A Colonial Thanksgiving in 1621: Gentle Traditions by Firelight | Boring History For Sleep

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What's up my Thanksgiving pies? 
The Brita crew leader is on, do 

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not disturb. 
So let's snuggle up and let me 

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tell you a story here tonight 
where we indeed travel back four

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centuries to a time when the 
world moved at the pace of 

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footsteps when gratitude wasn't 
a hashtag, but a genuine 

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lifeline and when two very 
different groups of people came 

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together to share a harvest 
Feast that would echo through 

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American memory forever. 
This is the story of that 

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gathering in 1621, not the 
simplified version you learned 

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in elementary school but the 
real complicated human story of 

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thankfulness in uncertain time. 
If you're new here as allways 

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joining the community is super 
quick and easy, just tap 

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subscribe and like the video. 
And let me know where in the 

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world you're watching from and 
what time it is for you. 

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Now, find that cold part of your
pillow and let's start. imagine 

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standing on the deck of a wooden
ship off to 66 days at Sea, 

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watching a coastline emerge from
the November fog, like a promise

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half kept The year is 1620 and 
you're seeing what would later 

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be called Massachusetts for the 
first time, the land looks 

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nothing like the Tidy, English, 
Villages, you left behind 

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instead, you're facing dense 
forests, that seemed to go on 

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forever. 
Broken only by marshes and 

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occasional clearings were 
someone some previous people 

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once planted corn? 
The Mayflower sits Anchored In 

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what the English will name 
Plymouth Harbor? 

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Though, the Wampanoag people who
actually live here, have called 

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this place Pawtuxet for longer 
than anyone can remember. 

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The ship rocks, gently beneath 
your feet that familiar motion, 

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you felt every moment for more 
than two months. 

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Some passengers are eager to 
leave. 

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This floating wooden prison. 
Others are terrified to trade 

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the known, discomfort of the 
ship for the unknown dangers of 

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shore. 
You're among a group of about 

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100 Souls, who left everything 
familiar for reasons that seemed

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to compelling back in England. 
Some came for Religious Freedom,

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they're the ones, the history 
books will call pilgrims though.

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They just think of themselves as
separatist trying to worship God

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according to their own 
conscience. 

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Others came for economic 
opportunities, Craftsmen and 

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laborers, hoping to build better
lives than England's rigid 

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class. 
System would allow A few came 

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simply because they were young 
and adventurous or because 

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staying home seemed worse than 
whatever risks. 

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The new world might hold. 
The first winter teaches you, 

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that new world is a term 
invented by people who never had

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to survive one. 
The settlers build crude 

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shelters that leak Reign and 
barely block wind. 

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The structures are nothing like 
proper English houses more like 

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desperate Arrangements of rough 
Timber and whatever materials 

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can be scavenged before, 
snowfalls you learn quickly. 

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That architectural, Pride means 
nothing when Frost forms on the 

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inside of walls and every breath
creates visible clouds. 

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Even indoors disease move 
through the settlement like an 

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unwelcome guest to refuses to 
leave, scarbee, pneumonia, and 

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infections. 
That would be minor 

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inconvenience is back. 
Home. 

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Become death sentences here. 
The settlements first winter 

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season, nearly half the 
colonists die. 

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Their bodies buried in unmarked 
Graves on Hillside, because the 

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survivors fear that visible 
Graves would show nearby native 

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how weak the English of become. 
It's a grim calculation that 

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speaks to both practical fear 
and the desperate hope that 

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spring might bring better 
Fortune through all this 

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hardship, you maintain routines,
that connect you to the 

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Civilized world, you left 
behind, Morning prayers happen, 

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regardless of whether meals are 
eaten at proper times even when 

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portions are so small. 
They barely qualify as food. 

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The women men clothing, that's 
wearing through creating patches

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upon patches until the original 
fabric becomes a distant memory.

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The men work on building 
projects that progress with 

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agonizing slowness because 
everyone is weak from hunger and

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sickness but something 
remarkable happens during this 

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terrible winter. 
People who survived develop a 

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kind of shared resilience that 
transcends, their original 

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divisions, the religious 
separatists, and the economic 

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opportunists groups. 
That might have remained 

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distinct communities under 
easiest circumstances, become 

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simply neighbors. 
Trying to help each other 

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survive. 
Class distinctions that seemed 

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important in England fade when 
everyone is equally cold and 

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hungry by Spring of, 1621 the 
survivors number. 

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Only about 50. 
They've buried parents children,

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spouses and friends. 
They have endured privations 

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that would have seemed 
unimaginable back in England, 

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yet they've also accomplished 
something remarkable they've 

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survived. 
The simple fact of still being 

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alive as warmer weather arrives,
feels like a gift that demands 

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acknowledgment. 
The land itself begins to reveal

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its character as winter releases
its grip. 

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Forests that seemed so 
threatening. 

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In November now, show potential.
There are streams full of fish 

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Meadows, where deer graze and 
soil that looks promising for 

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planting The survivors begin to 
understand that this land isn't 

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inherently hostile. 
Simply different from England, 

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requiring different knowledge, 
and different skills than the 

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ones they brought with them. 
This is when the real education 

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begins. 
Because surviving in this new 

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land will require learning from 
people who already know, its 

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Secrets, the one panoa AG who 
have called this place home for 

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longer than English History. 
Can account for tea spring 

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arrives with the kind of gentle 
insistence. 

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That makes Winter's harshness 
seem like a fading nightmare. 

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You watch as the forest 
transforms from bare branches to

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10 green leaves. 
As if the land itself is 

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demonstrating that renewal is 
possible even after devastating 

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loss. 
The survivors begin planting 

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crops using seeds. 
They brought from England. 

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Working soil. 
That feels different from 

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anything they knew back home, 
darker richer, and full of 

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stones, that seem to multiply 
each time you clear a field. 

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The planting happened with 
instruction from an unexpected 

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teacher. 
A Wampanoag man named tisquantum

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who the English call Squanto 
shows. 

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You techniques that European 
farming manuals never mentioned.

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He demonstrates how to plant 
corn in small Mounds rather than

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Rose, placing several seeds 
together with fish buried. 

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Beneath them to nourish the 
growing plants. 

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The fish's fertilize a method 
seemed strange at first. 

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Even slightly wasteful, given 
our hungry. 

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Everyone has been But you follow
his guidance because 

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stubbornness is a luxury. 
You cannot afford squanto's. 

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Own story is remarkable enough 
to deserve its own evening of 

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Storytelling. 
Though, you only learned 

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fragments of it. 
He was kidnapped by English 

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explorers years. 
Early taken to Europe and 

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somehow made his way back to 
find his entire Village wiped 

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out by disease. 
He returned to her Homeland. 

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That was both familiar and 
completely transformed, his 

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people gone. 
The house is collapsed. 

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Their fields returning to 
Forest. the man teaching you to 

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plant, corn has survived losses 
that make your own hardships 

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seem almost manageable by 
comparison, the growing season 

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becomes a time of cautious 
optimism He watched the corn 

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Sprout first, as delicate green 
shoots that seemed to fragile to

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survive, then as increasingly 
sturdy, stalks that reached 

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toward the Summer sun. 
Beans, a planted to climb the 

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corn stalks while squash grows 
between the Mounds. 

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Creating what the 
The men learned to track deer 

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through forests, that initially 
seemed impenetrable, but 

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gradually reveal, their patterns
and paths. 

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They discover that the streams 
and ocean provide fish in 

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varieties and quantities, that 
English Waters cannot match. 

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The women learn which plants are
edible, which are medicinal, and

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which should be avoided 
entirely. knowledge that takes 

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on sacred importance, when the 
nearest doctor is an ocean Away 

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by Autumn it becomes clear that 
the Harvest will be successful, 

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not abundant in the way that 
English Farms might produce, but

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sufficient The corn has grown 
despite your inexperience, The 

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Garden of yielded squash beans 
and other vegetables, the 

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colonies Hunters of brought in 
Deer and wild fowl after a year 

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of scarcity, so severe that it 
killed half your companions. 

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There is finally enough food to 
Face winter without Terror. 

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This abundant relative though, 
it may be creates a sense of 

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debt that needs acknowledging. 
The survival of the colony was 

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never certain never guaranteed, 
it resulted from a combination 

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of hard work, helpful 
instruction from the Wampanoag 

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and what the religious settlers 
would call Providence, but which

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might equally be described as 
good fortune. 

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Either way, gratitude seems like
the appropriate response, the 

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idea emerges gradually rather 
than appearing as a single 

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decision. 
Someone suggests celebrating the

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successful Harvest with a feast 
perhaps inviting the Wampanoag 

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neighbors, Who provided crucial 
assistance, the suggestion 

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gained support because it 
addresses multiple needs 

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simultaneously. 
It allows Thanksgiving for 

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survival creates opportunity. 
For strengthening relationships.

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With the native peoples and 
provides a moment of Joy. 

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After a year, dominated by grief
and hardship preparations. 

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For this Feast become a 
community project. 

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That occupies several weeks of 
autumn the women begin 

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preserving foods that will be 
served using techniques. 

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Learned, both from English 
traditions. 

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And from one point teaching, 
corn is dried and ground into 

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meal meters prepared and stored 
wild fruits are gathered and 

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turned into preserves. 
Each task is performed with 

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care. 
That reflects both practical 

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necessity and ceremonial 
significant, the settlements 

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limited cooking facilities 
require creative planning. 

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Most homes have only a single 
fireplace and even the common 

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buildings can accommodate only 
so many pots at once. 

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Cooking. 
For a large Gathering means 

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carefully scheduling dishes 
coordinating between households 

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and accepting, that some foods 
will need to be prepared 

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Outdoors on spits, and temporary
hearts. 

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The men focus on hunting and 
building additional venison is 

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needed to feed a large 
Gathering. 

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So, hunting parties. 
Go out regularly in the weeks 

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before the feast. 
Others work on constructing 

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temporary tables and benches, 
creating outdoor seating that 

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can accommodate both English 
settlers and one pinoa guests. 

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Preparations, have a dual 
purpose, practical necessity, 

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and symbolic gesture, creating 
both a meal, and a statement 

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about survival. 
And cooperation, as the feast 

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day approaches, you begin to 
understand that this Gathering 

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represents something more 
significant than simply sharing 

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food. 
It's a moment when two vastly 

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different cultures separated by 
ocean and experience and 

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worldview will sit together and 
acknowledge their 

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interdependence, the English 
colonists needed one 

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acknowledged to survive. 
The Wampanoag facing increasing 

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pressure from other European 
settlements along the coast. 

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See potential value in 
maintaining peaceful. 

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Relations with these particular 
newcomers, the atmosphere in the

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settlement shifts as preparation
intensifies. 

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The underlying current of grief 
that has run through every day. 

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Since that first, terrible 
winter doesn't disappear, but 

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it's joined by something else, 
anticipation, perhaps, or 

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cautious, hope that survival 
might lead to something, 

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resembling Prosperity, the 
morning of the feast arrives 

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with whether that seems almost 
impossibly, perfect. 

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One of those Autumn days when 
the air holds just enough, 

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coolness to be invigorating 
without being uncomfortable when

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the sky stretches, clear? 
And blue of yellow and red 

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foliage. 
You've been awake since before 

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Dawn, joining others in final 
preparations that have taken on 

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an urgency that exceeds mere 
practical necessity, the 

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Wampanoag arrive in numbers that
surprised the English hosts. 

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Master Suite, the Sachem or 
leader of the Wampanoag could 

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become military Advantage. 
If relations soured. 

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But Masters people come bearing 
gifts of food, particularly five

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deer. 
They've hunted specifically for 

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this Gathering and the tension 
eases into something closer to 

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cautious, welcome? 
You observe the Wampanoag guests

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with curiosity that you hoped 
doesn't appear rude. 

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The dressed in Deer skin 
clothing that looks infinitely. 

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More practical for this climate 
than English, wool, and linen. 

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Somewhere their hair long and 
loose others in styles that seem

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to indicate status or role 
within their community. many 

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have decorative elements worked 
into their clothing, shells, 

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feathers, and quill work that 
represent countless hours of 

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intricate labor, the physical 
differences between the two 

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groups extend beyond clothing, 
The Wampanoag move through the 

233
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:30,200
forest edge settlement with an 
ease. 

234
00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,500
That makes English, awkwardness,
obvious by contrast, Comfortable

235
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:36,900
in this landscape in ways. 
The colonists are still 

236
00:13:36,908 --> 00:13:39,400
learning. 
Even the children among the one,

237
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,100
guest display skills that would 
be considered exceptional among 

238
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:46,600
English, youth of similar ages, 
but there are similarities too 

239
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,000
visible. 
If you look Beyond superficial 

240
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,400
differences, both groups of 
brought their best for this 

241
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:56,000
occasion, the English wearing 
their least, one clothing the 

242
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,900
one panel adorned with 
ceremonial decorations. 

243
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:03,700
Both show signs of the same 
Universal human concern with 

244
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:07,200
making good Impressions during 
significant social occasions. 

245
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:11,400
Parents from both cultures, keep
careful eyes on their children, 

246
00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:16,000
hoping for good behavior. 
Leaders from both groups, move 

247
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:18,300
through the gathering with the 
particular combination of 

248
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:22,100
authority and diplomacy that 
leadership roles seem to require

249
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:25,900
universally the language barrier
creates interesting challenges 

250
00:14:25,900 --> 00:14:29,800
Squanto and a few others can 
translate between Wampanoag and 

251
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,300
English, but they cannot be 
everywhere, simultaneously. 

252
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:37,600
Much communication happens 
through gestures demonstrations 

253
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:42,000
and the universal language of 
shared activity. when words 

254
00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,000
fail, people resort to showing 
rather than telling 

255
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,500
demonstrating how something 
works indicating through action,

256
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,300
what might be too complex to 
explain through translation? 

257
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:54,700
The feast itself is laid out on 
long. 

258
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:58,700
Tables constructed specifically 
for this Purpose, supplemented 

259
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:01,300
By ground covers, where 
additional people can sit in the

260
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:05,600
Wampanoag Style. 
Food represents a genuine Fusion

261
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:09,300
of two cultures contribution 
venison from both English 

262
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:13,100
hunters and one gifts. 
Wild fouled. 

263
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:15,200
That might be turkey or Goose or
duck. 

264
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,200
Corn prepared in various ways 
reflecting, both English and 

265
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:23,400
Native cooking methods squash 
and beans from the successful 

266
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,600
Harvest. 
Fish and shellfish from local 

267
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,400
Waters and wild fruits gathered.
From the surrounding Forest, 

268
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,500
notably absent are many foods 
that later Americans will 

269
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:37,000
associate with Thanksgiving. 
There's no cranberry sources. 

270
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,400
Colonists know it though fresh 
cranberries might appear in some

271
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:42,400
form. 
Potatoes haven't yet, made the 

272
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,100
journey from South America to 
North American colonies. 

273
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,500
Pumpkin pie doesn't exist 
because the colony lacks both 

274
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:52,400
ovens capable of baking proper 
pastry and sufficient stores of 

275
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:54,600
sugar and spices for elaborate 
desserts. 

276
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,200
The meal is simpler than future 
thanksgiving's will be closer to

277
00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:01,000
the actual products of land and 
labor. 

278
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,700
The eating happens in waves, 
rather than as a single formal 

279
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:09,300
meal, people serve themselves 
and find places to sit creating 

280
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:13,400
small groups that mix English 
and various combinations. 

281
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:17,300
Some Gatherings are primarily 
one culture with a few members 

282
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,400
of the other While others 
achieve more balanced mixing, 

283
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:24,300
the arrangement is organic 
rather than planned developing 

284
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:27,300
according to relationships, 
Curiosities and comfort levels. 

285
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,200
You find yourself in a group 
that includes both English 

286
00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:34,200
neighbors and one panoa guests. 
The eating proceeds with less 

287
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,700
conversation than might occur at
an all English Gathering partly 

288
00:16:37,700 --> 00:16:40,600
because of language, barriers 
and partly because good food, 

289
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,200
after a year of scarcity 
requires little verbal 

290
00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:47,500
commentary, the venison is Rich 
and flavorful the corn, 

291
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:51,500
satisfying in its substance and 
the wild foul prepared with 

292
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:55,500
herbs that grow abundantly, in 
this new land between bite, You 

293
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:58,000
observe interactions that 
suggests this Gathering as 

294
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:00,500
accomplishing. 
Its implicit diplomatic purposes

295
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:04,900
English, man, and Wampanoag men 
discuss hunting and territory 

296
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,700
using the universal vocabulary 
of people who understand game 

297
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:10,500
and Seasons In The rhythms of 
land. 

298
00:17:11,599 --> 00:17:14,099
Women from both cultures, 
examine each other's handy. 

299
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:18,599
Work the English admired, 
weaving and decoration. 

300
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:22,700
The one panoa curious about 
English, textile techniques and 

301
00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:25,099
clothing. 
Construction children provide, 

302
00:17:25,099 --> 00:17:28,099
some of the feasts, most genuine
moments of cultural Exchange. 

303
00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,100
After initial shyness English, 
and Wampanoag children begin 

304
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,400
playing together inventing games
that require no. 

305
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:39,300
Shared language. 
They chase each other through 

306
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:43,200
the settlements edges, play with
simple toys and demonstrate the 

307
00:17:43,208 --> 00:17:45,700
universal truth. 
That children can often Bridge 

308
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:49,200
gaps that leave adults 
uncertain, the feast extends 

309
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,200
over three days. 
Not because anyone plans such 

310
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,100
duration, but because the 
Gathering develops its own 

311
00:17:55,100 --> 00:17:59,400
momentum, Once begun, the 
celebration proves difficult to 

312
00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:04,300
conclude more food is prepared. 
More games are played and more 

313
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:06,500
conversations happen through 
translation. 

314
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:10,800
And gesture, the Wampanoag camp 
near the settlement, creating a 

315
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,100
temporary Village that exists. 
Alongside the English one on the

316
00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:16,800
second day of the Gathering. 
A moment of shared ceremony 

317
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,600
occurs that capture something 
essential about this meeting of 

318
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,400
cultures. 
The English settlers following 

319
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,300
their religious Traditions offer
prayers of Thanksgiving, for 

320
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:29,000
survival and harvest. 
These prayers along and formal 

321
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,700
filled with scriptural 
references, and Theological 

322
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:35,500
language, that probably mean 
little to whom or listeners even

323
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:38,600
when translated, but then 
something unexpected happened. 

324
00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:41,500
Massive. 
So it offers his own expression 

325
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:44,800
of thanks speaking. 
In one panoa, while Squanto 

326
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,500
translates, His words carry a 
different Rhythm and reference 

327
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:51,900
different spiritual Frameworks 
but the underlying sentiment is 

328
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:54,100
recognizable, across cultural 
boundaries. 

329
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,200
He gives thanks for the Harvest 
for the health of his people and

330
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:02,100
for relationships that bring 
peace rather than conflict. 

331
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,600
The substance differs from 
English prayers, but the impulse

332
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,700
toward gratitude is identical. 
You realize sitting in Autumn 

333
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,100
Sunshine, while listening to 
these parallel expressions of 

334
00:19:13,100 --> 00:19:16,800
thankfulness that gratitude 
might be one of Humanity's most 

335
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:18,900
fundamental responses to 
existence. 

336
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,300
Both cultures despite vastly 
different histories and belief 

337
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:26,500
systems share. 
This recognition that life's 

338
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:28,100
good things deserve 
acknowledgment. 

339
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,400
That survival is never 
guaranteed and therefore, always

340
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,700
worthy of. 
Thanks, the one Panorama 

341
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,600
understanding of Thanksgiving is
woven into their daily life in 

342
00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,100
ways that English settlers are 
only beginning to appreciate, 

343
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:44,400
They give thanks before hunting 
acknowledging the animals who 

344
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:46,100
will give their lives for human 
sustenance. 

345
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:49,900
They Express gratitude for 
Harvest through ceremonies that 

346
00:19:49,900 --> 00:19:52,600
Mark. 
Each crops sees and This 

347
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:55,100
spiritual practices include 
regular recognition of 

348
00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:58,400
interconnectedness between 
people and land humans. 

349
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:02,700
And other creatures and present 
generations and ancestors this 

350
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:05,400
integrated approach to 
thankfulness contrast with the 

351
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,600
English tendency to separate 
religious devotion from daily 

352
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:13,200
labor. the settlers pray before 
meals and attend Sunday services

353
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,900
but their work life often 
precedes independently of 

354
00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:21,600
explicit spiritual practice the 
one Panorama model, where every 

355
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,600
activity can be infused with 
spiritual significance, 

356
00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,800
represents a different way of 
moving through the world during 

357
00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:32,100
the feast second day, 
demonstrations of various skills

358
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,000
occur naturally, as people find 
ways to communicate across 

359
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:39,000
language barriers One panawag 
Hunters, show, English 

360
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,800
colonists, tracking techniques 
that work in these particular 

361
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:45,100
forests. 
English Craftsman demonstrate 

362
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:48,500
metalworking that fascinates 
their guests who have elaborate 

363
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:51,700
copper trade networks but 
haven't developed European 

364
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:54,700
style. 
Smithing women from both 

365
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:57,800
cultures, share food, 
preparation methods, each 

366
00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:00,600
learning techniques that will 
prove useful in future Seasons. 

367
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,700
These exchanges happen with an 
ease that Belize their 

368
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:07,000
historical significance. 
You're watching the beginning of

369
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,500
a cultural blending that will 
shape this region for 

370
00:21:09,500 --> 00:21:12,400
Generations. 
The English colonists will never

371
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:14,600
be purely English. 
Again, there are already 

372
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:18,100
becoming something new shaped by
this land and by knowledge 

373
00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:21,900
shared with native peoples. 
The one pornog for their part 

374
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:24,000
are beginning. 
A relationship with European 

375
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:27,000
culture that will transform 
their world in ways, both 

376
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:31,300
beneficial and devastating. 
But in this moment in the Autumn

377
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:35,000
of 1621, the relationship feels 
mostly hopeful. 

378
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,600
Both groups have reasons to 
Value peaceful coexistence. 

379
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:42,400
The English need continued 
guidance for survival in 

380
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:47,200
unfamiliar territory the Vampire
Weekend by diseases introduced 

381
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:51,100
by early European contacts. 
See potential advantage in 

382
00:21:51,100 --> 00:21:55,200
Alliance with these particular 
settlers in that other native 

383
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:56,800
groups in the region may be 
hostile. 

384
00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,600
The gratitude that infuses this 
Gathering isn't naive or 

385
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:04,800
ignorant of practical concerns 
its gratitude that coexist with 

386
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,200
weariness hope that acknowledges
on certainly. 

387
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:11,300
And thanks offered while 
understanding that the future 

388
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:15,400
remains unclear. 
This makes it in some ways more 

389
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,300
genuine than the simplified 
thankfulness, that will later be

390
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,900
taught in schools. 
Real gratitude often contains 

391
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:24,900
complexity acknowledgment of 
Good Fortune. 

392
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,800
Alongside awareness of fragility
appreciation for present 

393
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:31,200
blessings while recognizing 
their impermanence. 

394
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,100
You watch the sun set on the 
second day of feasting turning 

395
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:37,700
the Autumn landscape gold and 
Amber and orange. 

396
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:42,400
Fires are lit as Darkness Falls,
and people gather around them in

397
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:44,200
mixed groups. 
That would have seemed 

398
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:48,000
impossible just days earlier. 
Someone begins singing in 

399
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,300
English hymn while the one, I 
guess may not understand the 

400
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,800
words, they seem to appreciate 
the melody. 

401
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:58,400
Later, one panel musicians, 
produce sounds from instruments.

402
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:02,600
The English of never seen. 
Rhythms that come from entirely 

403
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,100
different musical Traditions. 
The evening's atmosphere creates

404
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:09,800
a space where both cultures can 
exist simultaneously without 

405
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:11,900
either needing to dominate or 
submit. 

406
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,200
The English don't stop being 
English and the one panoche 

407
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,400
don't stop being one Pine Oak. 
But for these few days, they 

408
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,400
exist together in a way that 
acknowledges, both different and

409
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,800
common Humanity. 
This perhaps is the feasts, real

410
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:30,300
gift not the food, which will be
consumed, and forgotten that the

411
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:33,400
demonstration that radically 
different people's can gather 

412
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,300
peaceful. 
When survival and common 

413
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:39,200
interests. 
Align, It's a lesson that will 

414
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,400
prove difficult to remember in 
the decades ahead. 

415
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,800
When Colonial expansion creates 
conflicts that override 

416
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:49,300
diplomatic gestures. 
But in 1621 for three days in 

417
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:53,100
Autumn, it seems not only 
possible, but actual, as the 

418
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:56,000
third day of Celebration 
approaches its end, the feast 

419
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,300
takes on a quality of gentle 
exhaustion. 

420
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:02,400
The initial excitement has faded
into comfortable familiarity 

421
00:24:03,300 --> 00:24:05,600
English and Wampanoag sit 
together. 

422
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,300
Now, with the self-consciousness
that Mark The Gatherings 

423
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:11,300
beginning. 
Children from both cultures play

424
00:24:11,300 --> 00:24:15,100
with the unselfconscious energy.
That children somehow maintained

425
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,600
regardless of circumstances. 
The evening meal on the final 

426
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,400
day is simpler than previous 
feasts, partly. 

427
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,000
Because the most elaborate 
dishes of being consumed and 

428
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:25,800
partly. 
Because the event is winding 

429
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,800
down naturally. 
People serve themselves from 

430
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:32,700
what remains finding spots near 
fires that have been burning for

431
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:36,200
three days kept alive through 
continuous attention. 

432
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,300
Fire like create islands of 
warmth and visibility in the 

433
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:44,000
Autumn Darkness gathering places
where stories can be shared 

434
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,900
despite language barriers you 
find yourself near a fire where 

435
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:50,500
several English families. 
Sit with one our guests, 

436
00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:55,600
everyone full of food and tired 
from Days of Celebration. the 

437
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,600
conversation is sparse 
translation is labor intensive 

438
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:02,400
and Squanto has been working 
nearly constantly As an 

439
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:06,700
interpreter Silence among people
who have shared food for three 

440
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,300
days feels companionable rather 
than awkward. 

441
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:13,600
Someone asks through translation
about 1.01 traditions for 

442
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,100
marking harvest season The 
explanation that follows is 

443
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:21,000
complex involving ceremonies and
practices that span multiple 

444
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,700
seasons and connect to spiritual
beliefs, that don't translate 

445
00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:26,500
neatly into English 
understanding. 

446
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:31,200
But the essence comes through. 
Gratitude for Harvest is part of

447
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,800
a larger cycle of acknowledgment
of maintaining proper 

448
00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:39,500
relationships between people and
the land that sustains them an 

449
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:42,300
English settler responds by 
describing Harvest festivals in 

450
00:25:42,300 --> 00:25:45,200
The Villages. 
They left behind celebrations 

451
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,500
that Mark the end of the growing
season in England's, very 

452
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,200
different climate. 
There's nostalgia in the 

453
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:55,100
description acknowledgment that 
those old traditions belong to a

454
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:57,100
world. 
That feels increasingly distant 

455
00:25:57,100 --> 00:25:59,500
the English. 
Colonists are beginning to 

456
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,200
understand that they cannot 
simply transplant. 

457
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:04,300
European Customs to this new 
land. 

458
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:08,100
They must develop Nutri editions
appropriate to their change 

459
00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:11,700
circumstances this exchange 
happening in firelight, while 

460
00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:15,400
people relax after days of 
feasting represents a kind of 

461
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:19,200
cultural negotiation. 
Both groups were exploring, what

462
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,100
can be shared, what can be 
translated and what must remain 

463
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:27,300
specific to each culture's? 
Distinct experience, its 

464
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:30,400
education happening, organically
through story and question 

465
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,600
rather than formal instruction. 
The children provide 

466
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:35,400
entertainment as the evening 
progresses. 

467
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:38,700
They've invented games that 
combine elements of both 

468
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,400
cultures Traditions, creating 
hybrid forms that belong to 

469
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,800
neither English Norman. 
But to this specific moment of 

470
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:51,000
mixing, they race and climb and 
play with the complete 

471
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,400
absorption that children bring 
to their activities. 

472
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:55,800
Watching them. 
You wonder. 

473
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:57,600
If they'll remember these days 
when they grow. 

474
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:01,300
If this Gathering will become a 
family Legend passed down 

475
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:05,100
through generations music 
emerges again, as Darkness 

476
00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:10,100
deepens English, settlers sing 
ballads from home, old songs 

477
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,600
about love and loss and distant 
places. 

478
00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:17,600
The Melodies carry weight beyond
their words, connecting singers 

479
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,100
to memories of villages and 
families left behind. 

480
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:25,400
The Wampanoag listened politely.
Here in these foreign songs some

481
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,800
Universal truths about human 
emotion and experience. 

482
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:33,700
Then 1.01 musicians, share their
own Traditions creating rhythms 

483
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:35,600
on drums. 
That seem to come from the Earth

484
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,100
itself from heartbeat and 
footfall. 

485
00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:41,400
And the pulse of living things, 
There are songs too. 

486
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,700
In a language, the English 
cannot understand, but which 

487
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,000
clearly carries meaning Beyond 
mere words. 

488
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:51,700
Some songs seem celebratory, 
others more solemn, creating 

489
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:54,400
soundscapes that transport 
listeners, even without 

490
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:57,600
translation, the meeting of 
musical Traditions creates 

491
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:01,700
moments of unexpected Harmony. 
someone discovers that an 

492
00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:04,600
English Melody can be 
accompanied by a woman with them

493
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,900
creating something that belongs 
fully to neither tradition, but 

494
00:28:07,900 --> 00:28:13,100
draws from both, It's 
improvisation of curiosity and 

495
00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:16,500
facilitated by music's ability, 
to communicate across language 

496
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:19,200
barriers as the evening extends 
toward night. 

497
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,400
People begin preparing for 
sleep. 

498
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:25,300
The Wampanoag will Camp once 
more near the settlement before 

499
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,900
departing in the morning. 
English families returned to 

500
00:28:28,900 --> 00:28:33,200
their homes tired but satisfied.
The three-day Gathering is 

501
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:36,700
concluding not with a formal 
ceremony but with the natural 

502
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:40,400
exhaustion that follows 
sustained celebration, you make 

503
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:43,700
your way to your own dwelling 
full of food and experience and 

504
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:46,300
thoughts about the remarkable 
nature of what you've just 

505
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:48,800
witnessed. 
The Gathering exceeded 

506
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,500
expectations in ways that are 
difficult to articulate. 

507
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:54,900
It was both more ordinary and 
more significant than 

508
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:59,000
anticipated ordinary in the 
sense that people simply ate and

509
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:03,000
talked and played significant in
the demonstration, that such 

510
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,900
simple activities could Bridge 
enormous cultural chasms. 

511
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,500
The settlement is quiet, except 
for low voices and the crackling

512
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,300
of fires, burning low. 
Tomorrow, the Wampanoag will 

513
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:17,500
return to their own Villages and
the English settlers will return

514
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,000
to their normal routines of 
survival and building. 

515
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:25,100
Something has shifted during 
these three days relationships 

516
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,700
are formed knowledge has been 
shared and both groups of 

517
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,900
demonstrated to the themselves 
and each other that peaceful 

518
00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:35,300
coexistence is possible. 
You fall asleep, thinking about 

519
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:39,100
gratitude about the complex web 
of factors that allowed this 

520
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:42,800
Gathering to happen gratitude 
for surviving that terrible 

521
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,100
first winter. 
Thanks to native peoples willing

522
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:49,800
to share knowledge, that made 
survival possible appreciation 

523
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:51,800
for the Harvest, that will carry
the colony. 

524
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:55,600
Through the coming winter 
recognition that you're alive to

525
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,800
experience this moment when so 
many others are not the 

526
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:03,000
Gratitude isn't simple or purely
joyful, It's Complicated by loss

527
00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:04,500
and uncertainty about the 
future. 

528
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:09,200
But perhaps that's what makes it
genuine easy gratitude. 

529
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:12,900
Thanks offered when everything's
perfect requires little from 

530
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,100
those who express it gratitude 
amid hardship. 

531
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,400
Thanks offered while remembering
those who didn't survive to 

532
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:22,900
share this Harvest that demands 
something deeper from the human 

533
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:26,300
Spirit morning, arrives with 
cold Clarity. 

534
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,200
Autumn asserting itself more 
forcefully. 

535
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:32,400
Now that the unseasonably warm 
weather of the past three days 

536
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:35,200
is ended. 
You emerge from your dwelling, 

537
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,500
to find the Wampanoag preparing 
for departure. 

538
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:41,400
They pack up their temporary 
camp with efficiency that makes 

539
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,000
English preparations. 
Always look chaotic by 

540
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:47,100
comparison. 
Every item has its place. 

541
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,700
Every person knows their role. 
And within what seems like 

542
00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:54,700
moments, they're ready to leave.
The farewells happen with less 

543
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:58,300
formality than the greetings. 
People simply acknowledge each 

544
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:00,600
other a nod here. 
A gesture there. 

545
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:03,300
Perhaps few words for those who 
share enough language for 

546
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:07,400
conversation. 
Masa to exchanges some final 

547
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,000
words with the settlements 
leaders translated by Squanto. 

548
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,300
The exact content isn't shared 
with the broader Community, but 

549
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:19,200
the tone suggests confirmation 
of mutual Goodwill and hope for 

550
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:22,800
continued peaceful relations. 
Then, the Wampanoag Department, 

551
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,700
Moving into the forest with that
practice ease that still 

552
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:29,900
astonishes English observers 
within minutes. 

553
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:33,200
The group of 90 is effectively 
disappeared leaving the 

554
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,200
settlement feeling suddenly 
quiet and strangely empty. 

555
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:38,800
The English settlers stand for a
moment. 

556
00:31:38,808 --> 00:31:42,800
Perhaps processing, the previous
three days before, turning back 

557
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:45,100
to the Practical demands of 
daily survival. 

558
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:47,900
The aftermath of the feast 
brings its own labor. 

559
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:52,700
There are tables to dismantle 
dishes to clean and Scattered 

560
00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:55,600
debris to collect. 
The settlement must return to 

561
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,800
its normal functioning shifting 
from celebration mode. 

562
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:01,400
Back to the serious business of 
preparing for winter. 

563
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,100
Yet the work proceeds with a 
different quality than before 

564
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:08,500
the Gathering. 
People seem less burdened as if 

565
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:11,900
the celebration provided not 
just physical nourishment, but 

566
00:32:11,900 --> 00:32:13,800
some kind of spiritual 
restoration. 

567
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:18,200
You reflect on what made the 
Gathering work. part of it was 

568
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:22,500
certainly the shared meal, the 
abundance after scarcity, and 

569
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:25,400
the simple pleasure of having 
enough food to satisfy hunger 

570
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:29,700
completely But there was 
something else too, a 

571
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,800
recognition that Simplicity 
itself can be valuable that life

572
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,900
stripped of complication and 
pretense reveals essential, 

573
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:40,300
human connections, that more 
complex social structures, 

574
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,000
sometimes. 
Obscure, the feast had no 

575
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:47,200
elaborate protocols, no rigid, 
seating arrangements and no 

576
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:50,300
carefully, calibrated social 
hierarchies being performed and 

577
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:54,000
reinforced. 
Instead people simply gathered 

578
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,200
shared what they had and took 
pleasure in each other's 

579
00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,700
company. 
This Simplicity wasn't primitive

580
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:05,100
or unsophisticated. 
It was deliberate appropriate to

581
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:08,000
circumstances that demanded 
practical approaches over 

582
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,300
ceremonial complexity life in 
the colony forces Simplicity in 

583
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:14,700
ways, that would have been 
unimaginable back in England, 

584
00:33:15,700 --> 00:33:18,300
The social hierarchies that 
structured every interaction in 

585
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,700
English Villages matter, less 
here where survival depends more

586
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,100
on practical skills than 
inherited status. 

587
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:28,300
The person who can build a 
sturdy shelter or successfully 

588
00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:32,400
hunt, deer contributes more to 
community survival and someone 

589
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:35,800
with impressive ancestry, but 
limited practical abilities. 

590
00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,300
This democratizing effect from 
frontier life creates both 

591
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:43,300
opportunity and discomfort. 
People who enjoyed High status 

592
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:45,800
in England, find themselves 
doing manual labor. 

593
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:48,100
They would have considered 
beneath them back home. 

594
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,500
conversely, those who occupied 
lower rungs of England's rigid 

595
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:55,900
social ladder, Discover that 
their practical skills, give 

596
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:59,200
them value and respect that 
social origin, never provided 

597
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,600
the one Pinoy model of community
organization Glimpse, during the

598
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:07,100
three-day Gathering offers. 
Yet another perspective on how 

599
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:09,400
human societies can structure 
themselves. 

600
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:13,100
Their system isn't less complex 
than English social 

601
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:16,500
organization. 
It's differently complex based 

602
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:20,600
on kinship networks, seasonal, 
movements, and relationship to 

603
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:22,800
land. 
Rather than hereditary nobility 

604
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,000
and fixed property ownership, 
you begin to understand that 

605
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:30,100
Simplicity is an absence of 
complexity but rather Clarity of

606
00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:34,000
purpose, the feast succeeded 
because its purpose was clear. 

607
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,800
Give thanks for survival and 
harvest. 

608
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:40,900
Strengthen relationships with 
Native neighbors and create a 

609
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:43,000
moment of Joy after a year of 
hardship. 

610
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,199
Everything that happens serve 
these purposes without 

611
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:50,300
unnecessary elaboration, this 
lesson, applies Beyond feasts to

612
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:51,900
life in the colony more 
generally. 

613
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:55,600
The settlements that will 
survive, and eventually Thrive 

614
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:59,200
will be those that focus on 
essential purposes, producing 

615
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:03,100
food, maintaining shelter, 
building Community without 

616
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,900
getting distracted by the 
elaborate social performance, is

617
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:09,200
that occupied so much energy 
back in England, the physical 

618
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,300
environment. 
Enforces this clarity When 

619
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:16,600
winter storms, hit when food 
runs low, when illness strikes, 

620
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,200
there's no room for pretense or 
performance. 

621
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:23,400
You either have the skills and 
resources to survive, or you 

622
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:27,800
don't This brutal honesty 
creates a kind of Freedom 

623
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:30,800
alongside its demands. 
You can be yourself more 

624
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,300
completely here because there's 
less energy available for 

625
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:36,800
maintaining false fronts, the 
religious separatists who form 

626
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,200
the core of the Plymouth 
Community sought this kind of 

627
00:35:39,208 --> 00:35:41,200
Simplicity in their spiritual 
lives. 

628
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:45,200
Worship stripped of what they 
considered, unnecessary ceremony

629
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:49,400
focused on a direct relationship
with God rather than mediated 

630
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:51,200
through an elaborate Church 
hierarchy. 

631
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,500
In some ways, the physical 
Simplicity Force by Frontier 

632
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:59,000
conditions, aligns with their 
spiritual preferences for 

633
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:03,800
plainness and directness but 
Simplicity has its cost to the 

634
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:06,500
lack of doctors means that 
medical knowledge is limited to 

635
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:09,500
what individuals remember or 
learned from native sources? 

636
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:13,600
The absence of many Crafts 
People means that broken tools 

637
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:17,100
might be irreparable and that 
certain Goods simply aren't 

638
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:21,200
available regardless of need. 
Simplicity, in some areas, 

639
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:25,300
creates vulnerability and others
as days passed after the feast 

640
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:28,000
the settlement settles into 
winter preparation, rhythms 

641
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,600
would must be cut and stacked 
for heating. 

642
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:32,900
The remaining Harvest must be 
properly. 

643
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:35,900
Stored shelters must be 
reinforced against coming 

644
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:38,400
storms. 
The work is endless and 

645
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:42,100
repetitive, but it carries 
meaning that routine labor in 

646
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:46,000
England often lacked. 
Here, every quart of wood 

647
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:50,200
stacked, every bushel of corn 
stored and every hole in a roof 

648
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:54,800
repair directly impacts of. 
The connection between labor and

649
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:58,500
outcome is immediate and clear. 
You find yourself thinking often

650
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:00,500
about the feast and what it 
represented. 

651
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:04,300
The Abundant seemed miraculous 
after a year of scarcity. 

652
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,300
Yet, it was simply the normal 
result of a successful harvest 

653
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:13,900
in reasonably fertile land. 
What felt like luxury having 

654
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:18,000
enough to eat sharing with 
neighbors taking three days away

655
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,800
from labor? 
For celebration was actually 

656
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:25,200
just sufficiently the Baseline 
that human communities need to 

657
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:27,600
thrive. 
This realization is both 

658
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:30,800
humbling and encouraging 
humbling because it highlights 

659
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:32,300
how close to the edge of 
disaster. 

660
00:37:32,300 --> 00:37:36,700
The Colony came during that 
first year, Encouraging because 

661
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:40,400
it suggests that future years 
with better preparation and more

662
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,600
knowledge, might allow not just 
survival but actual Prosperity 

663
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,300
or at least Comfort winter. 
Settles over the settlement with

664
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:50,800
the inevitability of weather in 
different to human concerns. 

665
00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:53,600
But this winter feels different 
from the last. 

666
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:57,800
The houses are sturdier the food
stalls are Fuller and perhaps 

667
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,500
most importantly the colonists 
have experienced. 

668
00:38:00,500 --> 00:38:04,200
Now they know what to expect, 
how to prepare what strategies 

669
00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:07,300
worked and what failed during 
their first brutal season. 

670
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:11,000
You spend Long Winter evenings 
near the fire doing the kinds of

671
00:38:11,008 --> 00:38:14,700
quiet handwork that filled Dark 
Hours when outdoor labor is 

672
00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:17,900
impossible. 
Mending clothing, preparing 

673
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:21,900
materials for spring planting 
and crafting, small items that 

674
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:25,600
will be needed in coming months.
These are the hours when memory 

675
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:29,000
surface, when you find yourself 
thinking about everything that 

676
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,700
has led to this moment. 
The decision to leave England, 

677
00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:37,900
the terrifying ocean Voyage, the
losses of that first winter, and

678
00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:40,500
then the surprising Grace of 
survival and harvest. 

679
00:38:40,500 --> 00:38:44,100
And feast, the feast itself has 
already taken on qualities of 

680
00:38:44,108 --> 00:38:46,300
memory that differ from the 
actual experience. 

681
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:49,500
The three days were undoubtedly 
significant. 

682
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,600
But they were also ordinary in 
their ordinariness people eating

683
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:57,600
talking resting and repeating 
the simple activities that have 

684
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:00,600
always marked human Gatherings 
yet in memory. 

685
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:03,900
The event is acquiring layers of
meaning that perhaps weren't 

686
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,000
fully visible. 
During the experience itself, 

687
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:10,000
you realize that what happened 
in Autumn of 1621 was both 

688
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:14,300
exactly what it seemed a harvest
celebration and something more 

689
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:18,500
profound. it was a moment when 
two cultures, which might easily

690
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:21,800
have remained hostile chose 
instead to acknowledge their 

691
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:26,300
interdependence and find ways to
co-exist peacefully, That choice

692
00:39:26,300 --> 00:39:30,200
wasn't inevitable or natural, it
required Decisions by leaders on

693
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,600
both sides to set aside 
suspicion and risk vulnerability

694
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,400
for the possibility of mutual 
benefit, the legacy of that 

695
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:41,100
Feast will extend far beyond the
immediate participants though. 

696
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:46,400
You cannot possibly know this 
during the winter of 1621622 The

697
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:51,100
story will be told and retold 
simplified and mythologized, and

698
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:53,800
transformed into something quite
different from the actual 

699
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,500
complex of event. 
Later generations will use the 

700
00:39:57,500 --> 00:40:00,100
feast to support various 
political and cultural 

701
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:04,100
narratives often losing the real
human dimensions of what 

702
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,200
happened in favor of more 
convenient fiction. 

703
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,800
But perhaps even the mythologize
versions will carry some 

704
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:13,500
essential truth. 
The Gratitude matters that 

705
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:16,800
different peoples can find 
common ground and that sharing 

706
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,800
food and acknowledging. 
Mutual dependence a powerful act

707
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:24,700
that can transcend cultural 
boundaries if the later stories 

708
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:28,200
simplify the complicated 
realities of English, Wampanoag 

709
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:30,400
relations, they might still 
preserve. 

710
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,200
Something worth remembering 
about human capacity for 

711
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,300
cooperation and Thanksgiving 
spring returns. 

712
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:40,200
A spring is always do with that 
sense of renewal that never gets

713
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:42,800
old, no matter how many times 
you experience it. 

714
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:46,000
The settlement begins another 
growing season. 

715
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,200
Planting crops with more 
confidence than the previous 

716
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:51,900
year. 
The techniques learned from 

717
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,500
Squanto and other teachers are 
applied muscularly. 

718
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:59,700
Now, with the advantage of 
experience relations with Native

719
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:02,400
neighbor's continue though, 
they're more routine now than 

720
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,300
celebratory. 
Trade happens. 

721
00:41:05,300 --> 00:41:09,500
Information is exchanged and 
generally peaceful coexistence 

722
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:12,800
continues. 
There are tensions and 

723
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:15,800
misunderstandings. 
How could there not be when 

724
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:18,400
cultures so different? 
Try to share space and 

725
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,000
resources? 
But their managed through 

726
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:23,100
negotiation rather than 
violence. 

727
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:26,600
The Colony slowly grows as new 
ships arrived from England 

728
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:30,700
bringing additional settlers. 
Each new group must learn what 

729
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:33,200
the original colonists 
discovered through hard 

730
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:36,000
experience. 
That survival here requires 

731
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:40,300
adapting to new conditions 
learning from native peoples and

732
00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:43,600
letting go of expectations based
on English circumstances. 

733
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:47,000
You watch these newcomers with a
mixture of sympathy and 

734
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,100
impatience sympathy. 
Because you remember your own 

735
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:54,800
arrival, your own struggles to 
understand this place impatience

736
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:58,100
because hard one knowledge makes
others ignorant seem avoidable. 

737
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:01,800
Even though you know, learning 
requires personal experience and

738
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:04,000
cannot be fully. 
Transmitted through instruction,

739
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,100
the settlement develops. 
Its own rhythms and traditions 

740
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:10,100
distinct from the English or 
Wampanoag custom. 

741
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,200
Harvest celebrations, become 
annual events though. 

742
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:17,200
None quite recapture the 
particular circumstances and 

743
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:22,400
energy of that first feast in 
1621 Still each Autumn brings 

744
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:25,700
time for acknowledging, the 
years blessings for gathering 

745
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:29,300
together and for expressing 
gratitude for survival and 

746
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:32,600
harvest and Community these 
later. 

747
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,000
Celebrations lack. 
The novelty of the first Feast, 

748
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:37,700
but they carry their own 
satisfactions. 

749
00:42:37,700 --> 00:42:41,600
There's comfort in established 
tradition in knowing what to 

750
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:45,200
expect and in marking, time 
through repeated cycles of 

751
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:49,900
planting and harvest hardship 
and celebration the rhythm of 

752
00:42:49,900 --> 00:42:52,800
agricultural life which once 
seemed foreign and demanding 

753
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:57,300
becomes familiar and even 
reassuring years pass 5, then 

754
00:42:57,300 --> 00:43:00,400
10, then more. 
The Colony that seems so 

755
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:04,000
precarious in 1620 establishes 
itself as a permanent presence 

756
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,700
in the region. 
Children are born who have never

757
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:10,300
known England for whom this 
landscape is simply home, rather

758
00:43:10,300 --> 00:43:13,200
than the new world they grow up 
speaking English. 

759
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:17,800
But also learning one's eating 
corn based foods that would have

760
00:43:17,808 --> 00:43:21,600
seemed exotic to their parents 
and moving through forests with 

761
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:23,700
skills learned from native 
teachers. 

762
00:43:23,700 --> 00:43:27,300
These children, represent 
something genuinely new in human

763
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:30,900
history, a generation that 
blends European and American 

764
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:32,900
elements into an emerging 
identity. 

765
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:35,400
That is neither fully one or the
other. 

766
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:40,000
They're the first american-born,
English colonists, the beginning

767
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,500
of what will eventually become a
distinct American culture 

768
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,100
though. 
That term and concept don't 

769
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,500
exist, yet. 
You watch them play and learn 

770
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:49,700
and you wonder what kind of 
world they'll inherit? 

771
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,600
Will the peaceful coexistence 
between English settlers and 

772
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,500
native peoples continue. 
Will both cultures find ways to 

773
00:43:57,500 --> 00:44:01,300
share this land that benefit 
everyone or will the patterns 

774
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:04,900
that have played out elsewhere, 
European expansion, native 

775
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:08,900
displacement, violence and 
betrayal, repeat themselves 

776
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:11,000
here. 
Despite the promising, beginning

777
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:14,900
the honest answer visible. 
Even in the 1620s is that 

778
00:44:14,900 --> 00:44:17,500
tensions are building beneath 
the surface cooperation. 

779
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:21,800
More English ships arrive each 
year, bringing settlers, who 

780
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:25,300
lack the original colonists 
desperate, gratitude, for Native

781
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:28,300
assistance. 
These newcomers often view the 

782
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:31,500
1.0 and other native peoples, 
not as neighbors and teachers. 

783
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:36,100
But as obstacles to be removed 
or controlled land becomes an 

784
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:40,500
increasing source of conflict 
English settlers understand land

785
00:44:40,500 --> 00:44:43,700
ownership in terms of individual
property rights, clear, 

786
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:47,400
boundaries, exclusive, use and 
permanent possession. 

787
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:51,800
The one Panola concept of land 
relationship is fundamentally 

788
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,800
different based on seasonal use 
rights shared access and 

789
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:57,700
stewardship rather than 
ownership. 

790
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:01,800
These incompatible World Views 
create misunderstandings that 

791
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:05,200
grow more serious as the English
population increases trade 

792
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:07,500
relationships. 
That initially seemed mutually 

793
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:09,700
beneficial begin to show 
troubling patterns. 

794
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:15,600
English Goods metal tools cloth 
and unfortunately alcohol create

795
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:17,800
dependencies that shift power 
dynamics. 

796
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:21,700
The Wampanoag and other native 
people's find themselves. 

797
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:26,000
Increasingly reliant on European
trade items while Europeans need

798
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,700
less from native sources as 
their own Agriculture and 

799
00:45:28,708 --> 00:45:32,400
hunting skills improve. 
But during the 1620s in the 

800
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:35,500
immediate aftermath of that 
Harvest Feast these future, 

801
00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:39,800
troubles are mostly potential 
rather than actual The memory of

802
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:44,100
shared celebration of peaceful 
Gathering of mutual support 

803
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:47,800
during desperate time, these 
memories still carry weight in 

804
00:45:47,808 --> 00:45:50,700
both communities. 
Leaders on both sides. 

805
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:52,800
Who remember? 
The feast remain committed to 

806
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:56,400
maintaining the pieces. 
Symbolized Massasoit continues 

807
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,900
as Sasha of the one egg, and his
relationship with Plymouth 

808
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:02,400
Colony remains generally 
positive throughout his 

809
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:06,000
lifetime. 
The political calculations that 

810
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:08,800
made an alliance with the 
English seem advantageous in. 

811
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:11,300
1621 continued to hold for many 
years. 

812
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:15,000
The Wampanoag face threats from 
other native groups and English 

813
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:18,800
Military Support provides 
genuine Security benefits the 

814
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,600
English settlers for their part 
recognize that they remain 

815
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:24,400
vulnerable despite growing 
numbers and improving 

816
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:28,000
agricultural success. 
Open conflict with Native 

817
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:31,000
neighbors would be catastrophic 
for a colony that still 

818
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:35,000
establishing itself. 
Maintaining peaceful relations 

819
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,800
isn't just morally preferable. 
It's strategically essential. 

820
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:42,300
So the piece holds sustained by 
Mutual need and by memories of 

821
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:45,500
that Autumn Gathering. 
When two very different people's

822
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:48,000
proved, they could share a meal 
and celebrate together. 

823
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:52,900
The feast becomes a reference 
point, a reminder that 

824
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:56,500
cooperation is possible. 
Even when cultures, Collide, and

825
00:46:56,500 --> 00:46:59,600
that gratitude and generosity 
can transcend enormous 

826
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,900
differences, as you settle 
deeper into your blanket on this

827
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:05,900
winter evening, 400 years after 
that original Feast. 

828
00:47:05,900 --> 00:47:10,200
It's worth considering what the 
1621 Gathering means for people 

829
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:13,700
living in your own time. 
What lessons travel across four 

830
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:18,200
centuries What truths remain 
relevant when circumstances have

831
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:20,400
changed. 
So completely the most obvious 

832
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:23,900
lesson might be the simplest 
gratitude matters. 

833
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:28,000
The Plymouth colonists had 
endured a year of almost 

834
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:32,300
unimaginable hardship, losing 
half their number to disease and

835
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:34,700
hunger. 
They had every reason to be 

836
00:47:34,700 --> 00:47:39,000
bitter traumatized and focused 
entirely on their own Survival 

837
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:42,300
at any cost. 
Instead they chose to 

838
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:45,700
acknowledge Their Blessings to 
give, thanks for what they had 

839
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,500
rather than mourn. 
What they'd lost and to share 

840
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,000
their Harvest with neighbors, 
who had helped them survive, 

841
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:55,200
this choice because it was a 
choice, not an inevitable 

842
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:58,200
response, reveal something 
important to about human 

843
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:01,800
resilience. 
Hardship can destroy people and 

844
00:48:01,800 --> 00:48:04,000
can make them selfish and bitter
and clothes. 

845
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:09,200
But it can also clarify, what 
matters strip away pretense and 

846
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,800
create a appreciation for basic 
blessings. 

847
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:16,000
That Prosperity often takes for 
granted having enough food to 

848
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,300
eat. 
A shelter that keeps out whether

849
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:22,200
and a community that supports 
you through difficulty, these 

850
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,400
aren't trivial achievements, 
they're the foundation of human 

851
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:30,300
flourishing and they deserve 
recognition and thanks the 1621 

852
00:48:30,300 --> 00:48:32,100
Feast. 
Also demonstrates, something 

853
00:48:32,100 --> 00:48:34,100
crucial about cultural 
interaction. 

854
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:37,600
The English colonists and 
Wampanoag people couldn't have 

855
00:48:37,608 --> 00:48:41,700
been more different, different 
languages, religions Customs, 

856
00:48:41,700 --> 00:48:45,700
Technologies, and worldviews, 
every rational calculation 

857
00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:48,500
suggested that such differences 
would lead to conflict. 

858
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:52,500
Yet for at least that moment. 
And for several years afterward 

859
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:56,600
they found ways to coexist 
peacefully and even celebrate 

860
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:58,900
together. 
This wasn't because they ignored

861
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:02,800
or minimized, their differences,
the fee, succeeded precisely 

862
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:06,100
because both cultures brought 
their authentic selves to the 

863
00:49:06,108 --> 00:49:09,100
Gathering. 
The English contributed, their 

864
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:13,200
foods and Customs, the one per 
hour brought theirs and instead 

865
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:16,500
of competing for dominance, they
created space for both to exist 

866
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,700
simultaneously. 
It was diversity without a 

867
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:23,900
simulation cooperation with out,
one culture being required to 

868
00:49:23,900 --> 00:49:27,500
abandon itself in favor of the 
other modern society often 

869
00:49:27,500 --> 00:49:29,000
struggles with similar 
challenges. 

870
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,700
How do we create spaces? 
Where genuine differences can 

871
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:35,800
co-exist? 
How do we acknowledge cultural 

872
00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:38,100
distinctiveness, while finding 
common ground? 

873
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:42,100
The 1621 Feast doesn't provide 
complete answers. 

874
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:45,300
The subsequent history of 
European native relations in 

875
00:49:45,300 --> 00:49:48,200
America contains far more 
tragedy than Triumph. 

876
00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:52,100
But it proves that peaceful 
coexistence across enormous 

877
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:56,100
differences as possible. 
When circumstances aligned, and 

878
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:58,100
people choose cooperation over 
conflict. 

879
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:01,900
The feast also highlights the 
power of simple concrete acts of

880
00:50:01,900 --> 00:50:05,500
generosity. 
Massasoit's people brought five 

881
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:08,300
dear to the Gathering. 
A gift that represented 

882
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,900
significant labor and resources,
given freely to neighbors, who 

883
00:50:11,908 --> 00:50:16,100
are still essentially strangers 
That gesture of abundance, 

884
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:18,800
sharing set a tone that shaped 
the entire celebration. 

885
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:22,800
Generosity creates possibilities
that calculation and 

886
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:26,000
self-protection cannot. 
This remains true in modern 

887
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:30,300
contexts the small act of 
kindness sharing food with 

888
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:34,300
neighbors, helping someone in 
difficulty offering time or 

889
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:36,600
resources without expectation of
return. 

890
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:40,300
These create social bonds that 
abstract principles of 

891
00:50:40,300 --> 00:50:44,500
community, never quite achieve. 
We can connect through concrete 

892
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:47,900
acts through, the physical, and 
practical dimensions of care, 

893
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:50,300
and support. 
There's all so something to 

894
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:53,100
learn from how the colonists 
approached gratitude itself. 

895
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:56,800
Their Thanksgiving wasn't naive 
or ignorant of hardship. 

896
00:50:56,800 --> 00:50:59,700
They gave thanks while 
remembering those who died 

897
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:03,400
during the previous winter while
facing uncertainty about future 

898
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:06,800
survival while aware that their 
situation remained precarious. 

899
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:10,300
The Gratitude co-existed with 
grief. 

900
00:51:11,100 --> 00:51:14,900
Hope lived alongside fear and 
celebration happened. 

901
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:19,100
Despite or perhaps because of 
awareness of life's fragility, 

902
00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:22,700
this kind of gratitude might be 
more valuable than the simple 

903
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:24,900
happiness that comes when 
everything is going well. 

904
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:29,800
Easy tasks require little from 
us Gratitude that persist 

905
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:33,000
through difficulty that 
acknowledges blessing while not 

906
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,800
denying hardship, the demands 
something deeper from the human 

907
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:40,100
spirit. 
It requires choosing to see what

908
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:43,300
you have rather than focusing, 
only on what you lack 

909
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:47,700
recognizing gifts. 
Even when they're incomplete and

910
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:51,700
finding reasons for thanks, even
when circumstances would justify

911
00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:55,700
complaint, the Simplicity of 
that original Feast also carries

912
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:57,700
lessons. 
The meal wasn't, he? 

913
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:01,100
Elaborate or fancy? 
There were no exotic in greeds. 

914
00:52:01,100 --> 00:52:05,300
No complex, preparation for 
specialized skills or equipment.

915
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:09,900
People simply shared what they 
had the products of their labor 

916
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:12,100
and their land prepared without 
pretense. 

917
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,500
The feast succeeded, not because
of sophistication but because of

918
00:52:16,500 --> 00:52:20,400
sufficiently and a genuine, 
welcome modern celebrations. 

919
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,600
Have a tendency toward 
complexity that sometimes 

920
00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:27,900
obscures, the original purpose 
is, Thanksgiving has become for 

921
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:30,700
many people. 
A logistical challenge involving

922
00:52:30,700 --> 00:52:34,800
complicated, recipes 
coordinated, timing, and stress 

923
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:39,700
about creating the perfect meal.
The 1621 Gathering suggests an 

924
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:43,200
alternative approach. 
Share what you have, welcome 

925
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:46,500
others to your table and focus 
on connection rather than 

926
00:52:46,500 --> 00:52:48,900
Perfection. 
This doesn't mean elaborate 

927
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:51,500
celebrations are wrong, There's 
real pleasure in preparing, 

928
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,600
special foods and creating 
beautiful presentations. 

929
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:58,900
But when the process becomes so 
stressful that it undermines the

930
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:02,900
Gratitude and connection, its 
meant to express, something has 

931
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:07,000
gone wrong. the colonists 
simple, Feast succeeded because 

932
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:10,100
they focused on a Central 
purpose is acknowledging 

933
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,200
blessings strengthening 
relationships and creating 

934
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:16,900
community Through shared 
experience, the role of food 

935
00:53:16,900 --> 00:53:20,700
itself, deserves reflection, 
Across virtually all human 

936
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:24,000
cultures sharing meals is how we
create and maintain social 

937
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:26,900
bonds. 
We Mark important occasions with

938
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:29,800
feasts. 
We welcome strangers by inviting

939
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:33,100
them to eat with us and we 
Express Care, through preparing 

940
00:53:33,100 --> 00:53:37,400
and sharing food. 
The 1621 Gathering worked partly

941
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,400
because it tapped into these 
deep human patterns around food 

942
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:43,300
and community. 
In Modern, Life shared meals, 

943
00:53:43,300 --> 00:53:46,800
have become less common as busy 
schedules and individualized 

944
00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:49,300
eating patterns replace family 
dinners and communal. 

945
00:53:49,300 --> 00:53:53,400
Gatherings Yet, the research 
consistently shows that eating 

946
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:57,200
together creates benefits. 
That extend far beyond nutrition

947
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:01,500
better, communication, stronger 
relationships, improved mental 

948
00:54:01,500 --> 00:54:05,500
health and a greater sense of 
belonging. the colonists and 

949
00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:08,800
Wampanoag, whatever their 
difference is, understood 

950
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:11,700
something that contemporary 
Society, sometimes forgets 

951
00:54:11,700 --> 00:54:15,000
eating together, creates 
connections that separate eating

952
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:18,100
cannot The three-day duration of
the original Feast. 

953
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:21,200
Also, suggests something about 
the pace required for meaningful

954
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:26,100
connection, Relationships don't 
form, instantly, they develop 

955
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:28,200
through time. 
Spent together through 

956
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,100
accumulating small interactions 
and shared experiences. 

957
00:54:31,100 --> 00:54:35,700
The extended celebration gave 
English settlers and one of our 

958
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,000
guests. 
Time to move Beyond initial 

959
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:41,800
awkwardness to find points of 
connection and to develop 

960
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:44,100
familiarity that a single brief 
meal. 

961
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:48,000
Could never achieve Modern Life 
tends toward efficiency and 

962
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:51,900
speed compressing experiences 
into the shortest possible time 

963
00:54:51,900 --> 00:54:55,200
frames. 
But some human processes can't 

964
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:58,100
be rushed. 
Building trust developing 

965
00:54:58,100 --> 00:55:02,400
understanding and creating 
community. these require time 

966
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:05,900
that our culture, often seems 
unwilling to provide The 

967
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:09,000
colonists three-day Feast 
suggests that sometimes the 

968
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,500
generous allocation of time for 
Gathering and connection might 

969
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:16,600
be the best investment possible 
as firelight flickers and your 

970
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:19,300
eyelids grow heavy. 
Let your mind rest on what that 

971
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:21,300
Autumn Gathering truly 
represented. 

972
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:26,100
Not the simplified mythology 
that later centuries created but

973
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:29,400
the actual human experience of 
people choosing gratitude. 

974
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:34,600
And generosity during uncertain 
times, the 1621 Feast was never 

975
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:36,900
meant to be the founding moment 
of a national holiday. 

976
00:55:37,900 --> 00:55:40,500
The colonists were performing 
for history or creating a 

977
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:44,100
template for future Generations.
They were simply marking a 

978
00:55:44,100 --> 00:55:48,000
harvest acknowledging survival, 
and strengthening relationships 

979
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,000
with neighbors who had helped 
them through desperate times. 

980
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:54,700
The events later significant 
would have astonished and 

981
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:58,300
probably confused them this 
distance between the actual 

982
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:01,100
event and its cultural Legacy is
worth contemplating. 

983
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,400
Every generation reimagines the 
past through its own concerns 

984
00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:07,900
and values. 
Finding in history, what it 

985
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,700
needs to find. 
Americans have used the 

986
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:14,100
Thanksgiving story to support 
various, narratives, National 

987
00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:18,800
Unity, immigrants success. 
Divine Providence, cultural 

988
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:23,400
Harmony and many others. 
These interpretations often say 

989
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:26,600
more about the interpreter's own
times than about what actually 

990
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:31,000
happened in 1621, perhaps this 
process of reinterpretation 

991
00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:34,800
isn't entirely Distortion. 
Maybe each generation is 

992
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:38,500
entitled to find meaning in 
historical events that speak to 

993
00:56:38,508 --> 00:56:40,800
their own circumstances and 
challenges. 

994
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:45,000
Colonists themselves were 
interpreting their experience 

995
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:46,600
through Frameworks, that made 
sense to them. 

996
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:51,400
Religious Providence political 
Alliance and agricultural 

997
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:55,100
celebration. 
Why shouldn't later generations 

998
00:56:55,100 --> 00:56:58,400
do the same, what matters is 
maintaining some connection to 

999
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:02,300
the actual historical reality. 
To the real people whose choices

1000
00:57:02,300 --> 00:57:05,000
and experience is created the 
event being remembered. 

1001
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:08,500
The colonists weren't perfect, 
or purely virtuous. 

1002
00:57:08,500 --> 00:57:11,900
They were flawed humans, trying 
to survive in difficult 

1003
00:57:11,900 --> 00:57:16,300
circumstances, making decisions 
that combine genuine gratitude 

1004
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:20,600
with practical calculation. 
The Wampanoag weren't simple or 

1005
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:23,100
primitive. 
They were sophisticated people 

1006
00:57:23,100 --> 00:57:27,000
with complex cultures making 
strategic decisions about how to

1007
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:30,600
respond to European presence. 
In their Homeland, both groups 

1008
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:32,900
deserve to be remembered as 
fully human. 

1009
00:57:33,700 --> 00:57:37,200
Capable of generosity and 
gratitude but also of 

1010
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:42,500
selfishness and violence. 
The peaceful Feast of 1621 was 

1011
00:57:42,500 --> 00:57:46,000
real, but so were the later 
conflicts that devastated, 

1012
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:48,000
native populations throughout 
New England. 

1013
00:57:48,900 --> 00:57:52,500
Both are part of the historical 
Legacy and honest, Rememberance 

1014
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:56,700
requires acknowledging both. 
The feast real meaning might lie

1015
00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,300
precisely in its precariousness 
in the fact that it represented 

1016
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:03,700
a choice that wasn't inevitable 
and a piece that didn't last. 

1017
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:07,700
It proves that even when the 
larger historical Trends Point 

1018
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:11,400
toward conflict, individual 
humans can choose otherwise and 

1019
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,600
can create moments of connection
and cooperation that transcend, 

1020
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:17,800
the forces pushing toward 
division, these moments matter, 

1021
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:20,700
even when they don't change the 
ultimate trajectory of History, 

1022
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:25,700
Three days of shared celebration
in 1621 didn't prevent the 

1023
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:29,400
eventual, displacement of native
peoples, or the violence that 

1024
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:33,400
accompanied European expansion. 
But they proved that alternative

1025
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,900
outcomes were possible that the 
tragedy that followed wasn't 

1026
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:40,100
predetermined by some inevitable
logic of cultural Collision. 

1027
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,700
This matters for people living 
in any era face in seemingly 

1028
00:58:43,700 --> 00:58:47,000
intractable conflicts Plymouth 
fee. 

1029
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:49,800
Suggests that even when broader 
forces seem to make conflict, 

1030
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:53,200
inevitable individual choices 
toward understanding and 

1031
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,500
cooperation, remain possible and
meaningful. 

1032
00:58:55,500 --> 00:58:59,700
They may not solve every problem
or overcome every obstacle but 

1033
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,400
they create spaces where 
different outcomes become 

1034
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:06,100
imaginable, the gratitude that 
motivated that original Feast. 

1035
00:59:06,100 --> 00:59:10,600
Also remains eternally relevant,
every generation faces, 

1036
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:12,700
hardships that make thankfulness
difficult. 

1037
00:59:12,700 --> 00:59:17,100
Every era, has reasons to focus 
on what's wrong, rather than 

1038
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:21,600
what's right to emphasize guest 
city, rather than abundance and 

1039
00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:23,100
to close ourselves off from 
others. 

1040
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,800
Rather than risk the 
vulnerability, that generosity 

1041
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:30,000
requires a human's persist in 
creating moments of Thanksgiving

1042
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:33,300
in pausing to acknowledge 
blessings even when those 

1043
00:59:33,300 --> 00:59:37,300
blessings are incomplete or 
uncertain, This persistent 

1044
00:59:37,300 --> 00:59:39,300
suggests. 
Something fundamental about 

1045
00:59:39,300 --> 00:59:42,900
human nature. 
We need gratitude not just as an

1046
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:46,300
emotional luxury we indulge in 
when everything's perfect but as

1047
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,700
a survival strategy for getting 
through difficulty, the 

1048
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:51,500
colonists gave. 
Thanks not because they had 

1049
00:59:51,500 --> 00:59:54,600
everything they wanted but 
because they had survived when 

1050
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:59,100
survival was never guaranteed. 
The Gratitude was Battle scarred

1051
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:01,400
and grief marked, but it was 
real. 

1052
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:04,500
Maybe that's the kind of 
Thanksgiving most worth 

1053
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:07,500
cultivating not the easier 
appreciation that comes when 

1054
01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:10,500
life is comfortable. 
But the hard one recognition of 

1055
01:00:10,500 --> 01:00:14,200
blessing even amid difficulty as
you drift towards sleep. 

1056
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:19,300
Imagine yourself at that Feast 
400 years ago, Feel the Autumn 

1057
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:21,600
air smell the roasting meat and 
wood smoke. 

1058
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:25,600
And here the mixture of English.
And Wampanoag voices, creating a

1059
01:00:25,608 --> 01:00:28,600
soundscape that belonged to 
neither language alone. 

1060
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:31,600
Your surrounded by people whose 
names you'll never know. 

1061
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:35,200
But whose humanity is undeniable
parents. 

1062
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:39,500
Watching over children, friends,
sharing food strangers becoming 

1063
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,000
familiar through the simple Act 
of eating together. 

1064
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:46,400
The Gathering isn't perfect or 
Pure or ideal, it's messy and 

1065
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,600
complicated, full of 
misunderstanding, and cultural, 

1066
01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:53,600
confusion, and marked by both 
genuine warmth and underlying 

1067
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:58,100
weariness. 
But it's real it's human and it 

1068
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:00,600
represents people choosing 
connection over isolation, 

1069
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:04,600
generosity, overhauling and 
gratitude over. 

1070
01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:08,500
Bitterness that choice remains 
available to people in every era

1071
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:12,100
including your own You can 
choose to notice what you have 

1072
01:01:12,100 --> 01:01:14,000
rather than fixate on what you 
lack. 

1073
01:01:14,600 --> 01:01:18,000
You can choose to share your 
resources, whether abundant or 

1074
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:21,300
limited with others who need 
them, you can choose to welcome 

1075
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,100
those who are different from you
rather than viewing differences.

1076
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:27,200
A threat. 
You can choose gratitude, even 

1077
01:01:27,200 --> 01:01:29,800
when circumstances would justify
complaint. 

1078
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:33,000
These choices won't solve every 
problem or eliminate every 

1079
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:35,100
hardship. 
Colonists. 

1080
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:37,600
Gratitude didn't prevent that 
first terrible winter. 

1081
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,000
And the feast didn't establish 
permanent peace between English,

1082
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:44,300
settlers and Native people's but
the choices mattered. 

1083
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:48,900
Anyway created meaning any way 
and made life more bearable and 

1084
01:01:48,900 --> 01:01:52,400
more beautiful despite 
imperfection the sun rises on 

1085
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,500
another morning as it has for 
countless morning since that 

1086
01:01:55,500 --> 01:02:00,100
Autumn gathering in 1621 The 
landscape where Plymouth Colony?

1087
01:02:00,100 --> 01:02:03,200
Once struggled for survival has 
been transformed beyond 

1088
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:05,800
anything, those original 
settlers could have imagined 

1089
01:02:06,800 --> 01:02:09,600
Small settlement is now 
surrounded by cities and 

1090
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:12,100
suburbs. 
The forest they found. 

1091
01:02:12,100 --> 01:02:15,200
So impenetrable have been 
cleared and re-grown multiple 

1092
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:19,400
times and the Wampanoag people 
they feasted with of survived. 

1093
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:22,900
Despite centuries of hardship 
that make the colonists first 

1094
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:27,000
winter, seem mild by comparison 
yet something persists across 

1095
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:30,600
these four centuries. 
The idea that gratitude deserves

1096
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:34,300
marking that Harvest and 
survival, warrant celebration, 

1097
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:37,800
and that sharing food with 
family and Community creates 

1098
01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:40,700
bonds that nourish more than 
just bodies. 

1099
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:44,700
The form has changed 
dramatically the specific 

1100
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:48,400
customs of the vaulted, but the 
underlying impulse remains 

1101
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:51,000
recognizable. 
Modern Thanksgiving looks 

1102
01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:55,700
nothing like the 1621 Feast. 
The foods are different turkey 

1103
01:02:55,700 --> 01:02:58,300
has become standard while 
venison has disappeared. 

1104
01:02:58,300 --> 01:03:02,000
Mashed, potatoes and cranberry 
sauce of being added, and the 

1105
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:04,700
whole meal has been standardized
in ways that the original 

1106
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:08,800
colonists would find Bill during
The celebration is contained to 

1107
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:11,400
a single day rather than 
stretching across 3. 

1108
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:15,400
Most people gather with family 
rather than with neighbors and 

1109
01:03:15,400 --> 01:03:19,400
strangers, the event has been 
commercialized politicized and 

1110
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:23,200
mythologized almost beyond 
recognition, but at its best 

1111
01:03:23,200 --> 01:03:25,600
contemporary Thanksgiving, still
captures. 

1112
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:27,200
Something of that original 
impulse. 

1113
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:32,200
The desire to pause amid busy 
lives to acknowledge blessings 

1114
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,800
alongside hardships to gather 
with others and share, not just 

1115
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:39,400
food, but also time and 
attention and care. 

1116
01:03:40,400 --> 01:03:43,100
These basic human needs and 
desires haven't changed. 

1117
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:47,300
Even if almost everything else 
has the one people still exist. 

1118
01:03:47,300 --> 01:03:51,000
Contrary to what many Americans 
assume they've survived 

1119
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:55,300
pandemic, diseases, Land Lost 
cultural suppression and 

1120
01:03:55,300 --> 01:03:58,000
centuries of policies. 
Designed to eliminate them as a 

1121
01:03:58,008 --> 01:04:00,800
distinct people. 
Many observe Thanksgiving. 

1122
01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:03,900
As a national day of mourning. 
Acknowledging. 

1123
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:06,700
What was lost in the century 
following that initial feast? 

1124
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:10,900
Their perspective is a necessary
counterweight to simplified 

1125
01:04:10,900 --> 01:04:13,500
Narrative of Harmony and shared 
celebration. 

1126
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:18,600
Yes, someone are also recognized
that the 1621 Gathering was 

1127
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:21,100
real. 
That it represented a moment of 

1128
01:04:21,100 --> 01:04:25,200
genuine, cooperation and mutual 
support, even if it couldn't 

1129
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:27,000
prevent the tragedies that 
followed. 

1130
01:04:27,800 --> 01:04:32,100
History contains multitudes. 
It's possible to honor the 

1131
01:04:32,108 --> 01:04:36,500
genuine gratitude and generosity
of that first Feast while also 

1132
01:04:36,500 --> 01:04:40,000
acknowledging the suffering that
European colonization brought to

1133
01:04:40,000 --> 01:04:43,800
native peoples this both and 
thinking is harder than simple, 

1134
01:04:43,800 --> 01:04:47,300
either or narrative but it's 
more honest The world is 

1135
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:50,500
complicated. 
History is messy and human 

1136
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:52,900
experiences. 
Contain contradictions that 

1137
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,900
simple stories cannot capture. 
The colonists were both 

1138
01:04:56,900 --> 01:05:00,000
genuinely grateful and 
ultimately agents of 

1139
01:05:00,008 --> 01:05:03,200
displacement. 
The Wampanoag were both generous

1140
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:05,700
hosts and victims of colonial 
expansion. 

1141
01:05:06,800 --> 01:05:09,700
Feast was both a beautiful 
moment of cross-cultural 

1142
01:05:09,700 --> 01:05:12,100
cooperation and a temporary 
pause. 

1143
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:15,700
In a larger story of conquest 
and resistance holding, these 

1144
01:05:15,700 --> 01:05:17,400
contradictions requires 
maturity. 

1145
01:05:17,400 --> 01:05:19,800
That simplified mythology, 
doesn't demand. 

1146
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:23,700
It means accepting that people 
can be simultaneously admirable 

1147
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:26,800
and flawed that events can be 
meaningful even when they don't 

1148
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:29,800
change ultimate outcomes. 
And that truth is often more 

1149
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:32,400
complex and interesting than 
either celebration or 

1150
01:05:32,408 --> 01:05:35,800
condemnation alone can capture. 
As you fully wake on this 

1151
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:39,100
morning, 400 years. 
After that original Feast, you 

1152
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:42,600
carry forward a legacy, that's 
yours to interpret and apply to 

1153
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,000
your own circumstances. 
You can choose what to take from

1154
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:50,100
that historical moment, perhaps 
the example of gratitude amid 

1155
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:53,800
hardship or the possibility of 
cooperation across difference. 

1156
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,900
Well, the power of sharing meals
to create Community or the 

1157
01:05:57,900 --> 01:05:59,600
reminder that simple acts of 
generosity. 

1158
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:03,400
Can create meaning that persists
for centuries, the specific 

1159
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:06,900
choices matter less than the act
of choosing the Deliberate 

1160
01:06:06,900 --> 01:06:09,600
decision to find in history. 
Something useful for living 

1161
01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:13,200
today. 
The colonists, and one per noag,

1162
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:17,000
who gathered in Autumn of 1621, 
weren't trying to create a 

1163
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:19,700
template for your life. 
They were simply trying to 

1164
01:06:19,700 --> 01:06:22,800
survive and find moments of Joy 
amid difficulty. 

1165
01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:26,500
But their example, persists 
because those challenges are 

1166
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:29,900
Universal and Timeless every 
generation faces. 

1167
01:06:29,900 --> 01:06:32,300
The choice between gratitude and
bitterness. 

1168
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,200
Between generosity and 
self-protection and between 

1169
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:39,400
Reaching Across differences and 
retreating into familiar 

1170
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:43,300
comfort. 
The 1621 Feast doesn't make 

1171
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:47,400
those choices any easier, but it
proves that people facing 

1172
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:51,900
desperate circumstances. 
Uncertain, Futures and enormous 

1173
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:53,800
cultural. 
Divides can still choose. 

1174
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:58,500
Thanks sharing and celebration. 
That's a legacy worth carrying 

1175
01:06:58,500 --> 01:07:02,100
forward worth interpreting for 
your own time and circumstances.

1176
01:07:03,200 --> 01:07:06,800
Not as a rigid prescription. 
But as an inspiring example. 

1177
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:11,600
Not as Perfection to imitate, 
but as flawed Humanity, doing 

1178
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,100
its best with limited resources 
and incomplete knowledge. 

1179
01:07:15,100 --> 01:07:18,700
The first Thanksgiving happened 
because people chose gratitude 

1180
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:22,100
when bitterness would have been 
Justified chose generosity. 

1181
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:25,100
When hoarding would have been 
understandable and chose to 

1182
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:27,600
Feast together when eating 
separately would have been 

1183
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,600
easier. 
Those choices created something 

1184
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:32,400
that persisted beyond their own 
lives. 

1185
01:07:32,400 --> 01:07:36,000
That continues to shape how 
millions of people Mark, the 

1186
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:39,600
passing of seasons and the gifts
of harvest and community. 

1187
01:07:39,600 --> 01:07:43,200
May, you find your own ways to 
make similar choices to create 

1188
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:46,000
your own moments of Thanksgiving
that on a both the historical 

1189
01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:49,600
reality of that original feast 
and your own present 

1190
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:53,100
circumstances, may, you know, 
the satisfaction of sharing, 

1191
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:56,400
what you have of acknowledging 
your blessings, even when 

1192
01:07:56,400 --> 01:07:59,900
they're incomplete. 
Of gathering with others to Mark

1193
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:04,000
the simple fact of survival and 
the precious gift of another 

1194
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:08,500
day, another season, another 
chance to live with gratitude 

1195
01:08:08,500 --> 01:08:11,400
and Grace. 
And now as this long story 

1196
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:16,100
reaches its natural end, may you
sleep well dream peacefully and 

1197
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:19,100
wake tomorrow ready to carry 
forward in your own way. 

1198
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:22,899
The spirit of Thanksgiving that 
continues to matter Force 

1199
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:25,000
centuries. 
After English, colonists, and 

1200
01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:28,300
Wampanoag people shared three 
days of autumn feast in a New 

1201
01:08:28,308 --> 01:08:33,800
England, Skies. 
To yourself settling into a 

1202
01:08:33,800 --> 01:08:36,700
wooden chair by your half on a 
Christmas evening in the year. 

1203
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:39,800
1066. 
You've just finished your barley

1204
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:43,399
soup and dark bread and the fire
crackles with that particular 

1205
01:08:43,399 --> 01:08:46,000
satisfaction. 
That comes from a belly that's 

1206
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:50,200
finally full after a long day of
backbreaking work, Your bones 

1207
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:53,399
ache in that familiar way. 
The kind that reminds you that 

1208
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:56,500
you've earned your rest. 
You step outside to check on the

1209
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,000
chickens one last time and 
that's when you see it. 

1210
01:09:00,100 --> 01:09:02,600
A Blazing Sword hangs in the 
Western sky. 

1211
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:06,000
Its fiery tail streaming behind 
it like the banner of some 

1212
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,500
Celestial Army. 
Your heart pauses not because 

1213
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,200
you're witnessing one of 
Nature's Most spectacular shows.

1214
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,700
But because, you know, with the 
certainty that comes from a 

1215
01:09:15,700 --> 01:09:18,500
lifetime of sermons and 
warnings, that this thing in the

1216
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,800
sky means trouble. 
See, you don't live in a world 

1217
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:24,700
where comets are chunks of ice 
and rock following predictable. 

1218
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:27,700
Orbits the sun, you live in a 
world where the heavens are 

1219
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:30,000
God's Own theater. 
And when something unusual 

1220
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:32,300
appears up there, it's not 
astronomy. 

1221
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:36,200
It's a Divine Telegram and this 
particular message, looks pretty

1222
01:09:36,200 --> 01:09:38,000
ominous. 
Your medieval brain. 

1223
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:39,600
Doesn't think. 
Oh, fascinating. 

1224
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:42,700
A Celestial visitor from the 
outer reaches of our solar 

1225
01:09:42,700 --> 01:09:45,800
system. 
Instead it thinks something more

1226
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:48,100
along the lines of well, that's 
it, then? 

1227
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:50,899
Someone's about to die. 
Probably horribly. 

1228
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:54,600
And it might just be me. 
The thing is you're not being a 

1229
01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:56,700
rational not by the standards of
your time. 

1230
01:09:56,700 --> 01:10:00,100
Anyway you live in an age where 
the line between the natural and

1231
01:10:00,100 --> 01:10:03,200
Supernatural is as blurry as 
your vision off to Too Much. 

1232
01:10:03,208 --> 01:10:07,400
Ale, angels and demons are as 
real as your neighbor's cow and 

1233
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:09,600
Sky serves as God's bulletin 
board. 

1234
01:10:09,600 --> 01:10:13,100
Announcing his disapproval of 
Humanity's, latest misdeeds. 

1235
01:10:13,100 --> 01:10:17,000
You know, the stories. 
Everyone knows the stories, how 

1236
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:19,800
a blazing star appeared before 
Jerusalem fell to the Romans, 

1237
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:22,800
how strange that lights in the 
sky proceeded? 

1238
01:10:22,800 --> 01:10:24,400
The death of Emperors and the 
fall of Kingdoms? 

1239
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:27,000
Your grandfather told you about 
the time. 

1240
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:29,600
A Comet appeared, just before 
the terrible famine that killed 

1241
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:31,500
half the village. 
For you. 

1242
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:33,500
These stories are more than mere
entertainment. 

1243
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:36,200
They serve as historical 
records. 

1244
01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:40,100
And here's the thing that makes 
it even worse, you can't just 

1245
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:43,500
shrug and go back inside 
everyone else in your village as

1246
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:46,400
all witnessed it and their 
thoughts, align with yours 

1247
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:49,200
tomorrow. 
They'll be Whispers at the well 

1248
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:51,100
and anxious glances toward the 
manor house. 

1249
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:53,600
The priest will have that 
particular expression. 

1250
01:10:53,600 --> 01:10:56,700
That means he's about to deliver
some very unwelcome news from 

1251
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:59,200
the pulpit. 
You pull your Woolen cloak, 

1252
01:10:59,200 --> 01:11:02,400
tighter around your shoulders. 
And try to remember if you've 

1253
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:06,400
been particularly sinful lately 
Did you take that extra turn it 

1254
01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:09,200
from the Lord's field? 
Were you on charitable toward 

1255
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,000
your neighbor when his Pig got 
into your garden, these things 

1256
01:11:12,000 --> 01:11:14,800
matter now because clearly the 
all Mighty is paying attention 

1257
01:11:14,800 --> 01:11:16,500
and he's not happy about 
something. 

1258
01:11:17,300 --> 01:11:20,300
The comet hangs there like a 
cosmic reproach and you can't 

1259
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:22,100
help but wonder what fresh 
disaster. 

1260
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:24,500
It's announcing. 
Do you think the Normans will 

1261
01:11:24,508 --> 01:11:26,700
eventually follow through on 
their threats to invade? 

1262
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:30,200
Will there be another plague 
will your lord decide to raise 

1263
01:11:30,208 --> 01:11:33,100
the taxes. 
Again in your world, bad news 

1264
01:11:33,100 --> 01:11:36,100
swiftly spreads, across the 
night, sky, with a fiery tail. 

1265
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:39,500
You stand there for what feels 
like hours, but is probably only

1266
01:11:39,500 --> 01:11:43,000
minutes watching this. 
Unwelcome visitor, you want to 

1267
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:46,600
appreciate its awful Beauty but 
mostly you want it to leave with

1268
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:50,300
the disaster, its advertising. 
If there's one thing you've 

1269
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,800
learned in your Hard Scrabble 
medieval life is usually not the

1270
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,600
kind of show you want front row 
seats, for the next morning 

1271
01:11:56,600 --> 01:11:59,300
arrives with all the subtlety of
a mule kick to the head. 

1272
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:03,100
You wake to the sound of church 
bells not the regular call to 

1273
01:12:03,100 --> 01:12:05,400
morning prayers. 
But the Urgent irregular 

1274
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:07,500
clanging that means. 
Father Benedict has something 

1275
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:10,900
important to announce and 
judging by the Frantic quality 

1276
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:13,100
of the ringing. 
It's probably not good news 

1277
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:16,300
about the Harvest Festival. 
You stumble out of your cottage 

1278
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:19,300
still pulling on your boots to 
find half the village, already 

1279
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:22,300
gathered in the Square. 
Everyone looks like they've seen

1280
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:26,200
a ghost which, in a way they 
have, it's the celestial ghost 

1281
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:30,600
of impending, doom complete with
a fiery tail and a profoundly 

1282
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:32,800
negative outlook on Humanity's 
moral State. 

1283
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:36,700
Father Benedict, stands on the 
church steps his expression, as 

1284
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:39,500
troubled as everyone else's his 
usually neat. 

1285
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:42,500
Tonsure is to shovel and he's 
clutching his prayer book, like 

1286
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:45,000
it might Sprout wings and carry 
him away from this mess. 

1287
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:48,800
When he speaks his voice has 
that particular Tremor that 

1288
01:12:48,800 --> 01:12:51,200
suggests, he's been up all night
wrestling with theological 

1289
01:12:51,200 --> 01:12:55,300
implications. 
My dear children, he begins, you

1290
01:12:55,300 --> 01:12:57,300
know immediately that whatever 
follows is going to be the 

1291
01:12:57,300 --> 01:13:00,800
opposite of reassuring. 
The Lord has sent us a sign in 

1292
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:02,900
the heavens. 
A reminder of his Divine 

1293
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:06,700
displeasure with the sins of the
world, Now here's where medieval

1294
01:13:06,700 --> 01:13:08,200
logic gets particularly 
intriguing. 

1295
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:12,400
In your time, everything happens
for a reason and that reason is 

1296
01:13:12,400 --> 01:13:15,200
usually either God rewarding the
faithful or God punishing the 

1297
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,100
wicked. 
There are no random Cosmic 

1298
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,200
events or natural phenomena that
occur simply due to the laws of 

1299
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:24,000
physics. 
When a comet appears, it's 

1300
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:26,500
because God grabbed it by the 
tail and flung it across the 

1301
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:28,700
sky. 
Like a cosmic Javelin aimed 

1302
01:13:28,700 --> 01:13:31,700
directly at what ever Kingdom 
Village or individual has been 

1303
01:13:31,700 --> 01:13:33,300
getting too big for their 
britches. 

1304
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:36,900
The mathematics of this system 
of beautifully, simple and 

1305
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:40,200
absolutely terrifying. 
Bad things happen because 

1306
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:44,000
someone somewhere has offended 
the almighty, the bigger, the 

1307
01:13:44,000 --> 01:13:48,400
wicked thing, the big of the sin
that caused it and a comet a 

1308
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:50,300
comet is not just any ordinary 
bad thing. 

1309
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:54,200
That's the cosmic equivalent of 
God taking a serious dance. 

1310
01:13:55,300 --> 01:13:57,900
You glance around your 
neighbor's, all of whom are 

1311
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:00,600
doing their own moral inventory.
There's Thomas the Miller, 

1312
01:14:00,600 --> 01:14:02,900
you're pretty sure has been 
watering down the flower. 

1313
01:14:02,900 --> 01:14:06,700
Margaret the baker undoubtedly, 
overcharges for bread and likely

1314
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:10,400
fabricates the weight. 
Old Henrik is known by everyone 

1315
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:12,200
to poach rabbits, from the 
Lord's Forest. 

1316
01:14:12,200 --> 01:14:14,700
But he is clever enough to avoid
getting caught. 

1317
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:19,100
In fact, upon reflection, your 
village resembles a catalog of 

1318
01:14:19,100 --> 01:14:23,300
petty sins and moral 
compromises, a flaming harbinger

1319
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:25,600
of divine Justice. 
Suddenly casts a shadow over 

1320
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,100
your village, making it seem 
less amusing and more like a 

1321
01:14:29,108 --> 01:14:32,700
poor strategic decision. 
Father, Benedict, continues, his

1322
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:35,500
sermon explaining how comets 
have historically appeared 

1323
01:14:35,500 --> 01:14:39,400
before, great disasters, the 
medieval catastrophes, which 

1324
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:42,600
included the destruction of 
cities, the deaths of Kings 

1325
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,700
famines plagues, and invasions 
were all preceded by fiery. 

1326
01:14:46,700 --> 01:14:49,800
Visitors from the afterlife 
Father, Benedict provides 

1327
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:51,900
details explanations for most of
his points. 

1328
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:55,700
Supplemented by insightful 
quotes from various Saints who 

1329
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:59,400
shared their perspectives on 
Celestial phenomena, The truly 

1330
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:01,800
maddening part is that this 
system of cosmic cause and 

1331
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:04,700
effect actually make sense 
within the medieval worldview. 

1332
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,700
If God is all-powerful and all 
knowing that, nothing happens 

1333
01:15:08,700 --> 01:15:11,600
without his permission. 
If something dramatic happens in

1334
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:14,900
the heavens, it's because he put
it there and if he put it there 

1335
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:17,000
it's because he's trying to tell
you something. 

1336
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:20,200
The only question is if you 
possess the intelligence to 

1337
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:22,100
decipher that message before 
it's too late. 

1338
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:25,500
You find yourself nodding in 
agreement with the priests 

1339
01:15:25,500 --> 01:15:28,400
explanation despite a part of 
your mind resisting, the 

1340
01:15:28,408 --> 01:15:30,000
overwhelming unfairness of it 
all. 

1341
01:15:30,008 --> 01:15:33,800
After all, you've been a 
reasonably decent person, you go

1342
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:35,900
to church, you don't murder 
anyone. 

1343
01:15:35,900 --> 01:15:39,000
You only steal when you're 
really hungry, and you've never 

1344
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:41,700
covered your neighbor's Ox, with
any serious intent. 

1345
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:45,200
But apparently, the cosmic 
justice system operates on a 

1346
01:15:45,208 --> 01:15:48,300
collective guilt principal and 
your villagers moral credit 

1347
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:51,300
rating has just been downgraded 
to pray for your souls. 

1348
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:55,000
As father Benedict, wraps up his
impromptu, sermon with a call 

1349
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:58,400
for increased piety and possibly
some emergencies donations to 

1350
01:15:58,400 --> 01:16:00,700
the church roof fund. 
You can't help but stare up at 

1351
01:16:00,708 --> 01:16:03,800
the morning sky. 
The comet isn't visible now but 

1352
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,700
you know it's still there. 
Lurking behind the sun like a 

1353
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:10,200
cosmic bill collector waiting to
serve papers by midday. 

1354
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,500
Your village has descended into 
a state of organized his Syria. 

1355
01:16:13,500 --> 01:16:17,100
It's remarkable really how 
quickly a community can pivot 

1356
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:20,000
from mundane concerns about 
grain storage and pig breeding 

1357
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:22,500
to full-scale apocalyptic 
anxiety. 

1358
01:16:23,500 --> 01:16:27,200
Everyone becomes an expert on 
Divine wrath and Celestial Omens

1359
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:30,300
after witnessing a fiery 
visitor, in the night sky. 

1360
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:34,100
While you attempt to carry out 
your daily tasks, such as 

1361
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:36,800
feeding, the chickens, and 
fixing the Leaky thatch in your 

1362
01:16:36,808 --> 01:16:39,000
cottage, it becomes difficult to
focus. 

1363
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:41,700
When half of your neighbors, are
convinced that the world is on 

1364
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:45,000
the verge of a catastrophic end,
and the other half are debating 

1365
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,900
the specifics of this end. the 
blacksmith has become convinced 

1366
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:52,100
that the comet is specifically 
targeting Smiths because he once

1367
01:16:52,100 --> 01:16:55,100
made a horse show on a Sunday, 
The baker thinks it's about 

1368
01:16:55,100 --> 01:16:58,200
bread prices which honestly 
might not be wrong, give what 

1369
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:01,700
she charges for a decent loaf. 
Young William from the mill is 

1370
01:17:01,700 --> 01:17:03,000
certain. 
It's because he's been having 

1371
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:05,800
pure thoughts about the 
Merchant's daughter though. 

1372
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:08,700
Frankly half the village has 
been having impure thoughts 

1373
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:12,100
about the Merchant's daughter. 
So if God punished every lustful

1374
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:15,200
glance with Cosmic fireworks, 
the sky would look like a 

1375
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:19,100
continuous celebration. 
What's fascinating is how 

1376
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:21,800
everyone's personal guilt is 
suddenly Cosmic in scope? 

1377
01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:24,900
Do you remember the Apple you 
stole from your neighbor's tree 

1378
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:29,000
last Autumn clearly grounds for 
divine retribution via a flaming

1379
01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:32,000
Celestial messenger the 
occasion, when you informed your

1380
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,200
supervised that you were too ill
to work, even though you simply 

1381
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:38,400
wish to sleep in. 
This is undoubtedly, the type of

1382
01:17:38,408 --> 01:17:41,400
moral transgression that 
necessitates a correction from a

1383
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:43,900
higher power. 
You're sitting on your doorstep,

1384
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:46,800
trying to patch a hole in your 
boot and listening to the 

1385
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:49,700
increasingly creative theories 
about what the comet means. 

1386
01:17:49,700 --> 01:17:54,000
When old Martha shuffles over, 
she's the villagers unofficial 

1387
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:57,300
historian, the keeper of all the
local disasters and they're 

1388
01:17:57,300 --> 01:17:58,800
supposed Celestial 
announcements. 

1389
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:02,200
If anyone knows about comets and
they're terrible implications 

1390
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:06,200
its Martha. 
Saw on just like it. 40 years 

1391
01:18:06,200 --> 01:18:09,400
ago, she says settling onto the 
wooden bench beside your door 

1392
01:18:09,400 --> 01:18:11,800
with the careful, Precision of 
joints, that complain about 

1393
01:18:11,800 --> 01:18:14,600
everything. 
It was the same color, the same 

1394
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:17,300
terrible brightness. 
You know what happened next? 

1395
01:18:17,300 --> 01:18:20,600
You're not sure you want to know
but Martha is going to tell you 

1396
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:23,000
anyway. 
There's a gleam in her eye 

1397
01:18:23,000 --> 01:18:25,900
indicating that she is about to 
reveal a particularly juicy 

1398
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:30,800
piece of historical catastrophe.
The great sickness came through 

1399
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:34,000
the sickness, claimed the lives 
of every third person in the 

1400
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,700
village, including my first 
husband God, Rest his soul. 

1401
01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:42,000
Though between you and me, she 
leans closer, her voice dropping

1402
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:45,900
to, a conspiratorial whisper 
Harold, had it coming man? 

1403
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:48,200
Never met a moment. 
He couldn't find a way around. 

1404
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:52,000
This is the thing about medieval
life that makes Comet Fierce so 

1405
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:55,400
perfectly reasonable bad. 
Things really do happen with 

1406
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:59,600
alarming regularity. 
Plagues famines Wars. 

1407
01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:05,300
Floods droughts fires invasions,
it's like living in a cosmic 

1408
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:08,300
pinball machine where you're the
ball and disaster as every 

1409
01:19:08,300 --> 01:19:10,700
bumper. 
When your Baseline existence 

1410
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:14,200
includes regular encounters with
death disease and destruction, 

1411
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:17,000
the appearance of something 
unusual in the sky isn't just 

1412
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:19,100
Superstition, it's pattern 
recognition. 

1413
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:23,400
Martha continues her catalogue 
of comet related to disasters. 

1414
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:26,600
You start to understand why your
ancestors developed such a 

1415
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:29,600
healthy fear of celestial 
visitors in a world where 

1416
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:32,500
Medical Science consists largely
of bloodletting and prayer. 

1417
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,700
Where crop failure means 
starvation and where political 

1418
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:38,400
stability is whatever mood. 
The local Lord happens to be in 

1419
01:19:38,408 --> 01:19:40,800
that day. 
Any advance warning of trouble 

1420
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:43,800
is valuable, even if that 
warning comes in the form of 

1421
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:46,600
astronomical phenomena, that 
won't be properly understood for

1422
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,200
another few hundred years. 
Truly clever thing about Comet 

1423
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,600
fear is that it's almost 
impossible to disprove something

1424
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:56,800
bad or was happening eventually.
That's just the nature of 

1425
01:19:56,800 --> 01:19:59,500
medieval life. 
When a Calamity occurs, 

1426
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:03,000
everyone, recalls the comet and 
reverently acknowledges, the 

1427
01:20:03,000 --> 01:20:04,900
Divine warnings and Cosmic 
Justice. 

1428
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:08,200
The fact that bad things also 
happen, when there aren't any 

1429
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,800
comments around is conveniently 
forgotten in favor of the much 

1430
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:14,600
more, satisfying Narrative of 
celestial cause and effect. 

1431
01:20:15,600 --> 01:20:18,600
As the day progresses, You 
observe that the Panic begins to

1432
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:20,600
assume a distinctly. 
Practical aspect. 

1433
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:22,800
People are checking their food 
stores. 

1434
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:26,700
Making sure their tools are in 
good repair, settling old debts 

1435
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:28,400
and being unusually. 
Nice to people. 

1436
01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:31,800
They normally can't stand. 
If a Calamity is imminent, it's 

1437
01:20:31,800 --> 01:20:35,000
crucial to prepare thoroughly. 
And the last thing you want is 

1438
01:20:35,000 --> 01:20:38,300
to confront Divine wrath while 
in debt, your neighbor or 

1439
01:20:38,300 --> 01:20:41,300
harboring resentment towards the
Miller, evening comes again. 

1440
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:45,600
And with it, the return of your 
unwelcome Celestial visitor, the

1441
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:48,800
comet, hangs in the Western sky 
like a cosmic Sword of Damocles 

1442
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:51,700
and you're beginning to 
understand why your medieval 

1443
01:20:51,700 --> 01:20:54,200
ancestors developed such 
elaborate theories about what 

1444
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:57,100
these things meant. 
When you don't have telescope or

1445
01:20:57,100 --> 01:20:59,500
orbital mechanics or any real 
understanding of what's 

1446
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:02,600
Happening beyond the atmosphere.
Pattern matching becomes your 

1447
01:21:02,608 --> 01:21:06,700
primary scientific method. 
You must admit the patterns are 

1448
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:10,300
quite compelling comets appear, 
bad things happen. 

1449
01:21:11,200 --> 01:21:14,500
Sometimes the timing is 
remarkably coincidental like the

1450
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,400
comet, everyone still talks 
about that showed up just weeks 

1451
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:21,600
before the terrible winter when 
the rivers froze solid and half 

1452
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:24,600
the livestock died. 
Occasionally the connection is 

1453
01:21:24,600 --> 01:21:28,200
more General, a comet appears 
and then sometime in the 

1454
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:31,200
following months or years. 
There's a war or plague or 

1455
01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:35,900
famine or political upheaval. 
Of course, that Wars plagues 

1456
01:21:35,900 --> 01:21:38,400
famines and political upheavals 
are basically the background 

1457
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:41,900
noise of medieval existence. 
Connecting them to any unusual 

1458
01:21:41,900 --> 01:21:44,000
Celestial event isn't exactly a 
stretch. 

1459
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:47,300
It's like predicting that 
sometime after you see a strange

1460
01:21:47,300 --> 01:21:48,900
Cloud. 
It will rain. 

1461
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:52,600
In medieval Europe, the 
analogous prediction would be 

1462
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:55,500
that upon witnessing a comet a 
calamitous event would 

1463
01:21:55,500 --> 01:21:58,700
inevitably be false someone. 
And this prediction would almost

1464
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:02,300
always proved accurate. 
Your contemplating this 

1465
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,500
prediction while sitting outside
your cottage, sharing a cup of 

1466
01:22:05,508 --> 01:22:07,000
weak ale with your neighbor 
Edmond. 

1467
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,700
He's been unusually thoughtful 
all day which is notable because

1468
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,700
Edmunds usual approach to 
complex problems is to ignore 

1469
01:22:13,700 --> 01:22:16,700
them until they either go away 
or become someone else's 

1470
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:19,600
responsibility. 
Been thinking about that thing 

1471
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:21,700
up there. 
He says gesturing toward the 

1472
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:24,800
comet with his cup wandering. 
If maybe we're looking at this 

1473
01:22:24,800 --> 01:22:28,400
all wrong, The subject is 
intriguing Edmond having an 

1474
01:22:28,408 --> 01:22:31,900
original thought is like seeing 
a comet unusual enough to Merit 

1475
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:34,300
attention. 
How do you mean you are? 

1476
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:37,600
Well, Edwin continues warming to
his theme. 

1477
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,200
What if it's not a warning about
something that's going to 

1478
01:22:40,208 --> 01:22:42,100
happen? 
Could it be a warning about 

1479
01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:43,700
something currently occurring 
that we have? 

1480
01:22:43,700 --> 01:22:46,800
Not yet observed. 
This interpretation of cosmic 

1481
01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:50,400
messaging theory is surprisingly
sophisticated rather than the 

1482
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:52,600
comet serving as a foreshadowing
of future events. 

1483
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:55,400
It's akin to God. 
Gently reminding you to take 

1484
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,600
notice of a situation that has 
been unfolding while you've been

1485
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:02,000
preoccupied with other matters. 
This interpretation has the 

1486
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:05,100
advantage of being almost 
impossible to argue with is 

1487
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,400
their political tension, Brewing
between neighboring laws as 

1488
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:10,600
there been an unusual number of 
sick cat lately. 

1489
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:13,900
Other crops looking a bit too 
good, this year setting up for 

1490
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:15,600
complacency and eventual 
disaster. 

1491
01:23:15,600 --> 01:23:18,600
Any of these could be the 
something that the comet is 

1492
01:23:18,608 --> 01:23:22,000
highlighting Edmunds. 
Theory explains why Comet seem 

1493
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:25,000
to proceed disasters rather than
directly caused them? 

1494
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,500
They're not Cosmic artillery 
shells fired by an upset deity. 

1495
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:31,400
They're more like Divine 
highlighter markers drawing 

1496
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:33,600
attention to problems that were 
already in the works. 

1497
01:23:33,600 --> 01:23:37,200
You find the idea? 
Oddly comforting, it suggests 

1498
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:40,500
that maybe just maybe there's 
still time to address, whatever 

1499
01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:43,700
issue the comet is pointing out.
If you can figure out what it 

1500
01:23:43,700 --> 01:23:46,400
is, anyway. 
The two of you sit in 

1501
01:23:46,408 --> 01:23:50,000
companionable silence watching 
the comet and sipping your ale. 

1502
01:23:50,700 --> 01:23:52,800
Around the village other people 
are doing the same thing 

1503
01:23:52,800 --> 01:23:56,100
standing in doorways, sitting on
benches and gathering in small 

1504
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,000
groups to stare at the sky and 
speculate about meaning. 

1505
01:23:59,700 --> 01:24:02,300
It's like the entire Community 
has become a philosophical 

1506
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:05,300
Society dedicated to the 
interpretation of celestial 

1507
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:08,200
phenomena. 
The funny thing is all this 

1508
01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:10,900
Comet watching and disaster, 
theorizing is actually bringing 

1509
01:24:10,900 --> 01:24:13,700
people together. 
Shared anxiety has a way of 

1510
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:17,200
dissolving Petty Grievances and 
social barriers, the Miller who 

1511
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:19,900
usually can't be bothered to 
acknowledge Your Existence nods 

1512
01:24:19,900 --> 01:24:21,300
Gravely. 
When you pass him on the road, 

1513
01:24:21,300 --> 01:24:24,700
the Lord Steward. 
Normally as a coach as a rapid 

1514
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:27,400
Badger actually stops to ask 
your opinion about what the 

1515
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:31,000
comet might signify, you realize
that fear serves as a powerful 

1516
01:24:31,000 --> 01:24:34,400
equalizer when everyone's 
worried about the same Cosmic 

1517
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,300
threat, suddenly the normal 
hierarchies and social divisions

1518
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:41,300
seem less important everyone 
ritual, poor Noble or peasant 

1519
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:44,000
has the same view of the 
troubling visitor, in the 

1520
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:47,000
Western sky, and the same 
questions about what it means 

1521
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:50,200
and what to do. 
This communal aspect of comet, 

1522
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:53,500
fear is probably one of its most
valuable functions in medieval 

1523
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:57,200
Society, it provides a shared 
experience that transcends 

1524
01:24:57,200 --> 01:25:00,100
individual concerns and creates 
a sense of common purpose. 

1525
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:04,400
Everyone is on the same Cosmic 
Journey collectively rowing 

1526
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:07,100
towards an uncertain yet, 
potentially disastrous 

1527
01:25:07,100 --> 01:25:10,400
destination. 
Because the evening deepens and 

1528
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:13,400
the comet becomes more visible 
against the darkening Sky, you 

1529
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:16,300
can't help but appreciate the 
Elegance Simplicity of medieval 

1530
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:18,800
cosmology. 
Everything has meaning, 

1531
01:25:18,800 --> 01:25:21,200
everything is connected and 
everything. 

1532
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:24,300
Ultimately serves a Divine 
Purpose, it's a worldview that 

1533
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:27,300
leaves no room for chance or 
meaningless coincidence, which 

1534
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:30,800
means it also leaves no room for
the kind of existential anxiety 

1535
01:25:30,800 --> 01:25:33,300
that comes from living in an 
apparently, purposeless 

1536
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:36,000
Universe. 
Within three days of the comic 

1537
01:25:36,000 --> 01:25:38,900
crisis, your village has 
established an advanced system 

1538
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:42,600
of apocalyptic management. 
It's impressive, really how 

1539
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:45,800
quickly a community can organize
itself around the shared belief 

1540
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:48,600
that the skies trying to tell 
them something important and 

1541
01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:51,900
probably unpleasant, the 
blacksmith has taken on the role

1542
01:25:51,900 --> 01:25:53,900
of the villages spiritual audit 
committee. 

1543
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:56,900
Conducting daughter Dora 
assessments to identify 

1544
01:25:56,900 --> 01:26:01,000
everyone's recent transgressions
and recommend suitable penances.

1545
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:04,800
The baker has started giving 
away day old bread to the poor 

1546
01:26:04,800 --> 01:26:07,300
apparently, reasoning. 
The excessive charity. 

1547
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:09,900
Might offset, whatever. 
Cosmic imbalance has attracted 

1548
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,000
Divine attention. 
Even the Lord Steward has been 

1549
01:26:13,000 --> 01:26:16,500
unusually lenient about tax 
collection, which is either a 

1550
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:19,400
sign of genuine piety or 
evidence that he's just as 

1551
01:26:19,400 --> 01:26:22,100
worried as everyone else. 
You'll beginning to understand 

1552
01:26:22,100 --> 01:26:25,200
that medieval Comet, fear isn't 
just about Superstition or 

1553
01:26:25,200 --> 01:26:26,800
ignorance. 
It's actually a pretty 

1554
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:30,000
sophisticated social technology 
for dealing with uncertainty and

1555
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:33,600
managing Collective anxiety. 
When faced with something 

1556
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:36,700
potentially threatening but 
fundamentally incomprehensible, 

1557
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:40,300
the community is instinctively 
developed a response that serves

1558
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,700
multiple practical functions. 
First, it creates social 

1559
01:26:43,700 --> 01:26:47,300
cohesion, everyone's focused on 
the same problem which means 

1560
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:49,000
everyone's pulling in the same 
direction. 

1561
01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:52,700
Usual, Village feuds and Petty 
grievances have been temporarily

1562
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,300
set aside in favor of more 
pressing, Cosmic concerns. 

1563
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:58,500
When you're all potentially 
facing Divine judgment together,

1564
01:26:58,500 --> 01:27:01,400
it's easier to forgive your 
neighbor for letting his pigs 

1565
01:27:01,400 --> 01:27:04,800
route, through your garden. 
Second, it encourages moral 

1566
01:27:04,800 --> 01:27:08,000
reflection and behavioral 
Improvement a prospect of 

1567
01:27:08,000 --> 01:27:10,700
celestial retribution, 
effectively prompted individuals

1568
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:12,800
to reconsider their recent 
ethical decisions. 

1569
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,200
The Village has become 
noticeably more civil, more 

1570
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:19,100
generous and more Cooperative 
since the Comet appeared. 

1571
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:22,600
If Divine threats can achieve, 
what sermons and social 

1572
01:27:22,600 --> 01:27:25,000
pressure. 
Couldn't the little Cosmic, 

1573
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:28,600
anxiety, holds Merit third. 
It provides a framework for 

1574
01:27:28,600 --> 01:27:31,400
Collective action. 
Instead of everyone panicking 

1575
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:33,600
individually. 
The community is organized. 

1576
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:35,200
Its worry into productive 
channels. 

1577
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:38,900
Food stores are being checked 
and Consolidated, tools are 

1578
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:40,900
being repaired. 
Debts, are being settled, 

1579
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:44,800
relationships, are being mended.
If disaster is coming, at least,

1580
01:27:44,800 --> 01:27:48,400
everyone will face it together 
and prepared your pondering. 

1581
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,500
These sociological insights 
while helping Edmond repair his 

1582
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:55,400
roof A task, he's been putting 
off for months but suddenly 

1583
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:58,700
considers urgent given the 
current Celestial circumstances.

1584
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:01,500
It's remarkable how the 
possibility of divine 

1585
01:28:01,500 --> 01:28:03,900
displeasure can motivate Home 
Maintenance projects. 

1586
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:07,300
You know what? 
I find interesting Edmond says 

1587
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:10,000
pausing in his hammering to 
gesture toward the sky, where 

1588
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:11,300
the comet will soon become 
visible. 

1589
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:14,600
How come we never get good 
comments, comments that mean 

1590
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,400
prosperity and favorable 
harvests and peaceful relations 

1591
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,100
with our neighbors. 
This query is actually a 

1592
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:22,500
profound question about the 
nature of divine communication 

1593
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:27,400
through astronomical phenomena. 
Why are comets always harbingers

1594
01:28:27,400 --> 01:28:29,900
of Doom? 
Why can't they be harbingers of 

1595
01:28:29,900 --> 01:28:32,600
exceptional? 
Wine vintages, or unusually 

1596
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:34,400
Cooperative weather patterns 
instead? 

1597
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:37,500
You can consider this while 
handing Edmond another nail. 

1598
01:28:38,500 --> 01:28:40,500
Maybe because good things don't 
need warnings. 

1599
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:44,600
You suggest, If God wanted to 
send us prosperity, he just sent

1600
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:46,700
it. 
But if troubles coming we need 

1601
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:48,900
time to prepare. 
Edmond Notch thoughtfully. 

1602
01:28:48,900 --> 01:28:52,600
So comets are like Divine early 
Warning Systems. 

1603
01:28:52,600 --> 01:28:56,100
Exactly. 
God's way of saying, heads up, 

1604
01:28:56,108 --> 01:28:57,500
things are about to get 
complicated. 

1605
01:28:57,500 --> 01:29:01,400
This interpretation has the 
advantage of making Comet fear 

1606
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:05,500
seemed not just reasonable, but 
practically wise of course you 

1607
01:29:05,500 --> 01:29:07,800
should be worried. 
When unusual Celestial phenomena

1608
01:29:07,800 --> 01:29:10,200
appear. 
They're not just random Cosmic 

1609
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:12,900
events their intelligence 
briefings from the highest 

1610
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:15,800
possible Authority. 
Delivered via the most dramatic,

1611
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:17,400
communication, medium of 
available. 

1612
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:20,500
The more you think about it? 
The more you appreciate the 

1613
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:22,100
elegant efficiency of the 
system. 

1614
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,500
Complex, bureaucracies or 
elaborate communication networks

1615
01:29:26,500 --> 01:29:29,600
are not necessary. 
Just grab a convenient chunk of 

1616
01:29:29,600 --> 01:29:32,000
ice and rock. 
Set it on a spectacular 

1617
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:35,200
trajectory through the inner 
solar system and let human 

1618
01:29:35,200 --> 01:29:37,000
pattern. 
Recognition instincts, do the 

1619
01:29:37,008 --> 01:29:39,600
rest every culture on Earth will
see it. 

1620
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:43,400
Everyone will understand that it
means something significant and 

1621
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:45,600
everyone will start taking 
appropriate precautions. 

1622
01:29:47,100 --> 01:29:49,500
As evening approaches and the 
comet becomes visible. 

1623
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:52,400
Again, you and Edmund down from 
the roof to join. 

1624
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:55,800
The usual Community Comet 
watching session It's become a 

1625
01:29:55,808 --> 01:29:58,200
nightly ritual. 
Now, this Collective observation

1626
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:01,100
and interpretation of your 
unwelcome Celestial visitor, 

1627
01:30:01,100 --> 01:30:03,700
people bring cups of ale or weak
wine. 

1628
01:30:03,700 --> 01:30:06,800
Share theories about what the 
comet might signify and 

1629
01:30:06,800 --> 01:30:09,800
generally turn astronomical 
anxiety into a social event 

1630
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:12,700
tonight. 
Father, Benedict has joined the 

1631
01:30:12,708 --> 01:30:15,700
group which adds a certain 
official theological weight to 

1632
01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:18,000
the proceedings. 
He's been Consulting various 

1633
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:20,200
religious texts about comets and
their meanings. 

1634
01:30:20,200 --> 01:30:23,000
And he has some intriguing 
insights to share about the 

1635
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:26,400
historical relationship between 
Celestial phenomena and Earthly 

1636
01:30:26,400 --> 01:30:29,400
events. 
The thing about Divine warnings,

1637
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:32,300
he explains settling onto a 
wooden stool that someone has 

1638
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:35,200
thoughtfully provided. 
Is that they're not just about 

1639
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,900
predicting the future. 
There are about giving us the 

1640
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:41,300
opportunity to change it a week 
as passed, since your Celestial 

1641
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:44,200
visitor first appeared and 
you're beginning to suspect, 

1642
01:30:44,200 --> 01:30:47,000
that medieval Comet, 
interpretation might be more art

1643
01:30:47,000 --> 01:30:49,900
than science. 
The village is now generated 

1644
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,900
approximately 17, different 
theories about what the comet 

1645
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:55,800
means, ranging from father 
Benedict, scholarly assessment, 

1646
01:30:55,800 --> 01:30:59,700
that it represents Divine. 
Displeasure with moral laxity to

1647
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:02,800
Young William's conviction, that
it specifically about his 

1648
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:05,000
lustful thoughts regarding the 
Merchant's daughter. 

1649
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:09,400
The most creative interpretation
so far has come from old Henrik 

1650
01:31:09,400 --> 01:31:12,100
who believes the comet is 
actually a beneficial sign, 

1651
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:14,900
God's way of burning away, evil 
influences. 

1652
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:18,600
So that righteousness can 
flourish This theory is notably 

1653
01:31:18,600 --> 01:31:21,300
popular with people who consider
themselves generally righteous 

1654
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:24,400
and would prefer Cosmic events 
to work in their favor for once 

1655
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:28,200
you're sitting by your half 
mending a torn shirt and 

1656
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:31,500
contemplating the remarkable 
human capacity to find meaning 

1657
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:33,700
in random events when there's a 
knock at your door. 

1658
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:36,300
It's Margaret from the 
Bakehouse. 

1659
01:31:37,100 --> 01:31:40,100
Looking unusually flustered and 
carrying what appears to be an 

1660
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:44,500
entire loaf of her best bread. 
I need to talk to someone, she 

1661
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:47,200
says, settling into your spare 
chair without waiting for an 

1662
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,800
invitation about the comet about
what it might really mean. 

1663
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:54,200
You set aside your mending and 
give her your full attention. 

1664
01:31:55,300 --> 01:31:58,000
Margaret really indulges in 
France, full or theological 

1665
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:00,600
speculation. 
If she is about Cosmic 

1666
01:32:00,600 --> 01:32:03,100
implications there's probably a 
good practical reason. 

1667
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:07,300
I've been thinking about timing.
She continues breaking off a 

1668
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:08,700
piece of bread and offering it 
to you. 

1669
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:12,200
When exactly the Comet appeared 
and what was happening right 

1670
01:32:12,200 --> 01:32:14,900
around there and I think I might
have figured something out. 

1671
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:19,100
This line is intriguing Margaret
has a parently been conducting 

1672
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:21,500
her own investigation into Comet
related causation. 

1673
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:24,600
While everyone else has been 
focusing on moral inventory, and

1674
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:28,600
spiritual preparation. 
Remember, how Lord Jeffrey's son

1675
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:31,300
came back from his travels. 
Just two days before the comet 

1676
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:33,100
showed up. 
And how did he bring all those 

1677
01:32:33,108 --> 01:32:35,700
strangers with him? 
The ones who've been staying at 

1678
01:32:35,700 --> 01:32:38,500
the manor house. 
You do remember there. 

1679
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:40,900
Had been quite a bit of Village 
gossip about the young Lords, 

1680
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:44,000
companions foreign-looking men 
with expensive clothes and 

1681
01:32:44,000 --> 01:32:47,700
secretive conversations. 
The general consensus was that 

1682
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:50,900
they were probably merchants of 
some sort though, nobody seemed 

1683
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:52,000
quite sure what they were 
selling. 

1684
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:55,800
Well, Margaret continues. 
Lowering her voice. 

1685
01:32:55,800 --> 01:32:59,300
Even though you're alone in your
cottage, But from Alice, who 

1686
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:01,800
heard from the cook at the manor
house, that those aren't 

1687
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:05,700
Merchants at all their soldiers 
mercenaries and they've been 

1688
01:33:05,708 --> 01:33:08,600
asking many questions about the 
local roads and the best routes 

1689
01:33:08,600 --> 01:33:11,900
to the neighboring Lordships 
suddenly the comet takes on an 

1690
01:33:11,900 --> 01:33:15,600
entirely different significance.
If Margaret is right, then your 

1691
01:33:15,600 --> 01:33:18,400
Celestial visitor isn't warning 
about Divine displeasure with 

1692
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,800
moral failing, it's a warning 
about human plans for very 

1693
01:33:21,800 --> 01:33:24,900
Earthly conflict. 
The cosmic telegram isn't about 

1694
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:27,000
spiritual concerns, it's about 
political. 

1695
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:31,400
Once this Revelation is both 
relieving and terrifying, this 

1696
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:35,200
Revelation is both relieving and
terrifying as an implies that 

1697
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:37,200
mere improvements in piety and 
charitable. 

1698
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:40,200
Giving may not be sufficient to 
address the issues. 

1699
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:43,600
The comet is announcing 
terrifying because it suggests 

1700
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:46,700
that your village might be about
to become involved in the kind 

1701
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:49,300
of armed conflict, that tends to
leave places looking 

1702
01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:51,800
significantly less Village like 
than they did before. 

1703
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:56,300
So what do we do? 
You ask Margaret shrugs with the

1704
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:59,400
Practical fatalism of someone 
who has survived several decades

1705
01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:02,900
of medieval uncertainty. 
Same thing we do if it was about

1706
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:05,800
Divine wrath prepare for 
potential difficulties. 

1707
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:09,100
Maintain optimism and avoid 
becoming entangled in the 

1708
01:34:09,100 --> 01:34:11,500
impending chaos. 
You spend the rest of the 

1709
01:34:11,508 --> 01:34:14,200
evening, discussing practical 
preparations for potential 

1710
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:16,000
conflict. 
And you realize that the 

1711
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:18,700
villages response to the comet 
has actually been pretty 

1712
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:23,000
sensible regardless of what the 
comet actually means food stores

1713
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:26,400
checked and Consolidated tools, 
repair, and sharp and debt, 

1714
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:29,800
settled relationships. 
Mended all of these things are 

1715
01:34:29,800 --> 01:34:32,600
just as useful for surviving 
human caused disasters. 

1716
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:36,600
As Divine ones, the next morning
you share Margaret's Theory with

1717
01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:39,400
Edmund who receives it with the 
thoughtful consideration. 

1718
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:42,100
He's been applying to all Comet 
related intelligence. 

1719
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:45,700
After some discussion you both 
agree that it doesn't really 

1720
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:48,400
matter whether the comet is 
warning about spiritual crisis 

1721
01:34:48,400 --> 01:34:51,400
or political conflict. 
The appropriate response is 

1722
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,200
pretty much the same. 
Get ready for trouble and hope 

1723
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:56,300
you're wrong about how awful 
it's going to be. 

1724
01:34:57,300 --> 01:35:00,600
This insight into the practical 
wisdom of comet fear is oddly 

1725
01:35:00,600 --> 01:35:03,100
comforting. 
Your medieval ancestors were 

1726
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:06,100
just superstitious Primitives 
jumping at shadows in the sky. 

1727
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,000
They were people living in, 
genuinely dangerous and 

1728
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:12,100
unpredictable circumstances and 
they developed a system. 

1729
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:15,200
For interpreting unusual events 
that encouraged useful 

1730
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:18,000
precautionary, Behavior, 
regardless of the specific 

1731
01:35:18,000 --> 01:35:21,800
nature of the threat, Whether 
the comet means divine wrath 

1732
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:25,700
political upheaval natural 
disaster or just Cosmic 

1733
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:28,700
coincidence. 
The response is the same pay 

1734
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:31,700
attention, prepare for 
difficulties work together and 

1735
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:35,000
try to be the kind of person 
you'd want to be if you knew the

1736
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:38,200
world was watching as evening 
approaches and the comet becomes

1737
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,100
visible. 
Once again, you find yourself 

1738
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:42,400
looking at it with something 
approaching appreciation. 

1739
01:35:43,200 --> 01:35:44,500
Not because you're happy, it's 
there. 

1740
01:35:44,500 --> 01:35:47,100
But because you're beginning to 
understand the Elegance 

1741
01:35:47,100 --> 01:35:50,200
Simplicity of a worldview that 
treats every unusual event as 

1742
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:53,700
potentially meaningful and every
bit of meaning, as a call to 

1743
01:35:53,708 --> 01:35:57,000
appropriate action, two weeks 
after your Cosmic visitor first 

1744
01:35:57,000 --> 01:35:59,800
appeared Lord, Jeffery son makes
his announcement. 

1745
01:35:59,800 --> 01:36:03,000
There will indeed be a military 
campaign, though. 

1746
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:05,500
He has the Diplomatic courtesy 
to call it a defensive 

1747
01:36:05,500 --> 01:36:07,800
expedition to secure Regional 
stability. 

1748
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:11,900
The Mercenaries Margaret spotted
were Advanced Scouts and the 

1749
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:14,500
young Lord has been planning, 
what amounts, to a small scale 

1750
01:36:14,500 --> 01:36:17,500
invasion of his neighbor's 
territory, over a disputed claim

1751
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:19,200
to some particularly fertile 
farmland. 

1752
01:36:20,100 --> 01:36:23,000
The comet it turns out was 
neither a Divine warning, nor a 

1753
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:26,100
Celestial coincidence. 
It was just excellent timing. 

1754
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:29,300
A cosmic Spotlight, 
Illuminating, a very Earthly 

1755
01:36:29,300 --> 01:36:32,600
drama that was about to unfold 
whether the heavens cooperated 

1756
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:35,500
or not. 
But here's the thing about Comet

1757
01:36:35,500 --> 01:36:38,400
fear that you're beginning to 
truly appreciate, it doesn't 

1758
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:41,400
actually matter whether the 
comic calls the crisis or just 

1759
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:44,600
happened to show up for it. 
What matters is that its 

1760
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:47,100
appearance motivated your 
community to prepare for 

1761
01:36:47,100 --> 01:36:49,400
trouble? 
And that preparation is about to

1762
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:52,700
prove extremely valuable The 
village is, in better shape than

1763
01:36:52,700 --> 01:36:56,900
it's been in years food, stores 
are organized and adequate tools

1764
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:59,500
are prepared and ready. 
People have settled their debts 

1765
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:02,800
and mended their relationships. 
The community is more cohesive, 

1766
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:04,800
and Cooperative than anyone can 
remember. 

1767
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:08,600
When Lord Jeffery Steward comes 
around to requisition supplies 

1768
01:37:08,600 --> 01:37:10,700
for the campaign. 
Your village is able to 

1769
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:12,100
contribute without facing 
starvation. 

1770
01:37:12,100 --> 01:37:16,100
When he demands men for military
service, the community is 

1771
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:19,600
Unified enough to negotiate 
reasonable terms instead of just

1772
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:21,700
accepting whatever conscription 
he imposes. 

1773
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,300
Most importantly, when the 
inevitable refugees start 

1774
01:37:25,300 --> 01:37:28,300
arriving from the disputed 
territory families, fleeing the 

1775
01:37:28,300 --> 01:37:31,000
advancing soldiers, and the 
chaos that always accompanies 

1776
01:37:31,000 --> 01:37:33,700
armed conflict. 
Your village is prepared to 

1777
01:37:33,700 --> 01:37:36,000
help. 
Not only does your village 

1778
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,300
provide material assistance but 
it also provides social and 

1779
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:42,600
emotional support. 
The comet has reminded everyone 

1780
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,000
that we're all vulnerable to 
forces beyond our control. 

1781
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,800
And that Mutual support is the 
best defense against 

1782
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:51,100
uncertainity, your helping to 
distribute blankets to the 

1783
01:37:51,100 --> 01:37:53,300
refugee families. 
When old Martha shuttles over, 

1784
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:56,900
where the satisfied expression 
of someone whose theories have 

1785
01:37:56,900 --> 01:38:00,100
been validated by events, told 
you that comment meant 

1786
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:02,900
something, she says settling 
beside you on the bench outside 

1787
01:38:02,900 --> 01:38:05,500
the church, Maybe not exactly 
what we thought. 

1788
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:07,200
But something important, all the
same. 

1789
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:09,900
So you think the comet actually 
caused all this? 

1790
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:13,900
You ask genuinely curious about 
her perspective, Martha 

1791
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:16,700
considers this with the careful 
deliberation of someone who has 

1792
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:18,500
seen enough history to 
understand its complexity. 

1793
01:38:19,900 --> 01:38:22,500
Maybe, yes, maybe. 
No, but does it matter? 

1794
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:24,900
The comet got us ready for what 
was coming. 

1795
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:28,500
Whether it was coming or not. 
That certainly holds 

1796
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:31,400
significance. 
This is the final wisdom of 

1797
01:38:31,400 --> 01:38:34,100
medieval Comet fear. 
It's not really about 

1798
01:38:34,100 --> 01:38:37,400
understanding Cosmic causation, 
or predicting specific 

1799
01:38:37,400 --> 01:38:40,200
disasters. 
It's about maintaining the kind 

1800
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:43,800
of adaptive alertness that helps
communities survive in genuinely

1801
01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:47,500
uncertain circumstances. 
The comet reminds us that the 

1802
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:50,700
future is uncertain that we 
should prepare and that we're 

1803
01:38:50,700 --> 01:38:54,000
all in this together as you 
settle into bed that night, you 

1804
01:38:54,000 --> 01:38:57,300
step outside one last time to 
look at your Celestial visitor, 

1805
01:38:57,300 --> 01:39:01,200
it's noticeably dimmer now. 
Beginning its long journey back 

1806
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:04,500
toward the outer Darkness, where
comets spend most of their time,

1807
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:09,400
In a few more weeks it will fade
from visibility entirely leaving

1808
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,900
your village to deal. 
With the Earthly consequences of

1809
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:15,800
Lourdes Jeffries, territorial 
ambitions But the Comets real 

1810
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:17,600
work, is already done. 
It. 

1811
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:20,900
Appeared at exactly the right 
moment to motivate exactly the 

1812
01:39:20,900 --> 01:39:23,300
right kind of preparation. 
For exactly, the right kind of 

1813
01:39:23,308 --> 01:39:26,000
crisis. 
Whether this event was Divine 

1814
01:39:26,000 --> 01:39:29,400
Providence, Cosmic coincidence, 
or just the inevitable 

1815
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,400
intersection of astronomical 
mechanics and human foolishness,

1816
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,000
doesn't really matter. 
What matters is that when 

1817
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:38,300
unusual things appear in the 
sky, it's probably wise to pay 

1818
01:39:38,308 --> 01:39:40,900
attention. 
This is not because the sky is 

1819
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:43,900
attempting to convey a message, 
but rather because observing 

1820
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:47,600
unusual occurrences often serves
as an effective survival tactic,

1821
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:51,200
the universe is full of 
surprises, some of which require

1822
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:54,800
preparation cooperation and the 
wisdom to distinguish between 

1823
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:58,000
the things you can control and 
the things you can't Your 

1824
01:39:58,000 --> 01:40:01,600
medieval answer is understood 
these facts instinctively, they 

1825
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:04,300
lived in a world where 
unexpected events could be fatal

1826
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:07,700
and preparation often made the 
difference between survival and 

1827
01:40:07,700 --> 01:40:10,500
disaster. 
They developed Comet fear, not 

1828
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:13,600
because they were superstitious 
primitive, but because they were

1829
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:16,500
practical people dealing with 
practical problems using the 

1830
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:18,100
best information available to 
them. 

1831
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:22,200
As you drift off to sleep in 
your cottage, listening to The 

1832
01:40:22,200 --> 01:40:24,600
Familiar sounds of your village 
settle into the night. 

1833
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:29,100
You find yourself oddly grateful
for your Cosmic visitor, The 

1834
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:31,700
Experience taught you valuable 
lessons about Community 

1835
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:35,300
preparation and the importance 
of taking unusual events 

1836
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:39,800
seriously, even if you don't 
fully understand them, The comet

1837
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:43,700
blazes on through the darkness 
carrying its tail of fire toward

1838
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:47,500
distant appointments with other 
worlds and civilizations, who 

1839
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:50,400
will look up at it and wonder 
what it means and what they 

1840
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,500
should do about it. 
Perhaps, if they are wise, they 

1841
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:56,400
will follow the same path as 
your village Grace for 

1842
01:40:56,400 --> 01:40:58,500
challenges. 
Hold on to optimism. 

1843
01:40:58,500 --> 01:41:02,200
And keep in mind that we are all
merely transitory occupants of a

1844
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,000
small planet. 
Orbiting a common star in a 

1845
01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:08,600
universe brimming with both 
wonders and dangers sometimes 

1846
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:12,100
the sky catches fire and 
sometimes that's exactly what we

1847
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:19,000
need to see. 
Imagine yourself sitting in your

1848
01:41:19,008 --> 01:41:24,700
favorite armchair in 1939 cup of
tea on the side table as the 

1849
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:27,900
world prepares to undergo 
unprecedented Transformations. 

1850
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:31,300
But the people who are about to 
change, it had no idea. 

1851
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:34,800
They were writing the most 
expensive recipe ever the recipe

1852
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:39,600
required approximately 130,000 
individuals, a duration of three

1853
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:43,000
years and sufficient funds to 
establish a modest Nation. 

1854
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:46,800
It all started because some very
smart people, got very worried 

1855
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:50,300
Imagine the feeling you get when
you realize you left the stove 

1856
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:53,500
on and imagine that feeling 
multiplied by the entire future 

1857
01:41:53,500 --> 01:41:57,000
of civilization. 
That's roughly what Leo silard 

1858
01:41:57,000 --> 01:41:59,500
felt when he heard that German 
scientists had figured out how 

1859
01:41:59,500 --> 01:42:03,200
to split uranium atoms. 
Soulard was a genius who could 

1860
01:42:03,200 --> 01:42:05,900
probably calculate the 
trajectory of falling toast in 

1861
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:08,400
his pajamas. 
But even he couldn't foresee the

1862
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:12,200
consequences of his concern. 
The amusing thing about salad is

1863
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:14,600
that he was the kind of guy who 
would patent an idea for a 

1864
01:42:14,600 --> 01:42:17,100
nuclear reactor, then 
immediately realized, it might 

1865
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:18,800
be dangerous and try to keep it 
secret. 

1866
01:42:18,800 --> 01:42:22,200
It's like inventing dynamite and
then Whispering the recipe. 

1867
01:42:22,200 --> 01:42:26,700
He spent most of 1939 pacing 
around New York, like he 

1868
01:42:26,700 --> 01:42:28,600
frightening, pigeons with his 
intense expression. 

1869
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:31,900
Trying to persuade anyone who 
would listen that American 

1870
01:42:31,900 --> 01:42:34,000
needed to outpace Germany in the
atomic race. 

1871
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:38,100
But you can't just walk into the
White House and say, hey, we 

1872
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:41,400
need to build a massive bomb. 
Well, you can try, but they'll 

1873
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:43,100
probably escort you out rather 
quickly. 

1874
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:47,200
So, silly did what any 
reasonable person would do, he 

1875
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:51,600
got, Einstein to write a letter.
Apparently, even in 1939, name 

1876
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:54,800
recognition held significant 
importance, Einstein, who 

1877
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:56,500
probably just wanted to work on 
his theories. 

1878
01:42:56,500 --> 01:42:59,300
In peace, found himself 
accidentally becoming the 

1879
01:42:59,300 --> 01:43:03,300
Godfather of the atomic age. 
He later recognized the irony 

1880
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:06,600
given that he was a pacifist who
had previously expressed a 

1881
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:07,800
preference for being a 
Lighthouse Keeper. 

1882
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:12,600
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 
the letter in October 1939, 

1883
01:43:12,600 --> 01:43:15,700
right around the time, he was 
dealing with a dozen other world

1884
01:43:15,700 --> 01:43:18,200
ending problems. 
You have to admire the man's 

1885
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:21,600
ability to prioritize most of 
us, get overwhelmed choosing 

1886
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:24,500
what to watch on streaming 
services, but FDR was juggling 

1887
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:28,200
potential, nuclear weapons, a 
World War and probably wondering

1888
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:30,400
if his morning coffee was strong
enough for any of this. 

1889
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,200
The initial response was about 
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 

1890
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:37,900
from a government bureaucracy, 
they formed a committee, nothing

1891
01:43:37,900 --> 01:43:41,000
conveys, the urgency of a world,
changing scientific breakthrough

1892
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:43,300
more effectively than the 
formation of a committee. 

1893
01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:46,700
The Iranian committee as they 
called it met a few times, 

1894
01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:49,600
allocated. 
A wapping 6,000 dollars for 

1895
01:43:49,600 --> 01:43:51,800
research and probably spent more
on coffee. 

1896
01:43:51,800 --> 01:43:54,500
The uranium, it was the 
governmental equivalent of 

1897
01:43:54,500 --> 01:43:58,300
putting a Band-Aid on a volcano.
But here's where the story gets 

1898
01:43:58,300 --> 01:44:00,700
intriguing in. 
That uniquely American Way. 

1899
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:04,000
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl 

1900
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:08,200
Harbor happened, suddenly the 
abstract concept of maybe we 

1901
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:09,600
should look into this Atomic 
thing. 

1902
01:44:09,600 --> 01:44:13,100
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

1903
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:15,100
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

1904
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,000
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 
man who had just finished 

1905
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:22,000
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

1906
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:25,500
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

1907
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:28,500
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

1908
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:31,700
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

1909
01:44:31,700 --> 01:44:34,200
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

1910
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:37,900
Groves was the kind of military 
mind who could look at an 

1911
01:44:37,900 --> 01:44:39,300
impossible task, and 
immediately. 

1912
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:43,000
Start figuring out how to make 
it slightly less impossible, one

1913
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:46,300
spreadsheet at a time. 
The beautiful absurdity of the 

1914
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:48,300
Manhattan Project was already 
becoming clear. 

1915
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:51,900
You had theoretical physicists 
who could barely balance their 

1916
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:54,200
checkbooks being asked to create
the most practical and 

1917
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:57,500
devastating weapon in history. 
While military men who 

1918
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:00,700
understood Logistics had to wrap
their heads around Concepts that

1919
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:03,700
sounded like they belonged in 
comic books and so began the 

1920
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:07,000
most improbable collaboration in
human history where the marriage

1921
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:09,900
of pure science and applied 
paranoia would reshape 

1922
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:12,300
everything. 
Now, you might think that 

1923
01:45:12,300 --> 01:45:15,400
assembling the world's greatest 
scientific Minds would be like 

1924
01:45:15,400 --> 01:45:17,900
organizing a really intellectual
dinner party. 

1925
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:21,000
You'd be wrong. 
It was more like trying to hurt 

1926
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:23,200
cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

1927
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:26,200
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

1928
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:29,200
alarming tender to argue about 
theoretical physics at 

1929
01:45:29,200 --> 01:45:33,100
inappropriate volume's. 
General Groves, blesses 

1930
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:35,300
practical, heart approach, this 
challenge, the way. 

1931
01:45:35,300 --> 01:45:38,300
Any good military man. 
Would he made lists? 

1932
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,000
Lots of lists, lists of 
scientists list, of locations 

1933
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:45,500
list of things they need and 
probably a list of reasons why 

1934
01:45:45,500 --> 01:45:48,000
this was either the best or 
worst assignment of his career. 

1935
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:52,100
He realized pretty quickly that 
managing brilliant people was 

1936
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:55,200
like, managing regular people 
except they could prove you 

1937
01:45:55,200 --> 01:45:58,200
wrong with math. 
The first real breakthrough 

1938
01:45:58,200 --> 01:46:00,900
came, when someone suggested 
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 

1939
01:46:00,900 --> 01:46:04,400
to lead the scientific effort. 
Now, Oppenheimer was an 

1940
01:46:04,408 --> 01:46:06,400
interesting choice. 
He was brilliant. 

1941
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:10,100
Absolutely, but he was all the 
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 

1942
01:46:10,100 --> 01:46:13,000
at cocktail parties and had a 
habit of making everyone around 

1943
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:14,700
him feel slightly under 
educated. 

1944
01:46:14,700 --> 01:46:18,400
He was like that friend, who can
discuss wine literature and 

1945
01:46:18,400 --> 01:46:22,400
nuclear physics with equal 
fluency except instead of being 

1946
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:25,400
annoying at dinner parties. 
He was about to become the most 

1947
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:29,200
famous scientists in America. 
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 

1948
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:30,900
for the job. 
Wasn't just his scientific 

1949
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:33,300
credentials though. 
Those were impressive enough. 

1950
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:36,700
It was his ability to translate 
between the language of pure 

1951
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:39,300
science and the language of we 
need results. 

1952
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:41,900
Now, please. 
He could talk to a theoretical 

1953
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:44,700
physicist about quantum 
mechanics in the morning and 

1954
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:47,100
explained to a general why they 
needed more funding in the 

1955
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:49,600
afternoon. 
All while maintaining the kind 

1956
01:46:49,600 --> 01:46:52,100
of cool demeanor that suggested.
He found the whole thing 

1957
01:46:52,100 --> 01:46:55,100
intellectually fascinating 
rather than terrifying. 

1958
01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:58,300
You can't run a massive 
scientific project from 

1959
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:01,200
University offices, and 
borrowed, Laboratories, they 

1960
01:47:01,200 --> 01:47:03,800
needed space and not just any 
space. 

1961
01:47:03,800 --> 01:47:07,700
They needed secret space, really
secret space. 

1962
01:47:08,500 --> 01:47:11,100
The kind of secret space where 
you could accidentally change 

1963
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:13,800
the world without anyone 
noticing, until it was too late.

1964
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:17,200
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 
location. 

1965
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:19,800
So remote that it made the 
middle of nowhere look like 

1966
01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:22,700
downtown Manhattan. 
It was perfect in the way that 

1967
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:24,900
only truly imperfect places can 
be perfect. 

1968
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:28,900
The site was isolated enough. 
That any accidental explosion 

1969
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:32,400
would mostly just bother the 
local Wildlife but accessible 

1970
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:35,200
enough that they could actually 
transport equipment and people 

1971
01:47:35,200 --> 01:47:38,900
without requiring pack mules. 
The original plan was to house 

1972
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:42,700
may be 30 scientists there. 
This was a bit like planning, a 

1973
01:47:42,700 --> 01:47:45,500
small dinner party and having it
turned into a wedding reception 

1974
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:49,000
for 500 people. 
By the end of the project, Los 

1975
01:47:49,000 --> 01:47:52,300
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 
Ranch School into a secret City 

1976
01:47:52,300 --> 01:47:55,600
with its own post office school 
system and probably the highest 

1977
01:47:55,600 --> 01:47:58,500
concentration of advanced 
degrees per square mile in human

1978
01:47:58,500 --> 01:48:01,800
history but Los Alamos was just 
one piece of the puzzle. 

1979
01:48:01,800 --> 01:48:05,300
The Manhattan Project ended up 
requiring an entire secret 

1980
01:48:05,300 --> 01:48:07,000
infrastructure. 
Spread across the country. 

1981
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,800
They built massive facilities in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they

1982
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:13,800
would separate uranium Isotopes,
using methods that were equal 

1983
01:48:13,800 --> 01:48:17,500
parts, brilliant and Brute 
Force, They constructed another 

1984
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:20,800
enormous complex in Hanford, 
Washington for producing 

1985
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,100
plutonium, because apparently 
one type of nuclear material 

1986
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:27,200
wasn't enough for their 
ambitious plans, the logistics 

1987
01:48:27,200 --> 01:48:30,100
alone were mind-boggling. 
Try explaining to your 

1988
01:48:30,100 --> 01:48:32,300
accountant that you need to 
build several cities from 

1989
01:48:32,300 --> 01:48:36,200
scratch hire tens of thousands 
of people and consume more 

1990
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:38,000
electricity than some entire 
States. 

1991
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:41,700
All for a project, you can't 
actually tell anyone about the 

1992
01:48:41,700 --> 01:48:44,800
Tennessee Valley Authority found
itself powering what looked like

1993
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:48,800
the industrial equivalent of a 
small Alien Invasion and they 

1994
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:52,500
just had to trust that someone 
somewhere knew what they were 

1995
01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:55,300
doing. 
The security measures were so 

1996
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:58,200
elaborate, they boarded on 
Comedy workers at Oak? 

1997
01:48:58,200 --> 01:49:00,700
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

1998
01:49:00,700 --> 01:49:03,000
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

1999
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:06,900
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

2000
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:08,900
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

2001
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:12,100
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

2002
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:15,000
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

2003
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:17,700
thorough that you could work on 
the Manhattan Project for three 

2004
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:21,000
years and still have only the 
vaguest idea what you'd actually

2005
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:23,900
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

2006
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:26,800
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

2007
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,900
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

2008
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:33,600
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

2009
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:36,800
in temporary housing in the 
middle of the desert working on 

2010
01:49:36,800 --> 01:49:39,600
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

2011
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:43,400
everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults if some 

2012
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:45,900
are Camp, involved nuclear 
physics and the fate of 

2013
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:48,100
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

2014
01:49:48,100 --> 01:49:50,700
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

2015
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:52,400
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

2016
01:49:52,400 --> 01:49:55,700
You're dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

2017
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:57,500
things so small, you can't see 
them. 

2018
01:49:57,500 --> 01:50:00,900
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

2019
01:50:00,900 --> 01:50:04,400
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like to 

2020
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:06,800
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

2021
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:09,500
your entire neighborhood. 
If only you could figure out how

2022
01:50:09,500 --> 01:50:12,800
to Convince them to cooperate. 
The basic concept of nuclear 

2023
01:50:12,800 --> 01:50:15,600
fission sounds almost simple. 
When you say it quickly, you 

2024
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:19,000
take a uranium, atom, he split 
it, and it releases energy. 

2025
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:22,500
But saying that is like saying 
baking a cake when you're 

2026
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:25,100
actually trying to construct a 
12 tier wedding cake. 

2027
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:27,800
While blindfolded using 
ingredients, you've never seen 

2028
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:30,800
before and following a recipe 
written in a language that was 

2029
01:50:30,800 --> 01:50:34,600
just invented yesterday. 
The first challenge was getting 

2030
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:38,100
the right kind of uranium 
natural, uranium is mostly 

2031
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:42,200
uranium 238, which is about as 
useful for making bombs as a 

2032
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:44,900
chocolate teapot. 
What they needed was uranium 

2033
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:48,700
235, which makes up less than 1%
of natural uranium. 

2034
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:52,300
It's like needing to separate 
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 

2035
01:50:52,300 --> 01:50:55,300
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 
M&Ms are invisible. 

2036
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:58,100
They're trying to kill you and 
you can only tell them apart 

2037
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:00,200
using methods, that hadn't been 
invented yet. 

2038
01:51:01,500 --> 01:51:03,300
The scientists at Oak Ridge 
approached. 

2039
01:51:03,300 --> 01:51:06,100
This problem with the kind of 
methodical determination that 

2040
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:08,300
only comes from having 
absolutely no choice. 

2041
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,000
They tried several different 
separation methods, including 

2042
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:15,000
one that involved giant Electro 
magnets called calutron. 

2043
01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:18,500
These machines were enormous and
consumed so much electricity 

2044
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:22,000
that they basically turned the 
separation of uranium Isotopes, 

2045
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:25,200
in to an industrial process. 
That could be seen from space, 

2046
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:29,600
if satellites had existed, then,
however, uranium was not the 

2047
01:51:29,600 --> 01:51:32,300
soul option. 
Available nuclear reactors could

2048
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,100
create plutonium an element 
absent in nature. 

2049
01:51:36,100 --> 01:51:39,100
Plutonium was like, uranium's 
more complicated cousin, 

2050
01:51:39,100 --> 01:51:42,800
potentially more powerful but 
also more difficult to work with

2051
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:45,600
and with a personality that 
could charitably be described as

2052
01:51:45,600 --> 01:51:48,600
temperamental. 
Creating plutonium required 

2053
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:52,000
building nuclear reactors, which
brought its own special set of 

2054
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:54,500
challenges. 
The first reactor was built 

2055
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:56,800
under the football stadium at 
the University of Chicago 

2056
01:51:56,800 --> 01:51:59,300
because apparently someone 
thought that the best place to 

2057
01:51:59,308 --> 01:52:02,900
test Humanities first controlled
nuclear chain reaction was 

2058
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:05,100
directly underneath a major 
American city. 

2059
01:52:05,900 --> 01:52:09,200
The physicists in charge of this
experiment in Rico Fermi was 

2060
01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:11,900
reportedly betting on whether 
the reaction would stop when 

2061
01:52:11,900 --> 01:52:14,800
they wanted it to which shows 
how well they understood what 

2062
01:52:14,800 --> 01:52:17,700
they were doing. 
Fermi incidentally was the kind 

2063
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:20,700
of scientist who could calculate
complex physics problems in his 

2064
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,000
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

2065
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:25,500
calculators. 
He was also famous for his 

2066
01:52:25,500 --> 01:52:28,900
ability to estimate almost 
anything, give him a few minutes

2067
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:31,300
and some basic information. 
And he could tell you 

2068
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:34,600
approximately how many piano 
tuners lived in Chicago or how 

2069
01:52:34,600 --> 01:52:37,500
much energy would be released by
various theoretical nuclear 

2070
01:52:37,500 --> 01:52:40,300
explosions. 
This skill turned out to be 

2071
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,400
surprisingly useful when dealing
with weapons that released more 

2072
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:46,700
energy than anyone had ever 
handled before the Chicago 

2073
01:52:46,700 --> 01:52:49,400
reactor worked. 
Thankfully without accidentally 

2074
01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:53,000
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

2075
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:55,500
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

2076
01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:59,800
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

2077
01:52:59,800 --> 01:53:02,500
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

2078
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:05,600
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

2079
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:08,100
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

2080
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:11,600
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

2081
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:14,000
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

2082
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:17,200
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

2083
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:19,800
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

2084
01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:23,500
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

2085
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:26,800
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

2086
01:53:26,800 --> 01:53:29,600
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

2087
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:33,300
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

2088
01:53:33,300 --> 01:53:36,800
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium in to another 

2089
01:53:36,800 --> 01:53:40,300
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

2090
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,400
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

2091
01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:46,100
hammers. 
But this method only worked with

2092
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:50,200
uranium 235 and they didn't have
enough for more than one bomb. 

2093
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:54,300
Plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

2094
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:58,200
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

2095
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:01,100
conventional explosive and 
detonating them all at. 

2096
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:04,400
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

2097
01:54:04,400 --> 01:54:08,100
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

2098
01:54:08,100 --> 01:54:10,900
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

2099
01:54:10,900 --> 01:54:14,800
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

2100
01:54:14,800 --> 01:54:17,800
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

2101
01:54:19,100 --> 01:54:21,800
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

2102
01:54:21,800 --> 01:54:24,600
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

2103
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:27,600
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

2104
01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:32,100
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

2105
01:54:32,100 --> 01:54:34,700
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

2106
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:38,100
science project for over two 
years despite possessing, 

2107
01:54:38,100 --> 01:54:41,600
numerous theories calculations 
and mathematical equations. 

2108
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:44,500
They remained uncertain. 
If any of them would truly 

2109
01:54:44,500 --> 01:54:48,600
function It's akin to dedicating
three years to the construction 

2110
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:52,500
of a car, only to discover that 
you've never actually attempted 

2111
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:55,900
to operate the key. 
The gun type uranium bomb was 

2112
01:54:55,900 --> 01:54:58,800
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

2113
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,600
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

2114
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,800
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

2115
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:07,900
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

2116
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:12,100
However the plutonium implosion 
bomb presented a distinct 

2117
01:55:12,100 --> 01:55:14,400
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

2118
01:55:14,400 --> 01:55:16,200
temperamental that betting the 
war on it. 

2119
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:19,100
Without a test would have been 
like performing brain surgery 

2120
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:20,900
based on a cookbook, you'd 
return yourself. 

2121
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:25,000
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

2122
01:55:25,000 --> 01:55:28,400
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

2123
01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:30,300
location to test a nuclear 
weapon. 

2124
01:55:30,300 --> 01:55:34,100
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

2125
01:55:34,108 --> 01:55:36,900
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

2126
01:55:36,900 --> 01:55:37,800
enough. 
That if something goes 

2127
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:41,300
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

2128
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:43,100
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

2129
01:55:43,100 --> 01:55:46,600
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

2130
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:49,100
Mexico. 
Desert about 200 miles south of 

2131
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:52,400
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

2132
01:55:52,400 --> 01:55:55,900
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

2133
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:58,500
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

2134
01:55:58,500 --> 01:56:00,100
you still have time for 
literature. 

2135
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:05,100
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

2136
01:56:05,100 --> 01:56:08,500
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

2137
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:12,400
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

2138
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:14,700
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

2139
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:17,500
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

2140
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:21,300
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

2141
01:56:21,300 --> 01:56:22,900
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

2142
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:26,900
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

2143
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:30,300
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

2144
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:33,700
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

2145
01:56:33,700 --> 01:56:37,000
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

2146
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:38,700
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

2147
01:56:39,600 --> 01:56:42,200
Scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

2148
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:44,200
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

2149
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:47,800
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

2150
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:50,800
safely? 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

2151
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:52,800
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

2152
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,600
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

2153
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:57,900
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

2154
01:56:57,900 --> 01:57:02,100
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

2155
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:05,000
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

2156
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:07,600
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

2157
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:12,600
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

2158
01:57:12,600 --> 01:57:15,300
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

2159
01:57:15,300 --> 01:57:18,000
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

2160
01:57:19,200 --> 01:57:22,400
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

2161
01:57:22,400 --> 01:57:24,600
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

2162
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:27,900
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

2163
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:30,900
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

2164
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:33,900
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive. 

2165
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:36,800
Firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key scientists 

2166
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:39,700
gather to control bunker about 
six miles from Ground Zero, 

2167
01:57:39,700 --> 01:57:42,600
which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

2168
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:46,100
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

2169
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:49,500
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion, they lay down on the 

2170
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:52,600
ground, facing away from the 
blast site with instructions to 

2171
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:54,900
look only after the initial 
Flash and passed. 

2172
01:57:54,900 --> 01:57:57,600
It was like being told to watch 
the world's most important 

2173
01:57:57,600 --> 01:58:02,600
Sunrise through your eyelids at 
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 

2174
01:58:02,600 --> 01:58:05,800
with a force equivalent to about
21,000 tons of TNT. 

2175
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:09,800
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

2176
01:58:09,800 --> 01:58:13,300
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

2177
01:58:13,300 --> 01:58:17,200
sun itself. 
Which was visible from over 160 

2178
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:20,600
miles away, and the sound of the
explosion Was Heard nearly 100 

2179
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:23,700
miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

2180
01:58:23,700 --> 01:58:27,100
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

2181
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:31,400
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

2182
01:58:31,400 --> 01:58:34,000
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

2183
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:36,000
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

2184
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,700
The steel tower that held the 
bomb vaporized along with 

2185
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,400
everything else within a 
substantial radius of ground 

2186
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:44,800
zero in the space of a few 
seconds. 

2187
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:49,000
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

2188
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:51,600
later said that as he watched 
the explosion aligned from the 

2189
01:58:51,600 --> 01:58:56,400
Pagoda came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

2190
01:58:56,400 --> 01:58:59,200
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

2191
01:58:59,200 --> 01:59:01,900
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual given the 

2192
01:59:01,900 --> 01:59:05,200
circumstances, but it captured 
the magnitude of what they had 

2193
01:59:05,200 --> 01:59:08,000
just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

2194
01:59:08,000 --> 01:59:10,300
weapon, that could destroy 
entire cities in an instant. 

2195
01:59:10,300 --> 01:59:14,600
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

2196
01:59:14,600 --> 01:59:18,200
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

2197
01:59:18,200 --> 01:59:21,400
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

2198
01:59:21,400 --> 01:59:24,200
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

2199
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:27,600
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

2200
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:30,500
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

2201
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:35,200
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico desert, the 

2202
01:59:35,200 --> 01:59:38,200
scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity began 

2203
01:59:38,200 --> 01:59:40,500
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

2204
01:59:40,500 --> 01:59:43,200
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

2205
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:45,400
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

2206
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:47,900
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

2207
01:59:47,900 --> 01:59:49,300
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

2208
01:59:49,300 --> 01:59:53,100
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

2209
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:57,600
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

2210
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,700
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

2211
02:00:00,700 --> 02:00:04,500
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

2212
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:08,100
deciding what to do with it. 
Pressed President Truman who had

2213
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,000
inherited both the president C 
and the Manhattan Project from 

2214
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:13,700
Roosevelt found himself in the 
position of having to make 

2215
02:00:13,700 --> 02:00:18,400
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood in the keys

2216
02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:21,400
to a weapon that could destroy 
cities and being told to learn 

2217
02:00:21,400 --> 02:00:25,100
how to use it in a few weeks. 
Truman was a practical man who 

2218
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:27,300
preferred straightforward 
problems with straightforward 

2219
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:30,700
Solutions but there was nothing 
straightforward about Atomic 

2220
02:00:30,700 --> 02:00:33,500
weapons, the military estimates 
for the invasion. 

2221
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:37,408
Of Japan were extremely sobering
operation downfall as it was 

2222
02:00:37,416 --> 02:00:39,400
known. 
Had the potential to cause over 

2223
02:00:39,400 --> 02:00:42,800
a million American casualties 
and several million Japanese 

2224
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,400
deaths. 
These weren't abstract numbers 

2225
02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:49,000
on a strategic planning document
they represented real people 

2226
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:53,700
families and entire communities.
The alternative was using Atomic

2227
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:57,200
weapons against Japanese cities,
which would also kill enormous 

2228
02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,200
numbers of civilians, but my end
the war quickly enough to 

2229
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:02,000
prevent an even larger 
catastrophe. 

2230
02:01:02,800 --> 02:01:05,300
It's the kind of decision that 
would keep anyone awake at 

2231
02:01:05,300 --> 02:01:08,800
night, the kind of moral 
calculation that has no clearly.

2232
02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:11,300
Right answer. 
Do you choose the option that 

2233
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:14,600
kills fewer people overall, but 
involves using weapons of 

2234
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:17,900
unprecedented destructive power.
Or do you choose the 

2235
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:20,900
conventional Invasion? 
That might ultimately cost more 

2236
02:01:20,900 --> 02:01:23,700
lives but doesn't cross the 
threshold into nuclear warfare. 

2237
02:01:25,400 --> 02:01:28,400
Some of the scientists involved 
in the Manhattan Project was 

2238
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:31,200
seriously reconsidering their 
involvement in its creation? 

2239
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,500
Leo silard, who had started the 
whole thing with his worries 

2240
02:01:35,500 --> 02:01:38,700
about German Atomic research. 
Now, found himself trying to 

2241
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:42,300
stop the use of the weapons. 
He had helped create He and 

2242
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:44,600
several other scientists 
petition Truman to demonstrate 

2243
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:46,700
the bomb's power. 
Without using it against 

2244
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:50,000
populated areas, perhaps by 
detonating it over an 

2245
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:53,300
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could witness its 

2246
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:56,300
destructive potential. 
But military planners argued 

2247
02:01:56,300 --> 02:01:59,100
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

2248
02:01:59,100 --> 02:02:02,500
Japanese surrender, especially 
if the bomb to detonate 

2249
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:05,200
properly. 
They had exactly two. 

2250
02:02:05,200 --> 02:02:09,500
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

2251
02:02:09,500 --> 02:02:13,300
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

2252
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:16,300
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

2253
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:19,700
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to file 

2254
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:21,100
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

2255
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:25,100
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

2256
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:27,500
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

2257
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:30,800
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

2258
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:33,600
exposure weren't well, 
understood the political 

2259
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:36,400
implications of introducing 
nuclear weapons to Warfare, 

2260
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:39,800
hadn't been fully considered 
They were making decisions about

2261
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:43,600
the future of human conflict 
with incomplete information and 

2262
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:47,300
under enormous time pressure, 
Japanese resistance was fears 

2263
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:49,000
and showed no signs of 
diminishing. 

2264
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,400
The battle of Okinawa had 
demonstrated the terrible cost 

2265
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,700
of invading fortified Japanese 
positions, and intelligence 

2266
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:58,500
suggested that the Japanese were
preparing to defend their home 

2267
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:00,700
islands with even greater 
determination. 

2268
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:04,300
Kamikaze attacks were in 
frequency and intensity. 

2269
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:07,900
From a purely military 
perspective, anything that could

2270
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:10,300
end the war quickly was worth 
serious consideration. 

2271
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:14,300
On the other hand, several 
high-ranking military officials 

2272
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:17,000
questioned whether Atomic 
weapons were necessary at all. 

2273
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:19,800
Some argued that Japan was 
already on the verge of 

2274
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:23,700
surrender due to Conventional 
bombing Naval blockade and the 

2275
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:25,700
Soviet entry into the war 
against Japan. 

2276
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:29,000
Others suggested that the 
primary motivation for using the

2277
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:32,700
bombs was not to defeat Japan 
but to demonstrate American 

2278
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:34,800
nuclear capability to the Soviet
Union. 

2279
02:03:34,800 --> 02:03:39,600
Thereby initiating the Cold War.
Target selection process was 

2280
02:03:39,600 --> 02:03:43,200
grimly, methodically military 
planners wanted cities that were

2281
02:03:43,200 --> 02:03:46,300
militarily, significant but had 
not been heavily damaged by 

2282
02:03:46,300 --> 02:03:49,500
conventional bombing so that the
effects of the atomic weapon 

2283
02:03:49,500 --> 02:03:51,200
could be clearly observed and 
documented. 

2284
02:03:51,200 --> 02:03:54,900
They also wanted targets that 
would have maximum psychological

2285
02:03:54,900 --> 02:03:58,300
impact on Japanese leadership. 
Final Target list. 

2286
02:03:58,300 --> 02:04:03,600
Included Hiroshima, kakura 
niggaa and Nagasaki Kyoto was 

2287
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:06,100
initially on the list as well. 
But Secretary of War, Henry 

2288
02:04:06,100 --> 02:04:09,400
Stimson, reportedly removed it 
from consideration because he 

2289
02:04:09,400 --> 02:04:12,000
had visited the city and 
appreciated, its cultural and 

2290
02:04:12,000 --> 02:04:15,300
historical significance. 
It's one of those small human 

2291
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:19,200
moments that had enormous 
consequences, a single person's 

2292
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:22,400
aesthetic, sensibility 
potentially saving a city and 

2293
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:25,000
its hundreds of thousands of 
inhabitants from nuclear 

2294
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,300
destruction. 
As the decision deadline 

2295
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,800
approached Truman was receiving 
advice from multiple directions,

2296
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:35,600
much of it contradictory 
military commanders wanted to 

2297
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:37,600
use the weapons to save American
lives. 

2298
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:40,800
There was a divide among 
scientists between those seeking

2299
02:04:40,800 --> 02:04:43,900
to demonstrate the bomb's power 
and those advocating for its 

2300
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:47,900
decisive use. political advisors
were thinking about post-war 

2301
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:51,400
relationships with both Japan 
and the Soviet Union in the end 

2302
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:54,300
Truman, made the decision that 
he believed would end the war, 

2303
02:04:54,300 --> 02:04:58,200
most quickly, and save the most 
lives overall Whether he was 

2304
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,100
right or wrong as a question 
that historians and ethicists 

2305
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:05,400
continued to debate today. 
But in the summer of 1945, with 

2306
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:09,000
incomplete information and 
enormous pressure, he chose to 

2307
02:05:09,008 --> 02:05:11,600
authorize the use of atomic 
weapons, against Japan. 

2308
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:14,600
It was a decision that would 
define, not just the end of 

2309
02:05:14,608 --> 02:05:17,500
World War 2, but the beginning 
of the nuclear age on the 

2310
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:23,000
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 

2311
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,200
bomber named after the Pilot's 
mother took off from Tiny and 

2312
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:29,400
Ireland, carrying little boy, 
the uranium bomb that had never 

2313
02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:32,300
been tested, but was expected to
work based on theoretical 

2314
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:34,900
calculations. 
It's important to take a moment 

2315
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:37,100
to appreciate the surreal nature
of this moment. 

2316
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:40,300
They were piloting. 
An untested nuclear weapon over 

2317
02:05:40,300 --> 02:05:43,600
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 
three years of theoretical 

2318
02:05:43,600 --> 02:05:46,600
physics, and Engineering to 
perform precisely as intended at

2319
02:05:46,600 --> 02:05:49,100
The crucial moment. 
Colonel, Paul. 

2320
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:52,700
Tibbets the pilot probably had 
the strangest job description in

2321
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:55,800
military history that morning. 
He was essentially a delivery 

2322
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:59,500
driver except his package could 
destroy an entire city and his 

2323
02:05:59,500 --> 02:06:01,600
route included flying over enemy
territory. 

2324
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:04,800
While carrying the most 
expensive and dangerous Cargo in

2325
02:06:04,800 --> 02:06:08,000
human history. 
The crew had been told, they 

2326
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:10,900
were carrying a very powerful 
bomb, but most didn't know they 

2327
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:13,200
were about to witness the first 
use of nuclear weapons. 

2328
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:17,600
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

2329
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:20,300
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

2330
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:23,000
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

2331
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,300
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

2332
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:30,900
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

2333
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:34,400
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

2334
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,700
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

2335
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:41,400
Little boy, detonated about 
1,900 feet above the city 

2336
02:06:41,400 --> 02:06:44,900
center, the explosion created a 
fireball with temperatures 

2337
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:46,700
exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun 

2338
02:06:46,700 --> 02:06:49,600
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually, everything 

2339
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:53,400
within a one-mile radius. 
The mushroom cloud, Rose to over

2340
02:06:53,400 --> 02:06:57,300
60,000 feet and the Flash of 
light was visible for Miles. 

2341
02:06:57,300 --> 02:07:01,500
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 
transformed into the epicenter 

2342
02:07:01,500 --> 02:07:04,400
of the nuclear era. 
The immediate destruction was 

2343
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:07,900
almost incomprehensible 
buildings, simply vanished. 

2344
02:07:08,500 --> 02:07:10,700
People who are close to the 
hyper Center were vaporized. 

2345
02:07:10,700 --> 02:07:13,800
So quickly, that their Shadows 
were burned into concrete and 

2346
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:17,700
Stone Surfaces the intense heat,
the crushing force of the 

2347
02:07:17,700 --> 02:07:22,000
Shockwave or the collapse of 
buildings killed, others Tens of

2348
02:07:22,000 --> 02:07:24,600
thousands died immediately and 
tens of thousands. 

2349
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,200
More would die in the following 
days and weeks from radiation 

2350
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:31,800
sickness Burns and injuries. 
Back in Washington, the news of 

2351
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,300
Hiroshima has destruction was 
received with a mixture of 

2352
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:38,400
relief satisfaction and growing 
awareness of what had just been 

2353
02:07:38,400 --> 02:07:41,000
Unleashed. 
Truman announced the attack 

2354
02:07:41,000 --> 02:07:44,500
publicly explaining that the 
United States had developed a 

2355
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:48,100
new and revolutionary increase 
in destruction and warning Japan

2356
02:07:48,100 --> 02:07:52,600
to surrender or face A Reign of 
Ruin from the air, the like of 

2357
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:55,700
which has never been seen on the
Earth but Japan did not 

2358
02:07:55,700 --> 02:07:58,500
immediately surrender. 
The Japanese government was 

2359
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:00,600
still processing, the 
implications of what had 

2360
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:02,900
happened to Hiroshima, when 
three days later. 

2361
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:07,200
Another B-29 took off, from 
tinian carrying fat, man, the 

2362
02:08:07,200 --> 02:08:10,200
plutonium bomb that had been 
successfully tested at Trinity. 

2363
02:08:10,200 --> 02:08:14,700
The original Target was Cura but
cloud cover Force, the crew to 

2364
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:17,400
divert to their secondary Target
Nagasaki. 

2365
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:22,600
Nagasaki was a port city with 
significant military industry, 

2366
02:08:22,600 --> 02:08:28,300
home to about 240,000 people. 
Fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 

2367
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:33,000
on August 9th, mushroom cloud. 
And another zone of complete 

2368
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:36,200
devastation, The bomb was 
actually more powerful than 

2369
02:08:36,200 --> 02:08:39,200
little boy, but the hilly 
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the

2370
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:42,400
destruction somewhat compared to
the flat geography of Hiroshima.

2371
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:46,600
The two atomic bombings killed 
over 200,000 people, most of 

2372
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,200
them civilians and demonstrated 
that the United States possessed

2373
02:08:50,200 --> 02:08:52,400
weapons of unprecedented 
destructive power. 

2374
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,100
More importantly, from a 
strategic perspective, they 

2375
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:58,500
showed that America could 
produce these weapons and was 

2376
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:02,000
willing to use them. 
The message to both Japan and 

2377
02:09:02,000 --> 02:09:05,000
the rest of the world was 
unmistakable, the rules of 

2378
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:06,900
warfare had fundamentally 
changed. 

2379
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:09,900
Emperor. 
Hirohito announced Japan's, 

2380
02:09:09,900 --> 02:09:15,000
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 
citing, a new and most cruel 

2381
02:09:15,000 --> 02:09:17,600
bomb as one of the factors in 
his decision. 

2382
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:22,200
The war was over, but the 
nuclear age had begun, the 

2383
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:24,900
scientists and Engineers who had
worked on the Manhattan Project 

2384
02:09:24,900 --> 02:09:28,300
found themselves. 
Grappling with the reality that 

2385
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:31,700
their theoretical calculations 
are translated into actual human

2386
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:33,700
destruction, on an unprecedented
scale. 

2387
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:37,100
Some like Oppenheimer will 
haunted by what they had helped 

2388
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:39,800
create others. 
Argued that the bombs had 

2389
02:09:39,800 --> 02:09:43,200
actually saved lives by ending 
the war quickly and preventing a

2390
02:09:43,208 --> 02:09:46,900
costly invasion of Japan. 
Whether the atomic bombings were

2391
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:50,100
necessary or Justified remains a
topic of debate, but it is 

2392
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:53,400
undeniable that they represented
a significant shift in human 

2393
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:56,800
history. 
The Manhattan Project had 

2394
02:09:56,800 --> 02:09:59,600
succeeded in its primary 
objective, it had created 

2395
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:03,600
weapons powerful enough to end 
World War 2, But in created 

2396
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:06,700
something else a world where the
complete destruction of 

2397
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:09,900
civilization was now 
theoretically possible, where 

2398
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:12,400
the stakes of international 
conflict had been raised beyond 

2399
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:16,600
anything previously imaginable? 
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 

2400
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:20,300
and Nagasaki received, the 
scientists who had dedicated 

2401
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:24,300
three years to their clandestine
work, came to understand that 

2402
02:10:24,300 --> 02:10:26,200
their efforts were far from 
concluded. 

2403
02:10:26,200 --> 02:10:29,300
They had sold the technical 
challenge of nuclear weapons. 

2404
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:32,600
But they had also created 
political ethical, and strategic

2405
02:10:32,600 --> 02:10:35,700
challenges that would define in 
international relations for 

2406
02:10:35,700 --> 02:10:39,400
generations to come, the atomic 
age had arrived and there was no

2407
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:42,900
going back when the celebration 
parade ended and the newspaper. 

2408
02:10:42,900 --> 02:10:45,500
Stopped running headlines about 
the miracle weapons, that had 

2409
02:10:45,500 --> 02:10:48,900
ended the war, the people who 
had created those weapons found 

2410
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:51,400
themselves dealing with the 
peculiar kind of Hangover. 

2411
02:10:51,400 --> 02:10:54,800
It wasn't the sort you get from 
too much champagne at a victory 

2412
02:10:54,808 --> 02:10:58,200
party, but the kind that comes 
from realizing you fundamentally

2413
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:00,800
changed the world and aren't 
entirely. 

2414
02:11:00,800 --> 02:11:02,600
Sure. 
Whether you should feel proud or

2415
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:07,200
terrified, The Manhattan Project
had been such a massive 

2416
02:11:07,200 --> 02:11:10,400
all-consuming effort that many 
of the scientists involved. 

2417
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:13,000
Hadn't really had time to think 
about what would happen after 

2418
02:11:13,000 --> 02:11:16,200
they succeeded. 
It's akin to devoting three 

2419
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:19,400
years to the construction of a 
race car, only to abruptly, 

2420
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:21,100
discover you don't know where to
steer it. 

2421
02:11:21,800 --> 02:11:24,600
They had sold the technical 
problem of nuclear weapons with 

2422
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:28,000
brilliant efficiency, but they 
had inadvertently created 

2423
02:11:28,000 --> 02:11:29,900
problems. 
That were much more complicated 

2424
02:11:29,900 --> 02:11:33,100
than mere physics. 
Oppenheimer who had led the 

2425
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:36,300
scientific effort at Los Alamos 
found himself in the strange 

2426
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:40,200
position of being simultaneously
celebrated as a hero and viewed 

2427
02:11:40,200 --> 02:11:42,900
with suspicion as a potential 
security risk. 

2428
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:46,000
He had become the most famous 
scientists in America. 

2429
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:49,500
The father of the atomic bomb, 
but he was also, someone who 

2430
02:11:49,500 --> 02:11:53,100
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 
complicated, political views 

2431
02:11:53,100 --> 02:11:54,900
that made government officials 
nervous. 

2432
02:11:54,900 --> 02:11:57,300
It's challenging to be a 
national icon. 

2433
02:11:57,300 --> 02:11:59,600
When you keep reminding people 
that the thing that made you 

2434
02:11:59,600 --> 02:12:01,600
famous could also destroy 
civilization. 

2435
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:04,600
The other scientists went to 
universities and research 

2436
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:07,600
institutions taking with them 
the knowledge of how to build 

2437
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:10,300
nuclear weapons and the burden 
of knowing what those weapons 

2438
02:12:10,300 --> 02:12:12,800
could do. 
Some through themselves into 

2439
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:16,500
peaceful application of nuclear 
technology hoping to balance the

2440
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:19,500
destructive potential of their 
work with beneficial uses for 

2441
02:12:19,500 --> 02:12:22,000
atomic energy. 
Others became advocates for 

2442
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:24,800
nuclear disarmament arguing that
the weapons. 

2443
02:12:24,800 --> 02:12:27,400
They had helped create were two 
dangerous for Any Nation to 

2444
02:12:27,400 --> 02:12:30,500
possess. 
But the most significant change 

2445
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:33,300
was in how countries thought 
about war and international 

2446
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:35,800
relations. 
The atomic bomb had made the 

2447
02:12:35,808 --> 02:12:38,800
concept of total Victory 
obsolete because it now 

2448
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:41,000
potentially meant total 
Destruction for everyone 

2449
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:43,300
involved. 
It was like discovering that 

2450
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:45,800
winning an argument could result
in both, participants being 

2451
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:49,100
struck by lightning, The 
traditional logic of warfare 

2452
02:12:49,100 --> 02:12:51,500
where you could defeat your 
enemies without destroying 

2453
02:12:51,500 --> 02:12:54,000
yourself. 
No longer applied when nuclear 

2454
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,400
weapons were involved. 
The Soviet Union which had been 

2455
02:12:57,408 --> 02:13:00,800
America's Allied during the war 
immediately began working on its

2456
02:13:00,800 --> 02:13:04,700
own nuclear weapons program. 
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 

2457
02:13:04,700 --> 02:13:06,600
of leader who was comfortable 
with other countries having 

2458
02:13:06,600 --> 02:13:09,000
weapons. 
He didn't possess specially 

2459
02:13:09,000 --> 02:13:10,900
weapons. 
That could level entire cities. 

2460
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:14,700
The race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

2461
02:13:14,700 --> 02:13:16,200
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

2462
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,900
A decade's long stand-off 
between superpowers armed with 

2463
02:13:19,900 --> 02:13:22,300
enough nuclear weapons to 
destroy each other. 

2464
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:25,700
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

2465
02:13:25,700 --> 02:13:28,100
Project. 
Watched this development with a 

2466
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:30,400
mixture of resignation and 
horror. 

2467
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:33,900
Many thought that nuclear 
weapons would be so obviously 

2468
02:13:33,900 --> 02:13:36,800
bad that no sane leader would 
want to make more. 

2469
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:40,300
In Stead, they discovered that 
human nature was more 

2470
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:43,400
complicated than nuclear physics
and that the existence of 

2471
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:46,200
nuclear weapons seem to make 
other countries want nuclear 

2472
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:50,400
weapons even more desperately. 
Nuclear testing became a regular

2473
02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:53,900
occurrence with both the United 
States and the Soviet Union 

2474
02:13:53,900 --> 02:13:57,600
detonating increasingly powerful
weapons in remote locations 

2475
02:13:57,600 --> 02:14:00,900
around the world. 
The hydrogen bomb developed in 

2476
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:04,000
the early 1950s made the weapons
used against Japan. 

2477
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:07,700
Looks small by comparison, it 
was comparable to the difference

2478
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:11,000
between a firecracker and a 
volcano with both having the 

2479
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:14,900
potential to destroy human 
civilization if misused The 

2480
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:18,000
legacy of the Manhattan Project 
extended far beyond military 

2481
02:14:18,000 --> 02:14:21,200
applications nuclear power. 
Plants began generating 

2482
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:25,000
electricity nuclear medicine, 
revolutionized cancer treatment 

2483
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,700
and radioactive isotopes became 
essential tools for scientific 

2484
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:31,100
research. 
The same knowledge that had 

2485
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:33,300
created the most destructive 
weapons in history. 

2486
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,900
Also led to innovations that 
saved lives and advanced human 

2487
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:38,400
understanding of the natural 
world. 

2488
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,200
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 

2489
02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:45,100
was the way it changed, how we 
think about the relationship 

2490
02:14:45,100 --> 02:14:50,300
between science and Society. 
Before 1945 most people viewed, 

2491
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:53,800
scientific researchers 
inherently beneficial, a pure 

2492
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:56,300
pursuit of knowledge that 
inevitably led to human 

2493
02:14:56,300 --> 02:14:59,900
progress. 
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 

2494
02:14:59,900 --> 02:15:01,500
became clear that scientific 
knowledge. 

2495
02:15:01,500 --> 02:15:05,000
Could be used for purposes that 
were anything but beneficial and

2496
02:15:05,000 --> 02:15:07,500
that scientists had 
responsibilities that extended 

2497
02:15:07,500 --> 02:15:11,500
beyond their Laboratories The 
Manhattan Project demonstrated 

2498
02:15:11,500 --> 02:15:15,000
that given enough resources, 
brilliant people and sufficient 

2499
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:18,300
motivation, humans could solve 
almost any technical problem. 

2500
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:22,100
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

2501
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:24,400
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

2502
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:28,800
The scientists had successfully 
built nuclear weapons, but they 

2503
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:31,900
had also built a world where the
continued existence of human 

2504
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,900
civilization depended on the 
wisdom and Restraint of 

2505
02:15:34,900 --> 02:15:38,000
political leaders. 
As you settle in for sleep 

2506
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:41,100
tonight it's worth remembering 
that the story of the Manhattan 

2507
02:15:41,100 --> 02:15:45,200
Project is ultimately a story 
about human beings trying to 

2508
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:48,900
solve an unprecedented problem. 
Under enormous pressure making 

2509
02:15:48,900 --> 02:15:51,900
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

2510
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:54,100
consequences. 
They couldn't fully anticipate 

2511
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:58,300
The scientists engineers and 
military personnel. 

2512
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,400
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

2513
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:04,800
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary, 

2514
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:08,500
circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

2515
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:13,800
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

2516
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:17,500
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

2517
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:20,400
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

2518
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:23,000
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shaped 

2519
02:16:23,000 --> 02:16:25,100
international relations for over
70 years. 

2520
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:28,100
But perhaps, that's not entirely
a bad thing. 

2521
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:31,800
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

2522
02:16:31,800 --> 02:16:34,100
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

2523
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:37,400
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

2524
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:39,799
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

2525
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:43,000
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

2526
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:50,000
far. 
Settling in for the night. 

2527
02:16:50,000 --> 02:16:53,100
Probably checking your phone one
last time, adjusting, your 

2528
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:55,400
pillow. 
Just so maybe wondering if you 

2529
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:59,200
remember to set your alarm. 
But imagine for a moment that 

2530
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:02,500
you're living 4,000 years ago 
and your bedroom is a cramped, 

2531
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:06,700
wooden Hut, that smells like 
smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 

2532
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:08,200
pile of straw that seen better 
days. 

2533
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:10,900
And your alarm clock is the 
rooster next door who apparently

2534
02:17:10,900 --> 02:17:14,100
never learned the concept of 
sleeping in, welcome to the 

2535
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:17,000
Bronze Age, when getting a good 
night's sleep was about as 

2536
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,400
reliable as your wife. 
I during a thunderstorm, You'd 

2537
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,100
think that after a long day of 
hacking away at Copper veins 

2538
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,600
deep underground, these ancient 
mine's would collapse into bed, 

2539
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:29,700
like exhausted teenagers. 
But here's where things get 

2540
02:17:29,700 --> 02:17:33,100
interesting and a little weird 
These weren't your typical 

2541
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:35,700
nine-to-five workers. 
They had developed sleep 

2542
02:17:35,700 --> 02:17:38,000
patterns, that would make a 
modern sleep, specialist scratch

2543
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:41,000
their head and possibly 
recommend therapy picture this. 

2544
02:17:41,000 --> 02:17:45,600
You're a Bronze Age minor named.
Well, let's call you copper arm 

2545
02:17:45,600 --> 02:17:47,700
names. 
Were simpler back then, you've 

2546
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:50,700
just spent 12 hours underground 
in what can only be described as

2547
02:17:50,700 --> 02:17:54,400
a very expensive, cave breathing
air, that would make a cold 

2548
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:57,000
plant jealous and your back. 
Feels like you've been carrying 

2549
02:17:57,000 --> 02:18:00,700
a mammoth uphill naturally, 
you'd want to sleep for about 14

2550
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:04,500
hours straight, but in steading 
on your straw bed staring at the

2551
02:18:04,500 --> 02:18:07,600
ceiling, which is probably just 
more straw, completely unable to

2552
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,900
drift off. 
Your mind is racing with 

2553
02:18:10,900 --> 02:18:13,500
thoughts. 
Like did I remember to shore up 

2554
02:18:13,500 --> 02:18:16,299
that tunnel? 
And was that creaking sound? 

2555
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:18,900
The Mind settling, or is it 
about to become my two? 

2556
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:22,200
These were exactly the kind of 
counting sheep thoughts that 

2557
02:18:22,200 --> 02:18:26,200
lead to Peaceful slumber. 
The Bronze Age, mining 

2558
02:18:26,200 --> 02:18:28,799
communities are discovered 
something that modern science is

2559
02:18:28,799 --> 02:18:31,000
only. 
Now catching up to when your 

2560
02:18:31,000 --> 02:18:33,700
daily survival depends on not 
being crushed by tons of rock. 

2561
02:18:33,700 --> 02:18:36,799
Your brain doesn't exactly 
embrace the concept of letting 

2562
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:40,100
its guard down. 
Sleep became this strange dance 

2563
02:18:40,100 --> 02:18:43,100
between exhaustion and 
hypervigilance, like trying to 

2564
02:18:43,108 --> 02:18:44,799
nap while riding a roller 
coaster. 

2565
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:49,100
What's fascinating is how these 
ancient miners adapted, they 

2566
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:52,500
didn't have sleep studies, or 
melatonin supplements or those 

2567
02:18:52,508 --> 02:18:54,900
white noise machines. 
That sound like, gentle rain, 

2568
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:58,400
but somehow cost, more than your
monthly coffee budget, instead, 

2569
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:01,299
they develop their own peculiar 
strategies that were part 

2570
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,700
practical, part superstitious 
and entirely human. 

2571
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:07,200
Some miners would sleep in 
shifts? 

2572
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:10,400
Not because they were working 
around the clock, but because 

2573
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,200
they discovered that sleeping 
alone made every little sound 

2574
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:17,200
feel like impending doom. 
So they rotate who was on watch 

2575
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:20,600
even while sleeping, taking 
turns, being the designated 

2576
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:23,200
light sleeper. 
It was like having a buddy 

2577
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:26,700
system for unconsciousness. 
Others developed what we might 

2578
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:29,400
call preparation rituals. 
That would make your bed time 

2579
02:19:29,400 --> 02:19:31,600
routine. 
Look, minimalist, they'd spend 

2580
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:33,100
an hour. 
Arranging their Tools in 

2581
02:19:33,100 --> 02:19:36,100
specific patterns around their 
sleeping area, not for easy 

2582
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:39,100
access, but because the familiar
ritual helped calm their 

2583
02:19:39,100 --> 02:19:42,100
overactive Minds. 
Imagine explaining to your 

2584
02:19:42,108 --> 02:19:45,500
spouse that you need to arrange 
your lap top coffee mug, and 

2585
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:48,500
reading glasses in a perfect 
triangle before you can possibly

2586
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,200
fall asleep. 
But perhaps the most intriguing 

2587
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:55,800
adaptation was how these miners 
learn to embrace what we'd Now 

2588
02:19:55,808 --> 02:19:59,200
call fragmented sleep. 
Instead of fighting their 

2589
02:19:59,200 --> 02:20:01,400
tendency to wake up every few 
hours in a panic. 

2590
02:20:01,408 --> 02:20:04,500
They built their rest around it.
They'd sleep for a few hours. 

2591
02:20:04,500 --> 02:20:07,300
Wake up naturally. 
Usually convince something 

2592
02:20:07,300 --> 02:20:10,700
terrible was about to happen. 
Spend an hour or two doing quiet

2593
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:12,800
activities like mending tools or
planning. 

2594
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:15,800
The next day's work, then settle
back down for another sleep 

2595
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:18,500
cycle. 
This wasn't insomnia, it was 

2596
02:20:18,500 --> 02:20:21,800
evolution in action, their 
bodies and Minds were adapting 

2597
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:24,100
to a lifestyle that required 
constant alertness. 

2598
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:26,800
Even during rest. 
They were literally rewiring, 

2599
02:20:26,800 --> 02:20:29,100
their sleep patterns to match 
their dangerous profession, 

2600
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,600
creating a survival strategy 
disguised as a sleep disorder. 

2601
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:36,000
And you thought your habit of 
checking your phone at 2 a.m. 

2602
02:20:36,000 --> 02:20:38,300
was problematic. 
Now, here's where the story 

2603
02:20:38,300 --> 02:20:40,400
takes a turn that would make 
your afternoon coffee break. 

2604
02:20:40,400 --> 02:20:44,200
Look like Child's Play. 
You see these Bronze Age miners 

2605
02:20:44,200 --> 02:20:46,700
are discovered something that 
modern workplace efficiency 

2606
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,900
experts are still trying to 
figure out the Strategic 

2607
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,500
underground nap. 
Picture yourself back in Copper 

2608
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:57,000
arms, well-worn boots deep in a 
mine shaft, that's lit by oil 

2609
02:20:57,000 --> 02:20:59,100
lamps that flicker more than 
your grandmother's old 

2610
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,300
television. 
The air is thick, your muscles 

2611
02:21:02,300 --> 02:21:04,200
ache. 
And you've been swinging that 

2612
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:08,100
bronze pickaxe for hours. 
Logic would suggest that the 

2613
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:10,100
last thing you'd want to do is 
fall asleep. 

2614
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,400
Surrounded by unstable rock 
walls and toxic fumes. 

2615
02:21:14,200 --> 02:21:17,700
But logic, as you're about to 
discover wasn't exactly the 

2616
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:21,200
miners strong suit. 
These crafty underground workers

2617
02:21:21,200 --> 02:21:23,700
had figured out that a 
well-timed 20-minute nap. 

2618
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,000
In the depths of the mine could 
be the difference between 

2619
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:29,600
productive afternoon digging and
accidentally pickaxe in your own

2620
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:33,200
foot. 
But here's the catch and this is

2621
02:21:33,200 --> 02:21:34,800
where things get to lightfully, 
weird? 

2622
02:21:34,800 --> 02:21:36,900
They couldn't just curl up 
anywhere. 

2623
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:41,200
Oh no, that would be too easy. 
Underground napping had rules, 

2624
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:44,400
serious rules. 
The kind of rules that would 

2625
02:21:44,400 --> 02:21:46,600
make your office Handbook. 
Look like a grocery list. 

2626
02:21:47,400 --> 02:21:50,900
First, you had to find what they
called a singing spot a place in

2627
02:21:50,900 --> 02:21:52,800
the mine where the Acoustics 
were just right. 

2628
02:21:53,500 --> 02:21:57,100
Not too echoey which meant 
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 

2629
02:21:57,100 --> 02:22:00,900
which could mean dangerous gas 
Pockets, but just right, like 

2630
02:22:00,900 --> 02:22:02,900
some sort of geological 
Goldilocks situation. 

2631
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:07,000
These spots were highly coveted 
and miners would actually trade 

2632
02:22:07,000 --> 02:22:09,600
shifts and rationals for access 
to the premium napping 

2633
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:12,800
locations. 
Imagine the workplace politics, 

2634
02:22:12,800 --> 02:22:15,500
listen, tin beard. 
I'll give you my extra bread 

2635
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:16,800
ration and cover your morning 
shift. 

2636
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:19,600
If you let me have the Tuesday 2
p.m. slot in the good sleeping 

2637
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:23,100
Alcove, it was like booking a 
conference room, except the 

2638
02:22:23,100 --> 02:22:25,500
stakes were your sanity, and the
conference room could 

2639
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:28,600
potentially collapse on you. 
But the weirdness doesn't stop 

2640
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:31,200
there. 
These miners had developed a 

2641
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:32,700
buddy system for underground 
napping. 

2642
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:35,700
That was part, safety protocol 
Parts Superstition. 

2643
02:22:35,700 --> 02:22:39,700
One person would sleep while 
another kept watch, not for 

2644
02:22:39,700 --> 02:22:42,900
cavins or dangerous gases, but 
for what they called, The Dream 

2645
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:46,600
Thieves, Now, before you start 
picturing, some sort of Bronze 

2646
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:49,500
Age, sleep Bandit, sneaking 
around stealing dreams. 

2647
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:52,500
Let me explain. 
The miners believed that 

2648
02:22:52,500 --> 02:22:55,200
sleeping underground could lead 
to prophetic dreams about the 

2649
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:58,800
location of Rich, ore veins. 
These dreams were considered. 

2650
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:01,600
So valuable that there were 
actual cases of miners trying to

2651
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:04,700
steal each other's sleeping 
spots to intercept these 

2652
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:07,500
geological Visions. 
It was like corporate Espionage.

2653
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:11,600
But with more dirt and fewer 
PowerPoint presentation, the 

2654
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:13,300
watching partner had a specific 
job. 

2655
02:23:13,300 --> 02:23:16,700
If the sleeping minor started 
mumbling about copper or tin or 

2656
02:23:16,700 --> 02:23:19,700
gold in their sleep, The Watcher
was supposed to memorize every 

2657
02:23:19,700 --> 02:23:23,100
word some watches even developed
their own short-hand for 

2658
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:24,900
recording these trousers 
proclamations. 

2659
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:28,000
Imagine waking up from your nap 
to find your co-worker 

2660
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:30,400
frantically scribbling notes 
about your sleep talking 

2661
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:34,200
session, You said something 
about shiny veins near the 

2662
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:37,200
singing water, your partner 
would whisper urgently, do you 

2663
02:23:37,208 --> 02:23:40,300
remember what that means? 
And you'd be standing there. 

2664
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,600
Still groggy trying to figure 
out if you just solved the 

2665
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:46,500
mind's productivity problems or 
if you'd simply been dreaming 

2666
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:50,100
about your lunch again. 
The really fascinating part is 

2667
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,600
that this system actually 
worked, not because the dreams 

2668
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,900
were genuinely prophetic, but 
because the process of sleeping 

2669
02:23:56,900 --> 02:23:59,900
underground, had actually 
trained these miners to be 

2670
02:23:59,908 --> 02:24:03,500
incredibly observant about 
subtle geological signs. 

2671
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:06,700
Their subconscious Minds were 
processing details, they'd 

2672
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:08,000
noticed during their waking 
hours. 

2673
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:12,800
Slight changes in rock color 
variations in airflow, unusual, 

2674
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,100
sounds or echoes. 
So when they dreamed about 

2675
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:18,900
promising locations, they were 
actually accessing a kind of 

2676
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:21,200
intuitive knowledge. 
They build up through months, or

2677
02:24:21,200 --> 02:24:24,500
years of underground experience.
It was like having a geological 

2678
02:24:24,500 --> 02:24:27,700
GPS system, Powered By REM, 
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition,

2679
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,800
but here's the mildly stressful 
part that would keep you on 

2680
02:24:30,808 --> 02:24:32,900
edge. 
Not everyone's dreams were 

2681
02:24:32,900 --> 02:24:35,300
welcome. 
If a miners underground naps, 

2682
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:38,200
consistently led to dry holes or
dangerous cave-ins. 

2683
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:41,600
They'd be banned from the good 
sleeping spots and imagine the 

2684
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,100
pressure of knowing that your 
dream quality, could affect your

2685
02:24:44,100 --> 02:24:47,000
career prospects. 
Performance reviews were 

2686
02:24:47,000 --> 02:24:49,100
literally based on your 
subconscious performance. 

2687
02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:52,700
Sorry copper arm but your last 
three dream tips led us to Solid

2688
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:55,800
Rock and a small flood. 
Your relegated to the noisy 

2689
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:57,400
alcove near the ventilation 
shaft. 

2690
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:00,900
Until further notice it was like
being demoted for your sleep 

2691
02:25:00,900 --> 02:25:03,100
performance. 
Talk about workplace, stress 

2692
02:25:03,100 --> 02:25:06,100
following, you into your dreams.
You'd think that people who 

2693
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:09,400
spent their days in near total 
darkness would relish the 

2694
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:13,800
opportunity to sleep in actual 
comfortable Darkness, but Bronze

2695
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:17,200
Age miners, as you're beginning 
to understand, weren't exactly 

2696
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:21,200
conventional in their approach 
to rest and relaxation instead 

2697
02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:23,800
of embracing the darkness. 
They turned bed time into what 

2698
02:25:23,800 --> 02:25:27,100
can only be described as a 
competitive Sport and like most 

2699
02:25:27,100 --> 02:25:30,000
competitive Sports, it was 
simultaneously ridiculous. 

2700
02:25:30,000 --> 02:25:32,600
And intensely serious. 
Picture this. 

2701
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:35,000
Your back in your straw filled 
Hut. 

2702
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:38,000
After another day of 
underground, Adventures of 

2703
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:40,400
Simply lying down and closing 
your eyes like a reasonable 

2704
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:42,500
person. 
Your participating in what? 

2705
02:25:42,500 --> 02:25:45,300
The mining Community called 
Darkness challenges. 

2706
02:25:45,300 --> 02:25:48,300
These weren't official 
competitions with prizes and 

2707
02:25:48,300 --> 02:25:50,600
ceremonies. 
They were the kind of informal 

2708
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:53,700
contest that emerge when people 
have too much time, too much 

2709
02:25:53,700 --> 02:25:56,500
stress and not nearly enough 
entertainment options. 

2710
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:00,600
The basic concept was simple. 
See. 

2711
02:26:00,600 --> 02:26:03,300
Who could fall asleep? 
Fastest in complete darkness. 

2712
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:07,000
But like everything else in 
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 

2713
02:26:07,000 --> 02:26:08,900
execution was wonderfully 
complicated. 

2714
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:13,600
First there were the preparation
rituals each minor had their own

2715
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,400
priest sleep routine that they 
swore was the key to Rapid 

2716
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:19,100
unconsciousness. 
Some would count their breathing

2717
02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:22,700
in specific patterns. 
Not the gentle 478 breathing, 

2718
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:25,700
you might have learned in yoga 
class but intense mathematical 

2719
02:26:25,700 --> 02:26:28,000
sequences that would make your 
high school algebra teacher 

2720
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:30,600
proud. 
Others would mentally catalog 

2721
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:33,700
every tool in their collection, 
every support beam in their 

2722
02:26:33,700 --> 02:26:36,700
section of the mine, every 
Pebble in their daily path. 

2723
02:26:37,500 --> 02:26:40,600
One popular technique involved, 
what they called, reverse mining

2724
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:43,800
mentally digging their way out 
of the mine tunnel by tunnel 

2725
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:45,700
from their deepest point to the 
surface. 

2726
02:26:45,700 --> 02:26:48,700
It was like counting sheep 
except the Sheep would 

2727
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:51,100
geological formations and the 
counting could take hours. 

2728
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,400
But here's where the competitive
element kicked in miners, would 

2729
02:26:55,400 --> 02:26:57,500
actually time each other's 
descent into sleep. 

2730
02:26:57,500 --> 02:27:01,200
They'd use water clocks. 
Basically ancient owl glasses, 

2731
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:04,700
filled with water in sand to 
measure who could achieve on 

2732
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:08,200
Consciousness most efficiently. 
The current record holder in 

2733
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:10,800
most communities was usually 
treated with the kind of respect

2734
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:12,400
we might reserve for Olympic 
athletes. 

2735
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:16,000
Did you hear Stone drawer fell 
asleep in under three drips last

2736
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:18,300
night? 
Three drips, I can barely get 

2737
02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:22,100
comfortable in under 10. 
This Timing System led to all 

2738
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:25,400
sorts of creative strategies. 
Some miners, would deliberately 

2739
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:28,600
exhaust themselves during the 
day performing, extra tasks or 

2740
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,800
taking on additional shifts 
thinking that extreme fatigue 

2741
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:34,900
would guarantee rapid sleep. 
Others went the opposite 

2742
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:36,900
direction. 
Trying to achieve the perfect 

2743
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:40,000
balance of tiredness without 
Crossing into that overtired 

2744
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:42,900
zone where your brain starts 
acting like a caffeinated 

2745
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:45,700
squirrel. 
The really dedicated competitors

2746
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:47,600
developed. 
What we might recognize as early

2747
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:50,500
meditation techniques. 
They'd spend their evening hours

2748
02:27:50,500 --> 02:27:53,800
practicing what they called. 
Mind darkening, essentially 

2749
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:56,700
training, their thoughts to slow
down and Fade to Black on 

2750
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,600
command. 
It was mindfulness meditation to

2751
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:02,700
sleep competition and it 
actually worked surprisingly 

2752
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:04,800
well, but then there were the 
cheaters. 

2753
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:07,800
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 
sleeping competitions, had their

2754
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:10,000
scandals, some miners would 
secretly. 

2755
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:13,300
Consume fermented beverages 
before the challenge figuring 

2756
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:15,700
that alcohol induced. 
Drowsiness should count as 

2757
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:18,900
legitimate sleep speed. 
Others would claim they'd fallen

2758
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,600
asleep when they were actually 
just flying very still with 

2759
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:24,100
their eyes closed. 
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 

2760
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,400
notice the difference There were
heated debates about whether 

2761
02:28:27,400 --> 02:28:29,800
these tactics were within the 
spirit of the competition. 

2762
02:28:30,800 --> 02:28:34,400
That's not real sleep. 
Copper arm, real sleep means 

2763
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:38,500
dream activity. 
You were just pretending prove 

2764
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:40,900
it bronze tooth. 
You can't measure dreams with a 

2765
02:28:40,900 --> 02:28:43,000
water clock. 
These arguments would sometimes 

2766
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:46,300
go on for hours, which kind of 
defeated the entire purpose of a

2767
02:28:46,300 --> 02:28:49,200
rapid sleep competition. 
The most, elaborate cheating 

2768
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:51,700
scheme involved miners, who 
would practice falling asleep 

2769
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:54,600
during their lunch. 
Breaks essentially training for 

2770
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:57,100
the evening competitions, like, 
athletes preparing for the 

2771
02:28:57,100 --> 02:29:00,800
Olympics, they'd find quiet 
spots in the mine, set up their 

2772
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,200
own Timing Systems and work on, 
perfecting their sleep on set 

2773
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:07,500
technique during workout hours. 
This led to the somewhat 

2774
02:29:07,500 --> 02:29:10,400
stressful situation, where 
supervisors had to watch for 

2775
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:12,300
minors who were two good at 
falling asleep? 

2776
02:29:12,300 --> 02:29:15,700
If you could doze off to quickly
during the day, you might be 

2777
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:19,100
suspected of practicing for the 
evening competitions, instead of

2778
02:29:19,100 --> 02:29:23,200
focusing on your actual job. 
Why we were you able to fall 

2779
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:25,000
asleep? 
So fast during lunch break in 

2780
02:29:25,000 --> 02:29:28,100
hand, the U training? 
For tonight's Darkness challenge

2781
02:29:28,100 --> 02:29:30,000
when you should be thinking 
about copper extraction. 

2782
02:29:31,000 --> 02:29:34,800
And imagine how to defend your 
natural sleepiness as evidence 

2783
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:37,900
that you weren't being 
competitive about bed time, it 

2784
02:29:37,900 --> 02:29:40,200
was like being too good at 
relaxation for your own good. 

2785
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:45,400
The competitions also created an
unexpected side effect miners 

2786
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:49,100
became incredibly sensitive to 
sleep disruption, a snoring 

2787
02:29:49,100 --> 02:29:52,600
neighbor, a creaking roof beam 
or an unusually active Mouse. 

2788
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:55,200
Could completely ruin your 
competitive sleep time. 

2789
02:29:56,000 --> 02:29:58,300
This led to elaborate 
pre-competition rituals 

2790
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:01,400
involving soundproofing attempts
neighbor, negotiations. 

2791
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:04,600
And what can only be described 
as Bronze Age, White Noise 

2792
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:07,600
machines, usually involving 
controlled water dripping, or 

2793
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:10,100
rhythmic tool tapping. 
And just when you thought it 

2794
02:30:10,100 --> 02:30:12,900
couldn't get more complicated. 
The Communists started 

2795
02:30:12,900 --> 02:30:16,100
developing seasonal, variations 
of the challenges with different

2796
02:30:16,100 --> 02:30:18,300
rules for winter. 
Sleeping vs, Summer, sleeping 

2797
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:20,500
New Moon vs. 
Full moon Knights. 

2798
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,000
And pre-mining vs post mining 
sleep. 

2799
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:26,300
Session's it was the kind of 
thing that started as simple 

2800
02:30:26,300 --> 02:30:29,800
fun, and evolved into a complex 
subculture with its own rules 

2801
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:33,000
strategies, and social 
hierarchies, because apparently 

2802
02:30:33,000 --> 02:30:36,600
even sleep needed to be 
optimized for maximum efficiency

2803
02:30:36,600 --> 02:30:41,200
and competitive Advantage miners
with the original life hackers. 

2804
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:44,000
Just when you thought Bronze 
Age, sleep habits, couldn't get 

2805
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:46,300
any stranger. 
We encounter what might be the 

2806
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:51,400
most peculiar phenomenon of all 
the singing sleepers and no, 

2807
02:30:51,400 --> 02:30:54,000
this isn't about minors. 
Who humbled, lullabies to help 

2808
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,900
themselves drift off though. 
That would be Charmingly normal 

2809
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:58,300
compared to what actually 
happened. 

2810
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:02,400
You're lying in your Bronze Age 
bed remember, it's still that 

2811
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:05,700
pile of straw, that's definitely
seen better days and from 

2812
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:08,800
somewhere in the darkness, comes
a sound that's part Melody part 

2813
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:13,400
moan and entirely mysterious. 
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 

2814
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:16,700
engaging in what the mining 
Community called Sleep singing. 

2815
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,500
A phenomenon that was part 
medical condition parts, social 

2816
02:31:20,500 --> 02:31:23,700
ritual, an entirely fascinating 
to everyone who witnessed it. 

2817
02:31:24,400 --> 02:31:27,100
Sleep singing wasn't like the 
occasional snoring or sleep 

2818
02:31:27,100 --> 02:31:28,500
talking that you might be 
familiar with. 

2819
02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:33,000
These were random mumbles or 
unconscious vocalization the 

2820
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:35,300
singing sleepers. 
Produced, elaborate melodic 

2821
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:39,000
compositions, while completely 
unconscious often lasting for 

2822
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:42,000
hours, and featuring complex 
harmonies that they couldn't 

2823
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:46,200
reproduce while awake the weird 
part as if it wasn't weird 

2824
02:31:46,200 --> 02:31:49,000
enough or ready. 
The song seemed to follow the 

2825
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:52,600
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 
matched the tempo of pickaxe. 

2826
02:31:52,600 --> 02:31:55,200
Swing's. 
The harmony echoed, the sound of

2827
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:58,200
copper being separated from 
Stone and the overall 

2828
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:01,700
compositions had a distinctly 
geological quality that somehow 

2829
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:04,200
made perfect sense if you'd 
spent enough time Underground 

2830
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:07,400
Imagine trying to explain this 
to your modern, sleep 

2831
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:10,400
specialist. 
Well, doctor I seem to be 

2832
02:32:10,408 --> 02:32:13,700
composing symphonies in my 
sleep, but only ones that sound 

2833
02:32:13,700 --> 02:32:16,500
like mining equipment. 
And I can't remember any of it 

2834
02:32:16,500 --> 02:32:19,800
when I wake up. 
The mining communities didn't 

2835
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:22,100
treat this as a medical Oddity 
to be cured. 

2836
02:32:22,700 --> 02:32:24,500
They embraced it as a form of 
entertainment. 

2837
02:32:24,500 --> 02:32:28,100
And in some cases, Divine 
communication families would 

2838
02:32:28,100 --> 02:32:30,500
actually adjust their sleeping 
arrangements, to be closer, to 

2839
02:32:30,508 --> 02:32:32,900
their household, sleep singer, a
neighbors. 

2840
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:36,100
Would sometimes request specific
songs by leaving symbolic 

2841
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:39,900
objects near the singer's bed. 
Want to hear the copper vein 

2842
02:32:39,900 --> 02:32:42,700
Discovery song, Leave a small 
piece of copper or by the 

2843
02:32:42,700 --> 02:32:46,400
sleeper's head hoping for the 
safe journey underground Melody.

2844
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:50,000
Mining tool placed just so might
do the trick. 

2845
02:32:50,000 --> 02:32:53,300
It was like having a prehistoric
Duke box that operated on 

2846
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:57,300
unconscious request fulfillment.
But here's where things got 

2847
02:32:57,300 --> 02:33:00,300
mildly stressful, for the 
sleeping as the themselves, they

2848
02:33:00,300 --> 02:33:02,300
started feeling performance 
pressure, even while 

2849
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:05,200
unconscious. 
Some singers reported anxiety 

2850
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,500
dreams about not producing good 
enough, nocturnal, concerts, or 

2851
02:33:08,500 --> 02:33:11,200
nightmares about forgetting The 
Melodies, their communities had 

2852
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:13,900
come to expect. 
Bronzebeard might wake up 

2853
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:17,300
feeling exhausted, not from 
physical labor, but from the 

2854
02:33:17,300 --> 02:33:19,900
psychological pressure of being 
the neighborhood's primary 

2855
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:21,400
source of nighttime 
entertainment. 

2856
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:25,200
Imagine the responsibility of 
knowing that your Sleep Quality 

2857
02:33:25,200 --> 02:33:28,500
directly affected, everyone 
else's enjoyment of their 

2858
02:33:28,500 --> 02:33:31,500
evening. 
Did you hit bronze beards 

2859
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:34,000
performance last night. 
Usually, his underground. 

2860
02:33:34,000 --> 02:33:37,100
Flooding song is much more, 
dramatic, I hope he's not coming

2861
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:39,900
down with something the 
phenomenon created, its own 

2862
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,400
social dynamics. leap singers 
became informal Community 

2863
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:46,300
leaders their unconscious 
musical choices, influencing 

2864
02:33:46,300 --> 02:33:49,900
group decisions about mining 
locations, safety, protocols, 

2865
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,600
and even interpersonal 
conflicts, Sleep song, featured 

2866
02:33:53,600 --> 02:33:55,700
harmonies about. 
Avoiding a particular tunnel. 

2867
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:59,100
The mining crew might genuinely 
consider changing their plans. 

2868
02:33:59,900 --> 02:34:02,400
It was like, having a focus 
group that operated entirely 

2869
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:05,700
through dream state musical. 
Compositions, the Practical 

2870
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:08,900
challenges were considerable, 
sleep, singers, couldn't control

2871
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,600
their nocturnal performance is, 
which meant, they might launch 

2872
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:14,900
into arousing mining Anthem just
when everyone else was trying to

2873
02:34:14,900 --> 02:34:18,200
fall asleep. 
This led to the development of 

2874
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:21,700
singer schedule's informal 
agreements about when different 

2875
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:23,300
sleeping as would be allowed to 
perform. 

2876
02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:26,100
Bronzebeard gets the first part 
of the night. 

2877
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:29,700
Copper voice takes the middle 
shift and Tin throat handles, 

2878
02:34:29,700 --> 02:34:33,100
the pre-dawn slot That way 
everyone gets some quiet sleep 

2879
02:34:33,100 --> 02:34:36,800
time and some musical 
entertainment. scheduling on 

2880
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:39,600
conscious performers is about as
reliable as predicting, the 

2881
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:42,900
weather using tea leaves Singers
would sometimes sleep through 

2882
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:46,200
their designated performance 
Windows leaving their audiences 

2883
02:34:46,200 --> 02:34:48,700
disappointed. 
Other times they'd have 

2884
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:51,500
particularly energetic, Knights 
and sing right through someone 

2885
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,800
else's scheduled quiet time. 
The communities developed 

2886
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:56,900
surprisingly. 
Sophisticated ways to manage 

2887
02:34:56,900 --> 02:34:59,600
these challenges, some groups 
are pointed sleep. 

2888
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:02,700
Conductors people whose job was 
to gently influence. 

2889
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:05,200
The singers performance is 
through subtle environmental 

2890
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:08,700
cues, they'd adjust the 
temperature introduced specific 

2891
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:11,900
sense or create gentle 
background sounds that might 

2892
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:13,400
encourage certain types of 
songs. 

2893
02:35:13,400 --> 02:35:17,100
It was like being a DJ for 
unconscious performance, trying 

2894
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:19,800
to create the right atmosphere 
for the kind of musical dreaming

2895
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:21,500
that would benefit the entire 
community. 

2896
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:24,600
The most talented sleep 
conductors could allegedly 

2897
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:27,700
influenced, not just the style 
of the song, but their content 

2898
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:31,500
once songs about successful 
mining Ventures, create an 

2899
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,500
environment that feels 
prosperous and secure need 

2900
02:35:34,500 --> 02:35:37,900
Melodies that would calm 
pre-mining, anxiety, focus on 

2901
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:41,900
comfort and safety cues. 
Of course this system was about 

2902
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:44,900
as reliable as you'd expect when
dealing with unconscious minds 

2903
02:35:44,900 --> 02:35:47,900
environmental manipulation and 
Bronze Age Technology. 

2904
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:51,600
Sleep conductors would spend 
hours preparing the perfect 

2905
02:35:51,600 --> 02:35:55,200
conditions for inspiring mining 
themed lullabies only to have 

2906
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:57,900
their featured singer produced, 
three hours of what sounded like

2907
02:35:57,900 --> 02:36:01,500
rocks, falling down a mountain. 
I specifically arranged 

2908
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:04,100
everything to encourage the 
peaceful underground, Journey, 

2909
02:36:04,100 --> 02:36:08,000
composition, and instead we got 
four hours of avalanche in a 

2910
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:09,600
copper mine. 
What am I doing wrong? 

2911
02:36:09,600 --> 02:36:12,500
The pressure on both singers and
conductors led to the 

2912
02:36:12,500 --> 02:36:14,600
development of backup 
Entertainment Systems 

2913
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:19,000
storytellers, musicians, and 
other performers who could fill 

2914
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:21,000
in, when the Sleep singing 
didn't meet Community 

2915
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:24,400
expectations, because apparently
even unconscious entertainment 

2916
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:27,700
needed under Studies by now, 
you've probably realized that 

2917
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:30,500
Bronze Age miners had turned 
sleep into something, resembling

2918
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:34,100
a complex logistical operation. 
But just when you think you've 

2919
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:37,700
got a handle on their nocturnal 
peculiarities, we encounter what

2920
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:41,100
might be their most ambitious 
sleep related Innovation, the 

2921
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:45,700
great sleep migration picture, 
this your copper arm again and 

2922
02:36:45,700 --> 02:36:48,800
you've just discovered that your
usual sleeping spot that 

2923
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:51,800
carefully chose and corner of 
your heart where the straw is 

2924
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:55,100
just the right density of the 
roof doesn't leak, too much is 

2925
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:57,100
no longer providing quality 
rest. 

2926
02:36:57,900 --> 02:37:01,200
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 
changed their repertoire to 

2927
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:02,600
something that sounds like 
rocks. 

2928
02:37:02,600 --> 02:37:05,600
Have an argument. 
Maybe the local Mouse population

2929
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:09,300
has decided your sleeping area 
is Prime real estate or maybe 

2930
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:11,400
you've simply outgrown your 
current sleep environment. 

2931
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:13,500
The way you might outgrow a 
favorite coffee shop that 

2932
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:15,500
suddenly starts playing music, 
that makes your teeth hurt. 

2933
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:18,800
The Logical solution would be to
adjust your sleeping 

2934
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:22,400
Arrangements within your 
existing space, add more straw, 

2935
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,600
negotiate with the neighbor 
declare war on the mice. 

2936
02:37:26,300 --> 02:37:29,300
But Bronze Age miners, as you've
learned weren't particularly 

2937
02:37:29,300 --> 02:37:32,000
interested in logical Solutions.
When creative ones were 

2938
02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:35,700
available, instead they 
developed a system of seasonal, 

2939
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:38,900
sleep migration, that would make
modern minimalists weak with 

2940
02:37:38,900 --> 02:37:41,900
envy and digital Nomads. 
Not with understanding. 

2941
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:45,700
The concept was beautifully. 
Simple, instead of trying to 

2942
02:37:45,700 --> 02:37:49,100
perfect one sleeping location, 
why not rotate through multiple 

2943
02:37:49,100 --> 02:37:50,600
sleeping spots throughout the 
year? 

2944
02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:53,600
Following optimal sleep 
conditions, the way Birds 

2945
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:57,100
follow, favorable weather 
patterns This wasn't just about 

2946
02:37:57,100 --> 02:37:59,400
Comfort, though. 
Comfort was certainly part of 

2947
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:01,500
it. 
The miners had observed that 

2948
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:04,200
different sleeping locations 
seemed to produce different 

2949
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:07,700
types of Dreams, different 
quality of rest, and different 

2950
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:10,300
levels of preparation, for the 
next days underground work. 

2951
02:38:11,200 --> 02:38:13,700
Some places were better for deep
restorative sleep. 

2952
02:38:13,700 --> 02:38:17,600
Others seem to encourage the 
kind of light alert rest that 

2953
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:19,600
kept you ready for unexpected 
minor. 

2954
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:23,800
Emergencies the migration routes
were random mining communities 

2955
02:38:23,800 --> 02:38:26,900
developed elaborate maps of 
optimal, sleeping locations, 

2956
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:31,100
complete with seasonal, writings
dream quality assessments, and 

2957
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,300
detailed notes about inventory 
factors that affected rest 

2958
02:38:34,300 --> 02:38:36,800
quality. 
The sleeping Alcove behind 

2959
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:39,000
Stone. 
Jaws Hut is excellent for deep 

2960
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:41,400
winter, rest, but avoid it 
during the rainy season. 

2961
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:44,600
Unless you enjoy the sound of 
water dripping, directly onto 

2962
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:49,200
your forehead, every 37 seconds,
the elevated platform near the 

2963
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:50,600
mine. 
Entrance provides Superior 

2964
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:54,000
ventilation for summer sleeping,
but the sunrise light makes it 

2965
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:56,300
unsuitable. 
For anyone who values sleeping 

2966
02:38:56,300 --> 02:39:00,000
past Dawn, these sleep migration
Maps became highly valued 

2967
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:03,200
Community Resources passed down 
through families and traded 

2968
02:39:03,200 --> 02:39:05,600
between mining settlements like 
Precious commodities. 

2969
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,100
The details sleep location guide
could be worth several days 

2970
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:12,300
wages and experience sleep. 
Migrants were consulted like 

2971
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:16,100
travel advisors, I'm thinking of
trying the rocky outcrop near 

2972
02:39:16,100 --> 02:39:18,600
the Eastern mine shaft for my 
Autumn sleep rotation. 

2973
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:22,100
What's your assessment of the 
wind patterns and Rodin activity

2974
02:39:22,100 --> 02:39:25,000
in that area? 
The migration System created its

2975
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:27,900
own social dynamics. 
Popular sleeping spots would 

2976
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:31,200
become overcrowded during Peak 
Seasons leading to reservation 

2977
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:34,300
systems and waiting lists. 
Primary locations might be 

2978
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,400
booked months in advance with 
minors planning their sleep, 

2979
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:40,400
schedule's around availability, 
rather than personal preference 

2980
02:39:40,400 --> 02:39:43,500
some entrepreneurs. 
Yes, Bronze Age miners had 

2981
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:46,600
entrepreneurs started offering 
sleeping location, rental 

2982
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:49,900
services, they'd Scout new 
spots, test them for optimal 

2983
02:39:49,900 --> 02:39:53,100
sleep conditions and then lease 
them to other miners for premium

2984
02:39:53,100 --> 02:39:54,800
rates during high demand 
periods. 

2985
02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:58,100
For just three extra copper 
pieces per moon cycle. 

2986
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:01,700
You can have guaranteed access 
to the sheltered Grove with the 

2987
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:03,500
natural sound dampening and 
built-in Morning. 

2988
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:07,200
Sun alarm, no mice, no leaks, no
snoring. 

2989
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:11,200
Neighbors premium sleep location
with a satisfaction guarantee. 

2990
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:14,900
But the migration system also 
created, unexpected challenges 

2991
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:18,400
miners would sometimes get so 
attached to particular seasonal,

2992
02:40:18,400 --> 02:40:20,900
sleeping spots that they'd 
refuse to migrate when 

2993
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:23,800
conditions changed they'd 
stubbornly remain in some 

2994
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:26,000
locations. 
Well into winter suffering 

2995
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:28,500
through cold and discomfort 
rather than give up their 

2996
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:32,600
favorite sleep environment. 
This led to the development of 

2997
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:36,100
migration counselors community 
members who specialized in 

2998
02:40:36,108 --> 02:40:39,100
helping miners, make healthy 
transitions between seasonal, 

2999
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,300
sleeping locations. 
They'd provide emotional support

3000
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:44,600
for minors who are having 
trouble letting go of unsuitable

3001
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:48,100
sleeping spots, and practical 
advice for adapting to new sleep

3002
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:51,000
environments. 
I understand your attachment to 

3003
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:53,800
the moss covered Boulder 
formation in tooth but it's been

3004
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:55,500
flooding regularly for three 
weeks now. 

3005
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:57,700
Apps. 
It's time to consider the 

3006
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:00,900
elevated platform option. 
We discussed the most dedicated 

3007
02:41:00,900 --> 02:41:03,000
sleep. 
Migrants would maintain detail, 

3008
02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:05,300
journals, documenting, their 
experience in different 

3009
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:09,500
locations, noting factors like 
dream quality morning, energy 

3010
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:11,900
levels and overall satisfaction 
ratings. 

3011
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:15,600
These journals became valuable 
references for future migration 

3012
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,300
planning and were sometimes 
shared with other minors seeking

3013
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:21,800
optimal, sleep Solutions. 
According to my records, the 

3014
02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:24,700
hollow tree sleeping spot. 
Provides, excellent dream recall

3015
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:27,800
but poor neck support. 
The cave entrance location 

3016
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:30,800
offers superior protection from 
weather, but tends to produce 

3017
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:34,800
anxiety dreams about cave-ins. 
The meadow area is perfect for 

3018
02:41:34,800 --> 02:41:36,700
summer but becomes completely 
unsuitable. 

3019
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:39,900
Once the seasonal flooding 
begins some miners took the 

3020
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:42,800
migration concept so seriously 
that they'd spend more time 

3021
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:45,800
traveling between sleeping 
locations than actually sleeping

3022
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,100
in them. 
They'd become so focused on 

3023
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:50,900
finding the perfect sleep 
environment that they'd exhaust 

3024
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,000
themselves with constant 
relocation Logistics. 

3025
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:57,200
The communities eventually had 
to establish migration limits to

3026
02:41:57,200 --> 02:41:59,800
prevent minors from wearing 
themselves out with excessive 

3027
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:02,800
sleep location optimization. 
Too much time. 

3028
02:42:02,800 --> 02:42:04,400
Spent searching for perfect 
rest. 

3029
02:42:04,400 --> 02:42:07,400
Could actually cause worse 
Sleep, Quality than just 

3030
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:10,900
settling for good enough. 
It was like the Bronze Age of 

3031
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:14,600
analysis paralysis, except 
instead of endless research 

3032
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:16,300
about mattress types and thread 
counts. 

3033
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:19,700
It involved geographical surveys
and seasonal weather pattern 

3034
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:22,800
analysis. 
And just when the system seemed 

3035
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:25,700
to be working smoothly, some 
Innovative miners, started 

3036
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:29,400
experimenting with micro 
migration changing, sleeping 

3037
02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:32,400
locations multiple times within 
a single night to optimize 

3038
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:34,000
different phases of their sleep 
cycles. 

3039
02:42:34,900 --> 02:42:37,500
Because, apparently even 
migration needed to be optimized

3040
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:40,300
for maximum efficiency. 
Now, we're approaching, what 

3041
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,100
might be the most extraordinary 
aspect of Bronze Age mining 

3042
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:45,800
sleep culture? 
The systematic attempt to 

3043
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:48,900
industrialize dreaming. 
Yes, you read that correctly. 

3044
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:52,400
These ancient miners, tried to 
transform their dream lives into

3045
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:55,300
a kind of underground think tank
and the results were equal 

3046
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:57,500
parts, brilliant and completely 
bonkers. 

3047
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:00,800
You're settling into your 
current migration location. 

3048
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:03,200
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 
rotation. 

3049
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,900
So you're probably in that nice 
spot near the stream with the 

3050
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:08,600
natural Windbreak. 
And in stead of Simply hoping 

3051
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:11,600
for good, dreams your 
participating in what the mining

3052
02:43:11,600 --> 02:43:13,500
Community called dream, 
crafting. 

3053
02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:16,400
This wasn't just about 
encouraging helpful dreams. 

3054
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:19,600
It was about manufacturing, 
specific types of dreams for 

3055
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:23,100
specific purposes. 
The concept emerge from the 

3056
02:43:23,100 --> 02:43:26,100
observation that miners who 
dreamed about their work, often 

3057
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:28,900
came up with Creative Solutions 
to underground challenges. 

3058
02:43:28,900 --> 02:43:32,300
Someone might dream about new 
way to shore up on stable 

3059
02:43:32,300 --> 02:43:35,300
tunnels or visualize a more 
efficient method for extracting 

3060
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:39,400
ore from difficult veins. 
These work related dreams seem 

3061
02:43:39,400 --> 02:43:42,300
to access a kind of problem 
solving capability that 

3062
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:44,100
conscious Minds, couldn't always
achieve. 

3063
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:48,000
Naturally mining communities 
decided to systematize this 

3064
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:51,800
process dream crafting involves 
elaborate pre-sleep preparation.

3065
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,500
Rituals designed to encourage 
specific types of Dreams. 

3066
02:43:54,500 --> 02:43:58,300
Want to dream about finding new 
copper deposits spend. 

3067
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:01,200
Your evening handling copper 
samples studying geological 

3068
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:03,900
formations and mentally 
rehearsing successful. 

3069
02:44:03,900 --> 02:44:07,100
Mining scenarios hoping for 
dreams that would solve 

3070
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:09,700
Structural Engineering problems.
Focus. 

3071
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:12,900
Your Priestly potential on 
support beams tunnel design and 

3072
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:16,000
Architectural challenges. 
It was like programming your 

3073
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:18,500
unconscious mind to work on 
specific projects while you 

3074
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:21,000
slept. 
The communities developed 

3075
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:23,200
specialized roles for dream 
crafting support. 

3076
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:27,200
Dream preparers would help 
miners set up their Priestly 

3077
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:31,000
environments with appropriate 
visual tactile and olfactory 

3078
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:33,600
cues. 
Dream recorders would be 

3079
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:35,300
standing by when mine is woke 
up. 

3080
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,700
Ready to capture and document 
any potentially useful dream 

3081
02:44:38,700 --> 02:44:40,500
content before it faded from 
memory. 

3082
02:44:41,600 --> 02:44:45,200
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 
something about Twisted Metal 

3083
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:47,300
bindings and spiral support 
structures. 

3084
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:50,000
Can you remember any details 
about the dream? 

3085
02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:53,000
And you'd be lying there, still 
half asleep trying to 

3086
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:55,800
reconstruct a complex 
engineering Vision while someone

3087
02:44:55,800 --> 02:44:59,300
frantically takes notes about 
your drowsy mumbling, the most 

3088
02:44:59,300 --> 02:45:02,000
ambitious dream, crafting, 
experiments involved group 

3089
02:45:02,000 --> 02:45:05,500
dreaming, session's, Multiple 
miners would prepare to sleep 

3090
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:08,400
together, focusing on the same 
challenges and hoping to 

3091
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:11,100
generate complementary dreams, 
that could be combined into 

3092
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:14,300
comprehensive Solutions. 
It was like forming a dream 

3093
02:45:14,300 --> 02:45:16,000
based research and development 
team. 

3094
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:19,300
Tonight we're all going to focus
on the flooding problem in the 

3095
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:23,000
Eastern tunnels bronzebeard you.
Concentrate on drainage 

3096
02:45:23,000 --> 02:45:26,100
Solutions. 
Tin hand focus on waterproofing,

3097
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:29,800
materials, Stone jaw, see if you
can dream up some kind of early 

3098
02:45:29,800 --> 02:45:33,000
warning system for water 
detection, the success rate for 

3099
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:35,800
these group dreaming, projects 
was about what you'd expect when

3100
02:45:35,800 --> 02:45:38,600
trying to coordinate unconscious
minds working on complex, 

3101
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:41,500
technical problems. 
Occasionally the miners would 

3102
02:45:41,500 --> 02:45:44,100
awaken with Innovative 
complementary solutions that 

3103
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:47,400
seamlessly Blended together like
a puzzle more often. 

3104
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:50,500
They produce a collection of 
unrelated dreams about fish 

3105
02:45:50,500 --> 02:45:53,800
childhood memories and that 
embarrassing incident with the 

3106
02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:57,300
pickaxe from three summers ago. 
But the occasional successes 

3107
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,300
were impressive enough to keep 
the system going and some mining

3108
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:02,900
communities became quite 
sophisticated in their dream, 

3109
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:05,800
crafting techniques. 
They developed what we might 

3110
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:08,700
recognize as early version of 
lucid dreaming training, 

3111
02:46:08,700 --> 02:46:11,900
teaching mine is to recognize 
when they were dreaming and to 

3112
02:46:11,900 --> 02:46:14,400
maintain some level of conscious
control over their dream. 

3113
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:18,500
Narratives, the goal was to stay
focused on work-related problem 

3114
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:23,700
solving even while asleep. 
Remember when you realize you're

3115
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:26,600
dreaming, don't get distracted 
by flying or other dream 

3116
02:46:26,600 --> 02:46:29,300
nonsense. 
Focus on the tunnel ventilation 

3117
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:32,800
challenge, use your dream state 
to visualize solutions that 

3118
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:34,700
might not occur to your waking 
mind. 

3119
02:46:35,300 --> 02:46:38,300
This created some mildly 
stressful situations, where mine

3120
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:40,100
has felt pressured to be 
productive even while 

3121
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:43,000
unconscious. 
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 

3122
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:45,800
that your sleep performance was 
being evaluated, not just for 

3123
02:46:45,800 --> 02:46:49,800
rest quality, but for Creative 
problem solving output, Sorry 

3124
02:46:49,800 --> 02:46:52,000
everyone. 
My dreams last night were 

3125
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,000
completely useless. 
I spent the whole time dreaming 

3126
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:56,700
about a giant copper-colored 
rabbit. 

3127
02:46:56,700 --> 02:46:59,400
That kept giving me mining 
advice that made no sense. 

3128
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:03,800
I don't think we can use dig 
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a

3129
02:47:03,800 --> 02:47:07,000
viable engineering strategy. 
The community's eventually had 

3130
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:10,400
to establish dream failure, 
forgiveness policies to prevent 

3131
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:13,500
minors from developing sleep 
anxiety, that would actually 

3132
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:17,400
reduce their dream productivity.
Some of the most dedicated dream

3133
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:19,800
Crafters started. 
Keeping detail dream journals 

3134
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:22,200
documenting. 
Not just the content of their 

3135
02:47:22,200 --> 02:47:25,300
dreams but the priest sleep 
preparation techniques that seem

3136
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:26,900
to produce the most useful 
results. 

3137
02:47:26,900 --> 02:47:31,000
These journals became valuable 
Community Resources like recipe 

3138
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:33,300
books for generating specific 
types of Dreams. 

3139
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,700
For dreams about all quality 
assessment, I recommend spending

3140
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:40,500
the evening examining different 
metal samples, while thinking 

3141
02:47:40,500 --> 02:47:44,100
about color, variations and 
density testing, avoid eating 

3142
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:47,600
fermented foods before sleep as 
they seem to introduce random 

3143
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:50,100
elements that distract from 
metallurgical Focus. 

3144
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:53,400
The most successful dream 
Crafters developed personal 

3145
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:56,700
specializations becoming known 
for their ability to generate 

3146
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,100
specific types of problem 
solving dreams. 

3147
02:47:59,900 --> 02:48:02,500
Some became specialists in 
Structural Engineering dreams, 

3148
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:06,300
others focused on Geological 
Survey dreams and a few became 

3149
02:48:06,300 --> 02:48:09,200
known for their uncanny ability 
to dream about workplace Safety 

3150
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:11,500
Solutions. 
These Specialists would 

3151
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:15,200
sometimes be consulted by other 
mining communities facing 

3152
02:48:15,200 --> 02:48:17,600
similar challenges. 
They travel to different 

3153
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:20,900
settlements, learn about local 
mining problems, and then 

3154
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:23,700
attempt to dream up solutions, 
that could be implemented by the

3155
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,600
visiting Community. 
It was like having Bronze Age 

3156
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:29,500
Consulting Services Powered By 
REM, sleep and unconscious 

3157
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:32,900
creativity, but the system also 
produced some wonderfully 

3158
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:36,200
unexpected results miners, who 
were trying to dream about 

3159
02:48:36,200 --> 02:48:38,800
Technical Solutions would 
sometimes come up with 

3160
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:41,100
Innovations and completely 
unrelated areas. 

3161
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,400
Someone focusing on Tunnel 
support might dream up new food 

3162
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:48,200
preservation techniques a minor 
concentrating on or extraction 

3163
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:51,400
might wake up with ideas for 
improved textile manufacturing. 

3164
02:48:52,300 --> 02:48:55,700
Community started maintaining 
unexpected Innovation logs to 

3165
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:58,800
capture these accidental 
discoveries leading to a kind of

3166
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:01,500
Bronze Age, cross-pollination of
ideas between different 

3167
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:04,800
Industries and crafts. 
And just when the dream crafting

3168
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:07,900
system seemed to be reaching 
Peak sophistication, some 

3169
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:11,000
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with dream trading

3170
02:49:11,000 --> 02:49:14,200
attempting to share their dreams
with other people through 

3171
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,000
detailed storytelling and 
visualization exercises. 

3172
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:20,500
This suggests that even 
unconscious, creativity required

3173
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:23,900
optimization for maximum 
distribution and collaborative 

3174
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:26,300
efficiency as your drifting 
towards sleep. 

3175
02:49:26,300 --> 02:49:29,200
In your modern bed, with your 
climate control and blackout 

3176
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:31,700
curtains, and probably a dozen, 
different apps designed to 

3177
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:34,500
optimize your rest. 
It's worth considering what 

3178
02:49:34,500 --> 02:49:36,600
happened to all this Bronze Age.
Sleep innovation. 

3179
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:39,900
Did these elaborate systems 
simply disappear when mining 

3180
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:42,300
techniques evolved or did they 
leave traces? 

3181
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:44,400
That still influence? 
How we think about rest and 

3182
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:47,800
dreams the answer. 
As you might expect is 

3183
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:51,000
wonderfully complicated. 
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 

3184
02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:53,600
practices of evolved into 
Traditions that persisted for 

3185
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:57,000
thousands of years. 
The concept of sleep migration, 

3186
02:49:57,000 --> 02:50:00,100
for instance, influenced, the 
development of seasonal living 

3187
02:50:00,100 --> 02:50:03,100
patterns, in many cultures. 
The idea that different 

3188
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:06,200
environments produced different 
qualities of rest became 

3189
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:08,600
embedded in. 
Various folk was in Traditions 

3190
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:12,100
about optimal sleeping 
conditions, dream crafting 

3191
02:50:12,100 --> 02:50:14,600
techniques, found their way into
religious and spiritual 

3192
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:18,400
practices were directed dreaming
became associated with Divine 

3193
02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:22,600
communication and prophetic 
vision, The systematic approach 

3194
02:50:22,600 --> 02:50:25,200
to dream incubation. 
That Bronze Age miners developed

3195
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:29,000
can be traced through various 
mystery, Traditions shamanic 

3196
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,300
practices and even early medical
applications where dreams were 

3197
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:36,100
used for Diagnostic purposes. 
the competitive aspects of 

3198
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:38,800
Bronze Age, sleep culture 
evolved into more formal, 

3199
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:42,400
sleep-related customs and 
ceremonies Various cultures 

3200
02:50:42,400 --> 02:50:45,900
developed rituals around bedtime
Sleep Quality, assessment and 

3201
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:48,000
dream sharing that Echo the 
miners. 

3202
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:50,300
Systematic approach to rest 
optimization. 

3203
02:50:51,300 --> 02:50:54,500
But perhaps the most significant
Legacy was the fundamental idea 

3204
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:57,900
that sleep could be actively 
managed and optimized rather 

3205
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:01,600
than simply endured. 
Bronze Age, miners, were among 

3206
02:51:01,600 --> 02:51:04,100
the first people to treat sleep 
as a skill that could be 

3207
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,600
developed a resource. 
That could be managed and a tool

3208
02:51:07,600 --> 02:51:09,300
that could be used for specific 
purposes. 

3209
02:51:09,300 --> 02:51:13,100
This conceptual framework laid, 
the groundwork for later, 

3210
02:51:13,100 --> 02:51:16,700
developments in sleep medicine, 
dream research, and what we, now

3211
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:20,100
call Sleep hygiene. 
The miners recognized that 

3212
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:23,800
environmental factors, social 
dynamics and psychological 

3213
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:27,200
preparation, could dramatically 
affect Sleep Quality, which was 

3214
02:51:27,208 --> 02:51:29,400
remarkably sophisticated for its
time. 

3215
02:51:30,200 --> 02:51:32,700
Their understanding that 
different types of rests of 

3216
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:35,600
different purposes. 
That deep sleep, light sleep, 

3217
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:38,500
and various streaming States, 
each had distinct benefits 

3218
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:42,000
predated modern sleep science by
thousands of years. 

3219
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:44,700
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

3220
02:51:44,700 --> 02:51:48,600
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

3221
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:50,700
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

3222
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:54,900
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

3223
02:51:54,900 --> 02:51:58,400
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

3224
02:51:58,400 --> 02:52:01,600
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

3225
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:05,000
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

3226
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:07,800
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

3227
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:10,300
cultures, approaches to rest and
Community Living. 

3228
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:13,900
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

3229
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:17,000
influences. 
The concept of sleeping evolved 

3230
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:20,000
into various traditional lullaby
practices and bedtime musical 

3231
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:22,500
Customs. 
The idea of sleep location, 

3232
02:52:22,500 --> 02:52:25,600
optimization influenced 
architectural approaches to 

3233
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:28,400
bedroom design and the 
development of sleeping spaces 

3234
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:31,500
in different cultures. 
Their systematic approach to 

3235
02:52:31,500 --> 02:52:35,100
managing sleep-related anxiety, 
recognizing that worry about 

3236
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:37,000
Sleep. 
Quality could actually interfere

3237
02:52:37,000 --> 02:52:39,700
with rest. 
Became a Cornerstone of later. 

3238
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:43,400
Therapeutic approaches to sleep 
disorders, Bronze Age, miners 

3239
02:52:43,400 --> 02:52:46,000
were essentially practicing 
primitive cognitive behavioral 

3240
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:49,900
therapy for Sleep problems. 
Perhaps most importantly, they 

3241
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:52,500
established the precedent that 
sleep was worth paying attention

3242
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:56,500
to worth investing effort in and
worth treating as a serious 

3243
02:52:56,500 --> 02:52:58,200
aspect of human health and 
productivity. 

3244
02:52:59,500 --> 02:53:01,500
This wasn't just about getting 
enough rest. 

3245
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:05,000
It was about getting the right 
kind of rest in the right 

3246
02:53:05,000 --> 02:53:08,100
environment with the right 
preparation and support systems 

3247
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:10,800
modern sleep. 
Research continues to confirm 

3248
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,000
many intuitive findings. 
We now know that sleep 

3249
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:17,800
environments do significantly 
affect risk, quality that social

3250
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:21,000
factors can influence, sleep 
patterns, that priest sleep 

3251
02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:24,100
routines, can improve sleep on 
set and quality, and that 

3252
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:26,900
different types of sleep, serve 
different physiological, and 

3253
02:53:26,900 --> 02:53:29,800
psychological functions. 
The Contemporary interest in 

3254
02:53:29,800 --> 02:53:33,300
sleep optimization sleep, 
tracking and sleep-related 

3255
02:53:33,300 --> 02:53:36,500
wellness products. 
Reflects the same basic impulse 

3256
02:53:36,500 --> 02:53:39,500
that drove Bronze Age miners to 
develop their elaborate sleep 

3257
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:42,500
Management Systems. 
We're still trying to solve the 

3258
02:53:42,500 --> 02:53:45,900
same fundamental challenge, how 
to get the kind of rest that 

3259
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:48,900
sustains our demanding often 
stressful lives. 

3260
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:52,700
Of course, we have advantages 
that Bronze Age miners could not

3261
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:56,600
have imagined, we understand 
sleep physiology, we have 

3262
02:53:56,600 --> 02:53:59,600
effective treatments for sleep 
disorders and we can create 

3263
02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:02,500
sleep environments that are 
safer and more comfortable than 

3264
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:04,400
anything available 4,000 years 
ago. 

3265
02:54:05,500 --> 02:54:07,900
But we may have lost some of 
their wisdom of the social and 

3266
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,800
psychological aspects of sleep. 
The recognition that rest is not

3267
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:15,900
just an individual activity, but
a community resource that Sleep 

3268
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:18,600
Quality affects not just 
personal performance, but group 

3269
02:54:18,600 --> 02:54:22,000
well-being and that the journey 
towards sleep can be as 

3270
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:25,300
important as the Sleep itself. 
Offers insights that remain 

3271
02:54:25,300 --> 02:54:28,200
relevant today. 
As you settle into your sleep 

3272
02:54:28,200 --> 02:54:31,100
routine tonight, your 
participating in a tradition 

3273
02:54:31,100 --> 02:54:34,200
that stretches back to those 
ancient copper miners, who 

3274
02:54:34,200 --> 02:54:37,700
refused to accept poor sleep as 
an inevitable part of difficult 

3275
02:54:37,700 --> 02:54:40,200
work. 
They understood something that 

3276
02:54:40,200 --> 02:54:43,500
we're still learning. 
The good sleep is not a luxury, 

3277
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:47,800
but a necessity, not a passive 
experience, but an active skill 

3278
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:51,300
and not just about rest. 
But about preparing for whatever

3279
02:54:51,300 --> 02:54:55,400
challenges to Morrow might bring
their legacy lives on in every 

3280
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:58,100
person who takes time to create 
a comfortable sleep environment,

3281
02:54:58,100 --> 02:55:01,700
Who develops bedtime routines, 
that work for their individual 

3282
02:55:01,700 --> 02:55:05,200
needs, and who recognizes that? 
Rest is an investment in 

3283
02:55:05,200 --> 02:55:08,500
productivity and well-being 
rather than time lost from more 

3284
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:12,700
important activities. 
So tonight as you adjust your 

3285
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:15,000
pillow and settle into your 
carefully, chose and sleep 

3286
02:55:15,000 --> 02:55:17,600
position. 
Your honoring thousands of years

3287
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:19,600
of human innovation in the art 
of rest. 

3288
02:55:20,300 --> 02:55:22,900
You're the beneficiary of 
countless generations of people 

3289
02:55:22,900 --> 02:55:25,500
who refuse to accept that sleep 
was simply something that 

3290
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:28,400
happened to them rather than 
something they could actively 

3291
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:31,300
improve. 
Your memory foam mattress and 

3292
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,200
your smartphone sleep tracking 
apps would probably amazed the 

3293
02:55:34,200 --> 02:55:37,000
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 
immediately understand your 

3294
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:39,400
desire to optimize your rest for
tomorrow's challenges. 

3295
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:43,100
They'd recognize the familiar 
human impulse to turn even 

3296
02:55:43,100 --> 02:55:46,500
unconsciousness into an 
opportunity for improvement and 

3297
02:55:46,500 --> 02:55:50,000
innovation. 
And maybe in their honor, you 

3298
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:52,400
could take a moment to 
appreciate, not just the sleep, 

3299
02:55:52,400 --> 02:55:55,200
you're about to enjoy. 
But all the creativity, 

3300
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:59,300
experimentation and stubborn 
determination that made it 

3301
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:01,900
possible. 
From their underground napping 

3302
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:04,300
experiments to your white noise 
machine by the bed. 

3303
02:56:04,300 --> 02:56:07,400
It's all part of the same 
ongoing human project. 

3304
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:10,800
Quest for rest that truly 
restores. 

3305
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:16,300
Sweet dreams, the Bronze Age, 
miners would be proud of how far

3306
02:56:16,300 --> 02:56:19,000
we've come and how much we still
have in common with those 

3307
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:21,000
ancient Seekers of perfect 
sleep. 

3308
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:24,000
After all some things, never 
change. 

3309
02:56:24,000 --> 02:56:26,700
We all just want to wake up 
feeling like we can face 

3310
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:29,700
whatever the day might throw at 
us, whether it's a dangerous 

3311
02:56:29,700 --> 02:56:31,700
mine shaft or a challenging 
Monday morning. 

3312
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:35,000
And in that Universal desire for
restorative, rest. 

3313
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:38,400
We're connected across thousands
of years to those ingenious 

3314
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:41,700
sleep, obsessed miners. 
Who turned bedtime into an art 

3315
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:44,700
form and dreaming into a 
collaborative Enterprise rest. 

3316
02:56:44,700 --> 02:56:47,900
Well, knowing your part of a 
very long tradition of people 

3317
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,600
who take their sleep seriously 
and aren't afraid to get 

3318
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:58,800
creative about it. 
Oh yes, we're taking a gentle 

3319
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:01,900
Journey Through Time back to a 
place where Empires were built 

3320
02:57:01,900 --> 02:57:03,500
not by committees or 
corporations. 

3321
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:07,500
But by dreamers who started with
nothing more than a vision and a

3322
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:11,900
lot of stubborn determination 
Our Story begins in the hills of

3323
02:57:11,900 --> 02:57:13,400
Anatolia in. 
What's now? 

3324
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:18,000
Turkey around 1299 You know how 
sometimes the most extraordinary

3325
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:20,100
things start in the most 
ordinary places? 

3326
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:22,500
Well, this is one of those 
stories. 

3327
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:27,200
There was a man named Osman and 
yes, that's where ottoman comes 

3328
02:57:27,200 --> 02:57:29,400
from though. 
It got a bit Lost in Translation

3329
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:31,800
over the centuries like a game 
of telephone played across 

3330
02:57:31,800 --> 02:57:35,200
continents. 
Osman was essentially a tribal 

3331
02:57:35,200 --> 02:57:38,200
leader which in those days. 
Was a bit like being the mayor 

3332
02:57:38,200 --> 02:57:42,100
of a tiny, very mobile Town. 
His people were Nomads, moving 

3333
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,400
their sheep and goats across the
Rolling Hills living in tents, 

3334
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:47,900
that could be packed up faster 
than you could fold a fitted 

3335
02:57:47,900 --> 02:57:50,200
sheet. 
There probably with considerably

3336
02:57:50,200 --> 02:57:53,900
less swearing involved. 
In those days, the Byzantine 

3337
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,100
Empire continued to plot along 
akin to an ancient car that 

3338
02:57:57,108 --> 02:58:00,400
starts most mornings, but emits 
unsettling noises. 

3339
02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:03,900
When it turns a Bend, It had 
been the mighty Eastern Roman 

3340
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:07,200
Empire once but by Osmond's 
time, it was more like a 

3341
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:09,300
neighborhood watch committee 
trying to patrol a city. 

3342
02:58:10,600 --> 02:58:13,400
The bazant, controlled 
Constantinople and patches of 

3343
02:58:13,400 --> 02:58:16,800
territory here in there. 
But there were gaps and Osmond 

3344
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:20,100
being a practical man. 
Noticed these gaps what made 

3345
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:21,700
Osman different from other 
tribal? 

3346
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:24,600
Leaders wasn't that he was 
particularly fears or clever, 

3347
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:25,800
though? 
He was both. 

3348
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:29,400
It was that he had this knack 
for making people want to follow

3349
02:58:29,400 --> 02:58:31,500
him. 
You know, those people who just 

3350
02:58:31,500 --> 02:58:34,600
have that quality, they're not 
necessarily the loudest in the 

3351
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:38,400
room, but when they speak, 
others, listen, Osman was one of

3352
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:41,100
those. 
He started small, as most great 

3353
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,100
things do Osman. 
Consistently treated, captured 

3354
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:48,100
enemies with respect a rare and 
noteworthy practice while other 

3355
02:58:48,100 --> 02:58:49,400
leaders were busy. 
Making enemies. 

3356
02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:53,400
Osman was making allies. 
He'd capture a bazan teen fought

3357
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:55,800
and then hire the Byzantine 
soldiers to help him run it. 

3358
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,500
It was like getting a promotion 
during a hostile takeover. 

3359
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:01,600
His son orhan. 
Continued, this approach 

3360
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:05,300
expanding, their territory bite 
by bite, like someone 

3361
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:07,900
methodically working their way 
through a box of chocolates. 

3362
02:59:08,800 --> 02:59:10,300
Or hand figured out something 
important. 

3363
02:59:10,300 --> 02:59:13,200
If you want to build an Empire, 
you need more than just 

3364
02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:15,300
Warriors. 
You need administrators 

3365
02:59:15,300 --> 02:59:18,900
Engineers teachers and people 
who know how to keep things 

3366
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:20,600
running when the exciting part 
is over. 

3367
02:59:21,700 --> 02:59:24,200
So the Ottomans began their 
peculiar habit of adopting. 

3368
02:59:24,200 --> 02:59:27,500
The best ideas from everyone. 
They encountered, they borrowed 

3369
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,700
military techniques from the 
bazan teens administrative 

3370
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:33,900
systems from the Persians and 
architectural style from the 

3371
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:35,800
Arabs. 
It was like being at a potluck 

3372
02:59:35,800 --> 02:59:37,700
dinner where everyone brings 
their best dish. 

3373
02:59:37,700 --> 02:59:41,200
Except in stead of casseroles, 
people brought entire 

3374
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:44,800
civilizations by the time, 
osman's grandson marathas. 

3375
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:47,700
Came along, the Ottomans had 
crossed into Europe and the 

3376
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:50,500
Balkans, like a cat eyeing, a 
particularly plump bird? 

3377
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,800
Mirada established the Janice 
elite soldiers who were 

3378
02:59:54,800 --> 02:59:57,200
recruited as children and 
trained in the finest military 

3379
02:59:57,200 --> 03:00:00,100
traditions. 
It sounds harsh by today's 

3380
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:03,400
standards, but these boys often 
ended up with better education 

3381
03:00:03,400 --> 03:00:07,000
and more opportunities than they
would have had otherwise, Many 

3382
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,400
became poets Scholars and 
administrators not just 

3383
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:13,400
soldiers. 
The Ottomans were building 

3384
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:15,900
something. 
Unprecedented a multi-ethnic 

3385
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,600
multi-religious Empire that 
actually worked, Christians, 

3386
03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:23,600
Muslims, and Jews lived side by 
side each contributing their 

3387
03:00:23,600 --> 03:00:26,800
skills and knowledge. 
The Ottomans operated akin to a 

3388
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,700
medieval version of the United 
Nations but with a focus on 

3389
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:34,000
effective governance by 1400 
what had started as a small 

3390
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:37,400
tribal Confederation had become 
a regional power that made the 

3391
03:00:37,400 --> 03:00:40,300
remaining Byzantine territories 
look like a few Islands in an 

3392
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:42,700
ottoman sea. 
The shepherd's dream was 

3393
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:45,600
becoming reality one careful 
step at a time. 

3394
03:00:45,608 --> 03:00:48,200
You know how some people are 
just natural at everything. 

3395
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,000
They try. 
Well, if the early Ottomans were

3396
03:00:51,000 --> 03:00:54,300
good at Empire building their 
descendants were absolutely 

3397
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:57,800
brilliant at it. 
As our narrative unfolds, we 

3398
03:00:57,800 --> 03:01:01,600
encounter one of history's most 
captivating figures mehmed the 

3399
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:03,800
second who earned the moniker 
the conqueror through 

3400
03:01:03,800 --> 03:01:07,300
challenging circumstances. 
Their Med became salt and in 

3401
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:11,300
1451 at the age of 19, which 
might seem young until you 

3402
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:14,200
consider that most 19 year olds 
today, can barely conquer their 

3403
03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:18,600
laundry. this young man looked 
at Constantinople the city that 

3404
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:21,800
had stood on Concord for over 
1,000 years and essentially 

3405
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:26,400
said, hold my coffee 
Constantinople was like, the 

3406
03:01:26,400 --> 03:01:30,000
ultimate medieval Fortress, it 
sat on a peninsula, surrounded 

3407
03:01:30,000 --> 03:01:33,500
by water, on three, sides, with 
massive walls that had turned 

3408
03:01:33,500 --> 03:01:36,500
back. 
Countless armies, the city, the 

3409
03:01:36,500 --> 03:01:39,800
Bosphorus, the narrow strait, 
connecting Europe and Asia, 

3410
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:42,100
making it one of the most 
strategically important 

3411
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:45,400
locations in the world. 
Taking it would be like winning 

3412
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:48,000
the lottery while simultaneously
solving world hunger. 

3413
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:53,600
The siege of Constantinople in 
1453 was a military operation. 

3414
03:01:53,600 --> 03:01:55,200
That would Inspire envy and 
modern. 

3415
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:59,100
Generals mehmed didn't just 
attack the city he reimagined. 

3416
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:02,400
How seizures could work When his
ships couldn't get into the 

3417
03:02:02,400 --> 03:02:04,800
Golden Horn because the bazan 
teens had stretched a massive 

3418
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,100
chain across the entrance mehmed
did something. 

3419
03:02:07,100 --> 03:02:09,100
So audacious it sounds like 
fiction. 

3420
03:02:09,100 --> 03:02:12,900
He had his men dragged, 70 
ships, Overland across a hill 

3421
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:15,400
and launched them into the 
harbor behind the chain. 

3422
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:19,300
Imagine being a Byzantine 
Defender looking out from your 

3423
03:02:19,300 --> 03:02:22,900
supposedly incredible position 
and seeing enemy ships sailing 

3424
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:26,000
where ships had no business 
being It was like finding your 

3425
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:27,700
neighbor's car parked in your 
backyard. 

3426
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:30,600
The Ottomans also brought the 
biggest cannons. 

3427
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:34,300
Anyone had ever seen These 
weren't your typical medieval 

3428
03:02:34,300 --> 03:02:36,300
Siege engines. 
These were massive bronze 

3429
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:38,600
monsters that could hurl Stone 
balls. 

3430
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:42,700
The size of small cars, the 
largest Cannon required 60, oxen

3431
03:02:42,700 --> 03:02:45,000
for its transportation and 
on-site assembly. 

3432
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:48,000
When it fired, the sound could 
be heard from miles and the 

3433
03:02:48,008 --> 03:02:51,600
ground shook like a minor 
earthquake after 57 days of 

3434
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:55,900
Siege, Constantinople fell. 
The last Byzantine emperor, 

3435
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,000
Constantine, the 11th died 
fighting on the walls. 

3436
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:02,100
Ending an Empire that had lasted
for over 1,000 years. 

3437
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:06,500
Emed immediately declared the 
city safe for all inhabitants 

3438
03:03:06,500 --> 03:03:10,100
and began rebuilding it as his 
new capital demonstrating. 

3439
03:03:10,100 --> 03:03:12,000
The kind of class that made him 
a great leader. 

3440
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:15,800
Mehmed and his successors, 
transformed Istanbul in to a 

3441
03:03:15,808 --> 03:03:18,700
Global treasure. 
The Ottomans built stunning, 

3442
03:03:18,700 --> 03:03:22,400
mosque's established schools and
hospitals and created a 

3443
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,900
Cosmopolitan atmosphere that 
attracted Scholars artists and 

3444
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:27,600
Merchants from across the known 
world. 

3445
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:31,100
It was like, Renaissance 
Florence, but with better coffee

3446
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:32,500
and more impressive 
architecture. 

3447
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:36,100
The Empire continued expanding 
under base the second, and then 

3448
03:03:36,100 --> 03:03:38,900
selim the first who conquered, 
Egypt and Syria. 

3449
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:42,000
Bringing the holy cities of 
Mecca, and Medina under ottoman 

3450
03:03:42,000 --> 03:03:44,800
control. 
These events made the ottoman 

3451
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:48,200
Sultan the protector of Islam's 
holiest sites, adding religious 

3452
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:50,200
authority to their growing 
temporal power. 

3453
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:54,200
But the real showstopper was 
Suleiman the Magnificent who 

3454
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,900
took the throne in 1520. 
If mehmed was the Conqueror 

3455
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:01,700
Suleiman was the Perfecter He 
combined military genius with 

3456
03:04:01,700 --> 03:04:04,700
administrative Brilliance and a 
genuine love of arts and 

3457
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:07,800
culture. 
Under his rule, the Ottoman 

3458
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:10,800
Empire reached, its golden age 
stretching from the gates of 

3459
03:04:10,800 --> 03:04:12,800
Vienna to the shores of the 
Persian Gulf. 

3460
03:04:13,700 --> 03:04:16,100
Suleiman's armies operated 
smoothly and efficiently. 

3461
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:20,400
They moved with Precision fought
with discipline and concurred 

3462
03:04:20,400 --> 03:04:23,300
with style. 
The Janice areas had evolved 

3463
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:26,500
into one of the most formidable 
military forces in the world and

3464
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:28,300
ottoman engineering had reached 
New Heights. 

3465
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:32,500
They built roads that connected 
distant province's aqueducts, 

3466
03:04:32,500 --> 03:04:35,400
that brought fresh water to 
cities and bridges that stood 

3467
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,200
for centuries. 
The Empire wasn't just about 

3468
03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:40,500
Conquest anymore. 
It was about creating a 

3469
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:44,000
civilization that could last The
Ottomans developed a 

3470
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:47,300
sophisticated legal system 
established trade networks, that

3471
03:04:47,300 --> 03:04:50,500
connected Europe with Aja and 
fostered, an atmosphere of 

3472
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:52,800
learning that attracted the best
minds of the age. 

3473
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:57,500
By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had 
emerged as the dominant force of

3474
03:04:57,508 --> 03:05:01,400
its era, causing European Kings 
to lose their sleep and 

3475
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:05,300
Merchants to dream of prophet. 
The Thunder of Conquest had 

3476
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:07,500
built something magnificent 
settled back. 

3477
03:05:07,508 --> 03:05:10,300
A bit deeper into your chair 
because we're entering what 

3478
03:05:10,300 --> 03:05:13,000
might be the most remarkable 
period in our story. 

3479
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:16,200
The era when the Ottoman Empire 
wasn't just powerful. 

3480
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:22,000
Genuinely magnificent. picture 
the late afternoon, sun casting 

3481
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:25,700
long, Golden Shadows, across 
Palace Courtyards Illuminating 

3482
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:29,900
an Empire at its absolute Peak 
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled 

3483
03:05:29,900 --> 03:05:36,000
for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566.
And during this time the Ottoman

3484
03:05:36,000 --> 03:05:38,300
Empire became something 
unprecedented in world history. 

3485
03:05:38,300 --> 03:05:40,900
It wasn't just the largest 
Empire of its time. 

3486
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:43,800
It was arguably the most 
efficiently, run, most 

3487
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:46,300
culturally diverse. 
And most economically 

3488
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:48,400
sophisticated political entity 
on Earth. 

3489
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:52,200
Let's talk about what daily life
was like for you. 

3490
03:05:52,200 --> 03:05:54,500
An ordinary person living in 
this Empire. 

3491
03:05:55,300 --> 03:05:57,900
If you were a merchant in 
Istanbul, you might start your 

3492
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:00,600
morning in the Grand Bazaar. 
One of the world's first 

3493
03:06:00,600 --> 03:06:03,600
shopping malls, the Grand Bazaar
wasn't just a market. 

3494
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:06,900
It was a city within a city with
4,000 shops. 

3495
03:06:06,900 --> 03:06:10,600
Its own police force, and even 
its own banking system, you 

3496
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:14,500
could purchase silk from China 
spices from India, first from 

3497
03:06:14,500 --> 03:06:16,700
Russia, and Amber from the 
Baltic. 

3498
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:20,200
All within the same premises, it
was like Amazon, but with more 

3499
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:22,600
carpet dealers and better coffee
the coffee. 

3500
03:06:22,608 --> 03:06:25,600
By the way, was a recent 
Innovation coffee houses. 

3501
03:06:25,600 --> 03:06:28,800
Had started appearing in 
Istanbul in the 1540s, and they 

3502
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:30,600
quickly became centers of social
life. 

3503
03:06:31,400 --> 03:06:34,400
Men would gather to drink this 
new beverages play chess, 

3504
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:37,800
discuss, politics and share news
from across the Empire. 

3505
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:40,700
The government was initially 
suspicious of these 

3506
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:43,100
establishments. 
They worry that people Gathering

3507
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:45,500
to drink stimulants and talk. 
Politics might lead to trouble, 

3508
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:49,100
they weren't entirely wrong. 
But coffee had already conquered

3509
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:51,300
the Empire more thoroughly than 
any army ever could. 

3510
03:06:52,600 --> 03:06:55,400
If you were a student you might 
attend one of the many schools, 

3511
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:58,600
the Autoland had established 
throughout the empire. the 

3512
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:01,800
ottoman educational system was 
remarkably Advanced for its time

3513
03:07:01,800 --> 03:07:05,700
students could study 
mathematics, astronomy medicine 

3514
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:11,300
law, Theology and literature The
best students regardless of 

3515
03:07:11,300 --> 03:07:13,500
their background could rise to 
the highest positions in 

3516
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:16,300
government. 
It was a meritocracy wrapped in 

3517
03:07:16,308 --> 03:07:19,200
an Empire which was unusual 
enough to be revolutionary 

3518
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:21,100
women. 
In the Ottoman Empire had 

3519
03:07:21,100 --> 03:07:22,600
rights. 
That would have shocked their 

3520
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,600
European contemporaries. 
They could own property engage 

3521
03:07:25,600 --> 03:07:28,800
in business and even appear in 
court to defend their interests.

3522
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:32,900
The ottoman legal system, 
recognized different laws for 

3523
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:34,800
different communities 
Christians. 

3524
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:37,800
Followed Christian law in civil 
matters, Jews followed Jewish 

3525
03:07:37,800 --> 03:07:40,100
law and Muslims, followed 
Islamic law. 

3526
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:43,300
It was like having a legal 
system with multiple operating 

3527
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:46,000
systems, all running smoothly on
the same computer. 

3528
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,000
The Empire's military was 
equally impressive, the 

3529
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:53,100
janissaries had evolved in to a 
professional Army that was 

3530
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:55,400
feared and respected throughout 
Europe and Asia. 

3531
03:07:56,100 --> 03:07:58,500
They were not just soldiers, 
they were engineers 

3532
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:01,000
administrators and often 
Scholars. 

3533
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:04,800
They receive training in 
everything from Siege Warfare to

3534
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:08,200
diplomatic protocol and many 
were proficient in multiple 

3535
03:08:08,200 --> 03:08:10,800
languages. 
Suleiman himself was a 

3536
03:08:10,800 --> 03:08:14,400
fascinating character. 
He was called the magnificent in

3537
03:08:14,400 --> 03:08:17,700
Europe, but his people called 
him the law-giver because of his

3538
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:19,700
contributions to the Empire's 
legal system. 

3539
03:08:19,700 --> 03:08:24,200
He was also a poet who wrote 
Under the pen name muhib, which 

3540
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:27,400
means lover, imagine a world 
leader today. 

3541
03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:30,300
Publishing poetry about love and
philosophy alongside military 

3542
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:32,500
campaigns and diplomatic 
negotiations. 

3543
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:37,300
The Empire's tolerance was 
remarkable for its time. in 1492

3544
03:08:37,300 --> 03:08:41,400
when Spain expelled its Jewish 
population the Ottomans welcomed

3545
03:08:41,400 --> 03:08:45,100
them with unwavering hospitality
Suleiman reportedly said that 

3546
03:08:45,100 --> 03:08:47,600
the Spanish King had 
impoverished his country to 

3547
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:48,700
enrich. 
The Ottoman Empire. 

3548
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:52,100
These Jewish refugees brought 
with them skills, in medicine 

3549
03:08:52,100 --> 03:08:55,100
and craftsmanship. 
That greatly benefited, their 

3550
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:57,300
new home. 
Ottoman architecture. 

3551
03:08:57,300 --> 03:08:58,800
During this period was 
breathtaking. 

3552
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:02,100
The great architect mimar. 
Sinan designed buildings. 

3553
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:05,600
That seem to defy gravity with 
dome's that appeared to float 

3554
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:07,300
and minarets that reached toward
heaven. 

3555
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,800
The suleimani mosque in 
Istanbul, completed in 1557, was

3556
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:16,500
his Masterpiece, a building. 
So perfectly proportioned that 

3557
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:19,100
it seems to have grown from the 
earth, rather than being built 

3558
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:23,300
by human hands, trade flourished
under ottoman rule, the Empire 

3559
03:09:23,300 --> 03:09:25,400
controlled the routes between 
Europe and Asia. 

3560
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:28,300
And ottoman Merchants became 
wealthy facilitating. 

3561
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:31,300
This exchange, the Empire's 
currency was stable. 

3562
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,700
Its roads were safe and its 
legal system was predictable. 

3563
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:38,000
It was like having a medieval 
version of the European Union 

3564
03:09:38,000 --> 03:09:43,700
but one that actually worked 
efficiently By 1600 the Ottoman 

3565
03:09:43,700 --> 03:09:45,400
Empire. 
Controlled three continents and 

3566
03:09:45,400 --> 03:09:47,500
influenced the lives of millions
of people. 

3567
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:50,100
It was an empire built on 
practical tolerance, 

3568
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:53,500
administrative, efficiency, and 
Military excellence. 

3569
03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:57,900
The golden afternoon, Sean 
brightly, casting Long Shadows 

3570
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:01,200
that extended far into the 
evening of History, you know, 

3571
03:10:01,208 --> 03:10:04,100
how some evening's just seem to 
go on forever with the light 

3572
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:05,700
fading. 
So, gradually that you don't 

3573
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:07,500
notice. 
It's getting dark until you're 

3574
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:10,300
already reaching for the lamp. 
That's what happened to the 

3575
03:10:10,300 --> 03:10:12,000
Ottoman Empire in the 17th 
century. 

3576
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:15,600
The sun was still shining, but 
the Shadows were definitely 

3577
03:10:15,600 --> 03:10:18,200
getting longer. 
The problem started, oddly 

3578
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:21,700
enough with success the Empire 
had grown so large that it was 

3579
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:25,100
becoming difficult to manage. 
Imagine trying to run a family 

3580
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,800
business that had expanded from 
a corner store to a 

3581
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:30,700
multi-national corporation, but 
you are still using the same 

3582
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:34,000
filing system. 
You'd started with The ottoman 

3583
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:36,900
administrative system, which had
worked brilliantly for a 

3584
03:10:36,900 --> 03:10:39,000
smaller. 
Empire was starting to Creak 

3585
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:41,600
under the weight of governing 
territories from Hungary to 

3586
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:44,200
Yemen. 
The Sultans were changing too 

3587
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:47,200
the early ottoman rulers had 
been Warriors who led from the 

3588
03:10:47,200 --> 03:10:50,200
front learning statecraft 
through experience. 

3589
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,600
But by the 1600s Sultans were 
increasingly isolated in their 

3590
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:58,200
palaces surrounded by advisors 
who told them what they wanted 

3591
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:00,300
to hear? 
It was like getting all your 

3592
03:11:00,300 --> 03:11:03,500
news from social media you end 
up in a bubble that doesn't 

3593
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:07,200
reflect reality. 
Sultan Ahmed, the first who 

3594
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:11,400
ruled from 16.03 to 16717 was a 
decent man who built the 

3595
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:12,800
beautiful blue mosque in 
Istanbul. 

3596
03:11:14,200 --> 03:11:16,800
But he was also the first Sultan
in ottoman history to come to 

3597
03:11:16,800 --> 03:11:19,000
power without having served as a
provincial Governor. 

3598
03:11:19,000 --> 03:11:22,500
He learned to be an emperor by 
being an emperor which is a bit 

3599
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:25,300
like learning to drive by 
entering the Indian apples. 500,

3600
03:11:25,300 --> 03:11:28,700
the Empire's military was facing
new challenges too. 

3601
03:11:28,700 --> 03:11:32,700
The Janice is once the Empire's 
greatest strength will become a 

3602
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:36,200
problem They had evolved from an
elite fighting force in to 

3603
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:38,900
something more like a 
privileged, gilled, they married

3604
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:42,600
had children and began to think 
of their positions as hereditary

3605
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:45,500
rights rather than earned 
privileges worse. 

3606
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:47,500
They were becoming politically 
active. 

3607
03:11:47,500 --> 03:11:51,700
Sometimes deposing Sultans they 
didn't like it was like having 

3608
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:53,400
your army double as a very well 
armed. 

3609
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:55,300
Union with strong opinions about
management. 

3610
03:11:56,500 --> 03:11:59,500
Meanwhile European military 
technology was advancing 

3611
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:02,000
rapidly. 
The Ottomans had once been the 

3612
03:12:02,008 --> 03:12:04,800
innovators in military 
engineering, but now they were 

3613
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:07,900
falling behind European. 
Armies were becoming more 

3614
03:12:07,900 --> 03:12:11,700
professional more disciplined, 
and better equipped Lighter more

3615
03:12:11,700 --> 03:12:13,400
mobile. 
Artillery was surpassing the 

3616
03:12:13,408 --> 03:12:16,900
Empire's once world renowned 
great, Siege cannons. the 

3617
03:12:16,900 --> 03:12:20,500
economy was struggling to the 
discovery of the Americas had 

3618
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:23,500
shifted global trade routes, 
reducing the ottoman Empire's 

3619
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:26,600
role as the middleman between 
Europe and Asia, It was like 

3620
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:28,600
being a travel agent in the age 
of the internet. 

3621
03:12:28,600 --> 03:12:32,000
Your old business model was 
becoming obsolete, but you 

3622
03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:33,800
hadn't figured out what to 
replace it with yet. 

3623
03:12:35,000 --> 03:12:37,600
The Empire suffered a major 
defeat at the Battle of Vienna 

3624
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,500
in 1683. 
When a coalition of European 

3625
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:43,400
powers turned back, the ottoman 
Siege of the Austrian capital. 

3626
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,100
This wasn't just a military 
defeat, it was a psychological 

3627
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:49,300
one. 
The Ottoman Empire found itself.

3628
03:12:49,300 --> 03:12:52,900
Clearly on the defense of the 
first time in centuries, the 

3629
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:55,400
Empire that had once seemed 
Unstoppable, was now being 

3630
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:58,000
stopped regularly. 
But here's the thing about the 

3631
03:12:58,000 --> 03:13:01,300
Ottomans, they were remarkably 
adaptable when they needed to be

3632
03:13:01,300 --> 03:13:05,200
the cupola Grand viziers, a 
family of Administrators who 

3633
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,700
have effectively ran the empire 
for several decades implemented 

3634
03:13:08,700 --> 03:13:11,700
serious reforms, they 
reorganized the military 

3635
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:15,000
reformed the tax system and 
tried to root out corruption. 

3636
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:18,900
It was like having a phenomenal 
management consulting firm in 

3637
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:20,900
and restructure your entire 
organization. 

3638
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:24,700
The Empire also began to 
modernize its military along 

3639
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:27,700
European lines. 
They hired European advisors, 

3640
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:31,000
imported new weapons and 
established new training 

3641
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,000
programs. 
The janissaries resisted these 

3642
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:36,800
changes naturally. 
But gradually, the Empire began 

3643
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:40,100
to adopt more modern military 
practices, cultural life 

3644
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:41,700
remained vibrant throughout this
period. 

3645
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:44,400
The Ottomans continued to build 
beautiful. 

3646
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,900
Mosques write poetry and 
maintain their reputation for 

3647
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:50,700
religious tolerance. 
Istanbul was still one of the 

3648
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:53,900
most Cosmopolitan cities in the 
world and ottoman Scholars. 

3649
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:57,500
Continue to make contributions 
to mathematics astronomy and 

3650
03:13:57,500 --> 03:14:00,100
Medicine. 
The Empire's Diplomatic Corps 

3651
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,400
became more sophisticated too, 
ottoman ambassadors, were sent 

3652
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:06,300
to European capitals and the 
Empire began to engage more 

3653
03:14:06,300 --> 03:14:08,200
actively in the European balance
of power. 

3654
03:14:09,100 --> 03:14:10,700
They learned to play The 
Diplomatic game. 

3655
03:14:10,700 --> 03:14:14,100
According to European Norms, 
forming alliances, and forging 

3656
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:18,500
treaties with former enemies. by
1700 the Ottoman Empire was 

3657
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:21,700
still a major power but it was 
no longer the superpower it had 

3658
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:25,200
once been The long Twilight was 
beginning, but it would. 

3659
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:27,900
Last for more than two 
centuries, the empire was 

3660
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,700
changing adapting and learning 
to survive in a world that was 

3661
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:33,200
already rapidly. 
Changing as we enter a new 

3662
03:14:33,208 --> 03:14:35,300
century. 
It's as if we're witnessing a 

3663
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:37,800
person attempting to renovate 
her house during a thunderstorm.

3664
03:14:38,500 --> 03:14:41,500
The Ottoman Empire. 
In the 1700s was simultaneously,

3665
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:45,200
trying to modernize fight Wars 
and maintain its identity. 

3666
03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:48,600
All, while the world around, it 
was changing faster than a 

3667
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,500
teenager's mood. 
Europe was experiencing its 

3668
03:14:51,500 --> 03:14:54,000
Enlightenment and the Ottomans 
were falling behind. 

3669
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:57,800
It wasn't that ottoman Scholars 
weren't brilliant. 

3670
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:01,600
They were, it was more like 
being excellent at chess while 

3671
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:03,800
everyone else was learning to 
play a completely different 

3672
03:15:03,800 --> 03:15:07,300
game. 
The Scientific Revolution new 

3673
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:10,600
military Technologies and 
changing economic systems were 

3674
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:13,100
transforming the world and the 
Ottomans found themselves. 

3675
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:17,100
Playing catch up Sultan Ahmed 
the third who ruled from 1703 to

3676
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,400
1730, tried to bridge. 
This Gap by embracing what 

3677
03:15:20,400 --> 03:15:22,400
historians. 
Call the Tulip period. 

3678
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:24,800
The period wasn't just about 
flowers. 

3679
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:26,800
Though. 
The Ottomans did develop a 

3680
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:29,300
serious obsession with tulips. 
That would have made Dutch 

3681
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:31,800
investors. 
Blush I'm at the third 

3682
03:15:31,808 --> 03:15:35,100
encouraged European style art 
architecture and literature. 

3683
03:15:35,100 --> 03:15:39,000
He invited European experts to 
Istanbul and sent ottoman 

3684
03:15:39,000 --> 03:15:40,900
students to study in European 
universities. 

3685
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:43,900
The result was fascinating but 
also a bit awkward. 

3686
03:15:43,900 --> 03:15:47,100
Imagine trying to blend 
traditional ottoman culture, 

3687
03:15:47,100 --> 03:15:50,400
with European Enlightenment 
ideas, you'd get beautiful, 

3688
03:15:50,400 --> 03:15:52,600
palaces, that look like. 
They couldn't decide whether 

3689
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:55,800
they were Turkish or French and 
poetry, that makes classical 

3690
03:15:55,800 --> 03:15:58,700
ottoman themes with European 
romantic sensibilities. 

3691
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,200
It was cultural Fusion before 
anyone ought to call it. 

3692
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:05,600
The military reforms were more 
urgent and more controversial. 

3693
03:16:05,600 --> 03:16:08,400
The janissaries were now 
thoroughly entrenched as a 

3694
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:11,600
hereditary caste more interested
in their privileges than in 

3695
03:16:11,600 --> 03:16:13,500
fighting. 
They were like a medieval 

3696
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:16,400
laborer Union that had somehow 
acquired cannons, and a really 

3697
03:16:16,408 --> 03:16:18,200
strong opinion about management 
decision. 

3698
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:21,800
Any attempt to reform the met 
with resistance that could turn 

3699
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:27,800
violent Sultan selim the third 
who ruled from 1789 to 1807 made

3700
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:29,900
a serious attempt at 
comprehensive reform. 

3701
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:33,800
He created a new military force.
Called the nizami Shaded New 

3702
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:36,700
Order trained by European 
officers and equipped with 

3703
03:16:36,700 --> 03:16:39,600
modern weapons. 
He also tried to reform the tax 

3704
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:43,200
system, modernized the Navy and 
established permanent diplomatic

3705
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:46,800
missions in European capitals. 
The timing was particularly 

3706
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:49,400
challenging because Europe was 
convulsing with revolutionary 

3707
03:16:49,400 --> 03:16:52,100
changes. 
The French Revolution had begun 

3708
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:55,400
in 1789. 
The same year selim, the third 

3709
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:58,600
came to power, the Ottomans 
watched nervously as European 

3710
03:16:58,600 --> 03:17:01,400
monarchs were overthrown and 
traditional Authority was 

3711
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:03,700
challenged. 
It was like trying to renovate 

3712
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:06,200
your house while your neighbor's
were having a very loud, very 

3713
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:09,600
violent block party. 
Selling the third's reforms were

3714
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:12,800
ultimately undone by a janissary
Revolt in 1807. 

3715
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:16,400
The janissaries supported by 
conservative religious leaders, 

3716
03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:19,500
deposed him and installed his 
cousin, Mustafa for the fourth 

3717
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,800
as Sultan, it was a clear. 
Message that changed would not 

3718
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:24,400
come easily to the Ottoman 
Empire. 

3719
03:17:24,400 --> 03:17:27,700
The Empire's territorial losses 
continued throughout the 

3720
03:17:27,700 --> 03:17:30,200
century. 
The austrians and Russians made 

3721
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,600
steady gains in the Balkans and 
around the Black Sea, the Empire

3722
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,700
lost control of Hungary, much of
Ukraine, and the Crimea. 

3723
03:17:37,600 --> 03:17:40,200
Each loss felt like losing a 
portion of the family business 

3724
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:44,000
to more efficient competitors. 
Economic challenges were equally

3725
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:46,500
pressing. 
The Empire's traditional role as

3726
03:17:46,500 --> 03:17:49,600
a middleman and global trade was
diminishing as European 

3727
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:53,200
Merchants found new routes and 
established direct relationships

3728
03:17:53,200 --> 03:17:57,200
with a Asian suppliers Ottoman 
artists found themselves 

3729
03:17:57,200 --> 03:17:59,400
competing with mass-produced 
European Goods. 

3730
03:18:00,200 --> 03:18:03,200
It was like being a skilled 
crafts person, in the early days

3731
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:06,400
of industrialization, your 
products were often superior, 

3732
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:08,600
but they cost more and took 
longer to make. 

3733
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:13,000
Yet the Empire showed remarkable
resilience provincial Governors 

3734
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:16,600
often acting independently 
implemented their reforms and 

3735
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:20,100
maintained stability in their 
regions. the Empire's cultural 

3736
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:23,100
and religious diversity, 
remained a source of strength as

3737
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:25,400
different communities 
contributed, their skills and 

3738
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:29,100
knowledge to the common cause 
The Ottomans also proved Adept 

3739
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:30,900
at playing European powers 
against each other. 

3740
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:33,900
They formed alliances with 
France against Austria. 

3741
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:36,900
Then with Britain against 
Russia, it was like being 

3742
03:18:36,900 --> 03:18:40,100
Switzerland, but with more 
territory and stronger opinions 

3743
03:18:40,100 --> 03:18:42,000
about who could use your 
mountain passes. 

3744
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:45,900
By 1800 the Ottoman Empire was 
clearly. 

3745
03:18:45,900 --> 03:18:49,500
No longer the superpower it had 
once been but it was still a 

3746
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:51,600
major regional power with global
influence. 

3747
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:55,300
The struggle to modernize and 
reform while maintaining 

3748
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,500
identity and preserving 
stability would continue into 

3749
03:18:58,500 --> 03:19:01,600
the next century. 
The empire was learning that 

3750
03:19:01,600 --> 03:19:04,300
survival in the modern world 
required constant adaptation, 

3751
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:07,900
but also, the adaptation didn't 
necessarily mean abandoning 

3752
03:19:07,900 --> 03:19:11,400
everything that made you who you
were lean back and take a deep 

3753
03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:14,100
breath, because we're about to 
witness one of history's. 

3754
03:19:14,100 --> 03:19:16,500
Most dramatic attempts at 
Reinventing an Empire. 

3755
03:19:17,800 --> 03:19:20,100
The 19th century for the 
Ottomans was like watching 

3756
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:22,900
someone try to rebuild a ship 
while sailing through a 

3757
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:26,600
hurricane technically possible. 
But, requiring, extraordinary, 

3758
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:31,400
skill, luck, and determination. 
The century began with another 

3759
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:34,500
attempt at military reform, 
Sultan Mahmud. 

3760
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:38,400
The second who came to power in 
1808 was determined to succeed 

3761
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:40,100
where his predecessors had 
failed. 

3762
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:44,800
But first, he had to deal with 
the janissaries who were like a 

3763
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:47,200
cancerous growth that had to be 
removed, even though the 

3764
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:48,500
operation might kill the 
patient. 

3765
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:51,600
Mahmood. 
The second spent years 

3766
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:54,600
carefully, preparing for what he
knew would be a decisive 

3767
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:57,400
confrontation. 
He built support among other 

3768
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,900
military units gained the 
backing of religious leaders and

3769
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:04,400
created alternative institutions
that could function if the 

3770
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:10,600
janissaries were eliminated. 
then in 1826, he struck When the

3771
03:20:10,600 --> 03:20:14,500
janissaries revolted against his
latest reform efforts Mahmood, 

3772
03:20:14,500 --> 03:20:17,000
the second used artillery to 
bombard, their barracks in 

3773
03:20:17,008 --> 03:20:20,900
Istanbul, the janissary corps 
which had existed for nearly 

3774
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:22,800
five. 
Centuries was destroyed in a 

3775
03:20:22,800 --> 03:20:25,500
single day. 
The event was called the Orbison

3776
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:28,800
incident, which sounds like the 
kind of euphemism, you'd used to

3777
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:31,200
describe a particularly 
successful corporate 

3778
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:33,200
restructuring. 
But it worked. 

3779
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:37,100
With the Janice's gone. 
Mad the second could finally 

3780
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:39,100
Implement serious military 
reforms. 

3781
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:43,600
Created a new Army trained by 
European officers, established a

3782
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:46,600
military academy, and began the 
process of modernizing, the 

3783
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:48,500
Ottoman military along European 
lines. 

3784
03:20:49,400 --> 03:20:52,300
The reform period that followed 
known as the tanzimat 

3785
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,800
reorganization was like a 
comprehensive makeover of the 

3786
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:58,800
entire Empire. 
The Ottomans tried to modernize 

3787
03:20:58,800 --> 03:21:01,100
Everything at Once the legal 
system. 

3788
03:21:01,100 --> 03:21:05,000
The administrative structure the
educational system, the economy,

3789
03:21:05,000 --> 03:21:07,700
and even the Empire's 
relationship with its diverse 

3790
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:13,500
population, The hutter sheriff 
of goulaine issued in 1839 was 

3791
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:16,400
essentially the ottoman Empire's
Declaration of modernization. 

3792
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:20,700
It guaranteed, the security of 
life on Earth and property for 

3793
03:21:20,700 --> 03:21:24,800
all subjects regardless of their
religion, it promised to Quality

3794
03:21:24,800 --> 03:21:27,300
before the law and an end 
arbitrary taxation. 

3795
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,900
It was like a constitutional 
monarchy's greatest hits, album 

3796
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,500
performed in Autumn and Turkish.
The results were mixed, but 

3797
03:21:34,500 --> 03:21:37,400
fascinating. 
The empire built Railways 

3798
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:41,200
Telegraph lines and modern 
schools, it established a modern

3799
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:43,900
legal system based on European 
models while maintaining 

3800
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:45,700
religious Courts for personal 
matters. 

3801
03:21:46,700 --> 03:21:49,700
Ottomans students studied in 
European universities and 

3802
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,000
returned with new ideas about 
science, technology and 

3803
03:21:53,000 --> 03:21:55,400
government. 
The Empire also became 

3804
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:57,400
increasingly connected to the 
global economy. 

3805
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:01,200
Ottoman Merchants traded with 
Partners around the world and 

3806
03:22:01,200 --> 03:22:04,400
European investors began to take
interest in ottoman projects. 

3807
03:22:05,200 --> 03:22:08,400
Unfortunately these developments
also meant that the Empire 

3808
03:22:08,400 --> 03:22:11,400
became dependent on European 
loans to finance its 

3809
03:22:11,400 --> 03:22:14,100
modernization efforts. 
It was like renovating your 

3810
03:22:14,100 --> 03:22:17,900
house with credit cards. 
You get a beautiful result but 

3811
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:23,300
you're also deeply in debt. 
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 

3812
03:22:23,300 --> 03:22:26,400
marked a pivotal moment. 
The Ottomans found themselves 

3813
03:22:26,400 --> 03:22:29,400
allied with Britain and France 
against Russia, and for the 

3814
03:22:29,400 --> 03:22:32,400
first time in centuries, they 
were on the winning side of a 

3815
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:35,600
major European conflict. 
The victory demonstrated that 

3816
03:22:35,600 --> 03:22:38,800
the ottoman military reforms 
were working but it also showed 

3817
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:42,000
how dependent the Empire had 
become on European support the 

3818
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:43,500
later. 
Part of the century saw the 

3819
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:46,600
Empire grappling with 
nationalism, the Greek war of 

3820
03:22:46,600 --> 03:22:49,300
independence in the 1820s had 
been just the beginning 

3821
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:53,100
throughout the 1800s. 
Various ethnic groups within the

3822
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:56,800
Empire began demanding 
Independence or autonomy The 

3823
03:22:56,800 --> 03:23:01,000
bulgarians serbs Romanians and 
others all sort to create their 

3824
03:23:01,000 --> 03:23:03,900
own nation states. 
It was like managing a large 

3825
03:23:03,900 --> 03:23:06,900
family where all the teenagers 
had suddenly decided they wanted

3826
03:23:06,900 --> 03:23:08,700
to move out and start their 
households. 

3827
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:11,200
The Empire's response was 
complex. 

3828
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:14,000
Sometimes it fought to maintain 
control. 

3829
03:23:14,000 --> 03:23:17,400
Sometimes it, negotiated 
autonomy, arrangements and 

3830
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:20,300
sometimes it simply acknowledge 
the inevitable and granted 

3831
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:22,900
Independence. 
The Ottomans were learning to be

3832
03:23:22,908 --> 03:23:26,100
flexible, but each loss of 
territory was painful and 

3833
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:28,400
expensive. 
Sultan Abdul Hamid. 

3834
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:32,700
The second who ruled from 1876 
to 1909 tried a different 

3835
03:23:32,700 --> 03:23:34,900
approach. 
He emphasized the Empire's 

3836
03:23:34,900 --> 03:23:38,300
Islamic identity and appealed to
Muslim solidarity to hold the 

3837
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:41,100
empire together. 
He also invested heavily in 

3838
03:23:41,100 --> 03:23:44,400
infrastructure, building 
schools, hospitals, and Railways

3839
03:23:44,400 --> 03:23:47,500
throughout the empire. 
His Reign was marked by economic

3840
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:50,600
growth and cultural flowering, 
but also by increasing 

3841
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:53,800
authoritarianism as he tried to 
control the forces of change. 

3842
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:57,300
The Empire's cultural life 
remained vibrant throughout this

3843
03:23:57,300 --> 03:24:01,900
period, ottoman writers poets 
and artists engaged with 

3844
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:04,500
European ideas while maintaining
their own distinctive 

3845
03:24:04,500 --> 03:24:07,300
Traditions, the ottoman press 
flourished. 

3846
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,200
At least when it wasn't being 
censored and ottoman 

3847
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:13,800
intellectuals debated questions 
of identity modernization and 

3848
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:17,100
reform. 
By 1900, the Ottoman Empire had 

3849
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:19,600
been transformed. 
It was no longer the medieval 

3850
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:22,400
Empire, it had been in 1800, but
it wasn't quite a modern 

3851
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:25,600
European State either. 
It was something new and unique 

3852
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:29,700
a multi-ethnic multi-religious 
Empire trying to find its place 

3853
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:32,900
in the modern world. 
The desperate dance of Reform 

3854
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:36,000
had changed the Empire 
fundamentally, but it also left 

3855
03:24:36,000 --> 03:24:39,200
it exhausted, and vulnerable 
settle in for the final chapter 

3856
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:41,800
of our long journey. 
Dear listener, sometimes the 

3857
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:45,200
most poignant stories are about 
endings and the story of how the

3858
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:48,300
Ottoman Empire, finally laid 
down, its burden is both 

3859
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:50,600
heartbreaking and Strangely 
Beautiful. 

3860
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:53,900
Like watching the sun, set over 
a city, you've loved for a 

3861
03:24:53,900 --> 03:24:57,000
lifetime. 
The 20th century began with what

3862
03:24:57,000 --> 03:24:59,900
seemed like promise. 
The Young Turk revolution of 

3863
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:02,900
1908 restored. 
The ottoman Constitution and 

3864
03:25:02,900 --> 03:25:05,700
seemed to offer a path toward, 
genuine modernization and 

3865
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,500
Democratic governance. 
The Empire's remaining 

3866
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,200
territories were buzzing with 
new ideas about citizenship 

3867
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:14,700
nationalism and progress. 
It was like watching someone 

3868
03:25:14,700 --> 03:25:17,500
finally get their life together 
after years of struggle. 

3869
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:21,300
However, the empire was about to
face a formidable challenge, the

3870
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:24,000
Balkan Wars of 1912 to 1913 
Stripped Away. 

3871
03:25:24,000 --> 03:25:26,400
Most of the Empire's, remaining 
European territories. 

3872
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:30,800
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, 
and Greece, formed an alliance 

3873
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:33,600
and attacked the Ottomans who 
found themselves fighting on 

3874
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:37,000
multiple fronts simultaneously. 
It was like being mugged by a 

3875
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:39,300
gang while you were already 
dealing with family problems. 

3876
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:44,200
The Young Turks led by figures 
like ever and talat Pasha try to

3877
03:25:44,200 --> 03:25:48,000
salvage the situation through a 
combination of modernization and

3878
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:50,900
nationalism. 
They promoted the idea of 

3879
03:25:50,900 --> 03:25:54,400
ottomanism the notion that all 
citizens of the Empire 

3880
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:56,500
regardless of ethnicity or 
religion. 

3881
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,800
Could be ottoman Patriots. 
It was a noble idea. 

3882
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:02,900
But it came too late and in too 
difficult circumstances to 

3883
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:06,400
really take hold. 
Then came the Great War and with

3884
03:26:06,400 --> 03:26:09,200
it, the decision that would 
ultimately Doom the empire. 

3885
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:12,600
The ottoman leadership convinced
that Germany would win. 

3886
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:15,600
Entered World War One on the 
side of the Central Powers in 

3887
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:18,800
1914. 
It was akin to placing a bet on 

3888
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:21,400
the Family Farm in a horse race,
where winning could 

3889
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:25,100
theoretically be achieved but 
losing could be catastrophically

3890
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:27,900
costly. 
The war was devastating for the 

3891
03:26:27,900 --> 03:26:30,700
Empire. 
Ottoman forces fought bravely on

3892
03:26:30,700 --> 03:26:34,000
multiple fronts against the 
British in Mesopotamia, and 

3893
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:37,600
Palestine against the Russians 
in the Caucasus and against the 

3894
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:41,100
Allies at Gallipoli. 
The Gallipoli campaign in 

3895
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:43,300
particular showed that the 
ottoman military could still 

3896
03:26:43,300 --> 03:26:46,200
fight with distinction when 
properly LED and equipped. 

3897
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:50,600
Under the command of Mustafa 
Kemal, later known as Ataturk. 

3898
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:53,700
Ottoman forces, turned back, a 
major Allied invasion. 

3899
03:26:54,400 --> 03:26:58,600
However, the empires resources 
to extreme the economy 

3900
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:00,500
collapsed, under the strain of 
Total War. 

3901
03:27:01,300 --> 03:27:04,300
Famine spread through many 
provinces, the Empire's 

3902
03:27:04,300 --> 03:27:06,700
infrastructure which had been 
steadily improving throughout 

3903
03:27:06,700 --> 03:27:09,800
the 19th century, began to 
crumble, under the demands of 

3904
03:27:09,808 --> 03:27:13,300
military logistics, the war also
witnessed some of the darkest 

3905
03:27:13,300 --> 03:27:17,100
chapters in ottoman history. 
The deportation and Massacre of 

3906
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:21,000
Armenians in 1915 was a tragedy 
that stained the Empire's 

3907
03:27:21,000 --> 03:27:24,000
Legacy. 
The Young Turks under pressure 

3908
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:27,300
from multiple rebellions and 
invasions made decisions that 

3909
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:29,800
violated the Empire's 
Traditional Values of Tolerance 

3910
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,700
and diversity. 
It was like watching someone you

3911
03:27:32,700 --> 03:27:35,600
admired, for years, make choices
that were completely out of 

3912
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:38,200
character. 
When Germany and its allies. 

3913
03:27:38,200 --> 03:27:42,000
Finally surrendered in 1918 the 
Ottoman Empire was effectively 

3914
03:27:42,000 --> 03:27:44,500
finished. 
The Empire had lost, not just 

3915
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:47,400
the war, but most of its 
territory, its economic base, 

3916
03:27:47,400 --> 03:27:52,200
and its political legitimacy. 
Allied Forces occupied Istanbul 

3917
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:55,200
and the Treaty of Sarah's in 
1920 would have reduced the 

3918
03:27:55,200 --> 03:27:57,600
Empire to a small rump state in 
central Anatolia. 

3919
03:27:57,600 --> 03:28:00,600
But here's where the story takes
an unexpected turn. 

3920
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:03,000
From the Ashes of the Ottoman 
Empire. 

3921
03:28:03,000 --> 03:28:06,900
Rose something new and different
Mustafa Kemal, the hero of 

3922
03:28:06,900 --> 03:28:09,700
Gallipoli organized a 
nationalist resistance movement,

3923
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:12,800
that rejected both The Sultans 
Authority and the Allied 

3924
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:15,300
occupation. 
The Turkish war of independence 

3925
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,000
that followed was Like a Phoenix
Rising From the Ashes. 

3926
03:28:18,000 --> 03:28:21,900
Something new and vital emerging
from what everyone thought was a

3927
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:25,300
complete destruction. 
The last ottoman Sultan mehmed 

3928
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:29,200
the sixth was deposed in 1922 
and the Empire that had lasted 

3929
03:28:29,200 --> 03:28:31,600
for over six centuries. 
Finally came to an end. 

3930
03:28:32,300 --> 03:28:35,900
The new Turkish Republic 
proclaimed in 1923 was 

3931
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:38,100
explicitly. 
Not an Empire, but a nation 

3932
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:40,900
state. 
It was like watching a family 

3933
03:28:40,900 --> 03:28:43,400
business that had been passed 
down through generations. 

3934
03:28:43,400 --> 03:28:46,200
Finally closed its doors. 
But with the family members 

3935
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:50,000
going on to start successful new
Ventures, The ottoman Empire's. 

3936
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:52,600
End wasn't, just the conclusion 
of the political entity. 

3937
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:55,600
It was the end of a way of 
organizing Human Society. 

3938
03:28:56,800 --> 03:28:59,600
The Ottomans had shown that it 
was possible to govern a diverse

3939
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:03,500
multi-ethnic multi-religious 
population with relative Justice

3940
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:06,300
and stability. 
Their empire been a bridge 

3941
03:29:06,300 --> 03:29:10,100
between Europe and Asia between 
Christianity and Islam and 

3942
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:11,900
between the medieval and modern 
worlds. 

3943
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:15,900
As we close our story, it's 
worth remembering that the 

3944
03:29:15,900 --> 03:29:19,700
ottoman Empire's Legacy lived on
in the institution's customs and

3945
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:22,400
cultures of the dozens of 
countries that emerged from its 

3946
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:25,300
former territories. 
From the coffee houses, of 

3947
03:29:25,300 --> 03:29:29,000
Istanbul to the architecture of 
Budapest from the legal systems 

3948
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:31,100
of the Balkans. 
To The Culinary traditions of 

3949
03:29:31,108 --> 03:29:34,300
the Middle East, the ottoman 
influence permeated the fabric 

3950
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:37,600
of entire civilizations, The 
Empire that began with a 

3951
03:29:37,608 --> 03:29:41,000
shepherd's dream in the hills of
Anatolia had grown to Encompass.

3952
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:43,300
Three, continents and influence 
the lives of millions. 

3953
03:29:43,300 --> 03:29:48,100
It had been magnificent flawed 
adaptable and ultimately mortal 

3954
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:50,600
much like the human beings who 
built it. 

3955
03:29:50,608 --> 03:29:53,000
Sustained it and finally let it 
go. 

3956
03:29:53,000 --> 03:29:57,500
And now as we finish our journey
together, perhaps it's time to 

3957
03:29:57,500 --> 03:30:00,300
turn off the lamp and let the 
gentle darkness of a well-told 

3958
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:02,000
story, carriers toward our 
dreams. 

3959
03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:10,700
In the waning days of Rome's. 
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 

3960
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:14,800
quietly, ascended to prominence.
The Western Empire was in danger

3961
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:17,900
of disintegrating in the year 
440, instead of looking to 

3962
03:30:17,900 --> 03:30:21,700
senators or generals for advice 
Imperial officials look to a 

3963
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:24,700
Churchman at Emperor, 
valentinian the third's behest, 

3964
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:27,900
Leo, journeyed to Gold to 
mediate, a bitter feud between 

3965
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:31,200
General 80s Rome's. 
Most powerful commander and the 

3966
03:30:31,200 --> 03:30:34,200
magistrate albinus, the 
emperor's decision to entrust 

3967
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:37,700
this delicate mission to Leo was
significant as the able Deacon 

3968
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:40,500
had established a reputation for
prudence and Authority Beyond 

3969
03:30:40,500 --> 03:30:44,700
ecclesiastical circles. 
While Leon negotiated peace and 

3970
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:47,800
goal fate intervened back home, 
Pope sixtus. 

3971
03:30:47,800 --> 03:30:51,300
The third died in Leo's absence 
and on September, the 29th, 

3972
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:55,000
4:40, the clergy and people of 
Rome unanimously elected, Leo, 

3973
03:30:55,000 --> 03:30:58,400
as Bishop of Rome, the news 
reached him up, north the 

3974
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:00,600
mediator would. 
Now become the Supreme, pastor 

3975
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:03,700
of the western church, Leah 
returned to a city in need of 

3976
03:31:03,708 --> 03:31:06,700
strong leadership, stepping into
the role of Bishop of Rome. 

3977
03:31:06,700 --> 03:31:09,000
Later, generations would hail 
him as Pope. 

3978
03:31:09,000 --> 03:31:13,100
Leo, the great, he carried, both
humility and resolve ROM in the 

3979
03:31:13,108 --> 03:31:16,600
440s was a city of contrasts 
still adorned with Imperial 

3980
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:20,000
marble and Christian basilica's 
yet teeming with destitute 

3981
03:31:20,000 --> 03:31:24,500
refugees from Barbarian 
invasions Leo threw himself into

3982
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:27,700
the work from the pulpit. 
He preached, not only Doctrine 

3983
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:30,500
but also charity. 
He organized relief for those 

3984
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:34,000
suffering from famine and War. 
Urging the faithful to practice,

3985
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:37,400
mercy, and arms, giving 
alongside their fasts under his 

3986
03:31:37,400 --> 03:31:39,200
guidance. 
The church opened its granaries 

3987
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:41,500
to feed the hungry in its 
monasteries to shelter, the 

3988
03:31:41,500 --> 03:31:44,400
homeless, Leo's compassion, in 
action earned him. 

3989
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:48,000
A fatherly status among Romans 
in a world where Emperor's taxed

3990
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:50,600
and Generals fought. 
It was the bishop of Rome who 

3991
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,000
cared for the Widow and orphan. 
However, Leo was not a passive 

3992
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:57,200
individual, he was equally a man
of ideas and unwavering 

3993
03:31:57,200 --> 03:32:01,100
determination. as heresy, 
sprouted amid, the turmoil of 

3994
03:32:01,100 --> 03:32:04,400
the times, Leo responded with 
intellectual rigor and firm 

3995
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:08,400
discipline, when news came that 
certain priests and distant Aqua

3996
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:09,800
layer were tolerating the 
pelagian. 

3997
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:14,200
Heresy, Leo swiftly ordered a 
synod to correct them in Rome. 

3998
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:16,300
He discovered a secret sect of 
mannequin. 

3999
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:18,100
Duelists, lurking in the 
shadows. 

4000
03:32:18,100 --> 03:32:20,000
Like he refugees from the 
recently. 

4001
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:23,700
Fallen African provinces. 
The pope reacted decisively. 

4002
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:27,700
He investigated preached fiery 
sermons against their false 

4003
03:32:27,700 --> 03:32:29,500
light. 
And according to his 

4004
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,500
contemporary Prosper of 
Aquitaine even burned their 

4005
03:32:32,500 --> 03:32:36,000
forbidden books. 
By 4:44, he declared the capital

4006
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:37,700
cleansed to the man in 
Contagion. 

4007
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:41,800
Such actions might seem harsh to
modernize, but to Leo's mind, 

4008
03:32:41,800 --> 03:32:43,700
the very soul of Rome was at 
stake. 

4009
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:47,200
If the empire was crumbling, at 
least the faith must stand firm 

4010
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,600
Leo's. 
Blend of compassion and 

4011
03:32:49,600 --> 03:32:52,200
Authority extended his influence
beyond the usual spiritual 

4012
03:32:52,200 --> 03:32:54,800
Realm. 
The Western Imperial court 

4013
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:57,100
itself. 
Acknowledged his leadership in 

4014
03:32:57,100 --> 03:33:03,800
June 4453, recognizing the 
Primacy of the bishop of Rome 

4015
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,200
based on the merits of Peter. 
And the Dignity of the ancient 

4016
03:33:07,200 --> 03:33:11,400
capital, Provincial Governors 
were even ordered to informal 

4017
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:15,100
summonses illegal nod to Leo 
Supremacy over Western 

4018
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,800
Christendom. 
This feat was unprecedented. 

4019
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:22,300
Once merely premise into Paris 
first among equals of Bishops, 

4020
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:26,400
the bishop of Rome now held a 
recognized preeminence under Leo

4021
03:33:26,400 --> 03:33:28,300
stewardship, the very title of 
Pope. 

4022
03:33:28,300 --> 03:33:32,100
Once used broadly for any Bishop
became reserved exclusively for 

4023
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:34,600
Rome's. 
Bishop the decline of the empire

4024
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:37,500
was sowing the seeds of the 
papacy's future Grandeur. 

4025
03:33:37,500 --> 03:33:41,100
Despite these accolades, Leo 
remained at heart a pastor. 

4026
03:33:41,100 --> 03:33:45,000
He corresponded with distant 
churches, arbitrating disputes 

4027
03:33:45,000 --> 03:33:47,600
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 
Father Figure. 

4028
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:51,000
He drew around him learned men 
like Prosper to assist in 

4029
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:52,600
administration and 
correspondence. 

4030
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:57,100
Ever mindful of his Exemplar 
Saint Peter, the Apostle Leo 

4031
03:33:57,100 --> 03:34:00,600
championed, the idea that the 
pope is Peter's are carrying the

4032
03:34:00,600 --> 03:34:04,600
keys of Spiritual Authority. 
The ultimate test of this 

4033
03:34:04,600 --> 03:34:08,000
conviction was imminent, has the
mid-fifth century approached 

4034
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:11,300
ominous tied. 
In spread across the Alps, a 

4035
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:12,400
storm was gathering in the 
north. 

4036
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:16,100
The Huns led by a warlord whose 
name was already spoken. 

4037
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:18,100
In dread Whispers, were on the 
move. 

4038
03:34:18,900 --> 03:34:21,900
Unbeknownst to Leo. 
Destiny was steering him to 

4039
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:24,800
order singular role. 
Not only as a teacher and 

4040
03:34:24,800 --> 03:34:28,200
Shepherd of souls, but as 
Rome's, protector in its Darkest

4041
03:34:28,200 --> 03:34:31,800
Hour, the stage was set for an 
encounter that would ReSound 

4042
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:35,300
Through the Ages and the humbled
decanted, Pope would soon be 

4043
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:37,700
called upon to save an Empire, 
Pope Leo. 

4044
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:40,400
The first was solidifying, his 
Spiritual Authority while the 

4045
03:34:40,400 --> 03:34:43,500
Westin Roman Empire around him, 
was on the verge of collapse. 

4046
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:47,400
By the mid 5th Century. 
Roams Dominion, a trunk to a 

4047
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:50,800
pathetic core Little more than 
Italy and part of Gaul 

4048
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:52,700
observers, noted of the western 
Realm. 

4049
03:34:53,500 --> 03:34:56,100
The Grandeur of Caesar and 
Augustus was now a ghost 

4050
03:34:56,100 --> 03:34:59,700
haunting crumbling walls gone 
with a rich provinces of North 

4051
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:02,500
Africa? 
The vandals had seized Carthage 

4052
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:08,000
and 439, cutting off Rome's, 
critical grain Supply and Gaul 

4053
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:11,100
were carved up by visigothic and
Burgundian Kings who paid only 

4054
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:14,200
token respect to the emperor 
across the sea. 

4055
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:17,900
Britannia once a Roman diocese 
was abandoned to Wild 

4056
03:35:17,900 --> 03:35:21,800
Anglo-Saxon Warlords. 
The Western Empire in Leo's time

4057
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:24,300
was essentially an Italian 
Kingdom struggling to survive. 

4058
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:28,200
Its Frontiers pressed on all 
sides by so called barbarians 

4059
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:32,300
and its treasury drained. 
The city of Rome itself though. 

4060
03:35:32,300 --> 03:35:35,200
Still symbolically powerful was 
a mere shadow of its former 

4061
03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:37,400
self. 
The Imperial Court had long 

4062
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:41,100
since relocated to Ravenna a 
marsh Gert City easier to defend

4063
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:44,300
in Rome ancient monuments 
decayed. 

4064
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:48,100
Even as new churches, Rose the 
populace, much diminished from a

4065
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,200
century ago, lived in uneasy 
suspense, memories of the 

4066
03:35:51,200 --> 03:35:54,600
Visigoths sack of 410 still 
lingered like a national trauma 

4067
03:35:54,600 --> 03:35:58,400
elderly Romans could recall the 
horror and alaric's goth's 

4068
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:01,000
breached the walls and looted 
the Eternal City for three days.

4069
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:06,100
The cycle scar had not healed. 
Now, four decades later rumors 

4070
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,200
spread that an even Fierce enemy
was approaching Italy's borders,

4071
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:12,500
children, heard frightening, 
tales of the Hun with his 

4072
03:36:12,500 --> 03:36:14,900
ruthless Horsemen and felt their
parents anxiety. 

4073
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:19,100
Many asked was history repeating
itself or Worse? 

4074
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:21,800
Was this? 
The end of Roman last in the 

4075
03:36:21,800 --> 03:36:25,300
Palaces of Ravenna Emperor? 
Valentinian the third reigned in

4076
03:36:25,308 --> 03:36:28,100
name, but real power was 
precariously, balanced. 

4077
03:36:28,100 --> 03:36:33,400
The true strongman was Flav. 
The Magister militum master of 

4078
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:36,800
soldiers famed for both his 
cunning and his controversial, 

4079
03:36:36,800 --> 03:36:40,100
alliances eta's had spent his 
youth as a hostage among the 

4080
03:36:40,100 --> 03:36:43,300
Huns even befriending their 
leaders hardened by that 

4081
03:36:43,300 --> 03:36:45,300
experience. 
He knew Rome could not fight. 

4082
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:48,900
All its enemies at once. 
With grim pragmatism Etsy, 

4083
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:52,000
struck deals with some 
barbarians to fight others in 

4084
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:54,400
fourth 37. 
He formed an alliance with the 

4085
03:36:54,400 --> 03:36:56,800
tiller's. 
Huns to demolish, the gandhian 

4086
03:36:56,800 --> 03:37:01,200
kingdom in Gaul eradicating it 
from its core Western Rome was 

4087
03:37:01,200 --> 03:37:04,400
forced to play A desperate game 
of divided at impera in order to

4088
03:37:04,400 --> 03:37:08,900
survive by the late 440s ETS 
managed to fragile Coalition, 

4089
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:12,100
holding Gaul against the 
Visigoths and Italy against the 

4090
03:37:12,100 --> 03:37:15,200
ostrogoths. 
But the Huns, once his 

4091
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:17,800
occasional allies were becoming 
an Ever greater threat. 

4092
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:20,600
Easiest new attila's character 
too. 

4093
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:23,500
Well, the Hun Kings Ambitions 
had no limit. 

4094
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:27,700
The cultural fabric of the 
empire was also fraying the old 

4095
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:31,100
Pagan aristocracy had mostly 
bowed to Christianity but not 

4096
03:37:31,100 --> 03:37:34,000
always sincerely. 
Some clung to classical 

4097
03:37:34,000 --> 03:37:36,700
traditions and nostalgic dreams 
of Rome's passed. 

4098
03:37:36,700 --> 03:37:40,300
While the new reality a 
Christian Empire fighting for 

4099
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:44,400
its life, demanded a different 
ethos In this atmosphere 

4100
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:48,000
spiritual interpretations of 
Rome's, Misfortune flourished, 

4101
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:52,200
many Christian Romans Leo, among
them viewed, the successive 

4102
03:37:52,200 --> 03:37:54,700
calamities as Divine 
chastisement for the Empire's 

4103
03:37:54,700 --> 03:37:57,800
sins. 
Was God using Barbarian Invaders

4104
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:01,300
as a scourged to Humble Rome? 
The question was pondered in 

4105
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:04,600
sermons and letters decades 
earlier Saint Augustine, had 

4106
03:38:04,600 --> 03:38:06,900
written the city of God. 
After the Fourteen Sac 

4107
03:38:06,900 --> 03:38:09,600
explaining that Earthly Empires 
rise and fall. 

4108
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,000
While the city of God endures 
Now, Augustine was gone. 

4109
03:38:13,000 --> 03:38:15,600
He had died in 4:30 as vandals 
besieged. 

4110
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,600
His city of Hippo, but his ideas
lived on Pope Leo steeped. 

4111
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:22,600
In such theology urged. 
His flock not to lose faith. 

4112
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:25,800
If the empire was crumbling 
perhaps, it was all the more 

4113
03:38:25,800 --> 03:38:28,900
urgent to uphold Christian 
virtue in Unity by 4:50. 

4114
03:38:28,900 --> 03:38:32,100
The Western Court was Rife with 
Intrigue and insecurity. 

4115
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:35,200
Emperor valentinian. 
Never a strong ruler was 

4116
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:38,400
dominated first by his 
formidable mother Galla 

4117
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:40,700
placidia. 
And then by atheists. 

4118
03:38:41,300 --> 03:38:45,300
With placidia death in 4550 and 
the empress owned sister or 

4119
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:47,900
Nuria. 
Embroiled in Scandal, she had 

4120
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:51,100
secretly appealed to Attila for 
help escaping and arranged 

4121
03:38:51,100 --> 03:38:53,700
marriage. 
Offering him, her hand and half 

4122
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:56,700
the Empire as Dowry. 
The dynasty itself seemed to 

4123
03:38:56,700 --> 03:39:00,700
Teeter when reports came the 
tillard considered an Orioles 

4124
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:02,400
plea and was mustering his 
forces. 

4125
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:06,800
Panic swept, the Italian Elite. 
Attila's reputation as the 

4126
03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:10,600
scourge of God proceeded him, 
he'd already bullied the eastern

4127
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:13,700
empire into paying enormous 
tribute and now we cast his 

4128
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:18,000
Covetous gaze Westwood. 
In the spring of 4501, Attila 

4129
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,700
marched into Gaul, The Showdown 
came on the catalani and planes 

4130
03:39:21,700 --> 03:39:25,300
near shalom's, their etios 
joined by Roman troops and 

4131
03:39:25,300 --> 03:39:29,700
various Federate allies 
Visigoths Franks confronted the 

4132
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,100
Huns in one of Antiquities great
battles. 

4133
03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:36,800
Fight was brutal and indecisive 
attila's Advance was halted but 

4134
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,200
not decisively crushed. 
Corpses. 

4135
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:42,400
Littered the plane and the 
visigothic King was slain in The

4136
03:39:42,408 --> 03:39:45,300
Fray but Attila lived to fight 
another day. 

4137
03:39:45,300 --> 03:39:48,100
The Battle of chalons. 
Instead of a clear, Roman 

4138
03:39:48,100 --> 03:39:51,600
Victory, resulted in a pirate 
stalemate, that left the hunnic.

4139
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:55,400
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 
had taken the brunt of attila's 

4140
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:57,000
Wrath. 
Giving Italy a moment of relief 

4141
03:39:57,000 --> 03:40:01,500
but the respite was fleeting. 
Late in Fall of 51 as winter 

4142
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,900
fell and settling news reached 
Rome Attila had regrouped. 

4143
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,200
His forces beyond the Alps, the 
Hun was far from Finnish. 

4144
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:12,100
In fact, he was in raged, they 
thwarted his campaign in Gaul 

4145
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:15,800
leaving his appetite for 
Conquest unsated Nori's, offered

4146
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,000
still stood as a convenient 
pretext in attila's mind. 

4147
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:22,600
The Dowry he demanded half of 
the Western Empire remained 

4148
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:25,500
unpaid. 
Early the next year Scouts and 

4149
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:29,000
refugees brought terrifying. 
Reports Attila was Crossing into

4150
03:40:29,000 --> 03:40:32,300
Italy city after City. 
In the northern provinces was 

4151
03:40:32,300 --> 03:40:36,500
falling to Fire and sword. 
Specter that had loomed so long 

4152
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:40,700
was now at hand, Rome's Darkest,
Hour was approaching, even as 

4153
03:40:40,700 --> 03:40:44,000
its secular might was at its 
weakest, the people's hopes 

4154
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:47,600
increasingly turned to prayer. 
And to the unassuming figure of 

4155
03:40:47,600 --> 03:40:50,900
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 
Faith would soon be tested as 

4156
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:54,800
never before in the Gathering 
Gloom of the 450s Pope Leo. 

4157
03:40:54,800 --> 03:40:57,100
The first emerged as more than a
religious leader. 

4158
03:40:57,100 --> 03:41:01,500
He became the soul of a Dying 
Empire while Legions faltered 

4159
03:41:01,500 --> 03:41:04,700
and Emperor's dithered, Leo, 
provided a different kind of 

4160
03:41:04,700 --> 03:41:07,800
strength, one rooted in faith 
and moral conviction. 

4161
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:11,700
He often preached that Earthly 
turmoils were transient but the 

4162
03:41:11,700 --> 03:41:14,200
spiritual battle for 
righteousness was eternal. 

4163
03:41:14,900 --> 03:41:17,900
Leo's unwavering faith in the 
unique function of his position 

4164
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:21,700
fueled his confidence. 
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 

4165
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,000
himself as are to Saint Peter. 
The Apostle Christ had charged 

4166
03:41:25,000 --> 03:41:27,900
with feeding his sheep. 
To Leo. 

4167
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:29,600
The task was no mere on 
horrific. 

4168
03:41:29,600 --> 03:41:32,100
It was a living mandate in one 
letter. 

4169
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:35,500
He wrote to deny the authority 
of the chair of Peter is to 

4170
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:37,400
question the very foundation of 
the church. 

4171
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:41,000
He strove to live up to that 
High Calling convinced that in 

4172
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:42,700
his leadership. 
The voice of the Apostles, 

4173
03:41:42,700 --> 03:41:48,100
echoed a new This conviction was
dramatically Vindicated in 451 

4174
03:41:48,100 --> 03:41:50,600
at the great Council of a 
church. 

4175
03:41:50,600 --> 03:41:54,200
Synod convened, fart in the east
in Asia Minor to settle a 

4176
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:57,200
theological crisis, Leo. 
Could not attend in person 

4177
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:00,100
troubles, in the west kept him 
in Rome, but he sent leggetts 

4178
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:03,200
bearing a document to authored, 
the famous Tome of Leo. 

4179
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,900
This Tome clearly defined, the 
Dual nature of Christ, both 

4180
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:09,700
fully God and fully man, and was
intended to guide. 

4181
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:13,000
The council fathers, out of 
contentious debate, As the 

4182
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:16,300
Assembly of Bishops read Leo's 
words allowed a sudden Unity 

4183
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:19,200
swept the hall. 
According to the council 

4184
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:21,500
records, the Bishops cried out 
in unison. 

4185
03:42:21,500 --> 03:42:24,900
This is the faith of the 
father's Peter spoken thus 

4186
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:27,900
through Leo. 
In that acclimation Leo's 

4187
03:42:27,900 --> 03:42:30,100
Authority was affirmed in an 
almost mystical way. 

4188
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:34,200
It was as if some Peter himself 
had stood among them teaching 

4189
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:38,100
through Leo's voice. 
The Roman Pope stature sword. 

4190
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:42,600
He was now revered as Leo, the 
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 

4191
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:46,500
a figure of international renown
for Leo, personally, it was 

4192
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:49,400
confirmation that his leadership
carried not just human approval,

4193
03:42:49,400 --> 03:42:54,200
but Divine sanction, Back in 
Romeo leveraged this moral 

4194
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:56,200
authority to bolster the city's 
resolved. 

4195
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,600
He preached frequently to his 
flock tailoring, his message to 

4196
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:03,500
the tumultuous time in homilies,
he called The Invasion threats, 

4197
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:07,000
a test of faith drawing on 
scripture, he liked and Rome to 

4198
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:10,500
the biblical Nineveh, a mighty 
City that could be spared from 

4199
03:43:10,508 --> 03:43:14,000
destruction, if it's people 
repented and turned to God, He 

4200
03:43:14,000 --> 03:43:16,100
urged public fasting and prayer 
vigils. 

4201
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,500
And it was said that the 
churches were filled day and 

4202
03:43:18,500 --> 03:43:20,200
night with supplements crying 
for deliverance. 

4203
03:43:21,200 --> 03:43:24,500
The pope himself LED processions
through the streets venerating 

4204
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,200
relics of saints and imploring, 
Heavenly Aid to avert, The 

4205
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:29,700
Scourge approaching Italy to a 
population. 

4206
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:33,200
Frightened by news of flaming 
towns in the north Leo's, calm 

4207
03:43:33,200 --> 03:43:34,600
and Resolute presence was a 
godsend. 

4208
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:38,100
He told the miracle, God did not
abandon Jonah's. 

4209
03:43:38,100 --> 03:43:41,700
Nineveh nor Willie abandoned 
Rome seat of his apostles. 

4210
03:43:42,800 --> 03:43:46,000
Such words gave hope to the 
Hopeless Leo's influence 

4211
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:49,900
extended, even into the Imperial
Palace. when Emperor valentinian

4212
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:52,600
the third and his court 
vacillated on how to deal with 

4213
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:55,900
attila's impending Onslaught 
Leo, did not hesitate to offer 

4214
03:43:55,908 --> 03:43:59,400
counsel, Some accounts suggested
it was Leo who volunteered to 

4215
03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:02,300
personally meet the Hun. 
A proposal that stunned the 

4216
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,900
Imperial advisors others. 
Say the idea originated from the

4217
03:44:05,908 --> 03:44:09,000
Emperor who realized that no 
general or Diplomat have the 

4218
03:44:09,000 --> 03:44:12,600
gravitas to face Attila on equal
terms whereas the saintly Bishop

4219
03:44:12,600 --> 03:44:16,600
of Rome just might Regardless, 
by the beginning of 4:52, 

4220
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:19,100
everyone's attention was focused
on Leo. 

4221
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:22,500
Possibly, the soul individual 
capable of saving Rome from the 

4222
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:24,800
abyss. 
It was a heavy burden for a man 

4223
03:44:24,800 --> 03:44:27,500
of the cloth. 
Leo prepared to shoulder it with

4224
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:30,100
the same sense of Duty that had 
guided him all along. 

4225
03:44:30,100 --> 03:44:33,400
There was a profound symbolism 
in Leo stepping forward. 

4226
03:44:33,400 --> 03:44:37,100
Here was a representative of 
Spiritual Authority, confronting

4227
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:40,500
the might of worldly violence. 
The Clash was not simply between

4228
03:44:40,500 --> 03:44:43,900
a pope and a warlord. 
But between two World Views, one

4229
03:44:43,900 --> 03:44:46,800
of Faith, mercy and moral 
suasion, and another of 

4230
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:50,000
Conquest, fear and raw power 
Leo. 

4231
03:44:50,000 --> 03:44:53,500
Understood this in Quiet Moments
of prayer before his departure, 

4232
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:56,600
he surely reflected on the 
trials of past leaders of the 

4233
03:44:56,608 --> 03:44:58,800
church. 
He prayed at the tomb of Saint 

4234
03:44:58,808 --> 03:45:03,000
Peter in the Vatican Basilica 
seeking courage tradition holds 

4235
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:06,600
that Leo had a vision their 
hearing the words peace be with 

4236
03:45:06,608 --> 03:45:09,500
you. 
I am with you as if spoken by 

4237
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:12,700
Peter or an angel. 
Empowered by this. 

4238
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:15,500
Reassurance, Leo arose, 
determined to act. 

4239
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:19,600
If Attila was indeed, a Scourge 
sentence punishment, then Leo 

4240
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:22,200
would be the intercessor. 
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 

4241
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,600
behalf, a new Moses before the 
Pharaoh, or a David against 

4242
03:45:25,600 --> 03:45:30,800
Goliath armed only with faith. 
By the spring of 4502, attila's 

4243
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,600
forces, had stormed in to 
Northern Italy and panic 

4244
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:35,800
gripped. 
The land Emperor. 

4245
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:38,700
Valentinian remained safely 
behind ravenna's walls and 

4246
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:42,000
general 80s lacking, an Army 
Strong Enough after the gaulish 

4247
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:46,300
campaign could do little. 
It was in this vacuum of secular

4248
03:45:46,300 --> 03:45:48,200
leadership that Leo's moment 
arrived. 

4249
03:45:48,800 --> 03:45:51,200
The pope gathered a small 
delegation to accompany him 

4250
03:45:51,200 --> 03:45:55,000
among them, the former console 
Grenadier Serena's, and the ex 

4251
03:45:55,000 --> 03:45:58,100
prefect memory is try Gettys. 
Distinguished Romans who lent 

4252
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:01,700
political weight to the Embassy.
But there was no question who 

4253
03:46:01,700 --> 03:46:04,600
led it. 
Dressed not in armor, but in 

4254
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:05,600
simple clerical. 
Robes. 

4255
03:46:05,600 --> 03:46:09,200
Leo, set out northward 
determined to confront the 

4256
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:12,000
unconventional. 
As he left the gates of Rome 

4257
03:46:12,000 --> 03:46:14,500
citizens, wept and cheered him 
in equal measure. 

4258
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:17,300
Praying for his success fearing 
for his safety. 

4259
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,200
Behind him trailed an austere 
retinue of priests and deacons 

4260
03:46:21,200 --> 03:46:25,500
carrying holy relics and perhaps
gifts for the honking, it was an

4261
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:28,900
unprecedented sight. 
The Vicar of Christ riding forth

4262
03:46:28,900 --> 03:46:32,600
to meet the terror of the world.
The sun baked Italian road to 

4263
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:36,500
head were uncertain, but Leo's, 
purpose was clear in his heart 

4264
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,300
burned, both the courage of a 
lion and the compassion of a 

4265
03:46:39,300 --> 03:46:43,200
shepherd Whatever happened on 
this journey Rome's fate and 

4266
03:46:43,200 --> 03:46:46,500
Leos Legacy would forever 
intertwined on that fateful day.

4267
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:50,100
When fate stood face-to-face 
with Fury while Leo Advance, 

4268
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:52,400
North Attila the Hun drove his 
War. 

4269
03:46:52,400 --> 03:46:55,800
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

4270
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:58,100
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

4271
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:00,500
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

4272
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,200
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

4273
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,300
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

4274
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:10,400
Tiller was no ordinary Barbarian
Chieftain. 

4275
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:16,400
He styled himself as something 
far grander, even Cosmic A 

4276
03:47:16,400 --> 03:47:19,200
legend circulated among his 
people that a sacred weapon had 

4277
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:22,400
fallen into attila's hands, the 
sword of Mars. 

4278
03:47:23,100 --> 03:47:27,000
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went discovered, an ornate sword

4279
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:30,400
in a field revealed by the blood
of a limping heifer. 

4280
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:34,900
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the find, believing 

4281
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:37,800
it a gift from the war. 
God who Romans identified as 

4282
03:47:37,800 --> 03:47:40,800
Mars Attila took it as a sign of
divine favor. 

4283
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,400
He thought he'd been appointed 
ruler of the whole world and 

4284
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:47,100
that through the sword of Mars 
Supremacy and all wars was 

4285
03:47:47,100 --> 03:47:50,100
assured to him. 
So right to the historian Jordan

4286
03:47:50,100 --> 03:47:53,900
is echoing the accounts of 
attila's contemporaries armed 

4287
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:56,600
with this Talisman and 
unshakable self-confidence 

4288
03:47:56,600 --> 03:47:59,900
Attila saw himself as an 
instrument of Godly Wrath. 

4289
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,800
A Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
indeed, later Romans would call 

4290
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:08,900
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

4291
03:48:08,900 --> 03:48:12,600
punishment for the sins of human
kind under attila's command, the

4292
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:15,700
hunnic Empire reached, its 
zenith From The Plains of 

4293
03:48:15,708 --> 03:48:19,000
Hungary across the Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

4294
03:48:19,000 --> 03:48:23,000
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

4295
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:26,400
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Seoul ruler in 445 

4296
03:48:26,400 --> 03:48:29,700
after allegedly murdering his 
brother bleda, an act, that 

4297
03:48:29,708 --> 03:48:31,200
removed the last check on his 
power. 

4298
03:48:32,300 --> 03:48:35,500
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 
also a shrewd strategist. 

4299
03:48:35,500 --> 03:48:38,600
He realized that Brute Force 
alone wouldn't sustain his 

4300
03:48:38,600 --> 03:48:42,400
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 
Encyclical Warfare were equally 

4301
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:47,100
potent, Throughout the 440s 
Attila alternated, devastating 

4302
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:49,900
military campaigns with 
calculated negotiations. 

4303
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:53,500
He extorted the Eastern Roman 
Empire for gold year after year.

4304
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:58,400
First 700 pounds then 2100 
pounds annually, after he 

4305
03:48:58,400 --> 03:49:02,800
battered their armies in 447. 
The Eastern Emperor, theodosius 

4306
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,700
the second preferred paying off 
the Huns to facing them. 

4307
03:49:05,700 --> 03:49:09,700
In battle a policy that enriched
to tiller immensely by the year 

4308
03:49:09,700 --> 03:49:11,100
450. 
Attila's. 

4309
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:13,600
Treasuries were brimming with 
tribute and his Warriors had 

4310
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:16,200
gained, seasoned experienced 
from numerous skirmishes and 

4311
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,900
sieges despite ruling over such 
wealth. 

4312
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:21,300
Tiller led a simple life by 
choice. 

4313
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:26,100
Akin to a warrior Monk. 
Roman envoys who visited his 

4314
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:28,400
encampment were astonished by 
his austerity. 

4315
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:31,700
The historian priscus who dined 
with the tiller during a 

4316
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,600
diplomatic Mission recorded 
that, while lavish food on 

4317
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:36,300
Silver platters was served to 
guests. 

4318
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:38,600
Attila himself in nothing but 
meat off. 

4319
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,600
A wooden trencher he drank from 
a wooden cup whereas his 

4320
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:44,200
Lieutenant from gleaming goblets
of gold. 

4321
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:48,100
His clothes were plain and clean
devoid of the jewels that 

4322
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:51,700
adorned other Chieftains. 
Such discipline, both impressed 

4323
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:55,100
and unnerved the Romans. 
It suggested a man of unwavering

4324
03:49:55,100 --> 03:49:59,400
determination unaffected by 
decadence or distraction, a 

4325
03:49:59,400 --> 03:50:01,900
leader capable of instilling 
unwavering loyalty by 

4326
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:03,800
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

4327
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:07,800
Attila also had a Mercurial 
temper and could be mercilessly 

4328
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:09,600
cruel. 
But he tempered Terror with 

4329
03:50:09,608 --> 03:50:13,100
moments of calculated Mercy or 
humor keeping even his closest 

4330
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:16,400
followers guessing. 
Attila's worldview was steeped 

4331
03:50:16,400 --> 03:50:20,100
in Oman and prophecy friskis, 
noted that Attila consulted 

4332
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:22,500
Sears and believed in 
predictions about his lineage. 

4333
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:25,800
One prophecy purportedly, left 
him momentarily. 

4334
03:50:25,800 --> 03:50:28,500
Somber it for. 
Told that disaster would 

4335
03:50:28,500 --> 03:50:33,400
eventually befall the Huns not 
in his lifetime, but such dark 

4336
03:50:33,400 --> 03:50:37,200
musings were rare more often. 
Attila projected, absolute 

4337
03:50:37,200 --> 03:50:39,800
confidence in his divinely 
sanctioned mission of Conquest. 

4338
03:50:40,600 --> 03:50:43,100
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 
for his ends. 

4339
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:46,200
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

4340
03:50:47,100 --> 03:50:51,100
When Attila captured that proud 
Italian city in 452, he came 

4341
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:53,800
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

4342
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:56,800
emperors Seated on the throne, 
which triumphed over the 

4343
03:50:56,800 --> 03:50:59,200
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrate at their feet. 

4344
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:01,700
Conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogant. 

4345
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:06,800
The scene of Imperial arrogance 
in raged him, Attila summoned, 

4346
03:51:06,800 --> 03:51:08,900
an artist and ordered a new 
mural painted. 

4347
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:12,400
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

4348
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:16,200
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

4349
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:19,500
bags of gold in tribute with 
grim satisfaction. 

4350
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:23,800
A tiller essentially declared 
his reversal of Fortune Rome's 

4351
03:51:23,800 --> 03:51:26,600
days of Victory were over. 
It was now The Barbarians turned

4352
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:29,000
to rule. 
Whether or not the story is 

4353
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:31,200
apocryphal that captures a 
tiller's mindset. 

4354
03:51:31,200 --> 03:51:34,800
He was deliberately crafted an 
image to Romans and to his 

4355
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:38,500
people that the Hun was the new 
Master of the world and Rome's 

4356
03:51:38,500 --> 03:51:42,100
proud Eagles, would bow to the 
right of the steps while Leo 

4357
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:44,700
Advance North Attila the Hun 
drove his War. 

4358
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:48,200
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

4359
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,400
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

4360
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:52,800
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

4361
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:57,700
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

4362
03:51:57,700 --> 03:51:59,600
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

4363
03:52:00,600 --> 03:52:02,800
Tiller was no ordinary Barbarian
Chieftain. 

4364
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:08,600
He styled himself as something 
far grander, even Cosmic Legend 

4365
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:12,100
circulated among his people that
are sacred weapon had fallen 

4366
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:14,600
into attila's hands. 
The sword of Mars. 

4367
03:52:15,400 --> 03:52:17,100
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went. 

4368
03:52:17,800 --> 03:52:22,200
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field revealed by the blood of a

4369
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:24,900
limping heifer. 
He presented it to Attila who 

4370
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:28,500
exalted in the find, believing 
it a gift from the war. 

4371
03:52:28,500 --> 03:52:32,300
God whom Romans identified as 
Mars Attila took it as a sign of

4372
03:52:32,308 --> 03:52:35,100
divine favor. 
He thought he had been appointed

4373
03:52:35,100 --> 03:52:38,300
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

4374
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:40,000
Supremacy, in all wars, was 
assured to him. 

4375
03:52:40,900 --> 03:52:44,000
So right to the historian Jordan
is echoing the accounts of 

4376
03:52:44,008 --> 03:52:47,400
attila's contemporaries armed 
with this Talisman and 

4377
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:50,800
unshakable self-confidence 
Attila saw himself as an 

4378
03:52:50,808 --> 03:52:54,200
instrument of Godly Wrath. 
A Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

4379
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:59,200
indeed later in Romans would 
call him flagellum day, the 

4380
03:52:59,200 --> 03:53:02,200
scourge of God believing that he
was a punishment for the sins of

4381
03:53:02,200 --> 03:53:05,700
human kind under attila's 
command, the hunnic Empire 

4382
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:08,700
reached, its zenith From The 
Plains of Hungary across the 

4383
03:53:08,708 --> 03:53:11,400
Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

4384
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:15,300
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

4385
03:53:15,300 --> 03:53:18,700
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Soul, ruler in 445 

4386
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:22,000
after allegedly murdering his 
brother bleda, an act, that 

4387
03:53:22,008 --> 03:53:23,600
removed the last check on his 
power. 

4388
03:53:24,700 --> 03:53:27,800
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 
also a shrewd strategist. 

4389
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:30,800
He realized that Brute Force 
alone wouldn't sustain his 

4390
03:53:30,800 --> 03:53:34,700
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 
Encyclical Warfare were equally 

4391
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:39,500
potent, Throughout the 440s 
Attila alternated, devastating 

4392
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:42,200
military campaigns with 
calculated negotiations. 

4393
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:45,900
He extorted the Eastern Roman 
Empire for gold year after year.

4394
03:53:45,900 --> 03:53:49,800
First 700 pounds then 2100 
pounds annually. 

4395
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:54,300
After he battered their armies 
in 447, the Eastern Emperor, 

4396
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:58,100
theodosius the second preferred 
paying off the Huns to face them

4397
03:53:58,100 --> 03:54:00,900
in battle a policy that enriched
to tiller immensely. 

4398
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:03,900
By the year 450. 
Attila's, treasuries were 

4399
03:54:03,900 --> 03:54:06,900
brimming with tribute and his 
Warriors had gained, seasoned 

4400
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:10,100
experienced from numerous 
skirmishes and sieges, despite 

4401
03:54:10,100 --> 03:54:13,300
ruling over such wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

4402
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:18,400
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 
Roman envoys who visited his 

4403
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:20,700
encampment were astonished by 
his austerity. 

4404
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:23,800
The historian priscus who dined 
with the tiller during a 

4405
03:54:23,808 --> 03:54:26,900
diplomatic Mission recorded 
that, while lavish food on 

4406
03:54:26,900 --> 03:54:28,700
Silver platters was served to 
guests. 

4407
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:30,900
Attila himself ate nothing but 
meat off. 

4408
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:33,300
A wooden trencher he drank from 
a wooden cup. 

4409
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:36,200
Whereas his lift, tenants sipped
wine from gleaming goblets of 

4410
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:38,900
gold. 
His clothes were plain and clean

4411
03:54:38,900 --> 03:54:41,600
devoid of the jewels. 
That adorned other Chief Toons. 

4412
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:45,200
Such discipline, both impressed 
and unnerved the Romans. 

4413
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:47,800
It's suggested a man of 
unwavering determination 

4414
03:54:47,800 --> 03:54:52,300
unaffected by decadence or 
distraction, a leader capable of

4415
03:54:52,300 --> 03:54:55,600
instilling unwavering loyalty by
empathizing with the struggles 

4416
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:58,700
of his followers. 
Attila also had a Mercurial 

4417
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:01,900
Tempo and could be mercilessly 
cruel but he tempered Terror 

4418
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:05,000
with moments of calculated Mercy
or humor keeping even his 

4419
03:55:05,000 --> 03:55:08,800
closest followers guessing. 
Tiller's, worldview was steeped 

4420
03:55:08,800 --> 03:55:12,400
in Oman and prophecy, friskis, 
noted that Attila consulted 

4421
03:55:12,400 --> 03:55:14,900
seers and believed in 
predictions about his lineage. 

4422
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:18,200
One prophecy purportedly, left 
him momentarily. 

4423
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:22,200
Somber it foretold that disaster
would eventually befall the Huns

4424
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:27,800
not in his lifetime but such 
dark musings were rare more 

4425
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:29,500
often. 
Attila projected, absolute 

4426
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:32,100
confidence in his divinely, 
sanctioned mission of Conquest, 

4427
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,400
even co-opted Romijn Mystique 
for his ends. 

4428
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:38,600
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

4429
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:43,400
When Attila captured that proud,
Italian city in 452, he came 

4430
03:55:43,400 --> 03:55:46,000
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

4431
03:55:46,000 --> 03:55:49,100
emperors Seated on the throne, 
which triumphed over the 

4432
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:51,500
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrated at their feet. 

4433
03:55:51,500 --> 03:55:54,000
Conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogant. 

4434
03:55:54,900 --> 03:55:57,300
The scene of Imperial arrogance 
in raged him. 

4435
03:55:57,308 --> 03:56:00,600
Attila immediately summoned an 
artist and ordered a new mural 

4436
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:03,200
painted. 
In this revisionist artwork, 

4437
03:56:03,200 --> 03:56:06,600
Attila sat on the throne while 
cringing Roman emperors. 

4438
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:11,200
Knelt before him pouring out 
bags of gold in tribute, With 

4439
03:56:11,200 --> 03:56:13,700
grim satisfaction. 
A tiller essentially declared 

4440
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,200
his reversal of Fortune Rome's 
days of Victory were over. 

4441
03:56:17,200 --> 03:56:19,500
It was now The Barbarians turned
to rule. 

4442
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:22,600
Whether or not the story is 
apocryphal that captures, 

4443
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:25,600
attila's mindset. 
He was deliberately crafted an 

4444
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:29,500
image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

4445
03:56:29,500 --> 03:56:32,600
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles, would bow to the 

4446
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,800
rider of the steps. 
In the sultry, August of 4:52 

4447
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:38,500
Northern Italy. 
They crushed under the Huns 

4448
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:42,200
heal, the Huns trampled Fields 
left Villages empty and filled 

4449
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:44,200
the air with thick smoke from 
burnt towns. 

4450
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:48,600
Down the ancient via Emilia a 
strange procession made its way 

4451
03:56:48,600 --> 03:56:49,900
against this tide of 
Destruction. 

4452
03:56:50,900 --> 03:56:54,000
Pope Leo for first mounted. 
Perhaps on a sturdy mule or 

4453
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,600
horse, led a small band of 
envoys and clergy steadily 

4454
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:01,200
Northwood, each mile brought new
evidence of attila's Wrath, 

4455
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:05,200
charred Farm stairs refugees 
huddled by the roadside and 

4456
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:08,200
tales of unspeakable, Carnage 
Leo's. 

4457
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:11,700
Heart must have been heavy yet, 
he pressed on radiating. 

4458
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:14,200
A calm conviction that the 
Wilder those who met him. 

4459
03:57:15,100 --> 03:57:18,000
There are accounts of peasants 
kneeling as he passed as if 

4460
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:20,900
sensing that, this man carried 
The Last Hope of Rome on his 

4461
03:57:20,900 --> 03:57:22,800
shoulders. 
Clad in the simple, white 

4462
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,300
garments of a bishop Leo cutting
in Congress on a Battlefield. 

4463
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:30,400
But to the desperate Italians, 
the site of the unarmed Pope 

4464
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:33,500
heading toward the Invader, 
inspired a flicker of faith. 

4465
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:36,700
If anyone could appeal to 
attila's Mercy, perhaps it was 

4466
03:57:36,708 --> 03:57:39,700
this saintly man. 
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 

4467
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,800
camp near the mincio river. 
Not far from where it flows. 

4468
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:46,100
Into the great Poe the summer 
heat and disease in his ranks 

4469
03:57:46,100 --> 03:57:48,000
urged him to conclude business 
quickly. 

4470
03:57:48,900 --> 03:57:50,600
Rome beckon just over the 
horizon. 

4471
03:57:50,600 --> 03:57:54,000
Attila sent Scouts ahead toward 
the capitol who returned with 

4472
03:57:54,000 --> 03:57:57,000
curious news, the city's Gates 
were still shot. 

4473
03:57:57,000 --> 03:58:00,700
No Army in night instead, a 
delegation of high-ranking 

4474
03:58:00,700 --> 03:58:04,100
Romans was coming to parley 
Tiller agreed to receive them. 

4475
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,100
Perhaps. 
He believed that a quick 

4476
03:58:06,108 --> 03:58:10,000
negotiation could secure both a 
hefty Ransom and Nori's hand, 

4477
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:12,600
which would allow him to claim 
victory without further 

4478
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:15,400
Bloodshed or perhaps he relished
making Rome. 

4479
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:19,100
Prostrate itself either way a 
meeting was arranged on the open

4480
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:23,300
plain Tiller ordered his warmth 
prepared with appropriate pomp 

4481
03:58:23,300 --> 03:58:27,500
the hunk bustled banners and 
blazoned with dragon motifs 

4482
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:31,300
fluttered horses made and rings 
of leather tents stretched to 

4483
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:33,600
the Horizon battle scarred 
Warrior's. 

4484
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:36,700
Curious about the Roman Pope 
gathered at a respectful 

4485
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:38,300
distance when the invoice 
arrived. 

4486
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:42,500
They came in state, Leo flanked,
by the ex console. 

4487
03:58:42,500 --> 03:58:46,900
Avenus an ex prefecture, and 
attended by a train of priests 

4488
03:58:46,900 --> 03:58:49,300
bearing. 
Processional crosses and icons. 

4489
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:52,600
To attila's Warriors. 
The scene was a novel site 

4490
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:56,800
Romans without weapons carrying 
only strange symbols and moving 

4491
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:00,700
with solemn purpose. 
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 

4492
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:04,400
and Attila the Hun. 
Finally came face-to-face, the 

4493
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:07,700
moment was historic the 
soft-spoken, Holy Father, and 

4494
03:59:07,700 --> 03:59:10,900
the scourge of Nations, despite 
being in his early 60s, Leo 

4495
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:16,400
stood with dignified bearing, 
Tiller a middle-aged man of 

4496
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:19,500
middling height with a a man 
with a broad chest and weathered

4497
03:59:19,500 --> 03:59:22,100
face regarded. 
The pope intently Attila was 

4498
03:59:22,100 --> 03:59:24,700
known for his habit of rolling. 
His Fierce eyes to intimidate 

4499
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:27,700
those in front of him. 
One might imagine he attempted 

4500
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:32,100
the same on Leo yet. 
Leo, did not flinch clad in 

4501
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:34,800
simple, robes. 
The pope met The Barbarians gaze

4502
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:38,600
with steady compassionate eyes, 
and observer described Leo at 

4503
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:41,500
that encounter. 
As Fearless as one who trust. 

4504
03:59:41,500 --> 03:59:45,000
Not in himself. 
Putting God tiller who had 

4505
03:59:45,008 --> 03:59:48,800
terrorized tens of thousands now
encountered a man who showed no 

4506
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:52,900
fear The conversation that 
unfolded has been lost to time. 

4507
03:59:52,908 --> 03:59:57,700
No transcript exists but through
various accounts and a dose of 

4508
03:59:57,700 --> 04:00:00,500
imagination, we can reconstruct 
its tenor. 

4509
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:05,400
First the Roman envoys likely 
offered formal salutations a 

4510
04:00:05,400 --> 04:00:08,600
Venus experienced in. 
Diplomacy probably spoke Attila 

4511
04:00:08,600 --> 04:00:12,000
most noble leader of the Huns. 
We come on behalf of the Senate 

4512
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:15,300
and people of Rome They might 
have offered gifts, chests of 

4513
04:00:15,308 --> 04:00:19,600
gold or jeweled goblets tokens 
of Rome's esteem or desperation.

4514
04:00:20,800 --> 04:00:23,900
Attila listened in patiently, 
then Pope Leo addressed, the 

4515
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,400
warlord. 
Unlike the perfume senators of 

4516
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:31,200
the Eastwood grovel before, 
Attila in past embassies Leo's, 

4517
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:33,200
voice was neither sick of 
fantastic Nora. 

4518
04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:36,900
He spoke plainly demonstrating, 
both grave, respect and 

4519
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:40,500
Authority through an interpreter
for Attila who understood Latin 

4520
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:43,500
only a little Leo to humanity in
the Hun. 

4521
04:00:43,500 --> 04:00:46,500
He acknowledged, attila's 
victories, you have been the 

4522
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:49,400
instrument of divine Justice 
punishing, the sins of the land.

4523
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:52,400
Such words. 
Crediting God for attila's 

4524
04:00:52,400 --> 04:00:56,100
Success may have intrigued the 
superstitious King, Leo 

4525
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,300
continued, perhaps urging Attila
to show Mercy now that his 

4526
04:00:59,300 --> 04:01:01,200
mission of chastisement was 
fulfilled. 

4527
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:04,600
He might have invoked the fate 
of conquerors who failed to 

4528
04:01:04,600 --> 04:01:09,300
temper Justice with Mercy. 
Certainly, Leo reminded a tiller

4529
04:01:09,300 --> 04:01:11,000
of the transients of mortal 
life. 

4530
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:16,300
One chronicler imagined Leo 
saying we are all Mortals O King

4531
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:17,900
sooner or later we return to 
dust. 

4532
04:01:18,700 --> 04:01:21,500
Not the farthest spilling of 
innocent blood but an 

4533
04:01:21,500 --> 04:01:24,500
everlasting Glory by sparing 
Rome, Attila responded. 

4534
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:28,400
Brusly, one can picture his 
scowling Visage as he listed his

4535
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,600
demands Through The Interpreter,
he likely thundered, that 

4536
04:01:31,600 --> 04:01:35,300
honoria the imperial princess 
who had appealed to him be 

4537
04:01:35,300 --> 04:01:38,500
handed over at once with her 
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 

4538
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:42,200
he claimed He may have also 
demanded an annual tribute of 

4539
04:01:42,200 --> 04:01:45,300
gold from Rome to replace what 
the Eastern Empire had stopped 

4540
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:47,600
paying. 
Tiller was a managed to 

4541
04:01:47,600 --> 04:01:51,700
dictating terms yet, even as he 
spoke something Nord at him. 

4542
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:55,300
Here was this unarmed priest, 
calmly rebutting, the scourge of

4543
04:01:55,308 --> 04:01:58,200
God, Leo answered until his 
demands firmly. 

4544
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:01,900
The emperor could not yield his 
sister as a bride for that 

4545
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,500
matter was already settled 
anarea had been punished for her

4546
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:09,200
rash offer as for tribute Leo, 
likely pleaded that Italy was 

4547
04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:13,400
spent and ravaged there was 
little left to give Perhaps he 

4548
04:02:13,400 --> 04:02:15,200
offered what he could from the 
church's treasury. 

4549
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:18,300
Emphasizing that further 
Devastation would only bring 

4550
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:22,100
diminishing returns, a starved 
plague-ridden land would profit,

4551
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:25,200
no conqueror as the negotiation 
seesaw. 

4552
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:28,400
Attila's temper might have 
flared, but each time Leo 

4553
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:32,300
responded with steady reasoning 
and moral exaltation, He 

4554
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:36,000
reminded Attila of alaric's 
Fate, The Goth had died soon 

4555
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:39,800
after taking Rome, was it truly 
wise to risk the same anger of 

4556
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:42,100
Heaven. 
Attila's, Pagan priest, in his 

4557
04:02:42,100 --> 04:02:43,800
retinue exchange nervous 
glances. 

4558
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:47,700
They too had heard the stories, 
The Hermit King, despite his 

4559
04:02:47,700 --> 04:02:50,500
bravado felt a chill. 
At that very moment. 

4560
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,700
According to the later, Legend 
miraculous Vision sealed the 

4561
04:02:53,700 --> 04:02:56,600
outcome. 
Attila, suddenly felt silent 

4562
04:02:56,600 --> 04:03:00,800
eyes at a point above Leo's, 
head to his astonishment. 

4563
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,700
He beheld, what seemed to be too
towering figures in the air. 

4564
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:09,200
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 
carrying a sword that blazed in 

4565
04:03:09,200 --> 04:03:12,200
the sunlight. 
The spectral Warrior's who were 

4566
04:03:12,208 --> 04:03:14,200
visible only to Attila glared at
him. 

4567
04:03:14,200 --> 04:03:17,300
As if to say, do not touch this 
man or this city. 

4568
04:03:18,700 --> 04:03:21,900
Pull the Deacon a writer from 
centuries, later would identify 

4569
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:24,800
the Warrior's as the apostles, 
Peter and Paul who had come from

4570
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:28,700
Heaven to protect Rome. 
Attila who believed in Omens 

4571
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:31,500
felt a stab. 
A fear was this a Divine 

4572
04:03:31,500 --> 04:03:34,200
warning? 
Whether one credits the miracle 

4573
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:38,300
or not, something stirred in 
Attila he who had never lost a 

4574
04:03:38,300 --> 04:03:40,800
negotiated Advantage suddenly 
softened. 

4575
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:47,100
Fierce light in his eyes dimmed.
tiller, the untamable gazed at 

4576
04:03:47,100 --> 04:03:50,400
Pope Leo's peaceful face and 
found no enemy there, only a 

4577
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:54,500
beseeching father figure In that
instant, the dynamic shifted. 

4578
04:03:55,300 --> 04:03:57,400
Tiller raised a hand signaling 
an end to the debate. 

4579
04:03:57,400 --> 04:04:01,100
He announced his decision, the 
Huns would withdraw, he would 

4580
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:04,200
spare Rome. 
The Roman envoys must have 

4581
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:07,000
suppressed a deep sense of 
relief upon hearing those words.

4582
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:10,600
Terms, were likely agreed upon 
perhaps a one-time payment of 

4583
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:12,000
gold. 
Certainly a promised that her 

4584
04:04:12,000 --> 04:04:15,100
Nori's issue would be dropped. 
Attila made a final 

4585
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:18,300
pronouncement half warning, half
concession, tell your Emperor. 

4586
04:04:18,300 --> 04:04:20,300
This this piece is not 
permanent. 

4587
04:04:20,300 --> 04:04:23,800
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 
let it remember to give a 

4588
04:04:23,800 --> 04:04:26,800
tiller. 
What is atlas It was merely a 

4589
04:04:26,800 --> 04:04:30,200
show of strength to maintain the
status quo, Leo, inclined, his 

4590
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:31,300
head. 
Accepting the conditions, 

4591
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:33,500
whatever they were and offered a
blessing. 

4592
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:38,400
The meeting was over, Attila had
yielded against all expectation.

4593
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:41,800
The Pope in his party turned 
back toward Rome carrying the 

4594
04:04:41,808 --> 04:04:44,800
almost unbelievable news behind 
them. 

4595
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:47,300
Attila retired to his Camp 
pensive. 

4596
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,700
The sun was dipping low as the 
two groups. 

4597
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:53,600
Parted ways Roman chroniclers 
later rejoiced that no sword was

4598
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:56,200
drawn that day. 
No blood spilled. 

4599
04:04:56,200 --> 04:04:58,900
A battle had been won by words 
and faith alone. 

4600
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:02,700
Attila's chiefs were astonished 
some protested. 

4601
04:05:02,700 --> 04:05:05,500
Shall the mighty pillow? 
Be turned back by a preachers 

4602
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,400
tongue? 
but others, those who knew of 

4603
04:05:08,400 --> 04:05:11,200
the worsening supplies and The 
Whispers of plague were secretly

4604
04:05:11,200 --> 04:05:14,500
glad They feared doomed. 
Assault on Rome, as much as any 

4605
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:18,100
Roman did. 
In the privacy of his tent bat 

4606
04:05:18,100 --> 04:05:21,800
night Attila brooded. 
Perhaps, he felt an unaccustomed

4607
04:05:21,800 --> 04:05:25,100
twinge of admiration for Leo, or
perhaps simply relief that he 

4608
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:27,100
could Retreat without testing 
Rome's, cursed fate. 

4609
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:29,400
Either way, the decision was 
made. 

4610
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:33,500
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were
pointed North. 

4611
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:36,300
The scourge of God began his 
March out of Italy. 

4612
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:39,900
Pope Leo, the first had a 
unimaginable feat. 

4613
04:05:40,800 --> 04:05:44,200
Gazed into the eyes of the most 
feared man on Earth causing him 

4614
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:47,300
to Blink. 
Rome was saved at least for That

4615
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:51,100
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in
the Vatican painted. 

4616
04:05:51,100 --> 04:05:55,600
Over a thousand years later 
dramatizes, the legend Pope Leo 

4617
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:58,600
depicted Serenity on Horseback 
raises a hand to order. 

4618
04:05:58,600 --> 04:06:02,500
Tiller while above the pope two 
Warrior Saints, brandish swords 

4619
04:06:02,500 --> 04:06:06,300
in the sky, this artistic 
fantasy captures, the essence of

4620
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:09,600
how contemporaries and posterity
viewed, the encounter, in 4:52, 

4621
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:13,200
a turning point where the tide 
of Destruction miraculously 

4622
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:16,800
halted at the gates of Rome. 
Leo saved, Rome on that fateful 

4623
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,700
day, near Mantua not through the
use of force. 

4624
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:23,300
But through the strength of his 
character and faith, The 

4625
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:26,900
aftermath of the meeting was 
immediate and profound as word 

4626
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:28,400
spread that Attila had turned 
back. 

4627
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:33,800
A wave of incredulous, Joy swept
through Italy in Rome anxious 

4628
04:06:33,800 --> 04:06:36,500
citizens waiting for news could 
scarcely believe it. 

4629
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:41,300
The city and their lives had 
been spared, many attributed to 

4630
04:06:41,300 --> 04:06:45,300
its entirely to divine 
intervention and thanks to Leo's

4631
04:06:45,300 --> 04:06:47,600
sanctity. 
The pope status reached 

4632
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:51,500
unprecedented, Heights, Rome 
welcome to him back as part of a

4633
04:06:51,500 --> 04:06:54,200
tria, the father of the 
Fatherland, a title. 

4634
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:58,400
No humble Churchman had ever 
held the relieved Romans truly 

4635
04:06:58,400 --> 04:07:00,500
deserved to call Leo. 
Magnus the Great. 

4636
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:03,400
Historians Through the Ages have
debated. 

4637
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:06,700
Why a tiller withdrew some near 
contemporary observers? 

4638
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:10,200
Like the chronicler Prosper of 
Aquitaine insisted that it was 

4639
04:07:10,208 --> 04:07:13,100
Leo's personal impact on Attila 
that made the difference. 

4640
04:07:13,900 --> 04:07:16,800
That the Hun was so impressed by
the holy man's courage and 

4641
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,600
eloquence that he simply gave up
his designs. 

4642
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:23,400
Another source the historian 
priscus who knew attila's Court.

4643
04:07:23,400 --> 04:07:27,400
First hand offered a more 
pragmatic rationale, attila's 

4644
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:30,500
men were growing a frayed They 
were called how Alaric had died 

4645
04:07:30,500 --> 04:07:33,700
after sacking Rome, and they 
urged, Attila, not to invite a 

4646
04:07:33,700 --> 04:07:37,000
similar curse modern Scholars 
point to Logistics and disease. 

4647
04:07:37,000 --> 04:07:41,000
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest
that at that very time, plague 

4648
04:07:41,000 --> 04:07:43,500
was ravaging. 
Attila's Army and supplies were 

4649
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:46,700
running perilously low. 
While the Eastern Emperor Marcia

4650
04:07:46,700 --> 04:07:50,400
had dispatched troops to Harry 
attila's, Homeland, Surrounded 

4651
04:07:50,400 --> 04:07:53,900
by illumines sickness and Camp 
hostile forces Gathering 

4652
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:57,300
elsewhere and the psychological 
weight of Rome spiritual clout. 

4653
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:00,800
Attila likely calculated that 
discretion out Wade Valor, 

4654
04:08:00,800 --> 04:08:03,300
whatever mix of motives won a 
signs. 

4655
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:08,200
The result is indisputable 
Attila suddenly retreated and he

4656
04:08:08,208 --> 04:08:11,300
never returned. 
The scourge of God had scourged 

4657
04:08:11,300 --> 04:08:14,100
enough Leo's. 
Triumph however was not a 

4658
04:08:14,100 --> 04:08:16,000
permanent Deliverance, he was 
much. 

4659
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:19,700
According to ancient accounts, 
Attila sent a message upon his 

4660
04:08:19,700 --> 04:08:22,900
departure threatening to return 
unless anoria handed over her 

4661
04:08:22,900 --> 04:08:26,100
inheritance. 
Tiller made this gesture to save

4662
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:30,300
face, but in reality, he had 
lost his chance. the following 

4663
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:34,100
year in 453 Attila the Hun, 
tragically passed away on the 

4664
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:37,800
eve of his latest wedding feast,
The legendary conqueror succumb,

4665
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:41,000
not on the battlefield but in 
his marital bed, reportedly 

4666
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:43,100
bursting, a blood vessel and 
choking on his blood. 

4667
04:08:43,100 --> 04:08:47,400
After heavy drinking his bride 
ildiko, awoke to a corpse the 

4668
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:51,200
superstitious or Divine Justice 
in this Inglorious end with 

4669
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:54,700
attila's death, the unity of the
hunnic Empire perished, his 

4670
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:59,300
son's quarreled and within a 
decade The Huns to be a major 

4671
04:08:59,300 --> 04:09:01,400
threat. 
Roman survived. 

4672
04:09:01,400 --> 04:09:04,900
Attila however, the lifespan of 
the Western Roman Empire was 

4673
04:09:04,900 --> 04:09:08,900
short in 455 just three years 
after Leo's encounter with 

4674
04:09:08,900 --> 04:09:13,500
Attila Rome faced another deadly
Menace can Sarah King of the 

4675
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:16,400
vandals sailed his Fleet from 
North Africa and landed at 

4676
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:18,700
Austria. 
This time there was no massive 

4677
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:22,400
Barbarian host at the gates but 
a naval Invasion, Emperor 

4678
04:09:22,400 --> 04:09:25,700
valentinian the third had been 
assassinated political chaos 

4679
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:30,700
reigned Once again, Leo filled 
the void unarmed and accompanied

4680
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:34,300
by his clergy, he went out to 
meet genseric employing the same

4681
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,700
courage and moral plea. 
He had with Attila the Vandal 

4682
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,200
was a different man. 
However, and negotiations 

4683
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:44,500
yielded only a partial success. 
Canceriq agreed not to burn the 

4684
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:47,000
city or Massacre its 
inhabitants, but he would 

4685
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:51,100
plunder and plunder. 
He did for two weeks in June 

4686
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:55,900
4:55, the vandals methodically 
looted Rome Treasures of Ages, 

4687
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:58,700
the Temple of Jupiter's. 
Gilded roof in the spoils. 

4688
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:02,000
Titus had taken from Jerusalem, 
were carted off to Vandal 

4689
04:10:02,000 --> 04:10:04,400
Africa. 
Leo, could not prevent this 

4690
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,000
humiliation. 
Nonetheless, even cancer 

4691
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:08,100
experts. 
Begrudging restraint was 

4692
04:10:08,100 --> 04:10:11,500
attributed to Leo's influence. 
The Pope's treated, at least 

4693
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:15,000
spare room, the Flames, the 
massive basilicas of Saint Peter

4694
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:17,100
and Saint. 
Paul were terrified citizens had

4695
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:20,200
flocked for Sanctuary were left 
intact by hands. 

4696
04:10:20,200 --> 04:10:23,600
This mitigation counted as 
another testimony, to Leo's 

4697
04:10:23,600 --> 04:10:26,000
clout. 
Once more the secular 

4698
04:10:26,000 --> 04:10:29,600
authorities had utterly failed 
and once more, it was Leo and 

4699
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:33,500
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 
protector Pope Leo, the first 

4700
04:10:33,500 --> 04:10:36,300
lived on for a few more years 
after these tumultuous events. 

4701
04:10:36,300 --> 04:10:39,700
In for 61, he was buried as a 
hero in Rome. 

4702
04:10:39,700 --> 04:10:42,200
His two donned with the 
inscription defender of the 

4703
04:10:42,208 --> 04:10:45,400
city. 
His legacy only grew with time 

4704
04:10:45,400 --> 04:10:48,500
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 
is remembered for his 

4705
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:51,400
theological contributions. 
The Tome of Leo and the 

4706
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:54,800
strengthening of papal Primacy. 
But in popular memory, it was 

4707
04:10:54,800 --> 04:10:56,900
the day. 
He saved, Rome that truly made 

4708
04:10:56,900 --> 04:11:00,500
him a legend over the centuries.
The story of Leo and Attila 

4709
04:11:00,500 --> 04:11:04,000
acquired an almost mythical 
Aura, medieval writers, 

4710
04:11:04,000 --> 04:11:07,400
embroidered it freely, The 
Apparition of Saints Peter and 

4711
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:10,900
Paul threatening, Attila hinted 
at him, pull the deacons 8th 

4712
04:11:10,900 --> 04:11:13,000
Century account, became a staple
of the tale. 

4713
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:17,400
Artists immortalized, the scene,
apart from Raphael's Renaissance

4714
04:11:17,400 --> 04:11:21,100
Fresco early, the Baroque 
sculptor algardi carved a grand 

4715
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,700
relief in Saint Peter's itself 
showing Leo backed by Heavenly 

4716
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:28,000
figures driving away the Hun. 
Such images reinforced The 

4717
04:11:28,008 --> 04:11:29,800
Narrative. 
That Rome was saved, not by 

4718
04:11:29,800 --> 04:11:32,700
human might, but by divine 
intervention channels, through 

4719
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:36,500
Leo, the Great Yet, for all the 
embellishment, the core truth 

4720
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:40,600
endures and Rings down the ages 
in a moment of existential Peril

4721
04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:43,900
when the material defenses of 
ancient civilization had failed 

4722
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:46,100
one man's moral courage, 
prevailed. 

4723
04:11:46,800 --> 04:11:49,800
Leo's encounter with Attila 
stands as Testament to the power

4724
04:11:49,800 --> 04:11:52,200
of persuasion over the sword and
a fear. 

4725
04:11:52,200 --> 04:11:56,100
It highlights, the shifting 
world of the 5th Century as the 

4726
04:11:56,100 --> 04:11:58,800
Western Empire crumbled. 
The Spiritual Authority of the 

4727
04:11:58,800 --> 04:12:00,500
church was rising to fill the 
void. 

4728
04:12:01,200 --> 04:12:04,100
Leo's success, with the tiller 
wasn't just a lucky diplomatic 

4729
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:06,200
coup. 
It was a sign of the new Epoch 

4730
04:12:06,200 --> 04:12:09,900
Dawning in the centuries that 
followed the fall of Rome, The 

4731
04:12:09,900 --> 04:12:13,500
Last Emperor would be deposed in
476 just 24 years. 

4732
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:16,100
After Leo, stand the Bishops of 
Rome. 

4733
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:20,200
Now, firmly called popes would 
increasingly assume roles of 

4734
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:23,600
Civic leadership protectors and 
power Brokers in the remnants of

4735
04:12:23,608 --> 04:12:26,200
Empire. 
Leo had set the example. 

4736
04:12:27,000 --> 04:12:29,300
He showed that a pope, could 
Marshal not armies, but 

4737
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:33,700
something perhaps equally 
compelling, moral suasion unity 

4738
04:12:33,700 --> 04:12:37,900
and hope in the face of despair.
In separating myth from reality,

4739
04:12:37,900 --> 04:12:41,600
modern historians, acknowledge 
the Practical factors that led 

4740
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:44,600
to attila's retreat, hunger 
disease, and strategic 

4741
04:12:44,600 --> 04:12:47,400
considerations, but they all 
acknowledge that Leo's 

4742
04:12:47,400 --> 04:12:50,900
diplomatic mission was crucial. 
Without it Attila might have 

4743
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,500
lingered long enough to sack 
Rome before those factors fully 

4744
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:57,000
unraveled his campaign. 
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 

4745
04:12:57,000 --> 04:12:59,000
exit and a spiritual scare to 
boot. 

4746
04:12:59,000 --> 04:13:03,700
That was enough. 
In the summer of 4 to 2022 and 

4747
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:06,700
unlikely savior in a plane 
cassock, save the Eternal City 

4748
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:09,300
from annihilation. 
For the generation that 

4749
04:13:09,300 --> 04:13:12,800
witnessed it, they could be no 
doubt, Pope Leo, the first had 

4750
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,100
saved Rome. 
It was a bright spot in an age 

4751
04:13:15,100 --> 04:13:17,700
of collapse. 
A story retold with gratitude 

4752
04:13:17,700 --> 04:13:21,300
and all To this day, when one 
stands in Saint Peters and looks

4753
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:23,200
up at the marble relief of Leo 
driving away. 

4754
04:13:23,200 --> 04:13:26,500
Attila one is reminded of the 
power of courage and Faith to 

4755
04:13:26,508 --> 04:13:30,500
alter the course of history. 
In Leo's voice lay the echo of 

4756
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:33,100
an Empire's Spirit. 
And the promise that even in 

4757
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:37,100
history's darkest chapters, a 
single steadfast Soul, can shine

4758
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:39,600
brightly enough power of to turn
back. 

4759
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:42,900
The tide of Destruction if only 
for a moment and occasionally, 

4760
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:45,500
that moment is All That 
civilization needs to survive 

4761
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:48,900
the sunset on the Western, Roman
Empire, not with a single 

4762
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:53,300
cataclysm but through Decades of
slow decay, Pope Leo. 

4763
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:56,200
The first however, had already 
sealed his place in the annals 

4764
04:13:56,200 --> 04:13:58,400
of survival, diplomacy and 
faith. 

4765
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:02,900
As Rome's, political fabric 
crumbled, Leo's influence 

4766
04:14:02,900 --> 04:14:07,400
continued to expand. 
Even in death in 461, his legacy

4767
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:09,500
was carried on by Pope who 
modeled themselves. 

4768
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:13,100
Not just after some Peter, but 
after Leo's blend of spiritual 

4769
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:16,700
further and diplomatic Steel, 
His tomb in the Old Saint 

4770
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:18,600
Peter's. 
Basilica became a shrine not 

4771
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,200
only of theological memory, but 
of civic pride. 

4772
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:24,900
A place Romans could point to 
and say this man, stood when 

4773
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:29,300
others fled The 5th Century 
chaos, fragmentation and loss 

4774
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:33,200
Italy became a patchwork of 
Gothic rulers, gold drifted, 

4775
04:14:33,200 --> 04:14:36,400
toward Frankish hands and Africa
became a vandal Kingdom. 

4776
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:40,300
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

4777
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:45,200
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a Papal 

4778
04:14:45,200 --> 04:14:48,100
administrative style that 
reached Bishops far, beyond the 

4779
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,500
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
Tome had crystallized, 

4780
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:55,200
christology for centuries to 
come his sermons preserved 

4781
04:14:55,200 --> 04:14:59,200
copied and studied continued to 
nourish Christian identity in a 

4782
04:14:59,200 --> 04:15:02,300
post-imperial world. 
Yet the story of Leo's meeting 

4783
04:15:02,300 --> 04:15:06,100
with Attila continued to evolve,
not just in church memory. 

4784
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:09,900
But in public imagination, the 
miracle whether historically 

4785
04:15:09,900 --> 04:15:13,600
accurate or not resonated 
deeply, In a world of collapsing

4786
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,500
order, the myth of a Shepherd, 
confronting the wolf and turning

4787
04:15:16,500 --> 04:15:18,500
him away. 
Felt true than any Dusty 

4788
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:22,500
Chronicle artists poets 
theologians and even Emperors 

4789
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:25,900
clung to this narrative. 
Leo's courage became archetypal 

4790
04:15:25,900 --> 04:15:30,400
echoed in later as when Pope's 
would stand up to Kings Emperors

4791
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,900
or even fascist regimes. 
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 

4792
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:39,700
on in Darker Legend. 
Although, Attila died in 4153 ad

4793
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,300
under anti-climactic 
circumstances drunken bleeding 

4794
04:15:43,300 --> 04:15:46,300
on his wedding night, his Empire
soon dissolved, afterward. 

4795
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,900
His son's quarreled over the 
remnants, the cohesion of the 

4796
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:53,200
hunnic, tribes of vanished, By 
the end of the fifth century, 

4797
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:57,000
the Huns were no longer a power.
Not even a memory in the lands 

4798
04:15:57,000 --> 04:15:59,800
they once terrorized In some 
parts of Europe. 

4799
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:04,300
Parents, no longer warn children
about the Huns, the threat had 

4800
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:07,000
passed yet. 
Leo's Voice still echoed from 

4801
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:10,100
pulpits. 
Over time, Rome transitioned 

4802
04:16:10,100 --> 04:16:13,400
from the capital of a political 
Empire to the symbolic heart of 

4803
04:16:13,400 --> 04:16:16,100
Christendom. 
This transformation was neither 

4804
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:19,200
inevitable nor easy. 
It took figures like Leo 

4805
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:23,200
Resolute, theologically sharp 
and diplomatically fearless to 

4806
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,200
steer the city from Imperial 
ruin toward ecclesiastical 

4807
04:16:26,200 --> 04:16:30,200
prominence One could argue that 
the Papal States medieval 

4808
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:33,600
Christendom and even the Vatican
City of today, trace a straight 

4809
04:16:33,600 --> 04:16:36,200
line from Leo's model of papal 
leadership. 

4810
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:38,700
He proved the church could not 
only survive, political 

4811
04:16:38,700 --> 04:16:42,900
collapse, it could redefine 
power entirely The sculpture in 

4812
04:16:42,900 --> 04:16:46,300
Saint Peter's Basilica by 
Alessandro algae completed in 

4813
04:16:46,300 --> 04:16:49,100
the 17th century. 
Immortalizes, the scene with 

4814
04:16:49,100 --> 04:16:53,300
drama Leo raises his hand and 
Jellick Warriors bear down from 

4815
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:55,300
the heavens upon Attila Frozen 
in all. 

4816
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:57,300
It is the actual. 
Yes. 

4817
04:16:57,300 --> 04:17:01,300
But theater with purpose, it 
reminds viewers that history has

4818
04:17:01,300 --> 04:17:04,300
made not only through armies and
battles, but through moments of 

4819
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:08,200
extraordinary, moral courage, 
That was Leo's gift to his age 

4820
04:17:08,200 --> 04:17:12,000
and ours, a vision of Spiritual 
Authority that was not passive, 

4821
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:14,900
not withdrawn, but deeply 
engaged in the mess of human 

4822
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,300
affairs. 
In the end, the dalio saved Rome

4823
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:20,300
was not about political 
negotiation alone. 

4824
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:24,200
It was a cultural Pivot Point. 
He demonstrated that Faith could

4825
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:27,100
influence diplomacy. 
That courage didn't necessitate 

4826
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:30,800
a sword and that at times 
defending civilization could be 

4827
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:34,500
achieved by a single man with 
unwavering conviction, bravely, 

4828
04:17:34,500 --> 04:17:36,100
stepping into the depth of 
Darkness. 

4829
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:45,200
Imagine what the world was like 
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy

4830
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:47,900
becoming the Holy, Roman 
Emperor, and most people thought

4831
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:49,400
the Earth was the center of 
everything. 

4832
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:52,200
It was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology. 

4833
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,800
You had was a Watermill, the 
news traveled as fast as a 

4834
04:17:55,800 --> 04:17:57,800
horse. 
You learned about the universe 

4835
04:17:57,800 --> 04:18:01,100
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 
philosophy, Christian Theology. 

4836
04:18:01,100 --> 04:18:04,200
And what your grandfather swore,
he saw in the sky that one 

4837
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:06,200
night. 
You lived in a world where the 

4838
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:08,900
heavens were as reliable as 
Clockwork or at least as 

4839
04:18:08,900 --> 04:18:11,700
reliable as a sundial, which was
the most accurate. 

4840
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:14,600
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

4841
04:18:14,600 --> 04:18:17,500
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

4842
04:18:17,500 --> 04:18:20,600
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

4843
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:24,200
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

4844
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:26,600
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

4845
04:18:27,900 --> 04:18:30,300
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

4846
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,700
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

4847
04:18:33,700 --> 04:18:36,600
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

4848
04:18:36,600 --> 04:18:40,000
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

4849
04:18:40,000 --> 04:18:43,600
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

4850
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:47,400
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

4851
04:18:47,400 --> 04:18:49,300
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

4852
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:52,200
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

4853
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:54,200
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

4854
04:18:54,200 --> 04:18:57,200
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

4855
04:18:57,200 --> 04:18:59,300
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

4856
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:02,900
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

4857
04:19:02,900 --> 04:19:05,400
was in the middle of everything 
and around it. 

4858
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:08,600
Were Crystal Spears that held 
the moon planets and stars in 

4859
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,500
their never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

4860
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:14,200
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

4861
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:17,400
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

4862
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:19,600
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

4863
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:24,000
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways that most people today 

4864
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:26,400
have forgotten. 
You woke up with the sun because

4865
04:19:26,400 --> 04:19:29,800
candles were expensive and 
Highlight was hard to find, the 

4866
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:31,800
sun's path across the sky. 
Not the clock. 

4867
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:34,000
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers. 

4868
04:19:34,000 --> 04:19:36,800
Knew that certain crops should 
be planted when certain stars 

4869
04:19:36,800 --> 04:19:40,300
came up at dawn and monks split 
their prayers into different 

4870
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:42,200
parts. 
Based on the canonical hours 

4871
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:45,000
that followed the sun's 
movement, most people stayed in 

4872
04:19:45,008 --> 04:19:47,400
the same place their whole 
lives, only moving a few miles 

4873
04:19:47,400 --> 04:19:50,500
away, the next Valley, the 
closest market town, and maybe 

4874
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:52,700
the regional Cathedral with the 
only things that could reach 

4875
04:19:52,700 --> 04:19:54,800
your world. 
If you were lucky enough to go 

4876
04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:58,000
on a pilgrimage, you could see 
them, it would have seemed a 

4877
04:19:58,000 --> 04:19:59,100
strange to you, that things 
happening. 

4878
04:19:59,100 --> 04:20:02,600
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

4879
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,400
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

4880
04:20:05,408 --> 04:20:08,100
other side of the world. 
But even in this small world, 

4881
04:20:08,100 --> 04:20:11,400
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

4882
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:13,200
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

4883
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:15,800
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

4884
04:20:15,800 --> 04:20:19,000
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

4885
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:22,200
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

4886
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:25,400
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

4887
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:28,800
and meteor showers were events 
that Whole Villages would stay 

4888
04:20:28,808 --> 04:20:30,900
up to watch. 
Everything was affected by 

4889
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:33,000
religion. 
People, often saw celestial 

4890
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,300
events through religious lenses,
strange things happening in the 

4891
04:20:36,300 --> 04:20:37,900
sky. 
Could be signs of political 

4892
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:42,300
change warnings from God about 
how to act morally or signs of 

4893
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,800
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

4894
04:20:44,808 --> 04:20:48,100
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

4895
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:51,900
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

4896
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:54,100
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

4897
04:20:54,100 --> 04:20:58,600
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Pliny, the Elder these texts

4898
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:01,300
helped people understand how the
world worked, but medieval 

4899
04:21:01,300 --> 04:21:03,900
Scholars were just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge.

4900
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:06,900
He also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

4901
04:21:06,900 --> 04:21:09,100
to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

4902
04:21:09,100 --> 04:21:12,900
People were curious and observed
at the time, but only up to a 

4903
04:21:12,900 --> 04:21:15,800
point natural philosophers 
endeavored to comprehend God's 

4904
04:21:15,800 --> 04:21:17,400
creation through meticulous 
examination. 

4905
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,700
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

4906
04:21:20,700 --> 04:21:22,400
truth. 
It was important to pay 

4907
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:24,800
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

4908
04:21:24,800 --> 04:21:27,700
scientifically interesting. 
But also, because they could 

4909
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:30,200
Spiritual meaning, trade 
networks linked. 

4910
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:32,800
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

4911
04:21:32,800 --> 04:21:36,300
exchanges a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

4912
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:39,200
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

4913
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:43,000
paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

4914
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:46,700
moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

4915
04:21:46,700 --> 04:21:49,300
intellectual Network that could 
keep, and share important 

4916
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:54,300
observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

4917
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:56,900
stars, followed familiar 
patterns, and strange things 

4918
04:21:56,900 --> 04:21:58,900
happened. 
So, rarely that they were 

4919
04:21:58,900 --> 04:22:01,500
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

4920
04:22:01,500 --> 04:22:04,900
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

4921
04:22:04,900 --> 04:22:08,800
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

4922
04:22:08,800 --> 04:22:11,500
records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

4923
04:22:11,500 --> 04:22:14,000
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

4924
04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:17,300
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

4925
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:19,300
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

4926
04:22:19,308 --> 04:22:21,500
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

4927
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:24,100
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

4928
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,500
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars they knew they had no 

4929
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:29,200
idea. 
The invisible radiation was 

4930
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:31,500
about to fall from space and 
amounts, that wouldn't be seen 

4931
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:33,100
again for another Thousand 
Years. 

4932
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:36,600
Imagine that you're relaxing in 
your medieval Cottage on a 

4933
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,900
normal night. 
In 774, maybe sometime between 

4934
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:42,900
late winter and early summer. 
The exact date is lost to 

4935
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:44,600
history. 
Like so many other details from 

4936
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:46,600
that time. 
The sky looks normal. 

4937
04:22:46,600 --> 04:22:49,100
The stars shine as brightly as 
they always do. 

4938
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:52,100
And nothing seems out of the 
ordinary for any other night in 

4939
04:22:52,100 --> 04:22:55,200
your life, but something amazing
is happening higher above. 

4940
04:22:55,200 --> 04:22:57,500
The Earth's atmosphere that 
people won't fully understand 

4941
04:22:57,500 --> 04:23:00,800
until the 21st century. 
A huge burst of high energy 

4942
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:03,500
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

4943
04:23:03,500 --> 04:23:06,900
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

4944
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:08,700
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

4945
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:11,600
The falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

4946
04:23:11,600 --> 04:23:14,400
radiation, harrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

4947
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:16,300
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

4948
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:18,300
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

4949
04:23:18,308 --> 04:23:21,400
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

4950
04:23:21,400 --> 04:23:23,800
This is partly because the 
people who were affected 

4951
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,800
couldn't see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

4952
04:23:26,800 --> 04:23:29,700
visible light. 
Change the night, sky in any big

4953
04:23:29,708 --> 04:23:32,900
ways or show any clear, signs, 
that something strange was 

4954
04:23:32,900 --> 04:23:35,300
happening, unlike a comet or 
supernova. 

4955
04:23:35,300 --> 04:23:38,100
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing fireworks 

4956
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:40,700
show in the history of the 
universe while wearing a 

4957
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:44,000
blindfold what was going on even
though it couldn't be seen, was 

4958
04:23:44,000 --> 04:23:47,400
truly amazing protons. 
And other high-energy particles 

4959
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,000
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
at almost the speed of light, 

4960
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,900
this caused secondary particles 
to rain, down toward the 

4961
04:23:52,900 --> 04:23:55,600
surface. 
The intensity was about 20 times

4962
04:23:55,600 --> 04:23:57,500
higher than normal cosmic ray 
levels. 

4963
04:23:57,500 --> 04:24:00,900
It was like if the normal gentle
spring rain, turned into a heavy

4964
04:24:00,900 --> 04:24:04,400
downpour that lasted for months.
These cosmic rays were hitting 

4965
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:06,900
nitrogen atoms in the upper 
atmosphere and changing them 

4966
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:10,900
into carbon 14, the radioactive 
isotope that archeologists used 

4967
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:13,800
to date old things. 
This process usually happens at 

4968
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:17,300
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

4969
04:24:17,308 --> 04:24:22,200
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

4970
04:24:22,200 --> 04:24:26,300
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

4971
04:24:26,300 --> 04:24:28,000
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

4972
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:31,400
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

4973
04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:33,300
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

4974
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:38,100
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

4975
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:42,700
and 775, which scientists would 
later recognized as one of the 

4976
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:46,300
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

4977
04:24:46,300 --> 04:24:48,900
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

4978
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:51,300
seen. 
The cosmic rays were also making

4979
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,300
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

4980
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:56,500
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

4981
04:24:56,500 --> 04:24:59,700
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

4982
04:24:59,700 --> 04:25:02,500
world like pieces of a puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

4983
04:25:02,500 --> 04:25:06,000
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

4984
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:09,000
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

4985
04:25:09,000 --> 04:25:13,700
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

4986
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:17,200
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

4987
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:20,800
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

4988
04:25:20,800 --> 04:25:24,300
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

4989
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:27,300
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

4990
04:25:27,300 --> 04:25:29,900
neighborhood. 
Ending out a short but very 

4991
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:31,900
strong. 
Burst of high energy particles, 

4992
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:34,600
you can start to understand the 
energies involved, if you 

4993
04:25:34,608 --> 04:25:37,900
picture two Atomic nuclei the 
size of Manhattan, crashing into

4994
04:25:37,900 --> 04:25:40,300
each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

4995
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:43,700
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

4996
04:25:43,700 --> 04:25:46,300
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

4997
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:49,300
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

4998
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:53,000
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses 

4999
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:54,900
that sometimes explode with 
energy. 

5000
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:57,700
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

5001
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:01,200
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

5002
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:04,000
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

5003
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:05,800
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

5004
04:26:05,800 --> 04:26:09,500
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

5005
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:13,100
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

5006
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,300
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

5007
04:26:16,300 --> 04:26:18,900
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

5008
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:22,700
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

5009
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:26,800
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

5010
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:31,300
cosmic race bike that was seen 
in 774 the timing of this event 

5011
04:26:31,300 --> 04:26:37,800
is what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

5012
04:26:37,800 --> 04:26:40,400
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

5013
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:43,800
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

5014
04:26:43,800 --> 04:26:46,900
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

5015
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:49,000
noting. 
These observations may have 

5016
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:52,100
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

5017
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:54,500
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

5018
04:26:54,500 --> 04:26:57,400
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

5019
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:00,800
Ages, might have seen that they 
could not explain the cosmic, 

5020
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:05,100
ray event of 774 was short by 
astronomical standards, it 

5021
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:07,100
probably lasted months in of 
years. 

5022
04:27:07,100 --> 04:27:10,400
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

5023
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,000
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

5024
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:15,400
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

5025
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,100
from more than a thousand years 
when they had better tools and 

5026
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:21,400
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

5027
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:24,400
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

5028
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:27,400
that was available at the time 
cosmic ray events, don't leave 

5029
04:27:27,400 --> 04:27:29,800
any visible signs. 
That would alert people and like

5030
04:27:29,808 --> 04:27:35,000
a Clips is comets or supernovae.
The people of 774 were going 

5031
04:27:35,008 --> 04:27:38,100
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history,

5032
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:40,700
but they had no way of knowing 
it was happening. 

5033
04:27:40,700 --> 04:27:45,100
But in a way, they were all part
of a cosmic experiment working 

5034
04:27:45,100 --> 04:27:48,300
together without even knowing it
to make a time capsule, that 

5035
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:50,700
would help scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

5036
04:27:50,700 --> 04:27:54,600
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

5037
04:27:54,600 --> 04:27:57,600
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

5038
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,500
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

5039
04:28:00,500 --> 04:28:04,400
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

5040
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:07,100
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

5041
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:11,800
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

5042
04:28:11,800 --> 04:28:13,500
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

5043
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:16,500
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

5044
04:28:16,500 --> 04:28:19,000
things that happened. 
During this time, we can't say, 

5045
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:22,200
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
calls all of them that the 

5046
04:28:22,208 --> 04:28:24,700
timing is interesting enough to 
make you wonder what people in 

5047
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,900
the Middle Ages were really 
seeing imagine being among in a 

5048
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:31,100
script. 
Torium in 775, keeping the 

5049
04:28:31,100 --> 04:28:33,500
chronicle that tells the story 
of your Monastery is most 

5050
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:36,600
important events. 
You dip your quill in oak, gall 

5051
04:28:36,600 --> 04:28:39,500
ink and write down that the 
winter has been unusually harsh 

5052
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:42,700
and that strange colors have 
appeared in the northern sky a 

5053
04:28:42,700 --> 04:28:45,700
few times, you don't know that 
more Cosmic radiation could 

5054
04:28:45,700 --> 04:28:49,000
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere in small ways or that

5055
04:28:49,008 --> 04:28:51,900
high energy particles could 
cause stranger aurors to appear 

5056
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:54,000
at. 
Lower latitudes than usual, the 

5057
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:56,900
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

5058
04:28:56,900 --> 04:28:59,900
from the Middle Ages, says that 
a red crucifix appeared in the 

5059
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:03,400
sky after Sunset around this 
time, many evil chroniclers were

5060
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:06,000
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

5061
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:07,700
between normal and strange 
events. 

5062
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:10,700
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

5063
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:12,600
events. 
They were probably seeing 

5064
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:18,100
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

5065
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:22,400
Chinese astronomical records 
from the Tang Dynasty which kept

5066
04:29:22,400 --> 04:29:24,800
some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

5067
04:29:24,800 --> 04:29:28,100
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese. 

5068
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:30,800
Astronomers were specially good 
at keeping track of comets, 

5069
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:32,700
Novi, and other short-lived 
events. 

5070
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:36,100
Their records, talk about guest 
stars and strange atmospheric 

5071
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:38,900
events that don't match up with 
any known astronomical events 

5072
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:41,700
that can be seen from Earth. 
The annals of Ulster say that 

5073
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:44,100
there were strange lights and 
weather patterns in Ireland. 

5074
04:29:44,100 --> 04:29:46,700
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

5075
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:49,300
people could learn and keep 
detailed records of events on 

5076
04:29:49,300 --> 04:29:52,200
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

5077
04:29:52,208 --> 04:29:54,500
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

5078
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:57,500
The fact that different 
independent Chronicle Traditions

5079
04:29:57,500 --> 04:29:59,800
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

5080
04:29:59,800 --> 04:30:03,100
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

5081
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:05,600
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

5082
04:30:05,600 --> 04:30:07,800
From a human point of view 
people. 

5083
04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:10,600
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

5084
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:13,400
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

5085
04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:15,200
understood strange things 
through, religious and 

5086
04:30:15,200 --> 04:30:18,400
philosophical lenses. 
In a scientific ones, a strange 

5087
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:20,900
light in the northern sky, could
mean that the government is 

5088
04:30:20,900 --> 04:30:23,500
about to change. 
The God is unhappy with how 

5089
04:30:23,500 --> 04:30:26,000
people are acting all that. 
The end of the world is near 

5090
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:28,200
people probably thought of the 
Red Cross. 

5091
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:30,500
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 
a Christian Vision. 

5092
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:33,100
Maybe showing God's judgment or 
Mercy. 

5093
04:30:33,100 --> 04:30:35,900
These interpretations weren't 
simple or stupid. 

5094
04:30:35,900 --> 04:30:39,500
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events with the

5095
04:30:39,500 --> 04:30:41,100
best tools available at the 
time. 

5096
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:43,200
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

5097
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:49,300
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

5098
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:53,200
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

5099
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:55,500
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

5100
04:30:55,500 --> 04:30:58,000
Don't directly control the 
weather, but they can change the

5101
04:30:58,000 --> 04:31:00,400
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

5102
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,800
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

5103
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:06,400
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

5104
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:08,300
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

5105
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:11,800
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

5106
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:14,500
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

5107
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:16,900
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

5108
04:31:16,900 --> 04:31:20,400
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

5109
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:24,400
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

5110
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:25,900
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

5111
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:28,100
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting. 

5112
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,600
Differently than they should 
have, theoretically increased 

5113
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:34,000
Cosmic radiation could impact 
plant growth and development. 

5114
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:37,200
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

5115
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:40,100
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

5116
04:31:40,108 --> 04:31:43,000
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

5117
04:31:43,000 --> 04:31:46,300
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

5118
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:48,600
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

5119
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:51,200
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

5120
04:31:51,200 --> 04:31:53,800
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

5121
04:31:53,800 --> 04:31:56,500
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

5122
04:31:56,500 --> 04:32:00,100
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming 

5123
04:32:00,100 --> 04:32:03,700
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of event 

5124
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:06,700
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a bigger effect on 

5125
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:09,800
the minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though no 

5126
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:11,300
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

5127
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:14,700
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

5128
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:16,700
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

5129
04:32:16,700 --> 04:32:18,700
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

5130
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:21,700
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

5131
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:24,400
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

5132
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:27,200
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

5133
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:30,100
live in cities today. 
It might not notice at all a 

5134
04:32:30,100 --> 04:32:32,900
farmer who slept outside every 
night would notice if the Aurora

5135
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:35,000
appeared at latitudes that were 
lower than usual. 

5136
04:32:35,000 --> 04:32:38,600
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

5137
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,000
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 
look different than usual. 

5138
04:32:41,000 --> 04:32:43,900
When strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

5139
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:47,600
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

5140
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:50,200
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

5141
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:53,300
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

5142
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:56,500
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

5143
04:32:56,500 --> 04:32:59,400
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

5144
04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:02,100
natural events. 
It is, specially sad that people

5145
04:33:02,100 --> 04:33:04,300
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

5146
04:33:04,308 --> 04:33:06,400
powerful astrophysical events in
history. 

5147
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:10,099
They had no way to understand 
what it really meant or how 

5148
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:12,500
important it was. 
They were like people who were 

5149
04:33:12,500 --> 04:33:15,000
trying to understand a symphony 
book, could only hear a few 

5150
04:33:15,008 --> 04:33:18,400
notes here and there or who were
trying to enjoy a painting but 

5151
04:33:18,400 --> 04:33:21,099
could only see random 
brushstrokes, that their careful

5152
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:24,099
observations and detailed 
records which are still kept in 

5153
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:27,099
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 
annals on several continents. 

5154
04:33:28,099 --> 04:33:31,200
Modern scientists important 
information about both the 

5155
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:34,300
cosmic ray event and its 
possible effects on Earth 

5156
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:38,200
medieval chroniclers writing by 
candlelight in stone scriptorium

5157
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:40,400
made records. 
That would be very useful to 

5158
04:33:40,400 --> 04:33:43,400
astrophysicists 13th. 
Centuries later, people living 

5159
04:33:43,400 --> 04:33:49,099
between 774 and 776 experienced 
mystery in, its purest form 

5160
04:33:49,099 --> 04:33:50,900
things that were clearly 
important. 

5161
04:33:50,900 --> 04:33:54,000
But couldn't be explained by 
what they already knew. 

5162
04:33:54,000 --> 04:33:57,599
They used the tools, they had 
careful observation keeping 

5163
04:33:57,599 --> 04:34:00,599
detailed records and thinking 
about what they saw using 

5164
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:02,500
religious and philosophical 
traditions. 

5165
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,000
That had helped people 
understand things for a long 

5166
04:34:05,008 --> 04:34:08,300
time, picture yourself as a 
detective, trying to figure out 

5167
04:34:08,300 --> 04:34:10,700
a mystery that happened more 
than 1200 years ago. 

5168
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:13,800
The only Clues you have a 
scattered across Royal archives 

5169
04:34:13,800 --> 04:34:16,900
Monastery, library and the 
hidden records written in tree 

5170
04:34:16,908 --> 04:34:19,700
rings and Ice cores. 
When modern scientists first 

5171
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:24,000
found proof of the 774 cosmic 
ray event, they had to put 

5172
04:34:24,000 --> 04:34:26,800
together, medieval Chronicles 
and the most advanced 

5173
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:29,500
astrophysics. 
Figure it out in the early 

5174
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:32,500
2000s, researchers looking at 
tree-ring data saw something 

5175
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:35,800
amazing, that led to the big 
Discovery, the amount of carbon 

5176
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:41,800
14 in Wood samples from 774 to 
775 went up a lot which hasn't 

5177
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:43,500
happened in the last few 
thousand years. 

5178
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,900
It was like nature had suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

5179
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,400
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

5180
04:34:50,400 --> 04:34:52,900
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

5181
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:56,200
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

5182
04:34:56,200 --> 04:34:58,599
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

5183
04:34:58,599 --> 04:35:01,599
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

5184
04:35:01,599 --> 04:35:05,300
Greenland had higher levels of 
brilliant, 10 and other isotopes

5185
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:07,200
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

5186
04:35:07,200 --> 04:35:11,000
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical ocean showed signs

5187
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:12,700
of the same event in their 
chemical makeup. 

5188
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,599
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scenes on 

5189
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:18,700
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

5190
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,700
candlelight with quill. 
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 

5191
04:35:21,700 --> 04:35:24,700
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

5192
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:27,599
strange events. 
It was no longer just to strange

5193
04:35:27,599 --> 04:35:28,500
medieval. 
Superstition. 

5194
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:31,599
That the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
mentioned a red crucifix in the 

5195
04:35:31,608 --> 04:35:34,099
sky. 
It could be useful, scientific 

5196
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:36,700
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

5197
04:35:36,700 --> 04:35:40,200
Chinese astronomical records, 
were especially useful because 

5198
04:35:40,200 --> 04:35:42,400
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Yet. 

5199
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:45,800
Very detailed records of 
celestial events, their records 

5200
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:49,900
of guest stars, strange lights 
and Atmospheric anomalies from 

5201
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:56,900
774 to 776 helped us understand 
how experienced skywatches might

5202
04:35:56,900 --> 04:36:00,099
have seen such an event with the
tools they had at the time to 

5203
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,300
connect medieval Chronicles to 
Modern astrophysics. 

5204
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,099
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

5205
04:36:05,099 --> 04:36:07,599
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

5206
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:10,800
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

5207
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:13,500
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

5208
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:17,300
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

5209
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:20,200
Chronicles would have used the 
language of Omens wanders and 

5210
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:23,300
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

5211
04:36:23,300 --> 04:36:25,900
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

5212
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:28,599
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

5213
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:31,300
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

5214
04:36:31,300 --> 04:36:33,700
invisible. 
Nobody Little technology could 

5215
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:37,099
have detected, the cosmic ray 
bombardment itself, but careful,

5216
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:39,800
observers might have been able 
to see its secondary effects, 

5217
04:36:39,800 --> 04:36:43,900
such as strange, auroras 
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe

5218
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:45,500
even small changes in weather 
patterns. 

5219
04:36:45,500 --> 04:36:49,099
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

5220
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:52,200
matches, the time when cosmic 
ray levels were high, this 

5221
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:54,400
suggests that some of the 
strange things that medieval 

5222
04:36:54,400 --> 04:36:56,900
writers wrote, about may have 
been caused by the invisible 

5223
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,599
radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

5224
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:02,300
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

5225
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:04,400
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

5226
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:07,000
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

5227
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:09,300
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

5228
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:11,400
strange things that happen 
during the time. 

5229
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,599
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

5230
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:17,700
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

5231
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:20,200
had two and clarify, what 
European and Chinese sources of 

5232
04:37:20,200 --> 04:37:22,200
set. 
The worldwide nature of these 

5233
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:23,800
records suggest that what was 
happening. 

5234
04:37:23,800 --> 04:37:26,200
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

5235
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:29,400
Modern researchers have a hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

5236
04:37:29,400 --> 04:37:32,500
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

5237
04:37:32,500 --> 04:37:35,300
of Strange events that medieval 
chroniclers wrote about all the 

5238
04:37:35,308 --> 04:37:37,300
time. 
People in the Middle Ages. 

5239
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,099
Lived in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather. 

5240
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,000
And many other events were 
always happening and being seen 

5241
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:46,000
as important to figure out, 
which anomalies might be linked 

5242
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:48,400
to the cosmic ray event, you 
need to carefully. 

5243
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,800
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

5244
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:53,500
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

5245
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:56,500
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

5246
04:37:56,500 --> 04:37:58,200
how consistent. 
They are across different 

5247
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,900
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

5248
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:03,400
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

5249
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,300
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

5250
04:38:06,300 --> 04:38:09,400
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

5251
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:11,599
strange. 
And not just what people in 

5252
04:38:11,599 --> 04:38:14,300
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

5253
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:17,900
This Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

5254
04:38:17,900 --> 04:38:20,300
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

5255
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:23,099
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

5256
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:26,300
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

5257
04:38:26,300 --> 04:38:28,599
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

5258
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,900
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

5259
04:38:31,900 --> 04:38:35,500
climatologists, Studied tree 
rings, ice cores and other 

5260
04:38:35,500 --> 04:38:38,200
natural records that keep 
chemical traces of events from 

5261
04:38:38,200 --> 04:38:41,700
long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

5262
04:38:41,700 --> 04:38:45,000
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

5263
04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:47,700
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

5264
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:50,500
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

5265
04:38:50,500 --> 04:38:54,200
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

5266
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:56,500
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

5267
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:59,500
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

5268
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:01,900
Cosmic race signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

5269
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,000
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

5270
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:10,300
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

5271
04:39:10,300 --> 04:39:13,599
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

5272
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,300
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

5273
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:19,800
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

5274
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:21,500
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

5275
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,500
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

5276
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:28,000
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

5277
04:39:28,000 --> 04:39:29,900
rings and Ice calls. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

5278
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:34,300
However, medieval people who saw
The event gave scientists the 

5279
04:39:34,300 --> 04:39:36,599
context, they needed to 
understand how it might have 

5280
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:38,100
looked to people who lived 
through it. 

5281
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:41,600
The combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

5282
04:39:41,600 --> 04:39:45,000
research has uncovered a story 
that neither method could have 

5283
04:39:45,000 --> 04:39:48,200
found on its own. 
The people who saw the 774 

5284
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:50,700
cosmic ray event had no idea. 
They were witnessing 

5285
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:54,300
astronomical history, but their 
careful record-keeping and 

5286
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:56,500
detailed observations made a 
time capsule. 

5287
04:39:56,500 --> 04:39:59,500
That would be very useful to 
researchers more than 1,000 

5288
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:01,300
years later. 
It's a reminder that 

5289
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:04,200
observations that seem unrelated
can sometimes show their true 

5290
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:06,200
importance. 
Only when looked at from the 

5291
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:08,000
point of view of later, 
scientific knowledge. 

5292
04:40:08,000 --> 04:40:11,600
Imagine waking up on a normal 
morning in 775. 

5293
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:15,000
When the year before had brought
news of strange events from all 

5294
04:40:15,000 --> 04:40:18,200
over the world, you get up with 
the sun because that's when life

5295
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:20,700
starts in a time. 
Before electric light's, when 

5296
04:40:20,700 --> 04:40:23,500
you step outside your home, 
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 

5297
04:40:23,500 --> 04:40:26,800
a monastery cell or a Merchant's
house, you might look up at the 

5298
04:40:26,808 --> 04:40:29,600
sky and realize that something 
strange has been happening up 

5299
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:31,400
there. 
The cosmic ray of event that 

5300
04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:35,300
peaked in 7. 74 was making small
changes in your environment that

5301
04:40:35,300 --> 04:40:37,900
you couldn't see. 
But the strange things that 

5302
04:40:37,900 --> 04:40:40,500
Chronicle isn't Travelers wrote 
about were adding a sense of 

5303
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:43,600
wonder, and uncertainty to 
everyday life people in the 

5304
04:40:43,608 --> 04:40:45,600
Middle, Ages were used to living
with mystery. 

5305
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,400
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world would 

5306
04:40:48,400 --> 04:40:51,400
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there was so many 

5307
04:40:51,408 --> 04:40:54,200
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like, big 

5308
04:40:54,200 --> 04:40:56,000
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

5309
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:57,700
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

5310
04:40:57,700 --> 04:41:00,700
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

5311
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:03,300
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

5312
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:06,500
always start with prayers. 
But prayers from the Middle Ages

5313
04:41:06,500 --> 04:41:09,400
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

5314
04:41:09,400 --> 04:41:12,200
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights, 

5315
04:41:12,200 --> 04:41:14,600
and unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

5316
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:17,500
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

5317
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:20,000
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

5318
04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:22,600
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

5319
04:41:22,600 --> 04:41:27,200
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens, most people in 7775 were 

5320
04:41:27,200 --> 04:41:30,600
farmers, so they had to pay 
close attention to Natural signs

5321
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:31,900
and seasonal patterns all the 
time. 

5322
04:41:32,600 --> 04:41:34,600
To be successful. 
In farming, in the Middle Ages, 

5323
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,400
you had to be able to read 
subtle signs in the environment.

5324
04:41:37,400 --> 04:41:40,400
Like, when to plant based on the
temperature and moisture of the 

5325
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:43,200
soil, how to tell when the 
weather would change based on 

5326
04:41:43,200 --> 04:41:46,200
the clouds and wind patterns, 
and how to tell when it was time

5327
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:49,600
to harvest people who survival 
depended on, being able to read 

5328
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:52,200
Nature's signals, would notice 
any strange changes in the 

5329
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:55,000
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

5330
04:41:55,000 --> 04:41:56,400
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

5331
04:41:56,400 --> 04:41:59,000
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

5332
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:01,700
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

5333
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:04,800
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

5334
04:42:04,800 --> 04:42:07,300
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

5335
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:10,000
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

5336
04:42:10,000 --> 04:42:13,300
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

5337
04:42:13,300 --> 04:42:15,300
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

5338
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,100
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

5339
04:42:18,100 --> 04:42:21,500
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces were small 

5340
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,700
changes, might be easier to see 
monks who took care of herb 

5341
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,700
gardens and medicinal plants 
were trained to be very observed

5342
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:31,200
and pay close attention to how 
plants grew and how healthy they

5343
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:33,200
were. 
Because they So much about how 

5344
04:42:33,200 --> 04:42:35,800
plants normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

5345
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:38,000
spot things that less 
experienced to observers. 

5346
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:40,600
Would have missed the 
psychological climate of daily 

5347
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:42,200
life. 
During this era, was likely 

5348
04:42:42,200 --> 04:42:45,400
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

5349
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:49,100
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

5350
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:51,700
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

5351
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:54,700
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

5352
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:58,600
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

5353
04:42:58,600 --> 04:43:01,900
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

5354
04:43:01,900 --> 04:43:05,200
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

5355
04:43:05,200 --> 04:43:07,600
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

5356
04:43:07,600 --> 04:43:09,800
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

5357
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:12,700
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

5358
04:43:12,700 --> 04:43:15,800
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

5359
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:18,400
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

5360
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:21,100
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

5361
04:43:21,100 --> 04:43:24,200
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

5362
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:27,600
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

5363
04:43:27,600 --> 04:43:30,700
about strange weather strange, 
lights, and other strange, 

5364
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:32,400
things that Travelers and 
Chronicles. 

5365
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:35,200
Seen more often during this 
time, because medieval 

5366
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:38,000
communities were small 
interesting news spread quickly.

5367
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:40,800
The collection of strange 
reports would have given people 

5368
04:43:40,800 --> 04:43:44,100
interesting things to talk about
at communal meals Market Days 

5369
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:47,300
and other social events people 
who worked outside would have 

5370
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:50,200
had more chances to see strange 
weather patterns that people who

5371
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:52,900
worked inside might not have 
seen blacksmiths. 

5372
04:43:52,900 --> 04:43:55,600
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 
who worked outside would have 

5373
04:43:55,600 --> 04:43:58,500
been in a good position to 
notice changes in the Colours of

5374
04:43:58,500 --> 04:44:01,100
the sky strange. 
Cloud shapes or other 

5375
04:44:01,100 --> 04:44:03,900
atmospheric Oddities that could 
be related to The Invisible. 

5376
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:06,700
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 
hitting the, upper atmosphere of

5377
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:08,800
Earth. 
During this time, people might 

5378
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:11,500
have spent more time watching 
the sky at night, because they 

5379
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:13,900
were more aware of the 
possibility of strange celestial

5380
04:44:13,900 --> 04:44:16,100
events. 
He in the Middle Ages were 

5381
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:17,600
already good at looking at the 
stars. 

5382
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:21,100
Night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

5383
04:44:21,100 --> 04:44:23,500
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

5384
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:26,900
time and finding your way, a 
reports of strange, light, and 

5385
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:29,000
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

5386
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:33,200
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 77 5 religious 

5387
04:44:33,200 --> 04:44:36,100
observances may have encompassed
specific prayers or rituals 

5388
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:37,700
intended to appropriately 
address. 

5389
04:44:37,700 --> 04:44:40,700
The enigmatic signs that 
appeared with notable frequency,

5390
04:44:40,700 --> 04:44:43,900
medieval Christianity, offered 
Frameworks for interpreting 

5391
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:47,500
natural phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

5392
04:44:47,500 --> 04:44:50,800
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

5393
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:53,600
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

5394
04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:56,100
life in the Middle. 
Ages was still governed by the 

5395
04:44:56,100 --> 04:44:58,100
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

5396
04:44:58,108 --> 04:45:00,500
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

5397
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:02,500
were in the air. 
How many strange lights were in 

5398
04:45:02,500 --> 04:45:05,200
the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

5399
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:09,000
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

5400
04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:12,700
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

5401
04:45:12,700 --> 04:45:15,700
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

5402
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:18,400
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

5403
04:45:18,408 --> 04:45:21,000
travelers who had the most 
information about different 

5404
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:23,700
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

5405
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:26,400
important in spreading news, 
about strange events to 

5406
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:29,600
different areas, a merchant, who
traveled between cities a lot 

5407
04:45:29,600 --> 04:45:31,800
could act as an unofficial 
Clearing House for stories. 

5408
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:34,900
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

5409
04:45:34,900 --> 04:45:37,300
what happened in their own area,
with what happened in other 

5410
04:45:37,300 --> 04:45:40,400
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

5411
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:43,100
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

5412
04:45:43,100 --> 04:45:45,800
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

5413
04:45:45,800 --> 04:45:48,600
He in the Middle Ages knew that 
they were part of ongoing 

5414
04:45:48,600 --> 04:45:51,900
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

5415
04:45:51,900 --> 04:45:54,400
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

5416
04:45:54,400 --> 04:45:57,500
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

5417
04:45:57,500 --> 04:45:59,900
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

5418
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:03,200
What makes this a specialty sad?
Is that the people of 7? 

5419
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:05,200
5. 
We're going through a very 

5420
04:46:05,200 --> 04:46:08,700
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

5421
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:11,800
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

5422
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:14,600
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

5423
04:46:14,608 --> 04:46:17,800
time couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks in tree 

5424
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:20,000
rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

5425
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:23,500
That would be very useful to 
scientists 1000 years later but 

5426
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:26,300
they didn't know it at the time.
The story of how modern 

5427
04:46:26,300 --> 04:46:28,000
scientists figured out what 
happened. 

5428
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:32,300
During the 774 cosmic, ray event
is like a detective novel for 

5429
04:46:32,300 --> 04:46:35,500
smart people with Clues hidden 
in Japanese cedar trees. 

5430
04:46:35,500 --> 04:46:39,500
Greenlandic ice sheets and the 
margins of medieval manuscripts.

5431
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:42,600
It's a story that shows how the 
most advanced science of the 

5432
04:46:42,600 --> 04:46:46,400
21st century and sometimes rely 
on the careful notes of monks 

5433
04:46:46,400 --> 04:46:48,700
from the 8th Century. 
We were just trying to write 

5434
04:46:48,700 --> 04:46:50,600
down what they saw in the world 
around them. 

5435
04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:53,600
As is often the case with 
scientific breakthroughs, the 

5436
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:56,500
discovery started when someone 
noticed that the data didn't 

5437
04:46:56,500 --> 04:46:59,900
look quite right, researchers 
studying radiocarbon levels in 

5438
04:46:59,908 --> 04:47:03,600
tree, rings in the early 2000s 
were creating detailed timelines

5439
04:47:03,600 --> 04:47:06,900
of past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

5440
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:11,200
never been seen before. 
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 

5441
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:16,400
that happen all over the world 
in trees between 774 and 775. 

5442
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:19,500
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

5443
04:47:19,500 --> 04:47:22,100
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

5444
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:24,500
Because cosmic rays change 
nitrogen in the air. 

5445
04:47:24,500 --> 04:47:28,700
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

5446
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:30,200
of years. 
This process has been running 

5447
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:34,100
like a clock in space making a 
baseline that archeologists and 

5448
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:38,400
climate researchers used to date
old things but in 774 that 

5449
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:42,600
steady clock in space suddenly 
sped up despite was huge about 

5450
04:47:42,600 --> 04:47:46,000
20 times higher than normal 
levels of cosmic rays and it 

5451
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:49,700
happened all over the place at 
the same time during their 700 

5452
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:54,500
and 774 to 775 growth. 
Rings trees in Japan, Germany, 

5453
04:47:54,500 --> 04:47:56,500
North America and other parts of
the world. 

5454
04:47:56,500 --> 04:48:00,400
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

5455
04:48:00,400 --> 04:48:03,400
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

5456
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:06,900
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

5457
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:09,800
At first scientists didn't know 
What could have caused such a 

5458
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:11,300
big and sudden event around the 
world. 

5459
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:14,900
Testing nuclear weapons in the 
1960s had caused fake 

5460
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:18,000
radiocarbon spikes but the 
natural historical record didn't

5461
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:22,100
have anything like what they 
were seeing in 774 in theory 

5462
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:26,500
solar flares could cause more 
cosmic rays that the 774 event 

5463
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:29,800
was so big that it was bigger 
than any known solar storm. 

5464
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:32,800
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

5465
04:48:32,800 --> 04:48:36,100
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

5466
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:39,200
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

5467
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:42,000
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

5468
04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:45,100
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

5469
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:48,500
beryllium 10 and other Isotopes 
made by cosmic ray interactions 

5470
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,900
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

5471
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:53,800
Ocean's. 
Had other chemical signs of the 

5472
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:55,900
same event. 
Scientist was sure. 

5473
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,200
They were looking at something 
truly new in the historical 

5474
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,000
record because evidence from 
many different sources. 

5475
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:04,300
Tree rings, ice, cores and 
coral. 

5476
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:08,200
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

5477
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:13,200
774 to 700 775. 
But figuring out what happened 

5478
04:49:13,200 --> 04:49:16,300
was just the first step in 
understanding it, what might 

5479
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:18,600
have caused such a strong burst 
of cosmic radiation. 

5480
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:21,200
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

5481
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,100
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

5482
04:49:24,100 --> 04:49:27,500
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

5483
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:32,900
lot between 774 and 775. 
There might be indirect proof of

5484
04:49:32,900 --> 04:49:35,000
what happened in, historical 
records from that time. 

5485
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:38,100
Chroniclers, from the Middle 
Ages were skilled at noticing. 

5486
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:39,800
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

5487
04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:42,500
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

5488
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:45,500
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

5489
04:49:45,500 --> 04:49:48,900
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

5490
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:50,700
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

5491
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:54,000
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

5492
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:56,900
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

5493
04:49:56,900 --> 04:49:59,900
understood and recorded in the 
8th Century ways of knowing and 

5494
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:02,900
believing a phenomenon that 
contemporary scientists would 

5495
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:05,000
characterize through the lens of
particle physics. 

5496
04:50:05,000 --> 04:50:09,500
May be depicted in medieval 
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or

5497
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:11,600
Divine. 
Sign the interdisciplinary 

5498
04:50:11,600 --> 04:50:14,400
investigation yielded evidence 
that medieval observers 

5499
04:50:14,400 --> 04:50:19,900
discerned unusual phenomena. 
During the years 774 to 7776 the

5500
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:23,100
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 
of a red crucifix in the sky, 

5501
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:27,400
Chinese records of guest stars 
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 

5502
04:50:27,400 --> 04:50:30,200
other chronological accounts of 
strange lights and weather 

5503
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:33,400
patterns from this time suddenly
became more important as 

5504
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:36,900
possible proof of cosmic ray 
effects, the scientific teamwork

5505
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:39,700
needed to solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

5506
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,600
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

5507
04:50:42,600 --> 04:50:45,300
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

5508
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:48,900
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

5509
04:50:48,900 --> 04:50:51,400
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

5510
04:50:51,400 --> 04:50:54,700
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

5511
04:50:54,700 --> 04:50:56,900
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

5512
04:50:56,900 --> 04:51:00,200
Geochemist created ways to get 
cosmic race, signatures from 

5513
04:51:00,200 --> 04:51:03,000
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

5514
04:51:03,000 --> 04:51:05,900
and made the others clearer. 
The tree-ring data gave very 

5515
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:08,900
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

5516
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,600
analysis of ice calls confirmed 
that the event affected the 

5517
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:15,000
whole world medal, Chronicles 
provided perspectives on the 

5518
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:16,700
potential perceptions of the 
events. 

5519
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:19,700
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

5520
04:51:19,700 --> 04:51:22,800
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

5521
04:51:22,800 --> 04:51:25,000
cosmic. 
Ray burst The most likely 

5522
04:51:25,000 --> 04:51:28,100
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

5523
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,100
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

5524
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:34,600
in the universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

5525
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:38,100
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

5526
04:51:38,100 --> 04:51:40,700
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

5527
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:44,300
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

5528
04:51:44,300 --> 04:51:48,800
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

5529
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:52,900
This discovery is a specialty 
important because it is one of 

5530
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:55,800
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

5531
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:58,900
recorded gamma. 
Ray bursts are so powerful that 

5532
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:02,200
they can briefly outshine hold 
galaxies if one happened close 

5533
04:52:02,200 --> 04:52:06,500
enough to Earth to cause the 774
Cosmic race spike, it would be a

5534
04:52:06,508 --> 04:52:10,000
very rare astronomical event, 
the talking about things that 

5535
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:11,800
happen. 
Maybe once every few thousand 

5536
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:14,700
years in our part of the 
universe, the effects go beyond 

5537
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:17,100
just figuring out what happened 
in one stranger event. 

5538
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:21,300
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is
a good way to figure out how 

5539
04:52:21,300 --> 04:52:23,900
these kinds of events affect the
atmosphere and biosphere of 

5540
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,100
Earth. 
Scientists can better understand

5541
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,200
similar but less dramatic cosmic
ray changes throughout 

5542
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:32,800
geological history by looking at
the isotopic signatures left 

5543
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:36,300
behind by this well-known event.
Modern technology has made it 

5544
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:39,300
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

5545
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:43,500
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

5546
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:46,000
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

5547
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:48,700
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

5548
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,200
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

5549
04:52:51,200 --> 04:52:53,200
research. 
Found a story that neither 

5550
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:55,900
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

5551
04:52:55,900 --> 04:52:59,700
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

5552
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,700
careful, observations would one 
day help scientists learn more 

5553
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:06,900
about neutron stars gamma-ray, 
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 

5554
04:53:06,900 --> 04:53:10,300
but their details records, which
are still kept in Monastery. 

5555
04:53:10,300 --> 04:53:13,600
Library and Royal archives were 
very important for solving. 

5556
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:15,800
One of the biggest astrophysical
mysteries in history. 

5557
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:19,200
As you get more comfortable in 
your reading spot, maybe while 

5558
04:53:19,200 --> 04:53:22,000
you finish your evening tea, 
let's think about how a cosmic 

5559
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:27,400
event that lasted only a few 
months in. 774 has changed how 

5560
04:53:27,400 --> 04:53:30,000
we think about the universe for 
more than 1,000 years. 

5561
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,400
It's a story about how things we
can't see, can leave permanent 

5562
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:36,400
marks on the world and how those
marks can wait, hundreds of 

5563
04:53:36,408 --> 04:53:38,300
years for someone to learn how 
to read them. 

5564
04:53:38,300 --> 04:53:42,600
Scientists now, call the cosmic 
ray event of 774, the most 

5565
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,300
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 
recorded history. 

5566
04:53:46,300 --> 04:53:48,900
Its go far beyond just being an 
interesting data point for 

5567
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:51,600
astrophysicists. 
This event, fundamentally 

5568
04:53:51,600 --> 04:53:53,000
changed. 
How we think about the 

5569
04:53:53,000 --> 04:53:56,200
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

5570
04:53:56,200 --> 04:53:59,800
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seems stable can be 

5571
04:53:59,808 --> 04:54:03,500
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

5572
04:54:03,500 --> 04:54:07,300
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

5573
04:54:07,300 --> 04:54:10,900
this Cosmic bombardment to still
around today preserved in old 

5574
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:14,900
wooden buildings archaeological 
site and forests around the 

5575
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:17,000
world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

5576
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:22,000
between 774 and 775 has a 
chemical signature of the 

5577
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:26,200
amazing year in its cells, like 
a molecular autograph written by

5578
04:54:26,208 --> 04:54:29,300
the universe itself. 
This invisible time stamp links 

5579
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,600
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

5580
04:54:32,600 --> 04:54:36,100
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

5581
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:40,700
astrophysical events in human 
history. 774 event has changed 

5582
04:54:40,700 --> 04:54:44,000
the way we do modern radiocarbon
dating before this discovery. 

5583
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:47,200
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 

5584
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:50,500
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

5585
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:53,500
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

5586
04:54:53,508 --> 04:54:57,800
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

5587
04:54:57,800 --> 04:55:00,900
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

5588
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:05,300
that take into account sudden. 
Cosmic ray events, the 774 event

5589
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:07,300
has helped to make 
archaeological dating more 

5590
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:10,000
accurate, thanks to this unique,
Cosmic signature. 

5591
04:55:10,000 --> 04:55:13,100
We can now date artifacts from 
the late 8th Century with more 

5592
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:16,100
accuracy than ever before. 
It's like having a universal 

5593
04:55:16,100 --> 04:55:18,900
time stamp that shows up in 
organic materials from all over 

5594
04:55:18,900 --> 04:55:21,500
the world, this lets 
archeologists line up their 

5595
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:25,000
timelines with amazing accuracy.
The effects on our understanding

5596
04:55:25,000 --> 04:55:29,800
of medieval history of being, 
just as big 774 cosmic, ray of 

5597
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:33,100
events serves as a stable 
chronological reference, aiding 

5598
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:35,700
historians and correlating 
events, across diverse cultural 

5599
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:39,100
traditions, and geographical 
areas, when Chinese Chronicles, 

5600
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:41,500
European monasteries and Middle 
Eastern sources. 

5601
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:44,800
All right, about strange things 
happening at the same time it 

5602
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:47,400
makes sense that these events 
Could be connected to the same 

5603
04:55:47,400 --> 04:55:50,300
Cosmic event. 
Climate science has also gained 

5604
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:53,000
insights from comprehending, the
influence of cosmic rays on 

5605
04:55:53,008 --> 04:55:57,500
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 
the 774 event was too short to 

5606
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:00,400
change the climate in the long 
term, but it did show that 

5607
04:56:00,400 --> 04:56:03,500
Cosmic radiation can affect 
atmospheric processes in ways 

5608
04:56:03,500 --> 04:56:06,500
that climate models need to take
into account, contemporary 

5609
04:56:06,500 --> 04:56:08,200
researchers examining 
historical. 

5610
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,200
Climate variations are 
increasingly focusing on cosmic 

5611
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:14,700
ray fluctuations, as a potential
influence on atmospheric 

5612
04:56:14,700 --> 04:56:17,200
chemistry. 
Alterations researchers are now 

5613
04:56:17,208 --> 04:56:20,000
actively looking for similar 
events in the geological record,

5614
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:23,400
scientists are now looking for 
more Cosmic race bikes that are 

5615
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:26,600
hidden in tree rings. 
Ice, cores and other natural 

5616
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:28,900
records. 
They want to find more times 

5617
04:56:28,900 --> 04:56:31,300
when Earth was hit by strong 
radiation from space. 

5618
04:56:31,300 --> 04:56:34,600
Every new piece of information, 
helps us understand how often 

5619
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:38,600
these things happen, what they 
might do, the 700 774 event has 

5620
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:40,300
changed how we study space 
weather. 

5621
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:43,600
Cosmic rays can damage modern 
satellites and electronic 

5622
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:45,900
systems and knowing how extreme 
events. 

5623
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:48,600
Happened in the past can help 
engineers make technology that 

5624
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:52,300
can survive them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

5625
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,300
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

5626
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:57,800
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

5627
04:56:57,800 --> 04:57:01,000
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

5628
04:57:01,000 --> 04:57:05,400
and historians to work together 
to understand the 774 event has 

5629
04:57:05,400 --> 04:57:08,100
led to new models for how these 
two Fields can work together. 

5630
04:57:08,100 --> 04:57:12,300
Astrophysicists now, often ask 
medieval historians for help and

5631
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:14,800
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

5632
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:17,000
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

5633
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:19,300
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

5634
04:57:19,300 --> 04:57:21,100
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

5635
04:57:21,100 --> 04:57:23,800
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

5636
04:57:23,800 --> 04:57:27,100
This is made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

5637
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:31,500
clear, the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

5638
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:34,800
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

5639
04:57:34,800 --> 04:57:37,600
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

5640
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:40,900
that people in the past could 
not get to while also showing 

5641
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:42,500
how important it is to 
carefully. 

5642
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:45,700
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data. 

5643
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:47,800
Students. 
Learn that to understand the 

5644
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,308
past, they often need to use the
best technology and the best 

5645
04:57:50,316 --> 04:57:53,800
research. 
The 774 event has also changed 

5646
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:56,400
the way we think about how 
people see natural events 

5647
04:57:56,400 --> 04:58:00,000
medieval chroniclers who wrote 
about strange, weather events in

5648
04:58:00,000 --> 04:58:04,600
774 to 776. 
We're doing scientific research 

5649
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:07,200
that they could never have 
imagined and the information 

5650
04:58:07,200 --> 04:58:10,800
they gathered would be useful A 
Thousand Years Later they're 

5651
04:58:10,800 --> 04:58:13,100
careful observations. 
Remind us that even records, 

5652
04:58:13,100 --> 04:58:15,700
that seem unimportant might have
information that future 

5653
04:58:15,700 --> 04:58:17,400
Generations will find very 
useful. 

5654
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:21,700
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

5655
04:58:21,700 --> 04:58:25,400
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing and sometimes

5656
04:58:25,400 --> 04:58:30,100
violent Cosmic environment. 
The 774 event had a direct 

5657
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:33,200
effect on our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

5658
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:35,900
that are far away, we can still 
see the effects today. 

5659
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:39,100
It makes the universe seem more 
real and important to Everyday 

5660
04:58:39,100 --> 04:58:41,600
Life. 
The Discovery has also made us 

5661
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:44,500
think about how these cosmic ray
of events might have changed 

5662
04:58:44,500 --> 04:58:47,800
human history in ways. 
We don't yet know about if 

5663
04:58:47,800 --> 04:58:50,500
strong Cosmic radiation can 
change the chemistry of the 

5664
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:53,500
atmosphere and possibly change 
the weather climate or even 

5665
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:57,700
biological processes, then rare.
But powerful, Cosmic events may 

5666
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:00,300
have had an impact on historical
events that we don't know about 

5667
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:04,400
understanding events. 
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 

5668
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:07,700
has helped shape modern talks 
about existential risks and 

5669
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:10,400
planetary defense. 
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 

5670
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:13,300
directly threaten Earth as much 
as asteroid impacts or super, 

5671
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:17,000
volcanic eruptions do, but they 
do show that Earth is in a 

5672
04:59:17,008 --> 04:59:20,500
cosmic environment where rare 
but powerful events can have 

5673
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:23,000
Global effects. 
When making plans for the 

5674
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,300
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

5675
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:30,600
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet. 774 event 

5676
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,200
has become a touchstone for 
talks about how scientific 

5677
04:59:33,200 --> 04:59:36,100
discovery and historical 
understanding are related. 

5678
04:59:36,100 --> 04:59:39,400
It shows how the most advanced 
modern technology can sometimes 

5679
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:42,000
show that ancient observers were
more accurate than people 

5680
04:59:42,000 --> 04:59:45,200
thought and how careful 
historical research can help us 

5681
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:46,900
understand scient. 
Big Data better. 

5682
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:51,700
The cosmic ray event of 774 is a
reminder that the universe is 

5683
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:53,600
full of things. 
We don't fully understand yet. 

5684
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,600
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

5685
04:59:56,600 --> 05:00:00,400
Ring every layer of ice core and
every well, preserved medieval 

5686
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:02,900
Chronicle that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to find or 

5687
05:00:02,900 --> 05:00:08,000
understand the storm that hit 
Earth in 774 was invisible and 

5688
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:10,800
waited, more than 12, centuries 
for people to learn how to 

5689
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:14,600
figure out what had happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

5690
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:18,100
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

5691
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:21,200
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

5692
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,100
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

5693
05:00:24,100 --> 05:00:26,500
happens that year. 
As people learn more and 

5694
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:29,500
Technology gets better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

5695
05:00:29,500 --> 05:00:30,900
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

5696
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:34,400
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

5697
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:37,400
bombardment of high energy 
particles as turned into a link 

5698
05:00:37,400 --> 05:00:41,400
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

5699
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:44,500
trees and modern climate 
science, and human observation, 

5700
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:47,400
and Cosmic events. 
Shows that the universe is 

5701
05:00:47,400 --> 05:00:50,900
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

5702
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:54,100
languages that we're still 
learning how to read, as we come

5703
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:56,500
to the end of our journey 
through this Cosmic mystery. 

5704
05:00:56,500 --> 05:01:00,700
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

5705
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:02,800
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

5706
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:06,200
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

5707
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:08,100
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

5708
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:10,800
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

5709
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:12,900
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

5710
05:01:12,900 --> 05:01:15,600
cosmic systems whose working, 
we're only starting to 

5711
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:21,000
understand in 774 radiation came
down from space and connected 

5712
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:23,700
Earth to events happening at 
distance and scales that are 

5713
05:01:23,700 --> 05:01:25,400
hard. 
To imagine the high energy 

5714
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:27,800
particles that hit our 
atmosphere came from colliding, 

5715
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:31,900
neutron stars, exploding 
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 

5716
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:34,300
from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

5717
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:36,900
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

5718
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,600
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

5719
05:01:39,608 --> 05:01:43,000
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

5720
05:01:43,000 --> 05:01:45,700
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

5721
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:48,100
were Round. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

5722
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,000
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

5723
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:55,600
understandable Universe, the 
people of 774 lived in a 

5724
05:01:55,600 --> 05:01:57,000
universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

5725
05:01:57,000 --> 05:02:00,900
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

5726
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:03,100
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

5727
05:02:03,100 --> 05:02:07,000
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

5728
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:09,100
people in the Middle Ages. 
Couldn't even imagine it. 

5729
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,100
It was full of things that could
affect Earth over distances. 

5730
05:02:12,100 --> 05:02:15,600
So great that light itself took 
years to cross, the medieval 

5731
05:02:15,600 --> 05:02:17,800
view of how everything in the 
universe is connected. 

5732
05:02:17,800 --> 05:02:20,800
Wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought that 

5733
05:02:20,800 --> 05:02:22,900
events in the sky could affect 
things on earth. 

5734
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:25,800
Even though their ideas about 
how this worked were wrong. 

5735
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:29,400
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

5736
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:31,700
affect local conditions, was 
very smart. 

5737
05:02:31,700 --> 05:02:36,300
The cosmic ray of event of 774 
showed that explosions of stars 

5738
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:38,500
that happened. 
Light years away can have 

5739
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:40,100
affects on things that happen on
Earth. 

5740
05:02:40,700 --> 05:02:44,100
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

5741
05:02:44,100 --> 05:02:47,500
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools 

5742
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:49,700
that help us see more clearly 
people in the Middle. 

5743
05:02:49,700 --> 05:02:51,500
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

5744
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,800
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

5745
05:02:54,808 --> 05:02:58,800
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

5746
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,700
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

5747
05:03:01,708 --> 05:03:05,100
because of this technological, 
limitation people who are 

5748
05:03:05,100 --> 05:03:08,100
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

5749
05:03:08,100 --> 05:03:10,500
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

5750
05:03:10,508 --> 05:03:13,000
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

5751
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:16,300
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

5752
05:03:16,300 --> 05:03:19,400
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

5753
05:03:19,400 --> 05:03:22,500
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

5754
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:24,600
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

5755
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:27,100
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

5756
05:03:27,100 --> 05:03:29,900
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

5757
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,100
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

5758
05:03:33,100 --> 05:03:35,900
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

5759
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:37,900
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

5760
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:40,600
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

5761
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:42,800
Version of humans could get this
growth in. 

5762
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:44,700
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

5763
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:47,500
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

5764
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:49,500
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

5765
05:03:49,508 --> 05:03:53,200
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

5766
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:56,200
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

5767
05:03:56,200 --> 05:03:59,000
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

5768
05:03:59,000 --> 05:04:03,200
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

5769
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:05,600
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

5770
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:07,500
different time scales to 
understand them. 

5771
05:04:07,500 --> 05:04:11,300
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

5772
05:04:11,300 --> 05:04:14,000
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

5773
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:16,600
old Chronicles. 
From the Middle Ages wrote down 

5774
05:04:16,600 --> 05:04:19,700
what they saw within years or 
Decades of the event modern 

5775
05:04:19,700 --> 05:04:21,400
scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

5776
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:23,700
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

5777
05:04:23,700 --> 05:04:27,000
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

5778
05:04:27,000 --> 05:04:31,700
the 7704 event people from 
different academic fields and 

5779
05:04:31,700 --> 05:04:33,500
historical periods had to work 
together. 

5780
05:04:33,500 --> 05:04:36,700
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

5781
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:39,000
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

5782
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:42,000
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

5783
05:04:42,008 --> 05:04:44,600
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

5784
05:04:44,600 --> 05:04:48,200
over 1000 Years gave scientists 
the information they needed to 

5785
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:50,700
solve a cosmic mystery, they 
could never have imagined. 

5786
05:04:50,700 --> 05:04:53,900
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

5787
05:04:53,900 --> 05:04:57,000
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

5788
05:04:57,000 --> 05:05:00,900
researchers of years from now. 
Our extensive records of whether

5789
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:04,800
climate and cosmic ray changes. 
Could one day help scientists 

5790
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:08,400
figure out astronomical events 
that we can't see or understand 

5791
05:05:08,400 --> 05:05:12,200
right now we might be unwitting 
subjects, in scientific studies 

5792
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,000
that will not conclude until 
well after our departure, the 

5793
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:18,900
7774 event, also shows that 
rare, but powerful events can 

5794
05:05:18,900 --> 05:05:22,100
have affects that lasts long 
after their over the bombardment

5795
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:24,800
of cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

5796
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:27,200
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

5797
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:30,100
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological 

5798
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:33,500
chronologies and how Earth and 
space interact from more than 

5799
05:05:33,508 --> 05:05:37,200
1,000 years, short events can 
have affects that lasts for 

5800
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:41,400
hundreds of years. 
The 774 Cosmic Event makes us 

5801
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:44,100
think about our place in systems
that work on scales that are 

5802
05:05:44,100 --> 05:05:46,800
bigger than what we can see. 
And feel we live in Galactic 

5803
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:49,800
neighborhoods Where Stars can 
explode and change the chemistry

5804
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:52,200
of the atmosphere on planets 
that are light years away. 

5805
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:55,400
Every day we live our lives. 
Against the backdrop of cosmic 

5806
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:58,100
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

5807
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:02,000
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

5808
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:05,100
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

5809
05:06:05,100 --> 05:06:08,200
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

5810
05:06:08,200 --> 05:06:11,700
chroniclers signifies a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

5811
05:06:11,700 --> 05:06:13,800
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

5812
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:17,100
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entities are 

5813
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:20,900
systematically observing 
documenting and analyzing and 

5814
05:06:20,900 --> 05:06:24,000
Cosmic events in an effort to 
comprehend their significance 

5815
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:27,800
and consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

5816
05:06:27,800 --> 05:06:30,900
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

5817
05:06:30,900 --> 05:06:33,300
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

5818
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:35,800
and made detail records. 
That would be very helpful to 

5819
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:39,200
Future Generations, their 
reaction to the unknown, neither

5820
05:06:39,200 --> 05:06:42,400
panicking, or ignoring Strange 
events but instead carefully 

5821
05:06:42,400 --> 05:06:45,800
observing and recording shows 
the best of human scientific 

5822
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:47,900
instincts. 
Researchers today, who are 

5823
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:51,800
looking into the 774 event a 
following in the footsteps of 

5824
05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:54,500
medieval chroniclers, I 
carefully observing and 

5825
05:06:54,500 --> 05:06:57,500
thoughtfully interpreting, what 
they see they used tools that 

5826
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:00,700
medieval chroniclers could never
have imagined but they still use

5827
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:03,800
the same basic methods of 
systematic data, collection, and

5828
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:07,000
collaborative, analysis. 
The enduring human curiosity 

5829
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:09,800
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 
links us through the ages to 

5830
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:13,500
individuals who marveled at the 
universe's operations, as you 

5831
05:07:13,500 --> 05:07:15,600
get ready to end this story and 
maybe go to sleep. 

5832
05:07:15,600 --> 05:07:18,900
Think about how you're a part of
this ongoing human project to 

5833
05:07:18,900 --> 05:07:22,100
understand Cosmic events, the 
Stars you might see through your

5834
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:24,600
window or in the same part of 
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 

5835
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:28,700
radiation to Earth. 
In 700 774, the universe that 

5836
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:31,700
made that old mystery is still 
telling its story in tree, 

5837
05:07:31,700 --> 05:07:35,000
rings, ice, cores and things 
that people see that future 

5838
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:37,600
Generations will be able to 
figure out the cosmic. 

5839
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:41,700
Ray event of 774 is a Into that 
there are many things in the 

5840
05:07:41,708 --> 05:07:44,500
universe that we haven't yet, 
learned to see or understand 

5841
05:07:44,500 --> 05:07:47,000
every night. 
Sky has signs of things that 

5842
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:48,900
might be happening on Earth that
we can't see yet. 

5843
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,200
The invisible storm that hit 
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 

5844
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:55,100
just one example of the cosmic, 
dramas that are always happening

5845
05:07:55,100 --> 05:07:57,200
around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

5846
05:07:57,200 --> 05:07:58,900
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

5847
05:07:58,900 --> 05:08:02,300
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

5848
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:05,400
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

5849
05:08:05,400 --> 05:08:08,300
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

5850
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:10,700
making data for astrophysicists 
13th. 

5851
05:08:10,700 --> 05:08:13,200
Centuries in the future. 
This is a reminder that every 

5852
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:15,700
careful observation, every 
preserved record. 

5853
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:19,400
And every moment of wonder about
the cosmos like one day help us 

5854
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:21,800
solve Mysteries. 
We have an even thought to ask 

5855
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:25,200
about yet as you fall asleep, 
rapt in the warmth of your 

5856
05:08:25,200 --> 05:08:28,100
modern blanket, in a world, lit 
by electric lights, that would 

5857
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:30,600
have seemed magical to people in
774. 

5858
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:33,800
Take a moment to think about the
Amazing Story. 

5859
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:37,500
We've shared over 1200 years 
ago, in invisible Cosmic storm, 

5860
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:42,300
hit Earth left its mark on every
Either grew every piece of ice 

5861
05:08:42,300 --> 05:08:45,000
that formed and every living 
thing that was alive. 

5862
05:08:45,000 --> 05:08:48,000
During those important months 
people, in the Middle Ages who 

5863
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:51,000
lived through this event Farmers
tending, their fields. 

5864
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:54,600
Monks copying manuscripts by 
candlelight and Scholars 

5865
05:08:54,600 --> 05:08:58,500
tracking the movement of planets
had no way to see the high 

5866
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:01,500
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

5867
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:03,900
strange things they could see 
with the same careful 

5868
05:09:03,900 --> 05:09:06,100
observation, and thorough 
record. 

5869
05:09:06,100 --> 05:09:08,800
Keeping that is typical of the 
best scientific Instinct in 

5870
05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:11,000
humans. 
Their detailed records, which 

5871
05:09:11,000 --> 05:09:13,500
were kept in monasteries and 
Royal archives all over the 

5872
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:17,000
world, eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

5873
05:09:17,000 --> 05:09:20,200
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

5874
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:23,400
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

5875
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:25,400
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

5876
05:09:25,400 --> 05:09:29,400
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

5877
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,900
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

5878
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:35,100
Stella phenomena, grows the 
cosmic. 

5879
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:38,700
Ray event of 774, keeps giving 
us new information. 

5880
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:42,200
There is no doubt that To 
Generations will find more proof

5881
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:45,000
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

5882
05:09:45,000 --> 05:09:47,800
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

5883
05:09:47,800 --> 05:09:51,100
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

5884
05:09:51,100 --> 05:09:54,100
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

5885
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:56,800
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

5886
05:09:56,800 --> 05:10:00,400
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

5887
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:02,400
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

5888
05:10:02,400 --> 05:10:05,000
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

5889
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:08,000
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

5890
05:10:08,000 --> 05:10:10,900
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

5891
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:13,100
know how to look for the natural
world. 

5892
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:16,100
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events and chemical

5893
05:10:16,100 --> 05:10:19,400
languages that we still learning
to read as you get ready for bed

5894
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:22,100
tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

5895
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:25,200
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

5896
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:27,400
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

5897
05:10:27,400 --> 05:10:31,300
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

5898
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:33,900
stars in our Cosmic neighborhood
are living and dying in ways 

5899
05:10:33,900 --> 05:10:36,600
that could one day send more 
powerful, bursts of high energy 

5900
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:40,200
particles toward Earth, future 
observers maybe even your own 

5901
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:43,600
Tendons, might look back at this
time and wonder what Cosmic 

5902
05:10:43,600 --> 05:10:46,500
events we went through without 
knowing they could find signs of

5903
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:49,600
Stellar events in materials. 
From our time signs that are 

5904
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:52,300
current technology isn't 
Advanced enough to find or 

5905
05:10:52,300 --> 05:10:55,500
understand the universe might be
sending us messages in our 

5906
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:58,000
modern world that we won't be 
able to understand until we come

5907
05:10:58,000 --> 05:11:02,300
up with new tools and ways of 
thinking people in 774 were part

5908
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:04,100
of cosmic history without even 
knowing it. 

5909
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:06,600
They made records. 
That would be very useful to 

5910
05:11:06,600 --> 05:11:09,800
researchers of 1000 years later.
We might also be unknowingly. 

5911
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:12,400
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

5912
05:11:12,400 --> 05:11:13,700
until long after. 
We're gone. 

5913
05:11:13,708 --> 05:11:17,000
Our careful observations and 
thorough record-keeping May one 

5914
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:18,200
day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

5915
05:11:18,200 --> 05:11:21,300
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

5916
05:11:21,300 --> 05:11:25,500
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

5917
05:11:25,500 --> 05:11:28,300
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

5918
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:32,400
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

5919
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:34,700
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

5920
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:37,300
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

5921
05:11:37,300 --> 05:11:39,600
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

5922
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:44,000
to observe Record and slowly 
understand, these Cosmic events,

5923
05:11:44,000 --> 05:11:47,600
as you fall asleep, you are part
of a story that has been going 

5924
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:50,700
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

5925
05:11:50,700 --> 05:11:54,500
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

5926
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:57,400
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

5927
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:01,300
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

5928
05:12:01,300 --> 05:12:04,700
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

5929
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:07,100
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

5930
05:12:07,100 --> 05:12:12,600
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful record 

5931
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,100
keeping and working together to 
figure things out. 

5932
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:19,000
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know like writing 

5933
05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:21,700
by candlelight in the Middle 
Ages and studying isotopic 

5934
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:24,100
signatures. 
Today are both parts of the same

5935
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,300
big human project. 
Figuring out where we fit in the

5936
05:12:27,308 --> 05:12:30,500
universe sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're part 

5937
05:12:30,508 --> 05:12:33,800
of this ongoing story of cosmic 
Discovery, the universe around 

5938
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:36,800
you is full of amazing things, 
that future generations of 

5939
05:12:36,800 --> 05:12:39,100
curious. 
People will discover understand 

5940
05:12:39,100 --> 05:12:42,700
and appreciate these people will
share our wonder about how the 

5941
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:44,400
world. 
Works beyond what we can see. 

5942
05:12:44,408 --> 05:12:49,000
The invisible storm of 774 shows
us that the most important 

5943
05:12:49,000 --> 05:12:52,300
events and Cosmic history might 
happen, right next to us without

5944
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:55,700
us, even knowing it leaving 
clues for future, observers to 

5945
05:12:55,700 --> 05:12:59,600
find and figure out every night.
The universe gets new cosmic 

5946
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:03,800
radiation, new, Stellar events a
new chance to write its own 

5947
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:06,000
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

5948
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:09,000
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

5949
05:13:09,000 --> 05:13:12,900
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

5950
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:15,800
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

5951
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:18,500
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

5952
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:21,000
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

5953
05:13:21,000 --> 05:13:30,700
cosmic mystery and discovery 
Consider organizing a 2000, mile

5954
05:13:30,700 --> 05:13:33,900
6 month camping trip where you 
would need to pack everything 

5955
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:35,400
you would need to start over at 
the end. 

5956
05:13:36,300 --> 05:13:39,800
Now, picture doing this in 1843 
when the only content available 

5957
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:42,000
on the internet was what your 
neighbor might have heard from 

5958
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:44,300
someone whose cousin traveled 
West the previous year. 

5959
05:13:45,200 --> 05:13:46,500
Families. 
Preparing to hike. 

5960
05:13:46,500 --> 05:13:49,700
The Oregon Trail had to deal 
with this reality and their 

5961
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:51,900
planning process involved. 
A combination of science 

5962
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:56,900
speculation and Blind Faith. 
The average Pioneer Family spent

5963
05:13:56,900 --> 05:13:59,800
months preparing for their 
Westward Journey, which included

5964
05:13:59,800 --> 05:14:03,300
the logistical challenges of 
cross-country relocation along 

5965
05:14:03,300 --> 05:14:04,800
with the stress of wedding 
planning. 

5966
05:14:06,100 --> 05:14:09,200
Fathers would write lists and do
calculations by candlelight on 

5967
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,200
winter, evenings, with the same 
intense Focus as someone 

5968
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:14,100
planning, the longest camping 
trip in history. 

5969
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:17,300
Knowing that they might not find
what they had forgotten until 

5970
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:19,900
they arrived in Oregon. 
Mothers would make a list of 

5971
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:22,400
everything. 
They owned including extra 

5972
05:14:22,400 --> 05:14:26,900
buttons, cooking pots and fabric
Choosing a wagon was the first 

5973
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:29,500
big decision that would affect 
how comfortable you were for the

5974
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:33,100
next six months of your life. 
The majority of families chose 

5975
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,600
what was known as a Prairie. 
Schooner basically a big wooden 

5976
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:40,700
box that was four feet wide and 
ten feet long on Wheels and 

5977
05:14:40,700 --> 05:14:44,100
covered in canvas. 
Imagine it like a mobile closet 

5978
05:14:44,100 --> 05:14:46,900
where you would also sleep cook 
and call home for six months. 

5979
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:49,600
Tightly stretched over wooden 
Hoops. 

5980
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,000
The canvas top formed a 
comfortable tunnel. 

5981
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:54,000
That would resemble your 
childhood bedroom. 

5982
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:56,900
It was like solving the most 
significant three-dimensional 

5983
05:14:56,900 --> 05:14:59,700
puzzle in the world. 
When loading the wagon families 

5984
05:14:59,700 --> 05:15:02,700
created packing techniques, that
would impress contemporary 

5985
05:15:02,700 --> 05:15:06,500
efficiency experts because every
square inch counted bags of 

5986
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:10,000
flour, barrels of salt pork and 
spare wagon parts were placed on

5987
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:13,500
the bottom because they were 
heavier spaces between and along

5988
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:16,300
the sides were occupied by 
bedding clothing and Priceless 

5989
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:19,700
family belongings. creating a 
rolling household that could 

5990
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:22,800
continue to run, even if you are
unable to unpack every night was

5991
05:15:22,800 --> 05:15:26,300
the AIM, The quartermaster's 
mathematical prowess and the 

5992
05:15:26,300 --> 05:15:29,000
foresight of someone who knew 
that buffalo meat wasn't always 

5993
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:30,400
going to be available at the 
Neighborhood. 

5994
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:32,400
Grocery Store were needed for 
food planning. 

5995
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:37,600
Along with bacon, beans coffee 
sugar and salt families, usually

5996
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:39,700
packed 200 pounds of flour per 
person. 

5997
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:43,100
These were not Gourmet 
ingredients but they were foods 

5998
05:15:43,100 --> 05:15:45,500
that could be cooked over an 
open fire with little cooking 

5999
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,300
equipment and would not go bad 
during months of travel. 

6000
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:52,000
Women had a particularly 
difficult time, choosing what to

6001
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:55,800
wear because they had to strike 
a balance between 1840, social 

6002
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:58,900
norms and practicality. 
People in Oregon would judge you

6003
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:02,000
before, you'd even found a place
to live, so you could not 

6004
05:16:02,000 --> 05:16:04,200
exactly show up there in, rip 
and filthy clothes. 

6005
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:07,900
Women, therefore, plan to wear 
their most expensive clothing on

6006
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:10,800
the actual Journey, while 
packing their best dresses at 

6007
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:13,800
the bottom of trunks. 
Many developed the ability to 

6008
05:16:13,800 --> 05:16:17,300
wear skirts over functional 
Bloomers, to create respectable 

6009
05:16:17,300 --> 05:16:19,500
looking ensembles that 
accommodated, the physical 

6010
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,600
demands of Trail life. 
Parents had to think of 

6011
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:26,000
themselves as both providers and
entertainers for a six-month 

6012
05:16:26,000 --> 05:16:29,000
Journey. 
Without playgrounds rest stops 

6013
05:16:29,000 --> 05:16:32,400
or toy stores and their 
children's needs needed special 

6014
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:35,600
attention. 
Books were heavy but necessary 

6015
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:38,600
for both evening entertainment 
and education, making them 

6016
05:16:38,600 --> 05:16:41,000
valuable cargo. 
On tough days. 

6017
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,300
Simple toys like cloth dolls or 
carved wooden figures offered 

6018
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:47,800
Solace during months of travel 
and Outdoor Living parents 

6019
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:51,300
frequently packed extra fabric. 
Not only for repairs, but also 

6020
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:53,700
because they knew that by the 
end of the journey, their 

6021
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:55,900
children would need new clothes 
because they had outgrown their 

6022
05:16:55,900 --> 05:16:59,000
starting sizes. 
Another important factor was 

6023
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:02,500
medical supplies and families. 
Put together what a mounted to a

6024
05:17:02,500 --> 05:17:04,600
traveling Pharmacy. 
Using what ever medical 

6025
05:17:04,600 --> 05:17:06,600
knowledge, they could find and 
focus wisdom. 

6026
05:17:07,400 --> 05:17:10,200
Knowing that everyone would be 
impacted by the change in water 

6027
05:17:10,200 --> 05:17:12,700
and diet. 
They packed herbs for Digestive 

6028
05:17:12,700 --> 05:17:16,200
issues on a path 100s of miles. 
From the closest physician, 

6029
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:20,800
bandages, Lorden for pain relief
and various tonic's occupied 

6030
05:17:20,800 --> 05:17:23,000
valuable. 
Trunks space signifying, the 

6031
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:25,700
difference between minor 
setbacks and possible disasters.

6032
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:29,400
The most difficult aspect of 
preparation was probably the 

6033
05:17:29,400 --> 05:17:32,400
emotional preparation. 
Families were leaving behind 

6034
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:36,400
whole networks of connections, 
support systems and a custom 

6035
05:17:36,400 --> 05:17:38,000
lifestyles. 
In addition to specific 

6036
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:41,700
locations, they would bring 
family Bibles that functioned as

6037
05:17:41,700 --> 05:17:45,300
both spiritual consolation and 
family history, books letters 

6038
05:17:45,300 --> 05:17:48,500
from loved ones and small 
mementos from home churches. 

6039
05:17:49,600 --> 05:17:51,900
Although these objects were 
heavy and took up valuable 

6040
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:54,100
space. 
They gave people who were going 

6041
05:17:54,100 --> 05:17:56,200
into an unknown future 
psychological stability. 

6042
05:17:57,200 --> 05:18:00,400
families would get together for 
church services, farewell visits

6043
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:04,400
and last communal meals as 
departure, time Drew near These 

6044
05:18:04,400 --> 05:18:07,600
gatherings had the Bittersweet 
feel of occasions that everyone 

6045
05:18:07,600 --> 05:18:11,800
knew might be final farewells. 
In addition to offering last 

6046
05:18:11,800 --> 05:18:15,500
minute, tips and forgotten 
supplies neighborhood to write 

6047
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:18,500
letters that they all hoped 
would somehow make it to Oregon 

6048
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:22,200
Territory. 
As families left friends and 

6049
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:25,500
family wondered if they would 
ever cross paths again causing 

6050
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:28,300
entire Community, social fabric 
to be Revo. 

6051
05:18:29,200 --> 05:18:32,600
Most families had what we might 
now identify as a mix of pre 

6052
05:18:32,600 --> 05:18:35,900
examining anxiety and Christmas 
Eve excitement the night before 

6053
05:18:35,900 --> 05:18:39,200
departure for the final time 
children would lie in their 

6054
05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:41,600
comfortable beds while their 
parents made last minute, 

6055
05:18:41,600 --> 05:18:44,800
preparations down stairs. 
While attempting to commit 

6056
05:18:44,800 --> 05:18:47,200
details of homes. 
They might never see again to 

6057
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:49,200
memory. 
Adults would stroll through 

6058
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:52,900
empty rooms, making sure nothing
important had been overlooked. 

6059
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:56,000
Any sleeping Arrangements they 
could make in and around their 

6060
05:18:56,000 --> 05:18:58,800
wagon would take the place of 
their actual beds tomorrow. 

6061
05:18:59,700 --> 05:19:02,600
There are Custom Kitchens would 
be converted into dutch ovens 

6062
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:05,800
and campfires any group of 
families that happen to be on 

6063
05:19:05,800 --> 05:19:07,600
their Wagon, Train would become 
their neighborhood. 

6064
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:11,100
Everything that was familiar and
comfortable was about to change 

6065
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:13,900
into an adventure that would put
all of their preparations to the

6066
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:16,900
test. 
Imagine being gently roused by 

6067
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:20,700
the sounds of someone rekindling
a campfire and the soft Russell 

6068
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:23,100
of canvas as your neighbor's, 
start their day. 

6069
05:19:23,100 --> 05:19:27,200
Rather than an alarm clock on an
Oregon Trail morning, your 

6070
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:29,800
kitchen was any level area. 
You could clear around a fire 

6071
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:31,600
pit. 
Your bathroom was wherever you 

6072
05:19:31,600 --> 05:19:34,100
could find privacy and your 
bedroom was a wagon. 

6073
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:38,700
At 4:38 a.m. when the air was 
cool and The Oxen were resting 

6074
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:40,000
from their night of grazing, 
nearby. 

6075
05:19:40,000 --> 05:19:42,700
The usual Trail day started 
Before Sunrise. 

6076
05:19:43,600 --> 05:19:45,900
Families had discovered the 
importance of starting early. 

6077
05:19:45,900 --> 05:19:49,300
Not only to get as much distance
as possible before the midday 

6078
05:19:49,300 --> 05:19:52,600
heat, but also because people 
and animals had the most energy 

6079
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:54,400
in the morning for the 
challenges of the day. 

6080
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:57,500
The first thing you would notice
when you woke up would be the 

6081
05:19:57,500 --> 05:20:00,200
strange rigidity that results 
from sleeping on the ground, 

6082
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:02,800
which never felt like a proper 
mattress. 

6083
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,000
No matter how hard you tried 
families soon, discovered how to

6084
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:08,400
distinguish the subtle 
differences between different 

6085
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:11,900
types of prairie ground such as 
which places offered the best 

6086
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:15,200
balance of support and softness,
which areas drained. 

6087
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:18,400
Well, after rain, and which 
areas provided wind protection 

6088
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:21,300
without retaining morning. 
Moisture, the rhythm of the 

6089
05:20:21,308 --> 05:20:23,700
morning ritual would grow as 
ingrained as breathing. 

6090
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:26,000
The other parent would check on 
the animals. 

6091
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:29,600
Making sure the horses mules are
rocks and not wandered far 

6092
05:20:29,600 --> 05:20:32,500
during their night of grazing. 
While the other parent were 

6093
05:20:32,500 --> 05:20:35,800
kindled, the cooking fire from 
carefully preserved Coles When 

6094
05:20:35,800 --> 05:20:38,400
they were old enough to assist 
children would be given jobs 

6095
05:20:38,400 --> 05:20:41,400
like collecting Buffalo chips 
for fuel, which may seem like a 

6096
05:20:41,408 --> 05:20:44,100
bad job until you realize that 
these dried droppings burned 

6097
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:47,300
cleanly and were frequently, the
only fuel available on planes 

6098
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,500
without trees. 
The meal was typically 

6099
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:53,600
straightforward but comforting 
and breakfast preparations 

6100
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:55,400
started while the stars were 
still visible. 

6101
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,700
In addition to its caffeine 
content coffee was necessary 

6102
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:02,300
because the morning ritual 
offered cycle Solace and a sense

6103
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:06,400
of normalcy in another wise, 
utterly bizarre way of life, in 

6104
05:21:06,400 --> 05:21:09,500
battered tin pots, the coffee 
was brewed over fires that 

6105
05:21:09,500 --> 05:21:12,300
seemed to have their own 
personalities, and moods and was

6106
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:14,500
frequently strong enough to 
dissolve horseshoes. 

6107
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,300
Since they could be made quickly
with basic ingredients and 

6108
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:22,000
cooked on flat stones or iron 
griddles heated over the fire. 

6109
05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:24,800
Pancakes were a popular 
breakfast option. 

6110
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:28,500
The batter could consist of 
whatever was on hand sometimes, 

6111
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:31,800
just flour and water, sometimes 
enhanced with eggs, if the 

6112
05:21:31,800 --> 05:21:34,900
family's chickens were still 
laying and sometimes sweetened 

6113
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:37,800
with molasses or precious sugar 
for special occasions or when 

6114
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:40,900
Spirits needed to be raised. 
Families would start the 

6115
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:42,500
difficult process of breaking 
Camp. 

6116
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,600
While breakfast was being 
prepared and this daily ritual. 

6117
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,300
Evolved into a meticulously 
planned, dance of efficiency to 

6118
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:51,400
keep the bedding dry and usable 
for the following night. 

6119
05:21:51,400 --> 05:21:54,900
It had to be folded aired and 
packed since soap was too 

6120
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:57,700
valuable to be wasted on. 
Daily dishwashing cooking 

6121
05:21:57,700 --> 05:22:00,400
utensils needed to be cleaned 
frequently with sand and hot 

6122
05:22:00,400 --> 05:22:02,900
water. 
More thorough bathing was a 

6123
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:05,500
luxury save for Sunday. 
Rest days or river Crossings due

6124
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:06,700
to privacy and water 
availability. 

6125
05:22:06,700 --> 05:22:10,600
So, personal washing occurred 
quickly and usually involved 

6126
05:22:10,600 --> 05:22:13,200
only washing hands and faces at 
the latest. 

6127
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:17,000
The Wagon Train would start to 
move by 7 a.m. and the speed of 

6128
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:19,000
the journey established its own 
daily Cadence. 

6129
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:22,700
People frequently chose to walk 
beside their wagons rather than 

6130
05:22:22,700 --> 05:22:26,100
ride inside them because oxen 
could travel up to two miles per

6131
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:29,900
hour on good days, in reality, 
walking was better for a number 

6132
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:31,100
of reasons. 
It. 

6133
05:22:31,100 --> 05:22:34,500
The animals from the startling, 
bone-shaking experience of 

6134
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:37,700
riding in a wagon without 
suspension It allowed them to 

6135
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:41,400
get food and fuel or it was just
a chance to stretch legs that 

6136
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:44,000
had been crammed into makeshift 
sleeping quarters during the 

6137
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:46,500
night. 
By developing games. 

6138
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,000
That could be played while 
keeping the steady Pace required

6139
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:52,500
to cover 15 to 20 miles. 
Each day, children discovered 

6140
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:54,700
ways to make the daily walk into
entertainment. 

6141
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:59,100
They could compete to find 
Wildlife gather unique rocks or 

6142
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:01,300
practice skills. 
Their mothers taught them like 

6143
05:23:01,300 --> 05:23:05,100
identifying edible plants. 
As they travel the miles 

6144
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:06,500
required to get to Oregon 
before. 

6145
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:10,100
Winter parents, use the daily 
walk as an unofficial School 

6146
05:23:10,100 --> 05:23:13,200
period to teach their kids 
geography, natural history and 

6147
05:23:13,200 --> 05:23:15,900
practical skills known as 
newning. 

6148
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:18,800
The midday halt, gave both 
humans and animals the much 

6149
05:23:18,800 --> 05:23:21,200
needed respite, they needed 
during the hottest part of the 

6150
05:23:21,200 --> 05:23:23,100
day. 
In order to give animals the 

6151
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:27,200
opportunity to graze and rest in
any available shade families 

6152
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:29,700
would unhitch. 
Their teams this two to 

6153
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:33,200
three-hour break developed into 
a crucial social moment during 

6154
05:23:33,200 --> 05:23:37,200
which families could exchange 
supplies discussed news or just 

6155
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:39,700
have pleasant chats with people 
outside of their immediate 

6156
05:23:39,700 --> 05:23:42,900
family. 
Women frequently used newning to

6157
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:44,800
complete tasks. 
That were challenging to 

6158
05:23:44,800 --> 05:23:48,700
complete while traveling such as
mending clothing journaling or 

6159
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:51,400
cooking, which required more 
focused than walking could 

6160
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:53,900
provide. 
Well, the Wagon Train was in 

6161
05:23:53,900 --> 05:23:55,900
motion. 
Kids might play games that 

6162
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:58,700
weren't useful or take naps in 
whatever shade was available. 

6163
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:02,000
Usually men use this time to 
inspect Machinery. 

6164
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:05,600
Fix problems or talk with the 
Wagon Train Captain about the 

6165
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:08,300
next course. 
The afternoon, commute was 

6166
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:09,900
frequently more difficult than 
the morning. 

6167
05:24:09,900 --> 05:24:13,200
One, everybody was starting to 
feel the cumulative weariness of

6168
05:24:13,200 --> 05:24:15,600
weeks on the trail. 
The heat made walking more 

6169
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:19,100
challenging and the dust kicked 
up by dozens of wagons, created 

6170
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:22,400
its own weather system. 
Because decision making was more

6171
05:24:22,400 --> 05:24:25,200
difficult when everyone was 
exhausted hot and possibly 

6172
05:24:25,200 --> 05:24:27,600
irritable. 
This was the time when families 

6173
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:30,200
truly valued the structure and 
routines, they had established 

6174
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:33,700
the complicated process of 
setting up camp, came in the 

6175
05:24:33,700 --> 05:24:36,700
evening and families device 
systems that struck a balance 

6176
05:24:36,708 --> 05:24:40,500
between comfort and efficiency, 
the best campsites provided 

6177
05:24:40,500 --> 05:24:43,800
natural windbreaks drainage to 
avoid issues in the event of 

6178
05:24:43,808 --> 05:24:47,100
nighttime, rain and access to 
water, fire Fuel and animal 

6179
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:49,900
grazing. 
With months of practice, 

6180
05:24:49,900 --> 05:24:51,300
seasoned Travelers. 
Could quickly. 

6181
05:24:51,300 --> 05:24:55,100
Assess water quality, where the 
security, a neighbor proximity 

6182
05:24:55,100 --> 05:24:58,300
while evaluating possible 
campsites with the help of 

6183
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:01,000
professional Scouts, the 
atmosphere of the Wagon Train 

6184
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:04,600
would change as the sun sank 
from the concentrated efficiency

6185
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:07,300
of traveled to the more laid 
back rhythms of Camp life in the

6186
05:25:07,308 --> 05:25:09,800
evening. 
Files would start to appear all 

6187
05:25:09,800 --> 05:25:13,300
over the camp cooking smoked 
would produce its own fragrant 

6188
05:25:13,300 --> 05:25:16,300
atmosphere, and the sounds of 
plodding, oxen, and creaking 

6189
05:25:16,300 --> 05:25:18,500
Wagon Wheels. 
Would give way to conversations 

6190
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:22,100
children playing and the evening
chores that got families ready 

6191
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:23,600
for another night Under the 
Stars. 

6192
05:25:24,500 --> 05:25:27,100
This daily routine which was 
repeated for months, 

6193
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:30,600
strengthened Family Ties, and 
produced skills, that turned 

6194
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:34,000
common people into masters of 
animal husbandry outdoor living 

6195
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:37,000
and Building Homes were ever 
their wagons halted for the 

6196
05:25:37,000 --> 05:25:40,100
night. 
Imagine a tempting to manage a 

6197
05:25:40,100 --> 05:25:42,800
restaurant with a fire pit in 
the kitchen whatever fits in a 

6198
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:45,700
wooden box for the pantry and 
wherever you can find level 

6199
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:48,600
ground that isn't too muddy or 
Dusty for the dining area 

6200
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,100
feeding families. 
On the Oregon Trail was a daily 

6201
05:25:51,108 --> 05:25:55,000
reality where mothers developed 
into skilled outdoor cooks and 

6202
05:25:55,000 --> 05:25:58,000
everyone discovered that using 
limited ingredients creatively 

6203
05:25:58,000 --> 05:26:00,300
made the difference between 
meals that lifted people's 

6204
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,000
spirits and meals that served a 
functional purpose. 

6205
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:06,500
Modern backpacking enthusiasts 
would be impressed by the camp 

6206
05:26:06,500 --> 05:26:09,600
kitchen, which was a Masterwork 
of portability and efficiency, 

6207
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:12,600
everything had to be 
multi-functional and compact. 

6208
05:26:13,600 --> 05:26:15,800
A cast iron. 
Dutch oven was used as a general

6209
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:19,900
cooking pot roasting pan and 
bread Baker tin plate, served a 

6210
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:21,300
serving platters and cutting 
boards. 

6211
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:24,400
In addition to making coffee and
tea coffee pots were 

6212
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:25,900
occasionally used to cook 
vegetables. 

6213
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:28,800
While other pots were in use, 
when cooking called, for 

6214
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:31,500
additional containers, even the 
wooden water buckets were 

6215
05:26:31,500 --> 05:26:35,200
converted into mixing bowls. 
Family spent weeks honing their 

6216
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:37,200
craft of setting up the evening 
cooking area. 

6217
05:26:37,200 --> 05:26:40,100
No one wanted their sleeping 
space to smell like a barbecue 

6218
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:42,700
pit all night. 
So the fire had to be oriented 

6219
05:26:42,700 --> 05:26:46,000
to benefit from the prevailing 
winds for both heat distribution

6220
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:50,000
and smoke Direction. 
Flat Stones were used as serving

6221
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:53,500
areas and countertops and rocks 
were arranged to form pot 

6222
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:56,600
supports and windscreens. 
As a result, an outdoor kitchen 

6223
05:26:56,600 --> 05:27:00,100
was created, that could use the 
most basic ingredients to create

6224
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:04,500
surprisingly complex meals. 
Modern Bakers would find the 

6225
05:27:04,508 --> 05:27:07,300
skills needed to make bread on 
the trail both familiar and 

6226
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:11,200
difficult like Priceless. 
Heirlooms sourdough starters 

6227
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,100
were maintained with care and 
passed down through the 

6228
05:27:13,100 --> 05:27:16,700
generations because a healthy 
starter meant fresh bread. 

6229
05:27:16,700 --> 05:27:20,100
All the way, while a dead 
starter meant months of hardship

6230
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:23,600
and disappointment, the starter 
lived in jars or Crocs that 

6231
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,600
traveled in wagons with the same
attention to detail. 

6232
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:30,300
Typically reserved for fragile, 
China, timing, temperature, and 

6233
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:33,700
technique had to be precisely 
synchronized when baking bread 

6234
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:36,500
in a dutch oven, which was 
similar to conducting, a small 

6235
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:39,000
Orchestra. 
The heavy iron pot was covered 

6236
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,200
with coals, which created 
another effect that could result

6237
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:46,000
in surprisingly light crusty 
loaves in order to develop an 

6238
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:48,800
intuitive sense of temperature 
that would be useful in kitchens

6239
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:52,300
they would construct in Oregon 
Season Trail Bakers would hold 

6240
05:27:52,300 --> 05:27:54,500
their hands, close to the coals 
and count slowly. 

6241
05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:57,800
Along the trail. 
There were special opportunities

6242
05:27:57,800 --> 05:28:00,500
and challenges related to meat 
preparation and preservation. 

6243
05:28:01,400 --> 05:28:04,200
Families had to swiftly, 
transform, vast quantities of 

6244
05:28:04,200 --> 05:28:06,700
fresh meat into forms, that 
would keep without 

6245
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:09,300
Refrigeration, after hunting was
successful. 

6246
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:13,100
When they were available 
Buffalo, provided roasts stakes 

6247
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:16,000
and jerky, raw materials that 
could be used for weeks to 

6248
05:28:16,000 --> 05:28:19,200
augment stored supplies. 
The Wagon Train spontaneously 

6249
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:22,500
celebrated the sharing of fresh 
meat, because butchering large 

6250
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,300
animals was a communal activity.
The daily ritual of preparing 

6251
05:28:26,300 --> 05:28:29,800
beans demanded patients and 
forth, which contemporary Cooks 

6252
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:33,100
may find hard to understand. 
Pots that traveled with the 

6253
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,300
wagons were used to soak the 
dried beans overnight and then 

6254
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:38,000
cook them slowly throughout the 
day. 

6255
05:28:39,000 --> 05:28:42,800
The beans would be flavorful and
soft by the afternoon, ready to 

6256
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,500
be mixed with wild onions. 
Salt pork or what ever 

6257
05:28:46,500 --> 05:28:48,100
vegetables could be picked from 
the trail. 

6258
05:28:49,000 --> 05:28:52,000
A successful pot of beans could 
provide a family with food for 

6259
05:28:52,000 --> 05:28:55,300
days and give them the comfort 
and protein they needed to get 

6260
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:57,000
through challenging parts of the
journey. 

6261
05:28:57,900 --> 05:29:00,600
Collecting wild food turned into
a daily routine that 

6262
05:29:00,600 --> 05:29:03,600
complemented Provisions that 
were kept in storage and added 

6263
05:29:03,600 --> 05:29:06,600
much needed diversity to diets. 
That could get boring after 

6264
05:29:06,600 --> 05:29:09,400
weeks of the same Staples 
youngsters, were able to 

6265
05:29:09,408 --> 05:29:13,100
recognize wild onions, which 
gave flavor to bland food and 

6266
05:29:13,100 --> 05:29:15,600
contained, vital nutrients that 
helped ward off scurvy. 

6267
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:19,500
When wild berries were 
discovered, they were treated 

6268
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:23,000
like Priceless jewels and either
preserved for special occasions 

6269
05:29:23,000 --> 05:29:26,500
or consumed precious treats. 
Even plants that are now 

6270
05:29:26,500 --> 05:29:29,300
regarded as weeds. 
Like dandelion greens were 

6271
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:31,800
welcomed additions to meals, 
that mostly consisted of bread 

6272
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:36,600
bacon and beans in part because 
good coffee was vital to morale.

6273
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:39,600
And in part because the ritual 
of making coffee offered a 

6274
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:43,300
reassuring routine. 
In otherwise unpredictable days 

6275
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:46,500
coffee preparation was elevated 
to an art form on the trail 

6276
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:50,100
families came to favor, various 
Brewing, grinding and roasting 

6277
05:29:50,100 --> 05:29:52,300
methods. 
While some learned to stretch 

6278
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,300
limited resources by combining 
coffee with chicory or other 

6279
05:29:55,300 --> 05:29:57,600
flavoring. 
Additives that added flavor 

6280
05:29:57,600 --> 05:29:59,800
without using up their supplies 
others. 

6281
05:29:59,800 --> 05:30:03,100
Preferred coffee that was strong
enough to float horseshoes, a 

6282
05:30:03,100 --> 05:30:06,100
Social Hub of Camp, life was the
evening meal when families could

6283
05:30:06,100 --> 05:30:08,700
unwind after a long day of 
travel and concentrate on 

6284
05:30:08,708 --> 05:30:12,100
savoring food and conversing 
tables could be made out of 

6285
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:16,200
anything flat such as blanket 
spread out on the ground boards 

6286
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:18,700
balanced on rocks or wagon 
tailgates. 

6287
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:21,700
Families upheld meal customs and
table manners. 

6288
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:24,300
Despite the Primitive 
surrounding, which helped to 

6289
05:30:24,308 --> 05:30:27,500
maintain a sense of normalcy and
civilization in an otherwise 

6290
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:31,000
chaotic setting. 
The trails food experiences for 

6291
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:32,600
kids were instructive and 
constricting. 

6292
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:35,200
They developed taste for wild 
foods. 

6293
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:38,500
That most modern children never 
experienced learn to appreciate 

6294
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:41,500
simple Foods prepared. 
Well, and realized how much 

6295
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:44,900
effort goes into each meal, not 
because Trail food was 

6296
05:30:44,900 --> 05:30:47,000
especially tasty. 
But rather, because it was 

6297
05:30:47,008 --> 05:30:51,100
connected to Adventure, family, 
time around campfires and the 

6298
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:53,900
satisfaction of meals that were 
genuinely earned through the 

6299
05:30:53,900 --> 05:30:56,500
days work. 
Many kids later, recalled it 

6300
05:30:56,508 --> 05:30:59,700
with surprisingly positive 
feelings, wagon, food storage, 

6301
05:30:59,700 --> 05:31:03,800
required ongoing care to avoid 
pest damage, deterioration and 

6302
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:05,600
contamination from moisture and 
dust. 

6303
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:09,700
Barrels of flour were sealed and
periodically inspected for 

6304
05:31:09,700 --> 05:31:11,400
moisture damage or Weaver 
activity. 

6305
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:15,200
The brine used to store salt 
pork needed to be periodically 

6306
05:31:15,200 --> 05:31:17,800
refilled. 
Containers used for the storage 

6307
05:31:17,800 --> 05:31:19,300
of dried. 
Goods were designed to keep 

6308
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:22,300
their contents dry and usable 
for everyday use while 

6309
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:24,500
withstanding, the frequent 
jarring of whack and travel. 

6310
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:28,600
After dinner, there was a 
community cleanup that bonded, 

6311
05:31:28,600 --> 05:31:30,900
families, and got everyone ready
for the challengers of the 

6312
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:33,700
following day. 
When soap was too, valuable to 

6313
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,100
spare sand was used as an 
abrasive in hot water heated, 

6314
05:31:37,100 --> 05:31:38,500
over the campfire to wash 
dishes. 

6315
05:31:39,300 --> 05:31:42,300
Cooking tools were washed dried 
and packed to prevent damage 

6316
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,200
during the night and to ensure 
they were available for meal 

6317
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,200
preparation in the morning. 
The cozy sounds and sense of 

6318
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:51,000
dozens of small communities, 
celebrating the Tranquil, 

6319
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:54,300
conclusion of another day on the
trail would permeate the camp as

6320
05:31:54,300 --> 05:31:57,100
families, gathered around their 
fires following evening meals. 

6321
05:31:58,300 --> 05:32:00,500
Despite the challenges and 
uncertainty of the journey. 

6322
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:04,100
The atmosphere created by the 
smell of coffee would smoke and 

6323
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:06,500
cooking food offered moments of 
true. 

6324
05:32:06,500 --> 05:32:09,900
Contentment and family closeness
that many people later recalled 

6325
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:13,100
as some of the happiest times of
their lives and imagine yourself

6326
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:15,900
flying on your back and gazing 
up at more stars than you have 

6327
05:32:15,908 --> 05:32:18,700
ever seen in your life. 
There are no streetlights or 

6328
05:32:18,700 --> 05:32:21,700
City Lights. 
Just a huge Dome of sparkling 

6329
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:25,400
points of light that makes you 
feel both incredibly small and 

6330
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,000
Incredibly connected to 
something vast and eternal. 

6331
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:31,900
On the Oregon Trail families, 
learned to find rest and 

6332
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:34,400
comfort. 
During the time of night in 

6333
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:36,900
circumstances, that would be 
difficult for even seasoned 

6334
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,300
campers to day. 
One of the biggest changes that 

6335
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:41,700
families had to make was the 
gradual shift from house 

6336
05:32:41,700 --> 05:32:44,500
sleeping to Wagon sleeping, 
which occurred as they 

6337
05:32:44,500 --> 05:32:47,200
established routines, and 
systems, that made their mobile 

6338
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:49,700
homes into possibly comfortable 
places to sleep. 

6339
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:53,300
The interior of a covered wagon 
was about the size of a 

6340
05:32:53,300 --> 05:32:56,200
contemporary walk-in closet, but
it had to provide a family with 

6341
05:32:56,200 --> 05:33:00,100
a bedroom storage and shelter 
during months of travel. 

6342
05:33:00,100 --> 05:33:03,200
And in all types of weather, 
most people didn't realize they 

6343
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:05,700
had the engineering skills 
necessary to create sleeping 

6344
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,400
Arrangements. 
If there were mattresses at all,

6345
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,300
they were typically made of 
feather ticks or straw, which 

6346
05:33:11,300 --> 05:33:13,200
could be replaced with new 
materials as needed. 

6347
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:16,700
More often families made 
Sleeping surfaces out of 

6348
05:33:16,708 --> 05:33:20,100
blankets, quilts and whatever 
padding they could arrange out 

6349
05:33:20,100 --> 05:33:23,400
of soft items like clothing. 
The objective was to use 

6350
05:33:23,400 --> 05:33:26,800
materials, that could be readily
packed and rearranged every day 

6351
05:33:26,800 --> 05:33:29,600
to provide enough cushioning to 
make sleeping on Hardwick and 

6352
05:33:29,608 --> 05:33:31,800
Floors. 
Bearable children, sleeping 

6353
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:34,300
Arrangements, frequently 
required the most Ingenuity 

6354
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:37,500
because their developing bodies 
required more rest than adults. 

6355
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:41,100
But small spaces could not 
accommodate, everyone lying flat

6356
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:44,600
at once family established 
Arrangements, in which in 

6357
05:33:44,600 --> 05:33:47,700
favorable weather children. 
Slept in hammocks hung from the 

6358
05:33:47,708 --> 05:33:51,400
wagon barrels, or in which young
children sleep crosswise at the 

6359
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:55,200
wagons foot, while parents, 
slept lengthwise To make the 

6360
05:33:55,200 --> 05:33:57,300
most of the vertical space 
within the wagon. 

6361
05:33:57,300 --> 05:34:01,300
Cover some families constructed,
sleeping shells, families. 

6362
05:34:01,300 --> 05:34:03,900
Nightly sleeping Arrangements 
were greatly influenced by the 

6363
05:34:03,900 --> 05:34:06,200
weather. 
Many people prefer to sleep 

6364
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:09,100
outside under the stars, when 
the weather was nice taking 

6365
05:34:09,100 --> 05:34:11,700
advantage of the space and fresh
air that came with sleeping 

6366
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:14,500
outside while also using the 
wagon for storage and weather 

6367
05:34:14,500 --> 05:34:17,800
protection around the dying. 
Campfire, families would set up 

6368
05:34:17,800 --> 05:34:20,400
their bedrolls so that they were
close enough to enjoy the last 

6369
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,700
of the warmth, but far enough 
away to keep smoke and Sparks 

6370
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:26,300
out. 
Along the trail, the Bedtime 

6371
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:29,300
ritual developed into a 
treasured family, custom that 

6372
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:31,700
offered security and solace in a
setting that was otherwise 

6373
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,100
undergoing constant change. 
They would gather the children 

6374
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,100
from their evening play. 
Wash their hands and faces with 

6375
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:42,000
precious water and say prayers, 
which frequently included asking

6376
05:34:42,000 --> 05:34:44,900
for protection for the night 
ahead and expressing gratitude 

6377
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,200
for the day's safe travel. 
While adjusting to the 

6378
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:51,300
particulars of Trail life. 
These routines helped families. 

6379
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:54,400
Stay connected to their home. 
Traditions families used 

6380
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:56,600
Innovative combinations of 
canvas screens. 

6381
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,600
Well, placed wagons, an 
Unwritten agreements about 

6382
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:02,900
respecting one another's needs 
for personal space to deal with 

6383
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:06,700
the ongoing problem of privacy 
bathing changing clothes and 

6384
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:09,800
other personal tasks required 
preparation and collaboration, 

6385
05:35:09,800 --> 05:35:13,400
which strained everyone's 
patience and flexibility while 

6386
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,900
strengthening Family Ties. 
There was a certain atmosphere 

6387
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:18,800
created by the sounds of a 
wagon. 

6388
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:21,500
Train going to sleep. 
The night would be filled with 

6389
05:35:21,500 --> 05:35:25,400
the sounds of settling animals 
distant, coyote calls, and the 

6390
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:29,100
soft creaking of wagon covers in
evening, breezes as fire 

6391
05:35:29,100 --> 05:35:33,500
subsided and conversations 
cooled, These sounds which at 

6392
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:36,400
first frightened, those used to 
sleeping indoors, eventually 

6393
05:35:36,400 --> 05:35:39,400
grew reassuring and 
recognizable, a nighttime 

6394
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:41,200
Symphony. 
That symbolized security, 

6395
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:44,600
cameras, artery and the prospect
of another day's advancement 

6396
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:48,000
toward Oregon In order to 
regulate the temperature in the 

6397
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,100
sleeping quarters of wagons 
layering techniques, that would 

6398
05:35:51,100 --> 05:35:53,800
appeal to contemporary outdoor, 
enthusiasts were necessary, 

6399
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,800
families discovered how to 
modify their sleeping plans. 

6400
05:35:56,800 --> 05:35:59,300
According to the weather, 
putting on, or taking off, 

6401
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:02,200
layers of clothing, and blankets
to stay warm during nights that 

6402
05:36:02,200 --> 05:36:06,200
could start out warm and end in 
Frost or start out warm and turn

6403
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:08,800
into storms, that put the 
waterproofing of wagon covers to

6404
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:11,800
the test. 
The wagon sleepers, rain posed 

6405
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:14,900
unique difficulties because 
although the canvas covers were 

6406
05:36:14,900 --> 05:36:18,000
reasonably waterproof, when they
were first installed weeks of 

6407
05:36:18,008 --> 05:36:21,200
exposure to the sun, wind, and 
weather calls leaks and weak 

6408
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:24,300
spots to form families, 
discovered, how to determine 

6409
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:26,900
which parts of their wagon 
covers were most prone to leak, 

6410
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:30,400
arranging sleeping quarters to 
prevent drips, while maintaining

6411
05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:34,200
the dryness of necessary items 
in order to divert water away 

6412
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,300
from sleeping areas during 
storms, some families created 

6413
05:36:37,300 --> 05:36:39,900
complex systems of internal tops
and channels. 

6414
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:44,000
Trail sleeping, psychological 
components were just as crucial 

6415
05:36:44,000 --> 05:36:47,400
as its logistical components, 
those who had always slept in 

6416
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:49,800
permanent buildings had to get 
used to the constant movement, 

6417
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:53,500
the strange noises and the 
realization that they were only 

6418
05:36:53,500 --> 05:36:55,500
a thin canvas away from the 
wild. 

6419
05:36:56,900 --> 05:36:59,400
While adults, occasionally found
it difficult to cope with the 

6420
05:36:59,408 --> 05:37:02,200
vulnerability and exposure. 
That came with sleeping outside,

6421
05:37:02,200 --> 05:37:05,500
children frequently found this 
to be exciting rather than 

6422
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:10,200
frightening. 
Around 4:30 a.m. the camp began 

6423
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:13,400
to come alive, and the trail 
gradually began to wake up. 

6424
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:17,000
Usually the first sounds with a 
soft movements of early risers 

6425
05:37:17,000 --> 05:37:20,000
checking on livestock and 
someone rekindling cooking fires

6426
05:37:20,000 --> 05:37:23,400
because the days journey would 
soon begin and everyone needed 

6427
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:26,100
to be prepared to break camp and
depart with the Wagon Train 

6428
05:37:26,100 --> 05:37:28,500
families. 
Learn to wake up quietly and 

6429
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:31,500
effectively every morning, 
regardless of the weather or 

6430
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:33,800
time constraints bedding had to 
be aired. 

6431
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:37,400
Dried and repacked this daily 
practice became as important as 

6432
05:37:37,400 --> 05:37:40,200
feeding the animals or making 
breakfast because damp bedding 

6433
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:42,600
could result in mold sickness 
and sleepless nights. 

6434
05:37:43,500 --> 05:37:46,100
Families, devised effective 
bedding, handling procedures 

6435
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,500
that save time and guaranteed 
that everything would be cozy 

6436
05:37:49,500 --> 05:37:52,100
and dry for the following 
night's sleep water, 

6437
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:54,800
availability and privacy, 
concerns, limited personal 

6438
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:57,800
hygiene before bed. 
But families stuck to whatever 

6439
05:37:57,800 --> 05:38:00,300
routines they could washing 
one's face. 

6440
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:03,400
And hands was commonplace when 
water was available and 

6441
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:05,600
families. 
Frequently saved a little heated

6442
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,100
water from cooking in the 
evening for washing before bed, 

6443
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:11,300
which was both hygienic and 
psychologically soothing. 

6444
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,800
Nighttime security, measures 
mirrored, the realities of 

6445
05:38:14,800 --> 05:38:17,200
traversing areas where there 
could be threats from both 

6446
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:20,800
people and animals when 
necessary Wagon Train Set up 

6447
05:38:20,800 --> 05:38:23,500
defensive circles with guards 
stationed. 

6448
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:25,200
To keep an eye out for issues 
and livestock. 

6449
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,200
Kept inside families were able 
to share the Comforts and 

6450
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:30,900
difficulties of Trail life in 
small intimate camping 

6451
05:38:30,900 --> 05:38:34,000
communities while, still having 
physical security, thanks to 

6452
05:38:34,000 --> 05:38:37,300
these Arrangements. families 
were engaging in one of 

6453
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:40,700
Humanity's oldest practices 
creating shelter and finding 

6454
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:44,000
rest in makeshift locations 
during lengthy travels as they 

6455
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:47,000
formed their sleeping 
Arrangements, each night The 

6456
05:38:47,000 --> 05:38:49,500
knowledge and memories they 
acquired during these late hours

6457
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,700
were incorporated into family. 
Tales that would be passed down 

6458
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:55,400
through the generations, 
introducing children, and 

6459
05:38:55,400 --> 05:38:58,800
grandchildren to the spirit of 
Adventure and tenacity, that 

6460
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:02,400
drove their forefathers across 
the continent in pursuit of New 

6461
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:05,800
Opportunities and homes. 
This part of our story will make

6462
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:08,200
you appreciate modern 
conveniences, like hospitals, 

6463
05:39:08,200 --> 05:39:11,600
weather forecasts, and the 
ability to call for help when 

6464
05:39:11,600 --> 05:39:14,300
things go wrong. 
So settle down a little more in 

6465
05:39:14,300 --> 05:39:17,300
your cozy bed, families were put
to the test in ways, they could 

6466
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:20,200
never have predicted back in the
Cozy, homes along the Oregon 

6467
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:23,200
Trail, which was more than just 
a picturesque route through 

6468
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:27,100
breathtaking Countryside, The 
most dramatic and perilous 

6469
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:28,800
obstacles that families had to 
deal with. 

6470
05:39:28,800 --> 05:39:32,400
Were probably River Crossings 
which turn tranquil streams into

6471
05:39:32,400 --> 05:39:34,900
barriers that could quickly 
endanger lives or destroy 

6472
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:38,100
everything, a family owned 
Unlike the Meandering Rivers. 

6473
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:40,800
You might paddle on a weekend 
camping trip, the rivers, that 

6474
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:44,000
crossed the Oregon Trail were 
frequently, Swift deep, and 

6475
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:47,500
erratic capable of rising 
overnight as a result of distant

6476
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:51,200
storms or seasonal, snowmelt. 
The entire Community would stop 

6477
05:39:51,200 --> 05:39:53,900
when a wagon train arrived at a 
significant River Crossing 

6478
05:39:53,900 --> 05:39:57,600
allowing seasoned travelers to 
evaluate the situation and 

6479
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:00,800
determine the best course of 
action wagons could be used to 

6480
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:03,900
cross some of the crossings. 
So careful, reconnaissance was 

6481
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:07,300
needed to identify the safest 
shallowest paths, across Rocky, 

6482
05:40:07,300 --> 05:40:10,700
or Sandy Bottoms. 
Even successful Crossing's 

6483
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:14,400
frequently resulted in wagons 
becoming stuck tiping or 

6484
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:16,800
absorbing water that could 
destroy months worth of 

6485
05:40:16,800 --> 05:40:19,000
supplies. 
So, families would take 

6486
05:40:19,000 --> 05:40:21,900
everything valuable out of their
wagons and carry to cross 

6487
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:25,000
separately. 
Other rivers required ferrying. 

6488
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:28,400
A process that combined the cost
of paying Ferry operators with 

6489
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,200
the stress of entrusting, your 
whole household to a boat or 

6490
05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:34,700
raft run by strangers, whose 
main qualification was that they

6491
05:40:34,700 --> 05:40:38,200
owned watercraft, rather than 
necessarily knowing how to use 

6492
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:41,400
it safely in the hopes that 
everyone would be safely 

6493
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,700
reunited on the other side. 
Families would watch as their 

6494
05:40:44,700 --> 05:40:47,800
valuable wagons animals and 
belongings vanished across 

6495
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:50,800
perilous water. 
Even seasoned Travelers were 

6496
05:40:50,800 --> 05:40:53,200
taken aback by how quickly the 
weather on the planes could 

6497
05:40:53,208 --> 05:40:56,200
change from Pleasant to 
dangerous in the open Prairie. 

6498
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:58,600
Thunderstorms were not like 
those most families had 

6499
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:00,800
encountered in their settled or 
wooded home areas. 

6500
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:04,600
Prairie storms, which could 
scatter livestock flood, 

6501
05:41:04,600 --> 05:41:08,200
campsite, and turn, wagon covers
into ineffective, umbrellas that

6502
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:11,300
offered little protection from 
horizontal, rain appeared, like 

6503
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,900
freight trains of rain hail and 
lightning because there were no 

6504
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:16,600
trees or structures to break the
wind. 

6505
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:19,600
Because they could quickly, 
destroy month's worth of 

6506
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:22,400
carefully stored Food Supplies 
and pose a risk of injury to 

6507
05:41:22,400 --> 05:41:24,500
humans. 
And animals with ice chunks, the

6508
05:41:24,500 --> 05:41:27,700
size of chicken eggs, hailstorms
were, especially destructive. 

6509
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:31,400
Even seasoned Travelers could be
caught off guard by storms that 

6510
05:41:31,400 --> 05:41:33,700
formed more quickly than they 
could be evacuated. 

6511
05:41:33,700 --> 05:41:36,900
Even though families learned to 
identify the warning signs of 

6512
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:40,300
severe weather and created 
emergency, protocols to protect 

6513
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:43,700
themselves and their belongings 
as Waters dried up and 

6514
05:41:43,700 --> 05:41:46,000
temperatures Rose above what 
most families had ever 

6515
05:41:46,000 --> 05:41:48,600
experienced. 
Heat waves and droughts 

6516
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:51,400
presented distinct. 
But equally severe difficulties 

6517
05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:55,300
making travel into a battle for 
survival extreme. 

6518
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:58,200
Heat caused terrible suffering, 
for rocks, and another draft 

6519
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:01,100
animals, and their suffering, 
put family's ability to travel 

6520
05:42:01,100 --> 05:42:03,700
at risk. 
When it was feasible, people 

6521
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:06,600
learned to travel at night when 
it was cooler but this led to 

6522
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:09,700
new navigational challenges and 
a higher chance of accidents in 

6523
05:42:09,708 --> 05:42:13,100
the dark. 
Since medical assistants was 

6524
05:42:13,100 --> 05:42:16,500
frequently, hundreds of miles 
away and folk remedies had to be

6525
05:42:16,500 --> 05:42:19,700
used in place of Professional 
Medical Care illness on the 

6526
05:42:19,708 --> 05:42:23,600
trail was every family's worst. 
Nightmare the most dreaded 

6527
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:26,800
disease was cholera which killed
healthy adults, within days of 

6528
05:42:26,808 --> 05:42:30,600
the onset of symptoms and spread
quickly through wagon, trains in

6529
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:32,300
communities with doctors and 
adequate. 

6530
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:35,000
Medical supplies. 
Families would witness friends 

6531
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:37,200
and neighbors pass away from 
illnesses, that could have been 

6532
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:41,900
prevented From injuries from 
Falls Animal kicks or mishaps 

6533
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:45,200
with cooking fires and tools to 
digestive issues brought on by 

6534
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:47,800
changes in diet. 
And water children are 

6535
05:42:47,800 --> 05:42:51,400
especially susceptible to the 
health hazards of Trail Life, as

6536
05:42:51,400 --> 05:42:55,300
a result of necessity parents 
learned, how to treat wounds set

6537
05:42:55,300 --> 05:42:58,700
broken bones and distinguish 
between symptoms that needed to 

6538
05:42:58,700 --> 05:43:01,400
be treated right away and those 
that can be handled with rest 

6539
05:43:01,400 --> 05:43:04,500
and simple cures. 
When replacement parts weren't 

6540
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:07,000
available and the closest 
blacksmith was weeks away, 

6541
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:10,400
equipment failures could turn a 
small annoyance into a serious 

6542
05:43:10,400 --> 05:43:13,800
emergencies, common issues, 
included broken Wheels, 

6543
05:43:13,800 --> 05:43:17,200
deteriorated axles and harness 
failures, all of which needed 

6544
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:19,800
inventive fixes made. 
With whatever resources were on 

6545
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,900
hand families, learned how to 
fix nearly anything using rope 

6546
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:26,500
wire would scraps. 
And desperate Ingenuity becoming

6547
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:30,600
a depth at makeshift repairs. 
Because animals were both a 

6548
05:43:30,600 --> 05:43:33,000
major Financial investment. 
And a means of transportation 

6549
05:43:33,000 --> 05:43:36,500
that many families couldn't 
afford to replace the loss of 

6550
05:43:36,508 --> 05:43:40,400
livestock was, especially 
devastating overworked illness, 

6551
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:43,900
poisonous plants or wounds that 
could have been healed with the 

6552
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:46,500
right Veterinary Care where the 
causes of oxen's deaths. 

6553
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:49,900
Families were forced to make the
difficult decisions of trying to

6554
05:43:49,900 --> 05:43:52,600
buy replacement animals from 
other Travelers at exorbitant 

6555
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:55,700
prices or leaving behind 
belongings to continue with 

6556
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:58,000
smaller teams when draft animals
were lost. 

6557
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,000
As hunting, grew less successful
and stored supplies around low 

6558
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:05,800
food, shortages, progressively 
emerged forcing families to make

6559
05:44:05,800 --> 05:44:08,300
more challenging choices, 
regarding resource allocation 

6560
05:44:08,300 --> 05:44:11,000
and rationing. 
In order for adults to have the 

6561
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:13,900
strength to handle, the wagons 
and animals children may go 

6562
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:17,100
without food families would 
exchange valuables for food from

6563
05:44:17,100 --> 05:44:20,000
other Travelers or tried 
desperately to collect wild 

6564
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:22,000
foods that could offer vital 
nourishment. 

6565
05:44:22,800 --> 05:44:25,700
On a path where Landmark 
recognition was the main means 

6566
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:28,900
of navigation and weather could 
block out familiar features for 

6567
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:32,000
days at a time. 
Getting lost was a constant 

6568
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:34,800
worry. 
In trains, that made incorrect 

6569
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:38,000
turns, could end up in places 
without water, enough grass for 

6570
05:44:38,000 --> 05:44:41,600
animals or practical paths for 
wagons carrying a lot of cargo. 

6571
05:44:42,500 --> 05:44:45,400
Within Wagon, Train communities,
Family Ties, and Leadership 

6572
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:48,300
structures were put to the test 
by the psychological strain of 

6573
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,500
getting lost and the Practical 
difficulties of figuring out the

6574
05:44:51,508 --> 05:44:54,200
right path. 
Wagon Train disputes led to 

6575
05:44:54,208 --> 05:44:56,900
emotional and social suffering 
that was frequently more 

6576
05:44:56,900 --> 05:44:58,800
difficult to handle Than 
Physical difficulties. 

6577
05:44:59,800 --> 05:45:02,700
Under the pressure of daily 
travel and group decision making

6578
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:06,200
personalities that appear to get
along well, during the journeys 

6579
05:45:06,200 --> 05:45:09,700
planning stages May drastically.
Diverge wagon trains may be 

6580
05:45:09,700 --> 05:45:12,500
divided into rival groups that 
offered less security and 

6581
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:15,000
support to one another due to 
disagreements. 

6582
05:45:15,000 --> 05:45:18,700
Over leadership, resource 
sharing travel speed and Route 

6583
05:45:18,700 --> 05:45:21,500
choice. 
Most families manage to adjust, 

6584
05:45:21,500 --> 05:45:25,400
get past and keep going in the 
direction of Oregon in spite of 

6585
05:45:25,400 --> 05:45:29,400
all these obstacles. when they 
finally arrived at their 

6586
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,300
destination and face, the 
difficulty of starting over in 

6587
05:45:32,300 --> 05:45:35,900
Uncharted Territory, the 
survival skills and Family Ties,

6588
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:38,000
they developed during their 
shared struggles, were 

6589
05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:41,700
invaluable, Family's ability to 
bounce back from adversity on 

6590
05:45:41,700 --> 05:45:45,100
the trail became a part of their
Pioneer Heritage and family, 

6591
05:45:45,100 --> 05:45:49,000
identity, resulting entails of 
tenacity and resourcefulness. 

6592
05:45:49,000 --> 05:45:51,600
That would be passed down 
through generations of 

6593
05:45:51,600 --> 05:45:54,600
descendants, who might never 
fully comprehend, how their 

6594
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:57,100
ancestors overcame such 
incredible obstacles. 

6595
05:45:57,100 --> 05:46:01,100
With such limited resources. 
Think about the neighborhoods, 

6596
05:46:01,100 --> 05:46:04,000
you might encounter on your 
daily commute from amiable 

6597
05:46:04,000 --> 05:46:07,000
store, owners to traveling 
entertainers, to people whose 

6598
05:46:07,000 --> 05:46:10,900
entire lifestyle was entirely 
different from your own, This 

6599
05:46:10,900 --> 05:46:14,100
was the social reality of the 
Oregon Trail, where families 

6600
05:46:14,100 --> 05:46:16,900
came across a remarkable array 
of individuals, cultures and 

6601
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:20,200
circumstances that expanded 
their worldview beyond, what 

6602
05:46:20,200 --> 05:46:22,600
could have been discovered 
through, reading or conversation

6603
05:46:22,600 --> 05:46:25,900
at home because the reality was 
much more complicated and 

6604
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:29,400
generally more tranquil than the
dramatic tales that later gained

6605
05:46:29,400 --> 05:46:32,800
popularity in books and films, 
Native, American encounters were

6606
05:46:32,800 --> 05:46:35,800
among the most important and 
misinterpreted aspects of Trail 

6607
05:46:35,800 --> 05:46:38,200
life. 
Wagon trains and Native 

6608
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:41,700
Americans interacted primarily 
on a commercial basis with both 

6609
05:46:41,700 --> 05:46:43,500
parties benefiting from Trading 
Goods. 

6610
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,600
That each group had in excess 
for Necessities, informally 

6611
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:49,300
acting as guides, Native 
Americans frequently. 

6612
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:53,000
Provided information about water
sources, safe River, Crossings 

6613
05:46:53,000 --> 05:46:56,300
and the terrain ahead, which 
could help wagon, trains avoid 

6614
05:46:56,300 --> 05:46:59,300
hazardous areas, or save days of
arduous travel. 

6615
05:47:00,300 --> 05:47:03,200
Usually native people's would 
trade this information for food 

6616
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:06,300
manufactured goods or other 
Commodities that they value. 

6617
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:09,000
Families. 
Learned about Advanced cultures 

6618
05:47:09,000 --> 05:47:11,800
that had been successful 
occupying and governing the 

6619
05:47:11,800 --> 05:47:14,600
western territories for many 
generations as a result of these

6620
05:47:14,600 --> 05:47:16,900
encounters. 
The resulting trading 

6621
05:47:16,900 --> 05:47:19,700
Partnerships were frequently 
cordial and advantageous to both

6622
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:22,700
parties. 
In return for coffee, sugar, or 

6623
05:47:22,700 --> 05:47:25,300
manufactured goods. 
Like Fabric or metal tools, 

6624
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:28,700
Native Americans, may offer 
fresh meat vegetables or other 

6625
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:30,800
Foods. 
During these interactions 

6626
05:47:30,800 --> 05:47:33,300
children from both cultures 
would occasionally play 

6627
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:35,900
together, sharing games and 
showing interest in one 

6628
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:38,800
another's, cultures, despite 
communication difficulties 

6629
05:47:38,800 --> 05:47:41,100
caused by language barriers 
wagon. 

6630
05:47:41,100 --> 05:47:44,700
Trains were given the chance to 
rest resupply and learn about 

6631
05:47:44,700 --> 05:47:48,200
the conditions that lay ahead 
during 14 counters which also 

6632
05:47:48,200 --> 05:47:51,000
offered them, a fleeting return 
to a more civilized society. 

6633
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:55,100
The trail was interspersed with 
military Forts and trading 

6634
05:47:55,100 --> 05:47:58,400
posts, which made them 
invaluable OCS, where families 

6635
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:00,800
could buy supplies. 
They had run out of right to 

6636
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:04,300
family in the United States and 
receive news from both sides. 

6637
05:48:05,300 --> 05:48:08,300
Families might come across, 
Mexican Traders, French fur, 

6638
05:48:08,300 --> 05:48:10,800
Trappers military personnel, 
from different ethnic 

6639
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:13,000
backgrounds and other Travelers 
traveling. 

6640
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,100
In both directions across the 
continent at these forts, which 

6641
05:48:16,100 --> 05:48:17,900
were cultural and National 
melting pots. 

6642
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,600
Families found education about 
the wider world at the stops to 

6643
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:24,900
be both fascinating, and 
occasionally over. 

6644
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:28,500
As the diversity of people, 
there was frequently greater 

6645
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:30,300
than anything. 
They had encountered back home 

6646
05:48:30,300 --> 05:48:33,300
families, who came across 
mountain men and fur Trappers 

6647
05:48:33,300 --> 05:48:36,400
along, the trail were captivated
and occasionally taken aback by 

6648
05:48:36,400 --> 05:48:37,900
the entirely different way of 
life. 

6649
05:48:37,900 --> 05:48:41,500
They represented these men 
appeared Belong To Nature than 

6650
05:48:41,500 --> 05:48:44,800
to civilized society because 
they had adapted to Wilderness 

6651
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:48,800
life so thoroughly. 
Although they were encyclopedic 

6652
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:52,000
in their knowledge of wilderness
resources, navigation and 

6653
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:54,800
survival. 
Tactics years of isolation had 

6654
05:48:54,800 --> 05:48:56,700
frequently eroded their social 
skills. 

6655
05:48:57,700 --> 05:49:00,900
In exchange for supplies or cash
some mountain men worked as 

6656
05:49:00,908 --> 05:49:04,000
Wagon, Train guides offering 
their invaluable knowledge of 

6657
05:49:04,000 --> 05:49:07,100
river Crossings route selection 
and Hazard avoidance. 

6658
05:49:08,100 --> 05:49:11,200
Their Tales of Explorations 
discoveries near misses 

6659
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:14,900
entertained, campfires in the 
evenings and their real world 

6660
05:49:14,900 --> 05:49:16,800
expertise. 
Assisted families in avoiding 

6661
05:49:16,800 --> 05:49:19,800
hazards and locating resources, 
they might have otherwise 

6662
05:49:19,800 --> 05:49:23,000
overlooked the daily routine of 
traveling with their own wagon. 

6663
05:49:23,000 --> 05:49:25,900
Train companions was broken up 
by the opportunities for social 

6664
05:49:25,900 --> 05:49:29,900
interaction Supply trading, a 
Music Exchange created by other 

6665
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,200
immigrant families traveling, in
different directions. 

6666
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,200
Families traveling back East 
either because they had made the

6667
05:49:36,200 --> 05:49:38,700
decision to stop or because they
had finished their journey and 

6668
05:49:38,700 --> 05:49:41,600
were going back to see family 
offered in Portland information 

6669
05:49:41,600 --> 05:49:44,200
about the travel conditions and 
what to anticipate when they 

6670
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:46,800
arrived in Oregon. 
These interactions with 

6671
05:49:46,800 --> 05:49:49,400
returning tourists were 
specially crucial for families 

6672
05:49:49,400 --> 05:49:51,600
who were starting to 
second-guess their choice? 

6673
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:54,600
To leave the country. 
During challenging parts of the 

6674
05:49:54,600 --> 05:49:58,800
trip, hearing first-hand reports
of Oregon's opportunities land, 

6675
05:49:58,800 --> 05:50:01,300
availability and successful 
settlement helped. 

6676
05:50:01,300 --> 05:50:04,400
Keep Spirits high. 
On the other hand learning about

6677
05:50:04,400 --> 05:50:07,800
mistakes, setbacks or 
unforeseen, difficulties helped 

6678
05:50:07,800 --> 05:50:11,200
families psychologically, get 
ready for potential realities as

6679
05:50:11,200 --> 05:50:14,000
diverse and Unforgettable. 
As the human experiences were, 

6680
05:50:14,000 --> 05:50:17,000
the animal encounters on the 
Oregon Trail Range from 

6681
05:50:17,000 --> 05:50:20,200
dangerous circumstances that put
families capacity to defend 

6682
05:50:20,200 --> 05:50:23,700
themselves and their livestock 
to the test to breathtaking 

6683
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:27,300
Wildlife viewing opportunities. 
Buffalo herds were one of the 

6684
05:50:27,300 --> 05:50:31,000
most amazing sights that 
families would ever see hundreds

6685
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:33,900
of animals, stretching to the 
Horizon producing their own 

6686
05:50:33,900 --> 05:50:37,700
sound effects with the rumble of
thousands of hooves and their 

6687
05:50:37,700 --> 05:50:40,100
own weather systems with the 
dust they raised. 

6688
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:44,000
Although hunting Buffalo 
produced enough meat to sustain 

6689
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:47,400
a wagon train for several days. 
It also required skills that 

6690
05:50:47,400 --> 05:50:50,600
most immigrants had to pick up 
from more seasoned Hunters while

6691
05:50:50,600 --> 05:50:53,900
they were on the trail. 
In addition, to uniting, Wagon, 

6692
05:50:53,900 --> 05:50:56,600
Train members the communal task 
of butchering. 

6693
05:50:56,600 --> 05:50:59,600
Such massive animals taught 
important lessons, about 

6694
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:03,700
cooperation resource sharing and
food preservation that would 

6695
05:51:03,700 --> 05:51:06,400
benefit families once they 
arrived at their destinations, 

6696
05:51:06,400 --> 05:51:08,700
although they were less frequent
than the media. 

6697
05:51:08,700 --> 05:51:12,300
Made them seem Predator. 
Encounters did happen and forced

6698
05:51:12,300 --> 05:51:15,000
families to come up with ways to
keep both themselves, and their 

6699
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:18,700
livestock safe, the center of 
food and the presence of 

6700
05:51:18,700 --> 05:51:22,000
domesticated animals, Drew 
wolves, mountain lions and bears

6701
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,200
to whack and trains. 
Families learned to keep weapons

6702
05:51:25,200 --> 05:51:28,700
on hand in case of emergencies 
maintain sufficient, Fires, for 

6703
05:51:28,700 --> 05:51:32,000
protection and deterrents and 
set up their camps defensively. 

6704
05:51:32,800 --> 05:51:35,600
Although they occasionally made 
wagons and livestock dangerous, 

6705
05:51:35,600 --> 05:51:38,900
prairie, dogs, ground squirrels 
and other small animals 

6706
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:42,800
entertained children. 
Miles Long Prairie, Dog towns 

6707
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:45,600
could result in places where 
wagon wheels or animal hooves 

6708
05:51:45,600 --> 05:51:48,100
could enter borrows and cause 
harm, or damage to equipment. 

6709
05:51:49,000 --> 05:51:51,600
Families learned to read terrain
more carefully and to foresee 

6710
05:51:51,600 --> 05:51:53,300
dangers that were not 
immediately apparent. 

6711
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:56,300
As a result of these experiences
families from the Eastern 

6712
05:51:56,300 --> 05:51:58,100
regions were hunting and habitat
loss. 

6713
05:51:58,100 --> 05:52:01,800
Had already reduced Wildlife 
populations often astounded by 

6714
05:52:01,800 --> 05:52:04,200
the species and abundance of 
birds along the trail. 

6715
05:52:05,300 --> 05:52:08,100
The daily entertainment and 
sporadic hunting opportunities 

6716
05:52:08,100 --> 05:52:12,600
offered by migratory waterfowl. 
Birds of Prey and songbirds 

6717
05:52:12,600 --> 05:52:15,100
complimented, Food Supplies, and
connected families to the 

6718
05:52:15,108 --> 05:52:17,900
continents and the Seasons 
natural rhythms. 

6719
05:52:19,000 --> 05:52:23,100
Every night as wagons circled 
for safety, and Company domestic

6720
05:52:23,100 --> 05:52:25,800
animals from other wagon, trains
develop their own social 

6721
05:52:25,800 --> 05:52:30,200
dynamics, as dogs, cats 
chickens, and other pets 

6722
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:32,300
interacted across the makeshift 
communities. 

6723
05:52:33,100 --> 05:52:36,400
Dogs would form their own social
groups and hierarchies which 

6724
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:38,700
occasionally reflected the bonds
that were growing within their 

6725
05:52:38,700 --> 05:52:41,300
human families. 
Once they made it through the 

6726
05:52:41,300 --> 05:52:44,200
trip cats were useful in keeping
rodents out of the way of food 

6727
05:52:44,200 --> 05:52:47,400
supplies that were being stored,
people who were chosen unusual 

6728
05:52:47,400 --> 05:52:50,200
life paths and were on the trail
for reasons that didn't fit, the

6729
05:52:50,200 --> 05:52:52,700
usual emigration patterns were 
frequently. 

6730
05:52:52,700 --> 05:52:55,300
The subjects of the most 
unexpected encounters. 

6731
05:52:56,500 --> 05:53:00,200
The trail Community was enriched
with diversity and stimulating 

6732
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:02,900
discussion from missionaries, 
who are going to start churches 

6733
05:53:02,900 --> 05:53:04,500
among Native American 
communities. 

6734
05:53:04,500 --> 05:53:07,900
Scientists who are gathering 
specimens for institutions, in 

6735
05:53:07,900 --> 05:53:11,000
the East artists, who were 
recording the Western landscape 

6736
05:53:11,000 --> 05:53:13,700
and adventurers, who were 
looking for experience is rather

6737
05:53:13,700 --> 05:53:16,600
than settlement. 
These Oddball explorers 

6738
05:53:16,600 --> 05:53:19,900
frequently had abilities 
insights or knowledge, that 

6739
05:53:19,900 --> 05:53:24,100
helped entire wagon trains a 
missionaries Proficiency in a 

6740
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:25,900
language could help them 
communicate with Native 

6741
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:29,700
Americans. 
In times of medical, emergency a

6742
05:53:29,700 --> 05:53:32,000
scientist, medical knowledge 
could be extremely helpful. 

6743
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:35,800
It's possible that an artist's 
ability to observe things help 

6744
05:53:35,800 --> 05:53:39,200
them recognize landmarks or 
predict weather patterns, more 

6745
05:53:39,200 --> 05:53:41,900
precisely than the average 
immigrant through dramatic, 

6746
05:53:41,900 --> 05:53:44,100
encounters with male carriers 
and express. 

6747
05:53:44,100 --> 05:53:47,400
Riders Trail families, were able
to re-establish a connection 

6748
05:53:47,400 --> 05:53:50,000
with the wider world that they 
had temporarily abandoned. 

6749
05:53:51,000 --> 05:53:53,200
Between distant communities and 
government outposts. 

6750
05:53:53,200 --> 05:53:57,200
These professional Travelers, 
transported letters newspapers, 

6751
05:53:57,200 --> 05:54:00,800
and official Communications at a
far far faster Pace than wagon, 

6752
05:54:00,800 --> 05:54:05,000
trains When they reached Wagon 
Train campsite, there was a lot 

6753
05:54:05,000 --> 05:54:07,800
of excitement and a chance to 
communicate with anxious family 

6754
05:54:07,800 --> 05:54:09,200
members back in the United 
States. 

6755
05:54:10,200 --> 05:54:12,700
As families, grew closer, to one
another under the harsh 

6756
05:54:12,700 --> 05:54:16,500
circumstances of shared travel, 
and mutual Reliance the social 

6757
05:54:16,500 --> 05:54:19,400
dynamics within individual 
wagon, trains changed 

6758
05:54:19,400 --> 05:54:22,300
continuously. 
It is possible for people who 

6759
05:54:22,300 --> 05:54:24,700
appear to get along during the 
planning stages to have 

6760
05:54:24,708 --> 05:54:27,700
personality conflicts that only 
surfaced under pressure. 

6761
05:54:27,700 --> 05:54:31,200
On the other hand families that 
had previously appeared to have 

6762
05:54:31,200 --> 05:54:34,300
little in common, they become 
friends for many generations. 

6763
05:54:34,300 --> 05:54:37,300
Wagon, Train leadership 
structures were continuously 

6764
05:54:37,300 --> 05:54:40,600
evaluated and improved because 
various circumstances required 

6765
05:54:40,600 --> 05:54:42,400
various kinds of knowledge and 
judgment. 

6766
05:54:43,400 --> 05:54:46,100
The elected Captain may have 
great route planning skills, but

6767
05:54:46,100 --> 05:54:48,500
struggle with interpersonal 
conflict resolution. 

6768
05:54:49,500 --> 05:54:52,900
During certain difficulties such
as crossing rivers, experiencing

6769
05:54:52,900 --> 05:54:56,300
medical crises or coming across 
potentially hostile groups. 

6770
05:54:56,300 --> 05:54:59,300
Other Travelers may show 
themselves to be natural leaders

6771
05:54:59,300 --> 05:55:02,500
children learned things from the
diverse range of people. 

6772
05:55:02,500 --> 05:55:05,100
They met on the trail that they 
could not have learned in a 

6773
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:07,500
homeschool they developed social
skills? 

6774
05:55:07,500 --> 05:55:09,500
That would be useful in the 
diverse communities. 

6775
05:55:09,500 --> 05:55:12,600
They would assist in creating an
Oregon Territory learned, how to

6776
05:55:12,600 --> 05:55:16,000
communicate across language. 
Barriers and appreciated various

6777
05:55:16,000 --> 05:55:17,700
cultural approaches to common 
problems. 

6778
05:55:18,900 --> 05:55:21,800
Generations of descendants were 
introduced to the adventure and 

6779
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:24,600
variety of the trail experience 
through the cherished. 

6780
05:55:24,600 --> 05:55:26,800
Family stories that grew out of 
these encounters. 

6781
05:55:26,800 --> 05:55:29,900
Grandchildren would hear about 
the Native American Chief who 

6782
05:55:29,900 --> 05:55:32,800
helped their grandfathers Wagon,
Train find water during a 

6783
05:55:32,800 --> 05:55:35,000
drought. 
A French Trapper who taught 

6784
05:55:35,000 --> 05:55:37,100
their grandmother to identify 
edible plants. 

6785
05:55:37,100 --> 05:55:40,200
All the returning, Emigrant who 
alerted them, to a hazardous 

6786
05:55:40,200 --> 05:55:42,600
River Crossing in time to save 
lives and property. 

6787
05:55:43,300 --> 05:55:46,600
Imagine the moment you see the 
end of your Journey coming, Not 

6788
05:55:46,600 --> 05:55:49,300
Just Another River to Cross or 
another range of Hills to 

6789
05:55:49,300 --> 05:55:52,400
Traverse, but the real 
destination that has kept your 

6790
05:55:52,400 --> 05:55:54,700
hopes alive through every 
hardship and challenge of the 

6791
05:55:54,700 --> 05:55:58,300
trail after months of waking up 
to the sound of creaking, Wagon,

6792
05:55:58,300 --> 05:56:00,700
Wheels and the routine of 
setting Camp Before Dawn. 

6793
05:56:01,900 --> 05:56:03,200
Families. 
Who had spent months 

6794
05:56:03,200 --> 05:56:06,500
concentrating on the day-to-day 
difficulties of travel without 

6795
05:56:06,500 --> 05:56:08,900
fully understanding how 
different their new home would 

6796
05:56:08,908 --> 05:56:10,900
be from everything they'd known 
before. 

6797
05:56:11,600 --> 05:56:13,200
Found the approach to Oregon 
territory. 

6798
05:56:13,200 --> 05:56:17,100
To be both exhilarating and 
daunting gradually. 

6799
05:56:17,100 --> 05:56:19,600
The terrain started to shift 
from the Arid Splendor of the 

6800
05:56:19,608 --> 05:56:22,600
high plains and desert to the 
woods and mountains, that would 

6801
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:24,100
eventually become their new 
home. 

6802
05:56:25,600 --> 05:56:28,400
The initial view of the Columbia
River was a poignant moment for 

6803
05:56:28,400 --> 05:56:31,700
many families signaling, the 
actual start of the end of their

6804
05:56:31,700 --> 05:56:34,400
Trail experience. 
The highway that would take them

6805
05:56:34,400 --> 05:56:37,500
to the Willamette Valley and the
Farmland they had fantasized 

6806
05:56:37,500 --> 05:56:40,000
about during the challenging 
months of travel was this 

6807
05:56:40,000 --> 05:56:43,400
enormous Waterway which also 
served as the last significant 

6808
05:56:43,400 --> 05:56:47,700
challenge to be overcome After 
the dry conditions of a large 

6809
05:56:47,700 --> 05:56:50,700
portion of the trail, it was 
nearly over to see that much 

6810
05:56:50,700 --> 05:56:52,500
water. 
There were particular 

6811
05:56:52,500 --> 05:56:54,400
opportunities and challenges 
associated. 

6812
05:56:54,400 --> 05:56:57,800
With the last river trip, down 
the Columbia Family had to 

6813
05:56:57,800 --> 05:57:00,600
choose between attempting, the 
challenging Barlow Road over the

6814
05:57:00,600 --> 05:57:03,900
Cascade Mountains or taking a 
chance on the perilous River, 

6815
05:57:03,900 --> 05:57:07,100
Passage through the Columbia 
Gorge, neither Choice was simple

6816
05:57:07,100 --> 05:57:09,200
and both needed energy and 
resources. 

6817
05:57:09,200 --> 05:57:11,600
That families may have believed.
They had already used up on the 

6818
05:57:11,600 --> 05:57:14,600
Overland trip. 
Those who took the river route 

6819
05:57:14,600 --> 05:57:17,400
were forced to hire boatmen or 
load their wagons onto 

6820
05:57:17,400 --> 05:57:20,000
improvised rafts in order to 
move their belongings through 

6821
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:23,100
Rapids, that had destroyed a 
great deal of property and taken

6822
05:57:23,100 --> 05:57:25,700
many lives. 
For families who had preserved 

6823
05:57:25,700 --> 05:57:28,400
their possessions over 2000 
miles of Overland travel. 

6824
05:57:28,400 --> 05:57:31,500
The irony of possibly losing 
everything within sight of their

6825
05:57:31,508 --> 05:57:34,400
destination was not lost. 
Families. 

6826
05:57:34,400 --> 05:57:36,900
That opted for the mountain 
route encountered. 

6827
05:57:36,900 --> 05:57:39,600
Distinct difficulties as they 
learned that the Cascade 

6828
05:57:39,600 --> 05:57:42,300
Mountains offered a landscape. 
That was different from what 

6829
05:57:42,300 --> 05:57:45,000
they had experienced during the 
Prairie sections of their trip. 

6830
05:57:45,600 --> 05:57:50,100
Steep grades dense forests and 
undeveloped roads presented new 

6831
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:53,300
challenges for their animals and
Equipment while also offering 

6832
05:57:53,300 --> 05:57:56,200
breathtaking views that served 
as a reminder of the original 

6833
05:57:56,200 --> 05:57:59,600
reason for their Journey after 
months of waiting and adversity.

6834
05:57:59,600 --> 05:58:02,400
The actual arrival in the 
Willamette Valley was frequently

6835
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:04,900
unimpressive. 
Many families found themselves 

6836
05:58:04,900 --> 05:58:08,400
in an area that although 
beautiful and fertile needed the

6837
05:58:08,400 --> 05:58:11,200
same pioneering skills, they 
developed on the trail, to build

6838
05:58:11,200 --> 05:58:14,100
the homes and communities, 
they'd imagined without a 

6839
05:58:14,100 --> 05:58:15,900
welcoming committee or 
established Community 

6840
05:58:15,900 --> 05:58:18,500
infrastructure. 
The families who were suddenly 

6841
05:58:18,500 --> 05:58:21,000
faced with decisions that would 
impact generations of their 

6842
05:58:21,000 --> 05:58:23,400
Descendants. 
The land selection process was 

6843
05:58:23,400 --> 05:58:27,200
both thrilling and daunting. 
Large tracts of land remained 

6844
05:58:27,200 --> 05:58:29,800
available for families prepared.
To put in the effort to clear 

6845
05:58:29,800 --> 05:58:33,200
forests start farms and 
construct the infrastructure 

6846
05:58:33,200 --> 05:58:34,900
required for long-term 
settlement. 

6847
05:58:34,900 --> 05:58:37,900
Even though the best land was 
frequently already claimed by 

6848
05:58:37,900 --> 05:58:41,700
previous emigrants together 
families, who had experienced 

6849
05:58:41,700 --> 05:58:44,800
the trail together a newcomers 
who had arrived at different 

6850
05:58:44,800 --> 05:58:47,200
times, or by different routes 
came together, to build the 

6851
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:50,300
first shelter families, use the 
skills they had learned from 

6852
05:58:50,300 --> 05:58:53,200
months of camping and improvised
living to build temporary 

6853
05:58:53,200 --> 05:58:56,600
shelter, that would keep them 
safe during their first Oregon 

6854
05:58:56,600 --> 05:58:59,400
winter, while they worked on 
more permanent buildings. 

6855
05:59:00,200 --> 05:59:03,100
Many families found the shift 
from Trail life to settled life,

6856
05:59:03,100 --> 05:59:05,000
to be more challenging than they
had expected. 

6857
05:59:05,000 --> 05:59:08,400
The routine of clearing land 
planting crops and building 

6858
05:59:08,400 --> 05:59:11,500
permanent homes could feel 
restrictive and monotonous after

6859
05:59:11,500 --> 05:59:14,200
months, of continuous, movement,
and daily change. 

6860
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:17,800
Some family members suffered 
from a sort of homesickness for 

6861
05:59:17,800 --> 05:59:21,600
the nomadic lifestyle, they had 
left behind, especially the kids

6862
05:59:21,600 --> 05:59:24,900
who had enjoyed the trail 
Adventure families, from diverse

6863
05:59:24,900 --> 05:59:27,500
backgrounds, with varying, 
opinions about the best way to 

6864
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:31,200
organize communities and varying
methods of problem solving from 

6865
05:59:31,200 --> 05:59:34,600
their Trail experiences had to 
work together and compromise in 

6866
05:59:34,600 --> 05:59:37,700
order to establish communities 
in Oregon Territory for the 

6867
05:59:37,700 --> 05:59:40,700
establishment of the government 
agencies churches and schools, 

6868
05:59:40,700 --> 05:59:43,300
that would transform Oregon 
territory into a livable 

6869
05:59:43,300 --> 05:59:46,000
Community. 
The social skills acquired 

6870
05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:50,000
during months of wagon, train, 
travel proved crucial Families 

6871
05:59:50,000 --> 05:59:52,800
that had saved money for trail 
supplies and equipment found it 

6872
05:59:52,800 --> 05:59:55,300
difficult to adjust to the 
economic realities of starting 

6873
05:59:55,300 --> 05:59:58,300
over in a new territory. 
They now had to create revenue 

6874
05:59:58,300 --> 06:00:00,300
streams, while pursuing their 
land claims. 

6875
06:00:01,500 --> 06:00:04,200
Many families were forced to 
combine farming with other jobs 

6876
06:00:04,200 --> 06:00:06,600
using new skills. 
They learned on the trail or 

6877
06:00:06,600 --> 06:00:10,100
skills they had honed back home 
because the demands of frontier 

6878
06:00:10,100 --> 06:00:13,700
life, demanded adaptability and 
resourcefulness that went beyond

6879
06:00:13,700 --> 06:00:16,700
conventional gender boundaries 
women's roles in Oregon 

6880
06:00:16,700 --> 06:00:20,100
Territory frequently expanded 
beyond what had been feasible in

6881
06:00:20,100 --> 06:00:22,800
their prior homes. 
These skills were crucial for 

6882
06:00:22,800 --> 06:00:25,600
Frontier homemaking for women 
who had gained experience in 

6883
06:00:25,600 --> 06:00:28,300
managing outdoor cooking 
handling, livestock and 

6884
06:00:28,300 --> 06:00:30,300
repairing equipment during the 
trailer experience. 

6885
06:00:31,300 --> 06:00:34,900
Children's education became a 
community priority, requiring 

6886
06:00:34,900 --> 06:00:37,300
families to work together to 
build schools, and hire 

6887
06:00:37,300 --> 06:00:38,800
teachers. 
In places, without such 

6888
06:00:38,800 --> 06:00:41,900
facilities. 
Children who were educated by 

6889
06:00:41,900 --> 06:00:44,500
walking beside wagons, and 
learning useful skills around 

6890
06:00:44,500 --> 06:00:47,300
campfires frequently, 
demonstrated greater 

6891
06:00:47,300 --> 06:00:49,900
adaptability to the learning 
conditions of the frontier than 

6892
06:00:49,908 --> 06:00:53,800
adults had anticipated. 
Within a few years of the large 

6893
06:00:53,800 --> 06:00:55,900
immigration's, the success 
stories from Oregon. 

6894
06:00:55,900 --> 06:00:59,100
Territory started to reach, 
friends and family, back in the 

6895
06:00:59,100 --> 06:01:02,500
United States, inspiring more 
families, to follow suit, and 

6896
06:01:02,500 --> 06:01:05,000
generating a feedback loop that 
kept the Westward Movement, 

6897
06:01:05,000 --> 06:01:08,700
going for decades. 
More waves of emigration were 

6898
06:01:08,700 --> 06:01:11,400
spurred by letters that describe
the country's rich soil 

6899
06:01:11,400 --> 06:01:15,200
temperate climate and prospects 
for growth, but not all Oregon 

6900
06:01:15,200 --> 06:01:18,500
Tales were triumphs families. 
Also described the hardships of 

6901
06:01:18,508 --> 06:01:21,800
frontier life, the distance from
loved ones and familiar 

6902
06:01:21,800 --> 06:01:24,800
surroundings and the arduous 
physical work needed to start 

6903
06:01:24,800 --> 06:01:27,300
successful farms in densely 
forested areas. 

6904
06:01:28,700 --> 06:01:30,700
Later immigrants were better 
equipped to handle the 

6905
06:01:30,700 --> 06:01:32,600
difficulties. 
They would encounter after 

6906
06:01:32,600 --> 06:01:35,200
finishing the trail Journey 
thanks to these more realistic 

6907
06:01:35,200 --> 06:01:38,100
accounts families that had 
walked the trail together 

6908
06:01:38,100 --> 06:01:40,400
continued to have close ties and
support networks. 

6909
06:01:40,400 --> 06:01:43,700
That helped everyone adjust to 
their new surroundings forming 

6910
06:01:43,700 --> 06:01:46,400
Community networks, that were 
frequently based on the shared 

6911
06:01:46,400 --> 06:01:48,500
experience of the trail in 
Oregon Territory. 

6912
06:01:49,800 --> 06:01:52,800
The ties forged during these 
months of mutual Reliance and 

6913
06:01:52,800 --> 06:01:55,800
adversity, turned out to be 
enduring underpinnings for the 

6914
06:01:55,800 --> 06:01:57,500
communities. 
That would come to characterize 

6915
06:01:57,500 --> 06:02:01,000
organs early growth through 
letters that shared updates from

6916
06:02:01,000 --> 06:02:03,500
both sides, and occasionally 
urged more family members to 

6917
06:02:03,500 --> 06:02:07,100
travel West Trail families. 
Also kept in touch with friends 

6918
06:02:07,100 --> 06:02:09,200
and family who had stayed in the
United States. 

6919
06:02:09,900 --> 06:02:12,800
These correspondents networks, 
offered emotional support to 

6920
06:02:12,800 --> 06:02:16,200
people adjusting to drastically 
different lives and assisted in 

6921
06:02:16,200 --> 06:02:20,700
maintaining Family Ties over 
great distances more than 150 

6922
06:02:20,700 --> 06:02:23,200
years after the last major 
wagon, trains finished their 

6923
06:02:23,200 --> 06:02:26,400
Journeys to Oregon Territory. 
Think about how the adventures 

6924
06:02:26,400 --> 06:02:29,200
we've been following together 
still shape American culture and

6925
06:02:29,200 --> 06:02:33,200
family tales as you sink deeper 
into your cozy bed and pull your

6926
06:02:33,200 --> 06:02:36,000
blanket a little closer along 
with their belongings. 

6927
06:02:36,000 --> 06:02:39,100
The family, who traveled the 
Oregon Trail carried with them 

6928
06:02:39,100 --> 06:02:42,400
stories skills and values that 
would impact the character of 

6929
06:02:42,400 --> 06:02:45,300
communities across the region 
and help shape the future of the

6930
06:02:45,300 --> 06:02:48,900
American West, the trail itself 
turned into a life-changing 

6931
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:51,600
event, that altered people's 
perspectives on difficulties 

6932
06:02:51,600 --> 06:02:55,000
teamwork, and the potential for 
establishing new types of 

6933
06:02:55,000 --> 06:02:57,500
communities in addition to where
they lived. 

6934
06:02:58,500 --> 06:03:00,600
Children who grew up in 
astonished agricultural 

6935
06:03:00,600 --> 06:03:03,100
communities had a different 
relationship with nature than 

6936
06:03:03,100 --> 06:03:05,500
children, who had spent their 
early years, walking beside 

6937
06:03:05,500 --> 06:03:09,600
wagons learning to identify 
edible plants and assisting with

6938
06:03:09,600 --> 06:03:13,100
livestock management. 
With the perspectives and 

6939
06:03:13,100 --> 06:03:15,300
abilities that proved crucial 
for success. 

6940
06:03:15,300 --> 06:03:19,200
In Frontier conditions, these 
Trail educated kids frequently 

6941
06:03:19,200 --> 06:03:22,200
Rose to prominence as leaders 
and innovators in their Oregon 

6942
06:03:22,200 --> 06:03:24,600
communities. 
Families ability to solve 

6943
06:03:24,600 --> 06:03:27,300
problems such as repairing 
equipment using, whatever 

6944
06:03:27,300 --> 06:03:30,200
materials were available. 
Coming up with inventive ways. 

6945
06:03:30,200 --> 06:03:33,400
To deal with food and water, 
shortages, and modifying daily 

6946
06:03:33,400 --> 06:03:35,400
routines to accommodate shifting
weather. 

6947
06:03:35,400 --> 06:03:38,800
And terrain conditions was 
shaped by months of Trail travel

6948
06:03:38,800 --> 06:03:41,400
and lived on in Western 
communities for Generations. 

6949
06:03:42,600 --> 06:03:45,400
In Frontier societies where 
survival occasionally hinged on 

6950
06:03:45,408 --> 06:03:48,400
everyone's ability to carry out 
whatever tasks were required 

6951
06:03:48,400 --> 06:03:52,200
regardless of traditional gender
expectations, women who had 

6952
06:03:52,208 --> 06:03:55,800
managed outdoor cooking handled 
livestock and made crucial 

6953
06:03:55,800 --> 06:03:58,400
decisions during Trail. 
Emergencies frequently, 

6954
06:03:58,400 --> 06:04:01,600
discovered that these experience
had prepared them for expanded 

6955
06:04:01,600 --> 06:04:05,700
roles An extensive oral history 
that links generations of 

6956
06:04:05,700 --> 06:04:09,000
Western families to their 
immigrant ancestors was produced

6957
06:04:09,000 --> 06:04:12,300
by the storytelling Customs that
grew out of Trail experience's 

6958
06:04:12,300 --> 06:04:15,900
grandchildren who had never seen
a covered wagon would be raised 

6959
06:04:15,900 --> 06:04:18,000
on elaborate Tales of Buffalo 
hunts. 

6960
06:04:18,000 --> 06:04:21,200
River crossing the hardships of 
spending months, sleeping 

6961
06:04:21,200 --> 06:04:25,100
outside themes of tenacity 
resourcefulness and cooperation 

6962
06:04:25,100 --> 06:04:28,300
that became fundamental values 
in Western societies were 

6963
06:04:28,300 --> 06:04:32,300
frequently highlighted in these 
family Tales Through preparation

6964
06:04:32,300 --> 06:04:35,600
cooperation and perseverance. 
The trail experience showed that

6965
06:04:35,600 --> 06:04:39,200
regular people could overcome 
extraordinary obstacles lessons 

6966
06:04:39,200 --> 06:04:41,000
that were applicable. 
Well beyond the initial 

6967
06:04:41,000 --> 06:04:44,900
immigration context. 
Distinctive American mythology 

6968
06:04:44,900 --> 06:04:49,400
that emphasized both individual 
success and teamwork was also 

6969
06:04:49,400 --> 06:04:53,100
produced by the trail. 
Families had to be independent 

6970
06:04:53,100 --> 06:04:55,000
and resourceful to successfully 
complete. 

6971
06:04:55,000 --> 06:04:58,200
The Oregon Trail Journey, but 
they also had to rely on their 

6972
06:04:58,200 --> 06:05:01,600
Wagon Train fellows for support 
and assistance in times of need 

6973
06:05:01,600 --> 06:05:04,600
the experiential. 
Practical learning that had 

6974
06:05:04,600 --> 06:05:07,400
defined Trail education had an 
impact on educational 

6975
06:05:07,400 --> 06:05:10,700
establishments in Oregon 
Territory and later Oregon 

6976
06:05:10,700 --> 06:05:13,200
State. 
The recognition that frontier 

6977
06:05:13,200 --> 06:05:15,900
life required individuals who 
could combine intellectual 

6978
06:05:15,900 --> 06:05:20,100
capacity with practical problem.
Solving abilities was reflected 

6979
06:05:20,100 --> 06:05:22,600
in schools that placed an 
emphasis on practical skills. 

6980
06:05:22,600 --> 06:05:26,700
In addition to traditional 
academic subjects Early 

6981
06:05:26,700 --> 06:05:29,900
conservation attitudes in 
Western communities were shaped 

6982
06:05:29,900 --> 06:05:32,000
by the environmental 
Consciousness, that families, 

6983
06:05:32,000 --> 06:05:35,500
gained from months of intimate 
observation of weather patterns,

6984
06:05:35,500 --> 06:05:38,800
seasonal, variation and the 
availability of Natural 

6985
06:05:38,800 --> 06:05:41,900
Resources. 
In individuals who had 

6986
06:05:41,900 --> 06:05:45,000
personally witnessed the effects
of resource, depletion, water, 

6987
06:05:45,000 --> 06:05:48,100
pollution and overgrazing were 
frequently more in favor of 

6988
06:05:48,100 --> 06:05:49,900
sustainable land management 
techniques. 

6989
06:05:50,800 --> 06:05:53,600
The experience of the trail 
itself, altered and adapted, the

6990
06:05:53,600 --> 06:05:55,500
religious, and cultural 
Traditions that made their way 

6991
06:05:55,500 --> 06:05:58,800
west in covered wagons during 
months, when worship sessions 

6992
06:05:58,800 --> 06:06:02,600
were conducted Outdoors around 
campfires, rather than in 

6993
06:06:02,600 --> 06:06:05,500
conventional buildings churches 
in Oregon Territory frequently 

6994
06:06:05,500 --> 06:06:08,800
reflected, a more pragmatic 
informal approach to religious 

6995
06:06:08,800 --> 06:06:11,400
practice. 
Wagon trains had employed, 

6996
06:06:11,400 --> 06:06:14,300
Democratic decision-making 
procedures to settle conflicts, 

6997
06:06:14,300 --> 06:06:18,500
choose routes and oversee local 
resources which had an impact on

6998
06:06:18,500 --> 06:06:21,100
the political institutions that 
arose in Oregon Territory. 

6999
06:06:22,200 --> 06:06:25,500
On the trail Town, meetings and 
Community collaboration had been

7000
06:06:25,500 --> 06:06:29,000
crucial survival tactics and 
these methods of governance 

7001
06:06:29,000 --> 06:06:32,100
permeated early Oregon 
communities political systems. 

7002
06:06:33,200 --> 06:06:36,100
The folk medicine and practical.
First Aid skills, that families 

7003
06:06:36,100 --> 06:06:37,500
had acquired through Trail 
travel. 

7004
06:06:37,500 --> 06:06:40,100
Had an impact on medical 
practices in Frontier 

7005
06:06:40,100 --> 06:06:43,800
communities Community healers 
frequently combined traditional 

7006
06:06:43,800 --> 06:06:46,400
remedies with techniques, 
learned through trial 

7007
06:06:46,400 --> 06:06:49,600
experience, Having learned how 
to treat illnesses and injuries 

7008
06:06:49,600 --> 06:06:51,800
with little money and no 
professional medical assistance 

7009
06:06:51,800 --> 06:06:55,000
lessons, learned about soil. 
Conservation crop 

7010
06:06:55,000 --> 06:06:57,900
diversification and sustainable 
farming practices. 

7011
06:06:57,900 --> 06:07:00,800
During the trail Journey were 
reflected in the agricultural 

7012
06:07:00,800 --> 06:07:02,700
practices that emerged in Oregon
Territory. 

7013
06:07:03,700 --> 06:07:06,400
During their westward, migration
families frequently. 

7014
06:07:06,400 --> 06:07:08,800
Applied the lessons they had 
learned about the negative 

7015
06:07:08,800 --> 06:07:11,400
environmental effects of poor 
Land Management to their own 

7016
06:07:11,400 --> 06:07:15,000
farming operations. 
relationships and Trust built 

7017
06:07:15,000 --> 06:07:18,000
during shared Trail experiences 
frequently, served as the 

7018
06:07:18,000 --> 06:07:21,000
foundation for the business and 
economic networks, that emerged 

7019
06:07:21,000 --> 06:07:24,700
in early, Oregon communities, As
they founded companies and 

7020
06:07:24,700 --> 06:07:28,100
economic alliances in their new 
communities, people who had 

7021
06:07:28,100 --> 06:07:31,600
shared resources, exchanged 
goods and worked together in 

7022
06:07:31,600 --> 06:07:34,600
times of need maintain these 
connections, the Practical 

7023
06:07:34,600 --> 06:07:37,500
functional approach to 
problem-solving that families 

7024
06:07:37,500 --> 06:07:39,100
had developed over months of 
building. 

7025
06:07:39,100 --> 06:07:42,500
Temporary shelters and setting 
up effective campsites under 

7026
06:07:42,500 --> 06:07:46,000
difficult circumstances was 
reflected in the architectural 

7027
06:07:46,000 --> 06:07:49,400
Styles and Community planning 
techniques that defined early 

7028
06:07:49,400 --> 06:07:52,700
Oregon settlements In Oregon and
other Western States 

7029
06:07:52,700 --> 06:07:56,000
contemporary family, reunions 
and Heritage celebrations. 

7030
06:07:56,000 --> 06:07:59,500
Frequently, focus on honoring, 
the bravery and tenacity of 

7031
06:07:59,500 --> 06:08:02,500
Trail ancestors. 
Giving descendant families, a 

7032
06:08:02,500 --> 06:08:05,600
chance to reconnect with their 
pioneering Heritage and come to 

7033
06:08:05,608 --> 06:08:09,300
understand the struggles. 
Their ancestors faced A unique 

7034
06:08:09,300 --> 06:08:12,600
American optimism regarding the 
potential for self-reinvention 

7035
06:08:12,600 --> 06:08:16,200
starting over and generating 
better opportunities through 

7036
06:08:16,200 --> 06:08:18,700
perseverance and hard. 
Work was also influenced by the 

7037
06:08:18,700 --> 06:08:22,800
Oregon Trail experience. 
This Fresh Start mindset became 

7038
06:08:22,800 --> 06:08:26,100
a Hallmark of American culture 
and still shapes people's 

7039
06:08:26,100 --> 06:08:27,700
perspectives on individual and 
Collective. 

7040
06:08:27,700 --> 06:08:31,400
Growth interpretation programs 
help modern people comprehend 

7041
06:08:31,400 --> 06:08:34,600
the enormity of the challenge 
that 19th century families faced

7042
06:08:34,600 --> 06:08:37,200
when they packed their 
belongings into covered wagons 

7043
06:08:37,200 --> 06:08:39,300
and set out. 
West toward uncertain, Futures 

7044
06:08:39,300 --> 06:08:41,700
while. 
Historical preservation efforts 

7045
06:08:41,700 --> 06:08:44,100
along the Oregon, Trail route 
have given modern families. 

7046
06:08:44,100 --> 06:08:47,200
The chance to experience 
something of what trail travel 

7047
06:08:47,200 --> 06:08:50,300
was like. 
The trail experience also had an

7048
06:08:50,300 --> 06:08:54,300
impact on American literature 
art and popular culture in ways 

7049
06:08:54,300 --> 06:08:57,000
that still shape American 
societies perceptions of the 

7050
06:08:57,000 --> 06:09:00,500
Westwood, migration frontier 
life and the interplay between 

7051
06:09:00,500 --> 06:09:03,100
individual success and group 
collaboration. 

7052
06:09:03,100 --> 06:09:07,500
As our time on the Oregon Trail 
draws to a close picture 

7053
06:09:07,500 --> 06:09:10,600
yourself, sleeping in your own 
bed, for the night, not a 

7054
06:09:10,600 --> 06:09:13,300
bedroll by a smoldering camp 
fire or a small room inside a 

7055
06:09:13,300 --> 06:09:16,900
canvas covered wagon, but your 
own cozy bed with cozy pillows, 

7056
06:09:16,900 --> 06:09:20,500
Dependable warmth and the safety
of sturdy walls surrounding you 

7057
06:09:20,500 --> 06:09:24,000
as they change from travelers to
settlers from Emigrant to 

7058
06:09:24,000 --> 06:09:26,300
oregonians. 
And from people heading toward 

7059
06:09:26,300 --> 06:09:29,600
an uncertain future to those 
creating permanent communities. 

7060
06:09:29,600 --> 06:09:30,700
That would endure for 
Generations. 

7061
06:09:30,700 --> 06:09:33,900
The families whose stories we 
have been following tonight, 

7062
06:09:33,900 --> 06:09:36,700
ultimately found their own forms
of this comfort. 

7063
06:09:37,800 --> 06:09:40,500
Eventually, the children who had
learned to sleep to the sounds 

7064
06:09:40,500 --> 06:09:43,600
of wagon covers flapping in 
Prairie, winds and coyotes 

7065
06:09:43,600 --> 06:09:47,800
calling, grew up in homes with 
glass windows, wooden, floors 

7066
06:09:47,800 --> 06:09:50,100
and enough room for everyone to 
have a bed. 

7067
06:09:50,800 --> 06:09:53,800
However, a number of them 
subsequently stated that they 

7068
06:09:53,800 --> 06:09:57,300
never fully lost their lover of 
sleeping outside or their 

7069
06:09:57,300 --> 06:10:00,100
capacity to find solace in basic
sleeping Arrangements when 

7070
06:10:00,100 --> 06:10:03,100
necessary. 
Eventually the parents who had 

7071
06:10:03,100 --> 06:10:05,400
been anxious every night about 
their family's safety in the 

7072
06:10:05,408 --> 06:10:09,500
wilderness found themselves in 
towns with churches, schools and

7073
06:10:09,500 --> 06:10:11,800
neighbors. 
Who they could rely on in times 

7074
06:10:11,800 --> 06:10:14,300
of need, although they had found
the security. 

7075
06:10:14,300 --> 06:10:17,200
They had sought by moving West, 
the independence and 

7076
06:10:17,200 --> 06:10:19,100
resourcefulness they'd gained 
along the way. 

7077
06:10:19,100 --> 06:10:21,900
Remained traits, They Carried 
with them for the rest of their 

7078
06:10:21,900 --> 06:10:24,500
lives. 
The Farms businesses and 

7079
06:10:24,500 --> 06:10:26,300
communities. 
They established in Oregon 

7080
06:10:26,300 --> 06:10:28,100
Territory were built on the 
skills. 

7081
06:10:28,100 --> 06:10:30,900
They had acquired over months of
cooking, over campfires, 

7082
06:10:30,900 --> 06:10:33,800
repairing equipment, and 
managing resources. 

7083
06:10:35,100 --> 06:10:37,800
There are approach to Community 
Development and problem solving 

7084
06:10:37,800 --> 06:10:40,600
remained characterized by the 
collaboration and support that 

7085
06:10:40,600 --> 06:10:42,000
had been crucial for trail 
survival. 

7086
06:10:42,700 --> 06:10:45,500
The tales of their experiences 
on the trail became cherished, 

7087
06:10:45,500 --> 06:10:47,500
family heirlooms that were 
handed down through the 

7088
06:10:47,500 --> 06:10:49,800
generations. 
Bridging the Gap between 

7089
06:10:49,800 --> 06:10:52,100
ancestors who had risked, 
everything on the hope of 

7090
06:10:52,108 --> 06:10:55,600
establishing better lives in 
Uncharted Territory and children

7091
06:10:55,600 --> 06:10:57,500
who had never seen a covered 
wagon. 

7092
06:10:57,500 --> 06:11:00,800
These Tales frequently focused 
on the Practical aspects of 

7093
06:11:00,800 --> 06:11:03,500
everyday life. 
The value of planning and 

7094
06:11:03,500 --> 06:11:05,900
teamwork and the Fulfillment 
that came from. 

7095
06:11:05,900 --> 06:11:08,800
Conquering obstacles with 
perseverance and support from 

7096
06:11:08,800 --> 06:11:11,900
one another rather than the 
romantic adventure that would 

7097
06:11:11,900 --> 06:11:13,800
later be celebrated in popular 
culture. 

7098
06:11:15,000 --> 06:11:17,500
When modern families, traced 
their roots to Oregon Trail 

7099
06:11:17,500 --> 06:11:20,700
emigrants, they frequently 
discover that the attitudes and 

7100
06:11:20,708 --> 06:11:22,400
viewpoints that kept their 
ancestors. 

7101
06:11:22,400 --> 06:11:24,900
Going during the westward, 
migration still have an impact 

7102
06:11:24,900 --> 06:11:28,500
on family culture, generation's 
later, these include attitudes 

7103
06:11:28,500 --> 06:11:31,500
toward problem, solving, methods
for getting involved in the 

7104
06:11:31,500 --> 06:11:34,600
community and an appreciation of
both Independence and 

7105
06:11:34,600 --> 06:11:36,900
interdependence the Oregon Trail
story. 

7106
06:11:36,900 --> 06:11:40,500
Showed that regular people could
achieve extraordinary Feats by 

7107
06:11:40,500 --> 06:11:43,300
combining practical skills with 
a belief that their efforts 

7108
06:11:43,300 --> 06:11:46,300
would have, eventually result in
better opportunities for their 

7109
06:11:46,300 --> 06:11:50,900
families, individual willpower 
with Community collaboration and

7110
06:11:50,900 --> 06:11:55,500
meticulous preparation with 
adaptability Tonight, as you get

7111
06:11:55,500 --> 06:11:59,300
comfortable in your own bed, you
may consider how the safety and 

7112
06:11:59,300 --> 06:12:01,800
convenience you take for. 
Granted, are the result of 

7113
06:12:01,800 --> 06:12:05,500
people overcoming obstacles and 
creating communities by leaving 

7114
06:12:05,500 --> 06:12:08,900
behind comfortable surroundings 
in pursuit of better futures for

7115
06:12:08,908 --> 06:12:12,200
their kids and grandkids the 
soft sounds of your contemporary

7116
06:12:12,200 --> 06:12:15,700
evening, possibly the distant 
hum of your heating systems, the

7117
06:12:15,700 --> 06:12:18,400
distant sound of traffic, or the
familiar Creeks of your house. 

7118
06:12:18,400 --> 06:12:21,500
Settling are the same as the 
reassuring campfire. 

7119
06:12:21,500 --> 06:12:24,300
Sounds that eventually made it 
easier for trail families to go 

7120
06:12:24,308 --> 06:12:26,900
to sleep each night knowing that
they were surrounded by people 

7121
06:12:26,900 --> 06:12:29,800
who shared their objectives and 
would support them through any 

7122
06:12:29,800 --> 06:12:31,700
difficulties that might arise 
the next day. 

7123
06:12:33,100 --> 06:12:35,700
The trail families eventually 
found what they were looking for

7124
06:12:35,700 --> 06:12:38,500
not just Richland or lucrative 
prospects. 

7125
06:12:38,500 --> 06:12:41,500
The Fulfillment that comes from 
showing themselves and their 

7126
06:12:41,500 --> 06:12:45,300
kids that willpower teamwork and
Ingenuity could overcome 

7127
06:12:45,300 --> 06:12:47,800
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and open up new 

7128
06:12:47,800 --> 06:12:51,100
possibilities where none had 
previously existed, their legacy

7129
06:12:51,100 --> 06:12:53,400
endures, not only in the 
neighborhoods, they established 

7130
06:12:53,400 --> 06:12:56,400
and the families they reared. 
But also in the enduring 

7131
06:12:56,400 --> 06:12:59,200
American conviction, that 
individuals can better their lot

7132
06:12:59,200 --> 06:13:02,600
in life by working hard 
supporting one another and 

7133
06:13:02,600 --> 06:13:05,100
having the guts to go where 
others have gone in pursuit of 

7134
06:13:05,108 --> 06:13:08,600
better opportunities. 
As you fall asleep tonight, your

7135
06:13:08,600 --> 06:13:12,400
engaging in the same fundamental
human activity that those Trail 

7136
06:13:12,400 --> 06:13:16,200
families engaged in at the end 
of each day finding Solace and 

7137
06:13:16,200 --> 06:13:19,700
rest, after the hardships of the
day, regaining strength for the 

7138
06:13:19,700 --> 06:13:22,500
opportunities of tomorrow and 
retaining the belief that 

7139
06:13:22,500 --> 06:13:25,600
perseverance and teamwork can 
overcome any challenges that may

7140
06:13:25,600 --> 06:13:27,700
arise. 
Rest easy. 

7141
06:13:27,700 --> 06:13:31,100
Knowing that you are part of a 
long line of people who, despite

7142
06:13:31,100 --> 06:13:34,600
the most trying circumstances, 
managed to provide Comfort 

7143
06:13:34,600 --> 06:13:36,400
security, and a sense of 
community. 

7144
06:13:36,400 --> 06:13:40,300
They also left behind enduring 
values and useful skills. 

7145
06:13:40,300 --> 06:13:43,500
That continue to shape how 
families handle opportunities 

7146
06:13:43,500 --> 06:13:45,700
and challenges. 
Even though the Oregon Trail was

7147
06:13:45,700 --> 06:13:49,800
a band and more than 150 years 
ago, the spirit of Adventure 

7148
06:13:49,800 --> 06:13:53,500
tenacity and camaraderie that 
Define the trail experience 

7149
06:13:53,500 --> 06:13:56,900
still serves as motivation for 
those, who embark on their own 

7150
06:13:56,900 --> 06:14:00,600
difficult and unknown Journeys 
in search of better futures. 

7151
06:14:01,600 --> 06:14:05,100
Divisions of campfire, dinners 
covered wagons and the 

7152
06:14:05,100 --> 06:14:07,800
Fulfillment that comes from 
realizing that regular people 

7153
06:14:07,800 --> 06:14:11,800
can achieve genuinely remarkable
Feats when they band together 

7154
06:14:11,800 --> 06:14:12,900
and help one another.