37,200
in full view while the rest of 
the hall watched and tried to 

3127
02:59:37,200 --> 02:59:40,400
emulate Their Manners. 
It was etiquette as performance 

3128
02:59:40,400 --> 02:59:43,000
art teaching, by example, rather
than lecture. 

3129
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:46,900
By the end of a medieval Feast 
The Trenches would be soggy with

3130
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:50,000
gravy the void as full and the 
shared cups. 

3131
02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:53,400
While circulated more water 
would be brought for hand 

3132
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:57,400
washing even more important. 
Now than before the meal herbs 

3133
02:59:57,400 --> 03:00:01,100
might be chewed to freshen 
breath Some households provided 

3134
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:04,600
finger bowls centered with 
rosewater, a small luxury that 

3135
03:00:04,600 --> 03:00:07,500
made the cleanup process, feel 
less like a chore and more like 

3136
03:00:07,500 --> 03:00:10,800
a ritual. 
As you imagine all of this, the 

3137
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:15,400
warm Hall, The Friendly chaos, 
the shared dishes and cuts the 

3138
03:00:15,400 --> 03:00:17,400
gentle rhythm of medieval 
dining. 

3139
03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:20,900
Let yourself relax in to the 
communal nature of it all 

3140
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:24,500
There's something deeply 
comforting about eating together

3141
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:28,400
like this connected by shared 
vessels and shared spaces. 

3142
03:00:28,400 --> 03:00:31,900
All of you experiencing the same
meal in the same moment. 

3143
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,000
Drift forward with me now 
through the 1400s and into the 

3144
03:00:36,008 --> 03:00:40,500
1500s as Europe, awakens from 
its medieval Slumber into the 

3145
03:00:40,500 --> 03:00:43,800
Renaissance. 
This is when table manners, 

3146
03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:47,700
transformed from practical 
guidelines for group eating into

3147
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:51,300
an elaborate code that signaled 
education status and 

3148
03:00:51,300 --> 03:00:55,400
sophistication. it is also when 
dining becomes genuinely 

3149
03:00:55,400 --> 03:00:58,900
beautiful, in ways that would 
have seemed impossibly fancy to,

3150
03:00:58,908 --> 03:01:03,000
our medieval ancestors, the 
Renaissance began in Italy, and 

3151
03:01:03,000 --> 03:01:07,700
so did many dining Innovations, 
Italian Nobles flush with wealth

3152
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:10,900
from trade and banking began 
competing to host the most 

3153
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:14,500
impressive dinner parties. 
This competition drove 

3154
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:17,900
innovation in everything from 
table, setting to menu planning 

3155
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:20,300
to the physical act of eating 
itself. 

3156
03:01:21,300 --> 03:01:24,500
Imagine being invited to a 
dinner to Florence in Palazzo, 

3157
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:27,600
in 1550. 
You enter a room that's been 

3158
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:31,100
transformed into a work of art. 
The walls are hung with 

3159
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:33,500
tapestries depicting classical 
scenes. 

3160
03:01:33,500 --> 03:01:38,500
The ceiling has been painted 
with clouds and cherubs Candles 

3161
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:44,300
expensive wax candles not Smoky 
talo provide warm steady light 

3162
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:48,700
from Silver candelabras. the 
table itself makes you pause, 

3163
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:52,600
it's covered with white linen so
fine you can almost see through 

3164
03:01:52,600 --> 03:01:57,000
it and the cloth drapes to the 
floor in perfect folds on this 

3165
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,900
pristine white canvas an entire 
landscape of dishes has been 

3166
03:02:00,908 --> 03:02:05,700
arranged Silver platters ceramic
bowls, painted with intricate 

3167
03:02:05,700 --> 03:02:09,500
designs and glass vessels that 
catch the candlelight and throw 

3168
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:11,700
rainbow sparkles across the 
tablecloth. 

3169
03:02:11,700 --> 03:02:16,000
And here's something new each 
guest has their own plate. 

3170
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:20,800
Not a bread trencher, but an 
actual plate made of pewter or 

3171
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:23,700
ceramic. 
Individual plates were a 

3172
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:26,300
Renaissance in Innovation that 
changed everything about how 

3173
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:28,700
people ate even more 
revolutionary. 

3174
03:02:28,700 --> 03:02:33,000
You have your own Cup made of 
glass perhaps or silver. 

3175
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:35,100
If your host is particularly 
well fee. 

3176
03:02:35,800 --> 03:02:40,200
Sits to your right and it's 
yours alone for the entire meal,

3177
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:44,200
no more wiping and passing, you 
can drink whenever you want 

3178
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:46,600
without coordination or 
consideration for others. 

3179
03:02:47,400 --> 03:02:50,500
It's a small change that 
represents a massive shift in 

3180
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:54,400
dining for philosophy. 
From communal to individual from

3181
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:57,900
shared to personal. 
But the most significant 

3182
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,500
Innovation sits beside your 
plate looking Innocent but 

3183
03:03:01,500 --> 03:03:04,600
carrying revolutionary 
implications a fork. 

3184
03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:08,600
The fork had existed for 
centuries in the Byzantine 

3185
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:10,600
Empire and parts of the Middle 
East. 

3186
03:03:11,300 --> 03:03:14,400
But it was Catherine de Medici 
who really popularized it in 

3187
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:17,300
Western Europe when she brought 
the custom from Italy to France 

3188
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:21,500
in 1533. 
At first people thought Forks 

3189
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:26,400
were pretentious even sinful 
after all God Gave You fingers 

3190
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:29,700
for eating? 
But slowly the forks 

3191
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:32,500
practicality won out using a 
fork. 

3192
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:34,800
Required learning entirely new 
skills. 

3193
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:37,400
He couldn't just stab at your 
food randomly. 

3194
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:39,400
There was a right way and a 
wrong way. 

3195
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:43,600
The fork went in your left hand,
the knife in your right, you use

3196
03:03:43,608 --> 03:03:46,700
the knife to cut and the fork to
spear and lift your mouth. 

3197
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:50,700
It was a kind of dance, 
according of both hands working 

3198
03:03:50,700 --> 03:03:53,500
together. 
Mastering it marked you as 

3199
03:03:53,500 --> 03:03:57,700
educated and refined Italian 
etiquette manuals from the 

3200
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,300
superior, wonderfully detailed. 
They explained not just what to 

3201
03:04:01,300 --> 03:04:04,900
do, but why? 
Don't blow on your food to cool 

3202
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:07,000
it. 
Wait patiently for it to call 

3203
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:09,700
naturally. 
Don't make noise when you eat. 

3204
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:14,500
too quietly and deliberately 
don't gesture wildly with your 

3205
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:18,000
hands while talking keep your 
movements controlled and 

3206
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:22,500
graceful every action should 
demonstrate restraint patients 

3207
03:04:22,500 --> 03:04:26,300
and consideration. 
The Renaissance obsession with 

3208
03:04:26,300 --> 03:04:28,600
classical Antiquity extended to 
dining. 

3209
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:33,100
Wealthy host, tried to recreate 
Roman, Banquets with similar, 

3210
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:35,400
reclining, couches, and 
elaborate courses. 

3211
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:40,500
But they also added new elements
printed menus describing each 

3212
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:44,200
course, decorative, sculptures 
made of sugar or Mars of pan. 

3213
03:04:44,200 --> 03:04:47,200
And even mechanical devices, 
that move dishes around the 

3214
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:50,500
table. 
Dining became theater spectacle 

3215
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:53,400
and art. 
Picture yourself at one of these

3216
03:04:53,400 --> 03:04:57,500
elaborate Renaissance dinners. 
The first course arrives a 

3217
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:01,300
delicate soup served in painted 
bowls, he noticed everyone 

3218
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:04,800
picking up the ball carefully, 
bringing it to their lips to sip

3219
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:08,600
rather than slurping from a 
spoon, the warmth of the soup, 

3220
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,300
the subtle flavors of herbs and 
cream. 

3221
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:14,300
The gentle clink of ceramic 
against the table. 

3222
03:05:14,300 --> 03:05:20,600
It's all very refined, very 
controlled. between courses 

3223
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:24,000
servants appear with water and 
cloths for hand-washing, even 

3224
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:27,100
though you're using utensils and
theoretically not getting your 

3225
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,600
hands dirty, It's become more 
ritual than necessity. 

3226
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:34,400
A pause in the meal that allows 
for conversation and digestion. 

3227
03:05:35,500 --> 03:05:39,700
The water is centered perhaps 
with lavender or lemon and the 

3228
03:05:39,700 --> 03:05:42,900
cloths are warmed. 
Even the Practical aspects of 

3229
03:05:42,908 --> 03:05:46,700
dining have become luxurious. 
The French Court, took Italian 

3230
03:05:46,700 --> 03:05:50,600
refinement, and elevated, it 
further under Louis, the 14th 

3231
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,900
dining at verse side, became so 
elaborate that it required guide

3232
03:05:53,900 --> 03:05:56,800
books. 
The Sun King dined in public 

3233
03:05:56,800 --> 03:06:00,500
like a medieval Lord, but with 
such ceremony that watching him 

3234
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:02,000
eat was considered 
entertainment. 

3235
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:05,600
There were officials, whose only
job was to carry the king's 

3236
03:06:05,600 --> 03:06:09,500
napkin others who tasted his 
food and still others, who 

3237
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:11,200
managed the progression of 
courses. 

3238
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:15,900
French etiquette introduced the 
concept of surveys lefante says,

3239
03:06:15,908 --> 03:06:19,400
French service, where all the 
dishes for each course were 

3240
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:22,600
placed on the table 
simultaneously creating an 

3241
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:26,900
impressive display. 
You didn't simply eat use of the

3242
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:30,000
options, May choices and 
constructed your own meal from 

3243
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:33,400
the available dishes. 
It required both decision, 

3244
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:36,500
making and restraint, you 
couldn't try everything without 

3245
03:06:36,500 --> 03:06:40,100
appearing greedy. 
Napkins evolved during this 

3246
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:42,500
period into something 
approaching what we use today. 

3247
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:46,000
Renaissance napkins were large 
squares of linen. 

3248
03:06:46,000 --> 03:06:49,800
Often embroidered with family 
crests or decorative patterns. 

3249
03:06:49,800 --> 03:06:54,000
They had multiple uses wiping 
your fingers in the mouth, 

3250
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:57,400
protecting your clothing and 
even being tied around your 

3251
03:06:57,400 --> 03:07:00,300
neck, like a bib for 
particularly Saucy dishes. 

3252
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:03,800
Some etiquette manuals 
suggested, elaborate napkin 

3253
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:06,600
folds that could take servants 
hours to perfect. 

3254
03:07:08,200 --> 03:07:10,300
Seating arrangement at 
Renaissance dinners, followed 

3255
03:07:10,300 --> 03:07:12,500
strict. 
Protocols, the most important 

3256
03:07:12,500 --> 03:07:15,700
guests sat to the hosts, right? 
The Second, most important, 

3257
03:07:15,700 --> 03:07:19,400
their left and so on down the 
table in descending order of 

3258
03:07:19,408 --> 03:07:23,600
rank. where you sat announced 
your social status to everyone, 

3259
03:07:23,600 --> 03:07:27,400
present this created a physical 
representation of social 

3260
03:07:27,400 --> 03:07:31,300
hierarchy, with the table 
itself, becoming a map of power 

3261
03:07:31,300 --> 03:07:35,300
and prestige, Music, often 
accompany these elaborate meals 

3262
03:07:35,300 --> 03:07:38,300
but it was carefully chosen to 
be soothing rather than 

3263
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:42,900
stimulating. 
Soft lute, music, perhaps, or a 

3264
03:07:42,900 --> 03:07:47,000
small Ensemble, playing gentle. 
Madrigals The music filled the 

3265
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,600
spaces between conversation 
without overwhelming it like a 

3266
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:53,100
Sonic tablecloth underneath. 
The sounds of dining. 

3267
03:07:54,000 --> 03:07:58,200
Even the music was refined 
controlled, and perfectly 

3268
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:00,800
pitched to enhance rather than 
dominate. 

3269
03:08:01,500 --> 03:08:04,500
As you imagine yourself in this 
Renaissance, dining room, the 

3270
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:07,600
candlelight the music, the 
careful, choreography of 

3271
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:11,500
utensils and courses. 
Notice how much more deliberate?

3272
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:15,400
Everything has become. 
Medieval dining was communal and

3273
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:17,700
energetic. 
Renaissance, dining is 

3274
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:21,900
individual and contemplative. 
Both have their charms, but 

3275
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:25,000
there's something particularly 
peaceful about this new approach

3276
03:08:25,000 --> 03:08:28,300
where every movement is 
considered every gesture 

3277
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:30,900
meaningful. 
Let the refinement of it all 

3278
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:34,000
wash overview. 
The careful placement of forks 

3279
03:08:34,000 --> 03:08:36,800
and knives. 
The gentle rhythm of courses, 

3280
03:08:36,800 --> 03:08:41,700
the soft Candlelight reflecting 
off polished silver This is 

3281
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:46,700
dining as meditation eating as 
an art form, close your eyes and

3282
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:49,400
breathe in the lavender. 
Centered water, from the finger 

3283
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:53,300
Bowl, feel the smooth linen of 
the napkin, and here the quiet 

3284
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:58,000
clink of silly, against ceramic.
Everything is designed to create

3285
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:03,400
peace, Beauty and harmony. 
Now, we're moving into the 19th 

3286
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:05,700
century, and if you thought 
Renaissance dining was 

3287
03:09:05,700 --> 03:09:09,900
elaborate, just wait. 
The Victorian era took table 

3288
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:12,600
manners and transformed them 
into something approaching 

3289
03:09:12,600 --> 03:09:15,500
rocket science. 
This was the peak of dining 

3290
03:09:15,500 --> 03:09:19,200
complexity when knowing which 
Fork to use could make or break 

3291
03:09:19,200 --> 03:09:22,300
your social standing. 
Settle deep into your 

3292
03:09:22,300 --> 03:09:25,000
comfortable spot because 
understanding Victorian table 

3293
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,700
manners, requires a kind of 
relaxed attention. 

3294
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:32,000
Try to hard to follow all the 
rules, you'll just get confused.

3295
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:35,600
Better to let them wash over. 
You like a gentle very 

3296
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:39,800
particular way. 
In Victorian Britain and America

3297
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:42,300
the middle class was expanding 
rapidly. 

3298
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:46,100
Suddenly people who had grown 
up, eating simple meals. 

3299
03:09:46,100 --> 03:09:48,500
From simple. 
Dishes found themselves with 

3300
03:09:48,500 --> 03:09:51,700
enough, money to host, dinner 
parties but having money wasn't 

3301
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:54,700
enough, he also needed to know 
how to behave properly. 

3302
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:59,300
This created a massive market 
for etiquette books, which 

3303
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:03,000
multiplied like rabbits and 
filled pages with increasingly 

3304
03:10:03,000 --> 03:10:07,600
Specific Instructions. 
The Victorian dinner table was a

3305
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:10,300
Marvel of organization. 
That a formal dinner. 

3306
03:10:10,300 --> 03:10:12,700
You might have six or seven 
different Forks. 

3307
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:15,100
Each designed for a specific 
course. 

3308
03:10:15,100 --> 03:10:18,800
There was the fish fork with its
slightly wider tines. 

3309
03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:21,700
The salad fork is smaller than 
the dinner Fork. 

3310
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:25,500
The oyster Fork tiny and 
specialized the placement of 

3311
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,800
these utensils communicated. 
The menu, you could read the 

3312
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:30,600
table like a map of the meal to 
come. 

3313
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:32,600
But Forks, were just the 
beginning. 

3314
03:10:33,500 --> 03:10:38,100
You also had multiple knives. 
A butter knife, a fish knife, a 

3315
03:10:38,100 --> 03:10:39,800
dinner, knife, and a cheese 
knife. 

3316
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:45,600
Multiple spoons, soup spoon, 
desserts bun and demitasse Spoon

3317
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:49,700
for coffee. 
Multiple glasses, water goblet 

3318
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:55,100
red, wine glass, white wine 
glass, Sherry glass and 

3319
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:57,900
champagne flute. 
A fully set. 

3320
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:00,800
Victorian table could have 20 
pieces of silverware and 

3321
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:03,600
glassware per person. 
The rule for using. 

3322
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,600
All these utensils was actually 
quite simple though. 

3323
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:08,500
Memorizing. 
What went where was complex 

3324
03:11:08,500 --> 03:11:11,500
start from the outside and work 
your way in? 

3325
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:15,900
The outermost Fork was for the 
first course, the next one in 

3326
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:19,200
for the second course. 
And so on this meant, you didn't

3327
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:21,100
need to know what each utensil 
was called. 

3328
03:11:21,100 --> 03:11:25,200
You just needed to know the 
sequence picture yourself at a 

3329
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:27,900
Victorian dinner party. 
You're wearing formal clothing 

3330
03:11:27,900 --> 03:11:31,700
that slightly uncomfortable 
corsets for women tight collars 

3331
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:34,500
for men. 
The dining room is elaborately 

3332
03:11:34,500 --> 03:11:38,600
decorated with heavy curtains or
make furniture and multiple 

3333
03:11:38,600 --> 03:11:42,900
layers of table Linens. 
The table itself is a landscape 

3334
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:47,200
of China, Crystal and silver all
gleaming in the light from a 

3335
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:50,600
chandelier overhead. 
The meal begins with soup served

3336
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:53,300
by gloved servants, who Moved 
silently around the table. 

3337
03:11:54,100 --> 03:11:57,300
You pick up your soup spoon, the
larger spoon at your place 

3338
03:11:57,300 --> 03:11:59,500
setting and here's where it gets
specific. 

3339
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:03,800
You're supposed to spoon, soup 
away from you, not towards you. 

3340
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:07,000
This prevents drips from falling
on your clothing. 

3341
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,400
You sit from the side of the 
spoon, not the tip. 

3342
03:12:10,400 --> 03:12:15,400
You never ever blow on the soup 
to cool it, no matter how hot it

3343
03:12:15,400 --> 03:12:18,000
is. 
When you finish your suit, you 

3344
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:21,200
place the spoon on the plate 
beneath the bowl handle pointing

3345
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:25,500
to the 4:00 position. 
This signals to the servers that

3346
03:12:25,500 --> 03:12:27,000
you're done and they can clear 
your place. 

3347
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:31,700
Every position of the utensils 
communicated, something resting 

3348
03:12:31,700 --> 03:12:35,000
position meant you were pausing 
and finished position meant, 

3349
03:12:35,000 --> 03:12:38,200
they could clear. 
Between each course, servants 

3350
03:12:38,200 --> 03:12:41,000
would change, not just the 
plate, but also the utensils. 

3351
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:44,200
What you'd eaten fish with would
be replaced with fresh 

3352
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,700
implements for the next course. 
This created a rhythm to the 

3353
03:12:47,700 --> 03:12:52,800
meal, eat pause while the table 
is cleared and reset, eat the 

3354
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:57,300
next course pause again. 
The pauses were for conversation

3355
03:12:57,300 --> 03:12:59,600
which was as choreographed as 
the eating. 

3356
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:02,500
Victorian conversation rules 
were elaborate. 

3357
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,800
You are supposed to talk to the 
person on your right during some

3358
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:08,400
courses and the person on your 
left during others. 

3359
03:13:09,300 --> 03:13:10,900
Topics were carefully 
circumscribed. 

3360
03:13:10,900 --> 03:13:14,200
Nothing too political religious 
or personal. 

3361
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:17,500
The weather was safe. 
Recent books were acceptable 

3362
03:13:17,500 --> 03:13:19,900
garden. 
Design was perfect. 

3363
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:24,200
The goal was pleasant 
uncontroversial conversation 

3364
03:13:24,200 --> 03:13:27,800
that helped digestion rather 
than hindering it. 

3365
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:31,400
Napkin use it evolved into an 
art form. 

3366
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:35,200
When you sat down, you unfolded 
your napkin and placed it cross 

3367
03:13:35,200 --> 03:13:38,500
your lap, never touched into 
your collar, like a bib. 

3368
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:42,200
You use it to dab, your mouth, 
not white vigorously. 

3369
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:46,300
If you needed to leave the table
temporarily you place the napkin

3370
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:48,900
on your chair. 
Only when the meal was 

3371
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:51,200
completely finished? 
Did you put the napkin on the 

3372
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:54,200
table and even then, you didn't 
Fold It neatly. 

3373
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:57,900
That might suggest you expected 
to use the same napkin again. 

3374
03:13:57,900 --> 03:14:01,100
Implying, your host didn't have 
enough clean napkins for every 

3375
03:14:01,100 --> 03:14:04,600
meal. 
The Victorian era introduced, 

3376
03:14:04,600 --> 03:14:08,700
what the French called service 
salaries, Russian service, which

3377
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:12,000
replaced the French style. 
Instead of all dishes appearing 

3378
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:14,000
at once. 
Russian service brought one 

3379
03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:18,600
course at a time already plated.
This was more practical for 

3380
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:22,200
homes without large staffs of 
servants and created a more 

3381
03:14:22,200 --> 03:14:24,500
controlled sequential dining 
experience. 

3382
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:28,800
The meal became like a story 
unfolding chapter by chapter. 

3383
03:14:29,700 --> 03:14:32,200
Women's etiquette books had 
additional rules. 

3384
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:34,800
You were never supposed to 
appear, too hungry. 

3385
03:14:34,800 --> 03:14:39,000
You should eat slowly and small 
bites, showing restraint and 

3386
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:42,400
delicacy. 
Foods that required messy eating

3387
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:46,600
lobster artichokes whole fruits 
should be approached with 

3388
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:51,000
extreme care or avoided entirely
informal situations. 

3389
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:54,400
The goal was to eat sufficiently
without appearing to actually 

3390
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:58,200
need food which is quite the 
mental gymnastics when you think

3391
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:00,900
about it. 
Alcohol consumption was 

3392
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:03,300
carefully regulated by social 
rules. 

3393
03:15:03,300 --> 03:15:06,800
Gentlemen, could drink more 
freely but even they were 

3394
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:09,100
expected to maintain perfect 
composure. 

3395
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:12,900
Ladies might have a glass of 
wine with dinner but were 

3396
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:16,400
encouraged to dilute it with 
water and sip rather than drink.

3397
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:21,500
Toasting was a complex ritual 
with its own protocols who could

3398
03:15:21,500 --> 03:15:25,100
propose toasts when and how 
everyone should respond? 

3399
03:15:26,200 --> 03:15:28,300
The length of the Victorian 
formal, dinners could be 

3400
03:15:28,308 --> 03:15:30,900
astonishing. 
Seven or eight courses. 

3401
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:33,800
Spread over three or four hours.
Wasn't unusual for an important 

3402
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:37,100
dinner party. 
This required enormous stamina 

3403
03:15:37,100 --> 03:15:41,100
from both hosts and guests. 
You had to pace yourself, eating

3404
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:44,500
enough to be polite, but not so 
much that you'd be uncomfortably

3405
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:48,200
full before the meal ended. 
Imagine how these long dinners 

3406
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:51,600
must have felt the initial 
excitement of arriving and 

3407
03:15:51,600 --> 03:15:53,300
seeing the beautifully set 
table. 

3408
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:57,700
Careful attention required for 
the first few courses, making 

3409
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:01,700
sure you use the right utensils 
and followed all the rules, the 

3410
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:04,700
gradual relaxation, as wine and 
conversation flowed. 

3411
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:09,600
The slight fatigue setting 
around course 5 or 6:00 the 

3412
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:11,700
gentle relief. 
When desert finally appeared 

3413
03:16:11,700 --> 03:16:16,200
signaling the approaching end 
What's interesting about 

3414
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:18,600
Victorian table, manners is how 
much they were about 

3415
03:16:18,600 --> 03:16:22,800
demonstrating control over your 
appetite, your emotions your 

3416
03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:27,900
movements and your conversation.
Every aspect of dining became an

3417
03:16:27,900 --> 03:16:30,900
opportunity to show that you 
were civilized educated and 

3418
03:16:30,900 --> 03:16:34,200
refined enough to belong in 
polite Society. it was 

3419
03:16:34,208 --> 03:16:38,900
exhausting, but it was all so 
strangely meditative When every 

3420
03:16:38,900 --> 03:16:42,000
action is prescribed, you stop 
worrying about what to do and 

3421
03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:45,500
simply follow the pattern. 
As you drift in that Pleasant 

3422
03:16:45,500 --> 03:16:47,300
space between waking and 
sleeping. 

3423
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:50,600
And imagine the soft clink of 
Fine China. 

3424
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:55,000
The gentle murmur of appropriate
conversation and The Gleam of 

3425
03:16:55,008 --> 03:16:59,300
Candlelight on crystal Victorian
dining rooms must have been 

3426
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:01,000
peaceful in their own formal 
way. 

3427
03:17:01,000 --> 03:17:05,000
Everyone following the same 
elaborate choreography, moving 

3428
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:08,200
through the meal, like dancers 
who all know the steps. 

3429
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,300
Let that formality relax. 
You rather than stress you, 

3430
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:16,200
there's something soothing about
knowing exactly what is expected

3431
03:17:16,200 --> 03:17:21,100
about moving through prescribed 
patterns, Victorian table 

3432
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:24,100
manners might have been complex,
but they created a framework 

3433
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:28,200
that made social interaction and
predictable and therefore in its

3434
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:32,400
way peaceful. 
As we move into the 20th 

3435
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:35,200
century, something wonderful 
happens to table manners. 

3436
03:17:35,200 --> 03:17:38,400
They start absorbing influences 
from around the world. 

3437
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:41,900
The elaborate European rules 
that are dominated for 

3438
03:17:41,900 --> 03:17:44,200
centuries. 
Begin mixing with Customs from 

3439
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:49,700
Asia Africa, the Middle East and
the Americas creating a richer 

3440
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:53,100
more diverse understanding of 
how people can eat together. 

3441
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:57,200
Let your mind drift across the 
globe now, visiting different 

3442
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,500
dining Traditions each with its 
own Beauty and logic. 

3443
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:05,600
Will travel gently like a slow 
boat on a calm sea stopping at 

3444
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:07,800
various ports to observe and 
appreciate. 

3445
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,500
In Japan table manners, revolve 
around respect for the food for 

3446
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:16,200
those who prepared it and for 
your dining companions. 

3447
03:18:17,300 --> 03:18:21,700
Before eating you say itadakimas
which roughly translates to. 

3448
03:18:21,700 --> 03:18:25,700
I humbly receive this food, it 
acknowledges the plants and 

3449
03:18:25,700 --> 03:18:28,900
animals that gave their lives, 
the people who prepared the meal

3450
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:31,400
and the natural forces that made
it all possible. 

3451
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:36,000
This single word, turns eating 
into gratitude Chopstick. 

3452
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:38,500
Etiquette in Japan is 
wonderfully specific. 

3453
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:41,900
Never stick Chopsticks 
vertically into rice. 

3454
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,000
That's how food is offered to 
the Dead. 

3455
03:18:44,700 --> 03:18:48,500
Never pass food from Chopstick 
to Chopstick, that resembles a 

3456
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:52,400
funeral ritual. 
Never Point Chopsticks at people

3457
03:18:52,400 --> 03:18:54,400
or wave them around while 
talking. 

3458
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,200
The rules aren't arbitrary, 
they'll connect to deeper 

3459
03:18:58,200 --> 03:19:00,500
cultural meanings, about respect
and awareness. 

3460
03:19:01,800 --> 03:19:06,400
Picture a Japanese meal. 
Your City on a Tammy, mats with 

3461
03:19:06,408 --> 03:19:10,500
a low table before you Multiple 
small dishes are arranged 

3462
03:19:10,500 --> 03:19:12,900
beautifully. 
Each one a miniature work of 

3463
03:19:12,908 --> 03:19:15,100
art. 
There's rice in a lacquered 

3464
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:19,800
bowl, miso soup steaming gently 
carefully arranged vegetables, 

3465
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:23,000
and perhaps some fish. 
You pick up your chopsticks, 

3466
03:19:23,000 --> 03:19:27,500
hold them correctly, which takes
practice and begin eating slowly

3467
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,200
appreciating each flavor 
separately. 

3468
03:19:31,000 --> 03:19:33,600
The pace of a traditional 
Japanese meal is beautifully. 

3469
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:36,700
Meditative small portions mean, 
you eat slowly? 

3470
03:19:36,700 --> 03:19:40,100
The variety of dishes means 
you're constantly experiencing 

3471
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:44,100
new flavors and textures. 
slurping noodles is not just 

3472
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:48,700
acceptable, but encouraged it 
cools the noodles and enhances 

3473
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:52,200
the flavor. 
The sound of slurping noodles in

3474
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:54,800
a Japanese restaurant. 
Is the sound of appreciation, 

3475
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:59,500
pleasure and enjoyment. 
Travel with me now to India 

3476
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:02,600
where eating with your hands is 
not only common but also 

3477
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:05,700
considered preferable for 
certain foods. there's a 

3478
03:20:05,700 --> 03:20:09,400
technique to it, you use your 
right hand only and specifically

3479
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:13,900
your fingers, not your palm, you
mix the rice or bread with curry

3480
03:20:13,900 --> 03:20:17,400
or Dal forming a small ball and 
lift it to your mouth with your 

3481
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:21,100
thumb pushing from behind. 
This isn't careless or messy, 

3482
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:25,400
it's actually quite precise. 
The temperature of the food, the

3483
03:20:25,400 --> 03:20:29,700
texture, the way flavors 
combine, all of this is enhanced

3484
03:20:29,700 --> 03:20:33,800
by the tactile experience of 
eating with your hands Weston 

3485
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:37,500
utensils, create a barrier 
between you and your food Indian

3486
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:41,100
eating customs. 
Remove that barrier making them 

3487
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:45,000
meal more intimate and immediate
Indian dining etiquette 

3488
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:47,400
emphasizes Hospitality above 
almost. 

3489
03:20:47,400 --> 03:20:51,200
Everything else guests are 
served first and encouraged to 

3490
03:20:51,200 --> 03:20:54,900
eat their fill refusing. 
Food is considered insulting to 

3491
03:20:54,900 --> 03:20:59,800
The Host There's a phrase in 
Hindi, a teethy Devo Barber, 

3492
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:03,400
which means the guest is God. 
This philosophy shapes 

3493
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:05,800
everything about how meals are 
served and shared. 

3494
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:10,200
Drift now to Ethiopia, where 
communally, eating reaches a 

3495
03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:12,700
beautiful extreme with the 
practice of eating from a shared

3496
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:17,700
platter in jera a spongy 
flatbread covers, a large plate 

3497
03:21:17,700 --> 03:21:20,900
and various stews and vegetables
are spooned onto it. 

3498
03:21:21,800 --> 03:21:25,100
Everyone eats from the same 
platter tearing off pieces of 

3499
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:29,100
injera to scoop up the food. 
There are no individual plates, 

3500
03:21:29,100 --> 03:21:33,600
no personal portions, just 
shared abundance, there's even a

3501
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:36,900
practice called gusher where you
tear off a piece of engineer 

3502
03:21:36,900 --> 03:21:39,900
with food and feed it, directly 
to someone else at the table, 

3503
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:45,100
usually a guest, or someone you 
want to honor This intimate Act 

3504
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:47,200
of feeding. 
Another person is a gesture of 

3505
03:21:47,208 --> 03:21:50,400
love and respect it. 
Breaks down barriers between 

3506
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:53,300
people more effectively than any
formal etiquette rule. 

3507
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:57,900
Could In the Middle East, 
hospitality and generosity 

3508
03:21:57,900 --> 03:22:01,100
defined dining Customs. 
Coffee service. 

3509
03:22:01,100 --> 03:22:04,100
Becomes an elaborate ritual 
involving multiple rounds and 

3510
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:08,600
specific protocols, Meals. 
Often begin with medzi small 

3511
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,900
dishes of appetizers. 
That encourage lingering tasting

3512
03:22:11,900 --> 03:22:15,900
and conversation. 
The paces, unhurried rushing 

3513
03:22:15,900 --> 03:22:18,700
through a meal would insult both
the food and your companions. 

3514
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:21,500
Traditional Middle Eastern 
dining. 

3515
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,800
Often happens on floor. 
Cushions around a low table or 

3516
03:22:24,800 --> 03:22:28,800
cloth spread on the ground. 
The posture itself sitting 

3517
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:32,100
cross-legged or with legs to the
side creates a relaxed 

3518
03:22:32,100 --> 03:22:35,100
atmosphere. 
You can't eat formal course off 

3519
03:22:35,100 --> 03:22:36,200
to. 
Formal course, when you're 

3520
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:39,500
lounging on, cushions the 
environment encourages ease and 

3521
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:45,300
comfort, Mexican dining Customs,
blend indigenous and Spanish 

3522
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:47,200
influences into something 
unique. 

3523
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:52,000
The concept of sobre. 
Maser, the times spent lingering

3524
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:55,500
at the table after a meal. 
Is Central to Mexican food 

3525
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:57,600
culture? 
The melee itself. 

3526
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:00,200
Might last an hour, the sober 
Maceo. 

3527
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:03,300
Could last two or three, this 
isn't wasted time. 

3528
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:07,400
It's when real conversation 
happens when relationships 

3529
03:23:07,400 --> 03:23:09,400
deepen. 
And when the community 

3530
03:23:09,400 --> 03:23:13,400
strengthens, Chinese. 
Banquets introduce the Lazy. 

3531
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:17,400
Susan, a rotating platform in 
the center of the table that 

3532
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:21,300
makes sharing dishes effortless.
Everyone can access everything 

3533
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,900
without reaching or asking for 
things to be passed. 

3534
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:28,600
It's both practical and symbolic
representing the circular nature

3535
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:32,800
of community and the idea that 
everyone has equal access to 

3536
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,700
Shared resources. 
Korean dining brings side 

3537
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:40,100
dishes, called banchan. 
Small portions of kimchi 

3538
03:23:40,100 --> 03:23:43,000
vegetables and other items that 
accompanied the main meal. 

3539
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:46,000
These are communal and 
replenished throughout the meal.

3540
03:23:46,000 --> 03:23:49,300
The number of banchan, reflects 
the formality of the occasion. 

3541
03:23:49,300 --> 03:23:52,000
More banshan means more honor to
the guests. 

3542
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:55,100
It's a quantifier ball 
demonstration of respect and 

3543
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:57,200
care. 
What's beautiful about 

3544
03:23:57,200 --> 03:24:00,300
experiencing all these different
Traditions is realizing that 

3545
03:24:00,300 --> 03:24:03,400
table manners aren't about 
arbitrary European rules. 

3546
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,300
There are about creating 
Frameworks for connection 

3547
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:10,900
respect and community. 
Japanese Chopstick, etiquette, 

3548
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,800
Indian handy, eating 
technique's, Ethiopian communal,

3549
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:17,000
platters and Middle Eastern 
Hospitality. 

3550
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:20,300
They're all saying the same 
thing in different languages. 

3551
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:24,200
Eating together matters and how 
we do it shapes who we become 

3552
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:27,100
together. 
The 20th century saw these 

3553
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:31,300
Traditions increasingly interact
as travel became easier and 

3554
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:34,000
immigration brought new 
communities to new places. 

3555
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:38,400
A child growing up in London, 
might experience Chopsticks at a

3556
03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:41,400
Chinese restaurant. 
Eat with their hands at an 

3557
03:24:41,400 --> 03:24:44,400
Indian friend's house, and use a
knife and fork at home. 

3558
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:48,700
This mixing created people who 
were fluent in multiple dining 

3559
03:24:48,700 --> 03:24:51,900
languages and able to move 
comfortably between different 

3560
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:54,300
food. 
Cultures, what emerges from the 

3561
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:57,000
global exchange as a kind of 
meta etiquette? 

3562
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:00,400
The understanding that different
situations call for different 

3563
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:04,000
manners and that being polite 
means adapting to the customs of

3564
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,900
your hosts rather than insisting
on your own habits. 

3565
03:25:07,600 --> 03:25:10,600
If you're invited to a Japanese 
home, you remove your shoes and 

3566
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,500
sit on the floor. 
If you're eating Ethiopian food,

3567
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:15,400
you share from the communal 
platter. 

3568
03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:19,000
Flexibility become the highest 
form of good manners. 

3569
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:22,600
This also means that the rigid 
Victorian Rules start loosening.

3570
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:26,900
Yes, there are still formal 
dinners with specific protocols 

3571
03:25:26,900 --> 03:25:30,600
but their increasingly seen as 
one option among many rather 

3572
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:32,200
than the only correct way to 
eat. 

3573
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,200
A casual meal with friends, 
might involve Pizza eaten with 

3574
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,900
hands straight from the box. 
A business lunch might be salad 

3575
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,600
at a desk. 
A celebration dinner might be an

3576
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:46,800
elaborate multi-course affair. 
Each context has its appropriate

3577
03:25:46,800 --> 03:25:50,400
customs and navigating them 
successfully requires awareness,

3578
03:25:50,400 --> 03:25:54,700
rather than memorization. 
As you imagine yourself moving 

3579
03:25:54,700 --> 03:25:58,300
between these different dining 
cultures the tatami mats of 

3580
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:00,400
Japan. 
The cushioned floor of a 

3581
03:26:00,408 --> 03:26:03,700
Moroccan home, the communal 
table of an Ethiopian 

3582
03:26:03,700 --> 03:26:06,300
restaurant. 
The formal dining room of a 

3583
03:26:06,300 --> 03:26:09,800
European styled in a party. 
Feel how each environment 

3584
03:26:09,800 --> 03:26:11,700
invites? 
A different kind of presents. 

3585
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:17,000
Some of meditative and precise, 
others a warm and communal and 

3586
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:18,900
still others are formal and 
structured. 

3587
03:26:19,700 --> 03:26:24,000
All of them are valid, all of 
them have something to teach the

3588
03:26:24,000 --> 03:26:27,200
blending of global influences. 
Also, brings new foods to new 

3589
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:30,400
places and with those Foods come
new challenges for table 

3590
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:32,400
manners. 
How do you eat sushi? 

3591
03:26:33,600 --> 03:26:35,600
Is it okay to use your hands for
tacos? 

3592
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:39,200
What's the proper way to 
approach Poe with its 

3593
03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:42,700
complicated combination of 
noodles broth herbs and 

3594
03:26:42,700 --> 03:26:45,200
condiments? 
These questions don't have 

3595
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:49,000
single answers, they depend on 
context company and cultural 

3596
03:26:49,000 --> 03:26:52,300
sensitivity. 
What's delightful is watching 

3597
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:54,000
how different cultures handle 
the? 

3598
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:55,700
Same practical problems in 
different ways. 

3599
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:59,400
Everybody needs to clean their 
hands before and after eating, 

3600
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:03,100
The Japanese use oshibori hot 
damp. 

3601
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:06,200
Owls. 
Middle Eastern cultures offer 

3602
03:27:06,200 --> 03:27:11,000
rose water in beautiful bowls. 
Europeans provide finger bowls 

3603
03:27:11,000 --> 03:27:13,900
with lemon Americans. 
Might just gesture toward the 

3604
03:27:13,908 --> 03:27:17,200
bathroom. 
Same need different, elegant 

3605
03:27:17,200 --> 03:27:19,900
Solutions. 
Similarly, every culture has 

3606
03:27:19,900 --> 03:27:23,400
developed ways to show respect 
for food and those who prepared 

3607
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:25,800
it. 
Saying, grace, before meals 

3608
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:29,700
offering the first portion to 
Elders, complementing, the cook 

3609
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:32,300
and leaving a small amount on 
your plate show. 

3610
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:35,700
You've been well fed. 
These Customs vary in detail, 

3611
03:27:35,700 --> 03:27:39,600
but United in purpose they all 
acknowledge that eating is more 

3612
03:27:39,600 --> 03:27:41,500
than just a biological 
necessity. 

3613
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:46,800
It's a spiritual and social Act.
Let yourself relax into this 

3614
03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:50,400
beautiful diversity. 
There's no single right way to 

3615
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:54,600
eat, no universal code of table,
manners that applies everywhere.

3616
03:27:54,600 --> 03:28:00,000
Instead, there's a rich tapestry
of Customs, each reflecting the 

3617
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:03,200
values environment and history 
of the people who practice the 

3618
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:06,100
Understanding, this can be 
liberating. 

3619
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:10,000
You don't need to know every 
rule, just the willingness to 

3620
03:28:10,000 --> 03:28:15,600
observe adapt and show respect. 
As we drift into the 21st 

3621
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:20,200
century, your time, the present 
moment table manners, find 

3622
03:28:20,200 --> 03:28:21,700
themselves in an interesting 
position. 

3623
03:28:22,800 --> 03:28:26,200
The elaborate Victorian rules 
still exist in certain contexts.

3624
03:28:26,800 --> 03:28:29,100
But they're no longer the 
default assumption for every 

3625
03:28:29,100 --> 03:28:32,300
meal. 
Instead modern table, manners 

3626
03:28:32,300 --> 03:28:35,900
are situational flexible and 
increasingly focused on 

3627
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,500
practical considerations rather 
than arbitrary status markers. 

3628
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,100
The pace of modern life has 
changed how we eat in 

3629
03:28:43,100 --> 03:28:47,400
fundamental ways quick, lunches 
at desks grabbing dinner between

3630
03:28:47,400 --> 03:28:50,800
activities. 
Eating while commuting, these 

3631
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:52,400
were not options in previous 
eras. 

3632
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:55,900
This creates tension between 
traditional notion of proper 

3633
03:28:55,900 --> 03:28:58,900
dining and the reality of 
contemporary schedules. 

3634
03:28:59,900 --> 03:29:02,100
The result is a kind of 
bifurcation. 

3635
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:06,400
Some meals are formal and 
traditional others are pragmatic

3636
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,500
and casual and navigating 
between them requires a 

3637
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:11,200
different, kind of social 
intelligence. 

3638
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:14,200
Think about your own meals over 
the past week. 

3639
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:17,500
Probably some were you can 
quickly maybe while doing 

3640
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:20,400
something else perhaps you had 
breakfast standing at the 

3641
03:29:20,400 --> 03:29:23,200
counter lunch at your desk and 
dinner in front of the 

3642
03:29:23,200 --> 03:29:26,800
television. these males have 
their own informal etiquette, 

3643
03:29:26,800 --> 03:29:30,100
not the kind written in books 
but the kind that emerges from 

3644
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:33,400
shared understanding about 
what's acceptable, But then 

3645
03:29:33,400 --> 03:29:35,600
maybe also had a meal that felt 
more significant. 

3646
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:39,000
Dinner with family, where 
everyone sat down together, 

3647
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:42,900
lunch with a friend at a 
restaurant, a holiday gathering 

3648
03:29:42,900 --> 03:29:47,000
with extended family. 
For these meals, different rules

3649
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:51,400
applied, not necessarily formal 
rules but rules nonetheless. 

3650
03:29:52,500 --> 03:29:56,600
You probably put your phone away
engaged in conversation and paid

3651
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:59,200
attention to your eating Pace 
relative to others. 

3652
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:04,000
This is the dance of modern 
table manners, knowing when to 

3653
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:07,300
apply which standards 
understanding the unspoken 

3654
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:10,900
expectations of different 
situations and being able to 

3655
03:30:10,900 --> 03:30:14,700
shift gears smoothly, It's 
actually more complex than 

3656
03:30:14,700 --> 03:30:18,200
Victorian etiquette, in some 
ways because at least victorians

3657
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:19,600
knew the rules were always the 
same. 

3658
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:23,800
Modern diners need to read 
contexts and adapt constantly. 

3659
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:27,800
The smartphone is introduced 
entirely new etiquette 

3660
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:32,000
questions, is it okay to check 
your phone during dinner to 

3661
03:30:32,000 --> 03:30:35,000
photograph your food? 
To scroll through social media 

3662
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:38,500
between courses, the answers 
depend on, who you are, asking 

3663
03:30:38,500 --> 03:30:42,000
what the situation is. 
A casual lunch with close 

3664
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:44,000
friends, might include phones on
the table. 

3665
03:30:44,000 --> 03:30:47,000
A formal business dinner. 
Definitely wouldn't. 

3666
03:30:47,900 --> 03:30:50,500
We're still collectively 
negotiating these norms. 

3667
03:30:51,100 --> 03:30:53,200
Food photography has become its 
own phenomenon. 

3668
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,700
Millions of people photograph 
their meals and share them 

3669
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:58,900
online. 
Turning every plate into 

3670
03:30:58,900 --> 03:31:02,100
potential content. 
Traditional etiquette would 

3671
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:06,000
probably faint at this practice 
taking pictures of food before 

3672
03:31:06,000 --> 03:31:09,600
eating it delaying a hot meal to
get the right lighting. 

3673
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,800
But modern manners are evolving 
to accommodate this new reality 

3674
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:16,600
with some restaurants, even 
designing dishes to be 

3675
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:19,800
photogenic. 
The rise of dietary restrictions

3676
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:22,600
and food preferences as also 
changed table, manners. 

3677
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:27,400
Vegetarians, vegans people with 
allergies and religious dietary 

3678
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:29,900
requirements. 
All of these creates situations 

3679
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:32,200
that require new forms of 
consideration. 

3680
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:36,100
Good hosts are about dietary 
restriction was before planning 

3681
03:31:36,100 --> 03:31:38,000
menus. 
Good guests. 

3682
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:41,200
Communicate their needs clearly 
and appreciate efforts made on 

3683
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:44,100
their behalf. 
It's old-fashioned consideration

3684
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:48,100
applied to new situations. 
Environmental Consciousness is 

3685
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:52,300
influencing table manners too. 
Reducing food waste has become a

3686
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:56,100
form of politeness using 
reusable containers instead of 

3687
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:59,300
disposables. 
Choosing sustainable Foods. 

3688
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:03,100
These might seem like personal 
choices rather than etiquette 

3689
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:06,600
but they're increasingly seen as
part of being a considerate 

3690
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:11,000
Diner and Community member A 
concept of mindfully. 

3691
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:14,300
Eating has introduced meditative
practices to Meal Time. 

3692
03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:18,900
Eating slowly paying attention 
to Flavors and textures and 

3693
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:21,700
being present with your food, 
rather than distracted by 

3694
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:25,400
devices, or thoughts, these 
practices borrow from Buddhist 

3695
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:27,300
traditions, and, contemporary 
Wellness culture. 

3696
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:31,400
They're not quite table manners 
in the traditional sense, but 

3697
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:34,400
their definitely etiquette for 
how to relate to food and the 

3698
03:32:34,400 --> 03:32:37,400
act of eating. 
Tipping culture creates its own 

3699
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:41,500
complex, etiquette varying 
dramatically by country and even

3700
03:32:41,500 --> 03:32:44,600
by City. 
In some places tipping is 

3701
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:47,200
essential and expected in 
others. 

3702
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:51,500
It's insulting. 
The amounts, vary the situation 

3703
03:32:51,500 --> 03:32:54,800
where it's appropriate fairy and
even the method of tipping 

3704
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:58,900
varies, it's a Minefield of 
social expectations that somehow

3705
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:02,600
everyone is expected to navigate
without explicit instruction. 

3706
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:05,500
Family dinner tables have 
changed dramatically. 

3707
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:09,600
Where Victorian families might 
have formal dinners every night 

3708
03:33:09,600 --> 03:33:12,800
modern families. 
Are lucky to gather everyone for

3709
03:33:12,800 --> 03:33:16,700
meals a few times a week. 
This scarcity makes shared meals

3710
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:19,000
more precious but also less 
practiced. 

3711
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:22,400
Children might grow up with 
fewer examples of table, 

3712
03:33:22,400 --> 03:33:25,900
manners, learning them in fits 
and starts rather than through 

3713
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:29,100
daily repetition yet. 
There's also a counter movement 

3714
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,400
toward reclaiming, the dinner 
table, slow food, movements, 

3715
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:36,500
Farm to Table restaurants, 
cooking, classes, and meal kit 

3716
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:39,000
Services. 
All of these represent. 

3717
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:42,200
People trying to make heating 
together more intentional, more 

3718
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:47,100
valued, and more ceremonial. 
It's as if having gone through a

3719
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:51,000
period of extreme casualisation,
we're collectively realizing 

3720
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,400
that something important was 
lost and trying to get it back. 

3721
03:33:54,300 --> 03:33:58,300
Restaurant etiquette has evolved
to the rise of casual fine. 

3722
03:33:58,300 --> 03:34:01,700
Dining as created spaces, where 
you might encounter amazing food

3723
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:06,100
without formal dress codes or 
elaborate protocols, you can eat

3724
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:08,400
Michelin starred Cuisine while 
wearing jeans. 

3725
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,500
This democratization of fancy 
food is made high quality, 

3726
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:15,200
dining more accessible but also 
more confusing. 

3727
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:18,200
How formal should you be in 
these spaces? 

3728
03:34:19,000 --> 03:34:22,200
Food delivery and takeout of 
created new situations with 

3729
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:25,600
their own Unwritten rules. 
Do you tip delivery drivers? 

3730
03:34:25,600 --> 03:34:27,100
The same as a restaurant 
servers? 

3731
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:29,400
How do you tip for pickup 
orders? 

3732
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:33,100
What's appropriate when ordering
through apps vs calling 

3733
03:34:33,100 --> 03:34:37,500
directly? 
These questions didn't exist 20 

3734
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:40,500
years ago, now they're part of 
everyday, dining life. 

3735
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:45,300
A pandemic added another layer 
of complexity introducing 

3736
03:34:45,300 --> 03:34:49,200
Concepts, like outdoor dining. 
Take out cocktails and virtual 

3737
03:34:49,200 --> 03:34:52,200
dinner parties. 
Some of these Innovations will 

3738
03:34:52,200 --> 03:34:55,800
probably fade others, might 
become permanent parts of how we

3739
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:58,800
shared meals. 
Table manners are adapting in 

3740
03:34:58,800 --> 03:35:01,400
real time. 
We're all participating in 

3741
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:05,800
creating the new norms What's 
interesting about modern table 

3742
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:08,400
manners is that they're more 
democratic than they've ever 

3743
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:11,000
been. 
Victorian etiquette was 

3744
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:13,100
explicitly about class 
distinction. 

3745
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:17,300
Knowing the rules marked as 
upper class, not knowing them 

3746
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:20,800
marked as an outsider. 
Modern etiquette is more about 

3747
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:24,400
context and consideration. 
The goal isn't to demonstrate 

3748
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:27,300
Superior breeding but to make 
everyone comfortable and show 

3749
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:32,200
respect for the situation, This 
shift reflects broader, social 

3750
03:35:32,208 --> 03:35:36,700
changes, we're less hierarchical
than victorians more Global than

3751
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:39,800
medieval Europeans and more 
diverse than Renaissance 

3752
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:42,300
Italians. 
Our table manners. 

3753
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,500
Need to accommodate all of that 
complexity while still serving, 

3754
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:49,500
the fundamental purpose of 
making shared meals, Pleasant 

3755
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:53,600
and meaningful. as you think 
about your own relationship to 

3756
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:56,700
table, manners, notice how much 
unconscious knowledge, you 

3757
03:35:56,700 --> 03:36:00,000
actually have you probably know 
when to use formal manners and 

3758
03:36:00,000 --> 03:36:03,700
when to relax you like clear 
adapt, your behavior based on 

3759
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:06,800
who you're eating with and where
you're eating, You've 

3760
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:10,000
internalized thousands of small 
rules without ever explicitly 

3761
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:13,000
learning them. 
This is how etiquette has always

3762
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:15,700
worked, really? 
The written rules are just the 

3763
03:36:15,700 --> 03:36:19,400
tip of the iceberg beneath them 
as an ocean of unspoken 

3764
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:23,000
understanding about 
consideration, respect and 

3765
03:36:23,000 --> 03:36:26,400
social harmony. 
Modern table manners, might seem

3766
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:29,700
chaotic compared to Victorian 
rigidity, but there are actually

3767
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:32,900
quite sophisticated in their 
flexibility and adaptiveness. 

3768
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:37,200
Let that understanding settle 
overview like a soft blanket. 

3769
03:36:38,300 --> 03:36:41,400
You already know how to navigate
these situations, you've been 

3770
03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:44,500
doing it, your whole life, 
learning and adapting and 

3771
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:48,100
reading social cues. 
Table manners aren't a test. 

3772
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:50,300
You need to pass. 
There are dance. 

3773
03:36:50,300 --> 03:36:53,500
You already know how to do even 
if you've never formally, 

3774
03:36:53,500 --> 03:36:56,400
studied the steps. 
As we approach the end of our 

3775
03:36:56,400 --> 03:36:57,900
journey, through the history of 
table. 

3776
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:01,300
Manners, let's pause to consider
what all of this reveals about 

3777
03:37:01,300 --> 03:37:04,500
human nature. 
Because table manners, when you 

3778
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:07,000
really think about them, are 
about much more than knowing, 

3779
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:09,900
which Fork to use at their core 
table. 

3780
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:13,800
Manners are about transforming a
biological necessity, eating 

3781
03:37:13,800 --> 03:37:17,700
into an opportunity for 
connection Beauty and meaning 

3782
03:37:18,900 --> 03:37:22,200
every culture that has ever 
existed has developed some form 

3783
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:24,800
of dining etiquette, which 
suggests that this 

3784
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:28,900
transformation is something 
human's fundamentally need We're

3785
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:30,800
not content to Simply fuel our 
bodies. 

3786
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:33,400
We want to make the process 
meaningful. 

3787
03:37:34,200 --> 03:37:36,800
Think about what table manners 
actually accomplish? 

3788
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:40,200
They slow us down. 
Making us eat more deliberately 

3789
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:45,100
They create predictable patterns
that reduce social anxiety when 

3790
03:37:45,100 --> 03:37:48,400
everyone follows the same rules,
there's less uncertainty about 

3791
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:51,300
how to behave. 
They demonstrate respect for 

3792
03:37:51,300 --> 03:37:55,000
food, for those who prepared it 
and for our dining companions. 

3793
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:59,200
They turn eating from a solitary
act into a communal ritual. 

3794
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:02,800
The evolution of table, manners 
mirrors, the evolution of 

3795
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:06,800
civilization itself. the 
societies became more complex 

3796
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:10,600
table manners, became more 
elaborate AS Global Connections 

3797
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:13,500
increased table manners, 
absorbed more diverse 

3798
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:17,900
influences. the social hierarchy
is shifted table, manners became

3799
03:38:17,900 --> 03:38:22,200
more democratic The history of 
how we eat together is in 

3800
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:25,000
miniature, the history of how 
we've learned to live together. 

3801
03:38:26,000 --> 03:38:28,100
There's something deeply 
comforting about this 

3802
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:31,400
continuity. 
Your medieval ancestors, worry 

3803
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:34,500
about table manners, your 
Victorian great, great 

3804
03:38:34,500 --> 03:38:36,500
grandparents memorized Fork 
placement. 

3805
03:38:37,500 --> 03:38:40,000
Your parents taught you to chew 
with your mouth closed. 

3806
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,400
This chain of transmission 
stretching back, thousands of 

3807
03:38:44,400 --> 03:38:48,900
years, connected to every human 
who has ever shared a meal and 

3808
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:50,700
wondered about the right way to 
do it. 

3809
03:38:51,700 --> 03:38:53,900
The anxiety. 
Many people feel about table 

3810
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:56,800
manners worrying about doing 
something wrong, feeling 

3811
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,400
uncertain, informal dining 
situations is actually ever 

3812
03:39:00,400 --> 03:39:03,100
since of how much we care about 
connection and belonging. 

3813
03:39:04,100 --> 03:39:07,400
We worry because we want to show
respect because we want to be 

3814
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,900
included and because we 
recognize that how we behave at 

3815
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:14,100
the table signal, something 
important about Who We Are. 

3816
03:39:15,300 --> 03:39:17,900
here's the beautiful secret, 
that becomes clear, when you 

3817
03:39:17,900 --> 03:39:21,900
study table manners across, 
cultures and centuries, Specific

3818
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:25,200
rules matter, much less than the
spirit behind them. 

3819
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:28,800
Victorian silver arrangements 
and Japanese Chopstick. 

3820
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,800
Protocols, look completely 
different but they're both 

3821
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:36,100
expressing the same values. 
Respect consideration, 

3822
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:40,800
mindfulness and community. 
You can follow every rule 

3823
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:43,400
perfectly and still be a 
terrible dinner companion. 

3824
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:45,200
If you lack those underlying 
values. 

3825
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:48,600
This means that good table 
manners are ultimately about 

3826
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:53,200
awareness of the food of your 
fellow diners of the context and

3827
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:56,500
of your own behavior. 
Whether you're using a fork or 

3828
03:39:56,500 --> 03:39:59,500
Chopsticks or your hands doesn't
matter as much as whether you're

3829
03:39:59,500 --> 03:40:02,100
being thoughtful, considerate 
and present. 

3830
03:40:02,900 --> 03:40:06,100
The most important table manner,
the one that transcends all 

3831
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,700
cultural variations and 
historical changes might simply 

3832
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:13,400
be this pay attention. 
Pay attention to what you're 

3833
03:40:13,400 --> 03:40:17,100
eating savoring flavors rather 
than mindlessly consuming. 

3834
03:40:18,000 --> 03:40:21,100
Pay attention to who you're 
eating with engaging with their 

3835
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:24,800
rather than being distracted. 
Pay attention to the moment 

3836
03:40:24,800 --> 03:40:29,500
recognizing that this meal like 
all meals is temporary and 

3837
03:40:29,500 --> 03:40:32,000
therefore pressure. 
When you think about it this 

3838
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,000
way, table manners become a form
of meditation. 

3839
03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:39,200
The careful placement of 
utensils, the deliberate pace of

3840
03:40:39,208 --> 03:40:41,600
eating and the mindful 
conversation. 

3841
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:44,600
All of these, create a 
structured opportunity to be 

3842
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:47,300
fully present. 
In a world that constantly 

3843
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:51,400
demands our attention and 
fragments our Focus mealtimes 

3844
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:53,400
offer a rare chance to be 
completely here. 

3845
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:57,900
Now engaged with the physical 
and social reality immediately 

3846
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:01,100
in front of us. 
This is perhaps why so many 

3847
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,700
spiritual Traditions include 
ritual meals. 

3848
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:07,700
The Jewish Sabbath dinner 
Christian communion, Islamic 

3849
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,900
iftar, and Buddhist monks meals.
All of these use food and 

3850
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:14,700
communally eating as vehicles 
for something transcendent. 

3851
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,400
Table manners at their best 
point toward this. 

3852
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,700
Same Transcendence. 
The Elevate the ordinary Act of 

3853
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,600
eating into something sacred 
even, casual modern meals, can 

3854
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:28,700
carry this quality. 
If we let them that quick lunch 

3855
03:41:28,700 --> 03:41:31,500
with a colleague becomes an 
opportunity to strengthen a 

3856
03:41:31,500 --> 03:41:35,600
relationship, That family dinner
even if everyone's slightly 

3857
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:38,400
distracted and someone's 
checking their phone, still 

3858
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:39,700
creates a moment of 
togetherness. 

3859
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:44,600
That solo meal if he can mind 
for me, becomes a practice of 

3860
03:41:44,608 --> 03:41:48,600
self-care and presence. 
The future of table, manners is 

3861
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:51,200
still being written. 
Will we return to more formal 

3862
03:41:51,200 --> 03:41:52,900
dining? 
As a reaction against modern 

3863
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:56,100
casualness, will new 
technologies, create entirely 

3864
03:41:56,100 --> 03:41:58,900
new eating situations that 
require new etiquette. 

3865
03:41:59,800 --> 03:42:03,000
Will global integration create a
universal set of table. 

3866
03:42:03,000 --> 03:42:06,900
Manners, or will we maintain our
beautiful diversity of customs? 

3867
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,600
Probably all of these things 
will happen in different ways in

3868
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:12,100
different places for different 
people. 

3869
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:15,900
Table manners will continue to 
evolve because they've always 

3870
03:42:15,900 --> 03:42:19,400
evolved adapting to new 
circumstances while maintaining 

3871
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:22,800
their fundamental purpose. 
Making the act of eating 

3872
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:27,400
together, more meaningful, more 
pleasant and more human. as you 

3873
03:42:27,408 --> 03:42:30,800
lie there in Comfort, full of 
new knowledge about how humans 

3874
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:33,200
have tried to make eating 
civilized across the Millennia, 

3875
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:36,700
let yourself appreciate the 
simple fact that your part of 

3876
03:42:36,708 --> 03:42:40,500
this long tradition of Every 
meal you share with others with 

3877
03:42:40,500 --> 03:42:43,900
a formal or casual, whether you 
follow every rule or make it up 

3878
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:47,600
as you go, can connect you to 
every human who has ever broken 

3879
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:51,400
bread with another person. 
Your table manners, whatever. 

3880
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:55,300
They are a part of an ongoing 
human conversation about how we 

3881
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:58,600
should live together. 
And that conversation that 

3882
03:42:58,600 --> 03:43:02,000
continuous attempt to transform 
biological, necessity into 

3883
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:04,800
social, art is one of the things
that makes us most human. 

3884
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:09,600
Let's end where we began 
imagining a meal but now with 

3885
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:12,600
all the accumulated wisdom of 
human history and forming our 

3886
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:15,400
vision. 
Picture the perfect meal 

3887
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:19,800
combining everything. 
We've learned It takes place at 

3888
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:24,500
a table, maybe High, maybe low. 
Maybe not a table at all, but a 

3889
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,300
cloth on the ground. 
The setting is comfortable, 

3890
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,400
whether that means formal 
chairs, or floor, cushions or 

3891
03:43:30,400 --> 03:43:33,900
something in between. 
The important thing is that you 

3892
03:43:33,900 --> 03:43:37,200
feel at ease able to relax into 
the experience. 

3893
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:42,200
The lighting is gentle candles, 
perhaps or natural light, 

3894
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:46,100
filtering through windows or the
soft glow of a Setting Sun, 

3895
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:50,500
Nothing harsh or clinical, just 
enough light to see the food and

3896
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:53,800
your companion's clearly. 
The temperature is perfectly 

3897
03:43:53,800 --> 03:43:57,900
comfortable, not too hot or cold
with just enough air movement to

3898
03:43:57,900 --> 03:43:59,400
feel fresh without being 
drafted. 

3899
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:03,900
For you is food that someone 
prepared with care. 

3900
03:44:04,700 --> 03:44:08,300
Maybe it's simple, maybe 
elaborate maybe it came from a 

3901
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:10,700
cross, the world, maybe from 
just down the road. 

3902
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:14,400
The specifics don't matter. 
As much as the attention that 

3903
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,000
went into it. 
Someone thought about what would

3904
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:19,100
nourish him please, and then 
made it happen. 

3905
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:22,900
You have the right implements 
for eating, whatever those are 

3906
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:27,400
for this particular meal, fork 
and knife Chopsticks, a piece of

3907
03:44:27,400 --> 03:44:31,200
flatbread, your hands. 
It doesn't matter because, you 

3908
03:44:31,208 --> 03:44:34,000
know how to use them and they 
feel natural in your grass. 

3909
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:38,100
The table is set appropriately 
for the occasion with everything

3910
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:41,400
you need within easy reach. 
Around the table are people you 

3911
03:44:41,408 --> 03:44:44,300
care about. 
They might be family, friends 

3912
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:48,000
colleagues or even strangers who
will become friends by meals. 

3913
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:52,000
And Their presence makes the 
food taste better the experience

3914
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,600
richer and the moment more 
complete. 

3915
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:59,500
You can see their faces, clearly
hear their voices easily and 

3916
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:01,500
feel their presence without 
crowding. 

3917
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:06,400
The meal begins with some 
acknowledgment that formal 

3918
03:45:06,400 --> 03:45:08,500
Grace. 
Perhaps a simple toast. 

3919
03:45:08,500 --> 03:45:12,400
Perhaps just a moment of shared 
appreciation before the first 

3920
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:15,200
bite. 
This brief pause creates a 

3921
03:45:15,200 --> 03:45:19,400
threshold marking the transition
from ordinary time to meal time 

3922
03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:22,400
from scattered activity to 
Shared Focus. 

3923
03:45:23,400 --> 03:45:25,600
You eat slowly enough to taste 
what you're eating. 

3924
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:30,900
The flavors register fully salt 
and Sweet Bitter and sour and 

3925
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:33,500
the complex middle notes that 
make food, interesting. 

3926
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:39,200
Textures matter too. 
Crisp and soft smooth and rough,

3927
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:42,400
and the way different foods play
against each other in your 

3928
03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:44,300
mouth. 
You're not just consuming 

3929
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:46,800
calories, you're experiencing 
something. 

3930
03:45:48,400 --> 03:45:51,300
The conversation, flows, 
naturally with space for both 

3931
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:54,400
talking and eating. 
No one dominates everyone 

3932
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:58,500
contributes. 
Topics range freely but stay 

3933
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:00,300
Pleasant. 
This isn't the place for 

3934
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:03,400
argument or stress. 
The real discussion is welcome. 

3935
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:07,600
Laughter comes easily along with
the comfortable silences of 

3936
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:10,300
people who don't need to fill 
every moment with noise. 

3937
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:14,600
The pace is unhurried. 
If there are multiple courses, 

3938
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:17,300
they arrived with enough time 
between them for digestion and 

3939
03:46:17,308 --> 03:46:21,300
conversation. 
If it's a single course everyone

3940
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:24,800
eats at roughly the same speed 
with no one feeling rushed or 

3941
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:27,500
held back. 
Time becomes a last elastic, 

3942
03:46:27,500 --> 03:46:31,600
expanding to fill, whatever 
space the meal, needs your 

3943
03:46:31,600 --> 03:46:34,400
presence not thinking about what
comes next. 

3944
03:46:34,400 --> 03:46:36,700
Not dwelling on what came 
before. 

3945
03:46:36,700 --> 03:46:40,000
Just hear in this moment with 
this food and these people. 

3946
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:44,100
Your phone is somewhere else or 
at least silenced and ignored. 

3947
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:47,200
The outside world can wait right
now. 

3948
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:51,700
There's only this table. 
This meal this company. when the

3949
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:55,600
meal ends and all meals must 
end, eventually it ends gently 

3950
03:46:56,500 --> 03:47:00,000
There's no abrupt transition, no
rushed clearing of plates. 

3951
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,700
Perhaps there's coffee or tea, 
perhaps just a lingering at the 

3952
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:06,800
table. 
Extending the experience of few 

3953
03:47:06,800 --> 03:47:09,500
more precious minutes. 
The acknowledgment that it's 

3954
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:11,700
ending makes the last moment 
sweeter. 

3955
03:47:12,500 --> 03:47:15,300
You leave the table satisfied 
but not overstuffed. 

3956
03:47:15,300 --> 03:47:19,300
Nourished in body and spirit and
grateful for the food and the 

3957
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:22,600
company and the time. 
The memory of this meal will 

3958
03:47:22,600 --> 03:47:26,600
settle into, you becoming part 
of the accumulated experience of

3959
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:30,700
all good meals you've ever had. 
All the moments, when eating 

3960
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,700
together created something 
larger than the summer of its 

3961
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:36,300
parts. 
This perfect meal doesn't 

3962
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:38,800
require perfect manners in the 
Victorian sense. 

3963
03:47:38,800 --> 03:47:42,100
It doesn't need elaborate 
setting or expensive ingredients

3964
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:45,600
or impeccable protocol. 
What it means, is attention 

3965
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:51,000
consideration and presents. 
Everything else, the specific 

3966
03:47:51,000 --> 03:47:55,700
Customs, the particular Foods, 
the exact setting are just 

3967
03:47:55,700 --> 03:47:59,400
variations on these fundamental 
themes and here's the wonderful 

3968
03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:02,400
secret. 
You can create this perfect meal

3969
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:07,100
or something close to it. 
Almost any time you choose, it 

3970
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:09,800
doesn't require well or special 
knowledge or ideal 

3971
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:13,700
circumstances, it just requires 
deciding that this meal. 

3972
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:17,500
This moment matters enough to 
give it your full attention. 

3973
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:21,800
As you drift now towards sleep. 
Let yourself hold the image of 

3974
03:48:21,800 --> 03:48:24,900
that perfect meal. 
Feel the contentment of a good 

3975
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:29,100
meal shared with good company. 
Taste the flavors hear the 

3976
03:48:29,100 --> 03:48:32,200
gentle conversation and feel the
warmth of connection. 

3977
03:48:33,200 --> 03:48:37,600
Let it all settle into you like 
satisfaction after eating that 

3978
03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:41,600
sense of being well-fed. 
In every way that matters All 

3979
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:43,500
around the world at this very 
moment. 

3980
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:44,900
People are gathering to eat 
together. 

3981
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:46,900
They're using different 
utensils. 

3982
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:51,100
Following different customs and 
eating different foods. but 

3983
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,200
there are all doing the same 
essential thing transforming, 

3984
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:56,500
the act of eating into an 
opportunity for connection 

3985
03:48:56,500 --> 03:49:00,500
Beauty and meaning Your part of 
that Global community of eaters 

3986
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:04,200
that vast, Human family that has
always gathered around fires and

3987
03:49:04,200 --> 03:49:07,700
tables and floors and picnic 
blankets to share food and 

3988
03:49:07,700 --> 03:49:10,700
lives. 
Your table manners, whatever 

3989
03:49:10,700 --> 03:49:14,500
they are, are your contribution 
to this ongoing human project of

3990
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:17,400
making eating together matter. 
Sleep. 

3991
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:20,400
Well, knowing that tomorrow, 
there will be more meals, more 

3992
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:23,700
opportunities to practice 
presence and consideration and 

3993
03:49:23,700 --> 03:49:27,300
more chances to turn the simple 
Act of eating into something 

3994
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:31,500
approaching art. the history of 
table manners is still being 

3995
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:35,500
written and you're one of its 
authors dream of Feasts and 

3996
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:38,300
quiet dinners. 
Of perfect moments around 

3997
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:41,700
imperfect tables of all the 
meals yet to come and all the 

3998
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:45,000
ways, they'll connect you to 
your self and others. dream of 

3999
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:48,600
Humanity's long journey from 
eating raw food with our fingers

4000
03:49:48,600 --> 03:49:52,400
around, prehistoric fires to 
whatever beautiful new dining 

4001
03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:57,600
Customs, the future will bring 
And when you wait, remember the 

4002
03:49:57,600 --> 03:50:00,100
next meal is a fresh opportunity
to make that history. 

4003
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:04,300
Just a little bit more peaceful,
a little bit more Mindful and a 

4004
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:06,200
little bit more human. 
Sleep. 

4005
03:50:06,200 --> 03:50:08,000
Well, the table is always 
waiting. 

4006
03:50:15,700 --> 03:50:17,000
You've seen the paintings, 
haven't you? 

4007
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:20,800
Those sweeping canvases were 
pirates, stand heroically at the

4008
03:50:20,800 --> 03:50:22,700
helm. 
Their coats billowing. 

4009
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:25,900
Inconvenient wins their ship's, 
cutting cleanly through 

4010
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:29,500
Cooperative Seas. 
The sunset always seems to hit, 

4011
03:50:29,500 --> 03:50:32,600
just right. 
Casting everything in Amber and 

4012
03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:35,100
gold. 
Even the Cannons look, polished 

4013
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:38,400
these images settled into, 
popular imagination, like 

4014
03:50:38,400 --> 03:50:42,500
sediment, building up layers of 
misconception over centuries. 

4015
03:50:43,300 --> 03:50:46,700
By the time Hollywood added, its
own mythology, the distance 

4016
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:49,200
between perception and Truth had
become a Chasm. 

4017
03:50:50,000 --> 03:50:53,300
Real pirate ships smelled 
nothing like the Ocean Spray and

4018
03:50:53,300 --> 03:50:56,600
Adventure your mind conjures. 
They smelled like bodies that 

4019
03:50:56,608 --> 03:51:01,100
hadn't bathed in months, like 
bilgewater thick with rat, 

4020
03:51:01,100 --> 03:51:05,000
droppings like salted meat 
going, quietly ranted in the 

4021
03:51:05,000 --> 03:51:07,900
tropical heat. 
The vessels themselves bore 

4022
03:51:07,900 --> 03:51:10,400
little resemblance to The 
Majestic ship's of fiction. 

4023
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:14,300
Most pirates operated from 
captured Merchant vessels. 

4024
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:17,700
Functional unglamorous work 
horses of the sea. 

4025
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,500
These were purpose-built 
warships with Grand figureheads 

4026
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:24,800
and gleaming brass. 
They were reconfigured cargo 

4027
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:29,000
haulers, their holds emptied of 
sugar or tobacco and hastily 

4028
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:33,000
converted into living space is 
for cruise that offered over 100

4029
03:51:33,000 --> 03:51:36,900
men your mental image probably 
includes a captain's quarter's 

4030
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:39,300
filled with maps and mysterious 
instruments. 

4031
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:42,100
Perhaps a compass mounted in 
polished wood. 

4032
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:47,400
The reality was far more cramped
even successful pirate captains 

4033
03:51:47,400 --> 03:51:51,800
like Blackbeard or Bartholomew 
Roberts occupied spaces, barely 

4034
03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:53,800
larger than a modern walking 
closet. 

4035
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:57,700
These rooms held everything 
needed for navigation, 

4036
03:51:57,700 --> 03:52:00,900
record-keeping and the 
uncomfortable business of 

4037
03:52:00,900 --> 03:52:04,700
maintaining authority over. 
Men who had explicitly rejected,

4038
03:52:04,700 --> 03:52:08,600
conventional hierarchy, the 
Romantic notion of pirates as 

4039
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:12,400
freedom-seeking Rebels contains 
a grain of truth but it's a 

4040
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:14,900
truth surrounded by a hard shell
of desperation. 

4041
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:18,600
Most men turn to piracy not 
because they yearned for 

4042
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:20,800
adventure. 
But because every other option 

4043
03:52:20,800 --> 03:52:24,100
looked worse, The Merchant 
Marine worked Sailors to 

4044
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:26,900
exhaustion for wages that barely
covered survival. 

4045
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:31,700
The Royal Navy was even more 
brutal with flocking for minor 

4046
03:52:31,700 --> 03:52:35,400
infractions and rations. 
That would constitute criminal 

4047
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:38,500
neglect by any Modern Standard. 
So, yes. 

4048
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:41,800
Piracy offered Freedom, the 
freedom to potentially die of 

4049
03:52:41,800 --> 03:52:45,700
disease, violence or drowning. 
But at least on your own terms 

4050
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:49,300
it was the freedom of having 
nothing left to lose which is 

4051
03:52:49,300 --> 03:52:52,000
quite different from the freedom
you imagine while comfortable in

4052
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:54,900
your bed, the tales that 
survived emphasized, the 

4053
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:59,700
treasure the successful raids 
and the narrow Escape They 

4054
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,500
didn't dwell on the weeks of 
tedious sailing between targets 

4055
03:53:02,500 --> 03:53:06,400
the constant hunger or the way 
tropical heat turned to below 

4056
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:09,700
deck spaces into airless. 
Ovens history has a way of 

4057
03:53:09,708 --> 03:53:13,900
editing out the boring Parts, 
the uncomfortable parts and the 

4058
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:16,600
parts that would make terrible 
stories at a Tavern. 

4059
03:53:16,600 --> 03:53:19,300
Even the treasure itself looked 
different than you'd think. 

4060
03:53:19,300 --> 03:53:22,300
Forget the overflowing chests of
gold doubloons. 

4061
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:26,400
Most pirate plunder, consisted 
of practical, Goods, cloth, 

4062
03:53:26,400 --> 03:53:31,200
tools, food and medicine. 
These items could be sold or 

4063
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:33,000
traded. 
But they didn't photograph well 

4064
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:35,500
for history books. 
So, we remember the exceptions 

4065
03:53:35,500 --> 03:53:38,800
and said of the rule, When 
pirates did capture actual 

4066
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:41,400
currency it was usually divided 
immediately. 

4067
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:44,300
No one trusted. 
Anyone enough to leave well 

4068
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:48,600
sitting in a communal chest, the
Democracy, that existed aboard, 

4069
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:51,300
pirate ship's, and it did exist 
in a limited. 

4070
03:53:51,300 --> 03:53:54,600
Four, wasn't the noble 
experiment, inequality that 

4071
03:53:54,600 --> 03:53:58,400
summer camps suggested, there 
was a practical necessity, born 

4072
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:02,300
from Mutual distrust. 
When you've gathered together 

4073
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:06,500
men willing to break every law 
of sea and state, you can't 

4074
03:54:06,500 --> 03:54:08,700
exactly govern through appeals 
to Authority. 

4075
03:54:09,900 --> 03:54:13,400
The articles that cruise signed 
the rules, their agreed to 

4076
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:17,700
follow were contracts, written 
in self-interest enforced, by 

4077
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:20,300
the knowledge that betrayal 
meant being marooned on some 

4078
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:24,100
empty stretch of sand as you 
stand at the dock in Port Royal 

4079
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:27,400
or Nassau preparing to board 
your pirate vessel for the first

4080
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:30,300
time. 
Take one last look at Solid 

4081
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:32,100
Ground. 
Breathe. 

4082
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,000
The air that doesn't reach of 
unwashed humanity and spoiled 

4083
03:54:35,000 --> 03:54:38,500
provisions. 
In just a few hours, you'll 

4084
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,200
understand why even the most 
desperate men, sometimes jump 

4085
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:44,700
ship at the first opportunity. 
Choosing the uncertain mercy of 

4086
03:54:44,708 --> 03:54:46,400
a jungle island over another 
day. 

4087
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:50,100
At Sea, the hatch leads down 
into darkness, that seems to 

4088
03:54:50,100 --> 03:54:53,700
have texture and thickness. 
Your eyes are just slowly 

4089
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:57,400
revealing a space that triggers 
something Primal in your modern 

4090
03:54:57,400 --> 03:54:59,900
brain. 
The part that Rebels against 

4091
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:03,800
confinement, that needs personal
space, like it needs oxygen. 

4092
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:07,600
You're looking at the gun deck 
which doubles as living quarters

4093
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:10,000
from most of the crew the 
ceiling. 

4094
03:55:10,000 --> 03:55:13,800
If you can call it that hang so 
low that you can't stand fully 

4095
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:16,400
upright. 
You'll spend your time here in a

4096
03:55:16,408 --> 03:55:19,700
permanent crowd or Seated on 
whatever surface you can claim. 

4097
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:23,800
Hammock swinging rows so close 
together that when one man turns

4098
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:27,600
three others, feel it, There's 
no such thing as a private 

4099
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:30,300
moment here. 
Sleep comes in fragments 

4100
03:55:30,300 --> 03:55:34,000
interrupted by someone's elbow 
in your ribs, someone else's 

4101
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:38,700
feet in your face, the constant 
Symphony of snoring and coughing

4102
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:41,500
and the wet sound of men 
spitting. 

4103
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,500
Tobacco juice toward buckets, 
they can't see in the dark. 

4104
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:48,200
You're a signed space amounts to
roughly the dimensions of a 

4105
03:55:48,200 --> 03:55:52,100
modern yoga mat. 
In this area, you'll sleep store

4106
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:54,900
your possessions. 
If you have any and exist for 

4107
03:55:54,900 --> 03:55:56,800
whatever hours, you're not 
actively working. 

4108
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:02,000
There are no lockers no Foot 
Lockers and nothing resembling 

4109
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:05,500
storage. 
What you own you keep on your 

4110
03:56:05,500 --> 03:56:08,700
person or risk losing to the 
Casual theft that flows through 

4111
03:56:08,700 --> 03:56:12,200
the ship, like humidity. 
The air itself fills borrowed 

4112
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:16,600
recycled through too many lungs.
In calm weather with the hatches

4113
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:18,500
open. 
You get some circulation. 

4114
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,500
But when storms blow in and 
everything must be backed down 

4115
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,700
the atmosphere below, deck 
transforms into something nearly

4116
03:56:25,700 --> 03:56:29,600
solid. the smell of unwashed 
body's mingles with the sweet 

4117
03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:33,500
rocks, stench of the build where
water to Filthy, to be called 

4118
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:37,700
water sloshes with every 
movement of the ship, Men vomit 

4119
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:40,700
men relieve themselves in 
buckets that don't always make 

4120
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:43,100
it topside before spilling and 
Men. 

4121
03:56:43,100 --> 03:56:45,700
Bleed from injuries and 
infections that never quite 

4122
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:47,500
heal. 
In this environment, the 

4123
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:52,400
darkness rarely lift completely 
Candles and lanterns pose fire 

4124
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:55,200
hazards that terrify even the 
bravest Pirates. 

4125
03:56:55,200 --> 03:56:59,200
So like below deck comes 
grudgingly and small measures 

4126
03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:04,300
you navigate mostly by feel and 
memory learning the location of 

4127
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:08,200
every beam that might crack your
skull and every protrusion that 

4128
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:11,600
might catch your shins. 
Your body becomes a map of 

4129
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:14,100
bruises. 
The deck Beneath You stays 

4130
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:19,100
perpetually damp, Water seeps 
through the planking of Heavy 

4131
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:21,900
Seas. 
The would never fully dries. 

4132
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:25,300
Never stop sweating its moisture
into the enclosed space. 

4133
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,300
This wetness breeds mold that 
climbs the walls in abstract 

4134
03:57:29,300 --> 03:57:32,800
patterns fuzzy, colonies. 
That spread across any surface 

4135
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:36,300
that stay still long enough. 
The mold gets into your clothes,

4136
03:57:36,300 --> 03:57:40,300
into your lungs, and into the 
bread that constitutes half your

4137
03:57:40,300 --> 03:57:44,600
diet, personal hygienic exists 
only as a concept, something 

4138
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:48,700
remembered from life for sure. 
There's no fresh water for 

4139
03:57:48,700 --> 03:57:52,400
washing bodies or clothes. 
The salt water, alternatively 

4140
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:56,200
leaves your skin sticky and your
garment stiff with dried brine 

4141
03:57:56,200 --> 03:58:00,300
men, develop their own 
particular, odors signatures you

4142
03:58:00,300 --> 03:58:04,600
learn to identify in the dark. 
Some smell of sweat and tobacco,

4143
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:07,700
others carry the sweetest scent 
of infection. 

4144
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:12,300
The rot of teeth, gone bad and 
the sour notes of digestive 

4145
03:58:12,300 --> 03:58:15,500
problems that plague anyone 
eating the ship standard fare 

4146
03:58:15,500 --> 03:58:20,000
privacy dissolves into something
quaint a luxury from another 

4147
03:58:20,000 --> 03:58:22,600
life. 
You urinate over the side in 

4148
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:24,600
full view of anyone. 
Who cares to look? 

4149
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:29,500
Defecation happens in the heads,
small platforms that extend from

4150
03:58:29,500 --> 03:58:33,200
the bow where you hang suspended
over the ocean while waves 

4151
03:58:33,200 --> 03:58:37,300
Splash Up From Below. 
In rough weather using the heads

4152
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:41,100
requires genuine, courage, men 
of have been washed overboard 

4153
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:44,500
during these vulnerable moments.
And the crews laughed at such 

4154
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:48,100
deaths, carries a nervous Edge 
and acknowledgment that it could

4155
03:58:48,108 --> 03:58:50,900
happen to anyone. 
The noises never stop. 

4156
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:55,000
Would creeks and conversation 
with the sea a language of 

4157
03:58:55,000 --> 03:58:59,200
groans and shrieks as the ship 
flexes and bends wrote Singing 

4158
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:03,100
In The Wind sails crack like 
whips when they catch gusts 

4159
03:59:03,100 --> 03:59:06,800
wrong water, slacks the hull in 
rhythms that change with the 

4160
03:59:06,800 --> 03:59:09,400
weather. 
And Underneath It All the human 

4161
03:59:09,400 --> 03:59:13,900
sounds coughing. 
Arguing and the occasional SOB 

4162
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,000
from someone who hasn't yet 
learned to cry silently sleep. 

4163
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:20,800
When it comes feels less, like 
rest and more like 

4164
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:22,700
unconsciousness claimed by 
force. 

4165
03:59:23,500 --> 03:59:26,300
Your body, learns to find 
whatever position, the hammer 

4166
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:30,300
allows and learns to ignore the 
swaying that never fully stops. 

4167
03:59:31,500 --> 03:59:34,100
Dreams mix with reality and 
confusing ways. 

4168
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:38,400
You wake uncertain, whether you 
actually slept or merely close 

4169
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:42,500
your eyes for a few minutes, the
line between day and night blurs

4170
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:46,400
into something measured only by 
shifts on Deck by the bells. 

4171
03:59:46,400 --> 03:59:50,000
That Mark the watches, your 
hammock itself becomes intensely

4172
03:59:50,000 --> 03:59:52,900
personal territory. 
The only thing in this crowded 

4173
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:57,300
hell belongs exclusively to you.
Men of killed over hammock 

4174
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:01,100
disputes over at accusations of 
theft, regarding the simple 

4175
04:00:01,100 --> 04:00:05,300
piece of canvas. 
When not in use hammocks roll 

4176
04:00:05,300 --> 04:00:09,300
into tight bundles, that serve 
as pillows a seats or as any 

4177
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:13,700
surface needed in the moment. 
they smell like, whoever lost in

4178
04:00:13,700 --> 04:00:17,800
the sweat and salt and the 
particular quality of Dreams had

4179
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:21,900
in impossible, circumstances the
ship's cook a position. 

4180
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:24,300
Usually give them to someone to 
Injured for harder labor, 

4181
04:00:24,300 --> 04:00:27,100
presides, over a galley. 
That wouldn't qualify as a 

4182
04:00:27,108 --> 04:00:30,900
kitchen in any modern sense. 
It's a fire contained in a 

4183
04:00:30,908 --> 04:00:33,800
brick-lined box. 
Jealously guarded, never quite 

4184
04:00:33,800 --> 04:00:38,500
trusted around this Flame, the 
entire cruise nutrition revolves

4185
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:40,900
and depressing, circles your 
breakfast. 

4186
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:44,700
If you can call it that consists
of hard tack and whatever liquid

4187
04:00:44,700 --> 04:00:47,500
might be available. 
The hard tack arrives as the 

4188
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:51,300
thick squares of baked flour and
water designed to last for 

4189
04:00:51,300 --> 04:00:55,700
months without spoiling. 
This longevity comes at a cost. 

4190
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:59,500
The biscuits emerge from Storage
hard, enough to crack teeth, 

4191
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:03,400
permeated with weevils that add 
unexpected protein. 

4192
04:01:04,100 --> 04:01:07,100
You learned to tap them against 
the table first to dislodge the 

4193
04:01:07,100 --> 04:01:10,800
larger insects but the eggs and 
larvae remain baked into the 

4194
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,300
structure. 
Eventually you stop checking the

4195
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:17,800
choice becomes simple, eat. 
The weevils will go hungry the 

4196
04:01:17,800 --> 04:01:21,700
technique for consuming hardtack
evolves through necessity. some 

4197
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:25,300
men, soak it in whatever 
beverage they possess beer when 

4198
04:01:25,300 --> 04:01:30,500
available increasingly stale 
water as the voyage Wars on The 

4199
04:01:30,500 --> 04:01:34,400
soaking, softens the biscuit in 
to something chewable the 

4200
04:01:34,400 --> 04:01:36,600
transforms. 
The texture into a pace that is 

4201
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:41,100
gray and uninviting. 
Others prefer to Nora at it dry 

4202
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:45,300
working their way through like 
beavers attacking a particularly

4203
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:49,400
stubborn log. 
The process takes time provides 

4204
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:52,300
something to do during empty 
hours and keeps the jaw 

4205
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:55,100
occupied. 
If not satisfied, midday brings 

4206
04:01:55,100 --> 04:01:58,500
the main meal, a generous term 
for what arrives in your bowl, 

4207
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:02,600
salt, pork forms the foundation 
of this Feast, meat preserved in

4208
04:02:02,600 --> 04:02:05,100
brine. 
So concentrated it would stop a 

4209
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:07,700
modern heart. 
The preservation Works 

4210
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:11,100
technically, the pork doesn't 
rot in the traditional sense. 

4211
04:02:11,100 --> 04:02:15,200
Instead, it achieves a kind of 
immortality becoming something 

4212
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:19,600
that resembles meat in only the 
most abstract way, The salt 

4213
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:24,100
content requires dilution, but 
fresh water is too precious to 

4214
04:02:24,100 --> 04:02:27,700
waste on making food. 
Palatable, you eated, as is each

4215
04:02:27,700 --> 04:02:31,000
bite and assault on your taste 
buds, your body crying out for 

4216
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:34,700
any flavor that isn't salt, the 
cook boils the pork with dried 

4217
04:02:34,700 --> 04:02:37,300
peas. 
When Supply is allow creating a 

4218
04:02:37,300 --> 04:02:39,600
stew, that achieves a 
consistency somewhere between 

4219
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:43,100
liquid and solid. 
Chunks of meat or what used to 

4220
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:47,200
be meat floating gray water. 
Alongside peas that refused to 

4221
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:50,200
fully softened, no matter how 
long they bought. 

4222
04:02:51,100 --> 04:02:54,700
Sometimes onions, make an 
appearance, precious additions 

4223
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:58,000
from the last port already 
sprouting green shoots in their 

4224
04:02:58,008 --> 04:03:01,600
storage Nets. 
These vegetables, get added hole

4225
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:05,300
and remove the same way, 
flavoring the broth without 

4226
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:08,600
actually being consumed. 
They'll be used again tomorrow 

4227
04:03:08,600 --> 04:03:12,000
and the day after and they 
dissolve into the general 

4228
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:15,300
nutritional sadness. 
Protein variety comes from 

4229
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:16,500
whatever. 
The sea provides. 

4230
04:03:17,400 --> 04:03:20,800
Flying fish, sometimes land on 
Deck, overnight gifts, you 

4231
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:23,200
collect Dawn and eat raw, or 
barely cooked. 

4232
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:27,500
They taste like anything other 
than salt pork, which makes them

4233
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:32,500
delicious by default. 
In tropical waters, larger 

4234
04:03:32,500 --> 04:03:37,200
caches occasionally supplement, 
the diet Dorado tuna and shark 

4235
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:40,400
when desperate. 
That fishing requires time. 

4236
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:44,400
The crew rarely has, and storms 
can last for days without 

4237
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:47,700
allowing anyone to cast a line, 
the drinking situation 

4238
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,500
deteriorates faster than the 
food ships, carry watering 

4239
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:53,600
wooden, barrels, that leak and 
breed algae. 

4240
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:56,400
Freshwater turns green within 
weeks. 

4241
04:03:56,400 --> 04:03:59,300
Developing it tastes? 
The preparation can't eliminate 

4242
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,100
You drink it anyway. 
Holding your breath, trying not 

4243
04:04:03,100 --> 04:04:04,300
to think about what your 
swallowing. 

4244
04:04:05,200 --> 04:04:08,000
Beer last longer, the alcohol, 
providing some protection 

4245
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:11,500
against contamination, but beer 
requires space, that could hold 

4246
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:14,500
other cargo. 
Most Crews run out within the 

4247
04:04:14,500 --> 04:04:18,000
first month at Sea when the beer
vanishes and the water becomes 

4248
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:20,500
truly undrinkable, you face 
choices. 

4249
04:04:20,500 --> 04:04:22,400
That would horrify your modern 
self. 

4250
04:04:23,300 --> 04:04:26,500
Some men drink sea water knowing
it will kill them, slowly 

4251
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:29,800
preferring slow death to the 
torture of thirst. 

4252
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:34,300
Others catch rainwater in sales 
and buckets drinking it. 

4253
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:37,900
Tepid and tasting of canvas 
grateful for anything that 

4254
04:04:37,900 --> 04:04:39,600
doesn't burn the throat going 
down. 

4255
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:43,700
The lucky ships capture prizes 
that include fresh Provisions, 

4256
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:47,000
briefly interrupting the 
downward spiral into 

4257
04:04:47,000 --> 04:04:51,000
malnutrition, scurvy arrives. 
Like a quiet passenger boarding 

4258
04:04:51,000 --> 04:04:53,800
with the crew but making its 
presence known only gradually. 

4259
04:04:54,500 --> 04:04:58,000
Your gums begin to bleed. 
When you bite the hardtack, your

4260
04:04:58,000 --> 04:05:01,800
skin bruises at the slightest, 
touch, purple flowers, blooming 

4261
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:06,200
across your arms and legs Old 
Wounds reopened refusing to heal

4262
04:05:06,200 --> 04:05:08,600
teeth. 
Loosen in the sockets. 

4263
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:12,400
You learned to carefully afraid 
of swallowing, something that 

4264
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:15,100
should stay attached. 
Cure exists. 

4265
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:19,100
Citrus fruit, fresh, vegetables.
Anything containing What We Now 

4266
04:05:19,100 --> 04:05:23,400
call the vitamin C but knowledge
doesn't equal access and ships 

4267
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:25,000
at Sea have? 
No green grosses. 

4268
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:28,100
The cycle weight of food 
monotony, shouldn't be 

4269
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:31,700
underestimated. 
Humans crave Variety in their 

4270
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:36,400
diet, the way they crave air and
water the same meal day after 

4271
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:39,600
day. 
Week after week becomes a form 

4272
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:44,100
of sensory deprivation. 
Your mind Rebels against it, but

4273
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:48,200
your body needs fuel. 
So you eat The ACT transforms 

4274
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:51,000
from pleasure into purely 
mechanical necessity. 

4275
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:55,400
You shovel the tasteless protein
into your mouth swallow without 

4276
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:59,300
savoring and count it as another
small victory that you survived 

4277
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:01,700
to eat again. 
Successful raids, bring 

4278
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,700
temporary relief. 
Captured ships sometimes, carry 

4279
04:06:04,700 --> 04:06:08,300
Delicacies sugar rice, proper 
bread. 

4280
04:06:08,300 --> 04:06:11,600
That hasn't fossilized. 
And alcohol in varieties Beyond 

4281
04:06:11,600 --> 04:06:14,600
basic beer. 
These prizes, get consumed 

4282
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:18,300
immediately, crew members, 
gorging themselves, sick off to 

4283
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,300
months of deprivation. 
There's no saving for later. 

4284
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:23,900
No, rationing for sensible 
distribution. 

4285
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:29,100
The psychology of scarcity 
overrides reason you eat because

4286
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:32,600
it is there because tomorrow it 
won't be because this might be 

4287
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:35,200
your only chance to taste 
something that doesn't make you 

4288
04:06:35,200 --> 04:06:38,500
hate the active eating the bell.
Sound at four in the morning, 

4289
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,300
pulling you from whatever 
half-sleep, you manage to 

4290
04:06:41,300 --> 04:06:46,600
achieve, Your watch begins now. 
Four hours of Labor before a 

4291
04:06:46,600 --> 04:06:49,000
brief respite, then four more 
hours. 

4292
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:53,800
This Rhythm continues without 
pause without weekends without 

4293
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:57,400
holidays. 
The sea recognizes no Sabbath 

4294
04:06:57,400 --> 04:07:01,500
your hands soft and uncalled at 
the start transformed within 

4295
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:03,900
days. 
Ropework tears. 

4296
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:07,600
The skin from your palms leaving
raw patches that crack and bleed

4297
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:10,200
with each new. 
Task the hemp lines, that 

4298
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:13,600
control the sails way more than 
you expect made heavier by 

4299
04:07:13,600 --> 04:07:16,800
spraying and rain. 
Hauling them requires the 

4300
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:18,600
coordinated effort of multiple 
men. 

4301
04:07:18,600 --> 04:07:22,300
Everyone pulling in Rhythm 
shoulders straining and backs 

4302
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,900
protesting the sales themselves 
demand constant attention. 

4303
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:30,200
They tearing storms developed 
weak spots from Sonic exposure 

4304
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:32,700
and required patches and repairs
that happen. 

4305
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:35,900
A loft swaying on yards, higher 
above the deck. 

4306
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:40,300
You climb the ratlines Rope, 
ladders, that lead up the masked

4307
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:44,900
with hands that shake from 
exhaustion and fear. the higher 

4308
04:07:44,900 --> 04:07:48,800
you go, the more the ship's 
movement, amplifies, What feels 

4309
04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:52,200
like gentle rolling, a debt 
level becomes violent swinging 

4310
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:55,000
at the cross trees. 
You hook, your elbows through 

4311
04:07:55,000 --> 04:07:58,000
the rigging, use your thighs to 
grip the yard and try to thread 

4312
04:07:58,000 --> 04:07:59,700
a needle with fingers that won't
stop. 

4313
04:07:59,700 --> 04:08:03,000
Trembling pumping the bilge 
ranks among the worst regular 

4314
04:08:03,000 --> 04:08:07,000
duties water, constantly, seeps 
into the ship's lowest point 

4315
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,600
mixing with waste and creating a
soup that must be removed to 

4316
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:12,300
prevent the vessel from 
foundering. 

4317
04:08:13,700 --> 04:08:18,100
The pump handles require two men
working in tandem pushing and 

4318
04:08:18,100 --> 04:08:20,700
pulling in a rhythm that must be
maintained for hours. 

4319
04:08:21,600 --> 04:08:24,100
The smell that rises from below 
defies description. 

4320
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:30,000
Human waste, rotting food, dead,
rats, all of it, marinating in 

4321
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:33,300
saltwater, and darkness. 
You breathe through your mouth 

4322
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:34,900
which helps until you taste, 
what? 

4323
04:08:34,900 --> 04:08:38,500
Your smelling scraping Barnacles
and Marine growth from the hull 

4324
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:40,300
happens. 
Whenever the ship beaches for 

4325
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:43,200
caring. 
The Vessel must be tilted on its

4326
04:08:43,200 --> 04:08:46,700
side, exposing the underwater 
surface to Air and sunlight. 

4327
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:51,100
You wait into the surf with 
scrapers attacking the layers of

4328
04:08:51,100 --> 04:08:55,300
accumulated life, that slow the 
ship's progress Barnacles cut, 

4329
04:08:55,300 --> 04:09:00,500
like razors your shins and 
forearms collect new scars, thin

4330
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:04,400
lines that burn with salted 
exposure, the work continues 

4331
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:09,200
until every inch of Hull gleams 
relatively clean A process that 

4332
04:09:09,200 --> 04:09:11,700
takes days and leaves, you 
wondering if piracy might 

4333
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:14,800
actually be easier than 
legitimate sailing maintenance. 

4334
04:09:14,800 --> 04:09:19,100
Never ends because Decay never 
stops Saltair corrodes metal. 

4335
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:23,800
Requiring constant rust removal 
and oiling wood, dries and 

4336
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:27,200
splits needing tar and caulking 
to maintain watertight, 

4337
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:32,000
Integrity ropes, Fray, and must 
be replaced or spliced sales 

4338
04:09:32,000 --> 04:09:36,000
were thin and require patching. 
Ship exists in a state of 

4339
04:09:36,000 --> 04:09:38,700
controlled deterioration and 
your labor. 

4340
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:42,400
Simply slows, the inevitable 
collapse standing watch involves

4341
04:09:42,400 --> 04:09:46,100
more than passive observation, 
your expected to spot other 

4342
04:09:46,100 --> 04:09:49,500
vessels before they spot you to 
notice changes in weather. 

4343
04:09:49,500 --> 04:09:53,000
While this still time to react 
and to hear anything unusual in 

4344
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:57,700
the ship's constant voice, this 
requires a kind of meditation, a

4345
04:09:57,700 --> 04:10:00,900
sustained attention that fights 
against boredom and exhaustion. 

4346
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:04,900
Your eyes, scan the Horizon in 
patterns, looking for The 

4347
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:07,200
Telltale Interruption of a 
distant sale. 

4348
04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:11,800
The dark line that indicates an 
approaching Squall, loading and 

4349
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:14,800
securing cargo whether a 
legitimate Goods or plunder 

4350
04:10:14,800 --> 04:10:17,700
demands and knowledge of weight 
distribution and balance. 

4351
04:10:18,600 --> 04:10:22,600
Stack it wrong and the ship 
lists dangerously, tie it down 

4352
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:25,300
in properly and it shifts in 
rough Seas. 

4353
04:10:25,300 --> 04:10:29,100
Potentially punching through the
hole from inside, you learn 

4354
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,700
these lessons by watching by 
listening to men, with Decades 

4355
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:35,800
of experience, and by 
occasionally making mistakes 

4356
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:39,500
that result in injuries and 
screamed Corrections combat, 

4357
04:10:39,500 --> 04:10:43,200
when it comes brings, its own 
exhausting demands preparing the

4358
04:10:43,200 --> 04:10:46,200
ship for battle means clearing 
the decks of anything that might

4359
04:10:46,200 --> 04:10:50,000
become a projectile when hit 
Wetting down, surfaces to 

4360
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:53,600
prevent fire, Distributing 
weapons and loading cannons. 

4361
04:10:54,500 --> 04:10:58,900
The actual fighting last minute,
but requires hours of setup and 

4362
04:10:58,900 --> 04:11:03,500
potentially days of recovery. 
The guns themselves weigh tons 

4363
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:06,800
their recoil control by ropes 
that must be maintained and 

4364
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:08,800
checked. 
Firing them requires. 

4365
04:11:08,800 --> 04:11:11,400
Precise choreography, swap, the 
barrel. 

4366
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:16,400
The power ram, it home have the 
shot Prime, the touch hole aim, 

4367
04:11:16,400 --> 04:11:19,800
as well as a moving platform 
allows fire and immediately. 

4368
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,100
Begin the sequence. 
Again while smoke obscures 

4369
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:26,100
everything and noise damages, 
your hearing permanently the few

4370
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:28,400
hours between watches, don't 
provide true rest. 

4371
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:32,800
Your expected to help with 
whatever emergency arises, all 

4372
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:36,500
hands to shorten sale in a 
sudden storm everyone to the 

4373
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:40,900
pumps when a leek Springs and 
the full crew to chase down a 

4374
04:11:40,900 --> 04:11:44,400
potential prize. 
Sleep become something stolen in

4375
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:48,600
small increments, never quite 
enough, never quite deep enough 

4376
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:52,800
to truly restore your depleted 
reserves your body adapts. 

4377
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:56,800
Because it must Muscles develop 
in strange patterns 

4378
04:11:56,800 --> 04:12:00,600
overdeveloped in your arms and 
shoulders and strong in your 

4379
04:12:00,608 --> 04:12:02,900
core from constant balance 
adjustments. 

4380
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:07,200
You lose weight, despite the 
physical labor because the food 

4381
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:08,900
can't match the caloric 
expenditure. 

4382
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:14,000
Your face becomes weathered skin
darkening and roughening under 

4383
04:12:14,000 --> 04:12:19,200
constant sun and salt spray. 
You age years in months, the 

4384
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,900
work, literally wearing you down
grinding away at your physical 

4385
04:12:22,900 --> 04:12:27,200
reserves like ways against Rock.
The barometer drops though, most

4386
04:12:27,200 --> 04:12:29,600
crew members don't need 
instruments to sense the change.

4387
04:12:30,200 --> 04:12:33,800
The air gains weight pressing 
against your skin in ways that 

4388
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:37,600
trigger ancient warnings. 
Birds vanish from the sky. 

4389
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:42,400
The water takes on a strange, 
flatness and oily quality. 

4390
04:12:42,400 --> 04:12:45,600
That precedes chaos and the 
storm hits. 

4391
04:12:45,600 --> 04:12:49,900
It arrives with personality with
what feels like deliberate 

4392
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:52,800
malice. 
Wind screams through the rigging

4393
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:55,300
a sound that drowns out shouted 
orders. 

4394
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:58,900
You watch men's mouths move 
without hearing words, 

4395
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:02,400
responding to gestures and long 
practice routine. 

4396
04:13:03,100 --> 04:13:05,700
The deck Beneath Your Feet tilts
at angles, that seemed 

4397
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:08,900
impossible that should capsize 
The Vessel but somehow don't 

4398
04:13:08,900 --> 04:13:13,500
waves no longer look like water.
They become moving walls, dark 

4399
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:17,000
mountains, that rise beside the 
ship, their peaks torn into 

4400
04:13:17,000 --> 04:13:19,200
spray by the wind. 
One moment. 

4401
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:22,500
You're in a valley between 
swells, surrounded by water. 

4402
04:13:22,500 --> 04:13:27,000
On all sides, unable to see 
anything but ocean the next 

4403
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:30,600
moment the ship climbs and you 
Glimpse her Horizon that curves 

4404
04:13:30,600 --> 04:13:33,900
wrong that shows you how small 
and temporary your wooden world 

4405
04:13:33,900 --> 04:13:36,700
really. 
Is the rain doesn't fall it 

4406
04:13:36,700 --> 04:13:39,400
attacks. 
Horizontally each drop hitting 

4407
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:43,900
like a tiny fist. 
Your soaked instantly and the 

4408
04:13:43,900 --> 04:13:46,700
water temperature depends 
entirely on what ocean your 

4409
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:50,000
Crossing. 
Tropical storms drench you in 

4410
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:53,300
bath, warm rain, that provides 
no relief from the Heat. 

4411
04:13:54,100 --> 04:13:57,400
Northern Tempest, introduce you 
to cold that penetrates through 

4412
04:13:57,400 --> 04:14:02,000
clothes and skin settling into 
your bones, making your hands to

4413
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:04,500
stiff to properly grip, the 
lines, you're supposed to be 

4414
04:14:04,500 --> 04:14:07,200
managing below deck becomes 
uninhabitable. 

4415
04:14:08,200 --> 04:14:11,400
Ship's motion transforms from 
rocking to Violent thrashing, 

4416
04:14:11,400 --> 04:14:15,400
hammocks swing wildly throwing 
men against walls in each other.

4417
04:14:16,100 --> 04:14:19,100
Anyone with a weak stomach and 
that's most people in conditions

4418
04:14:19,100 --> 04:14:23,600
like this vomits until they have
nothing left, then continues 

4419
04:14:23,600 --> 04:14:25,600
with dry heaves, that crack 
ribs. 

4420
04:14:26,300 --> 04:14:29,800
The smell of sick, mixes with 
the general stench, adding 

4421
04:14:29,800 --> 04:14:32,600
another layer to an already 
unbearable atmosphere. 

4422
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:36,500
You choose to stay top side, 
despite the danger, because at 

4423
04:14:36,500 --> 04:14:39,700
least there you can breathe. 
Securing yourself becomes 

4424
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,700
Paramount. 
Safety lines, get rigged across 

4425
04:14:42,700 --> 04:14:46,100
the deck, and you clip in with 
whatever, you can find a rope 

4426
04:14:46,108 --> 04:14:49,200
around your waist a quick knot 
that you pray holds. 

4427
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:52,700
Men, who don't take this 
seriously disappear over the 

4428
04:14:52,700 --> 04:14:57,100
side there, one moment and gone,
the next swallowed, by the dark 

4429
04:14:57,100 --> 04:14:59,600
water, without ceremony or 
chance of rescue. 

4430
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:04,000
C doesn't return, bodies in 
these conditions, it keeps What 

4431
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:06,400
It? 
Takes the sails must come down 

4432
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:09,800
before they shred or worse, 
before they drive the ship 

4433
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:12,600
under. 
Furling canvas in a storm 

4434
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:16,300
requires climbing into 
conditions that test sanity, the

4435
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:19,300
wind tries to pluck you from the
rigging like fruit from a tree 

4436
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:23,800
the sail fabric whips and cracks
capable of breaking bones. 

4437
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:27,100
If it catches you wrong, you 
work with hands, that have no 

4438
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:31,700
feeling left fingers, moving on 
autopsy instincts, muscle memory

4439
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:34,800
executing tasks. 
Your conscious mind is too 

4440
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:38,300
terrified to direct lightning 
turns night into day and 

4441
04:15:38,300 --> 04:15:41,800
stuttering intervals. 
Each flash revealing the chaos 

4442
04:15:41,800 --> 04:15:46,300
and Stark detail men struggling 
with ropes offers as pointing 

4443
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,700
towards some new crisis water 
washing across the deck in 

4444
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:51,800
quantities. 
That seem impossible to drain 

4445
04:15:51,800 --> 04:15:55,800
before the next wave arrives. 
The Thunder follows close enough

4446
04:15:55,800 --> 04:15:59,400
that you feel it in your chest. 
The physical force that competes

4447
04:15:59,400 --> 04:16:03,200
with the wind for dominance, The
ship's Timbers, scream under the

4448
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,100
stress. 
He hear them flex and groan 

4449
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,600
sound that suggest imminent 
breakup. 

4450
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:11,700
That make you certain. 
This is the wave that finally 

4451
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,100
does it. 
The one that cracks the spine 

4452
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:17,400
and sends everyone down. 
But the vessel holds together 

4453
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:20,000
through engineering, you don't 
understand through 

4454
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:23,500
craftsmanship, you've never 
properly appreciated and through

4455
04:16:23,500 --> 04:16:26,900
what starts to feel like 
Supernatural stubbornness, how 

4456
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:28,900
has passed without any sense of 
time. 

4457
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:31,900
You work, you survive and you 
work some more. 

4458
04:16:32,600 --> 04:16:37,100
Exhaustion becomes absolute, a 
state Beyond, tiredness beyond 

4459
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:39,200
anything. 
You've previously experienced 

4460
04:16:40,000 --> 04:16:42,200
your body operates on some 
Reserve fuel. 

4461
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:45,600
You didn't know existed drawing 
from stores that will leave you 

4462
04:16:45,608 --> 04:16:49,600
depleted for days afterward, 
when the storm finally passes, 

4463
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:54,000
and they always do eventually 
the world looks scraped clean 

4464
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:58,100
Raw. 
The sea settles into swells that

4465
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:00,000
were terrify you in normal 
times. 

4466
04:17:00,000 --> 04:17:02,400
But now seem gentle by 
comparison. 

4467
04:17:03,400 --> 04:17:07,300
Sunlight returns with a scene 
cheerfulness, Illuminating, the 

4468
04:17:07,300 --> 04:17:09,400
damage that must be assessed and
repairs. 

4469
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:14,100
The deck is littered with 
debris, torn wrote, broken spas.

4470
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:17,800
And sometimes personal items 
that belong to men who no longer

4471
04:17:17,800 --> 04:17:22,200
aboard the human cost reveals 
itself in the aftermath you 

4472
04:17:22,200 --> 04:17:25,800
count faces realize whose 
missing and try not to think too

4473
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:30,000
hard about the gaps in the crew.
Injuries surface as adrenaline. 

4474
04:17:30,000 --> 04:17:34,400
Fades broken bones. 
Deep cuts and burns from ropes. 

4475
04:17:34,400 --> 04:17:37,300
That moved too fast. 
The ship surgeon. 

4476
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:40,600
If you have one, makes his 
rounds with the limited supplies

4477
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:44,200
available doing what he can, 
which often amounts to Simply 

4478
04:17:44,200 --> 04:17:46,900
confirming that someone will 
probably survive, or definitely 

4479
04:17:46,900 --> 04:17:50,000
won't you sleep, then wherever 
you collapse. 

4480
04:17:50,000 --> 04:17:53,600
The deck works fine, the coil of
rope becomes a pillow. 

4481
04:17:53,600 --> 04:17:57,800
Your body doesn't care about 
Comfort or propriety it demands 

4482
04:17:57,800 --> 04:18:00,100
unconsciousness and takes it by 
force. 

4483
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:04,300
Toilets showers clean water 
flowing from taps. 

4484
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:08,100
These conveniences exist in your
memory but nowhere in your 

4485
04:18:08,108 --> 04:18:10,800
current reality. 
The morning routine. 

4486
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:14,500
You took for granted dissolves 
into crude approximation you 

4487
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:16,600
wake with a mouth. 
That tastes like something died 

4488
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:19,700
in it. 
Teeth coated in fill and gums 

4489
04:18:19,700 --> 04:18:22,000
tender from the beginning stages
of scurvy. 

4490
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:26,700
There's no toothbrush. 
No toothpaste, and no mouthwash.

4491
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,300
Some men chew on frayed rope 
ends to clean their teeth. 

4492
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:34,000
He practiced that removes some 
debris while adding interesting 

4493
04:18:34,000 --> 04:18:38,300
Splinter's bathing happens in 
the ocean if at all you strip 

4494
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:41,300
down and jump overboard when the
ship has become the water, looks

4495
04:18:41,300 --> 04:18:44,900
relatively short free. 
The Saltwater leaves, your skin 

4496
04:18:44,900 --> 04:18:48,100
sticky in your hair stiff, but 
at least you've removed some of 

4497
04:18:48,100 --> 04:18:52,200
the accumulated Grime. 
The process requires timing and 

4498
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:55,500
luck. 
Jump when the ship is moving and

4499
04:18:55,500 --> 04:18:59,400
you'll never catch up swim too 
far from the hull and you become

4500
04:18:59,400 --> 04:19:01,200
baked for things that see you as
food. 

4501
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:06,200
The crew keeps watch, but their 
attention spans waiver and being

4502
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:08,200
forgotten while trading water 
ranks. 

4503
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:10,000
Among the more terrifying Ways 
to Die. 

4504
04:19:10,000 --> 04:19:13,300
Your clothes, transformed into 
biological experiments. 

4505
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:18,100
Sweat, salt water, dirt and 
Thyme combined to create 

4506
04:19:18,108 --> 04:19:20,500
garments that could probably 
stand up on their own. 

4507
04:19:21,500 --> 04:19:24,500
Washing them properly requires 
fresh water, that doesn't exist.

4508
04:19:24,500 --> 04:19:28,600
So you rinse them in seawater 
that doesn't really clean just 

4509
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:32,800
redistributes the fill Fabric 
develops, its own ecosystem. 

4510
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:37,700
Lice fleece and other parasites.
That treat your body as their 

4511
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:42,000
personal territory. 
You scratch constantly, creating

4512
04:19:42,000 --> 04:19:45,500
new wounds that don't heal 
cleanly and that sometimes 

4513
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:49,300
become infected privacy for 
bodily functions exist. 

4514
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:52,300
Only in concept. 
Everyone knows when you're 

4515
04:19:52,300 --> 04:19:54,600
constipated because they've 
watched you struggle in the 

4516
04:19:54,608 --> 04:19:55,600
heads. 
For 20 minutes. 

4517
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:59,700
Everyone here is when you have 
diarrhea that special misery 

4518
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:02,900
intensified by having to hang 
your exposed rear end over the 

4519
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:05,700
ocean while you're intestine 
stage a revolt. 

4520
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:10,300
Dignity gets left at Port along 
with every other civilized 

4521
04:20:10,300 --> 04:20:12,700
Comfort. 
Medical Care would be laughable 

4522
04:20:12,700 --> 04:20:14,600
if the consequences weren't so 
serious. 

4523
04:20:15,400 --> 04:20:18,400
The ship's surgeon learned his 
trade through apprenticeship and

4524
04:20:18,400 --> 04:20:22,200
experience, not formal 
education, his toolkit includes 

4525
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:26,000
saws ramputi, needles for 
stitching and alcohol for 

4526
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:29,500
sterilization though, more of 
the alcohol ends up consumed the

4527
04:20:29,500 --> 04:20:33,200
news for cleaning wounds. 
Anesthesia means getting drunk 

4528
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:35,500
enough to pass out or biting 
down on leather. 

4529
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:39,000
While someone does something 
horrible to your body infections

4530
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:42,700
run rampant in these conditions,
a small cut becomes a major 

4531
04:20:42,700 --> 04:20:49,100
crisis, The wound readons swells
and begins weeping pus. fever 

4532
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:52,500
sets in and you shake under 
blankets that don't exist while 

4533
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:56,300
your crewmates debate, whether 
you'll survive Some infections 

4534
04:20:56,300 --> 04:20:59,900
resolve on their own, the body's
immune system, winning battles 

4535
04:20:59,900 --> 04:21:03,800
without assistance, others 
progress to gangrene, to set 

4536
04:21:03,800 --> 04:21:08,400
this to death. that comes slowly
and painfully while everyone 

4537
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,600
watches and tries not to think 
about their owner of ability 

4538
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:15,200
climate control amounts choosing
whether to suffer below deck or 

4539
04:21:15,200 --> 04:21:19,100
above In tropical heat, both 
options, feel like punishments 

4540
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:21,900
below deck. 
The air temperature rises until 

4541
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:25,200
breathing becomes labor until 
swept pause from your body 

4542
04:21:25,200 --> 04:21:27,300
faster than you can replace the 
fluids. 

4543
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:30,000
Above deck the sun attacks from 
overhead. 

4544
04:21:30,000 --> 04:21:33,200
While the deck reflects heat 
upward cooking you from both 

4545
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:37,700
directions, There's No Escape no
air conditioning and no fan 

4546
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:40,200
beyond what the win provides 
cold climates. 

4547
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:42,800
Bring opposite miseries the ship
offers. 

4548
04:21:42,800 --> 04:21:45,400
No heating beyond the galleys 
fire, which must be carefully 

4549
04:21:45,400 --> 04:21:47,900
managed to avoid burning down 
your only shelter. 

4550
04:21:48,700 --> 04:21:52,000
You layer what clothes you have,
but the dampness defeats 

4551
04:21:52,000 --> 04:21:55,300
insulation. 
The cold settles into your bones

4552
04:21:55,300 --> 04:22:00,300
into your joints, making 
movement, painful making sleep 

4553
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:05,000
impossible, despite exhaustion. 
Men huddled together for warmth.

4554
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:10,100
Passed caring about personal 
space or dignity entertainment. 

4555
04:22:10,100 --> 04:22:13,500
Consists of whatever you can 
create from nothing, some men 

4556
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:17,400
carve scrimshaw etching designs 
in ways teeth or bone when 

4557
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:22,200
available, Others tell stories 
the same Tales recycled until 

4558
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:25,500
everyone knows them by heart, 
but keeps listening because the 

4559
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:29,300
alternative is silent. 
Card games happen with decks. 

4560
04:22:29,300 --> 04:22:33,400
So warm the markings barely 
register Dice made from bone 

4561
04:22:33,400 --> 04:22:35,400
rattle in Corners during 
off-watch hours. 

4562
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:39,700
Gambling provides distraction. 
Even when you're betting things,

4563
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:42,600
you don't actually own the 
isolation from normal. 

4564
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:46,000
Human society changes you in 
ways you don't notice until much

4565
04:22:46,000 --> 04:22:49,200
later. 
Your social skills, atrophy. 

4566
04:22:49,200 --> 04:22:52,800
Your ability to converse about 
anything beyond ships and 

4567
04:22:52,800 --> 04:22:55,800
sailing diminishes. 
You forget what it's like to 

4568
04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:59,600
speak with women with children, 
with anyone who doesn't smell 

4569
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:03,900
like bilgewater and Desperation 
The ship becomes your entire 

4570
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:08,800
world and that world is brutally
small populated by the same 

4571
04:23:08,800 --> 04:23:13,300
faces, the same conversations 
and the same complaints repeated

4572
04:23:13,300 --> 04:23:16,600
until they lose, meaning news 
from Land arrives months late. 

4573
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:20,300
If at all You have no idea 
what's happening in The Wider 

4574
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:21,800
world. 
War. 

4575
04:23:21,800 --> 04:23:23,700
Start and end without your 
knowledge. 

4576
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:28,000
Family members die and you're 
not there you won't even hear 

4577
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:30,500
about it until some random 
encountering port. 

4578
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:35,200
The isolation is mental, as much
as physical a cutting off from 

4579
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,000
the flow of normal life. 
That leaves you adrift in more 

4580
04:23:38,000 --> 04:23:41,500
than the oceanic scents, the 
Articles get read aloud before 

4581
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:45,700
you sign a moment of unexpected 
formality on a vessel dedicated 

4582
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:49,100
to lawlessness. 
The document outlines rules your

4583
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:53,600
expected to follow punishments 
for violations and the system by

4584
04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:56,600
which decisions get made. 
You listen carefully. 

4585
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,300
Because this social contract is 
the only thing preventing 

4586
04:23:59,300 --> 04:24:02,500
absolute chaos. 
Every man gets a vote on major 

4587
04:24:02,500 --> 04:24:06,300
decision where the hunt for 
prizes, whether to attack a 

4588
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:08,400
particular Target and how to 
divide plunder. 

4589
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:12,500
This democracy emerges not from 
Progressive political Theory, 

4590
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:16,800
but from practical necessity. 
When you've assembled a crew of 

4591
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:20,300
men who've already rejected 
conventional Authority, you 

4592
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:23,200
can't exactly rule through 
aristocratic privilege. 

4593
04:24:23,800 --> 04:24:27,000
The captain holds power only as 
long as the crew believes his 

4594
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:32,300
effective fail, too many times 
and your voted out by someone. 

4595
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,600
The men think might do better. 
The quartermaster serves as the 

4596
04:24:35,608 --> 04:24:39,100
cruise representative, the 
balanced against the captain's 

4597
04:24:39,100 --> 04:24:41,900
Authority. 
He distributes food settles 

4598
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:45,500
disputes and generally ensures 
that the captain doesn't get too

4599
04:24:45,500 --> 04:24:48,800
comfortable with power. 
This position requires 

4600
04:24:48,800 --> 04:24:52,300
diplomatic skills and the 
ability to fight because 

4601
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:56,100
sometimes disputes get settled 
with fists rather than words. 

4602
04:24:57,000 --> 04:25:00,000
You watch these Dynamics play 
out and see how carefully, the 

4603
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:04,000
successful quartermaster's 
navigate between crew, concerns 

4604
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:07,500
and operational Necessities. 
Combat brings its own rules, 

4605
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:11,900
explicitly stated in the 
Articles cowardice, and battle 

4606
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:15,600
means death or marooning. 
Deserting your station gets you 

4607
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:17,900
flogged. 
If the crew feels merciful. 

4608
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:21,500
These harsh punishments, reflect
the reality that everyone 

4609
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,100
survival depends on everyone 
else doing their job. 

4610
04:25:24,800 --> 04:25:28,400
One man running during a fight 
can Cascade into total defeat 

4611
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:31,700
and can get the entire crew 
killed or captured and hanged. 

4612
04:25:31,700 --> 04:25:35,200
The division of plunder follows 
predetermined formulas. 

4613
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,900
The captain gets extra shares as
do the quartermaster the surgeon

4614
04:25:39,900 --> 04:25:43,600
and the master gunner, anyone 
with specialized skills that 

4615
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:46,900
benefit, the whole crew. 
But even the captain's portion 

4616
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:50,500
rarely exceeds two or three 
shares, while, common Sailors, 

4617
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:53,600
get one. 
This relative equality stands in

4618
04:25:53,600 --> 04:25:57,200
stark contrast to Merchant and 
Naval vessels where officers 

4619
04:25:57,200 --> 04:26:00,900
might turn, 50 times what 
ordinary seaman make injuries 

4620
04:26:00,900 --> 04:26:03,300
sustained in battle qualify for 
compensation. 

4621
04:26:03,300 --> 04:26:08,100
Another aspect detailed in the 
Articles lost and I here's your 

4622
04:26:08,108 --> 04:26:12,000
payment lost a leg, here's a 
larger sum these amounts get 

4623
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:15,500
paid before the general division
of plunder recognizing that the 

4624
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:18,700
crew owe something to men who 
sacrifice body parts for the 

4625
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:20,900
common Enterprise? 
The system. 

4626
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:24,600
Acknowledges risk and tries to 
compensate accordingly, though. 

4627
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:26,300
No amount of money. 
Truly repays. 

4628
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:30,100
Losing a limb in the 17th 
century punishment for violation

4629
04:26:30,100 --> 04:26:33,000
happened. 
Swiftly in publicly Steal from a

4630
04:26:33,008 --> 04:26:37,200
crewmate and you might receive 
Moses law. 39 lashes 

4631
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:40,900
administered by the person who 
stole from the entire crew 

4632
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,000
assembles to watch partly to 
witness Justice. 

4633
04:26:44,000 --> 04:26:47,700
Being done and partly to remind 
themselves of the consequences 

4634
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:52,000
of breaking the rules. 
The whip Cuts deep drawing 

4635
04:26:52,000 --> 04:26:55,300
blood, leaving scars, that Mark,
you as someone who couldn't be 

4636
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:58,200
trusted marooning serves as the 
ultimate punishment. 

4637
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:03,300
Reserved for the worst offenses,
The Condemned man gets left on a

4638
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:05,000
small island or beach with a 
pistol. 

4639
04:27:05,000 --> 04:27:08,700
Containing one shot a small 
amount of water and essentially 

4640
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:11,500
no food. 
The single bullet carries 

4641
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:14,600
symbolic weight, it's for ending
your own suffering. 

4642
04:27:14,600 --> 04:27:17,800
When starvation becomes 
unbearable, or for a very slim 

4643
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:21,600
chance at hunting something 
edible Either way, it's probably

4644
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:26,100
your last bullet. 
Most marooned men, die, slowly 

4645
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:28,900
alone. 
With plenty of time to 

4646
04:27:28,900 --> 04:27:32,600
contemplate, their mistakes, the
social structure Flexes in ways 

4647
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:35,000
that would confuse someone from 
conventional Society. 

4648
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:39,400
Men who might be deadly enemies?
In Port Works Side by Side sea 

4649
04:27:39,400 --> 04:27:42,700
United by common purpose and 
shared risk. 

4650
04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:46,500
Racial hierarchies matter less 
here than in the legitimate 

4651
04:27:46,500 --> 04:27:50,200
World, black Pirates, serve 
alongside white ones with a 

4652
04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:52,100
rougher quality that wouldn't 
Exist Elsewhere. 

4653
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:56,000
This isn't enlightened tolerance
so much as practical in 

4654
04:27:56,000 --> 04:27:59,600
different. 
The seed doesn't care about skin

4655
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:03,000
color and neither do men focused
on survival and profit. 

4656
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:06,600
Women, occasionally Syed with 
pirate Crews, though they 

4657
04:28:06,600 --> 04:28:09,200
typically disguise themselves, 
as men to avoid the 

4658
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:11,000
complications, their presence 
would create. 

4659
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:17,600
Few who became known and Bonnie 
Mary Reed, a legendary status 

4660
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:19,400
partly because they were so 
rare. 

4661
04:28:20,100 --> 04:28:23,000
Most Crews, maintained explicit 
rules against bringing women 

4662
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,100
aboard knowing that sexual 
tension could destroy the 

4663
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:28,500
fragile, cohesion that kept 
everyone alive. 

4664
04:28:28,500 --> 04:28:31,500
Drinking happens 
enthusiastically whenever 

4665
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:35,400
alcohol becomes available the 
Articles might limit consumption

4666
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:38,900
during active operations, but 
once plunder is secured and 

4667
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:43,100
divided the celebrations begin 
Men drink themselves on 

4668
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:46,900
conscious fight, each other for 
entertainment and engaging, 

4669
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:48,800
contests of strength and 
stupidity. 

4670
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:52,900
The release of tension that's 
been building for weeks, comes 

4671
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:57,000
out in explosions of drunken and
excess that sometimes result in 

4672
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:00,100
injuries or deaths, that didn't 
need to happen, religious 

4673
04:29:00,100 --> 04:29:05,000
practice varies by individual. 
Some men, pray regularly asking 

4674
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,600
forgiveness for their sins while
planning to commit more. 

4675
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:12,300
Others abandoned Faith entirely 
deciding that if God exists, 

4676
04:29:12,300 --> 04:29:15,500
he's clearly not paying 
attention to their corner of the

4677
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:19,000
ocean. 
If you become superstitious 

4678
04:29:19,000 --> 04:29:23,700
developing, elaborate rituals 
around whether signs Lucky 

4679
04:29:23,700 --> 04:29:28,300
Charms and ominous portends. 
The ship accumulates its own 

4680
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:31,600
mythology. 
Stories of ghosts and curses 

4681
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:33,900
that get embellished with each 
retelling. 

4682
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:38,000
For all the misery, men kept 
choosing this life, they signed 

4683
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:40,400
articles. 
They went to see and they risked

4684
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:43,100
everything for what amounts to a
lottery ticket in blood. 

4685
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:46,600
Understanding why requires 
looking at what they were 

4686
04:29:46,608 --> 04:29:48,800
running from the Merchant 
Marine? 

4687
04:29:48,800 --> 04:29:53,100
The supposedly legitimate 
alternative worked Sailors, just

4688
04:29:53,100 --> 04:29:55,600
as hard for a fraction of the 
potential reward. 

4689
04:29:56,600 --> 04:30:00,300
Merchant captions operated under
company rules, that prioritized 

4690
04:30:00,300 --> 04:30:04,000
profit over Humanity. 
Sailors might go months without 

4691
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:07,100
pay their wages, held back to 
prevent desertion. 

4692
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:11,100
Food on Merchant vessels was 
often worse than pirate, Fair, 

4693
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:14,300
rationed more strictly and 
distributed more. 

4694
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:19,200
Unfairly The promise of steady 
employment rang Hollow when that

4695
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:23,100
employment meant slow starvation
and brutal discipline, the Royal

4696
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:26,000
Navy presented itself as 
honorable service, but delivered

4697
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:27,800
something closer to a floating 
prison. 

4698
04:30:28,700 --> 04:30:32,600
Press gangs roamed port cities, 
kidnapping men in to service 

4699
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,900
against their will. 
Once aboard a naval vessel, you 

4700
04:30:35,900 --> 04:30:39,000
belong to the crowd until death 
or disability released you. 

4701
04:30:39,700 --> 04:30:41,600
Desertion meant hanging. 
If caught. 

4702
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:46,500
Pay was theoretical delivered 
years late, if at all. 

4703
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:51,500
Officers treated common Sailors 
as Expendable resources in the 

4704
04:30:51,508 --> 04:30:55,000
Articles of War authorized 
flogging for offenses as minors 

4705
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:59,600
to touch your hat to a superior 
officer on Land employment 

4706
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:02,900
options for uneducated, 
unskilled men, centered around 

4707
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:05,000
hard labor, for subsistence 
wages. 

4708
04:31:05,900 --> 04:31:09,700
You might work as a doc hand, a 
farm labourer, or a street. 

4709
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,100
Sweeper jobs that wore your body
down while keeping you 

4710
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:14,600
perpetually on the edge of 
poverty. 

4711
04:31:15,500 --> 04:31:18,600
The social Mobility that modern 
people take for granted simply 

4712
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:21,400
didn't exist. 
Born poor you died. 

4713
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:24,800
Poor and so did your children, 
piracy offered an alternative. 

4714
04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:27,800
However, brutal. 
You might die. 

4715
04:31:27,800 --> 04:31:29,800
Yes. 
But you might also become 

4716
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:32,600
wealthy. 
More importantly, you lived free

4717
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:35,800
of the constant humiliation, 
that defined working class 

4718
04:31:35,800 --> 04:31:40,000
existence in the 17th century. 
No employer could cheat you out 

4719
04:31:40,000 --> 04:31:42,200
of wages. 
No arrests to crack. 

4720
04:31:42,200 --> 04:31:44,500
Could beat you for failing to 
show proper deference. 

4721
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:47,600
The only Authority you are 
answered to was the collective 

4722
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:49,100
will of men in the same 
situation. 

4723
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:53,200
Men would help to elect men who 
could be replaced if they became

4724
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:57,400
tyrannical, the gambling aspect 
of a certain personality type 

4725
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,000
Men who preferred a short 
exciting life to a long 

4726
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:04,100
miserable one? 
The treasure fantasies might be 

4727
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:06,800
exaggerated but successful raids
did happen. 

4728
04:32:07,800 --> 04:32:12,900
Ships carrying sugar Indigo and 
silver got captured and sold the

4729
04:32:12,900 --> 04:32:16,500
proceeds divided among the crew 
could equal years of wages from 

4730
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,600
legitimate work. 
Even the ordinary raids, the 

4731
04:32:19,608 --> 04:32:23,400
ones that netted only cloth and 
tools provided income that beat 

4732
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:26,800
anything available through legal
means the thrill of combat 

4733
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:28,800
called to men who found ordinary
life. 

4734
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:33,100
Unbearably dull. 
Modern society has plenty of 

4735
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,700
outlets for this. 
Impulse extreme sports action, 

4736
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:40,300
movies and video games that 
simulate danger with out 

4737
04:32:40,300 --> 04:32:44,800
delivering consequences. 
The 17th century offered limited

4738
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:48,300
substitutes. 
You could fight in actual Wars 

4739
04:32:48,300 --> 04:32:52,000
at actual risk or you could 
waste away in some quiet Village

4740
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:55,300
knowing you'd never test 
yourself against anything more 

4741
04:32:55,300 --> 04:32:58,900
challenging than a stubborn. 
Mule the Multicultural nature of

4742
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:02,200
pirate Crews provided refuge for
men who didn't fit elsewhere, 

4743
04:33:02,200 --> 04:33:04,599
the skate slaves found 
acceptance. 

4744
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:06,700
They'd never know in colonial 
society. 

4745
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:09,099
Religious. 
By Naughty is fleeing. 

4746
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,200
Persecution, could practice 
their faith without interference

4747
04:33:12,200 --> 04:33:15,400
or abandoned Faith entirely 
without judgement. 

4748
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:21,300
Men who sexuality made them out,
cast on land found communities 

4749
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:24,000
that cared more about competence
than conformity. 

4750
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:27,800
Ship became a kind of floating 
Sanctuary for everyone. 

4751
04:33:27,800 --> 04:33:30,900
Conventional Society rejected. 
The stories. 

4752
04:33:30,900 --> 04:33:34,900
Of course helped recruitment 
Tales of successful Pirates. 

4753
04:33:34,900 --> 04:33:38,000
Circulated through taverns and 
dockyards growing more 

4754
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:41,500
impressive with each retelling. 
Young men heard about Henry, 

4755
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:45,300
Morgan retiring wealthy about, 
Blackbeard, commanding fear, and

4756
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:48,599
respect, and about ships, loaded
with treasure waiting for 

4757
04:33:48,599 --> 04:33:50,000
someone brave enough to take 
them. 

4758
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:53,900
These stories glossed over the 
disease, the violence, and the 

4759
04:33:53,900 --> 04:33:56,900
high probability of death. 
But they sold the dream, 

4760
04:33:56,900 --> 04:34:00,500
effectively, the alternative to 
piracy for many men was 

4761
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:02,200
starving. 
Slowly while watching their 

4762
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:06,300
family starve to when your 
children are hungry in your 

4763
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:09,400
legitimate work, can't feed 
them, the moral calculations 

4764
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:14,099
shift Stealing become survival. 
Violence becomes a tool for 

4765
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:17,400
securing resources that Society 
has denied you, through legal 

4766
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:20,800
means. 
The romanticization came later 

4767
04:34:20,800 --> 04:34:23,599
applied by people who weren't 
facing those choices. 

4768
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:27,000
So yes, the conditions aboard 
pirate ships were terrible. 

4769
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:30,700
But they were terrible in ways 
that men fleeing other terrible 

4770
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:34,700
situations could accept. 
At least here, the suffering 

4771
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:38,800
came with agency with the 
possibility of reward and with 

4772
04:34:38,800 --> 04:34:42,000
the Dignity of having chosen 
this path, rather than having it

4773
04:34:42,000 --> 04:34:45,800
forced upon you by birth or 
circumstance, not every hour at 

4774
04:34:45,800 --> 04:34:50,000
Sea involves crisis or labor. 
The ship sometimes finds itself 

4775
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:53,800
in what Sailors, call the 
doldrums regions where wind 

4776
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:55,599
disappears and the ocean becomes
glass. 

4777
04:34:56,400 --> 04:35:01,500
The sails hang limp, The Vessel 
drifts rather than sails time 

4778
04:35:01,500 --> 04:35:05,400
expands strangely, you stand at 
the rail during these calm 

4779
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:09,500
moments watching the water. 
The surface reflects the sky, so

4780
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:12,599
perfectly that the Horizon 
becomes ambiguous and uncertain.

4781
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:17,099
Flying fish break through 
occasionally silver arcs that 

4782
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:18,900
catch sunlight before splashing 
down. 

4783
04:35:20,099 --> 04:35:22,500
Below the surface. 
If you look carefully you can 

4784
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:26,900
sometimes see shapes moving. 
Dolphin's sharks and things. 

4785
04:35:26,900 --> 04:35:30,800
You can't quite identify the 
sunset in tropical waters. 

4786
04:35:30,800 --> 04:35:34,500
Paints the sky and colors that 
seem invented that looked too 

4787
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:39,700
Vivid to be real orange bleeds 
into pink pink into purple and 

4788
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:42,400
purple into deep blue. 
That eventually blackens in 

4789
04:35:42,408 --> 04:35:46,300
tonight. 
The Stars emerge, not gradually.

4790
04:35:46,300 --> 04:35:51,000
But in sudden multitudes more 
stars than you've ever seen from

4791
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:54,900
land where lights and Haze 
obscure, the full display. 

4792
04:35:56,000 --> 04:36:00,300
The Milky Way sprawls across the
darkness, a river of light that 

4793
04:36:00,300 --> 04:36:03,700
ancient people thought. 
Connected Heaven and Earth on 

4794
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:06,500
clear nights, you can navigate 
by stars, though. 

4795
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:10,099
You probably don't know how The 
older Sailors do though. 

4796
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:13,099
Men who learned Celestial 
navigation, through years of 

4797
04:36:13,099 --> 04:36:16,800
observation, you can tell you 
what that bright point is, which

4798
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:19,800
constellation is rising. 
And what it all means for your 

4799
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:22,800
position and Prospects. 
Their knowledge feels like 

4800
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:26,000
magic. 
Quit language written across the

4801
04:36:26,000 --> 04:36:28,400
sky. 
Phosphorescent in the water, 

4802
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:31,599
creates different wonders 
Disturbed, the ocean at night 

4803
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:35,400
and it glows green like 
Disturbed fireflies of 

4804
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:39,900
infiltrated the sea The ship's 
wake Trails luminescence behind 

4805
04:36:39,900 --> 04:36:42,599
it. 
A path of light that Fades but 

4806
04:36:42,599 --> 04:36:46,700
never completely disappears. 
Men, trailing their hands in the

4807
04:36:46,700 --> 04:36:49,500
water, watch the glow swirl 
around their fingers 

4808
04:36:49,500 --> 04:36:53,200
momentarily, distracted from 
hunger and discomfort by 

4809
04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:55,500
something beautiful bird. 
Sometimes. 

4810
04:36:55,500 --> 04:36:58,800
Land on the rigging exhausted 
migrants following route, 

4811
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:03,000
between continents, they rest 
for hours or days, eyeing. 

4812
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:06,599
The crew wearily grateful for 
the solid perch even if it's 

4813
04:37:06,599 --> 04:37:10,300
moving. 
The presence means land exists 

4814
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:12,200
somewhere in some direction 
though. 

4815
04:37:12,200 --> 04:37:16,300
How far and which way remains 
unclear When they finally gather

4816
04:37:16,300 --> 04:37:19,300
strength to continue you watch 
them, go with something like 

4817
04:37:19,300 --> 04:37:21,599
Envy. 
The ship develops its own 

4818
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:25,300
rhythms patterns, you learn to 
read the way it moves in 

4819
04:37:25,300 --> 04:37:27,400
different wave conditions and 
the sounds that mean 

4820
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:30,900
everything's normal versus the 
ones that signal problems. 

4821
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:34,300
You become attuned to these 
signals, without conscious 

4822
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:38,099
thought waking from sleep. 
When something changes, even if 

4823
04:37:38,108 --> 04:37:40,800
you can't immediately identify 
what triggered you're aware. 

4824
04:37:40,800 --> 04:37:44,300
And this conversations during 
quiet times, reveal more than 

4825
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:47,400
you'd expect. 
Men who seem brutal in action 

4826
04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:51,000
show unexpected depth when 
discussing philosophy religion 

4827
04:37:51,000 --> 04:37:54,700
and the nature of Justice. 
The crew includes former 

4828
04:37:54,700 --> 04:37:59,200
Scholars faild businessmen, 
priests who lost their faith and

4829
04:37:59,200 --> 04:38:03,099
soldiers tired of following 
orders their stories emerge in. 

4830
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:07,200
Fragments, never told completely
always colored by what ever they

4831
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:09,400
want you to believe music 
happens. 

4832
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:13,300
When someone has the energy and 
inclination, Fiddle appears from

4833
04:38:13,300 --> 04:38:17,500
storage or a flute or just 
voices, singing songs that 

4834
04:38:17,500 --> 04:38:21,200
everyone knows. 
Sea shanty serve, as work songs,

4835
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:25,700
The rhythms coordinating labor. 
But the quiet song Speak to 

4836
04:38:25,700 --> 04:38:29,900
loneliness to Holmes left behind
and to women who probably aren't

4837
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:33,500
waiting anymore. 
The Melodies carry across the 

4838
04:38:33,500 --> 04:38:35,700
water. 
And you wonder if anyone on 

4839
04:38:35,700 --> 04:38:39,200
distant ships, hears them, if 
the Sound reaches fish swimming,

4840
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,900
far below, you think about home 
during these moments, though. 

4841
04:38:42,900 --> 04:38:46,800
Home might not welcome you back.
Piracy carries a death sentence.

4842
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:51,599
In most jurisdictions going, 
home means risking capture trial

4843
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:53,599
and to dance at the end of a 
rope. 

4844
04:38:54,500 --> 04:38:57,599
Some men plan to retire to 
remote colonies where their past

4845
04:38:57,599 --> 04:39:01,000
won't follow others seem to have
accepted that, this life will 

4846
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:04,500
end at Sea one way or another, 
and that's fine because there's 

4847
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:06,099
nothing pulling them towards 
Shore. 

4848
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:09,300
Any way, the ocean itself 
becomes familiar and ways that 

4849
04:39:09,300 --> 04:39:12,599
seem impossible. 
You learned to read the water to

4850
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:16,000
see patterns in the ways and to 
interpret the color and movement

4851
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:18,200
in ways, that predict weather 
and currents. 

4852
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:20,900
This knowledge doesn't come from
books. 

4853
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:24,300
It accumulates through 
observation through mistakes 

4854
04:39:24,300 --> 04:39:27,400
that teach painful lessons and 
through listening to men who 

4855
04:39:27,400 --> 04:39:31,200
survived long enough to become 
experts in the quietest moments.

4856
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,099
When you're watch, has you 
standing alone while others 

4857
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:35,300
sleep? 
You can confront yourself. 

4858
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:40,100
The person you were on land, the
person you might have become and

4859
04:39:40,100 --> 04:39:42,000
the person you've turned into 
out here. 

4860
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,300
They're all present but somehow 
separate. 

4861
04:39:46,000 --> 04:39:49,600
You've done things, you never 
imagined doing you've survived 

4862
04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:51,400
situations, that should have 
killed you. 

4863
04:39:51,400 --> 04:39:54,800
You've become someone your 
former self wouldn't recognize 

4864
04:39:54,800 --> 04:39:57,900
and you're not entirely. 
Sure how to feel about that 

4865
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:00,800
transformation. 
The Stars wheel overhead 

4866
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:03,100
indifferent to your 
contemplation. 

4867
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:06,000
Ship Creeks, murmurs in its 
sleep. 

4868
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:10,200
The Ocean Breathes, swells 
rising and falling in patterns 

4869
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:14,600
older than human memory. 
And you stand there, temporary 

4870
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:18,200
and small stealing This Moment 
of Peace, before the next 

4871
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:22,200
Crisis, demands your attention 
and the Machinery of survival 

4872
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:32,600
grinds forward again. 
Let me tell you about a boy who 

4873
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:34,600
would grow up to touch the 
ceiling of the most famous 

4874
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:38,200
Chapel in the world. 
Imagine yourself relaxing in a 

4875
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:41,300
cozy. 
Chair on a calming He was born 

4876
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:47,000
on March, 6th 1475 in the small 
Hillside town of capris where 

4877
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:49,700
the Morning Mist, clung to Old 
Stone houses like slumbering 

4878
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:52,800
cats. 
His name was Michelangelo, Borna

4879
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:54,800
Roti, but his friends just 
called him, Michelle. 

4880
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:57,800
Do you know how certain things 
appeal to certain kids? 

4881
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:00,700
While some people chase 
butterflies and others? 

4882
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:03,700
Adore books, young Michelle had 
a peculiar Obsession. 

4883
04:41:03,700 --> 04:41:07,300
He was gathering Pebbles and 
examining their shapes turning 

4884
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:10,500
them over in his tiny hands, as 
if they were Secrets while other

4885
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:12,500
6 year olds were playing with 
wooden toys. 

4886
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:15,500
His father. 
Lot of Eco was a local 

4887
04:41:15,500 --> 04:41:19,300
magistrate think of him as the 
towns official paper pusher and 

4888
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:22,300
he had Grand plans for his son, 
that definitely didn't involve 

4889
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:25,800
getting Dusty with the rocks. 
When Michelle was little the 

4890
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,000
family relocated to Florence 
which would later serve as both 

4891
04:41:29,000 --> 04:41:33,600
his inspiration and playground. 
In the 1480s Florence was more 

4892
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:36,300
than just a city. 
It was like living inside a 

4893
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:39,900
jewelry box with ideas and art 
glistening on every surface, the

4894
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:42,600
media family, ruled there, as 
wealthy Patron who collected 

4895
04:41:42,600 --> 04:41:45,400
artists in the same way that 
some people collect rare coins. 

4896
04:41:46,300 --> 04:41:49,500
But they were not King's, when 
Michelle was just six years old,

4897
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:51,300
his mother Francesca passed 
away. 

4898
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:55,400
Children a shape by Los. 
Sometimes it pushes them towards

4899
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,000
something bigger and other 
times, it makes them Retreat 

4900
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:00,500
inward. 
It appeared to do both from a 

4901
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:02,200
shell. 
He required her and more 

4902
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,700
perceptive spending hours. 
Observing stone masons fixed 

4903
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:08,200
structures because he was 
captivated by their ability to 

4904
04:42:08,208 --> 04:42:11,400
bend hard marble. 
In an attempt to guide him 

4905
04:42:11,400 --> 04:42:14,900
toward a respectable career in 
banking or government his father

4906
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:18,700
enrolled him in Grammar School. 
Michelle, however, had different

4907
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:21,200
plans. 
He would doodle in the margins 

4908
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:23,400
of his books. 
Instead of focusing on Latin 

4909
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:27,200
conjugations, creating intricate
drawings of hands faces and the 

4910
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:30,400
way light fell across a 
windowsill Michelle couldn't 

4911
04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:33,900
help himself but his teachers 
weren't amused for him. 

4912
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:36,000
Creating art was more than just 
a hobby. 

4913
04:42:36,000 --> 04:42:40,200
It was a way of life. 
At the age of 13, Mitchell 

4914
04:42:40,200 --> 04:42:43,600
joined Domenico, ghirlandaio one
of Florence's most prosperous 

4915
04:42:43,600 --> 04:42:46,400
painters as an apprentice 
defying. 

4916
04:42:46,400 --> 04:42:48,500
His father's wishes and likely 
amid. 

4917
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:51,800
Some heated family disputes. 
You can appreciate Lord of 

4918
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:53,800
echo's horror. 
If you can pick your adolescent 

4919
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:56,300
today, declaring their dropping 
out to pursue a career as a 

4920
04:42:56,300 --> 04:42:59,200
street artist. 
However, as is often the case 

4921
04:42:59,200 --> 04:43:01,908
with future Geniuses Michelle 
was Obstacle of it. 

4922
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:05,000
The girl and I are Workshop. 
Resembled, an art Factory from 

4923
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,300
the Renaissance apprentices 
prepared canvases, ground 

4924
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:10,700
pigments and picked up skills by
imitating. 

4925
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:13,900
The Master's methods. 
For Michelle painting was a bit 

4926
04:43:13,908 --> 04:43:17,100
confining but most boys were 
excited to eventually paint a 

4927
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:20,600
small portion of a larger piece.
Because of the three-dimensional

4928
04:43:20,600 --> 04:43:22,800
challenge of bringing life from 
inanimate Stone. 

4929
04:43:22,800 --> 04:43:26,600
He continued to gravitate 
towards sculpture his story 

4930
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:28,200
takes an intriguing turn at this
point. 

4931
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:32,400
In his Gardens Lorenzo de Medici
also known as Lorenzo. 

4932
04:43:32,400 --> 04:43:35,400
The Magnificent had established 
a sort of art academy. 

4933
04:43:35,400 --> 04:43:39,100
Young Artists could study 
classical sculpture and receive 

4934
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:41,700
instruction from the best at 
this experimental School. 

4935
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,000
Michelle was invited to join 
after Lorenzo Scout saw his 

4936
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:48,200
work. 
The boy who had been Gathering 

4937
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:51,300
Pebbles was now touching marble 
that had been carved before the 

4938
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:54,100
birth of Christ and strolling 
through Garden's, brimming with 

4939
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:57,400
statues, from ancient Rome, it 
was like winning the Renaissance

4940
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:01,400
Lottery to live in the Medici 
household. ideas crackled in the

4941
04:44:01,408 --> 04:44:05,400
air like logs on a fire poets, 
recited new verses and 

4942
04:44:05,400 --> 04:44:08,600
philosophers debated at the 
tables where you ate, even 

4943
04:44:08,600 --> 04:44:11,300
though Michelle was only 15, and
still developing his lanky 

4944
04:44:11,300 --> 04:44:14,100
frame, he was taking in 
everything, the art 

4945
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:17,400
conversations and the 
realization that people could 

4946
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:21,300
make beautiful things that would
last He wants carved a sleeping 

4947
04:44:21,300 --> 04:44:24,300
Cupid, that was so realistic and
expertly done that. 

4948
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,800
Someone proposed artificially 
aging it and marking it as an 

4949
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:31,400
antique Roman item. 
The strategy was successful 

4950
04:44:31,400 --> 04:44:35,500
until the buyer realized the 
fraud The Collector however was 

4951
04:44:35,500 --> 04:44:38,800
impressed, rather than incensed,
who was this young person 

4952
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:40,500
capable of deceiving 
professionals? 

4953
04:44:40,500 --> 04:44:44,300
At that moment, Michelle became 
aware of a significant aspect of

4954
04:44:44,300 --> 04:44:46,900
himself. 
He was not merely talented but 

4955
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:51,300
exceptionally so This type of 
talent only occurs, perhaps once

4956
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,800
every generation like learning 
you can fly but not being sure. 

4957
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:57,300
You want to take off. 
It was both exhilarating and 

4958
04:44:57,300 --> 04:44:59,900
terrifying. 
As you go to sleep tonight, 

4959
04:44:59,900 --> 04:45:03,500
visualize that young man 
standing among marble statues. 

4960
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:07,300
In those Medici Gardens, his 
hands already smeared with stone

4961
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:10,200
dust. 
His mind racing with ideas, he 

4962
04:45:10,200 --> 04:45:14,000
had not yet been able to grasp 
When Michelle was 21 years old 

4963
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:16,900
and packing his few possessions 
for Rome in 1496. 

4964
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:21,000
He felt as though, the world was
waiting for him, his school had 

4965
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:25,500
been Florence, but Rome, ah, 
Rome was the birthplace of 

4966
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:27,600
Legends and the making of 
reputations. 

4967
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:31,400
Imagine him traveling toward the
city that had ruled the world on

4968
04:45:31,400 --> 04:45:35,000
that dusty road, most likely on 
a borrowed horse with his 

4969
04:45:35,008 --> 04:45:37,300
Sketchbook securely tucked away 
in his Saddleback. 

4970
04:45:38,100 --> 04:45:42,100
In the late 1400s Rome resembled
a huge archaeological site where

4971
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:43,600
people continue to live and 
work. 

4972
04:45:44,300 --> 04:45:46,700
There were pieces of the ancient
empire everywhere. 

4973
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:50,100
You looked walls constructed 
from stones that had seen 

4974
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:53,500
Caesar's victories, marble 
statues without arms but still 

4975
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:56,600
exuding strength and broken 
columns, supporting Tavern 

4976
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:58,900
roofs. 
It was like entering Paradise 

4977
04:45:58,900 --> 04:46:01,600
for an artist who was enamored 
with classical Beauty. 

4978
04:46:01,600 --> 04:46:04,900
A French Cardinal who wanted 
something unique for his tomb 

4979
04:46:04,900 --> 04:46:07,400
gave me shell. 
His first significant Commission

4980
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:11,300
The young sculptor proposed a 
pitar Mary. 

4981
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:14,200
Holding the dead Christ and 
spent months, sketching, 

4982
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:17,100
studying anatomy and preparing 
for what would become his 

4983
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:19,800
Masterpiece. 
The problem with marble however,

4984
04:46:19,800 --> 04:46:24,100
is that it is not forgiving of 
Errors, a bad cut cannot be 

4985
04:46:24,100 --> 04:46:28,700
repaired or erased each chisel. 
Stroke is a tiny Act of Faith. 

4986
04:46:29,300 --> 04:46:31,900
He spent whole days in the 
workshop working on the pieta 

4987
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:35,200
like a man possessed coming out 
with marble dust under his 

4988
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:38,500
fingernails, and in his hair. 
The tenderness of the sculpture,

4989
04:46:38,500 --> 04:46:42,200
he made was revolutionary. 
Michelle carved Mary and Christ 

4990
04:46:42,200 --> 04:46:45,000
as though they were actual 
people caught in a moment of 

4991
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:47,900
great sorrow and Grace, in 
contrast, to the conventional 

4992
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:51,000
medieval style, that made 
figures appear rigid and 

4993
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:54,100
symbolic. 
However, something annoying 

4994
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:57,000
occurred when the piece was 
revealed after admiring. 

4995
04:46:57,000 --> 04:47:00,700
It visitors would inquire who 
carved this and shake their 

4996
04:47:00,700 --> 04:47:03,300
heads incredulously when 
informed that it was a young man

4997
04:47:03,300 --> 04:47:06,800
from Florence. 
One night Michelle did something

4998
04:47:06,800 --> 04:47:08,500
he would never do again in his 
career. 

4999
04:47:08,500 --> 04:47:12,300
He sneaked back and carved his 
name directly on Mary sash 

5000
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:16,000
saying Michelangelo Buona Roti 
Florentine made this. 

5001
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:19,200
Like a Renaissance graffiti 
artist claiming credit. 

5002
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:22,600
It's funny to imagine this 
future Universe Master sneaking 

5003
04:47:22,600 --> 04:47:25,300
around, Saint Peter's Basilica 
in the dark with his chisel. 

5004
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:29,000
However, it was successful. 
Everyone in Rome was suddenly 

5005
04:47:29,000 --> 04:47:32,100
aware of Michelangelo's identity
after the pieta established his 

5006
04:47:32,100 --> 04:47:35,100
reputation. 
He also produced his well-known 

5007
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,900
sculpture of the Roman wine. 
God, Bacchus around this period.

5008
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:42,900
Now, the majority of artists 
depicted Bacchus as a Godlike 

5009
04:47:42,900 --> 04:47:45,600
and dignified figure. 
But Michelle had a different 

5010
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:48,300
Vision. 
His Backus has the soft body of 

5011
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:51,100
someone who has had too much 
good living and he appears to be

5012
04:47:51,100 --> 04:47:55,000
a little inebriated swaying a 
little It was witty and clever 

5013
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,000
demonstrating that Michelle was 
aware of human nature. 

5014
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:02,200
Even when he was betraying gods,
the achievement presented new 

5015
04:48:02,200 --> 04:48:05,900
difficulties Rich customers 
started vying for his attention 

5016
04:48:05,900 --> 04:48:09,000
by paying progressively higher 
prices for his sculptures. 

5017
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:11,800
Michelle. 
However was picky about his 

5018
04:48:11,800 --> 04:48:14,200
commission's. 
He desired projects that would 

5019
04:48:14,200 --> 04:48:17,200
challenge his abilities and 
allow him to test the limits of 

5020
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:20,200
what marble could accomplish. 
Not just financial gain. 

5021
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:23,900
Representatives from Florence, 
showed up one day with an 

5022
04:48:23,900 --> 04:48:27,000
interesting proposal. 
Huge block of marble that had 

5023
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:30,300
been there for decades, was in 
the city after a few attempts 

5024
04:48:30,300 --> 04:48:33,700
earlier sculptors had abandoned.
It claiming it was defective and

5025
04:48:33,700 --> 04:48:36,500
useless. 
The florentines pondered where 

5026
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:39,400
the Michelle would want to look,
the block would have to be moved

5027
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:42,200
back to Florence because it was 
so big 17 feet high. 

5028
04:48:43,000 --> 04:48:45,600
Like a physician examining a 
patient, Michelle studded the 

5029
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,500
marble. 
He walked around it, felt its 

5030
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,600
surface with his hands and 
examined, the cuts and grain he 

5031
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:54,500
saw potential where other 
sculptors or problems, he could 

5032
04:48:54,508 --> 04:48:57,200
already picture the figure 
imprisoned in a waiting release 

5033
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:00,900
in his imagination. 
This commission would become 

5034
04:49:00,900 --> 04:49:03,500
David, it wasn't just any 
Commission. 

5035
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:06,500
Months. 
Passed during the negotiation. 

5036
04:49:06,500 --> 04:49:09,100
Michelle desired, a suitable 
workspace. 

5037
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:12,800
Sufficient compensation and 
total creative control. 

5038
04:49:14,000 --> 04:49:17,200
The city officials agreed to 
everything, possibly believe in 

5039
04:49:17,200 --> 04:49:19,200
that someone would solve their 
marble problem. 

5040
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:22,200
They were unaware that they were
commissioning the world's most 

5041
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:25,500
well known sculpture Michelle 
took a final stroll through the 

5042
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:27,900
historic streets, of Rome, as he
got ready to head back to 

5043
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:31,500
Florence, he was departing as a 
master having arrived as a 

5044
04:49:31,500 --> 04:49:34,400
budding Young Artists. 
He had learned from the Eternal 

5045
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:36,800
City that beauty could endure 
centuries of conflict. 

5046
04:49:36,800 --> 04:49:39,500
And turmoil, that art could 
transcend Empires. 

5047
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:43,200
And that a talented hand could 
transform into a language that 

5048
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:45,800
would endure forever. 
As you drift off to sleep 

5049
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:49,500
tonight, picture, Michelle 
already seeing David's face in 

5050
04:49:49,508 --> 04:49:51,900
his dreams. 
Loading that massive block of 

5051
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,200
marble onto a cart. 
Those times when everything in 

5052
04:49:55,200 --> 04:49:58,000
your life falls into place, when
all of your knowledge and 

5053
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:00,600
abilities come together to work 
on the ideal project at the 

5054
04:50:00,608 --> 04:50:03,100
ideal moment. 
Have a certain Allure. 

5055
04:50:03,700 --> 04:50:06,400
That moment for Michelle who is 
now 26. 

5056
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:09,900
And back in Florence was when he
first saw the enormous block of 

5057
04:50:09,908 --> 04:50:12,100
marble that would eventually 
become David. 

5058
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:17,100
The marble had a fascinating 
backstory decades before it had 

5059
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:20,500
been taken from Kara, and used 
to make a sculpture of David for

5060
04:50:20,500 --> 04:50:23,800
Florence cathedral. two, 
previous sculptors had attempted

5061
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:27,600
it Agostino di duccio had 
started carving but abandoned it

5062
04:50:27,600 --> 04:50:30,800
and Antonio had been 
commissioned to continue but 

5063
04:50:30,800 --> 04:50:35,000
also gave up By 1501 the block, 
which the locals called, the 

5064
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:39,400
giant had devolved into a Public
Disgrace, akin to a costly piece

5065
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:41,800
of exercise, equipment 
collecting dust in a corner. 

5066
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:45,800
In order to say, guard his work 
and his privacy, Michelle 

5067
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,300
constructed a wooden shelter 
around the marble in the 

5068
04:50:48,300 --> 04:50:51,000
cathedral Courtyard where he set
up his Workshop. 

5069
04:50:51,900 --> 04:50:53,800
This was his world for the next 
three years. 

5070
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:57,100
He would get there before the 
sun came up and work until it 

5071
04:50:57,100 --> 04:50:59,200
went out frequently. 
Skipping meals. 

5072
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:02,900
City officials defended their 
investment, despite complaints 

5073
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:06,200
from The Neighbors about the 
continuous tapping of a chisel 

5074
04:51:06,200 --> 04:51:08,500
on Stone. 
They had a sneaking suspicion 

5075
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,400
that something extraordinary was
taking place behind those wooden

5076
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:14,300
walls. 
Reimagining, a well-known tale, 

5077
04:51:14,300 --> 04:51:16,600
was more important to David's 
creation than technical 

5078
04:51:16,600 --> 04:51:19,500
proficiency. 
Earlier artists are depicted 

5079
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,100
David standing, over Goliath, 
severed head, following his 

5080
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:24,600
victory. 
Michelle, however, saw things 

5081
04:51:24,600 --> 04:51:28,400
differently, his David is shown 
just before the fight, his 

5082
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:32,000
muscles tense to his gaze fixed 
on the approaching giant. 

5083
04:51:32,000 --> 04:51:35,700
A young man mustering the will 
to fight an impossible battle, 

5084
04:51:35,700 --> 04:51:39,900
David represented everyone who 
had ever had to overcome in some

5085
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:43,300
mountable odds, which in played 
stricken war-torn, Renaissance, 

5086
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:47,400
Italy, mental, most everyone, 
The physical difficulties were 

5087
04:51:47,400 --> 04:51:51,700
tremendous the marble weighed 
more than six tons and stood 17 

5088
04:51:51,700 --> 04:51:54,600
ft tall. 
Michelle had to climb ladders 

5089
04:51:54,600 --> 04:51:57,000
and Scaffolding constantly 
changing his perspective. 

5090
04:51:57,000 --> 04:52:00,800
In order to check his 
proportions, he devised a method

5091
04:52:00,800 --> 04:52:04,300
for creating tiny wax models and
then in large them applying 

5092
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:07,500
mathematical ratios to translate
his Concepts onto the enormous 

5093
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:09,800
Stone. 
There were disadvantages to 

5094
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:13,400
working alone on some days when 
a certain muscles wouldn't look 

5095
04:52:13,400 --> 04:52:15,400
right? 
Or the marble showed an 

5096
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:17,800
unexpected floor. 
Doubt would creep in like 

5097
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,200
morning fog. 
The times Michelle would 

5098
04:52:21,200 --> 04:52:24,000
dedicate whole days to carving 
and recovering a single finger 

5099
04:52:24,000 --> 04:52:26,900
until it reached the level of 
perfection, he had imagined. 

5100
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:30,800
His hands were permanently, 
discolored his back hurt from 

5101
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:33,400
looking up all the time. 
And he became known for being 

5102
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:36,000
antisocial, though. 
This was partially due to the 

5103
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:38,400
fact that he simply had no time 
for socializing. 

5104
04:52:39,600 --> 04:52:43,400
It was a slow breakthrough 
months went by and David shaped 

5105
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:45,800
on the stone, like a sunrise, 
cresting Hills. 

5106
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:50,000
The fundamental form came first 
followed by the definition of 

5107
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:53,200
the muscles and features. 
And lastly, the amazing detail 

5108
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:56,700
that gave the appearance of 
living flesh to Marble Michelle 

5109
04:52:56,700 --> 04:52:59,800
focused, particularly on David's
eyes, which still appear to 

5110
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:03,300
track movement and His Hands, 
which were large to highlight 

5111
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:07,600
his humanity and resolved by 
1504 word had gotten out that. 

5112
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,100
Something extraordinary was 
taking place in that Workshop. 

5113
04:53:10,100 --> 04:53:12,500
In Florence. 
The response was Swift and 

5114
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:15,400
overwhelming when David was 
finally unveiled by officials 

5115
04:53:16,200 --> 04:53:19,500
Crowds of citizens gathered 
merely to gaze to learn the 

5116
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:22,500
technique artists traveled from 
all over Italy. 

5117
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:25,800
Even people who knew nothing 
about art could sense, they were

5118
04:53:25,800 --> 04:53:27,900
seeing something that would 
outlive them all. 

5119
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:32,800
But then came a delightful 
problem where to put a 17 foot 

5120
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:35,500
naked, man. 
David was supposed to be 

5121
04:53:35,500 --> 04:53:38,200
positioned high on the 
cathedral, but the sculpture was

5122
04:53:38,200 --> 04:53:40,400
too magnificent to be concealed 
on a rooftop. 

5123
04:53:41,200 --> 04:53:43,600
Replacement was discussed by a 
commission of citizens and 

5124
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:47,000
artists including Leonardo da 
Vinci who had his own views. 

5125
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:51,200
As a representation of the power
of the Republic, some wanted 

5126
04:53:51,200 --> 04:53:53,600
David to stand in front of the 
plots of echo. 

5127
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:55,700
Others favored, a more secure 
area. 

5128
04:53:55,700 --> 04:54:00,000
The topic of politics came up 
like David and Goliath Florence 

5129
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:02,600
was a republican circled by 
hostile territories. 

5130
04:54:02,600 --> 04:54:06,500
The sculpture came to represent 
Democratic principles of pausing

5131
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:10,000
oppression, when David was 
eventually erected in front of 

5132
04:54:10,008 --> 04:54:13,200
the palates of echo, it was both
an artistic and a political 

5133
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:16,000
statement. 
The installation was a feat of 

5134
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:19,200
engineering using an intricate 
system of ropes and wooden 

5135
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:22,700
rollers. 40 men, moved David the
half mile from the workshop to 

5136
04:54:22,700 --> 04:54:25,000
the pier. 
So over the course of four days,

5137
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:28,500
the procession turned into an 
unplanned celebration of civic 

5138
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:30,600
pride as people gathered in the 
streets to watch. 

5139
04:54:31,600 --> 04:54:35,100
Michelle who is now 29 had given
Florence and icon. 

5140
04:54:35,100 --> 04:54:38,300
In addition to a sculpture In 
addition to his artistic 

5141
04:54:38,300 --> 04:54:41,400
accomplishments David embodied 
the Renaissance belief that 

5142
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:44,300
anyone could achieve anything 
with Talent bravery and 

5143
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:47,700
willpower. as you fall asleep, 
imagine the moment when the 

5144
04:54:47,700 --> 04:54:51,300
scaffolding was finally taken 
down, and David was standing 

5145
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:54,700
there in all his Splendor 
prepared to take on any Giants, 

5146
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:58,500
the world might send Something 
happens that completely upends. 

5147
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:00,300
Everything you believe to be 
true about yourself. 

5148
04:55:00,300 --> 04:55:03,200
Just when you think life is 
settled into a comfortable 

5149
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:07,100
pattern, Pope, Julius the second
who combined the artistic 

5150
04:55:07,100 --> 04:55:10,700
aspirations of Lorenzo de Medici
the temperament of a Renaissance

5151
04:55:10,700 --> 04:55:12,900
Warlord. 
The Spiritual Authority of the 

5152
04:55:12,908 --> 04:55:15,900
papacy was the source of that 
disruption for Michelle. 

5153
04:55:16,800 --> 04:55:19,900
In order to design and sculpt a 
massive tomb, that would rival, 

5154
04:55:19,900 --> 04:55:22,700
The Monuments of the ancient 
Emperors Julius had called 

5155
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,200
Michelle to Rome With dozens of 
figures, adorning the 

5156
04:55:26,200 --> 04:55:28,800
three-story marble. 
Masterpiece Michelle spent 

5157
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:31,900
months making models and 
drawings his sculpture Legacy 

5158
04:55:31,900 --> 04:55:36,000
would be the work of a lifetime.
Then Julius had second thoughts 

5159
04:55:36,000 --> 04:55:39,700
and Michelle's annoyance, your 
guests decide. 

5160
04:55:39,700 --> 04:55:41,600
They would rather have pizza 
after you've prepared the 

5161
04:55:41,600 --> 04:55:45,500
perfect dinner party purchased 
all the necessary supplies and 

5162
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:48,300
begun cooking. 
The pope was the guest in this 

5163
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:51,000
instance, though, and you 
couldn't exactly dispute paper 

5164
04:55:51,000 --> 04:55:53,700
or authority. 
Julius came up with a novel 

5165
04:55:53,708 --> 04:55:56,300
idea. 
He wanted Michelle to paint the 

5166
04:55:56,300 --> 04:56:00,400
Sistine Chapel ceiling. 
Michelle objected, but I'm a 

5167
04:56:00,400 --> 04:56:02,200
Sculptor. 
And he was correct. 

5168
04:56:02,200 --> 04:56:05,400
He had little experience 
painting and he'd never tried 

5169
04:56:05,400 --> 04:56:09,500
anything as large as Julius had 
in mind. 68 feet above the 

5170
04:56:09,508 --> 04:56:13,100
ground, the Sistine Chapel 
ceiling, covered more than 5,000

5171
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:15,900
square feet of curved surface 
lying on your back. 

5172
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:19,800
Would be like painting the 
interior of a cathedral Mikel's 

5173
04:56:19,800 --> 04:56:23,100
worries, didn't interest Julius?
Discussions were short and 

5174
04:56:23,100 --> 04:56:25,500
obedience was expected when the 
pope made a request. 

5175
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:30,200
According to some historians 
romante the Pope's, architect 

5176
04:56:30,200 --> 04:56:32,800
suggested, Michelle for the 
project, despite the fact that 

5177
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:35,500
it was all but impossible, 
possibly in the hopes that the 

5178
04:56:35,500 --> 04:56:37,700
sculptor would falter and 
withdraw from the race for 

5179
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:41,100
julius's favor. 
If thats the case, they 

5180
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:42,600
misjudged Michelle's 
stubbornness. 

5181
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:48,600
In 1508 Michelle was 33 years 
old and looking up at a ceiling 

5182
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:51,800
that seemed to go on forever. 
Trying to figure out how to turn

5183
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:55,300
plain plaster into the most 
amazing painted surface and 

5184
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:57,500
Christian art. 
He would have to come up with 

5185
04:56:57,508 --> 04:57:00,200
ways to paint above without 
getting blinded by paint 

5186
04:57:00,200 --> 04:57:03,200
dripping in his eyes designed 
scaffolding, that wouldn't 

5187
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:06,100
collapse and somehow come up 
with a cohesive composition, 

5188
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:08,200
that made sense from 68 feet 
below. 

5189
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:10,900
The topic was just as 
intimidating. 

5190
04:57:11,600 --> 04:57:15,800
Julius wanted profits sybils and
hundreds of other characters to 

5191
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:18,800
surround scenes from Genesis 
such as the creation of the 

5192
04:57:18,800 --> 04:57:21,300
world, Adam and Eve and Noah's 
flood. 

5193
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:23,300
It was more than just a 
painting. 

5194
04:57:23,300 --> 04:57:26,000
It was a comprehensive 
theological program that had to 

5195
04:57:26,008 --> 04:57:30,000
function as both separate scenes
and a cohesive whole reasoning 

5196
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:33,000
that he would begin the story, 
chronologically Michelle started

5197
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:35,900
with the flood scene. 
However, it was extremely 

5198
04:57:35,900 --> 04:57:38,600
challenging to work overhead 
while laying on scaffolding. 

5199
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:42,100
His neck ached from the awkward 
position, paint, dripped 

5200
04:57:42,100 --> 04:57:44,600
continuously. 
And the figures he thought were 

5201
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:47,100
Flawless up clothes looked 
warped down from floor level. 

5202
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,300
He struggled for weeks before 
scraping everything off and 

5203
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:53,100
starting over. 
This time working backwards 

5204
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:56,300
through Genesis, he started with
God, distinguishing between 

5205
04:57:56,300 --> 04:58:00,300
light and darkness. 
Created clever methods such as 

5206
04:58:00,300 --> 04:58:03,600
thickening his paint, mixtures 
to minimize dripping making 

5207
04:58:03,600 --> 04:58:06,900
cartoon template to project, 
designs onto the ceiling and 

5208
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,700
modifying proportions to take 
the viewing angle into 

5209
04:58:09,700 --> 04:58:12,600
consideration. 
Most significantly, he 

5210
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,300
discovered that the ceiling was 
an architectural space, that 

5211
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:18,300
could give the impression of 
depth and movement rather than a

5212
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,300
flat surface. 
The work took up all of his time

5213
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:24,100
during his four years. 
As a painter, he frequently 

5214
04:58:24,100 --> 04:58:27,700
worked by himself in the chapel 
after dark using only candles 

5215
04:58:27,700 --> 04:58:30,800
for illumination. 
Every brush stroke of those 

5216
04:58:30,800 --> 04:58:34,700
magnificent figures was created 
by his hand, but his assistance 

5217
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:37,800
prepared, the paints and 
cartoons his own lamentable, 

5218
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:40,700
poem about becoming a hunchback 
from looking up all the time, 

5219
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:44,300
describes the chronic neck, and 
back pain, he developed that, 

5220
04:58:44,300 --> 04:58:46,000
would follow him for the rest of
his life. 

5221
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:50,500
Psychological pressure matched. 
The physical toll Julius would 

5222
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:53,600
show up out of the blue scaling,
the scaffolding to check on 

5223
04:58:53,600 --> 04:58:55,800
progress and give unsolicited 
advice. 

5224
04:58:56,700 --> 04:58:59,600
The pope was impatient 
constantly asking when the work 

5225
04:58:59,600 --> 04:59:02,200
would be finished. 
Michelle almost got hit with 

5226
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:04,500
julius's walking. 
Stick for his well known reply 

5227
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:08,100
when it's finished. 
But over time magic occurred 

5228
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,600
figures of amazing Beauty and 
strength started to emerge from 

5229
04:59:11,600 --> 04:59:14,100
the ceiling. 
His God wasn't the distance. 

5230
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:18,100
Symbolic, deity of medieval art,
but a dynamic Creator sweeping 

5231
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:19,700
through space with cosmic 
energy. 

5232
04:59:20,900 --> 04:59:22,400
The most well known gesture in 
art. 

5233
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:24,200
History is Adams. 
Awakening touch. 

5234
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:28,700
Flat ceiling became a vision of 
Heaven as the prophet and civils

5235
04:59:28,700 --> 04:59:31,400
appeared to occupy actual 
architectural spaces. 

5236
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:34,900
The way, all of these components
came together was the most 

5237
04:59:34,900 --> 04:59:38,200
amazing accomplishment. 
Visitors could follow the 

5238
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:40,200
creation story. 
While being ordered by the 

5239
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:43,100
individual figures. 
Exquisite beauty as they read, 

5240
04:59:43,100 --> 04:59:45,800
the ceiling from the chapel 
floor, which resembled a huge 

5241
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:49,700
illuminated manuscript tonight. 
As you close your eyes, picture,

5242
04:59:49,700 --> 04:59:52,700
Michelle standing atop that 
scaffolding exhausted and 

5243
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:55,900
covered in paint producing 
pictures, that will all future 

5244
04:59:55,900 --> 04:59:58,300
Generations. 
Every great Endeavor has a 

5245
04:59:58,308 --> 05:00:01,600
turning point when you take 
stock and discover that you've 

5246
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:05,200
produced something, that even 
you were surprised by When the 

5247
05:00:05,208 --> 05:00:08,300
scaffolding was eventually, 
taken down in October 1512, 

5248
05:00:08,300 --> 05:00:12,000
Michelangelo was able to see the
finished, Sistine Chapel ceiling

5249
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:13,900
for the first time from the 
ground floor. 

5250
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:17,200
Just like any other visitor who 
might happen to wander in from 

5251
05:00:17,200 --> 05:00:20,600
the Roman streets. 
The unveiling was a combination 

5252
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:24,000
of religious ceremony, political
theater and art exhibition. 

5253
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:27,500
As one might anticipate from a 
paper of in Renaissance Rome. 

5254
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:31,700
In their finest robes Cardinals 
and diplomats assembled artists 

5255
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:34,600
traveled from all over Italy, to
observe, what everyone knew 

5256
05:00:34,600 --> 05:00:38,100
would be unprecedented and 
inquisitive Roman's flocked out 

5257
05:00:38,108 --> 05:00:41,100
side to catch a glimpse of what.
This City's Master at achieved, 

5258
05:00:41,100 --> 05:00:44,700
there was an instantaneous and 
profound silence as those heavy 

5259
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:46,700
wooden doors opened and the 
crowd filed in. 

5260
05:00:47,600 --> 05:00:49,700
When something is so Exquisite 
that it leaves people 

5261
05:00:49,700 --> 05:00:51,400
speechless, you know what I 
mean? 

5262
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:53,500
That's precisely what took 
place. 

5263
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,200
Standing with their next craned 
back and their mouths, open 

5264
05:00:57,200 --> 05:01:00,900
grown men who had lived their 
entire lives surrounded by Art 

5265
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:02,500
attempted to take in what they 
were witnessing. 

5266
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,100
The ceiling had been turned into
a window to Heaven, not just 

5267
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,800
painted. 
Michelle had created an 

5268
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:12,800
architectural illusion. 
So convincing that visitors felt

5269
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:16,100
they were looking up through 
actual stone Frameworks at real 

5270
05:01:16,100 --> 05:01:18,000
figures inhabiting, Celestial 
space. 

5271
05:01:18,800 --> 05:01:22,100
Each scene. 
God sweeping the cosmos atom 

5272
05:01:22,100 --> 05:01:25,800
waking up, even merging. 
From Adam's side was Flawless on

5273
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:28,800
its own but they all came 
together like the movements of a

5274
05:01:28,800 --> 05:01:31,500
symphony. 
Of course, Pope Julius was 

5275
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,000
Victorious. 
He'd commissioned the piece for 

5276
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:37,000
political, as well as artistic 
reasons demonstrating to the 

5277
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:40,200
world that people Rome was 
capable of creating ones on par 

5278
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:41,600
with those of classical 
Antiquity. 

5279
05:01:41,600 --> 05:01:44,400
However, Julius appeared 
astonished by the 

5280
05:01:44,400 --> 05:01:47,700
accomplishments of his erratic. 
Sculptor undoubtedly, the 

5281
05:01:47,700 --> 05:01:51,100
ceiling was proper Gander, but 
it was propaganda of such 

5282
05:01:51,100 --> 05:01:53,900
Sublime Beauty. 
That it took on a much higher 

5283
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:56,700
significant. 
As usual, Michelle was already 

5284
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:57,800
planning. 
His next Endeavor. 

5285
05:01:57,800 --> 05:02:01,100
He was still a centrally a 
sculptor even though the four 

5286
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:03,200
years of painting and being an 
unusual diversion. 

5287
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:06,500
He desired to go back to the 
marble statues that had been 

5288
05:02:06,508 --> 05:02:09,400
patiently, waiting in julius's 
Workshop to his tomb. 

5289
05:02:09,900 --> 05:02:12,200
But like Pope's Julius had other
ideas. 

5290
05:02:12,200 --> 05:02:14,800
The relationship between 
Michelle and Julius was 

5291
05:02:14,808 --> 05:02:19,000
fascinating to observe. 
Both of them had strong Wills or

5292
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:21,800
Ardent art lovers and were 
completely confident in their 

5293
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:24,100
own abilities. 
There are arguments, were 

5294
05:02:24,100 --> 05:02:27,300
legendary and one point Michelle
actually left Rome and had to be

5295
05:02:27,308 --> 05:02:28,900
brought back by people 
apologies. 

5296
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:32,000
However, they were able to 
understand one another in the 

5297
05:02:32,008 --> 05:02:35,700
way that challenging people 
occasionally do, Despite his 

5298
05:02:35,700 --> 05:02:38,400
complaints Michelle flourished, 
under the pressure of 

5299
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:41,800
impossible, commission's, and 
Julius or genius where he saw 

5300
05:02:41,800 --> 05:02:44,200
it. 
Michelle likely believed that he

5301
05:02:44,200 --> 05:02:47,000
would finally be able to work on
his own projects after julius's 

5302
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:50,600
death in 1513. 
Michelle had been raised in the 

5303
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:53,300
Medici family, so it should have
been good news that he was. 

5304
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:54,800
Now. 
Dealing with the new Pope Leo, 

5305
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:59,700
the 10th who was a Medici but 
Leo, had his own artistic vision

5306
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:03,700
and his own favorite artists, 
including Raphael, who was 

5307
05:03:03,708 --> 05:03:06,200
painting the papal apartment 
while Michelle was working 

5308
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:09,800
overhead in the system Chapel 
The Rivalry with Rafael gives, 

5309
05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:13,900
Michelle story a humorous side, 
plot Charming, tactful at ease 

5310
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:16,500
around customers and capable of 
running sizable. 

5311
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:18,600
Workshops Raphael was 
everything. 

5312
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:21,600
Michelle wasnt. 
Raphael was hosting, elegant 

5313
05:03:21,600 --> 05:03:24,400
dinner parties and graciously 
accepting commission after 

5314
05:03:24,400 --> 05:03:27,600
commission while Michelle was up
on scaffolding covered in paint 

5315
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:31,300
complaining about papal, 
meddling Nonetheless, the two 

5316
05:03:31,308 --> 05:03:34,600
artists valued one another's 
Creations, although he would 

5317
05:03:34,600 --> 05:03:37,900
never publicly acknowledged, it 
Michelle valued, Rafael's, 

5318
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:40,600
compositional abilities, and 
Technical Innovations and 

5319
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:42,800
Raphael used elements. 
He had learned from studying 

5320
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:44,500
Mitchell's ceiling in his own 
paintings. 

5321
05:03:44,500 --> 05:03:47,800
It was the kind of high-level 
professional rivalry that 

5322
05:03:47,800 --> 05:03:50,700
motivates both sides to achieve 
more Leo. 

5323
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:53,500
The 10th wanted Michelangelo to 
be involved in the facade. 

5324
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:56,800
Design of Saint Peters, Peter's 
Basilica because he had big 

5325
05:03:56,800 --> 05:03:59,600
plans for it. 
One of the most frustrating 

5326
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:03,100
periods in Michelle's career 
resulted from this years of 

5327
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:06,100
building architectural models 
and drawings visiting marble 

5328
05:04:06,100 --> 05:04:09,000
quarries and setting up. 
Workshops only to have the 

5329
05:04:09,000 --> 05:04:11,000
project shelled when people 
funds ran out. 

5330
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:15,300
Michelle had made promises 
signed contracts, and hired 

5331
05:04:15,300 --> 05:04:17,100
staff. 
And all of that vanished 

5332
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:19,000
overnight due to politics at the
Vatican. 

5333
05:04:19,800 --> 05:04:22,400
Michelle learned a valuable 
lesson about the risky nature of

5334
05:04:22,400 --> 05:04:25,600
our artistic patronage from 
these people, let Downs money, 

5335
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,800
vanished, priorities, shifted 
and Pope's passed away. 

5336
05:04:28,800 --> 05:04:32,300
He needed to choose projects 
more carefully and guard against

5337
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:34,000
the whims of influential 
patrons. 

5338
05:04:34,000 --> 05:04:37,500
If he hoped to produce work, 
that would last But his 

5339
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:39,900
reputation was set in stone by 
the Sistine ceiling. 

5340
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:42,900
People traveled from all over 
Europe to witness it. 

5341
05:04:42,900 --> 05:04:46,200
It was the subject of intense 
study by other artists who 

5342
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:47,400
sought to comprehend his 
methods. 

5343
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,300
Poets started writing about it. 
Michelle had accomplished, 

5344
05:04:51,300 --> 05:04:54,000
something that goes beyond 
typical artistic achievement. 

5345
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:58,000
He had produced art that people 
would travel great distances to 

5346
05:04:58,000 --> 05:05:02,400
view a sleep draws near tonight.
Imagine those first viewers in 

5347
05:05:02,400 --> 05:05:06,600
the Sistine Chapel, their faces 
lit by candlelight looking up in

5348
05:05:06,600 --> 05:05:09,600
or at pictures that seemed to 
make Genesis come to life. 

5349
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:12,400
Mastery. 
And one area frequently leads to

5350
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:15,500
unexpected opportunities. 
In other areas a lesson that 

5351
05:05:15,500 --> 05:05:17,200
life has a way of imparting to 
us. 

5352
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:21,200
Michelle experience, this lesson
dramatically in his later years,

5353
05:05:21,200 --> 05:05:24,700
new challenges that would push 
him well beyond his comfort zone

5354
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:27,400
and uncover talents. 
He was unaware, he possessed 

5355
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:31,300
came as he approached his 50s 
old age by Renaissance 

5356
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:33,900
standards. 
When Pope Clement, the seventh 

5357
05:05:33,900 --> 05:05:37,500
asked him to design a library. 
It was the first surprise, the 

5358
05:05:37,500 --> 05:05:40,900
Laurentian library in Florence a
groundbreaking facility that 

5359
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:42,900
would house. 
The Medici family's Priceless 

5360
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,900
manuscript collection was not 
just any Library similar to his 

5361
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,800
approach to sculpture. 
Michelle viewed architecture as 

5362
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:52,900
an expression of the fundamental
character of a building rather 

5363
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:56,600
than, as ornamentation. 
His design was audacious. 

5364
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:00,400
With its rows of wooden reading 
desks and well-proportioned 

5365
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:02,600
windows. 
That, let in soft light, the 

5366
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:05,200
reading room, resembled the 
Serene Hull of a ship. 

5367
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:09,000
However, his true genius was 
displayed in the vestibule at 

5368
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:11,400
the entrance. 
With steps that curved and 

5369
05:06:11,400 --> 05:06:13,900
divided in ways, that gave the 
impression that stone was 

5370
05:06:13,900 --> 05:06:16,400
Liquid. 
He constructed a staircase that 

5371
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:19,100
appeared to flow like frozen 
lava even. 

5372
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:22,400
Now visitors still stop on those
stairs feeling as though they 

5373
05:06:22,400 --> 05:06:25,700
are viewing architectural, 
sculpture It was both happy and 

5374
05:06:25,708 --> 05:06:29,500
sad to work in Florence, once 
more, the city of his youth had 

5375
05:06:29,500 --> 05:06:31,800
changed. 
Political upheavals, had 

5376
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:35,200
scattered old friends, and the 
optimistic, humanism of his 

5377
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:38,300
early years, had been tempered 
by War, play and religious 

5378
05:06:38,300 --> 05:06:42,400
Reformation, kills interest in 
poetry grew and he began 

5379
05:06:42,400 --> 05:06:44,300
pinning. 
Verses that showed a more 

5380
05:06:44,300 --> 05:06:47,600
reflective side of himself. 
His poems weren't masterpieces, 

5381
05:06:47,600 --> 05:06:52,000
but they would deeply personal 
exploring themes of Aging, faith

5382
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:53,900
and the meaning of artistic 
creation. 

5383
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:58,800
Vittoria Colonna a remarkable 
woman who was a poet religious 

5384
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,300
reformer and intellectual force 
in her own, right? 

5385
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:04,200
Became one of his most 
significant friends, during this

5386
05:07:04,200 --> 05:07:08,100
time, their deep, spiritual 
bond, founded on a mutual 

5387
05:07:08,100 --> 05:07:11,400
interest in poetry, art and 
religious issues was unique for 

5388
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:13,900
its time. 
Few people ever faced the 

5389
05:07:13,900 --> 05:07:17,100
intellectual challenges that 
Michelle faced from Vittoria and

5390
05:07:17,100 --> 05:07:20,100
their correspondence shows, a 
gentle thoughtful side of the 

5391
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,500
great artists. 
When Vittoria died in 1547 

5392
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:28,000
Michelle was devastated. 
At 72, when most men of his age,

5393
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,000
had long since passed away, he 
was grieving the loss of a 

5394
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:34,100
person who had recognized his 
art and his inner turmoil. 

5395
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:38,000
He was questioning everything at
the time of her death, including

5396
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:41,500
his face, his artistic Legacy, 
and the significance of his 

5397
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:44,700
worldly success, which had 
brought him Fame, but not 

5398
05:07:44,700 --> 05:07:47,300
necessarily piece. 
Pope Paul. 

5399
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:49,700
The third asked him to paint a 
scene of the last judgment on 

5400
05:07:49,700 --> 05:07:52,400
the Sistine, Chapel's altered 
during the depressing time. 

5401
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:56,000
Michelle was hesitant because 
the chapel already held his best

5402
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:58,100
painting. 
He was a sculptor first and 

5403
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,200
foremost, and the subject matter
required him to confront 

5404
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:05,000
uncomfortable, personal themes 
of death and divine Justice. 

5405
05:08:05,900 --> 05:08:09,200
However, is most emotionally 
impactful painting turned out to

5406
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:12,100
be The Last Judgement. 
The hopeful humanism of the 

5407
05:08:12,100 --> 05:08:15,100
ceiling had vanished to be 
replaced by a more somber 

5408
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:17,500
picture of humanity being held 
ultimately responsible. 

5409
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:20,800
His Christ figure is a strong 
judge whose gesture separates 

5410
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:23,800
the saved from the dammed not 
the Kindred Redeemer of 

5411
05:08:23,808 --> 05:08:26,700
traditional art. 
With figures Rising towards 

5412
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:30,600
salvation or falling toward 
damnation, in a cosmic drama, 

5413
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:33,800
that filled the entire wall, the
composition worlds with movement

5414
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:37,300
and emotion the painting 
immediately sparked controversy 

5415
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:41,100
his figures According to some 
critics were too intense to 

5416
05:08:41,100 --> 05:08:43,800
muscular and two nude for a 
place of worship. 

5417
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:47,100
Michels. 
Strong humanistic Vision was 

5418
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:49,500
becoming outdated as the 
counter-reformation got 

5419
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:51,600
underway. 
A new restrictions were placed 

5420
05:08:51,600 --> 05:08:54,500
on religious art. 
He became known as the underwear

5421
05:08:54,500 --> 05:08:57,600
painter because later artists 
would actually paint draperies 

5422
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:00,600
over some of his figures. 
The criticism didn't matter to 

5423
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:03,000
Michelle. 
He painted not for the Acclaim 

5424
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:04,900
of the day but for God and 
future Generations. 

5425
05:09:06,100 --> 05:09:09,000
His mature view of human nature,
was embodied in the last 

5426
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:11,700
judgment. 
He was profoundly aware of both 

5427
05:09:11,700 --> 05:09:14,900
human potential and human 
Frailty without being cynically 

5428
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:16,400
pessimistic or naively 
optimistic. 

5429
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:20,200
Having been named Chief 
Architect in 1547. 

5430
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:23,500
He was also supervising the 
building of the new Saint 

5431
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:27,200
Peter's Basilica. 
Creating a structure that would 

5432
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:30,200
represent Christianity while 
resolving massive engineering 

5433
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:33,000
and design issues was possibly 
his biggest architectural 

5434
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:36,200
challenge. 
His solution a huge Dome that 

5435
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:39,100
would dominate the Roman Skyline
and serve as an inspirational 

5436
05:09:39,100 --> 05:09:41,300
for Cathedral. 
Builders for centuries was 

5437
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:44,700
characteristically or audacious,
His last years were spent 

5438
05:09:44,700 --> 05:09:47,600
working on some Peters, he 
approached the project with the 

5439
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:50,600
commitment of someone who knew 
it would be his last Masterpiece

5440
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:54,400
and refused payment, believing 
it to be a service to God. 

5441
05:09:55,100 --> 05:09:57,800
By fusing traditional 
proportions, with Cutting Edge 

5442
05:09:57,800 --> 05:10:00,100
engineering. 
The domes design produced a 

5443
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:01,300
building. 
That was both technically 

5444
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:03,600
outstanding and spiritually. 
Uplifting. 

5445
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:07,900
As you drift off to sleep 
picture, Michelle in his 70s. 

5446
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:11,700
Still scaling scaffolding 
pushing the envelope and finding

5447
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:15,000
new ways to use paint and stone 
to further his endless Creative 

5448
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:18,400
Vision. 
Seeing a great artists face 

5449
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:20,900
their own mortality while 
continuing to create with 

5450
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:23,600
unwavering passion and is 
incredibly moving. 

5451
05:10:24,400 --> 05:10:27,500
This is precisely the story that
Michelle's last decades tell. 

5452
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,500
A man in his 70s and 80s who 
never slowed down who can 

5453
05:10:31,500 --> 05:10:34,200
continue to push boundaries 
despite his body, reminding him 

5454
05:10:34,200 --> 05:10:37,100
every day that he was after all 
humans. 

5455
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,600
Michelle was 75 years old by 
1550, which is nearly 

5456
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:44,100
Unthinkable for a person born in
the 15th century. 

5457
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:49,400
His peers were mostly long dead.
Rafael had passed away in 1520 

5458
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:53,600
and Leonardo in 1590. 
In addition to his artistic 

5459
05:10:53,600 --> 05:10:57,000
competitors, Michelle had 
outlived entire generation of 

5460
05:10:57,000 --> 05:11:02,000
admirers critics and patrons. 
Nevertheless, he kept up his 

5461
05:11:02,000 --> 05:11:05,300
work on Saint Peter's, Basilica 
with the Vigor of a man, half 

5462
05:11:05,300 --> 05:11:09,200
his age, his last Obsession, and
what an obsession it was was the

5463
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:13,100
Dome of Saint Peter's, Not only 
was he designing a roof but he 

5464
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:14,800
was also building. 
What would become Rome's? 

5465
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:17,200
Most iconic, silhouette a 
building. 

5466
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,200
So precisely proportioned that 
it appears to hover over the 

5467
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:23,900
Vatican, like a visible prayer. 
How to support that much weight 

5468
05:11:23,900 --> 05:11:27,200
at that height while designing 
an interior space that inspires 

5469
05:11:27,200 --> 05:11:30,900
rather than intimidates was a 
huge engineering challenge. 

5470
05:11:31,700 --> 05:11:34,200
As usual, Michelle came up with 
a creative solution. 

5471
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:37,600
He created a double-shell dome 
with an outer Dome. 

5472
05:11:37,600 --> 05:11:40,600
That would form the external 
profile and an inner Dome that 

5473
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:43,900
guests would see from inside the
Basilica. this enabled him to 

5474
05:11:43,908 --> 05:11:47,200
maximize the architectural 
impact on the outside, as well 

5475
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:51,800
as the spiritual experience 
Within Despite the dome's 452 

5476
05:11:51,800 --> 05:11:55,200
foot elevation, it feels cozy 
and protective from within, 

5477
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:58,700
rather than intimidating. 
Delegating more than Michelle at

5478
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:01,200
ever felt comfortable with was 
necessary to work on, such a 

5479
05:12:01,200 --> 05:12:04,400
large project in his last 
year's, He had to entrust 

5480
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:07,400
assistance with details that he 
would have insisted on carving 

5481
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:10,600
himself earlier in his career. 
For someone who had always felt 

5482
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:13,200
that only his own hand could 
accomplish the Perfection he 

5483
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:16,100
desired. 
This was both challenging and 

5484
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:18,500
freeing. 
While others took care of the 

5485
05:12:18,500 --> 05:12:21,400
execution, he could concentrate 
on the big picture. 

5486
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:25,000
During these years, his poetry 
increased in frequency and 

5487
05:12:25,000 --> 05:12:28,400
intimacy for him writing verses 
was similar to sketching. 

5488
05:12:28,400 --> 05:12:32,000
It allowed him to process 
thoughts and feelings without 

5489
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:35,700
the physical strain of painting,
or carving his poem show, a man 

5490
05:12:35,708 --> 05:12:38,600
struggling with issues that 
success was unable to resolve 

5491
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:42,500
such as what happens to people 
when they die, give an eternity,

5492
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:44,800
what purpose do accomplishments 
on Earth. 

5493
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:48,200
Serve, how does an artist get 
ready to abandon in complete 

5494
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:50,800
pieces. 
One of his most poignant final 

5495
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,600
poems questions. 
His art directly asking whether 

5496
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:56,500
all of his painted scenes. 
And marble Figures were merely a

5497
05:12:56,500 --> 05:12:59,700
diversion from deeper spiritual 
issues, or if they were actually

5498
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:04,000
prayers, this was no pretense. 
Michelle truly questioned 

5499
05:13:04,000 --> 05:13:06,400
whether his life's work had made
him more or less like God, 

5500
05:13:07,200 --> 05:13:09,500
Ironically some were 
acknowledging his work as 

5501
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,600
possibly the greatest artistic 
accomplishment in human history 

5502
05:13:12,600 --> 05:13:15,400
while Michelle was doubting its 
spiritual worth. 

5503
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:18,600
People traveled from all over 
Europe to view his artwork. 

5504
05:13:18,600 --> 05:13:22,900
His methods were aided by Young 
Artists, while he was still 

5505
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:24,500
alive. 
Author started, writing 

5506
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:26,800
biographies, treating him, as a 
living legend. 

5507
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:30,000
This attention was both 
rewarding and taxing for 

5508
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:32,300
Michelle. 
Always a recluse who felt more 

5509
05:13:32,300 --> 05:13:33,800
at ease with marble, than with 
people. 

5510
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,300
He was suddenly expected to play
the part of a Renaissance Master

5511
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:39,500
for a never-ending parade of 
admirers. 

5512
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,800
He became known for being rough 
with guests but those who knew 

5513
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:46,600
him well saw this as shyness 
rather than conceit. 

5514
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:51,900
Three weeks before his 89th 
birthday on February 18th, 1564.

5515
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:54,800
Michelle passed away quietly at 
home in Rome. 

5516
05:13:54,800 --> 05:13:57,300
Even though he had been feeling 
ill for a few days. 

5517
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:00,000
He had nearly finished the 
architectural drawings for Saint

5518
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:03,500
Peters Witnesses, claimed that 
his final remarks discussed 

5519
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:06,800
finishing, the Dome, even as he 
was dying, he was contemplating 

5520
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:09,500
unfinished business. 
He completely changed 

5521
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:12,000
Renaissance culture, as 
evidenced, by the immediate 

5522
05:14:12,000 --> 05:14:15,900
reaction to his death. 
As a church Prince Pope Pius, 

5523
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:18,000
the fourth wanted him to be 
buried in St. 

5524
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:21,400
Peters, his body was ordered to 
be returned to his birthplace by

5525
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:25,500
the City of Florence in Rome, 
artists started organizing or 

5526
05:14:25,500 --> 05:14:28,500
Nate funeral rituals. 
An era came to an end with 

5527
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:31,200
Michels passing. 
He was no longer just an artist 

5528
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:34,900
but a cultural Force His impact 
goes well beyond our history. 

5529
05:14:34,900 --> 05:14:38,400
You can see Michelle's Legacy 
every time you see a government 

5530
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:41,500
building with a classical Dome, 
he helped create the concepts 

5531
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:43,700
that are echoed. 
Whenever someone discusses the 

5532
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:47,600
Divine spark of creativity 
artists, are always imitating 

5533
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:50,200
him when they refused to 
sacrifice their vision for 

5534
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,500
financial gain. 
As you fall asleep, visualize 

5535
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:55,600
missiles, Dome rising, over Rome
in the evening. 

5536
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:59,100
Light, a monument to one man's 
conviction that people are 

5537
05:14:59,100 --> 05:15:01,600
capable of producing art that 
endures for centuries. 

5538
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:04,700
Monuments that bridge, the gap 
between Earthly craft and 

5539
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:08,200
eternal aspiration and beauty 
that surpasses Empires. 

5540
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:11,300
Dream. 
Sweet dreams. 

5541
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:23,100
Imagine yourself on a cool 
evening and 400 BCE strolling 

5542
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:25,500
through the winding narrow 
streets of ancient Athens. 

5543
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:29,200
The sky is painted in rose and 
gold Hues that would make any 

5544
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:32,400
Instagram filter envious as the 
sun has just slipped behind the 

5545
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:34,200
hills. 
You're going to learn that. 

5546
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:36,500
Greek homes were much more 
advanced than you may think. 

5547
05:15:36,500 --> 05:15:39,800
They weren't simple Huts where 
people huddled like Antarctic 

5548
05:15:39,800 --> 05:15:43,000
Penguins to stay warm, though 
their method differed greatly 

5549
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:46,100
from our contemporary Solutions,
Greek homes were built with 

5550
05:15:46,100 --> 05:15:47,700
sleep comfort as their top 
priority. 

5551
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:51,400
Creek Architects used to healthy
dose of centuries worth of 

5552
05:15:51,400 --> 05:15:53,500
practical knowledge to create 
homes. 

5553
05:15:53,500 --> 05:15:56,200
That were essentially climate 
control systems made of stone 

5554
05:15:56,200 --> 05:16:00,500
wood and Clay tiles, rather than
fighting the climate built 

5555
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:02,600
around a central Courtyard known
as an Atrium. 

5556
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:05,700
The typical Greek home 
functioned as a clever climate 

5557
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:08,200
control system and the center of
family life. 

5558
05:16:09,000 --> 05:16:12,400
Imagine a tiny outdoor space 
that is encircled by living 

5559
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:15,700
areas and covered walkways 
forming a microclimate that 

5560
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:18,300
retains warmth in the winter and
stays cooler in the summer. 

5561
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:21,500
This was environmental 
engineering masquerading as 

5562
05:16:21,508 --> 05:16:24,200
architecture. 
Not merely a matter of taste. 

5563
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:27,900
These houses have thick walls 
made of sun-dried mud bricks 

5564
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:29,800
which were remarkably 
insulating. 

5565
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,400
Consider them to be ancient 
thermal mass that releases heat 

5566
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,700
gradually during the cool nights
and absorbs its slowly during 

5567
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:39,500
the warm days. 
These walls, which in some 

5568
05:16:39,508 --> 05:16:42,800
locations could be as thick as 
two feet served as a barrier 

5569
05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:45,200
between the sleeping quarters 
inside and the occasionally 

5570
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,200
severe Mediterranean weather. 
Outside the importance of 

5571
05:16:48,208 --> 05:16:51,000
orientation, for comfort is 
something that many contemporary

5572
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,200
architects of Forgotten. 
That Greek Builders understood 

5573
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:57,800
in order to benefit from winter 
sun and offer protection from 

5574
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:01,600
some heat houses were 
thoughtfully placed in order to 

5575
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:04,600
avoid the harsh afternoon sun 
that could turn a bedroom into 

5576
05:17:04,600 --> 05:17:06,900
another one. 
The main sleeping areas were 

5577
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:09,300
usually positioned on the side 
of the house that would receive 

5578
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:13,000
the Morning Light their windows,
but they weren't for picturesque

5579
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:15,200
views. 
They were strategically placed 

5580
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:18,500
and small These were 
thoughtfully designed apertures,

5581
05:17:18,500 --> 05:17:21,800
that permitted ventilation while
reducing heat loss, rather than 

5582
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:25,300
the expansive picture windows. 
We are accustomed to wooden 

5583
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:29,200
shutters oiled cloth, or even 
thin sheets of translucent stone

5584
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,100
that let in light, but keep out 
drafts, could be used to cover 

5585
05:17:32,100 --> 05:17:35,100
these windows on chilly, 
evenings, the floors in sleeping

5586
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:37,400
quarters were frequently, 
composed of packed, Earth, and 

5587
05:17:37,400 --> 05:17:41,000
smooth plaster, which may seem 
archaic until you consider that 

5588
05:17:41,000 --> 05:17:42,800
Earth. 
Flaws offer Superior thermal 

5589
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:46,400
mass and maintain a constant 
temperature, thick rugs, and 

5590
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:49,100
animal hides could be used to 
cover these flaws in the winter,

5591
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:52,500
providing surprisingly good 
insulation against the chili 

5592
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:54,700
floor. 
Another astute consideration was

5593
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:58,300
room height, Greek bedrooms 
naturally encouraged relaxation 

5594
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:01,600
because of their comparatively 
low ceilings, which meant less 

5595
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:04,800
Air volume to heat and a Cozier 
more intimate atmosphere. 

5596
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:08,400
When your heating system is 
primarily based on body heat and

5597
05:18:08,400 --> 05:18:12,100
oil lamps, High ceilings may 
look impressive but they do a 

5598
05:18:12,100 --> 05:18:13,500
terrible job of keeping you 
warm. 

5599
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:16,900
The art of the Alcove which are 
tiny enclosed sleeping, areas 

5600
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:20,200
that resemble bedrooms inside, 
bedrooms was also perfected by 

5601
05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:22,800
the Greeks. 
These alcoves were frequently 

5602
05:18:22,800 --> 05:18:25,600
incorporated into the thickest 
section of the house as walls 

5603
05:18:25,600 --> 05:18:28,300
resulting in three sides of 
natural insulation. 

5604
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:31,300
Sleeping in an Alcove was 
similar to sleeping in a 

5605
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:33,600
comfortable cave that was 
created by someone who genuinely

5606
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:36,700
cared about your well-being. 
Many homes had what we might 

5607
05:18:36,700 --> 05:18:39,700
refer to as a winter room and a 
summer room which allowed 

5608
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,000
families to move around the 
house according to the time of 

5609
05:18:42,000 --> 05:18:44,100
year. 
The summer room would be bigger 

5610
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:46,900
better ventilated and made to 
remain cool. 

5611
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:49,500
Even on the hottest days. 
While the winter room would be 

5612
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:52,700
smaller better protected and 
oriented to receive the most 

5613
05:18:52,700 --> 05:18:56,100
sunlight for the warmest. 
Summer nights, Greek homes also 

5614
05:18:56,100 --> 05:18:59,200
had covered outdoor sleeping 
spaces these areas offered 

5615
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:02,400
shelter from due in the sporadic
summer, rains, along with the 

5616
05:19:02,408 --> 05:19:06,200
cooling benefits of nighttime 
breezes It was similar to having

5617
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:08,700
a permanent camping setup 
without having to Fumble with 

5618
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:11,000
tent poles. 
At night, sleep was also taken 

5619
05:19:11,000 --> 05:19:13,200
into consideration when 
designing, Greek homes 

5620
05:19:13,200 --> 05:19:15,700
entrances. 
The quiet sleeping quarters, 

5621
05:19:15,700 --> 05:19:19,000
father inside the house, a 
separated from the dusty noisy 

5622
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:21,400
Street by a sequence of rooms 
and courtyards. 

5623
05:19:22,300 --> 05:19:25,500
This meant that local dogs. 
Early morning Traders and late 

5624
05:19:25,500 --> 05:19:27,400
night party. 
Goers were far less likely to 

5625
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:31,000
disrupt your restful sleep, most
significantly Greek Home Design 

5626
05:19:31,000 --> 05:19:33,900
understood the cycle of comfort 
was just as important for 

5627
05:19:33,900 --> 05:19:35,500
restful sleep as physical 
comfort. 

5628
05:19:36,400 --> 05:19:39,700
The design, fostered, a feeling 
of seclusion and safety that 

5629
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:41,500
promoted mental and physical 
relaxation. 

5630
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,900
Usually located away from public
spaces and intended to feel like

5631
05:19:45,900 --> 05:19:48,700
Havens sleeping. 
Quarters were the most secure 

5632
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:51,200
section of the house. 
Let's move on to discussing what

5633
05:19:51,200 --> 05:19:53,500
the Greeks actually slept on. 
After discussing the 

5634
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:55,300
architectural shell, that 
shielded them. 

5635
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:59,900
Greek bedding was surprisingly 
sophisticated combining natural 

5636
05:19:59,900 --> 05:20:02,300
materials in ways that 
contemporary sleep scientists 

5637
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:05,200
would likely approve of this 
contrasts with the idea of 

5638
05:20:05,208 --> 05:20:08,200
ancient people tossing and 
turning on rough straw pallets, 

5639
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:11,800
the Klein a bed frame that 
served as both furniture and art

5640
05:20:11,800 --> 05:20:14,700
was the Cornerstone of Greek 
sleeping comfort. 

5641
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:18,000
These were well-made pieces that
frequently had curved. 

5642
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:22,000
Headrests ornamental legs and 
built in storage spaces rather 

5643
05:20:22,000 --> 05:20:24,300
than the straightforward 
rectangular platforms. 

5644
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:27,800
We might have expected a 
well-made Klein was made to last

5645
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:30,800
for many generations and was 
frequently handed down from 

5646
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:34,200
parents to children as a family.
Heirloom Greek bed frames were 

5647
05:20:34,208 --> 05:20:37,300
usually higher off the ground of
the Contemporary beds and 

5648
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:41,700
constructed of wood, usually 
Olive oak, or imported Cedar for

5649
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:44,600
the wealthy. 
In addition to offering storage 

5650
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:47,600
space underneath and shielding 
sleepers from drafts hugging the

5651
05:20:47,600 --> 05:20:50,100
floor. 
This elevation produced a 

5652
05:20:50,100 --> 05:20:52,100
psychologically significant and 
cozy feeling. 

5653
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:55,400
In a literal sense. 
Climbing into bed meant 

5654
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,800
ascending to a place of safety 
and rest, the actual sleeping 

5655
05:20:58,800 --> 05:21:01,500
surface was made up of a 
foundation made of leather 

5656
05:21:01,500 --> 05:21:04,600
straps or woven rope, which was 
more flexible than a 

5657
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:07,900
contemporary box spring. 
After that, this Foundation was 

5658
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:10,500
covered with several layers of 
carefully selected materials, 

5659
05:21:10,500 --> 05:21:13,500
Each of which had a distinct 
function in the pursuit of 

5660
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:15,800
comfort at night. 
Usually, the first layer 

5661
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:18,600
consisted of a thick mattress 
made of wool filled with 

5662
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:20,900
materials that were chosen. 
According to local availability 

5663
05:21:20,900 --> 05:21:24,300
and family wealth. 
The mattresses of wealthy Greeks

5664
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:28,000
may be filled with imported silk
fibers, goose feathers or even 

5665
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,900
soft sheep's. 
Wool wool was mixed with dry 

5666
05:21:30,900 --> 05:21:34,800
seaweed or cleaned straw in 
middle class households reads, 

5667
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:38,100
dried grasses, or the wall from 
the family's own sheep. 

5668
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:41,100
Could be used to make cozy 
sleeping surfaces in, even the 

5669
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:44,100
smallest of homes, it was 
surprising how well these old 

5670
05:21:44,100 --> 05:21:45,600
mattresses control the 
temperature. 

5671
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:50,000
In addition to wicking moisture 
away from the body wall, in 

5672
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:52,500
particular, has the amazing 
ability to keep you cool in the 

5673
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,300
summer and warm in the winter. 
These characteristics were 

5674
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:58,600
intuitively understood by Greek 
bed, makers. 

5675
05:21:58,600 --> 05:22:02,000
The used them to design sleeping
surfaces, that adjusted to the 

5676
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:04,700
body temperature of the sleeper,
as well as the room temperature 

5677
05:22:04,700 --> 05:22:08,500
depending on the season and 
individual preference, layers of

5678
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:11,200
Woolen blankets and linen sheets
were placed over the mattress. 

5679
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:14,700
The quality of Greek textiles 
was well known throughout 

5680
05:22:14,700 --> 05:22:18,200
Antiquity and sleeping Linens. 
Were valued enough to demand 

5681
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:22,200
Hefty expenditures often 
included in a bride's Dowry a 

5682
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:24,400
set of luxurious bed. 
Linens was meant to be used for 

5683
05:22:24,400 --> 05:22:26,900
many years. 
The ability to design layered 

5684
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:29,500
bedding systems, that could be 
modified for various conditions 

5685
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:33,600
was a specialty of the Greeks. 
A sleeper may only use a thin 

5686
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:36,700
wool and cover and a light linen
sheet on warm summer nights. 

5687
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:40,700
Additional layers could be added
as the temperature dropped such 

5688
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:44,300
as quilted covers filled with 
wool or down, fur, throws or 

5689
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:46,500
heavier. 
Woolen blankets, pillows were 

5690
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,800
smaller, firmer supports 
intended, to maintain the head 

5691
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:53,100
neck in the proper alignment 
while sleeping, rather than the 

5692
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:55,800
fluffy oversized, cushions were 
accustomed to today. 

5693
05:22:56,700 --> 05:22:58,700
These were thought to be 
necessary for a comfortable 

5694
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:00,600
night. 
Sleep, more frequently filled 

5695
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:03,600
with soft materials like wool 
feathers or dried herbs. 

5696
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:06,800
In order to combine comfort and 
aroma therapy. 

5697
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:09,700
Some Greek pillows were even 
filled with lavender or rose 

5698
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:12,300
petals. 
Rich people may own several sets

5699
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:14,400
of bedding for various times of 
year and events. 

5700
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:17,900
More blankets, that could turn a
bed into a comfortable cocoon 

5701
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:21,000
thicker mattresses and heavier 
walls were all features of 

5702
05:23:21,000 --> 05:23:24,200
winter bedding. 
Breathability and cooling with a

5703
05:23:24,200 --> 05:23:27,400
main features of summer bedding,
which featured lighter materials

5704
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:29,800
and fewer layers. 
That were simple to modify on 

5705
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:32,000
hot nights. 
Additionally, Greek bedding 

5706
05:23:32,000 --> 05:23:34,600
included useful elements that 
are frequently absent from 

5707
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,200
contemporary bedding. 
In order to keep them from 

5708
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:39,800
falling off, while you were 
sleeping, many blankets, 

5709
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:43,000
featured Loops or ties that 
allow them to be fastened to the

5710
05:23:43,008 --> 05:23:45,800
bed frame. 
Foot warmers, which are special 

5711
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:48,600
Pockets or compartments, where 
heated stones or metal objects, 

5712
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,600
can be placed to warm. 
Cold feet were built into some 

5713
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,400
sleeping systems. 
Greek, bedding was influenced by

5714
05:23:54,408 --> 05:23:57,700
color and design for cycle as 
well as aesthetic reasons. 

5715
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:00,900
Lovely bedding. 
Contributed to the setting that 

5716
05:24:00,900 --> 05:24:02,500
encouraged rest and restful 
sleep. 

5717
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:06,300
In order to provide a feeling of
comfort and individuality 

5718
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:09,400
wealthy Greeks may have had 
their bedding embroidered with 

5719
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:12,400
geometric designs. 
Mythological scenes or family 

5720
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,400
symbols, the Greeks were also 
aware of the significance of 

5721
05:24:15,408 --> 05:24:17,500
maintaining bedding for both 
health and comfort. 

5722
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:21,400
To keep freshness. 
And keep insects away, sleeping 

5723
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:25,400
areas were fumigated with herbs.
Blankets were cleaned and re-ed 

5724
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:27,900
and mattresses were frequently 
aired and refilled. 

5725
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:31,400
Clean well-maintained bedding, 
just slept better and lasted 

5726
05:24:31,400 --> 05:24:33,800
longer. 
So this attention to cleanliness

5727
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:37,200
was about more than just hygiene
another Greek invention, that 

5728
05:24:37,200 --> 05:24:40,100
enhanced Comfort while 
safeguarding Priceless textiles 

5729
05:24:40,100 --> 05:24:42,300
was the seasonal storage of 
bedding. 

5730
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:44,700
In order to prevent insect 
damage. 

5731
05:24:44,700 --> 05:24:47,900
Heavy winter, bedding was 
meticulously cleaned and stored 

5732
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:51,700
during the summer frequently 
with fragrant herbs, this meant 

5733
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,300
that families could bring out 
clean fresh bedding. 

5734
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,500
That was ready to provide the 
most warmth and comfort. 

5735
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,400
When the cold weather returned 
because bedding could be made at

5736
05:24:59,400 --> 05:25:02,900
home and purchased locally, even
small Greek homes frequently had

5737
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:06,100
surprisingly cozy sleeping 
Arrangements, A family could 

5738
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:09,400
make cozy beds with locally 
sourced, wool, homegrown herbs, 

5739
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:13,100
and textiles woven on domestic 
looms even if they could not 

5740
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:16,600
afford, imported silk will find 
furs without electric blankets 

5741
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,000
or Central Heating. 
You may be wondering how the 

5742
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:22,700
Greeks stayed warm during those 
frigid, metador Winters the 

5743
05:25:22,700 --> 05:25:25,000
solution combines clever 
heating, technique's 

5744
05:25:25,000 --> 05:25:28,300
architectural gimmicks and a 
thorough comprehension of the 

5745
05:25:28,300 --> 05:25:30,700
flow of heat through structures 
knowledge. 

5746
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:33,400
That would be very helpful to 
many contemporary homeowners. 

5747
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:36,700
The Brazier a transportable 
metal container made to safely 

5748
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:39,800
store burning wood or charcoal 
indoors served as the main 

5749
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:42,000
heating Source in the majority 
of Greek homes. 

5750
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:45,500
These were carefully designed 
heating devices that provided 

5751
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,800
warmth while lowering the risk 
of fires or carbon monoxide 

5752
05:25:48,800 --> 05:25:52,200
poisoning not rudimentary fire 
pots that filled rooms with 

5753
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:55,300
smoked consider them the 
ancestors of space heaters. 

5754
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:59,200
But with centuries of refinement
from Tiny personal warmers that 

5755
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:02,200
could warm a single sleeping 
Alcove to massive family models 

5756
05:26:02,200 --> 05:26:06,300
that could warm an entire room. 
Greek braziers came in a variety

5757
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,000
of shapes and sizes. 
The best braziers were 

5758
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,100
constructed of iron or bronze 
and had perforations on the 

5759
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:15,600
sides that safely contain the 
burning fuel while allowing heat

5760
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:19,300
to radiate effectively. 
Some even featured movable vents

5761
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:22,200
that let users regulate the 
airflow and heat output these 

5762
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:24,700
heating systems fuel was 
carefully selected for its 

5763
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:27,500
safety and heat output. 
Because it burned hotter 

5764
05:26:27,500 --> 05:26:30,100
produced less smoke and was 
easier to manage. 

5765
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:34,300
Charcoal was favored over wood 
in addition to providing warmth 

5766
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:37,900
burning aromatic Woods, like 
cedar or Sandalwood allowed 

5767
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:40,700
wealthy families to fill the air
with Pleasant scents, that 

5768
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,100
encouraged rest, and sleep, 
Greek homes. 

5769
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:45,500
Frequently had extremely 
Advanced built-in heating 

5770
05:26:45,500 --> 05:26:49,600
systems for their era hypocrisy 
or underfloor heating systems 

5771
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:53,100
were found in some homes. 
These systems heated rooms from 

5772
05:26:53,100 --> 05:26:56,800
below by circulating hot air 
from a furnace through spaces. 

5773
05:26:56,800 --> 05:26:59,900
Beneath the floor cities in 
Northern Greece where Winters 

5774
05:26:59,900 --> 05:27:03,000
were harsher were specially fond
of this system, the Greeks 

5775
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:05,100
devised a number of clever 
heating techniques that 

5776
05:27:05,108 --> 05:27:08,100
concentrated heat where it was 
most needed particularly for 

5777
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:11,400
sleeping quarters. 
After being warmed by the fire 

5778
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:14,700
heated stones, or metal objects 
were put in bed warmers which 

5779
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:17,300
are specialized containers 
designed to safely, hold hot 

5780
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:19,000
objects without scorching the 
bedding. 

5781
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:23,000
For added aromatherapy benefits.
These Antiquated, hot water 

5782
05:27:23,000 --> 05:27:26,100
bottles were frequently scented 
with herbs and could keep a bed 

5783
05:27:26,108 --> 05:27:28,800
warm for hours. 
The art of heating clothing, for

5784
05:27:28,800 --> 05:27:32,400
sleeping was also perfected by 
the Greeks. sleeping clothes 

5785
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:34,900
were made to regulate body 
temperature in addition to being

5786
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:38,700
modest, Sleeping tunics and 
wool, nightgowns created a 

5787
05:27:38,700 --> 05:27:41,000
personal microclimate that 
remained comfortable. 

5788
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:44,100
All Night Long by retaining body
heat while letting moisture out.

5789
05:27:45,200 --> 05:27:46,900
To help stop heat loss from the 
head. 

5790
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:51,200
Some sleeping garments even had 
hoods or caps by placing Brazos 

5791
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:54,200
strategically and using bed, 
curtains or canopies to create 

5792
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:58,000
smaller easier to heat spaces. 
Around the sleeping area room 

5793
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:00,700
heating was frequently 
concentrated in sleeping areas. 

5794
05:28:01,600 --> 05:28:04,400
Even if the rest of the room was
fairly cool, thick, curtains 

5795
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:06,800
around a bed could retain warm 
air and provide a comfortable 

5796
05:28:06,800 --> 05:28:11,300
sleeping environmental mass or 
the capacity of dense materials 

5797
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:14,600
to store and release heat. 
Gradually was another advantage 

5798
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:18,100
of greeking systems when 
braziers or sunlight warmed 

5799
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:20,900
stone or clay walls. 
During the day, the heat would 

5800
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:24,400
continue to radiate through the 
night, providing a steady gentle

5801
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:26,100
warmth that didn't require 
constant. 

5802
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,300
Fuel feeding Community heating 
was typical for low income 

5803
05:28:29,300 --> 05:28:31,400
families. 
During the coldest months, 

5804
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:35,000
extended families, may sleep 
together using body heat and 

5805
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:36,600
little fuel heating to stay 
warm. 

5806
05:28:37,500 --> 05:28:41,200
It was more than just economics 
group sleeping actually resulted

5807
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:43,300
in more comfortable and 
controlled temperatures than 

5808
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:47,300
individual heating systems, the 
Greeks created Advanced fuel 

5809
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:49,900
management systems that reduced 
expenses and effort while 

5810
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:53,000
optimizing Heat. 
In order to guarantee a supply 

5811
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:56,300
of clean burning fuel for winter
heating, charcoal was frequently

5812
05:28:56,300 --> 05:28:59,500
prepared ahead of time during 
warm weather wood that burns. 

5813
05:28:59,500 --> 05:29:02,000
Well and emits little, smoke 
indoors was carefully. 

5814
05:29:02,000 --> 05:29:05,200
Chosen and seasoned heat 
recovery systems were installed 

5815
05:29:05,200 --> 05:29:08,200
in some Greek homes to recover 
and repurpose lost warm air. 

5816
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:11,700
Cooking fires, which were in any
case, required for food, 

5817
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:13,800
preparation were placed and 
vented. 

5818
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:15,600
So that their heat could warm 
sleeping. 

5819
05:29:15,600 --> 05:29:18,000
Quarters before being expelled 
Outdoors. 

5820
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:20,900
Every piece of fuel burned had 
its heating value. 

5821
05:29:20,900 --> 05:29:24,600
Maximized by this dual-purpose 
strategy, the intricate task of 

5822
05:29:24,600 --> 05:29:26,300
keeping the entire house at a 
comfortable. 

5823
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:29,400
Temperature was handled by 
dedicated servants for the 

5824
05:29:29,400 --> 05:29:32,000
wealthy. 
These experts knew how to 

5825
05:29:32,008 --> 05:29:35,600
arrange braziers for optimal. 
Effectiveness Bank Fires for 

5826
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:38,500
consistent, overnight Heating 
and coordinate, various heating 

5827
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,900
sources to ensure cozy sleeping 
conditions. 

5828
05:29:40,900 --> 05:29:42,800
When it came to Old heating 
systems. 

5829
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:45,700
Safety was always the top 
priority, Greek homes 

5830
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:48,300
frequently, had sleeping 
quarters with stone or tile 

5831
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:51,500
floors surrounding heating 
appliances to prevent fires 

5832
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:54,800
heating devices were carefully, 
placed away from bedding, and 

5833
05:29:54,800 --> 05:29:58,400
easily, flammable, textiles and 
water containers were kept 

5834
05:29:58,400 --> 05:30:01,600
closed by for emergency fire. 
Suppression the significance of 

5835
05:30:01,600 --> 05:30:03,800
air quality and heated. 
Sleeping areas was also 

5836
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:06,800
recognized by the Greeks 
ventilation systems. 

5837
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:09,600
Prevented hazardous gas, 
accumulation from burning fuel 

5838
05:30:09,600 --> 05:30:12,500
while allowing fresh air to 
enter heated rooms. 

5839
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:15,800
Some homes, have advanced 
chimney systems that kept heat 

5840
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:17,700
inside. 
While safely drawing combustion,

5841
05:30:17,700 --> 05:30:20,700
gases and smoke outside. 
Greek family is were able to 

5842
05:30:20,700 --> 05:30:23,500
control fuel expenses and 
maintained year-round Comfort 

5843
05:30:23,500 --> 05:30:25,400
through the use of seasonal 
heating techniques. 

5844
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:29,400
Heating may only be used to warm
bed linens before bed in mild 

5845
05:30:29,400 --> 05:30:31,900
weather. 
Several heating systems would be

5846
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:34,800
used to provide layers of warmth
throughout the house during cold

5847
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,100
snaps. 
Because of this adaptable, 

5848
05:30:37,100 --> 05:30:40,300
strategy heating could be 
changed to accommodate, family, 

5849
05:30:40,300 --> 05:30:43,600
budgets and weather conditions. 
Imagine living in a world where 

5850
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:47,000
sleep was a sacred journey into 
the world of the Gods rather 

5851
05:30:47,000 --> 05:30:49,000
than merely a biological 
necessity. 

5852
05:30:49,000 --> 05:30:51,700
As you get ready for your own 
journey and to sleep tonight. 

5853
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:55,400
The ancient Greeks understood 
that the transition from waking 

5854
05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:57,700
to sleeping required, both 
physical and spiritual 

5855
05:30:57,700 --> 05:31:00,500
preparation. 
So they approached bed time with

5856
05:31:00,500 --> 05:31:03,800
the same respect and ritual that
we might save for significant 

5857
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:06,700
life events, Greek bedtime, 
Customs, predate. 

5858
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,700
The act of actually getting into
bed because the evening was 

5859
05:31:09,700 --> 05:31:11,800
viewed as a period of 
transition, during which the 

5860
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:14,700
lines separating, the Divine and
Mortal Realms grew increasingly,

5861
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:18,500
blurred preparation was crucial 
for both spiritual protection 

5862
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:22,400
and sound sleep. 
These were well-planned routines

5863
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:25,000
that encouraged both physical 
comfort and mental Tranquility 

5864
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:27,600
rather than superstitious 
beliefs. 

5865
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:30,400
The most significant aspect of 
Greek bedtime. 

5866
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:32,200
Preparation was the lighting 
ritual. 

5867
05:31:32,900 --> 05:31:36,100
The harsh light of the day was 
gradually replaced by the soft 

5868
05:31:36,100 --> 05:31:39,700
glow of oil lamps filled with 
olive oil and scented with herbs

5869
05:31:39,700 --> 05:31:41,800
like chamomile or lavender as 
night fell. 

5870
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,200
Like in evening lamps served as 
more than just a means of 

5871
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,900
Illumination. 
It was a form of meditation to 

5872
05:31:47,900 --> 05:31:51,000
assisted the mines shift from 
the active energy of the day, to

5873
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:54,600
the quiet receptive, state of 
the night, Greek oil lamps were 

5874
05:31:54,600 --> 05:31:56,500
themselves. 
Works of art frequently 

5875
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:59,400
embellished with pictures of 
serene Gods, symbols of 

5876
05:31:59,400 --> 05:32:01,500
protection, loss Arena, 
landscapes. 

5877
05:32:02,200 --> 05:32:05,200
In contrast to the harsh 
constant illumination of 

5878
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:08,500
contemporary electric lights. 
The light they produced was warm

5879
05:32:08,500 --> 05:32:11,600
and flickering in ways that 
contemporary science has only 

5880
05:32:11,608 --> 05:32:15,400
just begun to comprehend this 
soft erratic light naturally, 

5881
05:32:15,400 --> 05:32:18,400
promoted sleepiness. 
Assisted in regulating the 

5882
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:22,200
body's circadian rhythms before 
going to bed, personal hygiene, 

5883
05:32:22,200 --> 05:32:24,500
and spiritual purification were 
thought to be crucial. 

5884
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:27,700
Greeks used water that had 
frequently been centered with 

5885
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:30,700
flour oils or herbs to wash 
their faces hands and feet. 

5886
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:33,700
This was about cleaning away. 
The spiritual debris that could 

5887
05:32:33,708 --> 05:32:36,400
build up from day-to-day 
activities and potentially 

5888
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:39,200
disrupt restful sleep. 
Not just the dirt of the day. 

5889
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:42,800
The sleeping mind was a Sacred 
Space that needed to be prepared

5890
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,300
for and protected. 
Because the Greeks thought that 

5891
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:48,700
dreams were messages from the 
gods, Many Greeks would offer 

5892
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:52,700
small sacrifices to the gods of 
sleep hypnos, and dreams 

5893
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:56,100
Morpheus before bed. 
In order to obtain restful sleep

5894
05:32:56,100 --> 05:32:59,200
and enlightening Visions. 
These sacrifices could be as 

5895
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:01,400
easy as leaving. 
A small piece of bread on a home

5896
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:05,000
Shrine or a few drops of wine on
the ground Greek bed time, 

5897
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:06,900
rituals included, prayer and 
meditation. 

5898
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:09,700
But these were the somber formal
prayers. 

5899
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:12,800
We might anticipate, rather, 
they were prayers for protection

5900
05:33:12,800 --> 05:33:14,500
during the vulnerable hours of 
sleep. 

5901
05:33:14,500 --> 05:33:18,200
Thanksgiving for the days 
blessings and soft dialogues 

5902
05:33:18,200 --> 05:33:21,600
with Guardian gods. 
Deep peaceful sleep was 

5903
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:25,000
encouraged by these spiritual 
exercises which also helped to 

5904
05:33:25,000 --> 05:33:27,400
calm racing. 
Thoughts and Foster a sense of 

5905
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:30,200
divine protection. 
Greek sleeping areas frequently 

5906
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:34,100
featured, small household, 
shrines, sacred symbols, or 

5907
05:33:34,100 --> 05:33:36,200
protective amulets that were 
thought to ward off, evil 

5908
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:39,900
spirits and Nightmares. 
These were psychological AIDs 

5909
05:33:39,900 --> 05:33:43,300
that contributed to a feeling of
security and Tranquility in the 

5910
05:33:43,308 --> 05:33:46,600
sleeping environment rather than
manifestations of archaic 

5911
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:49,500
superstition. 
Your mind, can fall asleep, more

5912
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:53,100
fully when your bedroom feels 
safe and sacred for various 

5913
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:55,500
kinds of sleep difficulties. 
The Greeks had particular 

5914
05:33:55,500 --> 05:33:59,000
rituals people who experience 
nightmares might burn certain 

5915
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:02,800
herbs such as juniper berries, 
or Bailey leaves, who smoke was 

5916
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:05,700
thought to purify the sleeping 
area and encourage restful 

5917
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:08,200
sleep? 
Gentle prayers were offered to 

5918
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:11,300
Nick's, the goddess of night for
the gift of deep sleep, and 

5919
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:15,000
natural drowsiness in order to 
treat insomnia, seasonal, sleep,

5920
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:17,600
rituals, recognize that the 
agricultural calendar and 

5921
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:19,600
weather had an impact on 
sleeping needs. 

5922
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:24,300
Warmth safety, and the prospect 
of Springtime with the main 

5923
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:26,900
theme of bedtime rituals during 
The Long Winter nights. 

5924
05:34:27,800 --> 05:34:31,100
Cooling cleansing and a 
connection to nature, which was 

5925
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:33,900
alive and vibrant. 
During the warm months, for the 

5926
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,200
main focuses of Summer, sleep, 
rituals everyone in the home, 

5927
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,100
was able to sleep soundly. 
Thanks to family sleep custards.

5928
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:43,000
Before going to bed parents 
would bless their kids 

5929
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:46,200
frequently by giving them a 
gentle pat on the forehead and 

5930
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:48,600
muttering prayers for restful 
sleep in a safe night. 

5931
05:34:48,600 --> 05:34:52,000
In addition to strengthening 
Family Ties, these private 

5932
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,700
moments offered psychological 
Solace, that improved, 

5933
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:57,900
everyone's quality of sleep. 
The actual sleeping area was 

5934
05:34:57,900 --> 05:34:59,900
also prepared. 
According to Greek customs. 

5935
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:03,800
Sleeping areas were fumigated 
with aromatic herbs that both 

5936
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:06,700
freshen the air and created a 
sacred atmosphere. 

5937
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:10,100
Bedding was arranged in specific
patterns thought to promote 

5938
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:13,300
comfort, and peace and beds were
frequently sprinkled with 

5939
05:35:13,300 --> 05:35:16,400
blessed or centered, water 
Greek, bed time, Customz, 

5940
05:35:16,400 --> 05:35:19,400
included, activities, that are 
now known to be very helpful for

5941
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:21,100
maintaining proper sleep 
hygiene. 

5942
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:24,500
Modern Sleep Experts. 
Advised the following practices 

5943
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,800
for better sleep, creating a 
calm sleeping environment. 

5944
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:31,400
Focusing on relaxation and 
thankfulness gradually. 

5945
05:35:31,400 --> 05:35:34,000
Lowering the lights and 
scheduling bedtime activities 

5946
05:35:34,000 --> 05:35:36,700
regularly though. 
They were frequently customized 

5947
05:35:36,700 --> 05:35:38,500
to each person's requirements 
and preferences. 

5948
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:42,000
Personal bedtime rituals, 
usually included aspects of 

5949
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:45,400
introspection thankfulness and 
Dreamworld preparation. 

5950
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:49,000
In order to let go of any 
resentment or anxiety, that 

5951
05:35:49,000 --> 05:35:52,200
might keep them from sleeping. 
Some Greeks would reflect on the

5952
05:35:52,208 --> 05:35:54,600
days of events in an attitude of
forgiveness and learning. 

5953
05:35:55,300 --> 05:35:58,000
Others would engage in periods 
of Silent reflection. 

5954
05:35:58,000 --> 05:36:02,000
Letting the Mind naturally, 
transition into the receptive 

5955
05:36:02,000 --> 05:36:04,600
state that facilitates both 
sleep and deep dreams. 

5956
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:07,700
It was believed that the daily 
shift from waking to sleeping 

5957
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:11,200
offered a chance for Spiritual 
Rejuvenation, and a closer 

5958
05:36:11,200 --> 05:36:14,600
relationship with God. 
Sleep was a journey into a world

5959
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,100
where extraordinary experiences 
were possible and normal rules. 

5960
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:21,400
Didn't apply in addition to 
being a time for the body to 

5961
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:24,400
rest. 
Preparing for bed, became a 

5962
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:27,500
practice of both practical, 
wisdom and spiritual devotion. 

5963
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:30,800
As a result of this realization 
Greek, sleep, Customs. 

5964
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:34,100
Also involved communal aspects, 
particularly during holidays or 

5965
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:37,100
stressful periods. 
Families, may pray together in 

5966
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:39,700
the evening. 
Communists May engage in customs

5967
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:42,600
meant to encourage restful, 
sleep for all and neighborhoods,

5968
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,900
May perform protective rituals 
during trying times, these 

5969
05:36:45,900 --> 05:36:49,100
Customs strengthened social ties
and improved the well-being of 

5970
05:36:49,100 --> 05:36:52,100
the individual and the group 
consider yourself an athlete 

5971
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:54,200
philosopher or Merchants from 
ancient Greece. 

5972
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:56,700
You must travel far from the 
convenience of your 

5973
05:36:56,700 --> 05:36:58,500
well-planned. 
Sleeping Quarters at home. 

5974
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:00,800
How did you get a good night's 
sleep? 

5975
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:03,500
When visiting new places that 
might not meet your specific 

5976
05:37:03,500 --> 05:37:07,100
Comfort standards? 
Greek solution to the problem of

5977
05:37:07,108 --> 05:37:08,900
sleep. 
During travel were both clever 

5978
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:12,500
and useful resulting in systems.
That may seem surprisingly 

5979
05:37:12,500 --> 05:37:15,700
familiar to Travelers today. 
The Greeks established a vast 

5980
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:18,000
system of hospitality that 
allowed people to sleep 

5981
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:20,100
comfortably even in far-flung 
places. 

5982
05:37:21,200 --> 05:37:25,000
According to the idea of Zinnia 
or sacred Hospitality giving 

5983
05:37:25,000 --> 05:37:28,800
Travelers decent places to sleep
was not only smart business, but

5984
05:37:28,800 --> 05:37:31,300
also a religious Duty that Zeus 
himself oversaw. 

5985
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:34,700
Even modest households took 
pride in providing the best 

5986
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:37,600
sleeping Arrangements they could
because of this Divine mandate 

5987
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:42,200
for Hospitality Panda, Keon or 
professional ins developed into 

5988
05:37:42,200 --> 05:37:45,100
sophisticated establishments 
that focused on giving tourists 

5989
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:48,300
a comfortable place to stay. 
These weren't the gritty 

5990
05:37:48,300 --> 05:37:49,600
taverns. 
You might see in historical 

5991
05:37:49,600 --> 05:37:53,800
dramas rather they were well-run
establishments that recognized 

5992
05:37:53,800 --> 05:37:56,500
that guests who slept well were 
likely to return and refer 

5993
05:37:56,500 --> 05:37:59,600
others to the Inn. 
The top Greek insert fully 

5994
05:37:59,600 --> 05:38:03,100
designed sleeping quarters, high
quality, Linens, heating 

5995
05:38:03,100 --> 05:38:05,600
systems. 
And even simple convenience's 

5996
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,500
that catered to the needs of 
their guests Greeks. 

5997
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:11,000
Generally provided varying 
degrees of lodging, according to

5998
05:38:11,008 --> 05:38:13,400
the social standing and 
financial constraints of their 

5999
05:38:13,400 --> 05:38:15,800
guests. 
But even the most basic rules 

6000
05:38:15,800 --> 05:38:17,800
were made with the comfort of 
their sleep in mind. 

6001
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:21,600
Individual sleeping, alcoves or 
divided spaces that offered 

6002
05:38:21,600 --> 05:38:23,200
privacy and less noise from 
other. 

6003
05:38:23,200 --> 05:38:25,700
Visitors were a feature of 
common sleeping areas? 

6004
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,200
These common areas frequently 
featured Heating braziers, and 

6005
05:38:29,208 --> 05:38:32,200
restrooms in, enabling visitors 
to keep up their personal 

6006
05:38:32,200 --> 05:38:35,800
hygiene practices, the art of 
portable comfort for travelers, 

6007
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:37,200
who might not always find 
adequate. 

6008
05:38:37,200 --> 05:38:40,900
Lodging was perfected by the 
Greeks, Rich tourist brought 

6009
05:38:40,900 --> 05:38:43,600
their own bedding. 
Such as foldable bed frames. 

6010
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:46,600
That could be used to make any 
reasonably level surface into a 

6011
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:49,700
cozy sleeping area, lightweight,
blankets and portable pillows. 

6012
05:38:50,500 --> 05:38:53,400
These portable sleeping systems 
were made to be both efficient 

6013
05:38:53,400 --> 05:38:56,500
and portable offering 
comfortable for molarity, and 

6014
05:38:56,500 --> 05:39:00,000
strange places for colder 
climates or Seasons portable. 

6015
05:39:00,000 --> 05:39:02,500
Heating Solutions were 
frequently incorporated into 

6016
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:04,100
Greek travel sleeping 
Arrangements. 

6017
05:39:04,900 --> 05:39:07,900
Small metal containers, that can
be used as personal braziers 

6018
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:11,300
warming stones, that could be 
heated over cooking fires and 

6019
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:13,700
used to warm bedding, or 
specially made clothing. 

6020
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:15,800
That could be used for both 
sleeping and traveling. 

6021
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:18,800
Our, some examples of the items 
that Travelers might bring. 

6022
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:22,300
Even in difficult, 
circumstances, seasoned Greek. 

6023
05:39:22,300 --> 05:39:24,200
Tourists could remain warm and 
cozy. 

6024
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:27,300
Thanks to these portable Comfort
Systems in order to help 

6025
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:29,900
Travelers make well-informed 
decisions about where to sleep. 

6026
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:33,100
The Greeks created complex 
systems for assessing the 

6027
05:39:33,100 --> 05:39:35,800
quality of lodging. 
Along trade routes 

6028
05:39:35,800 --> 05:39:39,400
recommendations, were passed 
down and summons gained a 

6029
05:39:39,400 --> 05:39:42,100
reputation for having very 
comfortable beds that attracted 

6030
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:43,900
tourists from all over the 
Mediterranean. 

6031
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:47,100
These quality, requirements 
covered things, like noise 

6032
05:39:47,100 --> 05:39:50,600
levels, security room, 
temperature control and clean 

6033
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:52,700
bedding. 
All of which are important for 

6034
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:55,100
restful. 
Sleep, Travelers, particularly 

6035
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:57,600
those on religious pilgrimages 
frequently found. 

6036
05:39:57,600 --> 05:39:59,400
Excellent. 
Accommodation in Temple. 

6037
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,700
Complexes These hallowed 
sleeping areas were kept in the 

6038
05:40:02,708 --> 05:40:05,900
best possible condition and 
frequently offered conveniences 

6039
05:40:05,900 --> 05:40:08,100
that were on par with the finest
private lodgings. 

6040
05:40:08,800 --> 05:40:11,600
In addition to being physically 
comfortable Temple, 

6041
05:40:11,600 --> 05:40:14,700
accommodations offered a sense 
of spiritual Tranquility that 

6042
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:17,800
many visitors found to be 
conducive to incredibly sound 

6043
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:21,300
sleep, Greek cities created laws
pertaining to lodging that 

6044
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:23,900
included particular requirements
for sleeping Arrangements. 

6045
05:40:24,800 --> 05:40:26,900
Clean bedding. 
Sufficient Heating in cold 

6046
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:30,100
weather and reasonably quiet and
secure sleeping quarters were 

6047
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:33,900
all requirements for innkeepers.
When staying in reputable, 

6048
05:40:33,900 --> 05:40:36,800
lodging establishments Travelers
could rely on at least minimal 

6049
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:38,100
Comfort. 
Thanks to these early 

6050
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:41,400
Hospitality standards Travelers 
frequently stayed in private 

6051
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,400
homes, particularly those who 
had business contacts or letters

6052
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:47,900
of introduction. 
Greek Hospitality Traditions 

6053
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:50,100
meant that host took. 
Great pride in giving their 

6054
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:53,100
guests comfortable sleeping 
Arrangements frequently using 

6055
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:55,900
the finest bedding, and sleeping
areas from their own families, 

6056
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:59,400
in terms of comfort, and 
individual attention, these 

6057
05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:01,700
private accommodations 
frequently outperformed 

6058
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:05,000
commercial Logic, the Greeks 
developed sleeping solutions for

6059
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:07,800
travelers that addressed 
particular issues that various 

6060
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:09,300
kinds of Travelers might 
encounter. 

6061
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:13,500
In order to safeguard their 
valuable cargo while they slept 

6062
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:16,300
Merchants needed safe, sleeping 
Arrangements. 

6063
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:19,700
Scholars and philosophers 
required peaceful areas, where 

6064
05:41:19,700 --> 05:41:23,000
they could study and reflect 
Accommodations that promoted, 

6065
05:41:23,000 --> 05:41:26,200
physical, recuperation, and 
Optimal Performance were 

6066
05:41:26,200 --> 05:41:29,100
necessary for athletes 
practical, advice on adjusting 

6067
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:30,700
to various climates and 
elevations. 

6068
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:33,900
That could impact Sleep Quality 
was part of the Greek travel 

6069
05:41:33,900 --> 05:41:37,000
sleeping culture. 
Travelers with experience new 

6070
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:39,800
how to modify their sleeping 
arrangements, for the heat of 

6071
05:41:39,808 --> 05:41:42,900
the desert, the cold of the 
mountains, or the humidity of 

6072
05:41:42,908 --> 05:41:46,000
the coast. 
Because of this environmental 

6073
05:41:46,000 --> 05:41:49,200
Consciousness traveling didn't 
have to mean, compromising the 

6074
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,200
quality of one's sleep, before 
reaching their destination, 

6075
05:41:52,200 --> 05:41:54,200
Travelers were able to find 
appropriate. 

6076
05:41:54,200 --> 05:41:56,600
Logging thanks to the 
communication systems that the 

6077
05:41:56,600 --> 05:42:00,400
Greeks developed information 
about inequality, seasonal 

6078
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:03,400
availability, and any special 
accommodations that might be 

6079
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:07,000
required, was disseminated 
through trade Networks, The 

6080
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:09,400
uncertainty and discomfort of 
looking for lodging when 

6081
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:12,200
exhausted from travel or 
eliminated, thanks to the 

6082
05:42:12,200 --> 05:42:15,400
advanced planning, which allowed
travelers to frequently set up 

6083
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:18,400
cozy sleeping arrangements. 
Before they arrived Greek 

6084
05:42:18,400 --> 05:42:20,800
traveler accommodations 
frequently included features 

6085
05:42:20,800 --> 05:42:23,200
that allowed them to continue 
their own sleep schedule while 

6086
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,600
they were away from home. 
In may offer quiet areas for 

6087
05:42:26,600 --> 05:42:30,600
meditation before bed, oil lamps
for evening, rituals or access 

6088
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:33,100
to laundry facilities so that 
guests can continue their 

6089
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:36,300
traditional hygiene habits. 
Travelers sleep promoting 

6090
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,200
routines which they had 
established at home were 

6091
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:41,700
protected from disruption by 
this attention to Ritual, 

6092
05:42:41,700 --> 05:42:44,400
continuity, Greek. 
Lodging systems were designed 

6093
05:42:44,400 --> 05:42:47,400
with seasonal travel in mind 
offering distinct lodging 

6094
05:42:47,400 --> 05:42:50,500
options for summer and winter 
travel. while winter 

6095
05:42:50,500 --> 05:42:53,400
accommodations prioritized 
warmth and weather protection, 

6096
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:56,500
some are accommodations May 
prioritize Cooling and 

6097
05:42:56,500 --> 05:43:00,100
ventilation In order to maximize
Comfort throughout the year, 

6098
05:43:00,100 --> 05:43:03,800
some Innings provided distinct 
rooms for each season in order 

6099
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:06,800
to accommodate everything from 
small Merchants parties to large

6100
05:43:06,800 --> 05:43:10,100
military Expeditions. 
The Greeks also created sleeping

6101
05:43:10,100 --> 05:43:13,500
arrangements for Group Travel 
These systems included 

6102
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:16,400
logistical strategies that made 
sure everyone could sleep 

6103
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:18,700
comfortably. 
Even when traveling with a large

6104
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,600
group of people, portable 
sleeping equipment and 

6105
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:24,600
organizational techniques for 
managing group, sleeping spaces,

6106
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:27,300
think about how the ancient 
Greeks viewed sleep. 

6107
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:29,700
As you get more comfortable in 
your contemporary bed with 

6108
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:33,300
memory foam and temperature 
control for them sleep was more 

6109
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,600
than just a daily annoyance that
interfere with more vital tasks 

6110
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:40,100
or a biological requirement. 
Rather it was believed that 

6111
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:42,200
sleep was a profound part of 
human life. 

6112
05:43:42,200 --> 05:43:46,900
That provided insights into 
Life, Death Consciousness and 

6113
05:43:46,900 --> 05:43:50,200
our relationship to the Divine 
Greek philosophers pondered the 

6114
05:43:50,200 --> 05:43:52,300
nature of sleep in its 
significance for human 

6115
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:56,000
well-being for a long time. 
According to Aristotle's, sleep 

6116
05:43:56,008 --> 05:43:59,200
is crucial for mental Clarity, 
and emotional equilibrium, in 

6117
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:03,000
addition to physical well-being.
He noted that those who didn't 

6118
05:44:03,000 --> 05:44:05,800
get enough, sleep became 
agitated distracted and 

6119
05:44:05,800 --> 05:44:09,100
incapable of making wise 
decisions, observations that 

6120
05:44:09,100 --> 05:44:12,200
contemporary sleep, researchers,
amply supported the Greeks 

6121
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:14,700
realized that the quality of 
sleep had an impact on all 

6122
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:18,700
facets of daily life including 
mental Clarity, emotional 

6123
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:23,100
stability, and physical health. 
Because of this knowledge, they 

6124
05:44:23,100 --> 05:44:25,900
began to view the environment 
and preparation for sleep is 

6125
05:44:25,900 --> 05:44:28,000
important issues. 
Deserving of considerable care 

6126
05:44:28,000 --> 05:44:30,600
and funding. 
The Greek who got enough sleep 

6127
05:44:30,600 --> 05:44:33,800
was seen as more moral more sane
and more able to make 

6128
05:44:33,800 --> 05:44:37,400
contributions to society. 
The various forms of sleep and 

6129
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:40,000
their differing advantages for 
human health were acknowledged 

6130
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:43,500
in Greek culture. 
Deep dreamless sleep was prized 

6131
05:44:43,500 --> 05:44:46,300
for its healing properties, and 
capacities to revitalize the 

6132
05:44:46,300 --> 05:44:49,700
body and mind. 
Sleeping with dreams was valued 

6133
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:51,700
because it could yield answers 
to difficult problems. 

6134
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:55,000
Creative inspiration, and divine
messages. 

6135
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:57,900
Even quick naps were 
acknowledged as useful 

6136
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:00,200
strategies for preserving mental
acuity. 

6137
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:03,200
During demanding days. 
The Greeks, came up with complex

6138
05:45:03,200 --> 05:45:05,400
theories regarding the 
connection between sleep 

6139
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:09,100
environment, sleep position, and
the quality of sleep and dreams,

6140
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:12,500
they thought that certain sounds
and smells could affect the 

6141
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:15,800
quality of sleep that sleeping 
in particular, positions could 

6142
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:18,600
encourage different kinds of 
dreams and that the beds 

6143
05:45:18,600 --> 05:45:21,200
orientation in relation to 
celestial bodies, could have an 

6144
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:24,400
impact on the spiritual state of
the sleeper, Greek perceptions 

6145
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:27,200
of time and daily routines were 
closely linked to their views on

6146
05:45:27,200 --> 05:45:29,300
sleep. 
They created their daily 

6147
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:32,200
schedule to accommodate these 
rhythms rather than work against

6148
05:45:32,200 --> 05:45:35,000
them because they understood 
that human energy and alertness 

6149
05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:36,800
naturally varied throughout the 
day. 

6150
05:45:36,800 --> 05:45:40,900
This meant that sleep was not 
limited to the evening but also 

6151
05:45:40,900 --> 05:45:44,200
included deliberate rest in to 
sustain Optimal Performance. 

6152
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:47,600
Sleep was seen by the Greeks as 
a kind of everyday. 

6153
05:45:47,900 --> 05:45:51,200
Death and rebirth that offered 
chances for personal growth and 

6154
05:45:51,200 --> 05:45:54,600
spiritual rejuvenation. 
It was believed that every night

6155
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:56,400
sleep was a voyage into the 
underworld. 

6156
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:59,700
That might offer spiritual 
Insight wisdom and healing. 

6157
05:46:00,500 --> 05:46:04,400
This realization elevated sleep 
to a sacred activity and made 

6158
05:46:04,400 --> 05:46:07,100
getting ready for sleep. 
A spiritual practice, the 

6159
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:09,400
ability to sleep. 
Well, was praised in Greek 

6160
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:12,400
culture as a sign of discernment
self-control and good. 

6161
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:16,000
Living individuals with sound 
sleep habits were valued for 

6162
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:17,600
their intelligence and 
self-control. 

6163
05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:20,600
While those with sleep issues 
were frequently perceived as 

6164
05:46:20,600 --> 05:46:22,900
also in need of Direction in 
other facets of life. 

6165
05:46:23,700 --> 05:46:27,100
Getting enough sleep was seen as
a social obligation, as well as 

6166
05:46:27,100 --> 05:46:29,900
a personal accomplishment. 
The Greeks understood that 

6167
05:46:29,900 --> 05:46:32,500
people sleep requirements 
differed from person to person 

6168
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:36,400
and evolved over the course of a
lifetime adults required 

6169
05:46:36,400 --> 05:46:38,200
quality. 
Sleep for Optimal Performance. 

6170
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:41,500
Children required more sleep for
healthy growth and development, 

6171
05:46:41,500 --> 05:46:45,100
and elderly people required, 
distinct sleep schedules to 

6172
05:46:45,100 --> 05:46:47,000
account for the normal aging 
process. 

6173
05:46:48,400 --> 05:46:50,800
For its time. 
This personalized knowledge of 

6174
05:46:50,808 --> 05:46:54,400
sleep requirements was highly 
sophisticated Sleep Disorders 

6175
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:57,500
were viewed in Greek medicine, 
as Grave medical conditions that

6176
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:00,900
needed to be treated thoroughly 
and by a professional doctors 

6177
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,400
realized that chronic sleep 
issues, might be a sign of 

6178
05:47:03,400 --> 05:47:06,400
underlying emotional or physical
imbalances that needed to be 

6179
05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:09,400
treated for General Health. 
A well-established specialty, 

6180
05:47:09,400 --> 05:47:13,500
sleep medicine integrated cycle 
and spiritual interventions with

6181
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:16,400
physical treatments, the various
sleep states and their 

6182
05:47:16,400 --> 05:47:18,600
implications for health and 
wellbeing were thoroughly 

6183
05:47:18,600 --> 05:47:21,500
categorized by the Greeks. 
It was acknowledged that 

6184
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:24,500
different intermediate states, 
such as dream, sleep, deep 

6185
05:47:24,500 --> 05:47:28,100
sleep, and light, sleep each had
distinct purposes and needed 

6186
05:47:28,100 --> 05:47:31,300
different kinds of assistance. 
Modern sleep science was 

6187
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:33,700
thousands of years behind this 
sophisticated. 

6188
05:47:33,700 --> 05:47:37,200
Understanding of sleep stages, 
Greek perspectives on dreams 

6189
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:41,100
were acknowledging that they 
could be used for anything from 

6190
05:47:41,100 --> 05:47:43,800
Divine communication to 
psychological processing. 

6191
05:47:45,100 --> 05:47:48,000
People who had particularly 
Vivid or significant dreams 

6192
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:51,700
might seek the advice of experts
to understand their meaning as 

6193
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:54,700
dream, interpretation was a 
respected skill that required 

6194
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:57,900
training and wisdom the Greeks 
held that moral and ethical 

6195
05:47:57,900 --> 05:47:59,600
behavior. 
During the day, had an impact on

6196
05:47:59,600 --> 05:48:02,300
the quality of sleep. 
It was believed that people who 

6197
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:05,300
led moral lives, slept better 
and had more fulfilling dreams, 

6198
05:48:05,300 --> 05:48:08,500
whereas people who acted badly 
might have trouble sleeping and 

6199
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:11,100
have nightmares. 
People were encouraged to live 

6200
05:48:11,100 --> 05:48:14,000
in ways that supported both 
social harmony and individual 

6201
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:17,200
rest because of the link between
ethics and Sleep Quality. 

6202
05:48:17,200 --> 05:48:20,600
Greek culture, understood. 
That sleep was a delicate state 

6203
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:22,500
that needed to be respected and 
guarded. 

6204
05:48:23,200 --> 05:48:26,000
Creating environments that 
encouraged everyone to get a 

6205
05:48:26,000 --> 05:48:29,400
good night's sleep was viewed as
a community Duty and disturbing 

6206
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:32,500
someone's sleep unnecessarily 
was regarded as a serious social

6207
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:35,200
transgression. 
People were able to rely on 

6208
05:48:35,200 --> 05:48:37,500
getting the rest, they required,
thanks to this group's 

6209
05:48:37,500 --> 05:48:40,200
dedication to improving the 
quality of their sleep. 

6210
05:48:40,200 --> 05:48:43,500
In order to recognize, how 
shifting daylight whether and 

6211
05:48:43,500 --> 05:48:46,100
social activities, impacted 
sleep patterns throughout the 

6212
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:49,400
year the Greeks created seasonal
approaches to sleep. 

6213
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:52,700
People knew that winter and 
summer, sleep were different. 

6214
05:48:52,708 --> 05:48:56,500
And in stead of fighting against
these natural variations, they 

6215
05:48:56,500 --> 05:48:59,000
modified their sleeping 
schedules, rituals and 

6216
05:48:59,000 --> 05:49:00,400
arrangements to accommodate 
them. 

6217
05:49:00,400 --> 05:49:02,900
In order to promote General 
Health and character 

6218
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:06,100
development, Greek, Educational 
Systems taught students, how to 

6219
05:49:06,100 --> 05:49:08,700
get enough sleep. 
Young people discovered that 

6220
05:49:08,700 --> 05:49:11,400
getting enough sleep was 
essential to growing up to be 

6221
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:14,500
responsible adults, who could 
make valuable contributions to 

6222
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:16,300
society. 
Good. 

6223
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:18,600
Sleep habits were insured to be 
passed down through the 

6224
05:49:18,600 --> 05:49:20,600
generations. 
Thanks to this educational 

6225
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:24,200
emphasis on sleep, wisdom, the 
Greeks recognize that sleep was 

6226
05:49:24,200 --> 05:49:28,100
fundamentally social, and 
intensely personal Impacting not

6227
05:49:28,100 --> 05:49:31,400
only one's own well-being, but 
also the harmony of one's family

6228
05:49:31,400 --> 05:49:32,900
and the prosperity of the 
community. 

6229
05:49:33,700 --> 05:49:36,600
Communities with well-rested 
residents were more trunk or 

6230
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:40,400
effective and enjoyable places 
to live and family. 

6231
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:43,100
As with healthy sleep patterns, 
performed better as social 

6232
05:49:43,100 --> 05:49:45,500
units. 
Imagine exploring a house from 

6233
05:49:45,500 --> 05:49:47,300
ancient Greece. 
That was built with the 

6234
05:49:47,300 --> 05:49:50,200
intention of encouraging. 
The kind of deep rejuvenating, 

6235
05:49:50,200 --> 05:49:52,800
sleep. 
That is necessary for the body 

6236
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,500
and soul to thrive. 
The sacred Journey from waking 

6237
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,700
consciousness into the world of 
dreams and divine communication 

6238
05:49:59,700 --> 05:50:02,300
was supported by every 
architectural, detail in these 

6239
05:50:02,300 --> 05:50:05,300
homes, which were more than just
places to lie down. 

6240
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:08,500
Greek sleeping Arrangements were
based on the realization that 

6241
05:50:08,500 --> 05:50:10,600
physical settings. 
That facilitated this 

6242
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:13,900
significant daily shift but 
necessary for the passage from 

6243
05:50:13,900 --> 05:50:16,500
day to night and from 
Consciousness to sleep. 

6244
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:19,900
With several walls and 
Courtyards separating sleeping 

6245
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:22,000
areas from the sounds of 
everyday, life or Street 

6246
05:50:22,000 --> 05:50:25,500
activity, bedrooms were arranged
throughout the house to provide 

6247
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:28,800
the most quiet possible. 
What we might refer to as sleep 

6248
05:50:28,800 --> 05:50:32,800
Suites where integrated areas 
found in the most affluent Greek

6249
05:50:32,800 --> 05:50:35,300
homes. 
These included not only the 

6250
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:38,900
actual sleeping area but also 
areas for preparing for evening,

6251
05:50:38,900 --> 05:50:42,600
rituals, storing seasonal, 
bedding and even tiny private 

6252
05:50:42,600 --> 05:50:45,400
Courtyards where sleepers could 
enjoy the fresh air while still 

6253
05:50:45,400 --> 05:50:47,600
staying in their most private 
domestic setting. 

6254
05:50:48,800 --> 05:50:51,400
These sweets, understood that 
having a bed in a room, wasn't 

6255
05:50:51,400 --> 05:50:53,800
enough for restful sleep, Greek,
Architects. 

6256
05:50:53,800 --> 05:50:56,600
Understood the importance of 
sound control for restful sleep 

6257
05:50:56,600 --> 05:50:59,300
so they gave careful 
consideration to acoustic 

6258
05:50:59,300 --> 05:51:01,900
design. 
Sleeping places were frequently 

6259
05:51:01,900 --> 05:51:05,400
constructed with thick walls, 
placed away from workshops and 

6260
05:51:05,400 --> 05:51:08,500
animal corpses and featured 
architectural elements that 

6261
05:51:08,500 --> 05:51:10,500
either reflected or absorbed 
sound. 

6262
05:51:11,400 --> 05:51:14,800
Early examples of sound masking 
were even found in some affluent

6263
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:17,500
residences which used wind 
chimes or flowing. 

6264
05:51:17,500 --> 05:51:20,200
Water features to produce 
calming background noises that 

6265
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:23,200
drowned out more annoying. 
Sounds the Greeks invented 

6266
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:25,800
architectural methods of scent 
control that improved the 

6267
05:51:25,808 --> 05:51:27,600
quality of sleep by using 
aromatherapy. 

6268
05:51:28,500 --> 05:51:31,600
Built-in niches for burning 
aromatic herbs ventilation 

6269
05:51:31,600 --> 05:51:34,500
systems that Drew are through 
herb gardens before entering 

6270
05:51:34,500 --> 05:51:37,800
bedrooms or storage systems. 
That kept betting centered with 

6271
05:51:37,800 --> 05:51:41,100
rose petals or lavender are some
examples of sleeping areas. 

6272
05:51:42,000 --> 05:51:44,600
These fragrant systems served as
useful instruments for 

6273
05:51:44,600 --> 05:51:46,400
encouraging calm and sound 
sleep. 

6274
05:51:46,400 --> 05:51:49,900
Not just enjoyable. 
Extravagances Beyond merely 

6275
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:53,100
concealing, sleeping quarters 
from view Greek, sleeping 

6276
05:51:53,100 --> 05:51:55,600
architecture featured 
sophisticated approaches to 

6277
05:51:55,600 --> 05:52:00,300
privacy Spaces, that felt 
isolated safe and shielded from 

6278
05:52:00,300 --> 05:52:02,800
the outside world were created 
by these designs. 

6279
05:52:03,600 --> 05:52:07,000
Cycle privacy. 
The kind of profound relaxation,

6280
05:52:07,000 --> 05:52:10,100
necessary for genuinely healing 
sleep and fulfilling dreams 

6281
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:13,400
depended on this feeling of 
sanctuary, the Greeks designed 

6282
05:52:13,400 --> 05:52:16,200
bedrooms that could comfortably 
accommodate both single people 

6283
05:52:16,200 --> 05:52:19,200
and couples because they 
recognized that sleeping areas 

6284
05:52:19,200 --> 05:52:22,100
needed to support both 
individual and shared rest. 

6285
05:52:23,000 --> 05:52:26,900
Multiple sleeping alcoves in one
room movable partitions, that 

6286
05:52:26,900 --> 05:52:30,200
could create private areas in 
larger spaces or adaptable 

6287
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:32,900
Furniture Arrangements that 
could be changed to suit 

6288
05:52:32,900 --> 05:52:36,500
shifting needs or a few examples
of this Greek Architects created

6289
05:52:36,500 --> 05:52:39,600
cutting-edge methods of climate 
control that allowed sleeping 

6290
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:43,300
spaces to remain cozy all year, 
round without constantly using 

6291
05:52:43,300 --> 05:52:45,600
fuel. 
These could be passive 

6292
05:52:45,600 --> 05:52:48,000
ventilation systems. 
That moved are without causing 

6293
05:52:48,000 --> 05:52:51,200
drafts thermal Mass walls. 
That gradually stored and 

6294
05:52:51,200 --> 05:52:54,200
released heat or movable 
architectural elements. 

6295
05:52:54,200 --> 05:52:56,900
That could be adjusted 
seasonally to maximize Comfort, 

6296
05:52:56,900 --> 05:52:59,900
certain Greek houses, had 
distinct sleeping areas for 

6297
05:52:59,900 --> 05:53:03,500
various family members and uses 
the sleeping spaces for kids 

6298
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:06,200
were made to offer suitable, 
privacy and easy supervision. 

6299
05:53:07,000 --> 05:53:09,700
Securities and Hospitality were 
combined in the guests. 

6300
05:53:09,700 --> 05:53:12,400
Sleeping areas. 
Elderly family members may have 

6301
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:14,600
sleeping Arrangements. 
That preserve their comfort and 

6302
05:53:14,600 --> 05:53:16,400
dignity. 
While meeting their evolving 

6303
05:53:16,400 --> 05:53:19,100
physical needs, the Greeks 
developed architectural. 

6304
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:22,200
Sleep-related storage solutions,
that kept clothes and bedding 

6305
05:53:22,200 --> 05:53:25,400
and other personal belongings 
accessible and organized without

6306
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:29,400
overcrowding sleeping areas. 
In order to maintain peaceful 

6307
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:32,700
clutter-free sleeping spaces 
that encourage mental, calm 

6308
05:53:32,700 --> 05:53:36,700
built in niches underbed storage
spaces and Specialty, Furniture 

6309
05:53:36,700 --> 05:53:40,100
Blended practicality with visual
appeal, Greek, sleeping 

6310
05:53:40,100 --> 05:53:43,300
architecture frequently included
features that shielded occupants

6311
05:53:43,300 --> 05:53:44,800
from the harsher aspects of 
nature. 

6312
05:53:44,800 --> 05:53:47,400
While fostering a sense of 
connection with it. 

6313
05:53:47,400 --> 05:53:51,300
This could include windows that 
a framed by views of the sky or 

6314
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:55,700
Gardens but are made to keep out
intruding light insects and 

6315
05:53:55,700 --> 05:53:58,200
weather. 
The Greek belief that sleep was 

6316
05:53:58,200 --> 05:54:00,800
a natural part of life's Rhythm 
was reinforced by these 

6317
05:54:00,800 --> 05:54:04,300
associations, with nature, the 
Greeks created architectural 

6318
05:54:04,300 --> 05:54:07,100
strategies for artificial 
lighting that promoted restful 

6319
05:54:07,100 --> 05:54:10,700
sleep. niches for oil, lamps 
were placed to provide soft 

6320
05:54:10,700 --> 05:54:13,500
moveable lighting that could be 
progressively, turned down as 

6321
05:54:13,500 --> 05:54:17,200
bed, time Drew near certainly 
sleeping spaces, have various 

6322
05:54:17,200 --> 05:54:19,700
lighting settings that permitted
various pre-bed time, 

6323
05:54:19,700 --> 05:54:23,200
activities, such as reading 
talking or peaceful reflection, 

6324
05:54:23,200 --> 05:54:25,600
Greek sleeping quarters 
frequently, featured 

6325
05:54:25,600 --> 05:54:29,000
architectural elements, that 
encouraged personal hygiene and 

6326
05:54:29,000 --> 05:54:31,700
Priestly rituals. 
These could include restrooms 

6327
05:54:31,700 --> 05:54:35,500
places to keep an exhibit 
private religious objects or 

6328
05:54:35,500 --> 05:54:37,900
areas intended for peaceful 
prayer or meditation, 

6329
05:54:37,900 --> 05:54:41,300
maintaining the regular evening 
routines that encouraged sound. 

6330
05:54:41,300 --> 05:54:44,700
Sleep was made simpler by these 
integrated facilities Beyond 

6331
05:54:44,700 --> 05:54:47,500
basic heating systems, the 
Greeks, developed architectural 

6332
05:54:47,500 --> 05:54:49,100
solutions for temperature 
control. 

6333
05:54:49,800 --> 05:54:52,600
Sleeping spaces could have 
adjustable wall openings that 

6334
05:54:52,600 --> 05:54:54,300
could be adjusted to regulate 
air flow. 

6335
05:54:54,300 --> 05:54:57,800
According to seasonal, 
requirements thermal chimneys 

6336
05:54:57,800 --> 05:55:00,700
that Drew hot air away during 
the summer or cold are wells 

6337
05:55:00,700 --> 05:55:03,600
that offered natural, cooling, 
Greek, Architects, created 

6338
05:55:03,600 --> 05:55:05,700
sleeping areas. 
That could progressively change 

6339
05:55:05,700 --> 05:55:09,000
from Bright daylight to 
softening illumination to total 

6340
05:55:09,000 --> 05:55:11,300
darkness. 
Because they recognized that the

6341
05:55:11,300 --> 05:55:14,300
daily cycle of light and 
darkness had an impact on the 

6342
05:55:14,308 --> 05:55:17,300
quality of sleep. 
This could include a variety of 

6343
05:55:17,308 --> 05:55:21,500
window sizes, movable shutters 
or architectural elements that 

6344
05:55:21,500 --> 05:55:24,200
support natural circadian 
rhythms by directing and 

6345
05:55:24,200 --> 05:55:26,800
filtering light. 
The sleeping areas in the most 

6346
05:55:26,800 --> 05:55:29,800
opulent, Greek homes could be 
fully altered to suit changing 

6347
05:55:29,800 --> 05:55:33,900
needs and personal preferences. 
Modular bedding systems could be

6348
05:55:33,900 --> 05:55:37,600
combined in different ways to 
create customized Comfort zones.

6349
05:55:37,600 --> 05:55:42,100
Movable partitions allowed rooms
to be rearranged and adjustable 

6350
05:55:42,100 --> 05:55:43,600
Furniture. 
Could accommodate different 

6351
05:55:43,600 --> 05:55:46,500
sleeping positions, water 
features that offered both 

6352
05:55:46,500 --> 05:55:49,700
functional advantages and 
psychological Comfort were 

6353
05:55:49,700 --> 05:55:52,000
frequently included in Greek 
sleeping architecture. 

6354
05:55:52,000 --> 05:55:55,800
Small fountains or water 
channels could offer cycle 

6355
05:55:55,800 --> 05:55:58,500
comfort from being in close 
proximity to Nature. 

6356
05:55:58,500 --> 05:56:02,200
White noise to drown out 
distracting noises and cooling 

6357
05:56:02,200 --> 05:56:04,700
during hot weather. 
Instead of interfering with 

6358
05:56:04,708 --> 05:56:07,600
sleep, these water features were
intended to improve it. 

6359
05:56:07,600 --> 05:56:11,100
The Greeks created architectural
security strategies, that made 

6360
05:56:11,100 --> 05:56:14,000
sleepers, feel totally secure 
without feeling confined. 

6361
05:56:14,700 --> 05:56:17,700
Multiple exits from sleeping 
areas, discreet. 

6362
05:56:17,700 --> 05:56:21,200
Yet secure locks or design 
elements that offer unobstructed

6363
05:56:21,200 --> 05:56:23,600
views of possible approach 
routes, or a few examples of 

6364
05:56:23,600 --> 05:56:25,900
this. 
The type of profound relaxation 

6365
05:56:25,900 --> 05:56:28,900
that encouraged genuinely 
restorative, sleep required, 

6366
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:31,900
physical security, Greek, 
sleeping, quarters frequently, 

6367
05:56:31,900 --> 05:56:34,700
had architectural features that 
reinforce the idea that dreams 

6368
05:56:34,700 --> 05:56:37,500
were messages from God that 
needed to be properly received. 

6369
05:56:38,200 --> 05:56:41,100
Certain orientations with 
respect to Temples or natural 

6370
05:56:41,100 --> 05:56:43,400
features. 
Built-in spaces for dream 

6371
05:56:43,400 --> 05:56:46,300
recording materials or 
architectural features that were

6372
05:56:46,300 --> 05:56:48,400
thought to draw positive 
spiritual influences. 

6373
05:56:48,400 --> 05:56:52,100
While you slept are examples of 
this, consider how the ancient 

6374
05:56:52,100 --> 05:56:54,800
Greeks modified their sleeping 
arrangements to complement, 

6375
05:56:54,800 --> 05:56:58,300
rather than conflict with the 
natural cycle of the 

6376
05:56:58,300 --> 05:57:01,200
Mediterranean year, as the 
season shift outside, your 

6377
05:57:01,200 --> 05:57:04,800
contemporary climate control 
bedroom, They took a sensible 

6378
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:06,300
yet. 
Sophisticated approach to 

6379
05:57:06,300 --> 05:57:08,700
seasonal, sleep adaptation of 
understanding. 

6380
05:57:08,700 --> 05:57:11,100
That different tactics were 
needed at different times of the

6381
05:57:11,100 --> 05:57:14,100
year to achieve comfortable, 
sleep, Greek winter, sleeping 

6382
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:17,700
Arrangements, turned houses into
comfortable Haven's at preserve,

6383
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:20,600
the air quality required for 
restful sleep while optimizing 

6384
05:57:20,600 --> 05:57:23,300
warmth. 
Families would frequently 

6385
05:57:23,300 --> 05:57:24,900
combined their sleeping 
Arrangements. 

6386
05:57:24,900 --> 05:57:28,100
During the coldest months 
switching from Summer bedrooms 

6387
05:57:28,100 --> 05:57:31,800
to smaller easier to Heat Winter
sleeping areas, that improved 

6388
05:57:31,800 --> 05:57:35,000
temperature control, and use 
less fuel adaptable to changing 

6389
05:57:35,000 --> 05:57:36,300
temperatures throughout the 
night. 

6390
05:57:36,300 --> 05:57:39,900
Winter bedding, systems were 
Masterworks of layered warmth. 

6391
05:57:40,500 --> 05:57:43,500
The Greeks would make their beds
with heavy linen sheets that 

6392
05:57:43,500 --> 05:57:45,300
could be added or removed as 
needed. 

6393
05:57:45,300 --> 05:57:49,500
Fur throws and several wall 
blankets because they could be 

6394
05:57:49,500 --> 05:57:52,100
swiftly pulled up in the event. 
That the temperature dropped 

6395
05:57:52,100 --> 05:57:55,400
during the night, the heaviest 
blankets were frequently stored 

6396
05:57:55,400 --> 05:57:57,900
at the foot of the bed. 
In order to prepare for winter 

6397
05:57:57,900 --> 05:58:00,400
sleep, the Greeks would Heat 
their bedding before using it 

6398
05:58:00,400 --> 05:58:04,700
use warming pans or heated 
stones or even briefly exposed 

6399
05:58:04,700 --> 05:58:06,600
blankets and mattresses to 
Brazier Heat. 

6400
05:58:07,800 --> 05:58:10,900
In addition to providing 
physical Comfort, this pre 

6401
05:58:10,900 --> 05:58:12,100
warming ritual was a warm 
evening. 

6402
05:58:12,100 --> 05:58:15,300
Custard that facilitated family 
members transition from a busy 

6403
05:58:15,300 --> 05:58:18,100
day to a peaceful night. 
The purpose of winter sleeping 

6404
05:58:18,100 --> 05:58:20,900
clothes was to keep people warm 
without limiting their Mobility 

6405
05:58:20,900 --> 05:58:24,500
or making them overheat Many 
families had special winter 

6406
05:58:24,500 --> 05:58:27,000
nightwear, that was both warmer 
and more comfortable than their 

6407
05:58:27,000 --> 05:58:30,100
summer sleeping clothes and 
Greeks wall, layered sleeping, 

6408
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:32,600
garments made of soft wall. 
That could be adjusted during 

6409
05:58:32,600 --> 05:58:36,200
the night in order to cope with 
the cycle effects of long, Dark 

6410
05:58:36,200 --> 05:58:39,600
Knights and cold weather, the 
Greeks created sleep Customs 

6411
05:58:39,600 --> 05:58:42,700
tailored to the winter season. 
During the months, when people 

6412
05:58:42,700 --> 05:58:46,100
spent more time indoors, these 
could include long evening Talks

6413
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:49,200
by the fire before bed. 
Special winter foods that 

6414
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:52,500
encouraged coziness and 
relaxation or family bonding 

6415
05:58:52,500 --> 05:58:54,200
activities that took place in 
groups. 

6416
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:57,800
The Greek understanding that the
body's needs changed as daylight

6417
05:58:57,800 --> 05:59:00,100
hours, increased and 
temperatures became more 

6418
05:59:00,100 --> 05:59:03,000
moderate, was reflected in the 
springtime sleeping 

6419
05:59:03,000 --> 05:59:05,300
Arrangements. 
It was thought that spring was 

6420
05:59:05,300 --> 05:59:08,800
the best season to clean and 
reorganize, sleeping areas to 

6421
05:59:08,800 --> 05:59:11,800
air out bedding that had been 
stored during the winter and to 

6422
05:59:11,800 --> 05:59:14,300
gradually switch from bulky 
winter, sleeping arrangements, 

6423
05:59:14,300 --> 05:59:18,000
to lighter spring Comfort 
Systems in order to welcome the 

6424
05:59:18,000 --> 05:59:20,800
rebirth of nature. 
Greek, spring, sleep Customs 

6425
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:22,800
involved, the ceremonial 
cleaning and blessing of 

6426
05:59:22,800 --> 05:59:26,800
sleeping areas in celebration of
the return of growth and life. 

6427
05:59:26,800 --> 05:59:29,500
To the Natural World. 
Bedrooms were meticulously 

6428
05:59:29,500 --> 05:59:33,200
cleaned bedding was cleaned and 
allowed to air out and sleeping 

6429
05:59:33,200 --> 05:59:35,500
areas were frequently. 
Adorned with fresh flowers or 

6430
05:59:35,500 --> 05:59:38,900
herbs spring sleep, schedule's 
adapted bedtimes and morning 

6431
05:59:38,900 --> 05:59:42,800
routines to accommodate, rather 
than conflict with people's 

6432
05:59:42,800 --> 05:59:46,700
innately higher levels of energy
as daylight hours increased The 

6433
05:59:46,700 --> 05:59:49,800
Greeks realized that modifying 
daily routines to align with 

6434
05:59:49,800 --> 05:59:51,400
seasonal. 
Energy patterns was more 

6435
05:59:51,400 --> 05:59:54,700
effective than fighting natural 
sleep, rhythms ancient, Greek 

6436
05:59:54,700 --> 05:59:57,700
summer sleeping necessitated 
completely different techniques 

6437
05:59:57,700 --> 06:00:00,500
aimed at staying cool, while 
preserving Security in Comfort. 

6438
06:00:01,600 --> 06:00:05,400
Greek homes often had outdoor or
semi outdoor sleeping areas that

6439
06:00:05,400 --> 06:00:08,500
benefited from cool night 
breezes as well as specialized 

6440
06:00:08,500 --> 06:00:10,300
summer. 
Sleeping areas that maximized 

6441
06:00:10,300 --> 06:00:12,900
airflow, while minimizing heat 
retention Greek. 

6442
06:00:12,900 --> 06:00:15,600
Summer bedding was simple, but 
thoughtfully selected for its 

6443
06:00:15,600 --> 06:00:18,600
ability to keep cool. 
Even on the hottest nights, 

6444
06:00:18,600 --> 06:00:21,300
comfortable sleeping conditions 
were made possible by light 

6445
06:00:21,300 --> 06:00:25,400
linen sheets easily, removable 
thin wool, blankets and bedding.

6446
06:00:25,400 --> 06:00:27,700
That had been stored with 
cooling herbs, like eucalyptus 

6447
06:00:27,700 --> 06:00:31,000
or mint, the timing of Summer 
sleep was changed to accommodate

6448
06:00:31,000 --> 06:00:33,300
Mediterranean climates inherent 
cooling Cycles. 

6449
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:36,300
Greeks may sleep later to enjoy 
cooler evening. 

6450
06:00:36,300 --> 06:00:39,300
Temperatures take after noon 
naps during the hottest part of 

6451
06:00:39,308 --> 06:00:42,600
the day and Rise early to enjoy 
the cool morning hours before 

6452
06:00:42,600 --> 06:00:44,400
the heat of the day becomes 
unbearable. 

6453
06:00:44,400 --> 06:00:47,800
Despite the hot weather cooling 
rituals that reduced body 

6454
06:00:47,800 --> 06:00:50,300
temperature and encouraged 
relaxation, were part of the 

6455
06:00:50,300 --> 06:00:53,900
Greek summer sleep preparation. 
The use of fans and other 

6456
06:00:53,900 --> 06:00:56,500
cooling equipment to create 
comfortable sleeping conditions,

6457
06:00:56,500 --> 06:01:00,300
light evening meals that didn't 
increase internal heat or cool 

6458
06:01:00,300 --> 06:01:03,300
baths before bed could all be 
part of this, the Greeks 

6459
06:01:03,300 --> 06:01:05,700
understood that Autumn was a 
time to prepare for winter, 

6460
06:01:05,700 --> 06:01:08,800
while still taking advantage of 
the Pleasant weather and 

6461
06:01:08,800 --> 06:01:12,200
bountiful harvests of late 
summer and this was reflected in

6462
06:01:12,200 --> 06:01:15,400
their sleeping Arrangements. 
The best time to make winter 

6463
06:01:15,400 --> 06:01:18,300
bedding, stock up on heating 
fuel and gradually change, 

6464
06:01:18,300 --> 06:01:20,400
sleeping arrangements from 
Summer to Winter, was in the 

6465
06:01:20,408 --> 06:01:22,800
fall. 
Gratitude rituals that honor the

6466
06:01:22,808 --> 06:01:25,600
years Harvest and prime the mind
for the contemplative, winter 

6467
06:01:25,600 --> 06:01:27,900
months were common in Greek, 
Autumn sleep customs. 

6468
06:01:28,500 --> 06:01:32,500
These exercises facilitated the 
mental shift from Somers active,

6469
06:01:32,500 --> 06:01:35,900
externally, focused energy to 
Winter's need for inward 

6470
06:01:35,900 --> 06:01:38,800
focused. 
Rest for energy, the Greeks 

6471
06:01:38,800 --> 06:01:41,300
created intricate systems for 
keeping sleeping gear and 

6472
06:01:41,300 --> 06:01:43,900
seasonal bedding. 
In good shape while making the 

6473
06:01:43,900 --> 06:01:45,400
most of the storage space. 
That was available. 

6474
06:01:45,400 --> 06:01:49,000
Winter bedding was aired and 
stored in the summer to avoid 

6475
06:01:49,000 --> 06:01:51,800
heat and humidity damage, while 
some of the bedding was 

6476
06:01:51,800 --> 06:01:54,200
meticulously cleaned. 
And preserved with fragrant 

6477
06:01:54,200 --> 06:01:56,900
herbs in the winter, 
understanding how shifting 

6478
06:01:56,900 --> 06:02:00,200
daylight patterns impacted, not 
only sleep timing, but also 

6479
06:02:00,200 --> 06:02:03,300
Sleep Quality and dream content 
was part of the Greek seasonal, 

6480
06:02:03,300 --> 06:02:05,900
sleep wisdom. 
They changed their expectations 

6481
06:02:05,900 --> 06:02:09,600
and sleeping Arrangements in 
response to the fact that people

6482
06:02:09,600 --> 06:02:12,300
naturally slept differently on 
Long Summer Nights than on Long 

6483
06:02:12,300 --> 06:02:14,800
Winter nights. 
The Greeks were also aware that 

6484
06:02:14,800 --> 06:02:17,900
seasonal, variations and sleep 
had an impact on family and 

6485
06:02:17,900 --> 06:02:22,000
Community Dynamics, in addition 
to individual rest, Seasonal 

6486
06:02:22,000 --> 06:02:24,900
sleeping Arrangements, created 
yearly cycles, that supported 

6487
06:02:24,900 --> 06:02:28,500
both intimacy and independence 
by bringing families closer 

6488
06:02:28,500 --> 06:02:31,100
together in the winter and 
allowing for more individual 

6489
06:02:31,100 --> 06:02:33,900
privacy in the summer. 
And other Advanced component of 

6490
06:02:33,900 --> 06:02:37,000
Greek wisdom was seized on 
nutrition, which suggested 

6491
06:02:37,000 --> 06:02:39,400
different foods to support 
restful, sleep at different 

6492
06:02:39,400 --> 06:02:42,600
seasons of the year. 
While some sleep Foods 

6493
06:02:42,600 --> 06:02:46,000
emphasized, cool, easily, 
digestible options, that didn't 

6494
06:02:46,000 --> 06:02:47,600
interfere with rest during warm 
weather. 

6495
06:02:48,300 --> 06:02:51,200
Winter, sleep Foods, might 
emphasize warming spices and 

6496
06:02:51,200 --> 06:02:54,100
Hearty ingredients. 
Imagine living in a society 

6497
06:02:54,100 --> 06:02:57,100
where social obligations and 
Community relationships, played 

6498
06:02:57,100 --> 06:03:00,800
a bigger role in your sleep than
just being a personal private 

6499
06:03:00,800 --> 06:03:03,300
experience. 
Ancient Greek, society 

6500
06:03:03,300 --> 06:03:06,500
established institutions and 
practices that promoted restful 

6501
06:03:06,500 --> 06:03:09,200
sleep for individuals. 
While fortifying the social Ties

6502
06:03:09,200 --> 06:03:12,300
That bound communities together 
because they recognize that 

6503
06:03:12,300 --> 06:03:15,200
getting enough, sleep was both a
personal need and a shared 

6504
06:03:15,208 --> 06:03:18,500
obligation, Greek architecture. 
And social Arrangements were 

6505
06:03:18,500 --> 06:03:21,100
based on the knowledge that 
family sleep patterns had an 

6506
06:03:21,100 --> 06:03:23,900
impact on everyone's Health, 
which encouraged everyone in the

6507
06:03:23,908 --> 06:03:27,100
family to get enough sleep. 
The sleeping arrangements for 

6508
06:03:27,100 --> 06:03:30,300
parents kids servants, and other
family members were planted 

6509
06:03:30,300 --> 06:03:33,400
minimize disruptions and 
maximize comfort and security. 

6510
06:03:33,400 --> 06:03:37,600
The Greek idea of phlox senior 
or love of strangers included 

6511
06:03:37,600 --> 06:03:40,500
particular duties to give 
visitors Travelers and guests 

6512
06:03:40,500 --> 06:03:43,600
are comfortable place to sleep. 
These were considered to be 

6513
06:03:43,608 --> 06:03:45,800
sacred obligations, that the 
gods themselves. 

6514
06:03:45,800 --> 06:03:49,900
Upheld not, merely polite, 
social behavior reputation's 

6515
06:03:49,900 --> 06:03:51,900
were frequently based on the 
caliber of sleep. 

6516
06:03:51,900 --> 06:03:55,100
That visitors received in 
specific homes and families took

6517
06:03:55,100 --> 06:03:57,700
pride in their ability to 
provide exceptional sleeping 

6518
06:03:57,700 --> 06:04:01,000
Hospitality Greek communities 
established unofficial, but 

6519
06:04:01,000 --> 06:04:03,800
official procedures for 
controlling activities and noise

6520
06:04:03,800 --> 06:04:07,200
that could interfere with sleep 
There were unspoken Norms in 

6521
06:04:07,208 --> 06:04:08,700
neighborhoods. 
Regarding what kinds of 

6522
06:04:08,708 --> 06:04:10,400
nighttime activities were 
appropriate. 

6523
06:04:10,400 --> 06:04:13,200
How late social? 
Gatherings could go on and when 

6524
06:04:13,200 --> 06:04:17,000
noisy activities should stop 
Everyone was able to rely on the

6525
06:04:17,008 --> 06:04:18,900
silence required for restful, 
sleep. 

6526
06:04:18,900 --> 06:04:22,400
Thanks to these Community Norms 
because the Greeks understood 

6527
06:04:22,400 --> 06:04:24,800
that sleep issues could impact 
entire communities. 

6528
06:04:24,800 --> 06:04:27,700
They developed Collective 
approaches to sleep Health, that

6529
06:04:27,700 --> 06:04:30,900
address social and environmental
factors that affect the quality 

6530
06:04:30,900 --> 06:04:33,600
of sleep. 
Communities could cooperate to 

6531
06:04:33,600 --> 06:04:37,200
manage lighting that disrupted 
natural sleep, cycles control 

6532
06:04:37,200 --> 06:04:40,300
sources of noise, pollution or 
address security issues that 

6533
06:04:40,300 --> 06:04:42,500
prevented residents from getting
a good night's sleep. 

6534
06:04:42,500 --> 06:04:45,700
Greek, social customs and 
included particular procedures 

6535
06:04:45,700 --> 06:04:48,300
for resolving disputes and 
issues pertaining to sleep. 

6536
06:04:49,100 --> 06:04:51,500
There were established social 
mechanisms in place to handle 

6537
06:04:51,500 --> 06:04:54,600
situations, where someone's 
actions were interfering with 

6538
06:04:54,608 --> 06:04:57,400
others, sleep in a way, that 
would preserve peace in the 

6539
06:04:57,400 --> 06:05:00,200
community. 
These systems understood that if

6540
06:05:00,200 --> 06:05:03,200
sleep disputes were not managed 
carefully, they could develop 

6541
06:05:03,200 --> 06:05:07,000
into major social issues, the 
Greeks created parallel systems.

6542
06:05:07,000 --> 06:05:09,700
That gave everyone from 
affluent, citizens to working 

6543
06:05:09,700 --> 06:05:12,500
slaves, suitable, rest 
opportunities because they 

6544
06:05:12,500 --> 06:05:15,400
recognize that different social 
classes had different, sleep 

6545
06:05:15,400 --> 06:05:18,700
requirements, and limitations, 
the idea that everyone should 

6546
06:05:18,700 --> 06:05:20,800
have enough sleep for their 
health and productivity was 

6547
06:05:20,800 --> 06:05:23,300
widely acknowledged. 
Even though the specific, 

6548
06:05:23,300 --> 06:05:26,300
rangements varied, greatly 
Greek, Civic and religious 

6549
06:05:26,300 --> 06:05:28,900
celebrations, and included 
measures to deal with the sleep 

6550
06:05:28,900 --> 06:05:31,300
disturbance that big crowds and 
variably Kors. 

6551
06:05:32,000 --> 06:05:35,000
Systems that offered sleeping, 
accommodations controlled noise,

6552
06:05:35,000 --> 06:05:37,800
levels at night, and assisted 
people in sticking to sleep 

6553
06:05:37,800 --> 06:05:39,400
schedules. 
Despite the excitement of 

6554
06:05:39,400 --> 06:05:41,800
special occasions were developed
as a result of Festival 

6555
06:05:41,800 --> 06:05:44,400
organizers. 
Recognition that attendees 

6556
06:05:44,400 --> 06:05:47,700
needed to rest in order to fully
participate in multi-day events.

6557
06:05:47,700 --> 06:05:51,100
The Greeks created complex 
methods for communal sleeping. 

6558
06:05:51,100 --> 06:05:53,800
That could be used for family 
get-togethers, religious 

6559
06:05:53,800 --> 06:05:56,000
pilgrimages and military 
operations. 

6560
06:05:57,100 --> 06:06:00,300
These systems included social 
norms that preserved comfort and

6561
06:06:00,300 --> 06:06:02,400
privacy. 
Even in crowded situations, 

6562
06:06:02,400 --> 06:06:06,400
equipment that was portable and 
easy to set up in systematic, 

6563
06:06:06,400 --> 06:06:09,800
approaches to managing shared 
sleeping areas, Greek marriage, 

6564
06:06:09,800 --> 06:06:12,500
Traditions included, special 
consideration for sleeping 

6565
06:06:12,500 --> 06:06:15,900
Arrangements that promoted 
intimacy within the marriage as 

6566
06:06:15,900 --> 06:06:19,100
well as individual rest. 
There were established 

6567
06:06:19,100 --> 06:06:22,100
traditions for Designing 
sleeping areas that encouraged 

6568
06:06:22,100 --> 06:06:25,500
individual comfort and Harmony 
within the marriage, the 

6569
06:06:25,500 --> 06:06:28,000
newlyweds were given bedding and
bedroom furniture in wedding. 

6570
06:06:28,000 --> 06:06:31,100
Presents, understanding that 
children sleep needs differed 

6571
06:06:31,100 --> 06:06:34,500
from those of adults, the Greeks
created family structures that 

6572
06:06:34,500 --> 06:06:37,300
encouraged young people to get a
good night's sleep while 

6573
06:06:37,300 --> 06:06:40,000
teaching them, the social skills
needed to live in a community. 

6574
06:06:40,900 --> 06:06:43,600
Early on kids were taught that 
their sleeping patterns had an 

6575
06:06:43,600 --> 06:06:46,500
impact on other people and that 
it was their duty to improve the

6576
06:06:46,500 --> 06:06:48,700
quality of sleep. 
In the home, Greek, social 

6577
06:06:48,700 --> 06:06:52,200
Customs regarding illness and 
sleep acknowledged that caring 

6578
06:06:52,200 --> 06:06:55,100
for ill, family members, and 
assess, modifying household, 

6579
06:06:55,100 --> 06:06:58,200
sleep, schedule's and that sick 
people required different 

6580
06:06:58,200 --> 06:07:01,400
sleeping Arrangements. 
Families frequently received 

6581
06:07:01,400 --> 06:07:04,000
support from their communities 
in overcoming these obstacles 

6582
06:07:04,000 --> 06:07:06,400
enabling everyone to get enough 
sleep. 

6583
06:07:06,400 --> 06:07:10,400
During trying times the Greeks 
created seasonal, social Customs

6584
06:07:10,400 --> 06:07:12,500
that complemented rather than 
contradicted. 

6585
06:07:12,500 --> 06:07:14,400
These natural changes in 
daylight and weather. 

6586
06:07:15,000 --> 06:07:17,600
Because they recognize that 
these changes had an impact on 

6587
06:07:17,600 --> 06:07:20,600
community social rhythms, as 
well as individual sleep 

6588
06:07:20,600 --> 06:07:23,000
patterns. 
While some are Customs 

6589
06:07:23,000 --> 06:07:25,400
accommodated, the lighter sleep 
patterns that came with longer 

6590
06:07:25,400 --> 06:07:28,100
days, winter. 
Social activities were made to 

6591
06:07:28,100 --> 06:07:31,600
work with longer sleep needs. 
Professional experts, who are 

6592
06:07:31,600 --> 06:07:33,800
knowledgeable about sleep 
medicine and could offer 

6593
06:07:33,800 --> 06:07:36,100
guidance and treatment to those 
who are having trouble. 

6594
06:07:36,100 --> 06:07:38,700
Sleeping were frequently found 
in Greek Community. 

6595
06:07:38,700 --> 06:07:42,500
These professionals provided 
holistic approaches to sleep 

6596
06:07:42,500 --> 06:07:45,100
Health that met the needs of the
individual, as well as the 

6597
06:07:45,100 --> 06:07:48,300
community by fusing their 
knowledge of Medicine with an 

6598
06:07:48,300 --> 06:07:50,500
awareness of the social and 
environmental elements that 

6599
06:07:50,500 --> 06:07:53,000
influence sleep. 
Understanding that children, 

6600
06:07:53,000 --> 06:07:56,000
adults and Elders. 
All had unique needs that needed

6601
06:07:56,000 --> 06:07:59,700
to be met the Greeks created 
systems for addressing the Sleep

6602
06:07:59,700 --> 06:08:04,200
needs of various age groups 
within communities Regardless of

6603
06:08:04,200 --> 06:08:08,000
each residence unique situation,
Community areas and activities 

6604
06:08:08,000 --> 06:08:11,500
were created to promote healthy,
sleep habits, recognizing that 

6605
06:08:11,500 --> 06:08:13,700
communities, survival frequently
depended on. 

6606
06:08:13,700 --> 06:08:15,900
Ensuring that important 
individuals could get enough 

6607
06:08:15,900 --> 06:08:18,600
sleep. 
Even during trying times, Greek,

6608
06:08:18,600 --> 06:08:21,000
social Customs included 
particular approaches to 

6609
06:08:21,000 --> 06:08:24,100
managing sleep during 
emergencies, or crises during 

6610
06:08:24,100 --> 06:08:27,600
conflicts natural disasters, or 
other disruptions these crisis, 

6611
06:08:27,600 --> 06:08:29,700
sleep systems supported 
Community functioning. 

6612
06:08:29,700 --> 06:08:31,600
It's worth. 
Considering how much of the 

6613
06:08:31,608 --> 06:08:34,300
ancient Greeks knowledge about 
sleep is still applicable and 

6614
06:08:34,300 --> 06:08:36,700
useful in our day and age as you
get ready to go to sleep 

6615
06:08:36,700 --> 06:08:39,800
tonight, surrounded by 
contemporary conveniences that 

6616
06:08:39,800 --> 06:08:43,200
they could never have imagined. 
Some aspects of human world 

6617
06:08:43,200 --> 06:08:46,700
being a genuinely Timeless as 
evidence by the Greeks methods 

6618
06:08:46,700 --> 06:08:50,000
of rest and sleep, which have 
been largely confirmed by modern

6619
06:08:50,000 --> 06:08:52,300
science. 
Many of the results of modern 

6620
06:08:52,300 --> 06:08:55,100
sleep research were predicted by
the Greeks, understanding of the

6621
06:08:55,100 --> 06:08:57,700
relationship between sleeping 
environment and Sleep Quality. 

6622
06:08:58,600 --> 06:09:02,300
Their focus on air quality, 
noise, reduction, lighting, and 

6623
06:09:02,300 --> 06:09:05,500
temperature regulation, 
demonstrated in an eight-way, 

6624
06:09:05,500 --> 06:09:07,900
awareness of the environmental 
elements that either support or 

6625
06:09:07,900 --> 06:09:11,100
obstruct sound sleep. 
Many of the environmental 

6626
06:09:11,100 --> 06:09:13,700
changes that Greeks made to 
their homes and bedtime rituals 

6627
06:09:13,700 --> 06:09:16,100
are still advised by 
contemporary Sleep. 

6628
06:09:16,100 --> 06:09:19,200
Experts current research. 
Demonstrates that regular 

6629
06:09:19,200 --> 06:09:21,600
evening routines. 
Help regulate circadian rhythms 

6630
06:09:21,600 --> 06:09:23,000
and promote better sleep 
quality. 

6631
06:09:23,000 --> 06:09:26,200
Confirming the Greek emphasis on
bedtime rituals and sleep 

6632
06:09:26,200 --> 06:09:29,100
preparation. 
The gradual change from Bright 

6633
06:09:29,100 --> 06:09:31,800
daylight to soft evening, 
lighting to Darkness is in line.

6634
06:09:31,808 --> 06:09:34,400
With current advice on how to 
control light exposure to 

6635
06:09:34,400 --> 06:09:37,400
promote healthy, sleep cycles, 
modern knowledge of sleep 

6636
06:09:37,400 --> 06:09:40,400
medicine and Corona biology was 
foreshadowed by the Greeks, 

6637
06:09:40,400 --> 06:09:43,700
understanding that sleep needs 
differ from person to person and

6638
06:09:43,700 --> 06:09:45,800
evolve over the course of a 
person's life. 

6639
06:09:46,500 --> 06:09:49,400
There are adaptable ideas about 
the environment timing. 

6640
06:09:49,400 --> 06:09:51,500
And length of sleep, 
demonstrated a deep 

6641
06:09:51,500 --> 06:09:54,400
comprehension of human sleep 
patterns that contemporary 

6642
06:09:54,400 --> 06:09:56,500
science has only lately come to 
fully understand. 

6643
06:09:56,500 --> 06:09:59,500
Modern research on the 
relationships between Sleep 

6644
06:09:59,500 --> 06:10:02,000
Quality, mental health, and 
overall. 

6645
06:10:02,000 --> 06:10:04,900
Life satisfaction was for 
shadowed by the Greeks 

6646
06:10:04,900 --> 06:10:07,200
integration of sleep with 
spiritual encyclical, 

6647
06:10:07,200 --> 06:10:10,000
well-being. 
Modern sleep studies of fully 

6648
06:10:10,000 --> 06:10:12,800
validated their understanding. 
That sleep has an impact on 

6649
06:10:12,800 --> 06:10:15,300
social relationships. 
Intellectual performance, 

6650
06:10:15,300 --> 06:10:19,200
emotional stability, and 
physical health, for anyone who 

6651
06:10:19,200 --> 06:10:21,600
wants to work with natural 
rhythms, rather, than against 

6652
06:10:21,600 --> 06:10:24,000
them, Greek approaches to 
seasonal sleep. 

6653
06:10:24,000 --> 06:10:25,400
At adaptation are still 
applicable. 

6654
06:10:25,400 --> 06:10:28,800
They serve as models for how 
contemporary people might modify

6655
06:10:28,800 --> 06:10:32,000
their sleep patterns to promote,
well-being, all year, round by 

6656
06:10:32,000 --> 06:10:34,400
modifying their bedding, sleep 
schedule, and sleeping 

6657
06:10:34,400 --> 06:10:36,700
environment. 
According to the seasons for 

6658
06:10:36,700 --> 06:10:39,200
modern society is dealing with 
pervasive sleep issues. 

6659
06:10:39,200 --> 06:10:42,100
The Greek emphasis on sleep as a
communal issue. 

6660
06:10:42,100 --> 06:10:44,800
Rather than merely an individual
one provides insightful 

6661
06:10:44,800 --> 06:10:47,700
information. 
They realization that peaceful 

6662
06:10:47,700 --> 06:10:51,100
social settings and Community 
collaboration are necessary for 

6663
06:10:51,100 --> 06:10:54,200
restful sleep points to methods 
of improving sleep Health, that 

6664
06:10:54,200 --> 06:10:56,000
go beyond changing personal 
habits. 

6665
06:10:56,000 --> 06:10:59,500
Many aspects of contemporary, 
sleep systems were foreshadowed 

6666
06:10:59,500 --> 06:11:02,000
by Greek Innovations in bedding 
and sleep furniture. 

6667
06:11:02,900 --> 06:11:06,600
Their use of layered bedding, 
adjustable sleeping surfaces and

6668
06:11:06,600 --> 06:11:10,500
materials that control moisture 
and temperature, demonstrated a 

6669
06:11:10,500 --> 06:11:13,000
knowledge of sleep comfort that 
contemporary manufacturers 

6670
06:11:13,000 --> 06:11:16,400
invest millions of dollars in 
studying and creating current 

6671
06:11:16,400 --> 06:11:19,700
studies on sleeps role in memory
consolidation, emotional 

6672
06:11:19,700 --> 06:11:21,800
processing and creative problem 
solving. 

6673
06:11:22,500 --> 06:11:25,500
Confirm, the Greek understanding
that dreams and sleep States 

6674
06:11:25,500 --> 06:11:28,300
serves significant psychological
and spiritual purposes. 

6675
06:11:29,500 --> 06:11:32,300
Their thoughtful consideration 
of dreams and sleep experience 

6676
06:11:32,300 --> 06:11:34,700
is demonstrated a profound 
appreciation for the 

6677
06:11:34,700 --> 06:11:37,800
significance of sleep that goes 
well beyond mere physical 

6678
06:11:37,800 --> 06:11:40,400
relaxation. 
Modern Travelers, who struggle 

6679
06:11:40,400 --> 06:11:43,100
with jet lag, strange 
surrounding and Disturbed sleep 

6680
06:11:43,100 --> 06:11:46,100
patterns can learn from the 
Greeks, approaches to travel 

6681
06:11:46,100 --> 06:11:48,700
sleeping and sleeping away from 
home. 

6682
06:11:49,700 --> 06:11:53,600
Their portable Comfort Systems 
flexibility tactics and focus on

6683
06:11:53,600 --> 06:11:56,400
preserving a custom sleep 
patterns offer helpful advice 

6684
06:11:56,400 --> 06:11:59,900
for today's travel sleep issues.
Modern integrator approaches to 

6685
06:11:59,900 --> 06:12:02,100
sleep disorders were 
foreshadowed by the Greek 

6686
06:12:02,100 --> 06:12:04,700
understanding the sleep 
medicine, necessitates 

6687
06:12:04,700 --> 06:12:06,900
comprehensive approaches 
addressing physical 

6688
06:12:06,900 --> 06:12:10,400
psychological, environmental and
social factors. 

6689
06:12:11,400 --> 06:12:14,300
Their understanding that sleep 
issues, frequently mirror larger

6690
06:12:14,308 --> 06:12:17,500
imbalances in life. 
Provides insightful, viewpoints 

6691
06:12:17,500 --> 06:12:20,400
for modern sleep medicine, 
modern home design and bedroom 

6692
06:12:20,400 --> 06:12:23,100
layout are influenced by Greek 
architectural, approaches to 

6693
06:12:23,100 --> 06:12:26,500
sleeping areas. 
Their focus on privacy climate 

6694
06:12:26,500 --> 06:12:30,100
control acoustic design and the 
psychological aspects of 

6695
06:12:30,100 --> 06:12:33,400
sleeping areas provides advice 
for Designing modern bedrooms, 

6696
06:12:33,400 --> 06:12:35,200
that genuinely promote sound 
sleep. 

6697
06:12:35,200 --> 06:12:38,200
Modern families, can learn the 
value of healthy sleep habits 

6698
06:12:38,200 --> 06:12:41,700
from the Greeks who Incorporated
sleep, wisdom into education and

6699
06:12:41,700 --> 06:12:44,600
child rearing They provide hope 
for resolving. 

6700
06:12:44,600 --> 06:12:47,600
Today's childhood sleep issues 
by acknowledging that sleep 

6701
06:12:47,600 --> 06:12:50,700
skills are acquired and can be 
enhanced with practice and 

6702
06:12:50,700 --> 06:12:53,400
focus, Greek. 
Seasonal, sleeping Customs, 

6703
06:12:53,400 --> 06:12:56,300
provide alternatives to the 
artificially regulated settings,

6704
06:12:56,300 --> 06:12:58,600
that Define a large portion of 
contemporary life. 

6705
06:12:59,800 --> 06:13:01,900
For those who are interested in 
more natural, methods of 

6706
06:13:01,900 --> 06:13:04,900
regulating sleep in the 
Circadian, rhythm their methods 

6707
06:13:04,900 --> 06:13:07,400
for dealing with seasonal 
energy, packs temperature, 

6708
06:13:07,400 --> 06:13:10,100
fluctuation and natural light 
cycles, offered Guidance. 

6709
06:13:10,100 --> 06:13:13,400
The Greek understanding the good
night's sleep, is both a 

6710
06:13:13,400 --> 06:13:16,500
personal need and social 
obligation provides insights. 

6711
06:13:16,500 --> 06:13:19,800
That may be useful in addressing
modern sleep issues brought on 

6712
06:13:19,800 --> 06:13:22,900
by environmental and social 
variables that are out of an 

6713
06:13:22,900 --> 06:13:26,500
individuals control. 
The community focused approaches

6714
06:13:26,500 --> 06:13:29,400
to sleep, Health offer policy 
recommendations that could 

6715
06:13:29,400 --> 06:13:31,700
enhance the quality of sleep for
whole populations. 

6716
06:13:31,700 --> 06:13:35,300
Most significantly, the Greek 
conception of sleep as a sacred 

6717
06:13:35,300 --> 06:13:38,600
restorative process that merits 
reverence care and attention, 

6718
06:13:38,600 --> 06:13:42,000
provides a Counterpoint to 
Modern views of sleep as a waste

6719
06:13:42,000 --> 06:13:43,300
of time or a loss of 
productivity. 

6720
06:13:44,100 --> 06:13:46,900
Their reverent view of sleep is 
a daily chance for rest, and 

6721
06:13:46,900 --> 06:13:50,300
Rejuvenation offers a useful 
Counterpoint to contemporary 

6722
06:13:50,300 --> 06:13:54,200
sleep, deprivation, and anxiety.
Try some greek-inspired sleep 

6723
06:13:54,200 --> 06:13:55,900
techniques. 
As you get into bed tonight, 

6724
06:13:55,900 --> 06:14:00,300
establishing slow changes from 
Bright to dim lighting sticking 

6725
06:14:00,300 --> 06:14:03,600
to regular bedtime routines. 
Monitoring the temperature and 

6726
06:14:03,600 --> 06:14:06,800
noise levels of your sleeping 
space or just approaching sleep 

6727
06:14:06,800 --> 06:14:09,100
with the same. 
Reverence and expectation that 

6728
06:14:09,100 --> 06:14:11,600
the Greeks brought to their 
nightly foray into the world of 

6729
06:14:11,600 --> 06:14:14,000
Dreams. 
The ancient Greeks recognized 

6730
06:14:14,000 --> 06:14:16,800
something that are contemporary 
Society, occasionally overlooks,

6731
06:14:17,600 --> 06:14:20,300
Sleep patterns have an impact on
not only how we feel the 

6732
06:14:20,300 --> 06:14:23,600
following day but also how we 
conduct our entire lives. 

6733
06:14:24,400 --> 06:14:27,900
Their knowledge of relaxation 
comfort and the sacredness of 

6734
06:14:27,900 --> 06:14:30,900
sleep provides Timeless advice 
for anyone looking to improve 

6735
06:14:30,900 --> 06:14:33,600
their life. 
Not just their quality of sleep 

6736
06:14:33,600 --> 06:14:36,800
rest well knowing that you're 
engaging in one of the oldest 

6737
06:14:36,800 --> 06:14:38,500
and most fundamental human 
costs. 

6738
06:14:38,500 --> 06:14:42,300
One that links you to thousands 
of generations of people who 

6739
06:14:42,300 --> 06:14:46,400
have found solace wisdom and 
Rejuvenation in the soft Embrace

6740
06:14:46,400 --> 06:14:49,200
of sound sleep. 
In addition to your own deepest 

6741
06:14:49,200 --> 06:14:50,500
needs for rest and recuperation,