The Woman Who Outsmarted Kings: The Life of Isabella d'Este | Boring History

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Alright, my tired, potatoes, go 
ahead and settle in. 

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No need to do anything else. 
Tonight, there's a certain kind 

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of influence that doesn't 
announce itself, loudly, it 

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moves quietly through letters 
conversations and well-timed 

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decisions. 
So, I'm glad you're here to sit 

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with that kind of story. 
This is, as always a carefully 

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researched and thoughtfully 
written sleep experience built 

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from historical sources and 
scholarly accounts designed to 

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be accurate, original and easy 
to unwind with. 

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So you can learn something. 
Soft rain and distant ocean wave

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in the background. 
Were easing into the life of 

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Isabella desk, the woman who 
quietly, outmaneuvered Kings 

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through patience intellect and 
timing. 

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If this calm history helps you 
relax, feel free to follow, 

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leave a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is or how you are doing 
on this fine night. 

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Now, just let your body get a 
little heavy, slow your 

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breathing, and let the rain and 
waves carry you into the story. 

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Picture the Italian Renaissance 
at its most glittering Peak when

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letters could topple governments
and a well-placed painting, 

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might shift the balance of power
between rival city states. 

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Into this world of dangerous 
Beauty, and beautiful danger, 

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stepped, a woman who would make 
Kings wait for her reply, an 

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artist beg for her patronage. 
You're about to meet Isabella 

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deste and my tired dumplings. 
Her story is the perfect 

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companion for drifting off 
tonight. 

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You smell ink and old parchment 
first. 

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The library in Ferrari is cool 
even in summer, it's high 

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Windows, filtering golden 
afternoon, light through thick 

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glass the cost, more than most 
families earn in a year, your 

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five years old and you already 
know this is where you belong. 

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Your name is Isabella destiny 
The year is 1474 and you sit at 

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table built for adults. 
While you're Tudor watches, you 

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trace Latin letters onto wax. 
Your small fingers grip. 

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The stylus with the same 
determination. 

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Your father uses when signing 
treaties. 

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Outside the library walls for 
our buses with Commerce and 

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Intrigue inside time, moves 
differently. 

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Ferrara is one of those Italian 
city states that punches above 

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its weight. 
Your father, her the first 

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Destiny rules with an iron fist,
wrapped in velvet, diplomatic 

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letters your mother ellenor of 
Aragon, brought Spanish elegance

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and Neapolitan gold to this 
Northern Court between them. 

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They have created something 
unusual in Randall's, Italy they

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believe daughters deserve 
education. 

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This is not the norm most noble 
girls, learn embroidery and how 

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to look Pleasant while men 
discuss important matters. 

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You learn Greek you learn to 
read Virgil in the Original 

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Latin. 
By the time you turn 7, you can 

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debate the finer points of 
classical philosophy with 

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Scholars twice your age. 
They find this, alternately 

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delightful and unsettling, the 
library becomes your kingdom 

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leather bound volumes line 
shelves, that climb toward 

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voltage, ceilings dust moats 
dance and shafts of light. 

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You learn the particular Creek 
of the door. 

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The musty smell of manuscripts 
from Constantinople. 

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The satisfying scratch of quill 
on parchment your younger sister

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beats. 
Sometimes you though, she 

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prefers The Stables, you 
preferred dead. 

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Romans your tutor is a man named
Batista Guarino. 

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His father, founded one of the 
most famous schools in Italy and

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Batista inherited both the 
position and the fierce belief 

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that knowledge transforms 
people. 

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He watches you absorb Cicero and
Plutarch like a sponge soaking 

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up wine. 
Sometimes he wonders, if he is 

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created a monster, a well-read 
monster but still. 

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All so, learn music. 
The loop becomes second nature 

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to your fingers. 
You sing in a clear soprano, 

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that makes visitors to the 
courts, stop their 

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conversations. 
But you never sing in public if 

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you can help it. 
Performances, vulnerability. 

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And even at 8 years old, you 
understand this better to be the

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patron than the performer better
to commission the song than sing

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it yourself. 
Letters arrive at the Ferraris 

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Court. 
Daily diplomatic pouches, 

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Merchant reports. 
Scholarly correspondence. 

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You watch your father. 
Read them with the intensity of 

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a general studying Battlefield 
Maps. 

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Each letter is a potential 
opportunity or threat. 

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You absorb this lesson without 
anyone teaching. 

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It directly words have power 
choose them carefully. 

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The court itself is an education
and politics. 

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You watch, marriages negotiated 
over elaborate dinners. 

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You see alliances shift with the
seasons, someone offends someone

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else, and suddenly, the price of
grain changes, your two young to

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participate. 
But old enough to observe Your 

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mind catalogs everything, your 
childhood is unusually happy for

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a Renaissance princess. 
You're not ship off to a 

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Convent. 
You're not married at 12 to a 

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stranger three times your age. 
Instead you read Ovid and learn 

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to play chess your father, 
sometimes lets you sit in on the

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meeting with ambassadors. 
You stay silent, but your eyes 

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Miss nothing, the Pharisees 
Court, attracts artists, and 

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Poets. 
Like flowers, attract bees your 

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father commission's. 
Frescoes for the palace painters

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makes their pigments in the 
courtyard. 

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You learn to recognize the smell
of linseed oil, the particular 

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blue of crushed, lapis lazuli 
the way Gold Leaf catches light 

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Art is everywhere, it is 
currency and propaganda, and 

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Beauty all mixed together. 
At 10 years old, you receive 

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your first marriage, proposal. 
This is early even by 

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Renaissance standards, but your 
father has been planning since 

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you were born. 
The Proposal comes from 

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Francesco Gonzaga the air to 
Mantua Mantua is smaller than 

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Ferrara, but strategically 
placed Francesco's described as 

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Brave and athletic. 
You're not asked your opinion. 

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The negotiations take years are 
discussed, territories promised 

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letters fly back and forth 
between quartz. 

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You can continue your studies 
knowing that soon, Everything 

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Will Change the tester in pushes
you harder. 

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He wants you prepared for 
whatever comes next. 

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You read everything you can 
about Mantua and the Gonzaga 

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family. 1374 was a good year for
books. 1481 is the year you 

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turn, 12 149 is the year, you 
turn 50 and leaf forever. 

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But between those dates, you 
require something more valuable 

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than gold. 
You acquire, an education that 

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most men would envy and a mind 
that can outthink most rooms you

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enter. 
The library in Ferrara remains 

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cool and quiet. 
Your growing warmer and loudest 

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form in your mind faster than 
your tutors can answer them. 

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Why must women be silent? 
Why do painters receive less 

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respect than poets? 
Why do people fear knowledge? 

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You do not ask these questions 
allowed yet. 

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But they are there patient as 
seeds waiting for spring. 

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Your childhood and slowly, and 
then all at once, your betrothal

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to Francesco becomes official, 
when you turn 14 meet him for 

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the first time and find him 
exactly as described handsome, 

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athletic fond of hunting and 
warfare. 

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He looks at you with the 
expression men, get when they 

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expect to decorative wife, you 
smile sweetly and let him think 

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whatever he wants. 
Final year in Ferrara passes in 

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a blur of preparation. 
Your true. 

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So is a assembled hundreds of 
dresses. 

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Jewels books musical instruments
you insist on bringing your 

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library. 
Your mother thinks. 

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This is charming your father 
understands, you will need those

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books. 
Knowledge is the only Dowry that

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cannot be taken away, you turn, 
15 in May of 1490 by February of

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1491, your married and traveling
to Mantua. 

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The journey takes days. 
You write in a carriage draped 

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with cloth of gold behind you. 
Wagons. 

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Carry everything, you own. 
Ahead of you man to awaits. 

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You have studied maps of the 
city, you know, its history, its

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economy, its weaknesses, you're 
ready? 

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Or so, you think Mantua smells 
different from Ferrara, more 

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water less Stone, the city sits 
in the middle of a lake created 

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by the Minsky River protected by
marshes that make Invasion 

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nearly impossible. 
Your new home is built on 

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Defence and trade, you arrive on
a cold February morning and step

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out of your Carriage onto 
foreign cobblestones, your 

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husband greets, you warmly. 
Francesco Gonzaga is 25 to your 

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15. 
He has been ruling Mantua since 

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his father passed away. 
Five years ago, he is 

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everything. 
A Renaissance Prince should be 

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strong Brave politically shrewd 
when he needs to be. 

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He is also away from home 
roughly 300 days a year 

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fighting. 
As a condo tierro, this turns 

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out to be the best Wedding Gift.
Anyone could give you the ducal 

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palace in Mantua sprawls across 
the city. 

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Like a small town, it has more 
than 500 rooms multiple 

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Courtyards private chapels and 
enough corridors to get lost in 

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for days. 
Your apartments are beautiful 

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but someone else's taste heavy 
tapestries, dark Furniture, 

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religious paintings that all 
look the same. 

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You immediately start planning 
changes your mother in law still

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lives. 
In the palace. 

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Margarita of Bavaria is a 
formidable woman who has been 

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running, man. 
She was caught for decades. 

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She eyes you with a suspicion. 
Reserved, for young, women, who 

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might threaten established 
power. 

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You are polite, deferential, and
absolutely determined to carve 

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out your own space. 
The dance Begins. 

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The first few months passing, a 
haze of adjustment. 

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You learn the palace layout, you
meet the staff, the courtiers, 

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the local Nobles who owe 
allegiance to your husband. 

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Everyone watches you measuring 
judging waiting to see what kind

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of much easier you will be you 
smile and stay quiet and observe

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everything. 
Francesco leaves for military 

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campaigns within weeks of your 
wedding. 

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He kisses you goodbye and rides 
off with his army. 

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You are relieved. 
Running a court is easier 

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without a husband, underfoot 
your mother. 

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In law assumes she will continue
managing everything, she assumes

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wrong. 
You start small a letter here, a

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suggestion there, you attend 
meeting with ambassadors, when 

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Francesco's away, you are asked 
questions that sound naive. 

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But reveal sharp intelligence, 
The counselors are Charmed, 

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you're so young, so interested, 
so respectful of their wisdom, 

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they start explaining things to 
you in detail, you absorb 

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everything and never correct 
their assumptions letters. 

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Become your weapon of choice. 
You write to your family and 

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Ferrara daily. 
At first, then weekly you write 

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to friends Scholars artists. 
Diplomats each letter is 

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carefully. 
Crafted you mix personal news 

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with political gossip request, 
for information. 

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With offers a friendship, your 
network, begins to grow. 

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The palace transforms slowly 
under your influence, you 

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commission, new frescoes for 
your private Chambers. 

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You hire musicians for the 
court. 

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You host poetry readings and 
philosophical. 

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Debates. 
Manual has always been a 

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military power. 
You start making it a cultural 

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one. 
Your first real test, comes six 

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months after your wedding a 
diplomatic crisis, erupts 

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between mature and Venice. 
Francesco is away, fighting for 

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Milan, the Venetian Ambassador 
arrives to demanding answers 

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your mother and law wants to 
stall until Francesco. 

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Returns you suggested a 
different approach you meet with

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the Ambassador yourself, your 16
years old and facing a man who 

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was negotiated with Pope's you 
offer him wine and compliments 

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and carefully worded assurance's
you promise nothing concrete but

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leave him feeling heard he 
departs thinking, you are a 

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delightful child who will grow 
into her role. 

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You have just bought Mantua 
three weeks to prepare. 

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Its defense Francesco returns 
and hears about your diplomatic 

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00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:34,300
intervention. 
He is surprised but pleased his 

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young wife showed initiative. 
What he does not realize yet is 

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that you have no intention of 
stopping. 

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You have tasted power and it 
suits you. 

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The court begins to shift slowly
almost imperceptibly. 

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People start coming to you with 
problems and of waiting for 

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Francesco or deferring to 
Margarita. 

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You handle requests for 
positions. 

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Settle dispute between 
courtiers, make decisions about 

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household expenses. 
You're not aggressive about it. 

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You simply fill a vacuum, your 
relationship with Francesco 

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settles into a pattern when he 
is home. 

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You are the dutiful wife. 
You attend his Banks smile at 

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his friends. 
Listen to his War Stories. 

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When he leaves, you rule, it 
works better than most 

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00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,400
Renaissance marriages. 
You give him heirs and political

232
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:23,800
stability, he gives you freedom.
Your first child arrives in 

233
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:27,600
1493, a daughter named Eleonora 
after your mother. 

234
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,800
Your 17 and recover quickly from
childbirth. 

235
00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:40,700
Sun follows in 499 years, each 
pregnancy slows you down for 

236
00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:42,800
months but never stops, you 
completely. 

237
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:45,800
You dictate letters from your 
birthing bed. 

238
00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:51,000
Palace continues to transform. 
You claim a series of rooms in a

239
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:55,300
tower and begin creating 
something special your studio 

240
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:59,200
low your study. 
Private space where you can 

241
00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:01,400
think and read and build your 
collection. 

242
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,800
This becomes your obsession over
the next decade. 

243
00:13:05,700 --> 00:13:09,700
But that story comes later. 
Money is always tighten manicure

244
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:13,700
Francesco spends vast sums on 
Military campaigns and hunting. 

245
00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:18,700
The State Treasury groans under 
the weight of his expenses, you 

246
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,600
begin managing finances, with 
the same attention, you give to 

247
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,400
letters you find ways to stretch
ducketts. 

248
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:26,800
Negotiate better deals with 
Merchants. 

249
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:30,200
Invest in profitable Ventures. 
Nobody. 

250
00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:33,000
Thanks you for this because 
nobody realizes how close to 

251
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,700
bankruptcy Mantua? 
Often comes Your education in 

252
00:13:36,708 --> 00:13:40,700
Ferrara pays dividends daily. 
You can read Latin contracts 

253
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:43,400
without a translator. 
You understand classical 

254
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,600
allusions that Scholars drop 
into conversation, you can 

255
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,000
discuss, philosophy with 
visiting humanists, and hold 

256
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,800
your own, the court 
intellectuals, initially, 

257
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,900
patronize you after a few 
conversations, they start 

258
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:59,100
seeking you out. 
Mantua in the 1490s, is a city 

259
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:02,700
of contrasts, great wealth 
exists, alongside poverty 

260
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:05,500
magnificent, palaces Overlook, 
muddy streets. 

261
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:09,800
Your husband employs andreea, 
mantea one of the greatest 

262
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:13,300
painters in Italy, but the City 
sewers are medieval nightmares. 

263
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:17,300
You begin making improvements 
where you can better Lighting in

264
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:20,300
public squares. 
Repairs to churches small 

265
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:22,600
changes that add up your 
correspondence. 

266
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:25,900
Grows exponentially. 
You write to Isabella Del balso 

267
00:14:25,900 --> 00:14:28,600
in Naples. 
Elisabetta Gonzaga and would be 

268
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:30,700
know your sister Beatrice in 
Milan. 

269
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:32,700
These are not just friendly 
letters. 

270
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,100
Their intelligence networks, you
trade information about 

271
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:39,700
political developments, artistic
Trends, marriage prospects, 

272
00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:43,200
everything knowledge, flows 
through your letters, like blood

273
00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:46,900
through veins Francesco. 
Sometimes read your mail, you 

274
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:48,500
know, this and write 
accordingly. 

275
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:53,000
Sensitive information goes in 
code or between the lines, you 

276
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,900
develop a talent for saying one 
thing while meaning another. 

277
00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:59,400
Your letters appear to be about 
fashion, or art or family 

278
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:01,100
gossip. 
There are actually about 

279
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:05,300
alliances and opportunities and 
threats the year, 1497 brings 

280
00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:08,600
disaster. 
French invade, Italy under 

281
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,200
Charles the 8th. 
The peninsula, erupts into 

282
00:15:11,208 --> 00:15:14,700
Warfare Francesco fights for the
holy League against France. 

283
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:18,100
He distinguishes himself at the 
Battle of fornovo though, 

284
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:20,600
whether the battle counts, as a 
victory is debatable. 

285
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:23,500
You manage Mantua in his absence
and pray. 

286
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:25,800
The French do not turn their 
attention to your marshes. 

287
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:28,800
Your 22 years old and 
effectively running a state 

288
00:15:28,808 --> 00:15:31,600
during wartime Food. 
Supplies must be secured 

289
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:35,700
defenses, maintained allies. 
Reassured, you write dozens of 

290
00:15:35,708 --> 00:15:38,800
Letters Daily, you meet with 
generals and Merchants. 

291
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:42,000
And Priests, you make hard 
decisions about where to spend 

292
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,000
limited resources. 
You do not sleep much when 

293
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,700
franchise. 
Go finally returns from fornova.

294
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:53,600
He is hail as a hero. 
You organize the celebration you

295
00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,300
commissioned the painting Andrea
maintain your created to 

296
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:58,500
commemorate the battle. 
You may sure. 

297
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:00,600
Everyone knew your husband was 
Brave and clever. 

298
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,400
Behind the scenes. 
He cleaned up the financial mess

299
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,700
and smooth over the Diplomatic 
disaster. 

300
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:11,600
Nobody writes, epic poems about 
debt management your mother in 

301
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:16,600
law passes away in 1497, you are
appropriately, sorrowful. 

302
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,500
You're also, finally the 
Undisputed first, lady of Mantua

303
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:26,600
the court is yours to shape. 
Freedom is intoxicating, you 

304
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,100
begin planning your studio low 
in earnest. 

305
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:37,200
Century turns. 1499 becomes 
1500, your 25 years old, you 

306
00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:39,600
have been much easier of Mantua 
for nine years. 

307
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:43,900
You have four children and a 5th
on the way you manage a quart. 

308
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,400
A city and increasingly your 
husband's career. 

309
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,300
You collect art and books and 
influence. 

310
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,800
You write letters that make 
things happen, across Italy and 

311
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,600
you are just getting started. 
Your desk is a battlefield where

312
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,200
Victory is a one with ink 
instead of Steel. 

313
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:06,300
The year is 1500 and 3 and you 
write your 50th letter of the 

314
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,000
week. 
Your hand cramps, but you can 

315
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,700
continue. 
The letter is to Pietro bembo 

316
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:15,400
the Venetian humanist. 
Whose poetry you admire and 

317
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,300
whose connections you need. 
You asked about manuscripts, he 

318
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,500
might have seen in Venice. 
You mentioned, casually that you

319
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:26,300
are searching for ancient texts.
You do not mention that you want

320
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:28,700
these texts because they will 
make your studio alone more 

321
00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:30,900
impressive than anything in 
Ferrara. 

322
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,100
Letters are currently in 
Renaissance Italy. 

323
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:37,700
A well-written letter can open 
doors that gold cannot unlock. 

324
00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:42,300
You have spent years perfecting.
This art your correspondence 

325
00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:45,400
now, includes Cardinals and 
condottieri artists and 

326
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,000
ambassadors Scholars. 
And spies each letter is 

327
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,900
tailored to its recipient 
flattery for the vein, 

328
00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:56,000
Philosophy for the intellectuals
gossip for those who trade in 

329
00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:58,900
secrets, you never sign your 
letters simply as a Isabella. 

330
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:03,600
You're always Isabella, Desta 
Gonzaga marchessa of Mantua, the

331
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:06,400
title matters, it reminds 
people, you write with 

332
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:10,000
authority, it transforms 
requests into commands disguised

333
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,300
as requests when you ask an 
artist to create something for 

334
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:15,200
you. 
He understands this is not 

335
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,800
really a question. 
Chess are a Borgia is 

336
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:22,000
terrorizing Central Italy in 
1500 and won his army, sweep 

337
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,400
through Romania. 
Like a plague, your husband 

338
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,200
Francesco is captured through 
treachery and held prisoner in 

339
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,100
Venice. 
Suddenly you're not just 

340
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:32,400
managing Mantua or its only 
defense against the most 

341
00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:35,700
dangerous man in Italy. 
The letter you write during the 

342
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:38,300
crisis could fill volume's 
right. 

343
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:41,200
To every Ally Mantua has ever 
cultivated you. 

344
00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:43,400
Beg, bargain and threatened as 
needed. 

345
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:46,400
You write to the pope who 
happens to be acessories. 

346
00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:50,400
Father you write to the French 
King, you write to Venus 

347
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:53,800
demanding, they release your 
husband, You write accessorize 

348
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:56,900
himself. 
A delicate dance of diplomacy 

349
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:00,600
with a man who strangles his 
enemies personally Francesco 

350
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:04,300
Spends months in Venetian 
custody, you spend those months 

351
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,400
holding Mantua together through 
sheer force of will and 

352
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:12,000
strategic correspondence. 
You negotiate his release manage

353
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,200
the city finances, raise your 
children and commissioned art. 

354
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:19,900
You do not have time to fall 
apart, so you simply do not fall

355
00:19:19,900 --> 00:19:22,500
apart. 
The Experience teaches you 

356
00:19:22,500 --> 00:19:25,500
something vital. 
You do not need a husband to 

357
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,000
rule. 
You actually rule better with 

358
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,800
out one. 
This is a dangerous realization 

359
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:34,400
for a Renaissance woman to have 
he keep it to yourself and 

360
00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:36,800
continue being the perfect, 
beautiful wife whenever 

361
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:40,900
Francesco is home, Your network 
of Correspondence becomes 

362
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:44,000
legendary. 
You write to Nicolas courier 

363
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:48,200
about poetry and politics you 
exchange letters with beltar 

364
00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,500
Castillo who will later mortise 
the perfect. 

365
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:55,200
Courtier in his famous book. 
You correspond with Scholars in 

366
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:59,200
Rome artists and Florence 
diplomats in France. 

367
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,700
Each letter, strengthens a 
connection that might someday, 

368
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:06,000
prove useful. 
Some letters are about art. 

369
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,400
You write to lay a Nardo Da, 
Vinci asking him to paint your 

370
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:12,300
portrait. 
You write to Giovanni Bellini, 

371
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:15,200
requesting, an allegorical 
painting for your studiolo. 

372
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:20,400
You write to Pietro, perugino, 
Andria, Montagna Lorenzo Costa. 

373
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,800
Each letter is carefully, 
crafted to make the artists feel

374
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:25,800
valued. 
While making clear that working 

375
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,400
for you is an honor. 
They should jump at Leonardo, 

376
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,500
never paints your portrait, he 
is too busy with other projects 

377
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:37,300
and two easily distracted you're
annoyed but philosophical You 

378
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:38,100
commission. 
Someone else. 

379
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:42,500
This happens repeatedly. 
Famous artist promise you work 

380
00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:46,100
and then get distracted by other
patreons, who pay more, or seem 

381
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:48,900
more prestigious. 
You learn to diversify your 

382
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:51,600
commission's. 
Other letters are pure politics.

383
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,400
You write to the Marquis of 
Mantua, wait, that is your 

384
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:57,900
husband. 
You write to the Duke of Ferrara

385
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:01,600
your father, and advising him on
a lion, says, you write to 

386
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,400
powerful women, like Katarina 
comparing notes on how to 

387
00:21:05,408 --> 00:21:08,500
survive in a man's world. 
You write to your sister 

388
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:12,200
Beatrice in Malayan until she 
dies in childbirth in 1497. 

389
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,200
After that you write letters of 
condolence. 

390
00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:17,500
But also letters claiming some 
of her possessions. 

391
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:22,200
Family is family but a good 
manuscript is a good manuscript 

392
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,200
money is always a subtext in 
your letters. 

393
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:30,200
You're constantly short of funds
Mantus treasury cannot support, 

394
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:33,600
both Francesco's, military 
adventures, and your artistic 

395
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:36,200
patronage. 
You become a master at 

396
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,400
negotiating prices down while 
making artists feel honored to 

397
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:43,200
work for Less. 
You trade favors promise future 

398
00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:46,300
commissions offer. 
Introductions to other wealthy, 

399
00:21:46,300 --> 00:21:50,000
patrons anything to stretch your
Limited ducketts. 

400
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:53,300
Your letters about fashion or 
legendary in their own, right? 

401
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,700
You write to agents in Venice 
and Florence demanding. 

402
00:21:56,700 --> 00:22:00,600
They send fabric samples, you 
described in Manute detail the 

403
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:05,100
exact shade of crimson, you want
the precise weight of silk that 

404
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:08,700
will drape correctly. 
You stay years ahead of fashion 

405
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:10,700
trends by cultivating 
correspondence. 

406
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:13,600
Who tell you what the French 
Quarters wearing before anyone 

407
00:22:13,600 --> 00:22:14,600
else in? 
Italy knows. 

408
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:18,100
He used letters to manipulate 
your husband's career. 

409
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:21,900
When Francesco considers an 
alliance, you think is stupid, 

410
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:25,100
you write to the potential ally 
making polite excuses. 

411
00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:29,000
When you want Francesco to take 
a particular military contract. 

412
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:32,000
You ensure he receives letters 
from influential people, 

413
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,700
suggesting exactly that. 
He thinks he's making his own 

414
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:39,500
decisions you know better the 
Vatican becomes a frequent 

415
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:42,800
Target of your correspondence. 
You write to Cardinals asking 

416
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:46,400
favors you send gifts to papal 
secretaries who might prove 

417
00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:48,700
useful. 
You cultivate relationships with

418
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:52,500
anyone who has the ear of 
whoever is currently Pope the 

419
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,100
papacy changes, hands with 
alarming regularity in these 

420
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,300
years. 
But your network adapts Some of 

421
00:22:58,308 --> 00:23:00,100
your letters are surprisingly 
funny. 

422
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:04,000
You write to friends describing 
Court disasters, with a wry 

423
00:23:04,008 --> 00:23:05,700
humor, that makes the recipient 
laugh. 

424
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,000
You make jokes about your 
husband's hunting Obsession, 

425
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,700
your mother-in-law's stuffiness,
the pretensions of mine and 

426
00:23:12,708 --> 00:23:15,300
Nobles. 
These letters, humanize you in 

427
00:23:15,308 --> 00:23:18,400
ways that formal diplomatic 
correspondence and never could 

428
00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:23,000
Your filing system for letters 
is meticulous, you keep copies 

429
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,200
of everything. 
You said, you organize incoming,

430
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,900
Letters by sender and date. 
You can retrieve any letter 

431
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:32,600
within minutes, if you need to 
reference a promise someone made

432
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:37,600
or a request, you deny. 
This organizational Obsession 

433
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:42,800
drives your secretary's mad but 
proves and valuable. 1499 brings

434
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:46,800
personal tragedy, your father 
dies, your brother Alfonso, 

435
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:50,500
inherits for Ferrara, you're no 
longer the daughter of a Duke of

436
00:23:50,500 --> 00:23:53,300
the sister of one. 
The relationship is different, 

437
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:56,200
I'll phone so does not indulge 
you the way your father. 

438
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,300
Did you adjust your approach in 
letters to him accordingly? 

439
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,600
The early 1500, see your 
correspondence. 

440
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:04,400
Reach, truly, impressive, 
volumes. 

441
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:08,600
You write dozens of letters 
weekly your secretary struggle 

442
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:11,500
to keep up. 
You dictate while pacing you 

443
00:24:11,500 --> 00:24:15,000
revise mercilessly. 
Every word must be perfect 

444
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,300
because every word might be 
shown to someone else. 

445
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,800
Letters are never truly private 
in Renaissance Italy. 

446
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:26,000
You write in Italian rather than
Latin for most correspondence. 

447
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:30,300
This is deliberate choice. 
Latin is the language of 

448
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,700
scholarship and the church 
Italian is the language of 

449
00:24:33,708 --> 00:24:37,500
Commerce and daily life. 
You want your letters accessible

450
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:40,300
to the merchants and mine and 
Nobles who actually make things 

451
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,500
happen. 
Let's Scholars. 

452
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,800
Play with their dead language. 
Your letters to your children 

453
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,300
are different from other 
correspondents, warmer more 

454
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:51,900
personal. 
You give advice about marriage, 

455
00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:55,500
Korea, faith. 
You're not a particularly 

456
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,700
attentive Mother by modern 
standards you have nurses and 

457
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,400
tutors for that. 
But your letter showed genuine 

458
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,600
affection mixed, with practical 
guidance about navigating Court 

459
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,200
politics. 
Some correspondents become 

460
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:11,200
genuine friends. 
Margarita cantelmo, living in 

461
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,200
Naples. 
Exchanges of letters with you 

462
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:17,300
over decades. 
You discuss books, share medical

463
00:25:17,300 --> 00:25:20,100
remedies compared notes on 
different relatives. 

464
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,500
These letters are closest to 
authentic conversation, you can 

465
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:27,600
be yourself, instead of 
Performing the role of much 

466
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:31,500
Essa, your reputation, spreads 
through your letters, people, 

467
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:34,200
across Europe, who have never 
met, you feel, they know you 

468
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,500
through your writing your 
Charming, witty cultured 

469
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:41,800
connected, you are someone worth
knowing, and bassadors request, 

470
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:45,200
introductions, Scholars, 
dedicate books to you all 

471
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:46,600
because you write really good 
letters. 

472
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,100
The irony is not lost on you, 
you wield more power through 

473
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:52,600
parchment and ink than most men 
achieve with our armies. 

474
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:57,000
Your husband fights battles that
shift borders temporarily your 

475
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,400
letters build alliances that 
last decades. 

476
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:03,500
History will remember Francesco 
as a capable condottiero. 

477
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:06,300
It will remember you as 
something more interesting. 

478
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:11,100
By 1500 and 10, you have been 
writing letters for 20 years. 

479
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,300
Your hand is permanently stained
with ink. 

480
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,900
You can recognize different 
scribes by their hand drying, 

481
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:21,700
you know, which Messengers are 
fast, which route to safest, 

482
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:24,600
which seal wax holds up best in 
summer heat. 

483
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,400
Letters are your life's blood 
and you are nowhere near done. 

484
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:36,300
Your studio is beginning to take
shape The year is 1504 and you 

485
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:39,900
stand in a series of small rooms
in the tower of the ducal 

486
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:42,200
palace. 
These Chambers will become your 

487
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,600
private Museum. 
Your sanctuary. 

488
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:47,900
Place where you collect Beauty, 
the way some people collect 

489
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:51,200
grievances. 
The concept of a studio is not 

490
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,900
new. 
Your father had one in Ferrara. 

491
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,900
Federico De montefeltro created 
a famous One in albino. 

492
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:01,400
But yours will be different. 
Yours will be better. 

493
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,900
You have spent years planning. 
Exactly what will go into this 

494
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:07,400
space. 
Every painting, every sculpture,

495
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,900
every precious object must meet 
your exacting standards you can 

496
00:27:11,900 --> 00:27:15,300
commission andreea. 
Mantea first, he has been caught

497
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:19,800
painter in Mantua for decades. 
He's old now, cantankerous and 

498
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:22,300
brilliant. 
You asked him to paint an 

499
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:26,900
allegorical scene for your 
studio, the mountain of the 

500
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:29,700
muses. 
You describe in detail what you 

501
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:33,500
want. 
Man, tenia, listens notes and 

502
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:35,300
produces something that takes 
your breath away. 

503
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:39,900
The painting shows Mars and 
Venus together the nine Muses 

504
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:44,500
dance, Apollo plays his liar 
vulcain watches from his Forge. 

505
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,900
Symbolism is complex. 
The execution is flawless. 

506
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:52,000
You pay, Mangia handsomely, and 
immediately. 

507
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:53,400
Start planning the next 
Commission. 

508
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:56,200
One. 
Perfect Painting is not enough. 

509
00:27:56,200 --> 00:28:00,700
You want the entire room to sing
with Harmony Pietro perugino 

510
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:03,300
receives. 
The next commission is working 

511
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:06,600
and Florence and Rome painting 
for popes and princes. 

512
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,100
You want him to paint a moral 
allegory, the battle between 

513
00:28:10,100 --> 00:28:14,100
Vice and virtue, you write 
letters, describing precisely 

514
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:16,800
what you envision. 
Peregrino reads your 

515
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,700
instructions and realizes, you 
know, more about iconography 

516
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:24,200
than most of his patrons. 
The negotiations, take months 

517
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:26,500
peregrino wants more money than 
you. 

518
00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:30,100
Have you offer, what you can and
sweeten, the deal with Promises 

519
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:33,400
of future commissions, you 
invoke your connections to other

520
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,700
wealthy patrons, you make him 
understand that working for 

521
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:39,400
Isabella, death day means 
joining an exclusive Club. 

522
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:43,300
He accepts your collection 
begins with paintings but 

523
00:28:43,300 --> 00:28:47,000
rapidly expands require ancient 
Roman coins. 

524
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,000
You buy cameos carved from 
precious stones. 

525
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,000
You hunt frantic sculptures 
fragments of classical statuary 

526
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,700
that speak of lost. 
Glory each piece must tell a 

527
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:01,300
story each object must justify 
its place in your private 

528
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:04,000
Museum. 
You develop a reputation among 

529
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:08,700
dealers and collectors, Isabella
desk has Exquisite taste and no 

530
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:12,400
money this creates challenges. 
He cannot help bid the medicine 

531
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:15,200
or the Venetian dojis. 
You must be clever. 

532
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:18,600
You cultivate personal 
relationships with artists and 

533
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,900
dealers. 
He trade on your charm and your 

534
00:29:20,900 --> 00:29:23,600
connections. 
You make people want to sell to 

535
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:27,900
you even when others offer more,
your agents, scour, Italy, for 

536
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:31,600
Treasures, you have represented 
tips in Venice, Florence Rome 

537
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,900
even as far as Constantinople. 
They send you descriptions of 

538
00:29:35,908 --> 00:29:39,000
items. 
For sale ancient manuscripts 

539
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,800
rare, Jewels paintings by 
fashionable artists. 

540
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:45,700
You evaluate each offer 
carefully. 

541
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:50,000
Does it fit your collection? 
Can you afford it will owning it

542
00:29:50,008 --> 00:29:53,900
enhance your reputation. 
Sometimes, you cannot afford 

543
00:29:53,900 --> 00:29:56,000
something. 
You desperately want this 

544
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,300
drives, you mad. 
You are the Marquess of Mantua. 

545
00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:03,100
Patron of the Arts, one of the 
most cultured women in Italy. 

546
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:07,000
And yet you must watch inferior 
collectors, buy Treasures 

547
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:08,300
because they have deeper 
pockets. 

548
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,200
You learn to swallow this 
frustration and move on to 

549
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,600
Acquisitions within reach, your 
studio becomes an obsession, you

550
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,000
spend hours, arranging and 
rearranging objects. 

551
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,500
The light must hit the 
Mountaineer painting, just write

552
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:26,000
the ancient cameos must be 
displayed at the perfect height.

553
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,000
Everything must create a 
harmonious whole Your ladies in 

554
00:30:30,008 --> 00:30:31,700
Waiting. 
Think you have lost your mind, 

555
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:35,400
you do not care what? 
They think, Lorenzo Costa, 

556
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:37,800
paints, two more, allegorical, 
scenes for the studio. 

557
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:42,300
After maintenance dies. 
Costa is talented but not quite 

558
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:45,900
at mania's level. you work 
closely with him to ensure the 

559
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,400
new paintings match, the 
existing ones in style and mood,

560
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:53,400
Costa appreciates your 
involvement, some patrons give 

561
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,800
vague instructions and then 
complain about results, you know

562
00:30:56,808 --> 00:31:00,900
exactly what you want and can 
articulate it clearly. the 

563
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:05,200
symbolism in your studio low is 
deeply personal Parnassus 

564
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:09,100
represents artistic achievement.
The battle between Vice and 

565
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:11,500
virtue. 
Reflects your moral philosophy, 

566
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:15,600
the ancient objects, connect you
to classical civilization. 

567
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,800
Everything in this space 
proclaims that you are educated 

568
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:21,200
cultured connected to humanist 
values. 

569
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,700
The room is propaganda disguised
as a private retreat. 

570
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:27,400
You also collect books with the 
same further. 

571
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:31,200
You collect art your library, 
grows to rival any in Italy. 

572
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,500
You acquire Greek manuscripts 
Latin Classics. 

573
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:39,100
Contemporary, poetry scientific 
treatises you read voraciously. 

574
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:42,100
When you have time, you skim 
intelligently. 

575
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,600
When you do not, you need to be 
able to discuss anything with 

576
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,100
anyone. 
Musical instruments, fill 

577
00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:52,100
another part of your collection.
You commission, loops and vials 

578
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:55,000
from the finest makers in Italy.
You can play. 

579
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,100
Most of them competently music 
soothes. 

580
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:01,200
You in ways that painting cannot
on difficult days. 

581
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,900
You lock yourself in your 
Chambers and play until your 

582
00:32:03,900 --> 00:32:06,400
fingers, ache. 
Your collection of Antiquities 

583
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:10,400
grow steadily a Roman bust here,
a Greek vase there. 

584
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:14,800
Some pieces are genuine. 
Some are Renaissance forgeries. 

585
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,100
That you believe are genuine. 
Authentication is more art than 

586
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:22,100
science in the early 16th 
century, you trust your eye and 

587
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:25,100
hope for the best. 
The competition among Italian, 

588
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:27,500
collectors is fears, your 
Rivals. 

589
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:31,300
With Isabella Del balzo, who 
collects for Naples, you can 

590
00:32:31,300 --> 00:32:34,500
compete with the best family and
Ferrara your own relatives. 

591
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:38,200
You measure yourself against the
media though, there are wealth 

592
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:39,900
makes direct competition 
impossible. 

593
00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:43,500
Every was acquisition is a small
victory in this elaborate game. 

594
00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:46,000
He commissioned a portrait medal
of yourself. 

595
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,400
This was fashionable among 
rhinos. 

596
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:51,600
Prince's, the medal shows your 
profile and includes a Latin 

597
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:53,600
motto. 
He chose the words carefully 

598
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,100
they must reflect your learning 
and taste. 

599
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:59,100
The finished medal is 
distributed to important people 

600
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,100
across Europe. 
It is advertising Moscow raiding

601
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:05,100
as art. 
Your agent sometimes fail, you, 

602
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:08,300
they buy things you did not 
authorize, they miss 

603
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:10,800
opportunities. 
You specifically requested. 

604
00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:13,000
They pay too much for inferior 
Goods. 

605
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,400
You have learned to vet your 
representatives carefully and 

606
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,400
provide detailed written. 
Instructions, that leave no room

607
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:23,700
for misinterpretation. 
Negotiations for specific pieces

608
00:33:23,700 --> 00:33:27,200
can take years. 
You pursue a particular ancient 

609
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,400
Cameo for five years before 
finally acquiring it. 

610
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,700
The Dylan knows you want it and 
keeps raising the price. 

611
00:33:33,700 --> 00:33:38,600
You refuse to be gouged, you 
wait, patiently eventually the 

612
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,200
dealer needs money quickly. 
And accepts, your offer patients

613
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,800
is a collectors greatest virtue.
Your studio low attracts, 

614
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:48,500
visitors, important guests to 
Mantua. 

615
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:51,400
Always ask to see it. 
You give tours personally 

616
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,300
explaining each piece 
demonstrating your knowledge. 

617
00:33:54,300 --> 00:33:57,500
These tours are performance is 
your showing off your 

618
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:01,200
collection, but your self. 
Look at what I have assembled. 

619
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:03,900
Look at what I know. 
Be impressed. 

620
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:08,100
Some visitors genuinely 
impressed, others are jealous 

621
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:12,400
fewer contemptuous, particularly
men who think women should not 

622
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,699
collect art or display learning.
You smile graciously at 

623
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:17,400
everyone. 
And remember, who said what 

624
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:22,400
Enemies are made in unexpected 
moments the room of wolves 

625
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,199
constantly, you acquire New 
pieces and must find places for 

626
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:28,800
them. 
You replace items that no longer

627
00:34:28,808 --> 00:34:32,600
meet your standards. 
The studio low is never finished

628
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:35,699
because you're never satisfied. 
There is always something better

629
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:38,900
to find something more. 
Perfect or add your husband 

630
00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:42,600
largely ignores your collecting.
He lets you spend money on art 

631
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:44,699
as long as his military budget 
remains intact. 

632
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,400
He does not understand why you 
care so much about dead, Romans 

633
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,900
and allegorical paintings. 
He does care that foreign 

634
00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:55,000
dignitaries praise mantoux as 
cultural sophistication when 

635
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,800
they visit. 
Your collection makes him look 

636
00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:02,200
good by 1500 and 10. 
Your studio low is famous across

637
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,700
Italy. 
People speak of Isabella 

638
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:07,600
Destiny's Museum in tones of ore
and envy. 

639
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,800
You have created something. 
Lasting your children may 

640
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:15,200
inherit Mantua, but they will 
also inherit proof that their 

641
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:18,000
mother was extraordinary. 
The Collection represents, more 

642
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,100
than wealth, or taste. 
It represents hours of thought 

643
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:24,900
years, of Correspondence, 
Decades of careful cultivation 

644
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:27,400
of relationships with artists 
and dealers. 

645
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:31,800
Each object carries a story. 
The Man tenure painting required

646
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,800
two years of negotiations. 
The ancient coins came from a 

647
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,100
dealer, you befriended in Venice
after writing to him for a 

648
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:41,100
decade. 
He sometimes walk through your 

649
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:44,900
studio low alone at night 
Candlelight flickers across 

650
00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:49,000
painted surfaces Shadows. 
Danced on Ancient marble. 

651
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:52,400
You have built Something, 
Beautiful in a world that often 

652
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,800
values only Power and profit. 
This matters. 

653
00:35:55,800 --> 00:36:00,600
This will last your collection 
is your legacy and ways that 

654
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:06,300
your children never could be. 
Flesh dies and Dynasty Falls art

655
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:08,900
endures. 
The Mania Parnassus. 

656
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:13,200
Will outlive everyone who ever 
saw it, Your taste your vision, 

657
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:17,200
your refusal, to settle for 
anything less than extraordinary

658
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,500
will echo through centuries. 
And you're still acquiring 

659
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:26,000
pieces still writing letters to 
dealers, still hunting for that 

660
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:30,600
next perfect Edition. 
The Collection is never complete

661
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,700
because Perfection is a horizon 
that recedes as you approach. 

662
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:38,400
The year is 1509 and you are 
negotiating with Pope Julius the

663
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:40,900
second. 
This is not going well. 

664
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:44,700
Julius is a warrior Pope who 
thinks with his fists and only 

665
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:48,400
occasionally consults his brain.
You're trying to explain why 

666
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,900
Mantua cannot simply join his 
latest military Alliance without

667
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,500
guarantees. 
He does not want to hear it. 

668
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:59,200
You smile, you flatter. 
You suggest that surely his 

669
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,000
Holiness understands the 
delicate position of small 

670
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,100
states caught between great 
powers. 

671
00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:07,500
Julius glares at you. 
You do not blink. 

672
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:12,500
This is a staring contest with 
eternal consequences and you 

673
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:16,200
refuse to lose. 
Your diplomatic career has been 

674
00:37:16,208 --> 00:37:18,900
building for years. 
You started with small 

675
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:23,400
negotiations, local disputes, 
minor alliance's, you have 

676
00:37:23,408 --> 00:37:27,700
graduated to managing mantoux as
foreign policy while Francesca's

677
00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:30,900
away which is most of the time. 
You have become one of the most 

678
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:33,200
formidable, diplomatic Minds in 
Italy. 

679
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:36,700
People just keep forgetting this
because you wear velvet and 

680
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,500
pearls. 
The Italian Wars of turn the 

681
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:43,000
peninsula into a chess board 
where French King's and Spanish 

682
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:46,500
Emperors, move armies, like 
Peace's, small states, like 

683
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:48,900
manure. 
Must be very clever to survive. 

684
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:52,900
You have made yourself 
indispensable to Francesco by 

685
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,600
being exactly that clever. 
You see three moves ahead. 

686
00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:59,600
You cultivate relationships with
all sides. 

687
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:03,800
You never commit fully to any 
Alliance your diplomatic method.

688
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,200
Relies heavily on personal 
relationships, you befriend the 

689
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:09,200
wives and mothers of powerful 
men. 

690
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:13,000
You write Charming letters to 
their sisters and daughters when

691
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,500
crisis. 
Comes, you have back channels 

692
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:20,000
that formal diplomacy cannot 
access This drives male 

693
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,000
diplomats insane because they 
cannot figure out how you know 

694
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:27,000
things before they do. 
The Venetian crisis of 1500 and 

695
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,200
9 tests. 
Everything you have learned 

696
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:33,300
Venice is being attacked by the 
league of cambrai, a coalition 

697
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:37,300
that includes France. 
Spain and the Pope Manure is 

698
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:41,000
technically part of the league, 
but you maintain secret contacts

699
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,400
with Venice because Burning 
Bridges, for amateurs. 

700
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,900
You write dozens of letters 
managing this tightrope walk. 

701
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,500
You reassure the French that 
Mantua supports the league. 

702
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:53,500
You hint to Venice that you're 
not really their enemy. 

703
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:57,200
You keep Pope, Julius happy with
flattery and carefully timed 

704
00:38:57,200 --> 00:38:59,400
gifts. 
You make everyone, believe, 

705
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:03,300
you're on this side, this is 
exhausting and exhilarating an 

706
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:06,000
equal measure. 
Francesco's captured again in 

707
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:10,300
1500 and 1313. 
This has become a habit with 

708
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:12,600
him. 
He gets caught by the Swiss 

709
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:16,900
while fighting for France. 
Once again, you must secure his 

710
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:20,500
release through diplomacy. 
Once again, you prove better at 

711
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:22,600
this than he is at not getting 
captured. 

712
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:26,200
You'll negotiations for 
Francesco's Freedom, involve 

713
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:29,400
writing to French commanders, 
Swiss mercenary captains and 

714
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:32,000
very Italian. 
Princes who might have influence

715
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,900
you promised money. 
Mantua does not have you call in

716
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:37,700
favors from people who owe you? 
Nothing. 

717
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:41,200
You like creatively about 
mantoux as strategic importance 

718
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:43,900
Francesco is released after 
several months. 

719
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:46,400
He thanks. 
You absolutely and ride off to 

720
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:50,700
his next military campaign. 
The Diplomatic world is changing

721
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:54,400
in the early 1500s, the old 
system of Italian city state 

722
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:57,300
balancing. 
Each other has collapsed France 

723
00:39:57,300 --> 00:39:59,600
and Spain are turning Italy into
their Battlefield. 

724
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:03,400
Survival requires adapting 
quickly to new realities. 

725
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:07,200
Your good at adapting, you 
cultivate relationships with 

726
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:11,000
foreign ambassadors posted to 
Mantua you host, dinners where 

727
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,800
wine flows and conversation 
reveals more than official 

728
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,500
dispatches. 
You learn, which ambassadors can

729
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,400
be trusted, which are 
incompetent which report 

730
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,000
everything back to their 
masters. 

731
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,500
You adjust your performance 
accordingly. 

732
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:26,500
Some of your best. 
Diplomatic work happens at 

733
00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:29,200
weddings and funerals. 
These events bring together 

734
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,900
people who are the wise, never 
meet You use them to have quiet 

735
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:36,700
conversations, that shift 
alliances, you plant seeds, that

736
00:40:36,700 --> 00:40:40,500
bloom months later into 
treaties, you make enemies 

737
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:43,500
reconsider their positions 
through strategic compliments. 

738
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:49,000
Your gender is sometimes an 
advantage men underestimate you,

739
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,700
they think you are just a woman 
playing at politics, they speak 

740
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,300
freely around you. 
They reveal information, they 

741
00:40:55,300 --> 00:40:57,100
would never share with a male 
Diplomat. 

742
00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:01,900
You smile and Nod and remember 
everything other times, your 

743
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:03,600
gender is a crushing 
disadvantage. 

744
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:07,900
You're excluded from meeting's. 
Your advice is ignored because 

745
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:11,500
it comes from a female voice. 
Decisions are made without 

746
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:14,600
consulting you, you work twice 
as hard for half the 

747
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:17,100
recognition. 
You accept this as the cost of 

748
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:22,300
operating in a man's world. 
French invasion of 1500 and 15 

749
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:25,600
brings new challenges. 
Francis, the first defeats the 

750
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:31,100
Swiss at marinara and occupies 
Milan suddenly France is mantoux

751
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,300
as most powerful neighbor. 
You immediately begin writing 

752
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:36,800
letters to the French Court. 
You offer. 

753
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,700
Congratulations on the victory. 
You hint at mantoux as value as 

754
00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:45,600
an ally, you make yourself 
useful before anyone asks your 

755
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,600
diplomatic correspondence in 
these years reads like a master 

756
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:52,600
class in strategic ambiguity. 
You promise everything and 

757
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,900
nothing you express support for 
multiple contradictory 

758
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:58,900
positions, you make people 
believe what they want to 

759
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:01,000
believe while committing to 
nothing concrete. 

760
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:05,800
This is art. 
Francesco dies in 1500 and 19. 

761
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:09,000
You're 44 years old. 
And suddenly the region for your

762
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,700
young son Federico, this should 
be a disaster. 

763
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:16,000
Instead, it is your moment of 
Triumph you have been preparing 

764
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:19,400
for this, your entire adult life
as region. 

765
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:22,000
You finally have official 
authority to match your 

766
00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:24,900
artificial power. 
You negotiate directly with 

767
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:28,300
foreign princes, you make 
treaties in Matthew, as name, 

768
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:32,100
you manage the state treasury. 
Such as it is you prove that 

769
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:34,300
everything you have been doing 
secretly for years. 

770
00:42:34,300 --> 00:42:39,000
You can do openly just as well. 
The Diplomatic challenges do not

771
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:43,400
ease after Francesco's death. 
If anything, they intensify 

772
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:46,600
every neighboring, state 
wanders, if Mantua will be 

773
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:48,700
weakened by a woman ruling for a
child. 

774
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:52,400
You quickly demonstrate that 
Mantua is stronger than ever, 

775
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:56,600
you make smart alliances. 
You avoid expensive Wars. 

776
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,900
You keep the vultures circling 
without letting them land. 

777
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:04,700
Your reputation grows across 
Europe, ambassadors report, back

778
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,800
to their masters. 
That the Marquess of Mantua is 

779
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,300
someone to watch. 
She is intelligent well-informed

780
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:15,500
difficult to deceive. 
She runs a state as well as any 

781
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:18,400
prints in Italy. 
Some rulers are impressed. 

782
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:22,300
Others are threatened. 
You do not care which as long as

783
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:24,100
they respect match, who is 
interests? 

784
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:29,000
You use cultural diplomacy as 
effectively as military Alliance

785
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,500
is you loan artworks to foreign 
rulers. 

786
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:35,500
You send musicians to perform at
distant, courts you commissioned

787
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:38,700
portraits as diplomatic gifts, 
every painting. 

788
00:43:38,700 --> 00:43:42,100
Every sculpture, every 
performance reinforces mantoux 

789
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:45,500
as reputation as a center of 
Renaissance culture. 

790
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,500
The cultural of Mantua in 1512 
brought church leaders from 

791
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:54,100
across Europe to your city, you 
hosted the magnificently you 

792
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,800
made sure every delegate left 
impressed by Mantua 

793
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,800
sophistication. 
This was diplomacy through 

794
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:02,900
hospitality and you orchestrated
it perfectly. 

795
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:06,500
Your network of female 
correspondence provides 

796
00:44:06,500 --> 00:44:09,200
intelligence that male spies 
cannot access. 

797
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:12,100
The wives and Daughters of 
powerful men. 

798
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:15,400
Tell you things about their 
husbands and fathers Court 

799
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:19,000
gossip flows through letters 
perfumed with lavender water. 

800
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:24,100
you learn about alliances being 
formed, grudges being nursed, 

801
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:28,500
opportunities, emerging This 
information makes you dangerous.

802
00:44:29,500 --> 00:44:32,800
Some diplomatic situations 
cannot be sold with letters and 

803
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:35,400
charm. 
Occasionally, you must be harsh.

804
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,300
You Exile. 
Courtiers who betrayals 

805
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,200
interests? 
you cut off negotiations with 

806
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:44,500
princes, who insult you You 
demonstrate that being 

807
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:47,000
underestimated is different from
being weak. 

808
00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:51,300
People who mistake your Curtis 
for softness, only make that 

809
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:55,500
mistake once. 
Your son Federico comes of age 

810
00:44:55,500 --> 00:44:58,800
in 1521. 
You technically should step back

811
00:44:58,800 --> 00:45:01,300
and let him rule. 
You do not step back, 

812
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:03,600
Federico's. 
Happy to let you can continue 

813
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:07,100
managing diplomacy. 
He prefers hunting and building 

814
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:10,000
palaces. 
You prefer making sure Mantua, 

815
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:12,200
survives in an increasingly 
dangerous world. 

816
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:18,300
The sack of Rome in 1527 shocks 
all of Italy Imperial troops 

817
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:20,300
loot the Eternal City for 
months. 

818
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:22,800
Pope Clement. 
The seventh is imprisoned. 

819
00:45:22,800 --> 00:45:27,300
The reign of ideal of civilized 
Warfare collapse is your 62 

820
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:28,800
years old and watching 
everything. 

821
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:32,500
You grew up believing proof 
false Your diplomatic response 

822
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:35,800
to the sack is carefully. 
Calibrated you express. 

823
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:40,200
Horror at the violence you offer
Refuge to Scholars fleeing Rome,

824
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:44,600
you position Mantua as a safe 
haven for civilization while 

825
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:45,200
carefully. 
Avoiding. 

826
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:48,000
And tagging the emperor whose 
troops did the sacking. 

827
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,700
This is tightrope walking at its
finest. 

828
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,400
Your final years is a diplomat 
are spent trying to preserve 

829
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:57,500
what you built. 
Italy is dominated by foreign 

830
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:00,400
powers now. 
The era of independent 

831
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:04,200
city-states is ending, you make 
the best deals you can for 

832
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,500
Mantua. 
You ensure it survival even as 

833
00:46:07,500 --> 00:46:11,900
the world around you transforms,
diplomacy is being your true art

834
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:14,200
form. 
More than collecting paintings 

835
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,500
or writing letters, you have 
mastered, the art of making 

836
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:19,300
people do what you want, while 
believe in. 

837
00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:22,300
It was their idea. 
You've kept a small state 

838
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:26,100
relevant in an Age of Empires. 
you've proven that intelligence 

839
00:46:26,100 --> 00:46:29,800
and charm can accomplish what 
armies cannot you did it all, 

840
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:32,300
while being consistently 
underestimated because you 

841
00:46:32,300 --> 00:46:35,600
happen to be born, female, 
History may forget your 

842
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:38,900
diplomatic achievements. 
They were no less real for being

843
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:41,700
unrecorded, your bones aching 
ways. 

844
00:46:41,700 --> 00:46:43,000
They did not when you were 
younger. 

845
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:48,500
The year is 1528. 
Your 63 years old and age is 

846
00:46:48,508 --> 00:46:52,200
becoming impossible to ignore. 
Your hands Shake slightly when 

847
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:56,000
you write your eyes tire. 
After reading, your body is 

848
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:58,800
sending increasingly urgent 
messages that you're not 

849
00:46:58,808 --> 00:47:01,700
immortal. 
You ignore these messages and 

850
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:04,800
continue working. 
The sack of Rome still 

851
00:47:04,800 --> 00:47:08,800
reverberates across Italy, 
refugees from the Eternal City 

852
00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:13,300
continue arriving in Mantua 
Scholars artists clergyman. 

853
00:47:13,300 --> 00:47:17,400
All fleeing the violence. 
You provide what Hospitality you

854
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,700
can you commission new works 
from displaced artists. 

855
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:24,600
You turn catastrophe into 
opportunity because that is what

856
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,100
you have always done. 
Your son Federico is now the 

857
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:30,600
ruling Duke Emperor. 
Charles the 5th. 

858
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:34,800
Elevated Mantua from a Mark with
Saint to a duchy and Federico 

859
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:38,700
carries the new title proudly. 
You are technically retired from

860
00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:42,800
public life in practice. 
You still run, most things 

861
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,800
Federico consult your on every 
important decision. 

862
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:49,100
He has learned that ignoring his
mother's advice leads to 

863
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:52,800
disaster. 
Your studio is complete at last.

864
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,900
Every wall is covered with 
paintings, every shelf holds 

865
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:00,100
pressures objects. 
The room represents, Decades of 

866
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:02,000
collecting, and centuries of 
culture. 

867
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,700
You sometimes sit there alone 
and Marvel that you built this a

868
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:09,700
girl from Ferrara created, one 
of the finest private museums in

869
00:48:09,708 --> 00:48:13,400
Italy. 
Money remains tight, it has 

870
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:16,100
always been tight but now you 
feel it, more acutely. 

871
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:20,800
Your pension is never enough. 
Federico gives you what he can 

872
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:23,200
but the duchess finances are 
strained. 

873
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:27,200
You can continue negotiating 
with dealers, trying to acquire 

874
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,000
pieces. 
You cannot afford some habits 

875
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,800
never die. 
Your health begins to fail in 

876
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:38,300
Earnest, in 1529. 
Fever, nearly kills you you 

877
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,500
recover slowly irritable at your
body's betrayal? 

878
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:46,600
You have too much left to do to 
be sidelined by mortality your 

879
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:50,400
doctors, prescribe rest, you 
prescribe more work and hope 

880
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:52,700
that determination can 
substitute for youth. 

881
00:48:52,700 --> 00:48:55,600
Your correspondence continues, 
but slows. 

882
00:48:55,600 --> 00:49:00,000
Righting letters exhausts you 
now your secretaries just more 

883
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:01,800
of the actual writing while you 
dictate. 

884
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:05,900
The content is a sharp as ever, 
but your production volume 

885
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:09,100
decreases. 
This feels like defeat, the city

886
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:13,100
of Mantua itself has transformed
during your decades there, the 

887
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:17,300
palace has expanded churches 
have been renovated new public 

888
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:21,000
buildings Grace, the Square's 
Julio ramano. 

889
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,100
One of the greatest architects 
of the age is working for 

890
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:27,900
Federico on the plate. 
You watch the construction and 

891
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:31,700
feel Pride mixed with Envy. 
Why did these Architects not 

892
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,500
arrive when you had the energy 
to fully appreciate them? 

893
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:37,200
Your children are scattered 
across Italy. 

894
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,300
Now, your daughter, Eleonora is 
a nun. 

895
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,400
Your son Ferrante is a condo 
tierro. 

896
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:47,300
Like his father Hercules, a 
cardinal each has taken their 

897
00:49:47,300 --> 00:49:50,500
own path. 
You love them in your way, which

898
00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:54,400
is to say distantly, but 
sincerely, You were never a warm

899
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:58,000
mother, you were too busy, being
everything else, grandchildren 

900
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:01,200
visit occasionally their polite 
and slightly afraid of you. 

901
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,900
You're a legend in your own life
time and legends are 

902
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:08,000
intimidating. 
You try to soften around them 

903
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:11,900
but do not quite succeed. 
Warmth has never been your 

904
00:50:11,900 --> 00:50:14,700
natural mode. 
The political situation in 

905
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:19,200
Italy, continues to deteriorate 
Charles, the 5th dominates, the 

906
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:23,500
peninsula, the French of being 
pushed back Venice, struggles to

907
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,300
maintain Independence, Florence 
falls under media control. 

908
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:31,000
Again, the age of independent 
city-states is truly over. 

909
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:34,200
You helped Mantua survive in to 
this new era. 

910
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:38,100
Cannot help feeling that 
something precious has been 

911
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:40,600
lost. 
You begin sorting through your 

912
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:45,400
papers letters. 
Contract inventories Decades of 

913
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:48,900
documentation, You sit at what 
should be preserved and what 

914
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:52,500
destroyed some letters contain 
information too dangerous to 

915
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:55,500
leave lying around. 
Others might prove useful to 

916
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:58,800
Federico you make decisions 
slowly carefully. 

917
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:02,200
Knowing this is your last chance
to shape how history. 

918
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:05,500
Remembers you. 
Your famous charm begins to fade

919
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:07,700
with age. 
You are always a performer, 

920
00:51:07,700 --> 00:51:11,300
adjusting your personality to 
whatever the situation demanded.

921
00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:14,400
Now, you lack the energy for 
constant performance. 

922
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:18,600
Your natural assertive shows 
through more often people, who 

923
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,600
only knew the Charming machines 
are a startled by your sharp 

924
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,300
tongue. 
You attend fewer public events, 

925
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:26,300
your apartment's become your 
world. 

926
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:29,700
You receive visitors their 
conduct business from your 

927
00:51:29,700 --> 00:51:32,400
Chambers manage. 
What you can from a shrinking 

928
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:36,700
sphere This feels like retreat 
and you hate retreating, but 

929
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,600
your body insists. 
Some old friends, die. 

930
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:44,000
Margarita, can tell me your 
correspondent of 30 years passes

931
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:46,400
away. 
He write fewer letters after 

932
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:50,000
that. the network, you spent a 
Lifetime Building, begins to 

933
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:54,100
contract This is the loneliness 
of outliving, your generation. 

934
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,300
You still collect art when 
opportunities arise. 

935
00:51:57,900 --> 00:52:01,400
The obsession never fully leaves
you the dealer offers you a 

936
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:04,800
classical sculpture at a price 
you almost afford, you buy any 

937
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:06,200
way and figure out payment 
later. 

938
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:10,000
Some habits are too deep to 
break your granddaughter visits 

939
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:13,700
and asks about your life. 
You tell her stories editing 

940
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,100
out, the boring parts, and most 
of the pain, you make it sound 

941
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:20,400
like an adventure. 
Because in many ways, it was You

942
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:22,400
leave out how exhausting it all 
was. 

943
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:26,200
How constant the struggle, how 
many times you want to quit? 

944
00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:30,400
she listens wide-eyed and you 
wonder if any of this will 

945
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:35,100
matter to her generation, 1500 
and 30 brings more Health 

946
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:38,400
crisis, you are 65 and clearly 
fading. 

947
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,400
Your doctor's are honest enough 
to admit, they cannot fix age. 

948
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:46,400
You appreciate their honesty 
even as you ignore their advice 

949
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:49,900
to slow down. 
Slowing down, feels like time 

950
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:54,400
has frozen you draft. 
A will updating it periodically 

951
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,700
as your health fluctuate. 
Your collection must be 

952
00:52:57,700 --> 00:52:58,800
carefully. 
Divided. 

953
00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:03,100
Your books will go to certain 
people, your jewels to others. 

954
00:53:03,100 --> 00:53:07,000
You try to be fair while 
ensuring your finest pieces. 

955
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:10,000
Stay in Mantua. 
This is harder than negotiating 

956
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:13,600
treaties Federico visits your 
sickbed and you discuss State 

957
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:15,900
business. 
He needs your advice on dealing 

958
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:18,300
with the emperor. 
You summon the energy to think 

959
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,900
clearly about diplomacy one more
time, the outline a strategy 

960
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:26,600
Federico takes notes, you feel 
useful, which matters more than 

961
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:30,500
Comfort, your mind remains sharp
even as your body fails. 

962
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:35,500
This is both blessing and curse.
You can see exactly what is 

963
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:37,200
happening to you and cannot stop
it. 

964
00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:40,600
You're losing a war against an 
undefeatable enemy. 

965
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:44,800
For someone who spent a lifetime
out thinking opponents, this is 

966
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:48,000
particularly cruel. 
You look back on your life and 

967
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:52,800
count victories, you survived, 
you built, a cultural Legacy you

968
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:56,000
prove that women could wield 
power as effectively as men if 

969
00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:59,500
given the chance you collected 
Beauty and created beauty and 

970
00:53:59,500 --> 00:54:02,700
patronized genius these 
achievements matter. 

971
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:06,700
You also count failures artists 
who never painted for you 

972
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:10,100
despite years of letters, 
manuscripts you wanted but could

973
00:54:10,100 --> 00:54:14,400
not afford political situations.
You could not solve the 

974
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,000
persistent grinding reality of 
being taken half. 

975
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:19,500
A seriously as any man with half
your ability. 

976
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:26,700
These failures, Sting the winter
of 1531 is brutal, your 66 an 

977
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:31,000
increasingly frail, you know, 
the end is approaching You have 

978
00:54:31,008 --> 00:54:33,800
always been good at reading 
situations, clearly, and this 

979
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:38,000
situation is quite clear. 
Your body is shutting down piece

980
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:41,000
by piece. 
You ask for your studio, to be 

981
00:54:41,008 --> 00:54:43,500
opened so you can see it one 
more time. 

982
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:47,500
Your servants carry you. 
There, you sit in a chair 

983
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:52,500
surrounded by your life's work. 
The Manteca glows on the wall. 

984
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:54,900
Ancient marbles. 
Catch Candlelight. 

985
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:59,800
This room is your Monument. 
This will Outlast you you think 

986
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:04,700
about Legacy not your collection
but you What will people 

987
00:55:04,700 --> 00:55:08,900
remember the marquesa Who Loved 
art the Diplomat, who saved 

988
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:12,700
Mantua the woman who wrote, 
brilliant letters or will? 

989
00:55:12,700 --> 00:55:16,000
They just remember that you 
existed a footnote in someone 

990
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:18,600
else's history, you have lived 
through one of the most 

991
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:20,500
extraordinary periods in human 
history. 

992
00:55:20,500 --> 00:55:25,300
The Renaissance the age when art
and learning flourished, when 

993
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,700
human potential, seemed 
unlimited when Beauty mattered 

994
00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:32,100
as much as power. 
You helped create that age. 

995
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:37,000
Your patronage, your collecting.
Your insistence, the culture had

996
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:40,700
value. 
These things mattered the room 

997
00:55:40,700 --> 00:55:43,100
darkens. 
Not metaphorically. 

998
00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:47,500
The candles are burning down and
you're too tired to ask for a 

999
00:55:47,500 --> 00:55:49,900
new ones. 
You sit in the Gathering. 

1000
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:53,400
Shadows surrounded by Beauty. 
You collected over a lifetime. 

1001
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:58,500
This is not a bad way to end. 
Your Isabella, desktop, you 

1002
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:02,400
outsmarted, Kings and popes? 
You collected, masterpieces and 

1003
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:04,900
created spaces for genius to 
flourish. 

1004
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,700
You ruled when you are not 
supposed to rule and succeeded 

1005
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:10,300
when you are not supposed to 
succeed. 

1006
00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:14,800
You lived exactly the life you 
chose despite every obstacle 

1007
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:18,500
placed in your way. 
And you did it with Grace, and 

1008
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:23,000
intelligence and an absolutely 
Relentless refusal to settle for

1009
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:24,500
anything less than 
extraordinary. 

1010
00:56:24,500 --> 00:56:27,400
You are Isabella Desta and 
you're coming to an end. 

1011
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:31,600
The year is 1539, your 64 
weight. 

1012
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:36,100
You're 65 know, you have lost 
track the exact number does not 

1013
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:38,700
matter anymore. 
The actual date of your death is

1014
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:43,900
February 24th 1539. 
But you do not know this yet. 

1015
00:56:43,900 --> 00:56:49,400
You are simply tired, more tired
than you have ever been even 

1016
00:56:49,400 --> 00:56:52,900
more tired than that time after 
Francesco was captured and you 

1017
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:55,800
spent six months holding Mantua 
together through sheer 

1018
00:56:55,800 --> 00:57:00,900
stubbornness your apartment in 
the Dual Palace acquire it Two 

1019
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:05,200
quiet servants, move around on 
tiptoe, your son Federico 

1020
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:08,000
visits, soften his face 
carefully, composed to hide 

1021
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:10,700
wiry. 
Your grandchildren have brought 

1022
00:57:10,700 --> 00:57:12,900
to see you. 
They are quiet, too. 

1023
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:17,400
Everyone is being very gentle, 
which tells you exactly how bad 

1024
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:21,500
things are you drift in, and out
of consciousness, When you are 

1025
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:24,900
awake you think about your 
collection, you worry about who 

1026
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:27,600
will care for it properly. 
After your gone you have given 

1027
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,500
details instructions but you 
know how these things work 

1028
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:33,900
People promise to honor your 
wishes and then do whatever is 

1029
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:37,100
convenient. 
Your final illness is not 

1030
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:40,700
dramatic. 
No battle scenes know tragic, 

1031
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:44,800
final speeches, you simply wear 
out like a piece of Machinery. 

1032
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:46,800
That has been running for 65 
years. 

1033
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:50,400
Your heart is tired, your lungs 
are tired. 

1034
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:54,400
Everything is tired. 
Your mind remains relatively 

1035
00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:58,700
clear which is almost worse. 
You can see exactly what is 

1036
00:57:58,700 --> 00:58:01,200
happening. 
You think about your studiolo 

1037
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,100
often during these final days. 
The room. 

1038
00:58:04,100 --> 00:58:07,300
You spent decades, perfecting 
the paintings. 

1039
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:11,600
The sculptures, the precious 
objects. each one represent 

1040
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:16,700
hours of negotiation years of 
saving relationships carefully 

1041
00:58:16,700 --> 00:58:19,600
cultivated That room is your 
true child. 

1042
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:24,300
Your actual children will 
inherit the duchy your studio is

1043
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:28,200
what you leave to the world. 
The day, you die is cold and 

1044
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:31,200
gray. 
Not poetically, stormie, not 

1045
00:58:31,200 --> 00:58:34,900
beautifully, Sunny just another 
February day in Mantua. 

1046
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:37,400
The weather does not care about 
your passing. 

1047
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:41,100
This seems appropriate somehow 
you spent your life, making 

1048
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:44,400
things happen through quiet, 
persistence, rather than 

1049
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:47,800
dramatic gestures. 
Why should death be different? 

1050
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:50,600
Your last thoughts are probably 
not Grand. 

1051
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:53,900
You probably do not have 
philosophical insights about the

1052
00:58:53,900 --> 00:58:56,500
meaning of life. 
You'll probably just 

1053
00:58:56,500 --> 00:58:59,200
uncomfortable and ready to be 
done with a whole Business of 

1054
00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:01,400
Being Alive. 
This is fine. 

1055
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,200
You lived extraordinary. 
You do not need to die. 

1056
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,200
Extraordinary, too. 
Your legacy Begins, the moment 

1057
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:12,100
you die and continues for 
centuries, your collection does 

1058
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:14,100
scatter. 
Eventually though it takes 

1059
00:59:14,100 --> 00:59:17,900
longer than you feared, the 
studio remains intact for 

1060
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:21,900
decades after your death. 
Federico preserves it carefully.

1061
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,800
Later generations are less 
careful Wars come. 

1062
00:59:26,600 --> 00:59:30,700
Economic crises Force sails. 
The Gonzaga collection is 

1063
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,400
gradually dispersed across 
European museums. 

1064
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:37,900
The Montana's ends up in the 
Louvre, other paintings from 

1065
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:40,700
your studio. 
Go to museums in, London Vienna,

1066
00:59:40,700 --> 00:59:44,400
Boston, they're studied by Art 
historians who piece together 

1067
00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:48,300
your collecting program. 
Your taste, your vision your 

1068
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:50,900
incredibly specific requirements
for artists. 

1069
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:55,000
These become case studies in 
Renaissance patronage. 

1070
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:58,600
Your letters survived in our 
archive across Italy and Beyond 

1071
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:02,500
thousands of them. 
Scholars, spend careers reading 

1072
01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:06,800
through your correspondence, 
tracing your networks, analyzing

1073
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:11,200
your diplomatic strategies. 
You become a primary source for 

1074
01:00:11,200 --> 01:00:15,500
understanding Renaissance, 
politics culture and the lives 

1075
01:00:15,500 --> 01:00:19,000
of elite women. 
Sheer volume of your surviving 

1076
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:22,700
correspondence, is unusual. 
Most women's letters were not 

1077
01:00:22,708 --> 01:00:25,800
preserved. but you wrote to 
important people, about 

1078
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:30,200
important matters, your letters 
were worth saving, they reveal a

1079
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:33,700
mind operating at the highest 
levels of Renaissance, culture 

1080
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:37,100
and politics Your reputation 
evolves over time. 

1081
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:40,200
Immediately after your death, 
your remembered as a great 

1082
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:44,000
Patriot and a capable region. 
Later historians emphasize your 

1083
01:00:44,000 --> 01:00:46,200
role in preserving Mantua during
crisis. 

1084
01:00:47,000 --> 01:00:49,500
Modern Scholars. 
Focus on you as an example of 

1085
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:51,700
female agency in a patriarchal 
world. 

1086
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:56,000
Some assessments are harsh. 
Critics point out that you are 

1087
01:00:56,000 --> 01:01:00,100
not always kind, you could be 
ruthless in negotiations, cold 

1088
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:03,200
to your children, demanding of 
our artists, you cared more 

1089
01:01:03,200 --> 01:01:05,800
about acquiring things than 
about, the people who made or 

1090
01:01:05,800 --> 01:01:08,100
sold them. 
These criticisms are fair. 

1091
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:12,000
You are complicated, other 
assessments border on 

1092
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:15,200
hagiography. 
You become a feminist icon. 

1093
01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:17,800
The woman who succeeded in a 
man's world. 

1094
01:01:17,800 --> 01:01:21,300
This makes you uncomfortable 
even from Beyond the Grave. 

1095
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:24,500
He never thought of yourself as 
fighting for all women. 

1096
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:28,200
You fought for yourself and for 
Mantua. 

1097
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,200
The larger implications did not 
interest you much. 

1098
01:01:32,900 --> 01:01:35,900
Your collecting shaped what we 
know about Renaissance art? 

1099
01:01:36,700 --> 01:01:39,800
Because you kept detailed 
records of commissions, Scholars

1100
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,200
can trace the creation of 
individual paintings. 

1101
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:45,500
Because you corresponded with 
dealers, we understand the 

1102
01:01:45,500 --> 01:01:48,700
Renaissance Art Market because 
you had opinions about 

1103
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:51,000
everything. 
We know how Elite patreons 

1104
01:01:51,000 --> 01:01:55,000
thought about beauty and value. 
The concept of the studio as a 

1105
01:01:55,008 --> 01:01:58,500
private Museum, owes much to 
your example, you are not the 

1106
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:01,500
first to create such a space, 
but yours became the most 

1107
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:04,200
famous. 
Later collectors look to your 

1108
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:08,400
model when creating their own 
cabinets of Curiosities, your 

1109
01:02:08,400 --> 01:02:10,900
influence ripples through 
centuries of collecting 

1110
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:14,000
practice. 
Your diplomatic achievements are

1111
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:18,000
harder to measure but no less. 
Real You kept Mantua in 

1112
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:20,700
dependent and relevant, during 
one of the most turbulent 

1113
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:24,900
periods in Italian History. 
You navigated between French and

1114
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:28,500
Spanish Empires between popes 
and Emperors between Venus and 

1115
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:31,200
Milan. 
You made the right alliances at 

1116
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:34,400
the right time. 
Some historians argue, you are 

1117
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:36,700
more important to Mantua 
survival than your Warrior 

1118
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:40,100
husband. 
Francesco fought battles, you 

1119
01:02:40,100 --> 01:02:41,900
prevented Wars through 
diplomacy. 

1120
01:02:41,900 --> 01:02:46,300
He brought short-term Glory, you
ensured long-term survival. 

1121
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:49,700
This is unprovable. 
But plausible The children and 

1122
01:02:49,700 --> 01:02:52,800
grandchildren, carry your legacy
and unexpected ways. 

1123
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:56,800
Your grandson Guglielmo 
commissioned to paint family, 

1124
01:02:56,800 --> 01:03:00,100
portraits, continuing your 
tradition of patronage. 

1125
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:03,800
Your great-grandchildren sell 
parts of your collection to pay 

1126
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:06,600
debts proving that Legacy is 
complicated. 

1127
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:12,200
You would be simultaneously, 
proud and Furious itself. 

1128
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:14,800
Remembers. 
You plaques Mark, building you 

1129
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:17,300
inhabited tours of the dukele 
palace. 

1130
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:20,600
Mention your apartment's, the 
city claims you as one of its 

1131
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:23,700
greatest figures conveniently 
forgetting, you were born 

1132
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:26,800
elsewhere, and sometimes found 
Mantua provincial. 

1133
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:30,400
The letters, you wrote to your 
husband, reveal a marriage of 

1134
01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:35,300
convenience that somehow worked.
You and Francesco were not great

1135
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,900
lovers, you were Partners in the
family business of running a 

1136
01:03:38,900 --> 01:03:41,200
state. 
He respected his military 

1137
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:44,000
abilities. 
He respected your political 

1138
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,500
intelligence. 
This was better than many 

1139
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:50,300
Renaissance marriages achieved. 
Your relationship with your 

1140
01:03:50,300 --> 01:03:52,700
sister, Beatrice fascinates 
historians. 

1141
01:03:53,300 --> 01:03:56,400
You were closed until her 
marriage to ludovicus falsa of 

1142
01:03:56,400 --> 01:04:00,800
Milan, then you became Rivals 
competing for the best artists, 

1143
01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:04,500
the finest manuscripts, the most
impressive Court. 

1144
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:09,100
Her early death from childbirth,
ended the competition but not 

1145
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:13,000
your collecting Drive. modern 
feminists, sometimes claimed you

1146
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:17,100
as a proto-feminist, This is 
anachronistic but understandable

1147
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:20,700
you demonstrated that women 
could be as intelligent cultured

1148
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:25,000
and politically capable as men. 
You never argue this explicitly,

1149
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,700
you simply lived, it the example
mattered, more than any 

1150
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,400
Manifesto, your influence on 
Renaissance culture, extends 

1151
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:35,400
beyond your direct patronage 
artist. 

1152
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:38,000
You supported went on to create 
for other patrons. 

1153
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:41,300
Spreading Styles, you favored. 
Scholars. 

1154
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:45,200
You corresponded with sighted in
their Works lending your 

1155
01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:48,400
authority to their arguments, 
your taste shaped. 

1156
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:50,000
What was considered? 
Excellent. 

1157
01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:53,100
The tragedy. 
If there is one is that you 

1158
01:04:53,108 --> 01:04:56,200
cannot know your legacy. 
You laid in peace. 

1159
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,300
Wandering of anything you did 
would matter a century later. 

1160
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:03,600
Five centuries. 
Later your name is known to Art 

1161
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:07,500
historians, Renaissance Scholars
and anyone interested in 

1162
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:12,100
powerful women in history not 
household famous but far from 

1163
01:05:12,108 --> 01:05:15,100
forgotten. 
Your studiolo paintings. 

1164
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:18,700
Hang in major museums millions 
of people have seen the 

1165
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:21,900
Mountaineer panasus, without 
knowing it was commissioned by a

1166
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:25,600
woman from Mantua who negotiated
for years, to get exactly the 

1167
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:29,200
painting she wanted. 
The context is lost but the 

1168
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:33,500
beauty remains your letters, 
provide Windows into daily life 

1169
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:38,200
at a Renaissance Court. 
What people ate War worried 

1170
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:44,100
about price of silk, the cost of
a good painting, the difficulty 

1171
01:05:44,100 --> 01:05:48,600
of finding reliable servants, 
Social historians, treasure 

1172
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:51,400
these details that you recorded 
without thinking they mattered, 

1173
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:55,400
you appear in Valdosta Jones. 
The Book of the courtier, as an 

1174
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:59,300
example of the ideal Court Lady,
this is ironic because you are 

1175
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:01,800
far more than a court lady. 
You were the court. 

1176
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:05,700
But being included in one of the
most influential books of the 

1177
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:09,900
16th century, ensures your name 
travels far beyond Mantua. 

1178
01:06:10,900 --> 01:06:15,500
Some of your possessions survive
in unexpected places a cameo, 

1179
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:18,500
you owned appears in a British 
museum, a book from your 

1180
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:22,300
library, surfaces and a French 
archive, these fragments of your

1181
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:25,500
collection are like pieces of a 
puzzle, scattered across Europe.

1182
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:29,600
Scholars, try to reassemble your
world through these remnants. 

1183
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,900
Your Grave is in the church in 
Mantua tourists occasionally. 

1184
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:37,200
Visit most do not know who you 
were beyond the dates. 

1185
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:41,000
A few bring flowers, you would 
appreciate the gesture while 

1186
01:06:41,000 --> 01:06:42,600
questioning their taste and 
flowers. 

1187
01:06:43,400 --> 01:06:44,900
You always had opinions about 
everything. 

1188
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:49,300
Including appropriate funeral, 
bouquets the world you knew is 

1189
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:52,300
long gone. 
The Italian Renaissance ended 

1190
01:06:53,100 --> 01:06:56,900
City-states were absorbed into 
larger kingdoms and Empires the 

1191
01:06:56,900 --> 01:06:59,600
certainty of Your World 
collapsed under modern ideas 

1192
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:04,200
about democracy and nationalism,
but the art Remains the letters,

1193
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:08,800
Remain the evidence of your 
extraordinary life remains you 

1194
01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:12,500
outsmarted. 
King's this was not hyperbole. 

1195
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:16,400
You negotiated with French Kings
and German Emperors, and Spanish

1196
01:07:16,400 --> 01:07:19,300
monarchs. 
You usually got at least part of

1197
01:07:19,300 --> 01:07:21,500
what you want it through 
intelligence and charm. 

1198
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:26,100
Kings underestimated you because
you were a woman, this was their

1199
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:28,600
mistake. 
You collected Beauty at a time, 

1200
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:31,300
when Beauty was not considered a
female concern. 

1201
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,800
You were supposed to be Pious 
and quiet and focused on your 

1202
01:07:34,808 --> 01:07:38,000
husband and children. 
You are Pious when convenient 

1203
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:42,200
never quiet and focused on 
building a cultural Legacy. 

1204
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:44,700
You redefined, what a 
Renaissance woman could 

1205
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:48,300
accomplish your lifespan and 
enormous changes. 

1206
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:51,000
You were born when 
Constantinople fell to the 

1207
01:07:51,008 --> 01:07:54,400
Ottomans, you passed away. 
After the Reformation had split 

1208
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,000
Christian Europe. 
You witnessed the height of the 

1209
01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,400
Renaissance and the beginning of
its climb. 

1210
01:07:59,400 --> 01:08:03,300
You adapted to every change and 
thrived the letters. 

1211
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:08,100
Stop when you die thousands of 
conversations, simply end your 

1212
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:11,100
correspondents, write to each 
other, about your death, they 

1213
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:14,500
expressed loss and admiration. 
They acknowledged that someone 

1214
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:17,899
remarkable as left the world 
then they move on because life 

1215
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,899
continues your actual last 
words, not recorded, probably 

1216
01:08:21,899 --> 01:08:24,100
you said something practical 
about your collection or your 

1217
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,700
will Possibly, you said nothing 
at all. 

1218
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:30,100
The end is exhausting work. 
And sometimes silence is 

1219
01:08:30,100 --> 01:08:31,800
appropriate. 
You are gone. 

1220
01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:34,700
But your studio remains at least
for a while. 

1221
01:08:34,707 --> 01:08:38,300
The painting's endure, the 
letters survived the example of 

1222
01:08:38,308 --> 01:08:41,000
your life persists. 
You built something that 

1223
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:44,500
outlasted you for someone as 
obsessed with Legacy as you 

1224
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,700
were, this is Victory enough. 
Sleep. 

1225
01:08:47,700 --> 01:08:51,700
Well my tired potatoes you have 
walked with Isabella, dest 

1226
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:55,200
through libraries and palaces 
through diplomatic crises and 

1227
01:08:55,207 --> 01:08:58,300
artistic triumphs. 
You have seen what determination

1228
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,200
and intelligence could 
accomplish even when the world 

1229
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:03,700
insisted women should be quiet 
and decorative. 

1230
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:08,100
She refused to be either. 
She built a legacy that Echoes 

1231
01:09:08,100 --> 01:09:11,399
through 500 years. 
If you enjoyed this journey 

1232
01:09:11,399 --> 01:09:14,500
through reynolds's Italy and 
found yourself drifting 

1233
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,300
peacefully as Isabella 
collected, her treasures and 

1234
01:09:17,300 --> 01:09:22,000
outmaneuvered, her Rivals 
consider subscribing There are 

1235
01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:25,300
more stories, waiting more 
forgotten lives that deserve 

1236
01:09:25,300 --> 01:09:28,200
remembering. 
More history, told gently enough

1237
01:09:28,200 --> 01:09:31,399
to carry you towards sleep while
respecting, the complexity of 

1238
01:09:31,399 --> 01:09:34,700
the past. 
Until next time rest. 

1239
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:39,700
Well dream of Studio Leaf filled
with mantas and letters sealed 

1240
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:48,300
with wax that once shaped the 
fate of Nations on a cold March 

1241
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:52,100
after noon in 1913000 of women 
gathered in Washington for a 

1242
01:09:52,108 --> 01:09:54,100
parade, that would change 
American history. 

1243
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:56,400
The procession they were about 
to begin. 

1244
01:09:56,400 --> 01:09:57,400
Would face. 
Unexpected. 

1245
01:09:57,400 --> 01:10:00,300
Chaos. 
Violent opposition and National 

1246
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,400
Scandal tonight. 
You will walk beside them 

1247
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:05,700
through every moment of that 
remarkable day. 

1248
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:09,300
You find yourself in a cramped 
office in Washington during the 

1249
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:12,900
winter of 1912. 
The room smells of ink and paper

1250
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:16,400
and old wood stacks of letters. 
Cover every available surface. 

1251
01:10:17,200 --> 01:10:19,800
Some of spilled onto the floor 
creating paper drifts in the 

1252
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:22,300
corners. 
A young woman named Alice, Paul 

1253
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,000
sits at a desk covered with maps
of the capital city. 

1254
01:10:25,700 --> 01:10:28,800
She is 28 years old. 
Her dark hair is pulled back, 

1255
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:32,000
severely from her face in a 
style that suggests she has no 

1256
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,100
time for vanity. 
The winter light coming through 

1257
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:38,200
the window is weak and gray. 
It barely illuminates. 

1258
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:41,300
The cluttered space. 
Alice does not seem to notice 

1259
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:43,500
the dimness. 
She has just returned from 

1260
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:46,000
England where she learned 
protest, tactics from British 

1261
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:48,700
suffragettes. 
She watched women, chained 

1262
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:50,400
themselves to railings outside 
Parliament. 

1263
01:10:50,400 --> 01:10:53,800
She saw hunger, strikes and 
force feeding imprisoned. 

1264
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:58,000
She participated in Windows 
smashing campaigns, the British 

1265
01:10:58,000 --> 01:11:00,200
movement taught her. 
That polite requests achieved. 

1266
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:04,600
Nothing only dramatic action 
forces change, Now, she wants to

1267
01:11:04,608 --> 01:11:08,500
bring that energy to America. 
But American suffragists 10 

1268
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:12,100
toward Gentile tactics, they 
hold tea parties and organized, 

1269
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:15,200
petition drives, they speak at 
Gatherings of people who already

1270
01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:18,100
agree with them Alice finds this
approach in sufficient. 

1271
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:22,300
The National American Woman 
Suffrage Association, has given 

1272
01:11:22,300 --> 01:11:24,400
her a small budget and a large 
mandate. 

1273
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:27,800
She must organize something 
spectacular for the day before. 

1274
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:31,000
Woodrow Wilson's presidential 
inauguration they want 

1275
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:33,000
visibility. 
They want attention. 

1276
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:38,100
Alice intends to deliver both, 
the timing is no accident. 

1277
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:41,800
When a new president arrives in 
Washington, the city fills with 

1278
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,800
visitors and journalists every 
hotel room gets booked months in

1279
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:48,900
advance, every newspaper sends 
reporters to cover the 

1280
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:51,800
festivities. 
Inauguration dominates, National

1281
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:55,200
conversation for weeks, Alice 
intends to use that attention 

1282
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,800
for her. 
Cause she wants suffragists and 

1283
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:00,600
started into every newspaper. 
Story about the inauguration. 

1284
01:12:00,600 --> 01:12:03,300
She wants their presence 
impossible to ignore. 

1285
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:07,100
He spreads a map across her desk
and traces Pennsylvania Avenue 

1286
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:10,100
with one finger. 
The route runs from the capitol 

1287
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:13,100
to the White House. 
It measures exactly one and a 

1288
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:14,800
half miles of ceremonial 
importance. 

1289
01:12:14,800 --> 01:12:18,100
This Avenue represents the heart
of American government. 

1290
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,800
Press residents travel at during
an algorithm's foreign 

1291
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:25,000
dignitaries parade down at 
during State visits Victory 

1292
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:27,800
celebrations. 
Happen here, the idea forming in

1293
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:31,000
her mind is all delicious. 
She wants to Stage the largest 

1294
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:33,300
parade for women's rights that 
America has ever seen. 

1295
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:36,700
She wants it on Pennsylvania 
Avenue on the day before Wilson 

1296
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:39,600
takes off office. 
Most suffrage events happen in 

1297
01:12:39,608 --> 01:12:43,300
small halls or church basements,
they attract polite audiences 

1298
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:46,900
who already support the cause 
that were attend. 

1299
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:50,400
The events receive brief 
mentions in local newspapers if 

1300
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:54,000
they receive coverage at all. 
Alice wants something completely

1301
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:56,600
different. 
She wants spectacle that demands

1302
01:12:56,600 --> 01:12:59,000
attention. 
She wants to force people who 

1303
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:02,900
disagree with suffrage to stop 
and watch She wants an event so 

1304
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:04,800
large that newspapers cannot 
ignore it. 

1305
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:07,800
Her colleague, Lucy Burns 
arrives, carrying a stack of 

1306
01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:11,600
financial documents, Lucy has 
red hair and a sharp mind for 

1307
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:13,800
Logistics. 
She also spent time with the 

1308
01:13:13,800 --> 01:13:17,400
British suffragettes, Lucy 
brings bad news about the 

1309
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:19,500
budget. 
They have almost no money. 

1310
01:13:19,500 --> 01:13:23,300
The National Organization has 
given them exactly 10 dollars to

1311
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:26,500
start with 10 dollars to 
organize, a parade that Alice 

1312
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:30,700
envisioned including thousands 
of participants Alice Just 

1313
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:32,700
Smiles, she's already begun 
writing. 

1314
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,600
Letters to wealthy supporters. 
She knows how to ask for 

1315
01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:38,700
donations more importantly. 
She knows how to make people 

1316
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:43,600
feel that history is happening 
and they must be part of it. she

1317
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,200
learned this skill from British 
suffragette leader Emeline, 

1318
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:49,800
Pankhurst Emmeline could 
convince wealthy women to fund 

1319
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:52,900
radical actions by making them 
feel personally invested in the 

1320
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:55,100
outcome. 
Alice applies the same 

1321
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:57,400
psychology her fundraising 
letters. 

1322
01:13:57,400 --> 01:13:59,900
Paint vivid pictures of what the
parade could accomplish. 

1323
01:14:00,600 --> 01:14:03,600
They make donors feel like 
Heroes supporting a noble cause 

1324
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:06,900
the office grows dark as 
afternoon, turns to evening, 

1325
01:14:06,900 --> 01:14:11,000
Washington Winters, bring early 
Darkness Alice like to kerosene 

1326
01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:14,500
lamp and continues working. 
The lamp cast Dancing Shadows on

1327
01:14:14,500 --> 01:14:16,800
the walls. 
She writes the word procession 

1328
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:20,600
at the top of a fresh page, not 
March, not demonstration. 

1329
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:24,000
Procession sounds dignified and 
Unstoppable. 

1330
01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:27,900
It suggests something ceremonial
and important language matters 

1331
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,900
in political movements. 
The right word can change how 

1332
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:34,300
people perceive an event You 
watch her sketch out sections 

1333
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:37,100
for the parade. 
Her handwriting is precise and 

1334
01:14:37,100 --> 01:14:41,300
efficient every letter formed 
with purpose floats will carry 

1335
01:14:41,300 --> 01:14:43,700
living Tableau depicting, famous
women from history. 

1336
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:47,400
Different professions will March
in separate groups to show that 

1337
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:51,400
women work in every field. 
This visual argument matters 

1338
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:55,500
enormously one common objection 
to women's suffrage claims that 

1339
01:14:55,500 --> 01:14:57,600
women do not participate in 
public life. 

1340
01:14:57,600 --> 01:14:59,600
They stay home caring for 
children. 

1341
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:03,700
They have no stake in political 
decisions Alice wants the parade

1342
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:06,400
to demolish. 
This argument visually every 

1343
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:08,900
marching section will prove that
women already contribute to 

1344
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:12,300
society in countless ways, 
college students will March 

1345
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:15,800
together wearing their academic 
robes, the site of educated 

1346
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:18,800
women pursuing degrees will 
contradict claims about female 

1347
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:22,300
intellectual inferiority working
women will March in their 

1348
01:15:22,300 --> 01:15:25,600
everyday, clothes Factory 
workers and shopclues will 

1349
01:15:25,600 --> 01:15:28,900
demonstrate that women support 
themselves, financially They 

1350
01:15:28,900 --> 01:15:31,800
deserve political representation
just as male workers do. 

1351
01:15:31,800 --> 01:15:34,200
There will be foreign 
delegations showing 

1352
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:37,100
International support. 
There will be State, delegations

1353
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:40,500
demonstrating the geographic 
breadth of the movement, Alice 

1354
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:43,800
calculates, that she needs at 
least 8,000 women to make the 

1355
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:47,200
visual impact. 
She wants 8,000 Marchers, will 

1356
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:49,900
fill Pennsylvania Avenue. 
They will create an image 

1357
01:15:49,900 --> 01:15:52,700
impossible to dismiss. 
Her friends, think she's 

1358
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:56,000
dreaming, The largest suffrage 
parade in American history 

1359
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,300
attracted only 3,000 
participants that happened in 

1360
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:02,400
New York City which has a much 
larger population of activists 

1361
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:05,600
than Washington. 
How can Alice, possibly convince

1362
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:08,300
8,000 women to travel to 
Washington in March? 

1363
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:12,500
Alice remains undeterred, she 
believes the inauguration, 

1364
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:14,500
timing will draw women from 
across the country. 

1365
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,100
Women want to be part of 
History, they want to witness 

1366
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:21,800
the moment when suffrage becomes
impossible to ignore She also 

1367
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:24,100
believes that men will try to 
disrupt the parade. 

1368
01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:27,500
She has seen her crowds react 
when women claim public space. 

1369
01:16:27,500 --> 01:16:31,300
For political purposes, men, 
feel threatened they respond 

1370
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:33,400
with mockery and sometimes 
violence. 

1371
01:16:33,400 --> 01:16:36,700
This is why she wants the 
procession to look, beautiful 

1372
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:39,300
and dignified. 
Every detail must project 

1373
01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:42,500
respectability, every marcher 
must appear, calm and 

1374
01:16:42,500 --> 01:16:45,900
purposeful, the visual contrast 
between dignified women and 

1375
01:16:45,900 --> 01:16:48,600
hostile opposition will work in 
the suffragists favor. 

1376
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:53,100
The opposition will expect wild 
women, making scenes, Alice 

1377
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:55,900
plans to give them something 
they cannot dismiss or ridicule.

1378
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:59,700
She wants the parade to look 
like a religious procession or a

1379
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:02,600
military review, something 
serious and organised. 

1380
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:06,300
She works late into the night, 
designing, the Parade's visual 

1381
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:09,000
language, white dresses for the 
main Marchers. 

1382
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:13,700
The white symbolizes purity of 
purpose, purple and gold sashes.

1383
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:16,500
Add color and identify 
participants as suffragists, 

1384
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:19,200
banners must be large enough to 
read from a distance. 

1385
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:23,400
Every aesthetic Choice, serves 
strategic Purpose By morning. 

1386
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:25,700
She is filled 20 pages with 
notes and sketches. 

1387
01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:27,700
The vision is complete in her 
mind. 

1388
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:30,200
Now comes the hard work of 
making it real. 

1389
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:34,800
The real work is about to begin.
January arrives with freezing 

1390
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:38,200
rain, that turns Washington 
streets, to rivers of slush you 

1391
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:40,500
stand with Alice outside of 
vacant building on F Street. 

1392
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:44,400
The landlord has agreed to let 
the suffrage organization use it

1393
01:17:44,400 --> 01:17:47,100
as headquarters. 
The spaces enormous and 

1394
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:50,600
completely empty. 
Dust covers the floorboards in 

1395
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:53,400
thick layers, broken windows, 
letting cold air. 

1396
01:17:53,400 --> 01:17:55,800
That makes your breath visible 
water stains. 

1397
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:59,300
Mark, the ceiling where the roof
leaks Most people would look at 

1398
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:02,300
this space and see. 
Only problems Alice looks around

1399
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:05,500
the room with satisfaction. 
She sees potential where others 

1400
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:09,100
see decay She walks through the 
empty rooms planing. 

1401
01:18:09,100 --> 01:18:12,100
How to use each space? 
This room will hold the clerical

1402
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,800
staff that room will store 
costumes and balance. 

1403
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,800
The largest room will serve as a
general assembly area. 

1404
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:21,700
Within days, the empty building 
transforms into a bustling 

1405
01:18:21,700 --> 01:18:24,900
campaign headquarters. 
Volunteers arrived, carrying 

1406
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,300
borrowed ferniture dragged from 
attics and basements. 

1407
01:18:28,200 --> 01:18:30,700
Someone donate to dozen 
typewriters that clatter 

1408
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:33,900
constantly throughout the day. 
Another supportive provides a 

1409
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:36,800
telephone line that Rings 
incessantly the wall soon, 

1410
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:39,800
filled with charts tracking 
parade preparations, one, 

1411
01:18:39,800 --> 01:18:43,700
massive chart lists every state 
in the Union Beside each state 

1412
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:46,500
name, volunteers, Mark the 
number of expected Marchers. 

1413
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:49,000
The number starts small, but 
gross deadly. 

1414
01:18:50,000 --> 01:18:52,600
Another chart tracks, the 
recruitment of marches from 

1415
01:18:52,600 --> 01:18:57,400
different professions doctors 
lawyers, teachers nurses, social

1416
01:18:57,400 --> 01:19:01,700
workers artists each profession 
needs its own banner and section

1417
01:19:01,700 --> 01:19:04,500
leader. 
Alice divides, the work into 

1418
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:06,300
departments, like a military 
campaign. 

1419
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:10,000
One team handles publicity and 
media relations, another 

1420
01:19:10,000 --> 01:19:12,000
managers Logistics and 
transportation. 

1421
01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:15,100
Third coordinates with local 
police and City officials. 

1422
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,400
The publicity team proves, 
particularly creative. 

1423
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,800
They designed posters showing a 
young woman in classical robes, 

1424
01:19:21,800 --> 01:19:25,500
carrying a torch of Liberty, the
image appears on everything from

1425
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:27,400
postcards to penance to Lapel 
buttons. 

1426
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:31,300
One, volunteer suggests creating
small purple and gold ribbons 

1427
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:33,800
that supporters can wear the 
ribbons cost. 

1428
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:38,000
Almost nothing to produce, but 
Visual and of the movement soon,

1429
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:40,200
these ribbons appear on coat 
lapels throughout Washington, 

1430
01:19:40,200 --> 01:19:44,000
even people who cannot attend 
the parade can show support by 

1431
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:47,200
wearing the colors fundraising 
happens constantly in 

1432
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:49,700
everywhere. 
Alice writes, does of letters 

1433
01:19:49,700 --> 01:19:53,300
each day, requesting donations, 
she tailors, each letter to its 

1434
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:55,800
recipient. 
Wealthy women here about the 

1435
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:59,300
historic importance of the 
parade working women here about 

1436
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:03,200
solidarity and mutual support. 
Small amounts arrive from women 

1437
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:07,200
who say Pennies from household 
budgets one letter includes 50 

1438
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:09,500
cents wrapped in newspaper. 
With a note saying the sender, 

1439
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:12,600
wishes, she could give more 
large checks, come from wealthy 

1440
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:15,200
supporters who can afford, 
substantial contributions, 

1441
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:17,600
Alice, thanks, every donor, 
personally. 

1442
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,800
Regardless of the amount, the 
budget grows slowly, but 

1443
01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:24,500
steadily by late January enough,
money exists to rent, costumes, 

1444
01:20:24,500 --> 01:20:26,200
and begin building, Parade 
floats. 

1445
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:30,000
The headquarters now, employs a 
small staff who work 12-hour 

1446
01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:32,100
days. 
The building never closes. 

1447
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:35,000
Volunteers arrived before Dawn 
and leave after midnight. 

1448
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:38,500
The constant activity gives the 
place an electric feeling. 

1449
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:41,000
You notice how Alice manages 
people. 

1450
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:44,200
She gives clear instructions and
expects them to be followed 

1451
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,100
without question. 
She rarely raises her voice, but

1452
01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:50,600
somehow, everyone knows when 
she's displeased her standards 

1453
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:54,000
are impossibly high. 
She expects perfection in every 

1454
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:57,600
detail abana with crooked 
stitching gets remade. 

1455
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:00,400
A flyer with a spelling error, 
goes in the trash. 

1456
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:03,700
Some volunteers, find her 
difficult to work with, they 

1457
01:21:03,700 --> 01:21:05,400
complain that she demands to 
much. 

1458
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:08,200
They resent her refusal to 
accept excuses. 

1459
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:12,800
Other volunteers admire her 
intensity, they recognize that 

1460
01:21:12,800 --> 01:21:15,600
building something. 
This ambitious requires someone 

1461
01:21:15,600 --> 01:21:19,300
willing to push boundaries and 
enforce discipline, Alice does 

1462
01:21:19,300 --> 01:21:20,700
not care whether people like 
her. 

1463
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:23,600
She cares whether they complete 
their assignments correctly. 

1464
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:27,000
And on time, the parade route 
requires official approval from 

1465
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:30,100
the city government. 
This process involves multiple 

1466
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:32,900
meetings with bureaucrats who 
seemed uninterested in helping 

1467
01:21:32,900 --> 01:21:35,300
Alice meets with the 
superintendent of police 

1468
01:21:35,300 --> 01:21:38,000
multiple times to discuss 
Logistics and security. 

1469
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,300
The superintendent is tired, 
looking man named Richard 

1470
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:44,100
Silvestre. 
Clearly Wishes the suffrage 

1471
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:46,400
procession would happen 
somewhere else or not at all. 

1472
01:21:47,200 --> 01:21:50,100
He worries about crowd-control, 
he worries about traffic 

1473
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:52,900
disruption and he worries about 
his Department's reputation. 

1474
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:56,300
If anything goes wrong, He 
suggests that the women march on

1475
01:21:56,300 --> 01:21:59,600
a side street, in stead of 
Pennsylvania Avenue, perhaps a 

1476
01:21:59,600 --> 01:22:01,500
route through residential 
neighborhoods, where fewer 

1477
01:22:01,500 --> 01:22:04,300
people will notice them, Alice, 
refuses immediately. 

1478
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:07,800
Pennsylvania Avenue is the main 
ceremonial route through 

1479
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:10,700
Washington presidents. 
Use it, during an allegation 

1480
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:14,400
that symbolic importance matters
in enormously to the suffrage. 

1481
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:17,700
Cause she points out that other 
groups receive permits for 

1482
01:22:17,700 --> 01:22:21,300
Pennsylvania, Avenue, regularly 
military parades happen there. 

1483
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:25,500
Civic celebrations happen, there
denying the suffrage procession,

1484
01:22:25,500 --> 01:22:28,300
this route would be obvious 
discrimination, the 

1485
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:30,500
superintendent of eventually, 
Grant the permit. 

1486
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:33,000
But warns that his Department 
cannot guarantee adequate 

1487
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:35,800
protection. 
He says the city will be too 

1488
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:37,900
crowded. 
Claims his officers will be 

1489
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:40,500
stretched thin managing 
inauguration festivities. 

1490
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:44,200
Alice notes, his words carefully
in her leather bound notebook, 

1491
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:48,400
She suspects he's creating an 
excuse for what might happen if 

1492
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:50,600
violence occurs. 
He wants to say, he warned 

1493
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:53,800
everyone in advance. 
She leaves the meeting feeling 

1494
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:56,800
uneasy but determined the parade
will happen on Pennsylvania 

1495
01:22:56,800 --> 01:22:58,700
Avenue. 
Regardless of what the police 

1496
01:22:58,700 --> 01:23:02,300
department does or does not do. 
Meanwhile, recruitment continues

1497
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,800
across the country letters, go 
out to suffrage organizations in

1498
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:08,800
every state. 
The message emphasizes the 

1499
01:23:08,800 --> 01:23:12,700
historic nature of this moment. 
This parade will be the largest 

1500
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:14,900
demonstration for women's rights
in American history. 

1501
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:18,900
Every woman who participates 
becomes part of that history, 

1502
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:21,900
women's groups in New York, 
decided to send a large 

1503
01:23:21,900 --> 01:23:25,000
delegation, they organize 
fundraising events to pay for 

1504
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:27,600
train tickets. 
They designed matching sashes 

1505
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:29,700
identifying them as New York 
suffragists. 

1506
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:33,200
California plans to send 
representatives to despite the 

1507
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:36,500
enormous distance California. 
Women already have voting 

1508
01:23:36,500 --> 01:23:38,500
rights. 
They want to march in Washington

1509
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:41,300
to show other states what 
political equality looks like. 

1510
01:23:41,300 --> 01:23:45,800
Even small towns in rural areas.
Begin organizing groups, a 

1511
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:48,500
letter arrives from Nebraska 
reporting that 12 women plan to 

1512
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:51,200
make the journey. 
Another letter from Vermont 

1513
01:23:51,200 --> 01:23:54,100
mentioned eight. 
Participants A parade starts 

1514
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,500
taking shape in Alice's mind as 
a massive demonstration of 

1515
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:02,000
women's organizational capacity.
Every March represents hours of 

1516
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:05,200
local coordination and 
fundraising, every delegation 

1517
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:08,300
demonstrates that suffrage 
support extends, far beyond big 

1518
01:24:08,300 --> 01:24:12,500
cities and Elite circles. 
Some women will travel for days 

1519
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:14,800
to reach Washington. 
They will sleep in boarding 

1520
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:17,000
houses, or with supportive 
families willing to host 

1521
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:19,500
suffragists. 
It will spend money, they can 

1522
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:22,000
barely afford on, train tickets,
and accommodations. 

1523
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:25,200
Alice feels the weight of their 
faith in her vision. 

1524
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:28,000
These women trust that the 
parade will be worth their 

1525
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:30,400
sacrifice. 
She cannot let them down. 

1526
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:34,100
The headquarters receives 
hundreds of letters from women 

1527
01:24:34,100 --> 01:24:37,200
asking practical questions. 
What should we wear? 

1528
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:40,700
Where should we meet? 
Will there be food of available?

1529
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:44,100
Can we bring children? 
The staff develops details, 

1530
01:24:44,100 --> 01:24:46,200
instruction sheets, answering 
common questions. 

1531
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,700
Every participant receives a 
packet explaining Logistics. 

1532
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:52,200
Nothing can be left to chance or
confusion. 

1533
01:24:53,100 --> 01:24:56,200
One major concern, involves the 
physical demands of marching. 

1534
01:24:56,200 --> 01:25:00,200
The route covers one and a half 
miles some elderly women. 

1535
01:25:00,200 --> 01:25:01,700
Worry, they cannot walk that 
far. 

1536
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:04,800
Others have health conditions, 
that limit their endurance, 

1537
01:25:04,800 --> 01:25:08,600
Alice arranges for automobiles 
to carry women who cannot March 

1538
01:25:08,600 --> 01:25:12,400
the full distance. 
This also adds visual variety to

1539
01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:15,700
the procession, not just marches
on foot but decorated Vehicles, 

1540
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:19,500
creating moving pageantry. 
She recruits women who own cars 

1541
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,200
and asks them to decorate their 
vehicles with suffrage colors. 

1542
01:25:23,000 --> 01:25:25,700
The result will be a fleet of 
purple and gold Autumn reveals 

1543
01:25:25,700 --> 01:25:28,800
carrying Riders waving banners, 
the headquarters buzzes with 

1544
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:31,800
activity every day. 
Seems stresses work in one 

1545
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:33,400
corner. 
Altering costumes to fit 

1546
01:25:33,400 --> 01:25:36,200
different body types. 
Artists, paint banners in 

1547
01:25:36,200 --> 01:25:39,000
another area using bold letters 
visible from blocks away. 

1548
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:41,100
One room becomes a costume 
Workshop. 

1549
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:44,700
Volunteers so white dresses for 
Marchers who cannot afford to 

1550
01:25:44,700 --> 01:25:46,700
provide their own other 
volunteers. 

1551
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,200
Create elaborate, allegorical 
costumes for the floats. 

1552
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,300
Someone has the idea to include 
a Harold on Horseback at the 

1553
01:25:52,308 --> 01:25:55,000
front of the procession. 
Alice immediately sees the 

1554
01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:58,000
dramatic potential. 
A woman on Horseback will 

1555
01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:01,300
capture attention and look. 
Magnificent in photographs, The 

1556
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:04,000
Herald will ride ahead of the 
main procession where wearing a 

1557
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:06,500
flowing cape. 
She will carry a trumpet to 

1558
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:09,600
announce the parade approached. 
Her appearance will signal that?

1559
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:11,500
Something significant is about 
to happen. 

1560
01:26:12,600 --> 01:26:14,900
Finding the right person for 
this role takes several 

1561
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:17,000
interviews. 
The woman must ride 

1562
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:20,400
exceptionally well She must look
comfortable in costume. 

1563
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:23,700
She must also believe deeply 
enough in suffrage to accept the

1564
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:25,400
attention and potential 
ridicule. 

1565
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:29,900
A lawyer named Inez milholland 
volunteers for the position, she

1566
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:31,900
rides, expertly and possesses 
striking. 

1567
01:26:31,900 --> 01:26:34,800
Looks that photograph 
beautifully, she is tall and 

1568
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:38,400
graceful with dark hair, that 
flows dramatically Alice, 

1569
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:41,700
approves immediately Yanez will 
make the perfect Harold. 

1570
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:44,800
Her appearance will give the 
parade a mythological quality. 

1571
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:48,600
Slowly come together like a 
complex puzzle. 

1572
01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:51,800
Each element must fit precisely 
with all the others. 

1573
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,700
By late February, the parade has
expanded Beyond Alice's initial 

1574
01:26:55,700 --> 01:26:58,700
Vision, more women want to 
participate than she expected. 

1575
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:02,200
The final count. 
Looks like it will exceed 9,000 

1576
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:05,600
Marchers, the logistics growing 
increasingly complex with the 

1577
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,300
new participants. 
More sections mean more 

1578
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:10,300
coordination. 
More Marchers mean more 

1579
01:27:10,300 --> 01:27:13,500
potential for confusion but 
Alice never considers scaling 

1580
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:16,700
back, bigger means better. 
In this case, bigger means 

1581
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:20,800
impossible to ignore bigger 
means, historic, She works 

1582
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:23,600
through every night now. 
Sleep becomes a luxury. 

1583
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,500
She cannot afford. 
There is always another letter 

1584
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:30,100
to write and other detail to 
finalize and other problem to 

1585
01:27:30,100 --> 01:27:32,400
solve her staff worries about 
her health. 

1586
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:36,600
Her she looks gaunt and 
exhausted, but she refuses to 

1587
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:39,100
slow down. 
Everything must be perfect for 

1588
01:27:39,100 --> 01:27:41,800
March 3rd. 
You arrived in Washington on 

1589
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:44,700
March 1st. 
The city already feels crowded 

1590
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:47,700
with inauguration. 
Visitors trains, keep bringing 

1591
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:49,500
more people throughout the day 
and night. 

1592
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,300
The platform at Union Station 
teams with Travelers carrying 

1593
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:57,300
luggage Hotel, Porters. 
Shout for attention cab drivers 

1594
01:27:57,300 --> 01:28:01,000
compete for fairs. 
The noise is overwhelming after 

1595
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,800
the quiet of your train journey,
hotels display signs saying they

1596
01:28:04,800 --> 01:28:08,000
have no vacancies, every room in
the city has been booked for 

1597
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,500
weeks restaurants, serve meals, 
to waiting customers standing in

1598
01:28:11,500 --> 01:28:14,000
lines that stretch down 
sidewalks and around corners. 

1599
01:28:14,000 --> 01:28:17,200
You find the boarding house with
suffragists of arranged 

1600
01:28:17,200 --> 01:28:19,900
accommodations. 
The narrow building stands on a 

1601
01:28:19,908 --> 01:28:22,200
residential street. 
Several blocks from downtown 

1602
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:26,800
Upland, gold Banner hangs from 
the second floor window inside 

1603
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:30,300
women occupy every available 
space some sleep, two or three 

1604
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:32,600
to a bed. 
Others make do with pallets on 

1605
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:34,700
the floor. 
Everyone shares the single 

1606
01:28:34,700 --> 01:28:38,000
bathroom in shifts. 
The atmosphere mixes excitement 

1607
01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:41,200
with nervousness women from 
different states, introduced 

1608
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:43,500
themselves and exchange stories 
about their Journeys. 

1609
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:46,600
Some traveled for three days to 
reach, Washington. 

1610
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:50,400
Others came from nearby States 
but still made significant 

1611
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:54,700
sacrifices to participate. a 
teacher from Ohio explains that 

1612
01:28:54,700 --> 01:28:58,600
she used her, entire Winter 
savings, for the train ticket, A

1613
01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:00,900
factory worker from 
Massachusetts, took unpaid leave

1614
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:04,200
from her job an elderly woman 
from Pennsylvania, brought her 

1615
01:29:04,200 --> 01:29:05,400
granddaughter to witness 
history. 

1616
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:09,000
Each story reinforces the 
importance of what will happen 

1617
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:11,300
tomorrow. 
The suffrage headquarters 

1618
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:15,100
operates at maximum capacity. 
You visit on March 2nd to 

1619
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,800
receive your final instructions.
Volunteers work around the clock

1620
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:22,500
preparing last minute details. 
The building smells of fresh 

1621
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:24,200
paint, and coffee and nervous 
energy. 

1622
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:28,900
Alice has barely slept in weeks,
dark circles show under her eyes

1623
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:32,200
like bruises a hands Shake 
slightly when she holds papers 

1624
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:35,100
but her voice remained steady 
and her energy. 

1625
01:29:35,100 --> 01:29:38,200
Never Flags, she moves through 
the headquarters, giving 

1626
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:41,500
directions and solving problems.
Someone lost their Banner. 

1627
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:43,700
Someone else needs a costume 
adjusted. 

1628
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:47,200
A group from Virginia arrived 
without their assigned section 

1629
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:50,000
leader. 
Alice handles every crisis, 

1630
01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:53,600
calmly and efficiently. 
Seems to hold the entire parade 

1631
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:55,000
structure in her mind 
simultaneously. 

1632
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:57,800
She knows where every section 
should be. 

1633
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:00,800
And when every group should 
arrive, The parades order of 

1634
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:04,000
March has been finalized and 
printed on cards distributed to 

1635
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:06,300
all. 
Participants each section knows 

1636
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:08,900
its position. 
Each group knows when to arrive 

1637
01:30:08,900 --> 01:30:10,600
at the stage in area and where 
to line up. 

1638
01:30:11,600 --> 01:30:13,700
The procession will begin with 
NES Mill, Holland. 

1639
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:17,400
As Harold on Horseback then 
comes a large float, carrying a 

1640
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:20,600
woman dressed as Columbia the 
female personification of 

1641
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:24,100
America, she will wear flowing 
robes and a crown of stars 

1642
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:26,700
bands, will provide music 
throughout the parade. 

1643
01:30:26,700 --> 01:30:29,900
Alice has recruited military 
bands, College bands, and 

1644
01:30:29,908 --> 01:30:33,500
Community bands. 
Music will keep marches in step 

1645
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:35,600
and lift Spirits. 
After the float. 

1646
01:30:35,600 --> 01:30:37,700
Come the Marchers organized by 
profession. 

1647
01:30:37,700 --> 01:30:41,000
This Arrangement serves 
strategic purpose, it 

1648
01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:43,500
demonstrates visually. 
That women work in every field 

1649
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,300
of American Life. 
Doctors will March together 

1650
01:30:46,300 --> 01:30:49,400
wearing white medical coats. 
Their Banner reads, women 

1651
01:30:49,400 --> 01:30:53,000
Physicians for equal rights. 
Lawyers, March in another 

1652
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:55,200
section. 
Teachers form, one of the 

1653
01:30:55,200 --> 01:30:58,100
largest professional groups, 
nurses arrived in their 

1654
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:01,300
distinctive uniforms artists and
writers form their own 

1655
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:04,000
contingent. 
Factory workers marched to 

1656
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:07,100
represent women in 
manufacturing, social workers 

1657
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:09,300
demonstrate the reform movements
that women lead. 

1658
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:12,900
College students marching their 
academic robes. 

1659
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:16,800
These young women represent the 
future of the movement, many 

1660
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:19,600
attend schools, that did not 
even admit women a generation 

1661
01:31:19,600 --> 01:31:23,000
earlier their presence proves 
that women can pursue higher 

1662
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:26,000
education successfully. 
Behind the professional 

1663
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,800
sections, come delegations 
organized by state each state 

1664
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:32,500
carries, its own Banner showing 
its name in a large letters. 

1665
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:36,300
The number of Marchers from each
state varies wildly based on 

1666
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:38,500
distance and local organization 
strength. 

1667
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:43,200
New York sends of women. 
The city has a large and active 

1668
01:31:43,200 --> 01:31:46,300
suffrage movement. 
California sends a smaller but 

1669
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:50,000
symbolically important 
delegation Wyoming sends a group

1670
01:31:50,000 --> 01:31:52,700
that carries special Pride, as 
the first state to grant women 

1671
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:57,200
full voting rights back in 1869,
Southern States, send smaller 

1672
01:31:57,200 --> 01:32:01,000
delegations suffrage faces, more
resistant in the South where 

1673
01:32:01,000 --> 01:32:05,000
traditional gender roles remain 
more rigid, the very end, March 

1674
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:09,100
male supporters, Alice debated 
whether to include men, Some 

1675
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:11,900
suffragists worried that male 
participation undermines the 

1676
01:32:11,900 --> 01:32:15,400
message that women can organize 
and Lead their own movement, she

1677
01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:17,900
decides to allow it because she 
wants to demonstrate that 

1678
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:19,600
suffrage has supported across 
Society. 

1679
01:32:20,600 --> 01:32:23,200
The men marched last to make 
absolutely clear this is 

1680
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:26,800
fundamentally, a women's 
movement, the men come as allies

1681
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:30,700
and supporters, not leaders. 
Staging area will be at the 

1682
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:32,900
Capitol. 
This location offers both 

1683
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:35,000
symbolic power and practical 
space. 

1684
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:38,800
Capitol, grounds can accommodate
thousands of Marchers assembling

1685
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:41,400
in sections. 
Marchers will begin gathering at

1686
01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:43,900
noon. 
The procession starts at 3:00 in

1687
01:32:43,908 --> 01:32:46,900
the afternoon, the timing has 
been calculated carefully, 

1688
01:32:46,900 --> 01:32:51,000
Woodrow Wilson arrives in 
Washington at 3:30, his train 

1689
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:53,800
from New Jersey is scheduled to 
reach Union Station, half an 

1690
01:32:53,800 --> 01:32:57,100
hour after the parade begins. 
Alice hopes, the cities 

1691
01:32:57,100 --> 01:32:59,400
attention will be focused 
entirely on the suffrage 

1692
01:32:59,400 --> 01:33:01,900
procession when the president 
elect arrives. 

1693
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:05,600
She wants him to step off his 
train and find the capital 

1694
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:07,700
consumed by demands for women's 
rights. 

1695
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:11,100
She wants suffrage to be the 
story of inauguration weekend. 

1696
01:33:11,100 --> 01:33:14,900
Not just a footnote. 
On March 2nd, the headquarters, 

1697
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:17,800
received troubling news. 
The police department has 

1698
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:20,700
assigned only about 100 officers
to manage the parade route. 

1699
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:23,900
This number seems wildly 
insufficient for a parade 

1700
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:27,900
expected to draw massive crowds.
Alice immediately recognizes the

1701
01:33:27,900 --> 01:33:31,200
problem Pennsylvania. 
Avenue on inauguration weekend, 

1702
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:34,800
will be packed with visitors. 
100 officers, cannot control 

1703
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:36,300
crowds along a mile and a half 
route. 

1704
01:33:36,300 --> 01:33:39,100
She meets again with 
superintendent Sylvester and 

1705
01:33:39,100 --> 01:33:42,100
request more officers. 
He claims no additional staff 

1706
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:45,300
can be spared, the department 
needs officers at the train 

1707
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:49,100
station at the hotels. 
At the Capitol, every office is 

1708
01:33:49,100 --> 01:33:52,200
a signed somewhere. 
Alice takes detailed notes of 

1709
01:33:52,200 --> 01:33:53,800
the conversation in her leather 
notebook. 

1710
01:33:53,800 --> 01:33:57,600
She wants a precise record of 
what was promised and what was 

1711
01:33:57,600 --> 01:33:59,800
denied. 
She has learned to document 

1712
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:02,500
everything when dealing with 
officials who might later deny 

1713
01:34:02,500 --> 01:34:05,300
their own statements. 
She leaves the meeting convinced

1714
01:34:05,300 --> 01:34:07,600
that the police department 
either does not care about 

1715
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:10,600
protecting the Marchers or 
actively hopes something goes 

1716
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:14,600
wrong. that evening Alice speaks
at a rally to boost morale, 

1717
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:18,200
hundreds of women attending the 
procession gather at a church to

1718
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:22,400
hear her Pews Phil, completely 
women stand, along the walls and

1719
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:25,400
crowd the doorway. 
Alice keeps her remarks brief 

1720
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:28,000
and practical. 
She explains the parade route in

1721
01:34:28,000 --> 01:34:30,500
detail. 
She reminds everyone to remain 

1722
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:32,200
calm, regardless of what 
happens. 

1723
01:34:32,800 --> 01:34:35,400
She emphasizes maintaining 
dignity at all costs. 

1724
01:34:35,400 --> 01:34:37,900
She does not mention her 
concerns about police 

1725
01:34:37,900 --> 01:34:40,200
protection. 
No need to increase everyone's 

1726
01:34:40,200 --> 01:34:43,400
anxiety. 
Her voice carries absolute 

1727
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:45,700
confidence. 
She makes the success of 

1728
01:34:45,708 --> 01:34:47,800
tomorrow. 
Sound inevitable, the women, in 

1729
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:50,600
the audience, sit up straighter,
they feel their nervousness 

1730
01:34:50,600 --> 01:34:54,800
transforming into determination.
After the rally, volunteers 

1731
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:56,800
returned to headquarters to 
prepare materials for 

1732
01:34:56,800 --> 01:34:59,900
distribution tomorrow, thousands
of leaflets explaining the 

1733
01:34:59,900 --> 01:35:02,400
suffrage of being printed on 
cream colored paper. 

1734
01:35:02,400 --> 01:35:05,700
The plan involves handing these 
to Spectators along the Route, 

1735
01:35:05,700 --> 01:35:09,000
Alice wants every person who 
watches to receive information 

1736
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:12,000
about why women deserve the vote
even hostile. 

1737
01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:15,100
Spectators might read a leaflet 
later and reconsider their views

1738
01:35:15,100 --> 01:35:18,700
the leaflet summarize key 
Arguments for suffrage in simple

1739
01:35:18,700 --> 01:35:22,500
language women, pay taxes but 
cannot vote on how that money is

1740
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:25,200
spent. 
Women must obey laws but cannot 

1741
01:35:25,200 --> 01:35:27,500
vote on what those laws should 
be women. 

1742
01:35:27,500 --> 01:35:30,400
Work in factories and offices 
but cannot vote on labor 

1743
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:33,000
regulations. 
The arguments are logical and 

1744
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:36,300
difficult to refute. 
You help load boxes of leaflets.

1745
01:35:36,300 --> 01:35:39,300
Into automobiles the papers 
smell of fresh Inc. 

1746
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:42,300
Your hands turned slightly Gray 
from handling them. 

1747
01:35:42,300 --> 01:35:45,200
The March night air feels cold 
but not unbearably. 

1748
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:48,700
So Weather reports, predict, 
partly, cloudy skies, for 

1749
01:35:48,700 --> 01:35:50,400
tomorrow. 
With temperatures in the 40s. 

1750
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:53,400
Not ideal parade weather, but 
not terrible either. 

1751
01:35:53,400 --> 01:35:57,300
At least it should not Reign 
Reign would ruin costumes and 

1752
01:35:57,300 --> 01:36:02,000
dampen Spirits, Alice is worried
constantly about whether You 

1753
01:36:02,000 --> 01:36:04,900
cannot control it but she checks
forecasts obsessively anyway. 

1754
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:09,500
Back at The Boarding House, 
women prepare their outfits for 

1755
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:11,700
tomorrow. 
White dresses, get pressed 

1756
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:15,200
carefully, purple and gold 
sashes, get folded, and packed 

1757
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:18,200
comfortable walking shoes. 
Get polished even though they 

1758
01:36:18,200 --> 01:36:19,800
will become Dusty during the 
march. 

1759
01:36:20,600 --> 01:36:23,600
Everyone tries to sleep but 
excitement makes rest difficult.

1760
01:36:24,400 --> 01:36:26,900
You lie, awake listening to 
whispered conversations in the 

1761
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:29,500
Darkness. 
Someone asks, if anyone else 

1762
01:36:29,500 --> 01:36:32,900
feels frightened, another voice 
answers that being frightened is

1763
01:36:32,900 --> 01:36:34,900
normal, but they should do it 
anyway. 

1764
01:36:36,300 --> 01:36:38,800
The conversation continues 
softly for a while, before 

1765
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:40,500
gradually trailing off into 
silent. 

1766
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:43,600
He finally drift to sleep 
thinking about tomorrow. 

1767
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:47,400
Everything has been building 
toward March 3rd, all the 

1768
01:36:47,408 --> 01:36:50,200
planning and organizing and 
fundraising comes down to a few 

1769
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:53,400
hours on Pennsylvania Avenue. 
Either the parade will succeed 

1770
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:55,500
spectacularly or fail 
embarrassingly. 

1771
01:36:55,500 --> 01:36:58,800
There seems to be no middle 
ground tomorrow will reveal 

1772
01:36:58,800 --> 01:37:00,400
which possibility become 
reality. 

1773
01:37:01,500 --> 01:37:05,300
You wake early on March 3rd week
Dawn, light filters through thin

1774
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:08,000
curtains, the city already 
sounds busy. 

1775
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:09,800
Even though the hour is barely 
pass 6. 

1776
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:12,700
Voices carry through the 
boarding house walls. 

1777
01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:16,500
Footsteps crossed the floor, 
above you doors, slam, as people

1778
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:19,000
leave the inauguration 
festivities that will fill this 

1779
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:20,500
day. 
You lie. 

1780
01:37:20,500 --> 01:37:22,500
Still for a moment, listening to
the sounds of the city. 

1781
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:25,800
Waking your heart beats faster 
than normal today. 

1782
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:30,100
Matters in ways that feel both 
personal and historic, Breakfast

1783
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:31,900
happens. 
Quickly in the crowded Boarding 

1784
01:37:31,900 --> 01:37:34,600
House, dining room, you eat 
bread with butter and drink 

1785
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:36,300
coffee. 
That tastes bitter and strong. 

1786
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:39,400
The coffee helps. 
Push away the last fog of sleep.

1787
01:37:40,400 --> 01:37:42,600
Other women at your table are 
also marching today. 

1788
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,100
Everyone reviews assignments, 
while eating. 

1789
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:48,600
You will march with the writers 
and artists section your group 

1790
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:50,800
will assemble near the capitol. 
At one, in the afternoon 

1791
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:53,600
conversation flows, nervously 
around the table. 

1792
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:57,000
Someone jokes about getting 
arrested someone else worries 

1793
01:37:57,000 --> 01:38:00,000
about hostile. 
Crowds an older woman reminded 

1794
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:03,100
everyone that their cause is 
just, and therefore success is 

1795
01:38:03,100 --> 01:38:08,200
certain The morning passes in a 
blur of nervous preparation you 

1796
01:38:08,200 --> 01:38:11,100
check your white dress for 
wrinkles and find a small stain 

1797
01:38:11,100 --> 01:38:13,600
near the Hem. 
You try to clean it with a damp 

1798
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:17,200
cloth, but the stain remains 
visible you decide it does not 

1799
01:38:17,208 --> 01:38:19,700
matter. 
No one will notice a small stain

1800
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:23,100
among thousands of Marchers you 
practice holding your sections 

1801
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,200
Banner at the correct angle. 
The banner is heavier than you 

1802
01:38:26,200 --> 01:38:28,300
expected. 
Your arms will ache by the end 

1803
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,800
of the parade other women in The
Boarding House help each other 

1804
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:32,900
with costume adjustments and 
hair Arrangements. 

1805
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:36,200
Someone has brought extra safety
pins, which get passed around. 

1806
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:40,100
And Other Woman shares ribbons 
for tying back hair the 

1807
01:38:40,100 --> 01:38:42,000
atmosphere feels like preparing 
for battle. 

1808
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:45,700
Everyone helps everyone else. 
No one wants to arrive at the 

1809
01:38:45,708 --> 01:38:49,200
Capitol unprepared. 
Shortly after noon you leave for

1810
01:38:49,208 --> 01:38:52,600
the staging area the streets 
grow more crowded with every 

1811
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,600
block you walk washing 
Washington has transformed into 

1812
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:59,200
a carnival men in suits what 
purposefully toward downtown. 

1813
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:02,700
Family strolled together looking
for good viewing spots for the 

1814
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:06,100
inauguration parade tomorrow 
children dart between adults 

1815
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:09,400
chasing each other and shrieking
with laughter Street vendors 

1816
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,800
sell flags and souvenirs from 
wooden cars. 

1817
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:15,100
Someone offers roasted chestnuts
for five cents a bag. 

1818
01:39:16,200 --> 01:39:19,200
The smell of cooking meat. 
Drifts from a restaurant, the 

1819
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:20,800
mood feels festive throughout 
the city. 

1820
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:26,600
Washington loves inaugurations 
the peaceful transfer of power 

1821
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:29,100
between presidents. 
Get celebrated with parades and 

1822
01:39:29,100 --> 01:39:33,300
parties and general revelry. 
Most people on the street seem 

1823
01:39:33,300 --> 01:39:35,400
unaware that another procession 
is about to happen. 

1824
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:38,200
They have come to Washington to 
celebrate Woodrow. 

1825
01:39:38,200 --> 01:39:40,400
Wilson the suffrage, parade 
exists. 

1826
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:43,000
Outside their awareness. 
This will change shortly. 

1827
01:39:44,100 --> 01:39:47,100
You reach the capitol grounds 
and find organized chaos spread 

1828
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:48,900
across Acres of lawn and 
pavement. 

1829
01:39:49,600 --> 01:39:52,600
Thousands of women mil around 
trying to locate their assigned 

1830
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:55,000
sections. 
Volunteers wearing purple 

1831
01:39:55,000 --> 01:39:58,300
armbands direct traffic. 
They carry clipboards and check 

1832
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,100
off names on Long lists. 
The logistics rival, and 

1833
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:03,800
Military operation. 
Every detail has been planned, 

1834
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:05,800
but reality always includes 
complications. 

1835
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:08,700
The professional sections line 
up first. 

1836
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:11,600
According to the planned order 
of March, you watch doctors in 

1837
01:40:11,608 --> 01:40:13,700
white medical coats gather under
their Banner. 

1838
01:40:13,700 --> 01:40:17,800
They look dignified and serious 
several carry medical bags as 

1839
01:40:17,800 --> 01:40:19,400
props. 
Identifying their profession 

1840
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:22,300
Teachers form, unique rows 
behind their Banner. 

1841
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:25,000
Many where the simple dark 
dresses, they wear to 

1842
01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:27,700
classrooms. 
Nurses, arrived wearing their 

1843
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:31,400
distinctive uniforms with white 
caps and aprons everyone looks 

1844
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:34,800
determined and slightly nervous.
This strange combination of 

1845
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:38,500
emotions shows on every face. 
The college students create a 

1846
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:41,500
splash of color with their 
academic robes, the robes are 

1847
01:40:41,500 --> 01:40:44,300
black, but purple and gold 
sashes, mark them, clearly as 

1848
01:40:44,300 --> 01:40:48,700
suffragists Their youth and 
energy project optimism, that 

1849
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:50,300
the older March is sometimes 
lack. 

1850
01:40:51,100 --> 01:40:54,100
These young women have grown up 
hearing about suffrage for them.

1851
01:40:54,100 --> 01:40:57,000
Voting rights feel inevitable 
rather than impossible. 

1852
01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:01,100
Their confidence is contagious. 
State delegations begin 

1853
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,400
assembling in their designated 
areas, women from state where 

1854
01:41:04,400 --> 01:41:08,000
voting has already legal carry 
special Pride, they marched to 

1855
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:10,700
demonstrate what political 
equality looks like in practice.

1856
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:13,200
The New York delegation is 
enormous. 

1857
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,200
They have brought their own 
band, their Banners are 

1858
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:19,000
professionally painted and 
mounted on poles that glean in 

1859
01:41:19,008 --> 01:41:21,900
the afternoon light. 
California's delegation is 

1860
01:41:21,900 --> 01:41:25,900
smaller, but no less proud, they
were yellow, Rose's pinned to 

1861
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:29,100
their dresses, the yellow rose 
has become a symbol of suffrage 

1862
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:31,600
in California. 
Even states with tiny 

1863
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:35,100
delegations assembled with 
dignity Vermont sends only six 

1864
01:41:35,100 --> 01:41:38,100
women, but they marched together
under their state Banner as if 

1865
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:41,900
they represent an army. the 
atmosphere mixes excitement with

1866
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:46,300
tension, everyone senses the 
importance of this moment years 

1867
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:49,100
of organizing and hoping and 
arguing come down to this 

1868
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:53,100
afternoon Near 2, oclock Inez 
milholland arrives on her horse.

1869
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:57,000
The horse is a magnificent, gray
animal with a long flowing Mane.

1870
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:00,400
In EZ wears a white Cape, that 
drapes dramatically over the 

1871
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:02,500
saddle and trails almost to the 
ground. 

1872
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:05,700
A Golden Crown sits on her dark 
hair. 

1873
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:08,500
Catching the sunlight. 
She looks like a figure from 

1874
01:42:08,500 --> 01:42:11,700
mythology, ready to lead an army
into a legendary battle. 

1875
01:42:12,500 --> 01:42:13,800
The crowd of Marchers. 
Cheers. 

1876
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,400
When they see her, the sound of 
thousands of voices raised 

1877
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:19,100
together. 
Sends shivers down your spine, 

1878
01:42:19,100 --> 01:42:23,600
Enos smiles and waves. 
She controls the horse, expertly

1879
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:25,300
with one hand while holding a 
long trumpet. 

1880
01:42:25,300 --> 01:42:27,900
In the other. 
She is practiced riding with the

1881
01:42:27,900 --> 01:42:29,900
trumpet for weeks to ensure she 
looks natural. 

1882
01:42:29,900 --> 01:42:34,400
Alice moves through the sections
giving final instructions, she 

1883
01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:36,600
reminds everyone to maintain 
dignity, regardless of what 

1884
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:40,500
happened, she emphasizes walking
steadily, and ignoring hecklers.

1885
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:42,700
She tells Marchers to help each 
other. 

1886
01:42:42,700 --> 01:42:46,500
If anyone stumbles or falls 
behind her composure, helps calm

1887
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:49,000
nervous, Marchers. 
If Alice believes they will 

1888
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:50,900
succeed, they can believe it 
too. 

1889
01:42:51,900 --> 01:42:53,900
The bands tuned their 
instruments, creating a 

1890
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:56,600
cacophony of random notes. 
Floats. 

1891
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:59,600
Wait in position with their 
elaborate decorations catching 

1892
01:42:59,600 --> 01:43:01,500
attention. 
Everything is ready. 

1893
01:43:02,200 --> 01:43:04,800
Photographers from newspapers 
position themselves to capture 

1894
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:07,800
images, they have set up, 
tripods and large cameras with 

1895
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,800
black cloth hoods. 
Alice speaks briefly with the 

1896
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:12,700
photographers. 
She wants to ensure they 

1897
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:15,000
understand the importance of 
capturing good images. 

1898
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:18,400
Photographs will determine how 
people remember this day. 

1899
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:22,600
The minutes tick passed slowly 
waiting feels harder than 

1900
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:26,800
marching will be Finally, at 
precisely 3, oclock Enos kicks 

1901
01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:29,500
her horse forward. 
The parade begins moving towards

1902
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,300
Pennsylvania Avenue. 
Music, swells, from the first 

1903
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:34,800
band. 
Thousands of feet start stepping

1904
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:37,000
in unison. 
You feel your section. 

1905
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:39,500
Beginning to move. 
The parade has begun. 

1906
01:43:39,500 --> 01:43:42,800
You step onto pencilvania Avenue
with thousands of other women. 

1907
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:46,800
The feeling defies easy 
description pride and fear mixed

1908
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,000
together in your chest, making 
it difficult to breathe. 

1909
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:52,600
Normally the Avenue stretches 
ahead wide of the any street 

1910
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:56,200
view of walked before building's
rise on both sides, creating a 

1911
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,400
corridor that channels attention
toward the Marchers, the first 

1912
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:02,900
blocks pass peacefully enough, 
Spectators line, both sides of 

1913
01:44:02,900 --> 01:44:05,600
the street, but leave adequate 
room for the parade to proceed. 

1914
01:44:06,300 --> 01:44:09,300
The crowd is several people 
deep, but orderly some people 

1915
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:12,800
cheer when the marches pass, 
they're clapping sounds thin in 

1916
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:14,400
the open air. 
But encouraging nonetheless. 

1917
01:44:14,400 --> 01:44:17,900
You see women in the crowd 
waving handkerchiefs and support

1918
01:44:17,900 --> 01:44:21,000
others, watch silently with 
unreadable Expressions. 

1919
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:24,000
The silent Watchers might be 
neutral or they might be 

1920
01:44:24,008 --> 01:44:27,400
hostile, their silence reveals, 
nothing about their thoughts. 

1921
01:44:28,300 --> 01:44:30,600
A few men make dismissive 
comments that carry to your 

1922
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:32,400
ears. 
Look at them, trying to be 

1923
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:34,300
important. 
They should be home where they 

1924
01:44:34,308 --> 01:44:36,600
belong, you try to ignore these 
voices. 

1925
01:44:36,600 --> 01:44:40,500
But they sting anyway, the bands
Place stirring March's, the 

1926
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:42,600
music helps. 
Everyone keep pace and lifts 

1927
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:45,000
Spirits. 
You recognize some of the tunes 

1928
01:44:45,000 --> 01:44:47,600
from military. 
Ceremony is the familiar music 

1929
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:49,500
makes the parade feel official 
and important. 

1930
01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:53,300
Esri rides ahead carrying her 
Cape dramatically in the Wind. 

1931
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:56,000
Photographers rushed to capture 
Her Image. 

1932
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:59,800
She understands the assignment 
perfectly and poses, naturally, 

1933
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:03,300
while maintaining Forward 
Motion, her horse, prances 

1934
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:07,200
beautifully The combination of 
the gray horse, the white cape 

1935
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:09,700
and the Golden Crown creates an 
image that will appear in 

1936
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:13,100
newspapers across the country. 
The float carrying Columbia 

1937
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:16,200
follows next, the woman 
portraying her where was flowing

1938
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:20,200
white robes cinched with a gold 
belt, she holds a lot to staff 

1939
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,100
topped with an eagle. 
Her other hand rests on a shield

1940
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:27,000
painted with stars and stripes 
The float moves slowly, pulled 

1941
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:31,000
by white horses, flowers. 
Decorate, every surface, the 

1942
01:45:31,000 --> 01:45:34,700
effect is both patriotic and 
mythological behind the floats. 

1943
01:45:34,700 --> 01:45:38,200
The professional women, March, 
an organized ranks, their 

1944
01:45:38,200 --> 01:45:41,000
banners identify their 
occupations clearly lawyer. 

1945
01:45:41,000 --> 01:45:47,100
Physician Professor social 
worker librarian journalist This

1946
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:50,700
visual demonstration matters 
enormously for the cause one 

1947
01:45:50,700 --> 01:45:53,600
common argument against suffrage
claims women do not participate 

1948
01:45:53,600 --> 01:45:56,800
meaningfully in public life. the
parade proves otherwise with 

1949
01:45:56,800 --> 01:46:01,100
every step women work, women 
contribute, women organized, 

1950
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:05,000
women lead, the evidence March 
is down Pennsylvania Avenue, 

1951
01:46:05,000 --> 01:46:08,400
impossible to deny you march 
with the writers and artists 

1952
01:46:08,400 --> 01:46:12,000
your sectioning includes 
novelists journalists poets and 

1953
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:14,200
Painters. 
The banner overhead reads 

1954
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:16,200
literary Arts workers for equal 
rights. 

1955
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:18,500
The banner feels heavy in your 
hands. 

1956
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:21,500
Your arms already ate from 
holding it at the correct angle.

1957
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:24,400
You will need to switch hands 
frequently to avoid. 

1958
01:46:24,400 --> 01:46:29,200
Exhaustion around you march 
women, whose work you admire A 

1959
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:31,900
poet, whose verses you memorize.
As a girl walks, three, rows 

1960
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:34,300
ahead, a journalist who covered 
labor strikes. 

1961
01:46:34,300 --> 01:46:37,200
Marches beside you an 
illustrator whose drawings 

1962
01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:39,900
appear in magazines, carries the
other side of the banner, you 

1963
01:46:39,900 --> 01:46:42,500
feel honored to march with them.
Their presence makes your own 

1964
01:46:42,508 --> 01:46:45,800
participation feel more 
legitimate for several blocks. 

1965
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:49,000
Everything proceeds smoothly, 
the crowd remains manageable 

1966
01:46:49,000 --> 01:46:52,400
police officers stand at regular
intervals, watching the parade 

1967
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:55,600
pass the officers, wear their 
dress uniforms with brass 

1968
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:59,600
buttons, polished to high shine 
they stand with hands clasped 

1969
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:03,300
behind their backs, looking 
official, but uninvolved Then 

1970
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:06,600
you notice changes ahead, The 
Spectators press closer to the 

1971
01:47:06,608 --> 01:47:09,000
marching line. 
They leaned forward trying to 

1972
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:11,700
get better views. 
Their bodies encroach gradually 

1973
01:47:11,700 --> 01:47:13,100
into the space meant for 
Marchers. 

1974
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:16,400
Police officers, seemed fewer 
and less attentive than before. 

1975
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:20,700
Gaps appear in crowd control, 
Holt sections of sidewalk have 

1976
01:47:20,700 --> 01:47:24,400
no officers visible at all. 
Men begin pushing forward from 

1977
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:27,500
the sidewalks into the street. 
They do not move aggressively at

1978
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:30,700
first, there are encroachment 
feels almost accidentally. 

1979
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:34,800
They simply want better views 
and do not, think about blocking

1980
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:37,100
the route. 
But the cumulative effect 

1981
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,400
creates problems, the Marchers. 
Maintain formation despite 

1982
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:43,300
decreasing space. 
Everyone remembers Alice's 

1983
01:47:43,300 --> 01:47:45,300
instructions, about dignity and 
persistence. 

1984
01:47:46,100 --> 01:47:48,200
But the crowd keeps pressing 
inward like water. 

1985
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:51,200
Seeking the lowest level. 
Some men, shout questions, 

1986
01:47:51,200 --> 01:47:53,600
attempting to engage the marches
in conversation. 

1987
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:55,500
Where do you think you're going 
dress? 

1988
01:47:55,500 --> 01:47:57,600
Like that? 
Why you're not home cooking 

1989
01:47:57,600 --> 01:47:59,800
dinner for your family's the 
comments? 

1990
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:02,100
Try to provoke reactions and 
create confrontation. 

1991
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:04,800
The marches. 
Stay silent and focused 

1992
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:07,300
responding to hecklers, would 
accomplish nothing. 

1993
01:48:07,300 --> 01:48:11,000
The Dignity of silence speaks 
louder than any retort. 

1994
01:48:11,800 --> 01:48:13,700
More Spectators flood into the 
street. 

1995
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:17,800
Most seemed, genuinely curious. 
Rather than hostile, they simply

1996
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:19,900
want a better View and do not 
realize they are blocking the 

1997
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:23,100
parade route, Police officers 
make half-hearted attempts to 

1998
01:48:23,108 --> 01:48:25,700
push people back. 
The gesture with their hands and

1999
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:28,100
speak words. 
You cannot hear their efforts 

2000
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:31,600
proving sufficient and brief. 
The procession slows to 

2001
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:34,800
accommodate the tighter 
conditions, Marchers, bunched, 

2002
01:48:34,800 --> 01:48:37,500
together the organized lines, 
begin breaking apart. 

2003
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:40,800
As women navigate around 
obstacles, you lose sight of the

2004
01:48:40,808 --> 01:48:43,600
floating head, the crowd has 
filled the space between 

2005
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:45,800
sections. 
What should be a continuous? 

2006
01:48:45,800 --> 01:48:49,000
Parade has become fragmented 
music from the bands. 

2007
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:52,300
Grows Fanta Too Many Bodies, 
absorb the sound before it 

2008
01:48:52,300 --> 01:48:55,100
reaches your ears. 
You can no longer March to the 

2009
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:58,600
beat of the drums, the situation
continues deteriorating with 

2010
01:48:58,600 --> 01:49:01,400
each block men. 
Now, completely block portions 

2011
01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:04,200
of the route ahead. 
They do not step aside when 

2012
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:07,800
March is approach instead. 
They stand firm forcing the 

2013
01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:10,700
women to navigate around them 
like water flowing around rocks.

2014
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:14,400
Some Spectators laugh at the 
difficulty the marches face. 

2015
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:17,700
They find humor in watching 
women struggle others look 

2016
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:21,100
uncomfortable, but do nothing to
help their discomfort does not 

2017
01:49:21,100 --> 01:49:24,300
translate into action. 
You feel your heart racing, but 

2018
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:27,400
force yourself to keep walking. 
Stopping would make things 

2019
01:49:27,400 --> 01:49:29,800
worse. 
Forward Motion is the only 

2020
01:49:29,800 --> 01:49:32,200
answer even when forward 
progress becomes difficult. 

2021
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:36,900
The March has transformed from 
celebration into struggle every 

2022
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:39,000
step forward requires intention 
and effort. 

2023
01:49:39,000 --> 01:49:42,600
Nothing comes easily. 
Now the sun moves lower in the 

2024
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:46,000
Western sky more than an hour 
has passed since the parade 

2025
01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:48,300
began. 
The Marchers should be halfway 

2026
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:50,400
to the White House by now 
instead. 

2027
01:49:50,400 --> 01:49:53,700
They have traveled perhaps a 
third of the distance this rate 

2028
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:56,400
the parade will take hours 
longer than player and some 

2029
01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:59,800
March as will not finish before 
Darkness Falls you adjust your 

2030
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:01,300
grip on the banner and keep 
walking. 

2031
01:50:02,200 --> 01:50:05,900
Around you other women do the 
same faces showed determination 

2032
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:09,100
mixed with anxiety, but no one 
turns back. 

2033
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,400
The parade must continue the 
crowd turns from obstacle to 

2034
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:16,300
threat gradually and then 
suddenly the transformation 

2035
01:50:16,300 --> 01:50:19,000
happens in stages that 
accelerate until control 

2036
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:22,300
disappears completely. 
One moment people merely stand 

2037
01:50:22,300 --> 01:50:25,200
in the way creating 
inconvenience the next moment. 

2038
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,600
They actively push and shove 
creating danger men, grabbed at 

2039
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:31,400
banners trying to pull them 
down, they catch fabric edges 

2040
01:50:31,400 --> 01:50:35,300
and yank hard, some banners, rip
under the pressure, others stay 

2041
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:36,900
intact, but tilted, wrong 
angles. 

2042
01:50:36,900 --> 01:50:40,500
They step on the hems of white 
dresses, deliberately you hear 

2043
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:44,000
fabric tearing as women try to 
walk forward while men stand on 

2044
01:50:44,000 --> 01:50:46,800
this skirts. 
The sound of ripping cloth 

2045
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:49,400
becomes common. 
They jostle Marchers with their 

2046
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:51,500
elbows and shoulders the 
jostling. 

2047
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,000
Appears accidental that happens 
to frequently to be 

2048
01:50:54,008 --> 01:50:57,100
unintentional. 
Bodies slam into March as from 

2049
01:50:57,100 --> 01:50:58,600
the side knocking them off 
balance. 

2050
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:03,100
The attacks seem random at first
individual troublemakers acting 

2051
01:51:03,100 --> 01:51:06,400
independently for their own, 
Amusement young men showing off 

2052
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:09,100
for their friends. 
Then you realize the harassment 

2053
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:12,600
is wide-spread and coordinated 
groups of positioned themselves.

2054
01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:15,600
Strategically along the Route 
they communicate with each other

2055
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,100
through gestures and shouts. 
This is organized opposition not

2056
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:22,300
spontaneous disruption. 
Groups of young men position 

2057
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:24,100
themselves to block the March 
completely. 

2058
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:26,800
They linked arms forming human, 
chains across the street. 

2059
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:30,100
When March has tried to go 
around these men move to block 

2060
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:32,400
again, they treat the whole 
thing of sport. 

2061
01:51:32,400 --> 01:51:34,100
They laugh and call to each 
other. 

2062
01:51:34,100 --> 01:51:36,700
Keeping score of how many women 
they can stop or trip. 

2063
01:51:37,300 --> 01:51:40,800
Insults fly constantly now the 
language grows crude and 

2064
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:44,000
threatening men questioned the 
femininity and morality of the 

2065
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:46,700
marches in terms that would 
never appear in newspapers. 

2066
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:49,600
They call the women unfeminine 
and unattractive. 

2067
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:52,800
They suggest no man would want 
to marry such creatures. 

2068
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:56,500
They speculate loudly about the 
March's private lives using 

2069
01:51:56,500 --> 01:52:01,100
vulgar language the insults aim 
to humiliate and silence they 

2070
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:04,100
reveal the depth of hostility 
that women's political demands 

2071
01:52:04,100 --> 01:52:07,600
inspiring some men. 
Some women begin crying but keep

2072
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:10,600
walking tears streamed down 
their faces, but their feet 

2073
01:52:10,600 --> 01:52:13,400
continue moving forward the 
crying combines with 

2074
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:17,200
determination in a way that 
seems uniquely human others 

2075
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:19,200
linked arms with their 
neighbor's to push through the 

2076
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:21,300
crowds. 
They formed small protective 

2077
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:24,500
units that move together the 
lockdowns provide both physical 

2078
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:28,300
support and emotional solidarity
police officer Stan nearby 

2079
01:52:28,300 --> 01:52:30,400
watching everything. 
They make no effort to 

2080
01:52:30,400 --> 01:52:32,700
intervene. 
They observe the harassment with

2081
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:36,000
Expressions ranging from 
Amusement to indifference the 

2082
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:37,800
lack of protection feels 
deliberate rather than 

2083
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,700
accidental the officers of 
chosen to do nothing. 

2084
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:43,500
They stand with their arms 
crossed or their hands in their 

2085
01:52:43,508 --> 01:52:45,100
pockets while women are 
attacked. 

2086
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:48,300
You see a woman knocked to the 
ground when someone trips her 

2087
01:52:48,300 --> 01:52:51,700
intentionally, she falls hard 
onto the pavement her white 

2088
01:52:51,708 --> 01:52:55,900
dress Blaze around her a hat 
roles away into the crowd her 

2089
01:52:55,900 --> 01:52:58,700
friends immediately helped her 
stand they brushed dirt from her

2090
01:52:58,700 --> 01:53:02,100
dress and retrieve her hat a 
white dress now shows dirty 

2091
01:53:02,100 --> 01:53:06,100
streets and a torn hem. 
He keeps marching the float 

2092
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:07,900
carrying. 
Columbia gets stuck completely. 

2093
01:53:08,700 --> 01:53:11,800
The crowd presses so tightly 
around it that the horses cannot

2094
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:13,700
move forward. 
They pull against their 

2095
01:53:13,700 --> 01:53:17,200
harnesses, but make no progress 
the woman portraying Columbia 

2096
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:20,400
climbs down from the float. 
She gathers her flowing robes 

2097
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:23,900
and joins the marches on foot 
her golden staff becomes a 

2098
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:26,600
walking stick ban. 
Stop playing because they cannot

2099
01:53:26,600 --> 01:53:30,200
maintain formation musicians 
carry their instruments and try 

2100
01:53:30,200 --> 01:53:33,500
to keep up with their sections. 
The trombone bangs against 

2101
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:36,900
someone's back the drum tilt 
sideways threatening to fall. 

2102
01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:39,900
The organized procession has 
devolved into chaos. 

2103
01:53:39,900 --> 01:53:43,100
What was supposed to be a 
dignified March as become a 

2104
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:45,000
desperate push through hostile 
territory. 

2105
01:53:46,000 --> 01:53:48,800
March as scatter across 
Pennsylvania Avenue, trying to 

2106
01:53:48,800 --> 01:53:52,300
find paths forward some sections
push ahead aggressively. 

2107
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:55,000
While others fall behind 
struggling with obstacles 

2108
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:57,100
communication becomes 
impossible. 

2109
01:53:57,100 --> 01:53:59,800
You cannot see more than a few 
people in any direction. 

2110
01:54:00,900 --> 01:54:04,000
The crowd of Spectators as 
swallowed the parade whole the 

2111
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:06,900
sun sits lower in the sky 
casting Long Shadows across the 

2112
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:09,500
street. 
The Shadows make the chaos look 

2113
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:12,700
even more threatening. 
Several hours have passed since 

2114
01:54:12,700 --> 01:54:15,400
the parade began. 
Everyone feels exhausted, 

2115
01:54:15,400 --> 01:54:18,500
walking requires, constant 
vigilance and effort. 

2116
01:54:18,500 --> 01:54:21,300
There is no rhythm anymore. 
No, steady Pace. 

2117
01:54:21,300 --> 01:54:24,600
Only irregular progress measured
in difficult yards. 

2118
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:28,200
Yet the Marchers refused to quit
despite everything working 

2119
01:54:28,200 --> 01:54:30,300
against them. 
The women, keep moving toward 

2120
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:32,700
the White House. 
They help each other navigate 

2121
01:54:32,700 --> 01:54:35,400
obstacles. 
They share water from canteens. 

2122
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:37,000
They offer words of 
encouragement. 

2123
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:40,500
You witness extraordinary 
bravery and small moments. 

2124
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:42,600
That no one will record in 
newspapers. 

2125
01:54:42,600 --> 01:54:45,100
An elderly woman trips nearly 
Falls. 

2126
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:48,600
Three strangers immediately 
support her with their arms and 

2127
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:50,100
help her continue without 
stopping. 

2128
01:54:50,100 --> 01:54:53,200
They become her temporary escort
through the worst section of 

2129
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:56,700
crowd, a young mother carrying a
baby somehow maintains her place

2130
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:59,000
in line. 
The baby cries from all the 

2131
01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:01,700
noise mother rocks and walk 
simultaneously. 

2132
01:55:02,500 --> 01:55:05,000
Her face shows, determination 
that borders on fears. 

2133
01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:08,400
College, students form 
protective circles around older,

2134
01:55:08,400 --> 01:55:10,600
Marchers. 
The young women linked arms, 

2135
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:13,300
creating barriers that hostile 
men find hard to penetrate. 

2136
01:55:13,300 --> 01:55:17,700
They use their youth and 
strength to Shield others the 

2137
01:55:17,700 --> 01:55:19,600
violence. 
Escalates with each passing 

2138
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:22,900
block, what began as harassment 
has progressed to assault. 

2139
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:25,100
Men, begin spitting at the 
Marchers. 

2140
01:55:25,100 --> 01:55:28,200
They spit deliberately aiming 
for faces and white dresses. 

2141
01:55:28,200 --> 01:55:31,700
The spitting is degrading in 
ways that physical blows are 

2142
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:33,700
not. 
They throw lit cigarettes at the

2143
01:55:33,700 --> 01:55:36,800
Marchers, the cigarettes, bounce
off clothing, leaving burn 

2144
01:55:36,800 --> 01:55:39,900
marks, someone's hat catches 
fire and must be quickly 

2145
01:55:39,900 --> 01:55:42,500
extinguished. 
Some men grabbed women's arms, 

2146
01:55:42,500 --> 01:55:45,600
hard enough to leave bruises, 
they squeeze wrists and upper 

2147
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:49,300
arms with deliberate Force, the 
grabbing sometimes pulls marches

2148
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:52,700
out of line, completely a few 
marches fight back physically. 

2149
01:55:52,700 --> 01:55:54,900
They slap away hands that grab 
them. 

2150
01:55:54,900 --> 01:55:57,300
They push back when men block 
their path. 

2151
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:01,000
Most maintain the dignity Alice 
demanded but some have reached 

2152
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:04,100
their limits. 
You see one suffragists slapped 

2153
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:07,300
across the face by a stranger. 
The sound of the slap carries. 

2154
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:10,200
Clearly her head snaps to the 
side from the impact. 

2155
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:14,500
He touches her reddening cheek 
but does not stop walking the 

2156
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:17,300
crowds hostility reveals, 
something ugly about American 

2157
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:20,300
society that usually stays 
hidden beneath polite surfaces. 

2158
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:23,900
These men cannot tolerate women.
Claiming public space for 

2159
01:56:23,900 --> 01:56:26,700
political purposes. 
Their reaction goes beyond 

2160
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:30,000
disagreement with suffrage. 
It expresses rage at women 

2161
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:33,000
stepping outside prescribed 
roles, women should be 

2162
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:36,000
decorative or domestic. 
They should not March and demand

2163
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:39,800
and organized the insults Focus 
obsessively on appearance and 

2164
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,100
sexuality. 
Men call the March as ugly and 

2165
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,600
feminine, they suggest no man 
would want to marry such women. 

2166
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:49,300
They imply that demanding 
political rights, makes women 

2167
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:52,700
unnatural the attempt to 
humiliate reveals desperation 

2168
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:55,100
Suffragists were truly 
ridiculous. 

2169
01:56:55,100 --> 01:56:57,500
They would not Inspire such 
intense opposition. 

2170
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:01,200
The hostility proves that the 
movement threatens established 

2171
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:04,100
power structures. 
Finally, some police officers 

2172
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,500
begin making arrests, they grab 
a few of the worst agitators and

2173
01:57:07,508 --> 01:57:10,400
drag them away, but dozens more 
fill each Gap. 

2174
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:14,400
Immediately, the arrests seem 
token rather than serious, the 

2175
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:16,700
police appear to be responding 
to pressure from somewhere 

2176
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:19,100
rather than genuinely trying to 
restore order. 

2177
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:21,800
The situation feels increasingly
dangerous. 

2178
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:25,200
Several women have been injured 
badly enough to need medical 

2179
01:57:25,200 --> 01:57:27,800
attention. 
One woman's nose bleeds from 

2180
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:30,900
being hit in the face and other 
limp's badly after someone 

2181
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,100
stopped on her foot. 
An ambulance arrives, but cannot

2182
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:35,900
reach the victims because of 
crowd density. 

2183
01:57:35,900 --> 01:57:40,900
The ambulance sits blocks away 
visible but useless Boy, Scouts 

2184
01:57:40,900 --> 01:57:43,600
appear from somewhere and form. 
Human chains trying to clear 

2185
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,100
paths, the scouts where, their 
distinctive uniforms, which give

2186
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,800
them unofficial Authority. 
People respond to the young boys

2187
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:52,700
in ways. 
They do not respond to police. 

2188
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,500
The scouts successfully create 
narrow corridors allowing some 

2189
01:57:56,500 --> 01:57:59,300
March as to pass. 
They stand shoulder to shoulder,

2190
01:57:59,300 --> 01:58:02,100
holding back the crowd with 
their linked arms, their 

2191
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:04,600
presence helps immensely, but 
cannot solve. 

2192
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:07,900
The fundamental problem, there 
are simply too many hostile 

2193
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:10,900
Spectators and two few 
protectors the crowd out 

2194
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:12,700
numbers, everyone trying to 
maintain order. 

2195
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:15,400
We push forward whenever 
possible and wait when 

2196
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:18,200
necessary. 
Your arms ache from holding the 

2197
01:58:18,200 --> 01:58:21,400
banner, your feet hurt from 
walking on hard pavement. 

2198
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,500
Your throat feels dry from 
breathing through your mouth. 

2199
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:26,900
None of that matters. 
Compared to completing the 

2200
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:28,700
route, you will finish this 
March. 

2201
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:32,300
If it takes all night hours 
passed this way, step by 

2202
01:58:32,300 --> 01:58:34,600
difficult, step block by chaotic
block. 

2203
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:37,800
The parade that should have 
taken, 90 minutes has already 

2204
01:58:37,800 --> 01:58:40,100
consumed four hours with no end 
in sight. 

2205
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:43,100
Eventually you Glimpse the 
treasury building ahead through 

2206
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,000
gaps in the crowd. 
The finished line finally comes 

2207
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:48,400
into view, the site gives you 
new energy. 

2208
01:58:48,400 --> 01:58:52,400
The last few blocks, feel, both 
endless, and Too Short, you want

2209
01:58:52,400 --> 01:58:54,500
the ordeal to end, but you also 
want to remember. 

2210
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:57,700
Every moment this day will 
define something important. 

2211
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:00,900
You reach the treasury building,
exhausted, and transformed. 

2212
01:59:00,900 --> 01:59:02,900
Nothing will ever be quite the 
same. 

2213
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:07,300
After March, 3rd 1913. 
The treasury building sits near 

2214
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:09,200
the end of the parade route next
to the White House. 

2215
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:12,300
Women who have already finished.
The March gather their in a 

2216
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:13,200
plan. 
December area. 

2217
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:16,800
You stumbled toward this 
Sanctuary exhausted and relieved

2218
01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:20,600
beyond measure the final blocks 
pass in a haze of fatigue, and 

2219
01:59:20,600 --> 01:59:23,200
determination your body moves 
automatically. 

2220
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:27,300
Now, one foot in front of the 
other, when you finally step off

2221
01:59:27,300 --> 01:59:29,900
Pennsylvania Avenue onto the 
treasury building on grounds 

2222
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:32,600
volunteers Rush forward with 
water and chairs. 

2223
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:35,500
They have been waiting for 
hours, helping Marchers. 

2224
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,900
As they arrive medical staff, 
treat injuries in a makeshift 

2225
01:59:38,900 --> 01:59:41,900
aid station, they clean cuts, 
and bandage scrapes. 

2226
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:45,200
They examined twisted, ankles 
and provide cold compresses for 

2227
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:47,700
bruises. 
The medical work continues 

2228
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:50,700
without pause women collapse. 
Onto benches comparing 

2229
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,100
experiences. 
Everyone has stories of 

2230
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:55,800
harassment and narrow escapes 
the stories. 

2231
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:58,600
Pour out in exhausted voices 
that shake with emotion. 

2232
01:59:59,200 --> 02:00:02,200
Some Marchers arrived hours ago 
when the parade still maintained

2233
02:00:02,200 --> 02:00:05,300
some order, they finished the 
route before the worst violence.

2234
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:08,100
Began, others are still 
struggling through hostile 

2235
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,400
crowds blocks away. 
Full procession takes more than 

2236
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:14,300
five hours to complete. 
What should have been a 

2237
02:00:14,300 --> 02:00:17,200
90-minute event becomes an 
endurance test that stretches 

2238
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:20,300
into early evening? 
Alice stands near the treasury 

2239
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:21,900
building, directing the recovery
effort. 

2240
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:25,300
A face shows. 
Fury barely contained beneath 

2241
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:28,600
professional composure. 
A hands clenched into fists when

2242
02:00:28,600 --> 02:00:32,500
she thinks no one is watching. 
She interviews, Marchers, about 

2243
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:35,100
what happened? 
She takes detailed notes about 

2244
02:00:35,100 --> 02:00:36,700
police failures in her leather 
bound notebook. 

2245
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:40,900
She collects names of officers, 
who refused to help and 

2246
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:43,100
Witnesses. 
Who saw specific incidents 

2247
02:00:43,100 --> 02:00:45,300
already. 
She is planning the response. 

2248
02:00:45,300 --> 02:00:49,600
This Disaster must be documented
and weaponized for the cause the

2249
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:51,200
police. 
Department's failure will become

2250
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:53,500
a scandal. 
The newspapers will determine 

2251
02:00:53,500 --> 02:00:55,800
how this day gets Remembered in 
National consciousness. 

2252
02:00:56,700 --> 02:00:59,000
Alice knows journalists must 
hear the truth before. 

2253
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:01,600
The police department, spins the
story to protect themselves. 

2254
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:05,200
She dispatches volunteers to 
find reporters and invite them 

2255
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:07,300
to interview Marchers. 
While memories are fresh. 

2256
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:11,000
She wants reporters to see the 
injured women and torn dresses. 

2257
02:01:11,000 --> 02:01:14,200
She wants them to hear, 
first-hand accounts of Violence 

2258
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:16,900
by evening. 
Most participants have reached 

2259
02:01:16,900 --> 02:01:19,600
the assembly area. 
The total number of marches 

2260
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:23,700
exceeded 8,000, thousands more 
Spectators witness some part of 

2261
02:01:23,708 --> 02:01:26,200
the parade. 
The scale of the event matched 

2262
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:30,400
Alice's Vision, the chaos 
exceeded her worst fears, but in

2263
02:01:30,408 --> 02:01:33,300
some strange way the chaos may 
serve the cause better than 

2264
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:37,800
smooth success would have. 
As Darkness Falls women, begin 

2265
02:01:37,800 --> 02:01:39,300
leaving for their 
accommodations. 

2266
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:43,200
They walk in groups for safety, 
the city still feels dangerous. 

2267
02:01:43,200 --> 02:01:46,100
After what happened today, your 
return to your boarding house, 

2268
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:49,200
sore and shake and your white 
dress is ruined Beyond repair. 

2269
02:01:49,200 --> 02:01:53,100
Dirt stains the fabric, the Hem 
is torn in three places. 

2270
02:01:53,100 --> 02:01:56,800
Your arms abused from being 
grabbed by strangers, but you 

2271
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,700
completed the March nothing can 
take that away. 

2272
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:03,200
You were part of history today, 
even if history felt more 

2273
02:02:03,208 --> 02:02:06,300
painful than glorious. 
That night Alice holds an 

2274
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:08,900
emergency meeting with her core 
organizers back at headquarters.

2275
02:02:10,100 --> 02:02:12,600
They discuss whether to file 
official complaints about the 

2276
02:02:12,600 --> 02:02:15,400
police failure. 
They debate the best strategy 

2277
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:18,800
for publicizing what happened. 
Someone suggests letting the 

2278
02:02:18,800 --> 02:02:20,600
matter drop to avoid more 
controversy. 

2279
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:23,700
They worry that complaints will 
make suffragists look like 

2280
02:02:23,700 --> 02:02:25,500
troublemakers who caused their 
own problems. 

2281
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:29,200
Alice rejects this immediately 
with a sharp gesture. 

2282
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:32,800
Police departments incompetence 
or malice caused today's 

2283
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:35,700
disaster. 
That fact must be documented and

2284
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:39,100
publicized relentlessly. 
If they stay silent, the police 

2285
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:40,700
will claim. 
Everything went smoothly. 

2286
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:43,600
They will say any problems were 
minor or exaggerated. 

2287
02:02:44,300 --> 02:02:47,700
Silence serves the opposition. 
She begins drafting letters to 

2288
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:49,500
newspapers. 
Describing what happened? 

2289
02:02:49,500 --> 02:02:53,200
Her accounts are detailed and 
damning she named officers. 

2290
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,300
Who stood idle, she describes 
specific, assaults witnessed by 

2291
02:02:56,308 --> 02:02:58,700
multiple Marchers. 
The letters go out. 

2292
02:02:58,700 --> 02:03:01,600
First thing the next morning to 
every major newspaper in the 

2293
02:03:01,608 --> 02:03:04,400
country. 
Meanwhile, Woodrow Wilson has 

2294
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:07,600
arrived in Washington. 
His train reached Union Station 

2295
02:03:07,600 --> 02:03:10,300
while the suffrage procession 
was still trapped in Chaos on 

2296
02:03:10,308 --> 02:03:13,500
Pennsylvania Avenue. 
Reportedly Wilson asked where 

2297
02:03:13,500 --> 02:03:15,000
all the people were when he 
arrived. 

2298
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:18,300
He expected crowds lining the 
route from the train station to 

2299
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:20,800
his hotel. 
The inauguration we can should 

2300
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:24,100
draw thousands of well-wishers. 
Someone told him everyone went 

2301
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:27,300
to watch the suffrage parade 
instead the suffragists had 

2302
02:03:27,300 --> 02:03:30,500
stolen his audience. 
This anecdote may be apocryphal 

2303
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:34,200
invented by suffragists to make 
a point, but it captures the way

2304
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:37,100
Alice's strategy worked despite 
everything going wrong. 

2305
02:03:38,700 --> 02:03:41,500
The suffrage procession sees the
spotlight on, what should have 

2306
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:45,100
been entirely about the incoming
president, even the violence 

2307
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:46,500
served. 
This purpose in its own 

2308
02:03:46,500 --> 02:03:49,800
terrible, way Wilson's arrival 
became secondary news. 

2309
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:52,200
The parade disaster, became the 
primary story. 

2310
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:56,800
March 4th Dawn's, gray and cold 
Wilson's. 

2311
02:03:56,800 --> 02:03:59,800
Inauguration proceeds on 
schedule, at the Capitol, the 

2312
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:03,000
ceremony happens, without 
incident, Wilson takes the oath 

2313
02:04:03,000 --> 02:04:05,400
of office and delivers his 
inaugural address to a large 

2314
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:09,000
crowd, but newspapers across the
country lead with stories about 

2315
02:04:09,000 --> 02:04:12,300
the suffrage procession 
disaster, not the inauguration. 

2316
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,100
The parade violence dominates 
front pages from New York to San

2317
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:17,500
Francisco. 
The headlines. 

2318
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:21,000
Express outrage in bold type 
violence against women. 

2319
02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:25,900
Marchers, police fail to protect
suffragists norgren, parade 

2320
02:04:25,900 --> 02:04:29,200
turns to mob, seen thousands, 
witness attacks on women, 

2321
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:32,100
photographs show the chaos 
Better Than Words ever could 

2322
02:04:32,100 --> 02:04:35,600
images of women surrounded by 
hostile crowds appear on front 

2323
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:38,600
pages everywhere. 
Pictures of torn dresses, and 

2324
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:41,700
frightened faces. 
Tell the story visually One 

2325
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:44,500
photograph shows Inez milholland
on her horse. 

2326
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:48,000
Surrounded by men pressing, 
close her face shows, 

2327
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:51,700
determination mixed with concern
the image captures the day 

2328
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,500
perfectly. 
Another photograph shows March 

2329
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,200
as being pushed and jostled, 
while police officers stand in 

2330
02:04:57,200 --> 02:05:00,800
the background doing nothing. 
The offices in action is visible

2331
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:04,300
and damming, the Visual Evidence
proves more powerful than any 

2332
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:06,500
editorial. 
Could be Readers. 

2333
02:05:06,500 --> 02:05:08,300
See with their own eyes. 
What happened on Pennsylvania 

2334
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:11,100
Avenue? 
Some newspapers blame the 

2335
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:14,100
Marchers for causing trouble. 
These editorials are argue that 

2336
02:05:14,108 --> 02:05:16,500
women brought violence on 
themselves by staging an 

2337
02:05:16,508 --> 02:05:19,500
inappropriate demonstration. 
They should have stayed home 

2338
02:05:19,500 --> 02:05:22,700
where they belonged, but most 
coverage condemns, the police 

2339
02:05:22,700 --> 02:05:27,000
failure, and crowd violence, 
even papers that are post 

2340
02:05:27,000 --> 02:05:28,800
suffrage. 
Admit the March as deserved 

2341
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:31,200
protection. 
American women have the right to

2342
02:05:31,200 --> 02:05:32,800
peacefully assemble without 
being attacked. 

2343
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:36,200
The story dominates new cycles 
for days. 

2344
02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:39,300
Every major newspaper runs 
multiple stories. 

2345
02:05:39,300 --> 02:05:42,300
Editorial Pages. 
Debate, what the violence means 

2346
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,600
for American democracy. 
Alice reads every article and 

2347
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:48,600
clips and her files. 
She sits at a desk covered with 

2348
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:50,000
newspapers from across the 
country. 

2349
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,600
The negative coverage exceeds 
her expectations, in the best, 

2350
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:56,400
possible way she recognizes 
immediately. 

2351
02:05:56,400 --> 02:06:00,200
The public sympathy has shifted 
dramatically Before the parade 

2352
02:06:00,200 --> 02:06:02,500
many Americans viewed 
suffragists as annoying. 

2353
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:04,200
Radicals demanding, something 
unreasonable. 

2354
02:06:05,200 --> 02:06:08,400
After the parade, many Americans
viewed suffragists as victims of

2355
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:12,200
Injustice, deserving support. 
The violence backfired, 

2356
02:06:12,200 --> 02:06:15,500
spectacularly on its 
perpetrators and silencing the 

2357
02:06:15,500 --> 02:06:18,100
suffrage movement. 
The attacks Amplified its 

2358
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:21,400
message and generated. 
Widespread sympathy Congress 

2359
02:06:21,400 --> 02:06:23,900
announces hearings into the 
police department's handling of 

2360
02:06:23,900 --> 02:06:26,000
the parade. 
Several Senators Express 

2361
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:27,400
outrage. 
About what happened. 

2362
02:06:27,400 --> 02:06:30,300
They want to know why officers 
fail to maintain order on 

2363
02:06:30,300 --> 02:06:33,400
Pennsylvania Avenue, Alice 
immediately volunteers to 

2364
02:06:33,400 --> 02:06:35,800
testify. 
She has been preparing evidence.

2365
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:38,500
Since the day of the March, she 
has witness statements, 

2366
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:42,100
photographs correspondence with 
police officials in details 

2367
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:45,400
about specific failures. 
The hearing has become Front 

2368
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:48,800
Page News themselves. 
The story continues generating 

2369
02:06:48,800 --> 02:06:52,400
coverage weeks after the parade.
Senators, questioned Police 

2370
02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:55,500
Superintendent, Richard 
Silvestre aggressively about his

2371
02:06:55,500 --> 02:06:58,400
Department's actions. 
He offers weak excuses, that 

2372
02:06:58,400 --> 02:07:01,300
satisfy no one. 
He claims his Department lacks 

2373
02:07:01,300 --> 02:07:04,500
sufficient Personnel, despite 
knowing weeks in advance about 

2374
02:07:04,500 --> 02:07:08,100
the parade, He suggests the 
crowd size was unexpected, even 

2375
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,600
though Alice had publicly 
announced plans for thousands of

2376
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:13,100
Marchers. 
He tries to blame the Marchers 

2377
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:15,900
for the chaos. 
If women had not stage such an 

2378
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:17,900
elaborate parade, no problems 
would have occurred. 

2379
02:07:17,900 --> 02:07:21,300
This argument satisfies. 
No one, the hearing has become 

2380
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:24,100
Front Page News, Senators, 
questioned the Police 

2381
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,000
Superintendent aggressively. 
He offers weak excuses. 

2382
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:29,900
He claims his Department lacks, 
sufficient Personnel. 

2383
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:34,300
He suggests the crowd size was 
unexpected, then Alice takes the

2384
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,600
stand. 
She presents her correspondence 

2385
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:39,300
with the police department 
showing she requested adequate 

2386
02:07:39,300 --> 02:07:43,100
protection weeks in advance. 
She details the superintendents 

2387
02:07:43,100 --> 02:07:44,800
warnings that safety could not 
be guaranteed. 

2388
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:48,500
She describes walking the Parade
route and seeing offers a 

2389
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:51,800
standing idle while Marchers 
were attacked Her testimony is 

2390
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,600
precise and devastating other 
Marchers, testify about specific

2391
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:58,200
incidents. 
They described being spat on 

2392
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:02,100
tripped grabbed and insulted 
they named officers, who refused

2393
02:08:02,100 --> 02:08:04,400
to help the hearings last 
several days. 

2394
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:07,700
By the end, the police 
department's reputation lies in 

2395
02:08:07,700 --> 02:08:10,900
ruins, the superintendent of 
eventually loses his job. 

2396
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:14,400
Several officers face 
disciplinary action, more 

2397
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:17,500
importantly, the hearing keep 
the suffrage in newspapers for 

2398
02:08:17,500 --> 02:08:21,100
weeks donations pour into the 
national suffrage organization. 

2399
02:08:21,900 --> 02:08:25,500
Membership applications, arrived
daily women across the country 

2400
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:28,600
want to join the movement. 
The parade was supposed to 

2401
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:30,600
launch a new phase of suffrage 
activism. 

2402
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:33,100
It's exceeded Beyond Alice's 
planning. 

2403
02:08:33,100 --> 02:08:35,500
She immediately begins 
organizing the next 

2404
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:38,700
demonstration, you meet with 
Alice several weeks after the 

2405
02:08:38,700 --> 02:08:41,700
parade, she is agreed to discuss
her thinking about the event. 

2406
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:44,400
Her office remains cluttered 
with newspapers and 

2407
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:46,900
correspondents. 
She works constantly despite 

2408
02:08:46,900 --> 02:08:51,300
obviously exhaustion Alice 
explains that the parades chaos.

2409
02:08:51,300 --> 02:08:54,500
Actually served the cause in 
ways, a peaceful March could not

2410
02:08:54,500 --> 02:08:58,100
have If everything had gone 
smoothly newspapers might have 

2411
02:08:58,100 --> 02:08:59,400
covered the event briefly 
before. 

2412
02:08:59,400 --> 02:09:03,400
Moving on the violence, made the
story impossible to ignore, she 

2413
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:05,000
never wanted March as to be 
hurt. 

2414
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:07,900
But she understood that 
opposition would reveal itself. 

2415
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:11,200
The key was ensuring that 
Revelation happened publicly 

2416
02:09:11,200 --> 02:09:14,400
with journalists watching this 
strategic thinking comes from 

2417
02:09:14,400 --> 02:09:16,900
her time in England. 
British suffragettes 

2418
02:09:16,900 --> 02:09:19,400
deliberately provoked, 
confrontations to expose 

2419
02:09:19,400 --> 02:09:22,800
government brutality, Alice 
adapted, these tactics for 

2420
02:09:22,800 --> 02:09:26,500
American conditions, Created a 
scenario where the establishment

2421
02:09:26,500 --> 02:09:29,300
could either respect women's 
rights or show its true colors. 

2422
02:09:29,300 --> 02:09:32,300
The Washington police chose to 
show their true colors. 

2423
02:09:33,200 --> 02:09:35,500
Now suffragists could point to 
concrete evidence of 

2424
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:39,100
institutional hostility rather 
than abstract complaints about 

2425
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,600
inequality, this evidence 
persuaded moderate Americans, 

2426
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:46,200
who previously dismissed 
suffering demands Alice also 

2427
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:49,300
understood the power of visual 
spectacle the parade featured. 

2428
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:52,700
Beautiful costumes. 
Dramatic floats, and thousands 

2429
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:56,100
of women Marching In White. 
These images, photographed 

2430
02:09:56,100 --> 02:09:59,600
world, and created emotional 
impact, even people who oppose 

2431
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:02,400
suffrage, could admire the 
organizational achievement and 

2432
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:05,700
the March as courage. 
The combination of beauty and 

2433
02:10:05,700 --> 02:10:09,700
violence created Unforgettable, 
contrast newspapers, juxtaposed 

2434
02:10:09,700 --> 02:10:12,600
images of dignified women in 
white dresses with images of 

2435
02:10:12,600 --> 02:10:15,700
hostile mobs. 
The visual argument needed, no 

2436
02:10:15,700 --> 02:10:18,600
caption Alice credits. 
The March as themselves for the 

2437
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:21,800
parade success, they maintained 
dignity under attack. 

2438
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:25,600
They completed the route, 
despite every obstacle their 

2439
02:10:25,600 --> 02:10:28,600
bravery turned, a logistical 
disaster into a moral victory. 

2440
02:10:28,600 --> 02:10:31,900
In the months, following the 
parade suffrage organizations 

2441
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:34,100
Across America. 
Adopt more militant tactics, 

2442
02:10:34,100 --> 02:10:37,800
local group stage their own 
demonstrations, the organized. 

2443
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:41,000
Pickets at government buildings,
the movement gains momentum, 

2444
02:10:41,000 --> 02:10:45,000
Alice becomes a national figure.
Her name appears regularly in 

2445
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:47,000
newspapers. 
She received speaking 

2446
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:48,600
invitations from a cross the 
country. 

2447
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:51,900
She uses this platform to push 
for a constitutional amendment 

2448
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:55,000
guaranteeing women's voting 
rights, this goal will take 

2449
02:10:55,000 --> 02:11:00,000
seven more years of activism to 
achieve But the 1913 parade 

2450
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:03,100
marks are turning point. 
It proved that suffragists could

2451
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:06,400
command national attention, it 
showed that women could organize

2452
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,900
massive events, it demonstrated 
that the opposition had no 

2453
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:12,200
convincing arguments only 
violence. 

2454
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:15,600
Most importantly, it inspired 
thousands of women to join the 

2455
02:11:15,600 --> 02:11:18,200
fight. 
The years following the 1913 

2456
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:20,300
parade bring both progress and 
frustration. 

2457
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:23,800
Some states grant women voting 
rights through local amendments 

2458
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:26,300
others hold referendums that 
fail. 

2459
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:31,400
The patchwork of laws, creates 
confusion and inequality Alice 

2460
02:11:31,400 --> 02:11:34,700
focuses on federal action. 
She believes only a 

2461
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:36,900
constitutional amendment. 
Can guarantee universal 

2462
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:39,700
suffrage. 
This strategy puts her at odds 

2463
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:42,900
with other suffrage leaders, who
prefer state-by-state campaigns.

2464
02:11:43,600 --> 02:11:47,400
The movement, splinters over 
tactics and personalities, Alice

2465
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,100
forms a new organization called 
the national woman's party. 

2466
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:53,700
It, pursues more confrontational
methods than the older suffrage 

2467
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:55,800
groups. 
The national woman's party 

2468
02:11:55,800 --> 02:11:57,500
stages. 
Pickets at the White House 

2469
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:01,400
members stand silently holding 
banners demanding voting rights 

2470
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:04,900
at first authorities. 
Tolerate the pickets then 

2471
02:12:04,900 --> 02:12:08,800
America enters World War 1, 
suddenly protesters criticizing 

2472
02:12:08,800 --> 02:12:10,500
the president seemed 
unpatriotic. 

2473
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:13,900
Police begin arresting picketers
for blocking sidewalks. 

2474
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:16,500
Alice gets arrested multiple 
times. 

2475
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:19,500
She serves jail sentences in 
harsh conditions. 

2476
02:12:19,500 --> 02:12:23,100
While in prisoned she goes, on 
Hunger, Strike to protest her 

2477
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:25,500
treatment. 
Prison officials responded by 

2478
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:27,200
force, feeding her through a 
tube. 

2479
02:12:27,900 --> 02:12:30,500
The brutality mirrors, what 
happened to British suffragettes

2480
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:33,500
years earlier, news of the 
force, feeding creates public 

2481
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:36,300
outrage. 
Many Americans who opposed 

2482
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:37,900
suffrage tactics. 
Now question, whether the 

2483
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:41,800
government is overreacting 
again, government violence Works

2484
02:12:41,800 --> 02:12:45,600
in favor of the suffrage cause 
by 1918 momentum. 

2485
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:47,600
Shifts. 
Decisively the House of 

2486
02:12:47,608 --> 02:12:50,100
Representatives passes, a 
constitutional amendment 

2487
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,500
granting, women voting rights, 
the Senate initially rejected 

2488
02:12:53,500 --> 02:12:57,300
it, but pressure builds after 
the war ends, President Wilson 

2489
02:12:57,300 --> 02:13:00,100
changes his position and 
endorses suffrage. 

2490
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:04,200
His support proved crucial in 
convincing reluctant senators in

2491
02:13:04,200 --> 02:13:08,400
June 1919 Congress finally 
approved the 19th Amendment, it 

2492
02:13:08,400 --> 02:13:10,100
goes to state legislatures for 
ratification. 

2493
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:13,200
The ratification process takes 
another year. 

2494
02:13:13,200 --> 02:13:15,800
Each state legislature must vote
separately. 

2495
02:13:15,800 --> 02:13:19,800
Suffrage organizations mounted 
to lobbying campaigns in every 

2496
02:13:19,800 --> 02:13:23,300
state, they host rallies write 
editorials and meet with 

2497
02:13:23,300 --> 02:13:26,700
legislators one by one State's 
ratified the amendment 

2498
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,800
Tennessee. 
Becomes the 36th state to ratify

2499
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:33,000
in August 1920 that vote 
provides the necessary. 

2500
02:13:33,000 --> 02:13:36,900
Three-fourths majority. 
The 19th Amendment becomes part 

2501
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:41,000
of the Constitution, after more 
than 70 years of activism, and 

2502
02:13:41,000 --> 02:13:43,300
American women finally gain 
voting rights Nationwide. 

2503
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:48,400
Alice is 35 years old when the 
amendment passes she has spent 

2504
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:50,700
nearly a decade focused entirely
on this goal. 

2505
02:13:50,700 --> 02:13:53,700
The victory feels both 
triumphant and incomplete. 

2506
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:57,600
Many women still face barriers 
to voting because of race or 

2507
02:13:57,600 --> 02:14:00,400
literacy requirements. 
Native American women in some 

2508
02:14:00,408 --> 02:14:02,400
states cannot vote until the 
1940s. 

2509
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:05,700
The struggle for True universal 
suffrage will continue for 

2510
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:08,200
decades. 
But the 19th Amendment 

2511
02:14:08,200 --> 02:14:13,000
represents enormous progress. 26
million, women gain political 

2512
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:15,500
rights. 
They lacked before elections 

2513
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:17,000
immediately. 
Begin looking different. 

2514
02:14:17,000 --> 02:14:19,600
Candidates must appeal to Women 
Voters. 

2515
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:23,000
New issues, gain attention. 
The transformation happens 

2516
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:27,300
gradually but unmistakably The 
1913 suffrage. 

2517
02:14:27,300 --> 02:14:30,600
Procession becomes one of the 
most famous protests in American

2518
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:33,300
history. 
Photographs from that day appear

2519
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,500
in textbooks and documentaries. 
The image of women in white 

2520
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,600
dresses facing hostile crowds 
represents the broader struggle 

2521
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:43,200
for equality. 
Alice Paul's role, as organizer 

2522
02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:45,900
establishes her reputation as a 
brilliant strategist. 

2523
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:49,200
She understood how to use 
spectacle media and 

2524
02:14:49,200 --> 02:14:52,600
confrontation to advance 
political goals attacks 

2525
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:56,000
influenced later, activists 
fighting for civil rights labor,

2526
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:59,300
rights and peace. 
The parade also revealed 

2527
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:00,900
dynamics, that remain relevant 
today. 

2528
02:15:00,900 --> 02:15:04,000
It showed how public space 
becomes contested territory, 

2529
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:06,900
when marginalized groups claim 
it for political purposes? 

2530
02:15:07,900 --> 02:15:10,600
It demonstrated that 
respectability politics only go,

2531
02:15:10,600 --> 02:15:13,800
so far, the Marchers, dressed 
beautifully and behaved 

2532
02:15:13,800 --> 02:15:16,100
impeccably yet still faced 
violence. 

2533
02:15:16,100 --> 02:15:20,100
It proved that documentation 
matters without photographs and 

2534
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:22,500
Congressional testimony. 
The police failure might have 

2535
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:25,700
been forgotten or disputed. 
These lessons echo through 

2536
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:28,100
subsequent movements, modern 
Americans. 

2537
02:15:28,100 --> 02:15:31,600
Sometimes forget how recently 
women gained voting rights, the 

2538
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:33,700
19th Amendment passed only a 
century ago. 

2539
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:37,200
Many women alive today had 
grandmothers who could not vote 

2540
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:41,500
The brevity of that timeline 
matters, political rights, that 

2541
02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:43,500
feel fundamental are actually 
quite new. 

2542
02:15:43,500 --> 02:15:47,900
The 1913 parade helps, anchor 
that history, it provides a 

2543
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:50,400
specific moment. 
When abstract demands became 

2544
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:53,500
visible action, you can still 
walk the parade route today. 

2545
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:57,200
Pennsylvania Avenue looks 
different now with new buildings

2546
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,800
and change traffic patterns but 
the essential geography Remains 

2547
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:03,000
the capital. 
At one end the White House at 

2548
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:06,400
the other that symbolic mile and
a half between the legislative 

2549
02:16:06,400 --> 02:16:10,100
and executive branches. 
Alice Paul, chose that route 

2550
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:13,400
deliberately she wanted to March
directly through the center of 

2551
02:16:13,400 --> 02:16:16,700
American power. 
She wanted to force the country 

2552
02:16:16,700 --> 02:16:21,000
to watch women claiming 
political equality. on March 

2553
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:25,700
3rd, 1913 she succeeded The 
parade was chaotic and 

2554
02:16:25,700 --> 02:16:28,100
dangerous. 
It was also transformative. 

2555
02:16:29,700 --> 02:16:32,299
Those hours of struggle on 
Pennsylvania Avenue changed the 

2556
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:34,000
trajectory of American 
democracy. 

2557
02:16:34,000 --> 02:16:36,700
You lie in bed. 
Now thinking about those women 

2558
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:41,600
in white dresses, They woke up 
on March 3rd, 1913 nervous, and 

2559
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:44,100
excited. 
They put on their costumes and 

2560
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:46,799
travelled to the capital. 
They had no idea what would 

2561
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:48,799
happen. 
Some thought the day would be 

2562
02:16:48,808 --> 02:16:51,500
triumphant, others worried about
disruptions. 

2563
02:16:51,500 --> 02:16:54,299
None of them could have 
predicted the exact chaos they 

2564
02:16:54,299 --> 02:16:57,299
would face. 
But they marched anyway, that 

2565
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,900
courage seems both distant and 
immediate distant because the 

2566
02:17:00,900 --> 02:17:04,700
world of 1913 differs. 
So, completely from today, the 

2567
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:07,799
immediate because courage always
feels current, you imagine 

2568
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:10,799
standing in that crowd of 
Marchers, you feel the cold 

2569
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:13,299
March, are you hear the bands, 
playing? 

2570
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:16,799
You see, the banners waving 
overhead, then the crowd presses

2571
02:17:16,799 --> 02:17:21,299
closer, the insults, start the 
police stand back and watch, you

2572
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:24,000
have to decide whether to keep 
walking every woman in that 

2573
02:17:24,000 --> 02:17:25,900
parade made, that decision 
dozens of times. 

2574
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:30,500
They chose Forward Motion, 
despite fear and discomfort The 

2575
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:32,900
persistence created, political 
change that endures. 

2576
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:38,200
American women vote now because 
of March, 3rd 1913 and 1,000 

2577
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:41,299
other days of activism. 
The parade was a single 

2578
02:17:41,299 --> 02:17:45,000
spectacular moment in a much 
longer campaign, but spectacular

2579
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:47,700
moments matter. 
They crystallize meaning, and 

2580
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:51,900
Inspire action, Alice Paul, 
understood this instinctively, 

2581
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:56,000
she created theater that forced 
attention and revealed truth. 

2582
02:17:56,900 --> 02:17:59,400
The hostile crowd thought they 
were defending tradition. 

2583
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:01,900
They were actually exposing in 
Justice. 

2584
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:04,600
The Marchers thought they were 
demanding voting rights. 

2585
02:18:04,600 --> 02:18:07,799
They were actually demonstrating
courage that would Inspire 

2586
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:11,500
Generations. 
History happens in layers, the 

2587
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,200
surface events, lead to 
consequences, no one fully 

2588
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:16,900
predicts. 
You drift towards sleep thinking

2589
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,400
about Pennsylvania Avenue on 
that March after noon. 

2590
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:23,400
The sun slanting between 
buildings, the banners snapping 

2591
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:26,500
in the wind, the sound of 
thousands of footsteps on 

2592
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:29,000
pavement. 
Somewhere in that crowd. 

2593
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:31,799
Someone just like you kept 
walking despite everything. 

2594
02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:34,700
She reached the treasury 
building, exhausted and 

2595
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:37,299
transformed. 
The parade changed her as much 

2596
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:40,200
as it changed the country that 
transformation continues 

2597
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:43,200
Rippling forward through time, 
you carry it with you. 

2598
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:47,900
Now, as your breathing slows and
your thoughts and March 3rd, 

2599
02:18:47,900 --> 02:18:52,799
1913 receives into comfortable 
distance, The date becomes part 

2600
02:18:52,799 --> 02:18:56,000
of History where it belongs, but
the courage remains always 

2601
02:18:56,000 --> 02:18:59,700
present always available when 
needed always worth remembering 

2602
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:08,000
as you fall asleep. 
Imagine being in a very old 

2603
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:11,200
Japanese Forest the kind that 
used to cover these islands long

2604
02:19:11,200 --> 02:19:12,700
before anyone thought to build 
anything. 

2605
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:15,600
These trees are different from 
the ones you might see in your 

2606
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:18,299
area. 
These trees are cryptomeria and 

2607
02:19:18,299 --> 02:19:21,299
hinoki Cypress. 
They can live for 1000 years and

2608
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,200
grow straight and tall their 
wood smells a little like lemon 

2609
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,200
and is resistant to rot. 
Like Nature's Own preservative. 

2610
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,700
Japanese architecture doesn't 
start in quarries or brick 

2611
02:19:30,700 --> 02:19:33,200
kills. 
It starts in these old forests 

2612
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:35,700
where there was a lot of wood 
that was easy to work with and 

2613
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:39,200
seemed to last forever. 
Building with stone makes things

2614
02:19:39,200 --> 02:19:41,000
last whether you want them to or
not. 

2615
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:46,500
Stone says I will be here long 
after your gone unchanged and 

2616
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:49,600
unmoved. 
Would on the other hand says 

2617
02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:54,700
something else would says I used
to be alive and in a way, I 

2618
02:19:54,700 --> 02:19:57,700
still am. 
The first people who lived in 

2619
02:19:57,700 --> 02:20:01,000
Japan knew that the islands they
lived on were always moving and 

2620
02:20:01,000 --> 02:20:03,400
this would affect how they built
things for thousands of years 

2621
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:07,600
earthquake struck the ground to 
often making buildings made of 

2622
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:11,200
solid Stone into death traps. 
It seemed like the Earth itself 

2623
02:20:11,200 --> 02:20:14,500
like movement over Stillness and
flexibility over rigidity. 

2624
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:18,000
So the Japanese learned how to 
build buildings that could Sway 

2625
02:20:18,000 --> 02:20:20,900
With the Earth instead of 
fighting it, these buildings 

2626
02:20:20,900 --> 02:20:23,500
danced with disaster instead of 
standing against it. 

2627
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,600
But before we talk about real 
buildings, we should talk about 

2628
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,000
Shinto. 
The native religion of Japan 

2629
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:30,800
that sees divine presence in 
nature. 

2630
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:34,800
Shinto says that commie or 
Spirits or gods live in 

2631
02:20:34,808 --> 02:20:39,200
everything from huge mountains 
to Tiny streams from old trees 

2632
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,100
to interesting rocks. 
This wasn't just a religious 

2633
02:20:42,100 --> 02:20:44,100
belief. 
It was a basic way to think 

2634
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:45,600
about how you fit into the 
landscape. 

2635
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:48,700
Your approach to building 
changes completely. 

2636
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:52,000
When you think that nature is 
sacred, you don't take over the 

2637
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:55,400
land, you work with it. 
You don't cut down all the trees

2638
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:58,300
in a forest. 
Instead, you cut down certain 

2639
02:20:58,300 --> 02:21:01,900
trees with thanks and ceremony. 
The first Shinto shrines were 

2640
02:21:01,900 --> 02:21:04,400
really building's. 
They were just areas that were 

2641
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:08,000
set aside as sacred maybe with a
special tree or rock in them. 

2642
02:21:08,000 --> 02:21:11,000
And simple fence is made of 
branches and rope around them. 

2643
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:14,800
The grand shrine at ease is one 
of Japan's most sacred places, 

2644
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:17,900
it shows how people in Japan 
interact with nature in a way 

2645
02:21:17,908 --> 02:21:21,200
that might seem strange to 
people from the West every 20 

2646
02:21:21,200 --> 02:21:23,300
years. 
The whole Shrine complex is 

2647
02:21:23,300 --> 02:21:26,000
rebuilt from the ground up with 
new Cyprus would and traditional

2648
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:28,400
methods. 
The old buildings are carefully 

2649
02:21:28,400 --> 02:21:31,100
taken apart and new ones that 
look just like the old ones. 

2650
02:21:31,100 --> 02:21:34,100
Go up in their place. 
This has been going on for more 

2651
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:37,900
than 1,000 years which makes 
East both old and always knew. 

2652
02:21:38,600 --> 02:21:43,200
Consider this for a second, a 
building that is both 1,300 

2653
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:46,900
years old and only 20 years old.
It's like the ship of Theseus 

2654
02:21:46,900 --> 02:21:50,800
Paradox in architecture. 
This is a philosophical question

2655
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:53,500
about whether something stays 
the same after all of its parts 

2656
02:21:53,500 --> 02:21:57,100
of being replaced, the Japanese 
knew right away that the shrines

2657
02:21:57,100 --> 02:22:00,200
Essence wasn't in the materials 
it was made of, but in its 

2658
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:04,600
shape, its traditions and its 
spiritual continuity because of 

2659
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:07,300
this tradition of rebuilding 
people, had to learn about 

2660
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,900
architecture by teaching each 
other instead of just looking at

2661
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,400
Old buildings. 
For decades Master Carpenters, 

2662
02:22:14,400 --> 02:22:17,200
taught apprentices everything 
they needed to know about how 

2663
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:20,400
buildings, worked, how they 
breathed and how they stood up 

2664
02:22:20,408 --> 02:22:23,300
to win an earthquake's. 
They didn't just teach them how 

2665
02:22:23,300 --> 02:22:26,800
to cut joints or chose would 
Japanese people used to treat 

2666
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:29,800
wood with a lot of respect. 
Carpenters, learn to read the 

2667
02:22:29,808 --> 02:22:31,600
grain of wood. 
Like you would read someone's 

2668
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:34,600
face getting to know its 
personality strengths and 

2669
02:22:34,608 --> 02:22:36,800
Oddities. 
They knew that would from the 

2670
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:39,300
north side of a tree was thicker
and should be used in a 

2671
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:40,900
different way than would from 
the South Side. 

2672
02:22:40,900 --> 02:22:44,400
They knew that the way a tree 
grew to determined how to cut 

2673
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,600
and put its wood in a building. 
People cared for the tools and 

2674
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,800
treated them with respect. 
It was important to take care of

2675
02:22:50,800 --> 02:22:53,200
and eventually pass down a 
master Carpenters. 

2676
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:56,700
Saw Japanese saws cut on the 
pull stroke instead of the push 

2677
02:22:56,700 --> 02:22:59,000
stroke, which gives the 
carpenter more control and makes

2678
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:01,500
cleaner cuts. 
It's one of those little things 

2679
02:23:01,500 --> 02:23:04,500
that shows a whole new way of 
doing things working with the 

2680
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:06,900
tools nature, instead of forcing
it to do what you want. 

2681
02:23:07,700 --> 02:23:10,300
The joinery techniques that 
developed in Japan are still 

2682
02:23:10,300 --> 02:23:12,500
amazing and how clever they are 
Master. 

2683
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:15,300
Carpenters, made connections 
between wooden parts that were 

2684
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,400
stronger than the wood itself. 
Like, interlocking joints that 

2685
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:21,400
got tighter when they were 
loaded Corners, that could Bend 

2686
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:24,700
without breaking and connections
that let buildings absorb 

2687
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:27,500
seismic energy instead of 
breaking under it. 

2688
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:30,900
Imagine a master Carpenter in 
ancient Japan. 

2689
02:23:30,900 --> 02:23:33,500
Picking a tree to cut down as 
you drift off to sleep. 

2690
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:37,000
He puts his hand on the bark and
maybe says a short prayer to the

2691
02:23:37,008 --> 02:23:39,800
army of the forest thanking them
for the life. 

2692
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:41,800
He's about to take and the 
purpose, it will serve. 

2693
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:44,500
Tree will fall but it will also 
rise. 

2694
02:23:44,500 --> 02:23:47,700
Again, it will become pillars 
and beams and it will continue 

2695
02:23:47,700 --> 02:23:50,700
to exist in a new form 
protecting people as it once 

2696
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:54,500
protected, birds and insects The
basis of Japanese architecture 

2697
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:57,900
as a deep respect for materials.
The idea that buildings are not 

2698
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:01,100
separate from nature, but part 
of its ongoing cycle and the 

2699
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:05,000
willingness to accept change in 
stead of fighting it, The 

2700
02:24:05,000 --> 02:24:08,900
Palaces temples castles and tea 
houses that come, after this all

2701
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:11,700
come from these roots just like 
the Cyprus trees grow from the 

2702
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:14,300
ground. 
Japanese architecture changed in

2703
02:24:14,300 --> 02:24:17,200
a big way around the sixth 
Century CE Buddhism came from 

2704
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:20,900
China and Korea and it brought 
with it, not only new spiritual 

2705
02:24:20,900 --> 02:24:23,200
ideas, but also a whole new way 
of building. 

2706
02:24:23,900 --> 02:24:26,200
It was like someone suddenly 
giving you a whole new way to 

2707
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:28,100
say things you only sort of 
understood before. 

2708
02:24:29,100 --> 02:24:31,700
In many ways, Chinese 
architecture was the opposite of

2709
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:35,100
what Japan had made Japanese 
buildings were low to the ground

2710
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:38,800
while Chinese buildings had many
stories and fancy roof lines 

2711
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:41,500
that went up. 
Japanese design used natural 

2712
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:44,900
materials in their raw form. 
While Chinese architecture used 

2713
02:24:44,900 --> 02:24:48,000
bright colors, intricate 
decorations, and complicated 

2714
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:50,900
symbols. 
Japanese architecture was about 

2715
02:24:50,900 --> 02:24:54,200
blending in with the landscape. 
While Chinese architecture was 

2716
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:56,600
about imposing geometric order 
and Cosmic meaning. 

2717
02:24:57,500 --> 02:25:00,300
The Japanese reaction to this 
cultural exchange show, 

2718
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:02,000
something important about their 
character. 

2719
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:04,500
They didn't just copy Chinese 
models. 

2720
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:06,800
They didn't completely reject 
the mother. 

2721
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:10,600
Instead, they did what you could
call architectural translation, 

2722
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,900
which means taking Chinese ideas
and slowly and carefully 

2723
02:25:13,900 --> 02:25:16,200
adapting them. 
To Japanese tastes and needs. 

2724
02:25:17,300 --> 02:25:20,000
Japanese architecture, didn't 
really need large interior 

2725
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:23,600
spaces for congregational 
worship before Buddhist temples 

2726
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:26,000
did. 
Shinto ceremonies took place 

2727
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:29,400
outside or in small private 
places but Buddhism needed. 

2728
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:32,700
Big rooms where monks could meet
chance sutras and do complicated

2729
02:25:32,700 --> 02:25:35,300
rituals. 
This meant learning how to build

2730
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:37,700
on a scale that Japanese 
architecture hadn't done before 

2731
02:25:37,700 --> 02:25:40,800
the Pagoda, which is unique 
multi-tiered Tower. 

2732
02:25:40,800 --> 02:25:43,700
Found in Buddhist temples is 
actually a brilliant piece of 

2733
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:47,100
earthquake engineering that the 
Japanese perfected through trial

2734
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:48,500
and error and careful 
observation. 

2735
02:25:49,600 --> 02:25:52,800
Bashiri a huge Central. 
Pillar runs through the middle 

2736
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:54,400
of a traditional Japanese 
pagoda. 

2737
02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:57,800
It is held up from the top and 
barely touches the ground. 

2738
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:01,500
The building shakes when an 
earthquake hits, but the central

2739
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:03,800
pillar keeps the whole thing 
stable by acting as a 

2740
02:26:03,808 --> 02:26:07,200
counterweight from dampener, 
modernized managers who studied 

2741
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:11,000
ancient pagodas found something 
amazing. this design, which was 

2742
02:26:11,000 --> 02:26:14,100
developed through years of 
observation, predicts principles

2743
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:17,000
that Structural Engineers didn't
understand mathematically until 

2744
02:26:17,000 --> 02:26:20,500
the 20th century Some pagodas 
have been around for more than 

2745
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:24,300
1,400 years and have withstood 
many earthquakes that have 

2746
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:25,700
destroyed newer buildings 
nearby. 

2747
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:29,300
Old-time Carpenters didn't need 
computer models. 

2748
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:32,600
They had patients, careful 
observation and years of 

2749
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:36,000
experience the hori gee Temple 
which was built in the early 7th

2750
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:38,900
Century as the oldest wooden 
buildings in the world that are 

2751
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:41,300
still standing. 
It's like stepping into a time 

2752
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:43,900
machine when you walk around its
grounds, but you're not really 

2753
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:45,300
there. 
You're in bed. 

2754
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:49,100
Imagining what it would be like 
the wood is dark and over time 

2755
02:26:49,100 --> 02:26:51,500
to a deep Brown that looks like 
it absorbs light. 

2756
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,300
The pillars have a slight curve 
called enters that comes from 

2757
02:26:55,300 --> 02:26:57,500
Greek architecture through 
Chinese middlemen. 

2758
02:26:57,500 --> 02:27:00,900
This makes them look more like 
living things than rigid shapes.

2759
02:27:00,900 --> 02:27:04,100
It's interesting how quickly 
these early Buddhist temples 

2760
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:05,900
began to look more Japanese than
Chinese. 

2761
02:27:06,700 --> 02:27:08,900
The roof lines got less fancy, 
but more elegant. 

2762
02:27:09,700 --> 02:27:12,200
The colors changed from the 
bright Reds and greens of 

2763
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:14,800
Chinese temples to softer more 
natural tones. 

2764
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,200
A connection with the garden 
around it became more integrated

2765
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:21,500
less about symbols and more 
about real sensory experience. 

2766
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:25,400
But his architectural brought 
new skilled workers to Japan 

2767
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:29,300
tile makers who could make the 
unique curved roof tiles that 

2768
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:32,700
directed Rainwater? 
Metal workers who could make the

2769
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,000
beautiful bronze decorations 
that went on doorways and roofs 

2770
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:39,100
sculptors and Painters who made 
statues of Buddhas and 

2771
02:27:39,108 --> 02:27:42,600
bodhisattvas that filled temples
they were different traditions 

2772
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:45,500
and techniques for each craft 
that had to be changed to work 

2773
02:27:45,500 --> 02:27:48,800
with Japanese materials and 
whether the changes in Temple 

2774
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:51,500
architecture over the next few 
hundred years show a slow 

2775
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:55,100
process of creative digestion, 
each generation of Builders 

2776
02:27:55,100 --> 02:27:58,000
learned from the ones before 
them, but they also tried new 

2777
02:27:58,000 --> 02:28:01,600
things changed things and 
sometimes came up with new ideas

2778
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:03,200
that were less like Chinese 
models. 

2779
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:07,600
By the hand period which lasted 
from the 9th to the 12th 

2780
02:28:07,600 --> 02:28:10,200
centuries. 
Japanese Buddhist architecture 

2781
02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:13,200
had developed its own unique 
style, it was clearly based on 

2782
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:16,200
Chinese models but it was 
clearly Japanese and how it was 

2783
02:28:16,200 --> 02:28:19,600
built. 
The covered Corridor or Roca is 

2784
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:23,400
one new idea that stands out. 
In Japan where it rains a lot, 

2785
02:28:23,408 --> 02:28:26,500
these wooden walkways connected 
different buildings in a temple 

2786
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:29,200
or Palace complex. 
They made sure that people could

2787
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:32,600
move between buildings without 
getting wet, the corridors were 

2788
02:28:32,600 --> 02:28:34,900
not just useful. 
They made a rhythm of walking 

2789
02:28:34,900 --> 02:28:38,000
through covered in Open Spaces, 
switching between light and 

2790
02:28:38,000 --> 02:28:40,200
shade. 
The sound of rain on wooden 

2791
02:28:40,200 --> 02:28:44,600
roofs and the sight of Garden's 
glistening with water As you get

2792
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:47,200
more comfortable in your 
blankets, picture yourself, 

2793
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:49,500
walking down, one of these 
hallways on a rainy day. 

2794
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:53,400
The wooden floor is smooth under
your feet because it has been 

2795
02:28:53,400 --> 02:28:57,200
used for hundreds of years. 
Rain is falling in sheets, 

2796
02:28:57,200 --> 02:28:59,600
outside, making a curtain 
between you and the garden. 

2797
02:28:59,600 --> 02:29:04,500
The sound is everywhere. 
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 

2798
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:09,200
the stone paths and Rain filling
the stone baseman's, your dry 

2799
02:29:09,200 --> 02:29:11,000
and moving through this 
protected space. 

2800
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:13,000
That connects you to the life of
the building's. 

2801
02:29:13,000 --> 02:29:14,800
I'll keep you safe from the 
weather. 

2802
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:17,800
The hallway is not completely 
inside or outside. 

2803
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:21,500
It's a space in between a 
threshold and Japanese 

2804
02:29:21,500 --> 02:29:24,200
architecture would come to love 
these unclear areas very much 

2805
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:28,500
the aristocratic architecture of
the Hyun period Japan from the 

2806
02:29:28,500 --> 02:29:32,300
9th to the 12th centuries is one
of the most refined domestic 

2807
02:29:32,300 --> 02:29:36,100
traditions in human history. 
This was the time of the tale of

2808
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:39,700
Genji a great work of world 
literature that shows us how the

2809
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:42,700
nobility lived loved and thought
about the places where they 

2810
02:29:42,700 --> 02:29:45,400
lived. 
The shinden security style that 

2811
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:48,700
was popular in aristocratic 
Homes at the time was based on a

2812
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:52,200
simple idea build rectangular 
buildings around a central 

2813
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:55,800
Courtyard garden connect them 
with hallways and let the space 

2814
02:29:55,800 --> 02:29:58,700
is flow into each other with his
few barriers as possible. 

2815
02:29:59,800 --> 02:30:02,700
Sounds simple, but when you 
compare it to European or middle

2816
02:30:02,700 --> 02:30:06,500
eastern palaces from the same 
time, you can see how radical 

2817
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:09,800
this idea was. 
Picture a mansion for a nobleman

2818
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:13,500
from above the main hall or 
Chinden always faces South 

2819
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:17,200
because of Chinese gomantak 
ideas about good direction's to 

2820
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:19,600
the Eastern West smaller 
buildings hold family members 

2821
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:23,200
and other household tasks 
covered hallways connect 

2822
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:27,200
everything making a safe way for
people to get around and in the 

2823
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:30,200
middle the courtyard Garden 
which is more than just a 

2824
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:32,000
decoration. 
It's the heart of the whole 

2825
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:34,400
thing. 
There are almost no walls inside

2826
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,600
which is what makes this so 
different from say a medieval 

2827
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:41,300
European Manor. 
The buildings are roofed 

2828
02:30:41,300 --> 02:30:43,800
platforms with screens and 
curtains that can be moved 

2829
02:30:43,800 --> 02:30:47,900
around not solid walls, but how 
you arrange your furniture and 

2830
02:30:47,900 --> 02:30:50,800
fabric gives you privacy. 
You don't define space by 

2831
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:53,700
closing it off. 
Instead you do it by carefully 

2832
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:57,000
placing screens blinds and 
hanging textiles to suggest 

2833
02:30:57,000 --> 02:30:59,500
boundaries. 
This meant that homes of the 

2834
02:30:59,500 --> 02:31:02,900
rich were very adaptable during 
the day the rooms could be open 

2835
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:06,300
and bright screens and curtains 
made private rooms at night. 

2836
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:10,200
When you had guests over rooms 
could easily become bigger 

2837
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:14,300
spaces the house could change 
completely with the seasons in 

2838
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:16,100
the summer. 
It was very open to letting 

2839
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:17,600
breezes. 
And in the winter. 

2840
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:21,200
It had screens placed just right
to keep warmth from brazier's 

2841
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:23,900
the floor of these buildings 
were made of famous. 

2842
02:31:23,900 --> 02:31:27,400
Hinoki Cypress Wood platforms 
that were about two feet off the

2843
02:31:27,400 --> 02:31:29,500
ground. 
It wasn't just about height. 

2844
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:33,500
It was a about making a separate
space from the ground below you 

2845
02:31:33,500 --> 02:31:35,400
took off your shoes before 
stepping up onto these 

2846
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:38,100
platforms. 
This was a sign that you are 

2847
02:31:38,100 --> 02:31:40,700
moving from the outside world to
the more refined space of the 

2848
02:31:40,700 --> 02:31:43,200
home. 
The space under the floor also 

2849
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:47,000
let air flow which is important 
in Japan's humid climate kept 

2850
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:49,100
moisture from the ground from 
rotting wooden buildings. 

2851
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:52,600
During the hand period to Tommy 
mats, which are rectangular 

2852
02:31:52,600 --> 02:31:56,000
floor, mats covered in Russia's 
but not yet, common, they were 

2853
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,700
expensive things that were only 
put where people sat, eventually

2854
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:02,900
they grew so big that they 
covered whole floors and their 

2855
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:05,600
standard size became a way to 
measure things rooms were 

2856
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:07,600
described by how many tatami 
they had. 

2857
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:12,500
People still use the terms 6, 
matte rooms and eight match 

2858
02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:15,200
rooms to describe Japanese 
Apartments today. 

2859
02:32:15,200 --> 02:32:17,700
This is a tradition that goes 
back, hundreds of years. 

2860
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:21,500
If you're used to walls being 
walls and doors staying closed. 

2861
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:25,000
The way the inside and outside 
of these palaces work together 

2862
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:29,400
might make you feel uneasy on 
nice days, the wooden shutters 

2863
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:31,800
that surrounded, the buildings 
could be lifted and stored, 

2864
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,000
which meant that an entire wall 
could be taken down, and the 

2865
02:32:35,008 --> 02:32:36,800
rooms could be opened directly 
to the garden. 

2866
02:32:37,700 --> 02:32:39,900
The aristocrats didn't just look
at their Gardens. 

2867
02:32:39,900 --> 02:32:42,000
They were always able to see and
hear them. 

2868
02:32:42,000 --> 02:32:44,800
You might not expect this 
openness to mean, a different 

2869
02:32:44,800 --> 02:32:47,800
way of thinking about privacy, 
because anyone could see into 

2870
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:51,100
rooms privacy was kept by using 
layers of semi-transparent 

2871
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:53,800
fabrics. 
Cultural rules about where you 

2872
02:32:53,808 --> 02:32:56,700
could look and the careful 
placement of screens and 

2873
02:32:56,708 --> 02:32:59,400
Furniture. 
The privacy of the architecture 

2874
02:32:59,400 --> 02:33:02,700
was not physical, but social, 
and it was in force by manners 

2875
02:33:02,700 --> 02:33:05,900
and stead of locks You should 
meditate on the gardens. 

2876
02:33:05,900 --> 02:33:08,800
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

2877
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:10,400
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

2878
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:13,400
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

2879
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:15,908
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

2880
02:33:15,916 --> 02:33:18,900
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

2881
02:33:18,900 --> 02:33:22,900
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

2882
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:25,800
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

2883
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:28,000
the spring and Maples in the 
fall. 

2884
02:33:28,600 --> 02:33:32,200
Island in fake, ponds stood, for
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

2885
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:34,800
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

2886
02:33:34,800 --> 02:33:37,700
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

2887
02:33:37,700 --> 02:33:40,000
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

2888
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,400
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

2889
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:45,400
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

2890
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:48,100
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books. 

2891
02:33:48,100 --> 02:33:50,100
That only educated people could 
fully enjoy. 

2892
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:54,200
You could enjoy them sensually, 
which you could do, but you were

2893
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:56,300
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and philosophical

2894
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,300
meanings. 
The idea of mar, which is often 

2895
02:33:59,300 --> 02:34:03,600
translated as negative space or 
interval was very important to 

2896
02:34:03,600 --> 02:34:05,500
how these buildings and Gardens 
worked. 

2897
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:09,600
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

2898
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:12,700
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

2899
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:16,100
buildings wasn't wasted space. 
It was the organizing principle 

2900
02:34:16,100 --> 02:34:17,500
that made the building's work 
together. 

2901
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:20,700
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

2902
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:24,200
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

2903
02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:26,200
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

2904
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,300
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised, wooden floor of your

2905
02:34:29,300 --> 02:34:31,400
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone. 

2906
02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:34,200
Now that it's spring and your 
room is completely open to the 

2907
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,700
Garden. 
The cherry blossoms are falling 

2908
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:40,300
like snow in the light Breeze 
like high and Nobles did all the

2909
02:34:40,308 --> 02:34:42,400
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

2910
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,900
capture the Bittersweet beauty 
of these flowers that bloom and 

2911
02:34:45,900 --> 02:34:49,300
die in just a few days. 
The architecture around, you 

2912
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:50,800
isn't separate from the natural 
world. 

2913
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:54,200
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

2914
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,200
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

2915
02:34:57,200 --> 02:34:59,900
turn after 100s of years of 
living in elegant palaces. 

2916
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:04,000
Feudal Lords fought all the time
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 

2917
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:06,800
architecture had to deal with a 
problem in never had to deal 

2918
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,200
with before. 
How to build beautiful 

2919
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,500
buildings, that could also 
survive a military attack. 

2920
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:15,000
The Japanese Castle is an 
interesting, mix of useful 

2921
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:17,000
military, engineering and 
artistic ambition. 

2922
02:35:17,900 --> 02:35:20,100
These were not just rough 
fortifications meant to keep 

2923
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:22,500
people out. 
They were so signs of power 

2924
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:25,700
displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

2925
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:27,300
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

2926
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:31,700
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

2927
02:35:31,700 --> 02:35:34,500
Castle's made good, use of the 
land, by building them on Hills 

2928
02:35:34,500 --> 02:35:35,800
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

2929
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:40,100
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

2930
02:35:40,100 --> 02:35:43,100
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

2931
02:35:43,100 --> 02:35:44,800
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

2932
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:48,500
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

2933
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:51,100
in three-dimensions but the 
board is tilted, to The 

2934
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:54,500
Defenders Advantage, the stone 
bases of these castles are 

2935
02:35:54,500 --> 02:35:57,100
examples of engineering that 
still impress people today. 

2936
02:35:57,900 --> 02:36:02,500
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

2937
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:06,200
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

2938
02:36:06,200 --> 02:36:08,400
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

2939
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:11,200
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

2940
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:13,400
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

2941
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:16,800
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns that changed 

2942
02:36:16,800 --> 02:36:20,300
with the weather and Light. 
When using rough natural stones,

2943
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:23,900
the method for making the stone 
bases, as called nasura tzumi. 

2944
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:28,100
When using more process Stones, 
it is called uchikomi Hardy. 

2945
02:36:28,800 --> 02:36:31,400
The best castles used a method 
in which each Stone was 

2946
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,400
carefully chose and shaped to 
fit perfectly with the ones next

2947
02:36:34,400 --> 02:36:36,900
to it. 
The walls were so well fitted 

2948
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:39,100
that you couldn't slip a knife 
blade between the stones. 

2949
02:36:39,100 --> 02:36:42,000
It was like high level 
craftsmanship in architecture 

2950
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:45,400
where practical needs turned 
into chances for virtuoso 

2951
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:48,000
display. 
The wooden Castle buildings 

2952
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:51,500
themselves like Towers Gates 
living quarters and storehouses 

2953
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:53,900
Rose above the stone 
foundations. 

2954
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:57,500
This is where the unique style 
of Japanese Castle architecture 

2955
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:00,800
really Shone through Japanese 
castles were mostly wooden 

2956
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:03,800
buildings with stone pedestals 
underneath while European 

2957
02:37:03,800 --> 02:37:07,600
castles were made of solid Stone
throughout the towers could be 

2958
02:37:07,600 --> 02:37:12,500
four five or even seven stories 
tall with each story being a 

2959
02:37:12,500 --> 02:37:13,900
little smaller than the one 
below it. 

2960
02:37:14,500 --> 02:37:17,200
This made The Towers look like 
wedding cakes with the tapered 

2961
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:19,100
profile. 
But here's where it gets 

2962
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:21,800
interesting. 
The floors inside don't match 

2963
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:23,400
the stories you see from the 
outside. 

2964
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:27,800
A five-story tower might really 
have seven floors inside or a 

2965
02:37:27,808 --> 02:37:30,700
three-story building might look 
like it has five floors inside. 

2966
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:33,100
This wasn't just to confuse 
enemies. 

2967
02:37:33,100 --> 02:37:36,000
It was smart engineering that 
let the defensive floor's have 

2968
02:37:36,008 --> 02:37:38,900
lower ceilings while still 
looking great from the outside. 

2969
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:43,400
The beautiful white plastered 
walls of his castle also known 

2970
02:37:43,400 --> 02:37:46,800
as the white Heron Castle make 
it the best example of Japanese 

2971
02:37:46,800 --> 02:37:49,600
Castle architecture. 
It feels like you're in a 

2972
02:37:49,600 --> 02:37:52,100
three-dimensional maze with 
defensive passages that were 

2973
02:37:52,108 --> 02:37:54,300
made by someone who really 
didn't want you to get to the 

2974
02:37:54,300 --> 02:37:58,800
center paths make turns at 
strange angles doorways are set 

2975
02:37:58,800 --> 02:38:00,100
up. 
So that attackers have to put 

2976
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:01,500
themselves in dangerous 
situations. 

2977
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:05,200
There are traps on the floors 
every choice made in our 

2978
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:10,400
architecture has two purposes to
look good and to kill Defensive 

2979
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,000
features of castles are very 
clever. 

2980
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,400
Sarma or small windows were put 
in place so that Defenders could

2981
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:18,300
shoot arrows or guns without 
being shot back. 

2982
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:22,100
Defenders on the upper floors 
could attack anyone who got past

2983
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:24,200
the lower defenses through 
drop-down hatches in the 

2984
02:38:24,208 --> 02:38:27,200
ceilings. 
People could pour boiling oil or

2985
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:29,100
water, on attackers, through 
holes in the walls. 

2986
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,100
The decorative curved roof 
lines. 

2987
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:33,700
Also had a purpose. 
They made it harder to judge 

2988
02:38:33,700 --> 02:38:37,200
distances and aim accurately 
Japanese castles always looked 

2989
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:40,300
good even though they were very 
useful for military purposes. 

2990
02:38:40,300 --> 02:38:43,900
The white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

2991
02:38:43,900 --> 02:38:46,900
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

2992
02:38:46,900 --> 02:38:49,200
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

2993
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:53,000
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

2994
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:56,600
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape, the ornate roof 

2995
02:38:56,600 --> 02:39:00,600
decorations, which usually had 
fears animal designs protected, 

2996
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:02,900
the building from lightning and 
showed the Lord's power. 

2997
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:06,400
The inside of the Castle's. 
Living quarters showed that even

2998
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,900
Warlords cared about how things 
looked There were painted 

2999
02:39:09,900 --> 02:39:13,800
screens by famous artists in the
rooms alcoves for displaying 

3000
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:17,300
valuable items and windows that 
looked out on Garden's. 

3001
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:21,200
The strongest Lords hired the 
best painters, carpenters. 

3002
02:39:21,200 --> 02:39:24,400
And gardeners to make places 
that were good for both Siege 

3003
02:39:24,400 --> 02:39:28,000
Warfare and poetry parties. 
During the time of castles, 

3004
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:31,900
there was one new thing hidden 
rooms and passages there were 

3005
02:39:31,908 --> 02:39:34,300
often rooms and castles that 
could only be reached through 

3006
02:39:34,308 --> 02:39:37,000
hidden doors. 
These rooms were used to store 

3007
02:39:37,000 --> 02:39:40,100
Treasures or for guards to hide 
in to keep the Lord safe. 

3008
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:43,400
Some castles had whole networks 
of hidden corridors in their 

3009
02:39:43,400 --> 02:39:46,500
walls, that let Defenders move 
between floors without being 

3010
02:39:46,500 --> 02:39:49,000
seen. 
Sometimes during restoration 

3011
02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:52,400
work hundreds of years later, 
people found these hidden spaces

3012
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:55,300
which still had old equipment or
forgotten supplies in them. 

3013
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:58,500
During the Edo period, the shift
from water piece, turned 

3014
02:39:58,500 --> 02:40:01,700
Castle's from military bases 
into government buildings and 

3015
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:05,100
symbols of power. 
Lord, still owned them that they

3016
02:40:05,100 --> 02:40:07,900
were more like government 
buildings than fortresses, they 

3017
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:11,000
added more details. 
The reception rooms got bigger, 

3018
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:14,300
the martial arts stayed, but 
they became more decorative than

3019
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:17,100
useful. 
As you sink deeper into your 

3020
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:20,300
pillow, picture yourself, 
standing on the top floor of a 

3021
02:40:20,300 --> 02:40:23,800
castle tower at dusk, you can 
see the countryside around the 

3022
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:25,400
castle through the small 
Windows. 

3023
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:28,200
The town is built around the 
base of the castle. 

3024
02:40:28,200 --> 02:40:31,200
The fields are beyond that and 
the mountains are in the 

3025
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:34,500
distance. 
Castle's many defensive Rings go

3026
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:36,600
down in layers of stone and wood
below you. 

3027
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:39,900
The wind Whispers through the 
intricate wooden structure 

3028
02:40:39,900 --> 02:40:42,000
giving the whole building a life
of its own. 

3029
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:46,300
The castle is calm and watchful 
tonight a mountain of human 

3030
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:50,000
intention rising from the 
natural landscape tomorrow may 

3031
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:53,000
bring battle. 
Japan entered the Edo period in 

3032
02:40:53,000 --> 02:40:56,800
the early 1600s under the 
Tokugawa shogunate after 

3033
02:40:56,800 --> 02:40:59,900
centuries of War all that 
military architecture became 

3034
02:40:59,900 --> 02:41:02,900
mostly useless. 
Japan didn't need castles or 

3035
02:41:02,900 --> 02:41:06,500
fortifications right now. 
It needed cities neighborhoods 

3036
02:41:06,500 --> 02:41:10,300
and daily life. 
And out of this long piece came 

3037
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:13,600
City buildings that changed the 
way millions of people lived. 

3038
02:41:14,300 --> 02:41:18,600
In just a few decades Edo, which
would later become Tokyo Grew 

3039
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:21,300
From A Small Castle town to one 
of the biggest cities in the 

3040
02:41:21,308 --> 02:41:23,400
world. 
By the early 1700s. 

3041
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:27,000
It was home to more than a 
million people making it bigger 

3042
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:30,700
than London or Paris. 
Rethinking everything about how 

3043
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:34,400
cities are built and planned was
necessary to handle that many 

3044
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:37,200
people living in wooden 
buildings in a city that caught 

3045
02:41:37,200 --> 02:41:41,000
fire off him. 
The typical townhouse or macchia

3046
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:44,200
from the Edo period had ideas 
about how to live in a city that

3047
02:41:44,200 --> 02:41:46,300
still affect Japanese 
architecture today. 

3048
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:50,700
These buildings were long and 
narrow usually only 15 to 20 

3049
02:41:50,700 --> 02:41:53,600
feet wide and going back from 
the street for 60 feet or more. 

3050
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:57,000
Property taxes were based on how
much of the street front there 

3051
02:41:57,000 --> 02:41:59,400
was. 
So, people built deep and narrow

3052
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:02,200
to save money. 
The buildings that came out were

3053
02:42:02,200 --> 02:42:05,500
like caves in the city with dark
areas in the middle and light 

3054
02:42:05,500 --> 02:42:07,400
coming in, through the front 
door and back Garden. 

3055
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:11,500
The front of a matcha was a shop
or Workshop, a semi-public 

3056
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:14,000
space, where the households 
business and Street Life came 

3057
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:16,500
together. 
A few steps up from the street 

3058
02:42:16,500 --> 02:42:19,700
level marked, the start of the 
building's inside, you could do 

3059
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:22,200
business in this threshold Zone 
without actually entering the 

3060
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:24,400
house. 
As with many other parts of 

3061
02:42:24,408 --> 02:42:27,500
Japanese architecture, the line 
between public and private, 

3062
02:42:27,500 --> 02:42:29,900
wasn't a straight line, but a 
gradual change. 

3063
02:42:30,600 --> 02:42:32,900
The building stretched toward 
the back behind the shop area. 

3064
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:36,400
It was divided into rooms by 
sliding through Summa panels 

3065
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:38,600
that were covered in thick paper
or fabric. 

3066
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:43,100
These rooms had many uses during
the day, they were living spaces

3067
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:45,700
and at night futons were put out
for sleeping. 

3068
02:42:46,600 --> 02:42:50,400
There wasn't much furniture and 
it was often easy to move a low 

3069
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,400
table for eating, that could be 
moved out of the way chest for 

3070
02:42:53,400 --> 02:42:55,200
storage. 
That could be stacked or moved 

3071
02:42:55,200 --> 02:42:59,100
around the space itself could be
changed in any way, depending on

3072
02:42:59,100 --> 02:43:02,600
the time of day or year. 
A small courtyard Garden at the 

3073
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:05,000
very back of the macchia. 
Let in light and air to the 

3074
02:43:05,008 --> 02:43:08,400
building's deepest parts. 
These Gardens were very small. 

3075
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,800
Sometimes only eight or 10 feet 
square but they were very 

3076
02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:15,100
important for making the long 
narrow buildings livable that 

3077
02:43:15,100 --> 02:43:19,100
little bit of sky that one tree 
and those few carefully placed 

3078
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:22,500
Stones changed the whole 
character of the space making it

3079
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:25,000
feel like it was connected to 
Nature even though it was in a 

3080
02:43:25,008 --> 02:43:27,900
busy city, the whole 
neighborhood of macchia gave the

3081
02:43:27,900 --> 02:43:31,300
city, a texture that Western 
cities don't have because the 

3082
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:34,000
houses were so narrow. 
The streets were lined with 

3083
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:36,800
different versions of the same 
thing which made the streets. 

3084
02:43:36,800 --> 02:43:40,200
Look more interesting instead of
boring because it was so small, 

3085
02:43:40,200 --> 02:43:42,000
everything was easy to get to on
foot. 

3086
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:45,100
The fact that there were shops 
on the ground floors and homes 

3087
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:47,000
above them. 
Meant that, neighborhoods were 

3088
02:43:47,000 --> 02:43:50,200
busy all day and night. 
Fire was always a threat to 

3089
02:43:50,200 --> 02:43:52,600
Edo's. 
Wooden building's, the city was 

3090
02:43:52,600 --> 02:43:56,700
hit by big fires all the time 
and sometimes they destroyed 

3091
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,200
tens of thousands of buildings 
in just one day. 

3092
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:02,500
The Japanese didn't build in 
stone because it was more 

3093
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:06,100
expensive and less comfortable. 
Instead, they came up with a 

3094
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:08,600
complicated system for 
preventing and responding to 

3095
02:44:08,600 --> 02:44:11,100
fires. 
There were volunteer fire 

3096
02:44:11,100 --> 02:44:14,100
brigades in neighborhoods 
buildings had thick walled, 

3097
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:16,600
storehouses called Kura that 
were fireproof and had heavy 

3098
02:44:16,600 --> 02:44:19,000
doors. 
Fire breaks were built into the 

3099
02:44:19,000 --> 02:44:21,200
streets. 
You always knew that fire would 

3100
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:23,200
happen. 
So you built quickly and cheaply

3101
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:25,200
enough that it wouldn't be a 
disaster to rebuild. 

3102
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:28,800
The Cure is worth paying special
attention to because it shows a 

3103
02:44:28,808 --> 02:44:31,500
completely different way of 
building in the larger wooden 

3104
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:33,900
City. 
These storehouses were basically

3105
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:38,100
boxes with thick Earth and walls
that were covered in plaster and

3106
02:44:38,100 --> 02:44:40,600
had small windows that were 
sealed with heavy shutters. 

3107
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:44,600
Family kept their most valuable 
things inside, like documents 

3108
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:49,400
heirlooms and expensive Fabrics.
Curious thick walls might keep 

3109
02:44:49,400 --> 02:44:52,700
their content safe even when the
main house burned down around 

3110
02:44:52,700 --> 02:44:56,000
them. families would come back 
after the fire to find their 

3111
02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:59,200
Storehouse is standing like 
white Island in a sea of Ash, 

3112
02:45:00,000 --> 02:45:02,500
But the pleasure quarters and 
teahouses, that thrive, during 

3113
02:45:02,500 --> 02:45:05,600
the long piece might be Edo's. 
Most unique architectural 

3114
02:45:05,600 --> 02:45:08,700
contribution. these 
entertainment districts created 

3115
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:12,200
their own style of architecture 
with buildings, that had more 

3116
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:15,800
details for SARS bigger, windows
and rooms that were meant for 

3117
02:45:15,800 --> 02:45:20,000
Gathering and Performing instead
of just living Yukio, which was 

3118
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:22,900
captured in Prince and 
literature was a famous floating

3119
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,400
World in Edo. 
It had its own unique 

3120
02:45:25,400 --> 02:45:28,300
architecture and spaces made 
just for a culture of high-class

3121
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,000
entertainment. 
During the Edo period, the 

3122
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:34,300
Teahouse itself which we'll talk
about in more detail soon became

3123
02:45:34,300 --> 02:45:38,200
very popular. but the tea house 
is in cities were not the same 

3124
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:41,500
as the ones for tea ceremonies 
These were places where people 

3125
02:45:41,500 --> 02:45:44,100
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

3126
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:47,300
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

3127
02:45:47,300 --> 02:45:49,300
night. 
The architecture showed this 

3128
02:45:49,300 --> 02:45:52,700
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

3129
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:55,200
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

3130
02:45:55,208 --> 02:45:57,500
what was needed. 
During the Edo period 

3131
02:45:57,500 --> 02:46:00,100
townhouses. 
Saw the full development of the 

3132
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:03,500
Takoma an Alcove that may have 
become the most important part 

3133
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:07,000
of the Japanese home. 
The tokonoma was a small raised 

3134
02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:09,900
area with slightly different 
floor, level and a decorative 

3135
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:12,300
backing. 
The family would put a scroll 

3136
02:46:12,300 --> 02:46:15,600
and maybe a flower arrangement 
or a treasured object there, the

3137
02:46:15,600 --> 02:46:17,900
tokonoma wasn't for sitting or 
storing things. 

3138
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:21,600
It was just for showing off a 
sign of the family's taste and 

3139
02:46:21,608 --> 02:46:24,400
refinement. 
What you put in your talk, no 

3140
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:26,700
Lord about who you were and what
you cared about. 

3141
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,500
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

3142
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:34,300
plans, the same all over Japan. 
Tatami mats came in standard 

3143
02:46:34,300 --> 02:46:38,200
sizes, which made it easy to 
get, how big a room would be a 

3144
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:39,600
room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

3145
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:43,100
six Maps, whether it was in 
their dough or Kyoto, the size 

3146
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:45,500
of the mats did differ slightly 
by region, of course. 

3147
02:46:46,400 --> 02:46:49,308
Because of this standardization 
it was possible to make a lot of

3148
02:46:49,316 --> 02:46:52,600
architectural Parts like screens
doors and Alcove pieces that 

3149
02:46:52,608 --> 02:46:54,700
could fit in any building that 
followed the rules. 

3150
02:46:55,500 --> 02:46:58,700
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

3151
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:01,700
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

3152
02:47:02,300 --> 02:47:04,700
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

3153
02:47:04,708 --> 02:47:07,400
the street. 
People who live nearby walk by 

3154
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:10,400
and talk to each other, the 
small garden at the back of the 

3155
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:13,500
house is in the shade, and the 
single maple tree is a dark 

3156
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:17,500
shape against the deep blue sky.
Your sitting close to the tocoma

3157
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:20,700
where a scroll shows a mountain 
landscape and a simple flower 

3158
02:47:20,700 --> 02:47:23,100
arrangement that together make a
small world of meaning. 

3159
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:27,200
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

3160
02:47:27,200 --> 02:47:30,700
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

3161
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:32,900
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

3162
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:35,500
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

3163
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:39,600
to go into a tea room or a shih 
tzu, these small buildings, 

3164
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:41,800
which usually have only four and
a half to Tami. 

3165
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:44,400
Mats of floor. 
Space are the best example of 

3166
02:47:44,408 --> 02:47:48,100
how Japanese design ideas can be
turned into buildings before we 

3167
02:47:48,108 --> 02:47:49,700
talk about the building's 
architecture. 

3168
02:47:49,700 --> 02:47:52,400
We should learn about the Tea 
Ceremony which is what these 

3169
02:47:52,400 --> 02:47:55,200
buildings are for you. 
Do drink tea but that's not 

3170
02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:57,600
really the point. 
It's about making a temporary 

3171
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,500
world of refined interaction 
where the usual rules and 

3172
02:48:00,500 --> 02:48:02,400
worries of daily life, don't 
matter anymore. 

3173
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:06,400
Instead there is only the pure 
present moment that the hosts 

3174
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:09,700
and guests share. 
The architectures job is to set 

3175
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:12,300
the stage for this experience 
and make it easier to have. 

3176
02:48:12,300 --> 02:48:16,100
Send a Riku you A Team master. 
From the 16th century, who wrote

3177
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:18,900
down many of the rules for tea 
ceremonies change, TI 

3178
02:48:18,900 --> 02:48:21,000
architecture by moving it away 
from fancy. 

3179
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:24,100
Building's that were influenced 
by Chinese style and toured 

3180
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:27,000
buildings, that were almost 
radically, simple and focused on

3181
02:48:27,008 --> 02:48:29,000
natural materials and rough 
textures. 

3182
02:48:30,000 --> 02:48:32,000
Ricky's ideas about Japanese 
taste. 

3183
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:36,300
Go far beyond tea, almost every 
modern idea of Japanese taste 

3184
02:48:36,300 --> 02:48:37,700
can be traced back to what he 
said. 

3185
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:42,000
Before you even walk in a tea 
room, starts to work, you walk 

3186
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:44,900
through a garden path. 
Called a rogi, which is meant to

3187
02:48:44,908 --> 02:48:47,800
help you switch your mind from 
the outside world to the Tea 

3188
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:49,600
Room. 
You might walk through a garden 

3189
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:52,600
gate over Stepping Stones past a
bench where someone is waiting 

3190
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:55,500
and then to a stone Basin where 
you can wash your hands and 

3191
02:48:55,500 --> 02:48:59,000
mouth, each part has both 
practical and psychological 

3192
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:01,400
uses. 
You're not just walking to a 

3193
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:03,800
building. 
You're slowly breaking your ties

3194
02:49:03,800 --> 02:49:06,900
to the outside world. 
The entrance to the Tea Room is 

3195
02:49:06,900 --> 02:49:10,500
meant to make you feel small. 
The Nigeria Gucci or crawling in

3196
02:49:10,500 --> 02:49:12,900
entrance is only about two feet 
square. 

3197
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:16,100
So even the most important 
guests have to Bow Low and crawl

3198
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:18,200
through. 
The samurai had to leave their 

3199
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:20,700
swords out side because the 
opening was too small for them 

3200
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:23,500
to go in with them. 
This forced humility set, the 

3201
02:49:23,500 --> 02:49:26,800
mood for the rest of the events.
There were no social hierarchies

3202
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:28,300
in the Tea Room that were 
outside of it. 

3203
02:49:28,300 --> 02:49:31,700
There were only the host and the
guests drinking tea at first, 

3204
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:35,200
glance the inside of a tea room.
Looks almost like a cave, the 

3205
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:37,900
walls of rough clay mixed with 
straw show their texture. 

3206
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:41,600
Well, wooden post, keep their 
bark or have a regularity that 

3207
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,600
meant to be there. 
Seeing might be made of a mix of

3208
02:49:44,608 --> 02:49:48,900
materials like bamboo reeds and 
wood to make a patchwork that 

3209
02:49:48,900 --> 02:49:51,100
looks random, but is actually 
carefully planned. 

3210
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:54,800
Small windows with translucent 
paper on them, let in natural 

3211
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:57,600
light, which makes the room 
softly lit from the side. 

3212
02:49:57,600 --> 02:50:01,200
But this look of being rustic is
actually very sophisticated. 

3213
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:04,300
Every part has been chosen with 
great care. 

3214
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:07,700
There were hundreds of pieces to
choose from and that one with 

3215
02:50:07,700 --> 02:50:09,300
the bark still on. 
It was chosen. 

3216
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:13,700
We looked at its slight curve, 
its unique texture and how light

3217
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:16,500
hits its surface. 
And we decided that all of these

3218
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:18,000
things were just right for this 
spot. 

3219
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:21,900
The rough texture of the walls, 
may look random, but it creates 

3220
02:50:21,900 --> 02:50:25,100
a specific visual effect that 
Master plasterers spend Years 

3221
02:50:25,100 --> 02:50:30,300
Learning to make. 
The tokenomic of the T room and 

3222
02:50:30,300 --> 02:50:32,400
it is even more important here 
than in residential 

3223
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:36,100
architecture. 
There is a scroll in the Alcove 

3224
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:37,800
that was chosen just for this 
Gathering. 

3225
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:40,400
It could be a piece of 
calligraphy or a landscape 

3226
02:50:40,400 --> 02:50:42,800
painting. 
The Scroll is more than just a 

3227
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:45,400
decoration. 
It sets the spiritual tone for 

3228
02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:47,800
the whole team party when guests
come in. 

3229
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:51,200
They look at the tokenomy and 
read the scroll to find out what

3230
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:53,900
this Gathering is all about 
everything in a tea room, is 

3231
02:50:53,908 --> 02:50:57,000
there to help with tea? 
The half that is sunk into the 

3232
02:50:57,000 --> 02:51:00,200
ground is where the water is 
heated, and it is set up so that

3233
02:51:00,200 --> 02:51:02,500
the host can perform the 
ceremony while sitting down. 

3234
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:06,700
The door that the host uses to 
get in is separate from the door

3235
02:51:06,700 --> 02:51:10,000
that the guests used to get in, 
so the host can bring in t 

3236
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:11,600
supplies without bothering the 
guests. 

3237
02:51:12,200 --> 02:51:14,900
The windows are placed just 
right so that the t-ball gets 

3238
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:17,600
the right amount of light at the
most important times during the 

3239
02:51:17,600 --> 02:51:20,800
ceremony. 
Nothing is random every size 

3240
02:51:20,800 --> 02:51:24,000
material and surface has been 
thought about tea rooms 

3241
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:27,000
aesthetic, ideas, slowly, spread
to all of Japanese architecture,

3242
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:31,300
the idea of Warby, which means 
finding Beauty and simple things

3243
02:51:31,300 --> 02:51:33,700
and materials changed. 
How people thought about 

3244
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:36,500
designing homes. 
People like warn word and 

3245
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:39,400
weathered Stone because of the 
idea of Sabi, which means, 

3246
02:51:39,400 --> 02:51:42,000
appreciating the patina of age 
and the marks of use. 

3247
02:51:42,000 --> 02:51:45,000
Japanese architecture, became 
known for using natural 

3248
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:47,400
materials in their natural state
without paint or other 

3249
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:51,100
decorations tea rooms. 
Also perfected the idea of shaky

3250
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,300
or borrowed scenery which is 
when a building is designed to 

3251
02:51:54,300 --> 02:51:57,300
include views of the landscape 
around it as part of its 

3252
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,000
interior space, a window that is
carefully. 

3253
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:03,300
Placed might frame a certain 
tree in the garden making that 

3254
02:52:03,300 --> 02:52:06,900
tree a part of the rooms design,
the rooms character changes when

3255
02:52:06,900 --> 02:52:09,300
the tree blooms or changes color
with the seasons. 

3256
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:12,700
The line between architecture 
and Landscape becomes less clear

3257
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:16,100
and more temporary the famous, 
tyion T room, which was designed

3258
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:19,100
by Ricky himself. 
And his Still Standing is only 9

3259
02:52:19,100 --> 02:52:22,300
feet by nine feet. 
In this small space all of 

3260
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:26,000
Japanese aesthetic philosophy 
has shown the rough clay walls 

3261
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:29,300
the carefully uneven posts the 
small window that looks out onto

3262
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:32,900
a perfectly framed Garden View 
and the tokonoma with its subtle

3263
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,700
proportions all work together to
make a space that feels both 

3264
02:52:35,700 --> 02:52:39,800
humble and deep rustic and 
refined and temporary and 

3265
02:52:39,808 --> 02:52:41,900
eternal. 
Later T. 

3266
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:45,200
Mastered on recuse work and made
different styles of tea rooms 

3267
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:47,600
that looked at different parts 
of tea room design. 

3268
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,900
Some added more windows to let 
in more light some people tried 

3269
02:52:51,900 --> 02:52:54,700
out different materials or 
proportions, but they all stuck 

3270
02:52:54,700 --> 02:52:57,300
to the main idea. 
Ah Tea Room should be its own 

3271
02:52:57,308 --> 02:53:00,100
world a place where Beauty 
becomes a way to connect with 

3272
02:53:00,100 --> 02:53:03,200
the divine. 
The way tea rooms were designed 

3273
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:05,800
had an effect on the way other 
type of buildings were built. 

3274
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:09,800
The sukiya style that came from 
te architecture used its ideas 

3275
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:13,900
in house design such as using 
natural materials making rooms 

3276
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:16,200
that are the right size for 
people in stead of grand 

3277
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:19,100
displays and paying closer 
attention to texture and Light. 

3278
02:53:20,100 --> 02:53:24,200
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 
for display and sliding paper 

3279
02:53:24,200 --> 02:53:26,700
screens are all things that are 
now thought of as typically 

3280
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:30,600
Japanese they all come from tea 
remarker as you get ready to 

3281
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:33,000
sleep picture yourself in a tea 
room at dusk. 

3282
02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:36,400
The rain is falling outside, 
making a soft sound on the roof.

3283
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,300
You can barely see the garden 
through the small window. 

3284
02:53:39,300 --> 02:53:42,300
The stones and Moss are getting 
darker because of the moisture, 

3285
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:45,400
the host just made tea with 
careful practice movements. 

3286
02:53:45,400 --> 02:53:48,000
The t-ball is in front of you 
and it's rough. 

3287
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:49,600
Surface feels warm in your 
hands. 

3288
02:53:50,700 --> 02:53:53,900
In this small space, the whole 
universe is shrunk to this 

3289
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:56,900
moment. 
The taste of tea, the sound of 

3290
02:53:56,900 --> 02:53:59,600
rain, and the way the light is 
fading. 

3291
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:03,600
The room has everything it needs
and nothing, it doesn't. 

3292
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:07,100
In its own quiet way. 
It's perfect. 

3293
02:54:08,500 --> 02:54:10,800
Japan had been closed off from 
the rest of the world for over 

3294
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:14,200
200 years, but in the middle of 
the 19th century, it opened up 

3295
02:54:15,400 --> 02:54:17,900
The meeting changed Japanese 
architecture in ways that were 

3296
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:21,700
both exciting and confusing, 
suddenly a building style that 

3297
02:54:21,700 --> 02:54:24,400
had developed over 100 of years 
to reflect certain cultural 

3298
02:54:24,400 --> 02:54:27,700
values and deal with certain 
problems, had to learn how to 

3299
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:30,300
use completely different 
architectural languages from 

3300
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:33,400
Europe and America people who 
are used to wooden buildings 

3301
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:36,600
with paper screens and sliding 
doors must have thought that the

3302
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,600
first western style building in 
Japan were very strange. 

3303
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:42,800
Building's Made of Stone or 
brick with glass windows, 

3304
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:46,800
multiple stories with stairs 
inside rooms, that were only for

3305
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:49,900
one thing and furniture that 
could not be moved or changed. 

3306
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:53,200
All showed a very different idea
of what buildings were and how 

3307
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:56,300
people should live in them. 
The major government wanted 

3308
02:54:56,300 --> 02:55:00,000
Japan to become a modern nation 
state, so they actively promoted

3309
02:55:00,000 --> 02:55:01,900
Western architecture as part of 
that process. 

3310
02:55:02,900 --> 02:55:05,900
They hired Architects from other
countries to design government 

3311
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:09,700
buildings, Banks, train stations
and other buildings that needed 

3312
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,900
to look modern and strong. 
These buildings intentionally 

3313
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:15,800
copied Western Styles. 
Like Victorian, Gothic 

3314
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:18,600
Renaissance, Revival and French 
baroque. 

3315
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:21,500
Sometimes they did this in a way
that was so mixed up. 

3316
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:23,900
That it was hard to tell where 
one style ended in another 

3317
02:55:23,900 --> 02:55:26,300
began. 
It must have been strange to 

3318
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:28,700
walk through Central Tokyo 
during the Meiji period. 

3319
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:32,300
There were brick banking houses 
with Corinthian columns next to 

3320
02:55:32,300 --> 02:55:34,200
traditional wooden temples and 
matcha. 

3321
02:55:34,800 --> 02:55:37,600
Buddhist temples had roofs that 
curved while government 

3322
02:55:37,600 --> 02:55:40,500
buildings had roofs that slope 
down like European roofs. 

3323
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:44,800
There was an architectural Clash
without synthesis with different

3324
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:46,600
building styles living in the 
same city. 

3325
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:48,800
But not yet, learning how to 
talk to each other. 

3326
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,200
Japanese architects who had 
studied in Europe and America 

3327
02:55:52,200 --> 02:55:55,200
had an interesting problem to 
solve how to make modern 

3328
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:57,500
Japanese architecture. 
That used Western Building 

3329
02:55:57,500 --> 02:56:01,200
Technology, but still stay true 
to traditional aesthetic values.

3330
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:04,600
Architects would spend the next 
hundred years, thinking about 

3331
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:07,700
this question and it may still 
have an effect on Japanese 

3332
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:10,800
architecture today. 
One of the first things people 

3333
02:56:10,800 --> 02:56:13,900
did was add Japanese decorative 
elements to Western building 

3334
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:16,000
styles. 
You could have a brick building 

3335
02:56:16,000 --> 02:56:20,100
with European proportions and a 
Japanese style tiled roof or a 

3336
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,300
stone building with towers that 
look like pagodas. 

3337
02:56:23,100 --> 02:56:26,000
These hybrids often looked 
strange like someone wearing a 

3338
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:27,700
business suit with traditional 
sandals. 

3339
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:31,000
Each part was fine on its own 
but together, they were 

3340
02:56:31,000 --> 02:56:35,600
uncomfortable, Tokyo Station, 
which was finished in 1914, is a

3341
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:37,600
good example of the 
architectural goals of this 

3342
02:56:37,600 --> 02:56:40,300
time. 
Station was a huge red brick 

3343
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:43,200
building with European 
Renaissance style, including 

3344
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:45,900
domes archers and detailed 
brickwork. 

3345
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:48,400
It was designed by tatsuno 
Kingo. 

3346
02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:51,600
Who had studied in London. 
It was supposed to show that 

3347
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:54,500
Japan had become a modern 
country with infrastructure. 

3348
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:57,300
That could compete with any 
Western power, but you could see

3349
02:56:57,300 --> 02:56:59,300
that Japanese sensibilities were
at work. 

3350
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:00,900
In the way, it was built and the
way it looked. 

3351
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:03,600
At the changes that were 
happening in residential 

3352
02:57:03,600 --> 02:57:05,800
architecture were more 
interesting than the big public 

3353
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,600
buildings. 
Middle class Japanese homes 

3354
02:57:08,600 --> 02:57:12,100
started to mix Western and 
Japanese Styles, making hybrid 

3355
02:57:12,100 --> 02:57:14,800
spaces that showed how life 
stars were changing while still 

3356
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:18,200
keeping traditional comforts. 
A house might have one western 

3357
02:57:18,200 --> 02:57:21,600
style room with chairs, tables 
and hardwood floors. 

3358
02:57:21,600 --> 02:57:25,000
This room was usually used for 
business or to welcome guests. 

3359
02:57:25,900 --> 02:57:28,600
The rest of the house would be 
traditional Japanese with tatami

3360
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:31,700
mats and sliding screens. 
This wasn't just about how 

3361
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:34,100
things looked or how they were 
worn different. 

3362
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:36,700
Kinds of activities, really 
worked better in different kinds

3363
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:39,700
of buildings. 
If you wore western clothes, you

3364
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:42,100
want to chairs and tables that 
were Western Heights. 

3365
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,600
But when they were at home a lot
of Japanese people like to take 

3366
02:57:45,600 --> 02:57:49,900
off their tight western clothes 
put on a Yukata or kimono and 

3367
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:51,700
sit on tatami the old-fashioned 
way. 

3368
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,500
You could live in both modes 
because you had both kinds of 

3369
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:59,100
spaces, you could choose the 
right one for each activity, the

3370
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:02,200
engawa, a space between the 
inside and outside that looked 

3371
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:04,900
like a porch was a big part of 
traditional, Japanese 

3372
02:58:04,900 --> 02:58:07,700
architecture in Meiji period 
homes. 

3373
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:11,800
It took on a new form sometimes 
it had glass windows around it, 

3374
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,300
making it look like a sunroom, 
the weather out, but still let 

3375
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:18,000
you see the garden's. 
This change showed how 

3376
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:21,200
traditional building Parts could
change to use new materials and 

3377
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:24,500
Technologies while still doing 
their main job, Japanese 

3378
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,100
architects, who were studying 
abroad started to notice 

3379
02:58:27,100 --> 02:58:27,700
something. 
Interesting. 

3380
02:58:28,800 --> 02:58:31,500
While they were learning how to 
build in the west Weston 

3381
02:58:31,500 --> 02:58:33,900
Architects were becoming 
interested in Japanese design. 

3382
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:37,400
People were Amazed by the 
Japanese Pavilions at 

3383
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:40,000
International exhibitions, 
Western Architects. 

3384
02:58:40,000 --> 02:58:43,500
And designers started to collect
Japanese prints study, Japanese 

3385
02:58:43,500 --> 02:58:46,400
garden Gardens, and used 
Japanese design ideas in their 

3386
02:58:46,400 --> 02:58:49,100
own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

3387
02:58:49,100 --> 02:58:51,900
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

3388
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:54,800
back and forth would eventually 
lead to more complex syntheses. 

3389
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:57,600
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 
Hotel in Tokyo. 

3390
02:58:57,608 --> 02:59:02,400
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 
Western ideas about space with 

3391
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,200
Japanese ideas, about beauty and
attention to materials. 

3392
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,000
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 
ideas for architecture showed 

3393
02:59:09,000 --> 02:59:11,700
how to honor both Traditions 
without having to choose between

3394
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:14,600
them. 
The terrible great Kanto 

3395
02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:18,700
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

3396
02:59:18,700 --> 02:59:21,900
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

3397
02:59:21,908 --> 02:59:24,800
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

3398
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:28,400
larger scale such as reinforced,
concrete steel framing, and 

3399
02:59:28,400 --> 02:59:31,900
modern utilities, But it also 
made people think about what 

3400
02:59:31,900 --> 02:59:34,900
traditional architecture had 
lost and what should be kept. 

3401
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:38,300
Some Architects started to talk 
about a more careful way to 

3402
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:40,400
modernize. 
They didn't want to just copy 

3403
02:59:40,400 --> 02:59:42,900
Western Styles or keep 
traditional architecture the 

3404
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:46,000
same to protect it. 
Instead they wanted an 

3405
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:48,700
architecture that used modern 
materials and building methods, 

3406
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:51,800
but still understood and 
respected, traditional Japanese 

3407
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:55,000
ideas about space. 
This wasn't just about making 

3408
02:59:55,000 --> 02:59:58,800
things look nice on the outside.
It was about deeper ideas, like 

3409
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:02,000
how buildings fit into the 
landscape, how space is could be

3410
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:05,300
flexible and changeable and how 
to use natural materials and 

3411
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:10,200
light in creative ways. 
In the early 1900s, modernist 

3412
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:11,700
architecture, spread around the 
world. 

3413
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:15,400
It focused on clean lines. 
Honest, use of materials, and 

3414
03:00:15,400 --> 03:00:17,400
combining indoor and outdoor 
spaces. 

3415
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:21,300
Surprisingly, this style of 
architecture, had a lot in 

3416
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:23,800
common with traditional Japanese
architectural values. 

3417
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:27,300
Both Traditions valued 
Simplicity, over decoration, 

3418
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:30,600
honest materials, over surface 
decoration, and fluid 

3419
03:00:30,600 --> 03:00:34,000
connections between buildings, 
and their surroundings, Japanese

3420
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:36,500
Architects, started to see that 
some of the ideas behind 

3421
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:38,900
modernism weren't completely new
to them. 

3422
03:00:38,900 --> 03:00:41,900
In some ways they were similar 
to ideas that their own 

3423
03:00:41,900 --> 03:00:43,900
tradition had been working with 
400 of years. 

3424
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:47,100
Steel and glass building with 
clean lines, and little 

3425
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:48,900
decoration. 
Wasn't that different from a 

3426
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,200
traditional tea room, which used
natural materials and didn't add

3427
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:55,500
extra decoration. 
Both were examples of aesthetic,

3428
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:57,200
philosophies that put value on 
Essence. 

3429
03:00:57,200 --> 03:01:00,000
So over decoration and Clarity 
over confusion. 

3430
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:03,300
This understanding would 
ultimately result in some of the

3431
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:07,100
most groundbreaking architecture
of the 20th century as Japanese 

3432
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:09,400
Architects employed, 
contemporary materials, and 

3433
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:13,000
methods to convey, traditional 
spatial ideas, in novel manners.

3434
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:15,100
But that's a story for the next 
chapter. 

3435
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:18,600
When we get to the present, As 
you settle deeper into sleep 

3436
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:22,900
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 
was a city that was rebuilding 

3437
03:01:22,900 --> 03:01:24,800
itself and full of 
contradictions and 

3438
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:27,500
possibilities. 
This is a traditional wooden 

3439
03:01:27,500 --> 03:01:29,600
house with one room. 
That looks like it belongs in 

3440
03:01:29,600 --> 03:01:32,400
the West. 
Concrete office building is 

3441
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:33,700
trying to look like a French 
Palace. 

3442
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:37,400
You can still see the roofs of 
the temples in the distance but 

3443
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:39,000
they are now surrounded by 
buildings. 

3444
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:40,100
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3445
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:44,900
Just a few decades ago, it's a 
mess but it's also exciting and 

3446
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:49,400
comfortable and full of promise.
Civilization is going through a 

3447
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:52,800
huge change and trying to figure
out how to stay the same while 

3448
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,000
becoming something else. 
Japan cities were ruined by 

3449
03:01:56,000 --> 03:01:59,800
World War Two, bombing had 
mostly destroyed, Tokyo, Osaka, 

3450
03:01:59,800 --> 03:02:03,200
and Nagoya. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

3451
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:05,200
the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

3452
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,500
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

3453
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:11,300
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

3454
03:02:11,300 --> 03:02:13,200
military buildings 
architectural. 

3455
03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:16,800
Philosophy seemed like a luxury.
But even in this dire situation,

3456
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:19,500
some architectural elements 
remain the same. 

3457
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:23,000
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

3458
03:02:23,000 --> 03:02:26,500
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

3459
03:02:26,500 --> 03:02:29,800
ideas about space, in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

3460
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:33,100
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

3461
03:02:33,100 --> 03:02:36,700
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

3462
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:39,500
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

3463
03:02:39,500 --> 03:02:44,200
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

3464
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:46,800
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

3465
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:49,500
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

3466
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:51,600
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

3467
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:53,300
Western architectural 
principles. 

3468
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:56,600
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

3469
03:02:56,600 --> 03:02:58,700
Japan. 
There are ideas, would change 

3470
03:02:58,700 --> 03:03:01,400
architecture all over the world 
Kenzo. 

3471
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:03,600
Tange could be the most well, 
known person from this 

3472
03:03:03,600 --> 03:03:06,200
generation. 
His buildings were a mix of the 

3473
03:03:06,200 --> 03:03:08,700
brutal honesty of modernist 
Concrete Construction. 

3474
03:03:09,200 --> 03:03:12,200
And ideas about space that came 
from traditional Japanese 

3475
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:14,900
architecture. 
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 

3476
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:19,300
Museum finished in 1955 raised 
its main structure on pillars 

3477
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:21,900
which made a covered space 
underneath that was like the 

3478
03:03:21,900 --> 03:03:24,800
open ground floors of 
traditional storehouses and let 

3479
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:27,900
light and air flow through the 
building Tang's work showed that

3480
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:30,800
modern materials, like 
reinforced concrete could show 

3481
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:34,600
traditional Japanese ideas about
space like the mixing of inside 

3482
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:38,400
and outside the use of modulus 
structural grids and the focus 

3483
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:40,700
on horizontal rather than 
vertical lines. 

3484
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:44,000
His buildings looked very modern
but their layout and 

3485
03:03:44,000 --> 03:03:46,500
relationship to the site and 
Landscape made them feel 

3486
03:03:46,500 --> 03:03:50,000
Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement which 

3487
03:03:50,000 --> 03:03:53,400
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

3488
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,000
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

3489
03:03:57,000 --> 03:04:00,300
and change with residential 
units that could be added to 

3490
03:04:00,300 --> 03:04:03,400
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams 

3491
03:04:03,400 --> 03:04:06,700
never came true, but there are 
ideas about flexibility and 

3492
03:04:06,700 --> 03:04:09,900
adaptability took traditional 
Japanese ideas about 

3493
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:13,700
reconfigurable space and applied
them to cities and Technology 

3494
03:04:13,700 --> 03:04:17,400
the neck again capsule Tower by 
kisho kurokawa, which was 

3495
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:21,500
finished in 1972 was an example 
of metabolist ideas in 

3496
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:24,100
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

3497
03:04:24,100 --> 03:04:27,400
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically small apartments 

3498
03:04:27,400 --> 03:04:29,200
that were attached to concrete 
cores. 

3499
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:32,000
This was done. 
So that capsules could be moved 

3500
03:04:32,000 --> 03:04:35,300
around or replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

3501
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:38,500
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

3502
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:41,500
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged instead 

3503
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:45,400
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

3504
03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:47,500
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

3505
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:51,300
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

3506
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:55,000
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

3507
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:57,400
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

3508
03:04:58,400 --> 03:05:01,200
But the way things were arranged
in space often stayed very 

3509
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,800
Japanese, a lot, of homes, still
had at least one traditional 

3510
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:09,500
tatami room with sliding fusuma 
panels, a tokonoma Alcove and a 

3511
03:05:09,500 --> 03:05:13,000
door that led to a small garden.
This wasn't just Nostalgia or 

3512
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:15,300
conservatism. 
It was a real preference for 

3513
03:05:15,300 --> 03:05:18,200
being able to move around and 
connect with traditional styles.

3514
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:22,200
At night, at Tammy room, could 
be a bedroom during the day. 

3515
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:24,600
It could be a living room for 
special meals. 

3516
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:27,400
It could be a dining room and 
for guests it could be a space. 

3517
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:30,600
The Westland style rooms with 
furniture, that could be moved 

3518
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:33,800
around, couldn't do this. 
Some Architects started to look 

3519
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:36,400
into how they could use modern 
materials and building methods 

3520
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,600
to express, traditional ideas to
dou under who became famous in 

3521
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:43,400
the 1970s billed. 
Building's out of smooth 

3522
03:05:43,400 --> 03:05:46,600
concrete, glass and steel, that 
still had a traditional Japanese

3523
03:05:46,600 --> 03:05:50,800
feel to the Buildings have 
enclosed Courtyards, carefully, 

3524
03:05:50,800 --> 03:05:54,100
framed natural light and a 
peaceful quality that reminds 

3525
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:56,000
one of Temple and Tea Room 
architecture. 

3526
03:05:57,000 --> 03:06:01,100
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

3527
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:02,600
great example of this 
combination. 

3528
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:06,800
It's a small concrete Chapel 
with a cross that shines the 

3529
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,700
cross was made by taking away 
things not adding them, the wall

3530
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,800
has a cross-shaped opening that 
lets light in the room is very 

3531
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:17,300
simple and serious but it also 
has a lot of spiritual energy. 

3532
03:06:17,300 --> 03:06:20,700
It looks modern, but it also 
feels like it comes from the 

3533
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:23,500
same design tradition that made 
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.

3534
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:27,000
The idea of mar which we talked 
about earlier, as charged empty 

3535
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:30,100
space was used in a new way in 
modern Japanese architecture. 

3536
03:06:30,100 --> 03:06:33,800
Architects designed buildings 
with holes and gaps that work. 

3537
03:06:33,800 --> 03:06:36,600
Just empty space. 
They were important parts of the

3538
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:38,900
design. 
These empty spaces made the 

3539
03:06:38,900 --> 03:06:42,300
rhythm of the buildings let 
light in and gave people a place

3540
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:45,900
to rest their eyes and think The
connection between architecture 

3541
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:48,400
and nature, which is so 
important to Japanese culture 

3542
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:52,300
continued in new ways 
Architects, couldn't always make

3543
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,500
traditional Garden's specially 
in cities with a lot of people 

3544
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:59,100
but they found ways to add 
natural elements like a single 

3545
03:06:59,100 --> 03:07:01,200
tree. 
In a courtyard, a water feature 

3546
03:07:01,200 --> 03:07:05,600
or even just views of the sky, 
that were carefully framed These

3547
03:07:05,600 --> 03:07:08,600
gestures recognized, the human 
necessity for a connection with 

3548
03:07:08,600 --> 03:07:11,600
nature even within entirely 
Urban environments. 

3549
03:07:12,200 --> 03:07:14,600
Small urban homes became a very 
interesting type of 

3550
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:17,500
architecture. 
Because land was so expensive in

3551
03:07:17,500 --> 03:07:20,600
Japanese cities, many 
residential lots were very small

3552
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:25,300
less than 50 square meters. 
In some cases architects who had

3553
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:27,500
to work with these limits. 
Came up with new ways to make 

3554
03:07:27,500 --> 03:07:31,000
spaces more livable by adding 
light are, and sometimes 

3555
03:07:31,000 --> 03:07:34,900
surprising spatial experiences. 
These small homes often had 

3556
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:38,600
Courtyards inside skylights 
spaces on more than one level 

3557
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:42,700
and smart ways to store things. 
These small houses kept the 

3558
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:45,700
traditional Japanese way of 
building homes, which was to 

3559
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:48,800
make Rich spatial experiences 
within small physical limits. 

3560
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:51,900
A traditional tea room showed 
that you don't need a lot of 

3561
03:07:51,900 --> 03:07:55,300
room to make a whole world. 
Modern tiny houses took this 

3562
03:07:55,300 --> 03:07:58,400
idea further by showing that 
careful design could make even 

3563
03:07:58,400 --> 03:08:02,700
the smallest spaces feel full 
and welcoming Modern, 

3564
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:04,500
engineering's, earthquake, 
resistant. 

3565
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:07,400
Building methods were added to 
Japan's traditional knowledge of

3566
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:11,100
how to make structures that can 
bend Modern buildings in Japan 

3567
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:14,800
often have advanced dampening 
systems flexible joints and 

3568
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:17,900
extra structural support that. 
Let them Sway With seismic 

3569
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:19,500
forces and stead of fighting 
them. 

3570
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:22,900
This high-tech method is similar
to the old idea of building 

3571
03:08:22,900 --> 03:08:25,000
wooden structures that could 
move with the Earth. 

3572
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:28,800
As you start to feel sleepy 
picture yourself walking through

3573
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:31,300
Modern Tokyo. 
This is an old temple with 

3574
03:08:31,300 --> 03:08:34,400
wooden buildings that have been 
well cared for next to. 

3575
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:38,700
It is a modern building made of 
glass and steel its ground floor

3576
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:42,400
opens completely to the street 
making the line between inside 

3577
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:46,100
and outside, less clear. 
This is a very modern take on a 

3578
03:08:46,100 --> 03:08:50,500
traditional idea, a small house 
across the street, has a tree 

3579
03:08:50,500 --> 03:08:53,300
growing through the middle of it
bringing nature into the middle 

3580
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:56,100
of a busy city. 
The city is like a palimpsest 

3581
03:08:56,100 --> 03:08:58,500
with layers of history and new 
ideas. 

3582
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:02,000
All in the same place the 
buildings from each time, period

3583
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,300
seem to talk to each other. 
By the end of the 20th century. 

3584
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:09,300
Something amazing had happened. 
Japanese architecture had become

3585
03:09:09,300 --> 03:09:13,000
influential all over the world 
in ways that went far beyond 

3586
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:17,100
just unique details or Surface 
Beauty Architects, all over the 

3587
03:09:17,100 --> 03:09:20,500
world were looking at Japanese 
building's spatial ideas and 

3588
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:24,300
design philosophies to find ways
to solve modern, architectural 

3589
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,500
problems. 
That Western Traditions, hadn't 

3590
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:30,000
fully dealt with Japanese 
Aesthetics had a big impact on 

3591
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,700
the minimalism that became so 
popular in architecture around 

3592
03:09:32,700 --> 03:09:34,400
the world. 
Starting in the 1990s. 

3593
03:09:35,400 --> 03:09:38,200
The Japanese had been refining, 
the ideas behind clean lines, 

3594
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:42,000
limited color, palettes 
carefully, chosen materials, and

3595
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,000
empty space as a positive design
element for 100s of years. 

3596
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:49,000
Japan had been doing what the 
West thought was a radical new 

3597
03:09:49,000 --> 03:09:52,400
style since the 16th century, 
when T Masters started doing it.

3598
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,700
The open floor plans that now 
popular in western homes. 

3599
03:09:55,700 --> 03:09:58,800
A similar to the ideas that 
Japanese homes have had for 

3600
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:02,200
hundreds of years. 
Japanese architecture had these 

3601
03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:05,100
ideas long before they became 
popular in other parts of the 

3602
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:07,500
world. 
That spaces could be flexible 

3603
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:11,000
and serve more than one purpose,
that rooms could flow into each 

3604
03:10:11,000 --> 03:10:14,300
other, instead of being 
separated by walls and that a 

3605
03:10:14,300 --> 03:10:16,100
home should adapt to the needs 
of its occupants. 

3606
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:18,400
In stead of forcing them to 
adapt to fixed rooms. 

3607
03:10:18,400 --> 03:10:21,800
The focus on natural materials. 
That are honestly displayed, 

3608
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:24,800
rather than painted over or 
hidden behind decorations. 

3609
03:10:24,800 --> 03:10:28,400
They came a defining feature of 
modern high-end architecture 

3610
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:31,500
around the world. 
Architects started leaving 

3611
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:34,100
concrete unpainted so that the 
wood structure showed through, 

3612
03:10:34,100 --> 03:10:37,300
and they used Stone in ways that
showed off its natural beauty. 

3613
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:41,000
This method wasn't taken 
directly from Japan, but the 

3614
03:10:41,000 --> 03:10:43,400
Japanese architectural tradition
of honest material. 

3615
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:46,300
Expression did have an effect on
how architects around the world 

3616
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:50,700
thought about materials and 
surfaces The relationship 

3617
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:53,900
between the inside and outside 
that Japanese architecture, had 

3618
03:10:53,900 --> 03:10:56,400
always stressed became more and 
more important in modern 

3619
03:10:56,400 --> 03:11:00,600
architecture around the world. 
In modern design, people wanted 

3620
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:02,600
buildings with walls. 
That could open all the way 

3621
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:06,300
rooms that led into Gardens and 
threshold spaces that were 

3622
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:07,900
neither fully inside nor 
outside. 

3623
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:11,500
The traditional ngawa had 
changed into modern Terraces 

3624
03:11:11,500 --> 03:11:14,900
balconies and transitional 
spaces that made buildings more 

3625
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:16,300
interesting for people to 
experience. 

3626
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:19,600
Japanese Architects had an 
impact on the world as well. 

3627
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:24,000
In 1995 to Dao. 
Ando won the pritzker prize. 

3628
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:27,100
First of many Japanese 
Architects to win the most 

3629
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:31,500
prestigious award in the field. 
Kazuyo sejima and she's our 

3630
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:34,600
company. 
S a n a a built building that 

3631
03:11:34,600 --> 03:11:38,100
were incredibly delicate and 
spatially complex and their work

3632
03:11:38,108 --> 03:11:40,200
had an impact on Architects all 
over the world. 

3633
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:44,300
Shigeru ban was the first to use
paper tubes and other unusual 

3634
03:11:44,300 --> 03:11:47,100
materials in buildings that were
both structurally Innovative and

3635
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:50,100
socially responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

3636
03:11:50,100 --> 03:11:52,700
Architects built building, that 
looked like traditional Japanese

3637
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:57,200
ones, their work didn't have 
Pagoda Roos or Torii Gates, but 

3638
03:11:57,200 --> 03:12:00,600
their building's had spatial 
ideas, material sensibilities 

3639
03:12:00,600 --> 03:12:03,700
and connections to sight and 
light that were more connected 

3640
03:12:03,700 --> 03:12:05,300
to traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3641
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:09,500
They showed that tradition isn't
just about copying old Styles. 

3642
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:13,700
It's also about understanding 
and building on basic ideas, the

3643
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:17,000
idea of wahbi-sabi which means 
finding Beauty and things that 

3644
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,900
aren't perfect don't last or 
aren't finished became part of 

3645
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:24,000
the global design vocabulary. 
It may have been overused in 

3646
03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:27,500
Western design circles, where it
was sometimes seen as just a 

3647
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:30,100
style, instead of a complicated 
philosophical stance. 

3648
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:34,500
But at its best, the world's 
love of wahbi-sabi showed a real

3649
03:12:34,500 --> 03:12:36,900
appreciation for Japanese 
aesthetic values that were 

3650
03:12:36,908 --> 03:12:40,500
different from the Western focus
on permanents Perfection and 

3651
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:43,700
completion. 
The design of Japanese Gardens 

3652
03:12:43,700 --> 03:12:47,000
had a bigger and bigger effect 
on gardens around the world from

3653
03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:50,100
California to England. 
Modern showed how to use natural

3654
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,700
materials, how to make spaces 
for thinking and how to make 

3655
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:55,600
small versions of larger 
landscapes. 

3656
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:58,700
The notion that landscape design
could be an art form. 

3657
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:02,800
A sophisticated as architecture,
a belief rooted in Japanese 

3658
03:13:02,800 --> 03:13:04,800
tradition. 
Garnered broader acceptance. 

3659
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:08,400
The best Japanese architecture 
was very aware of the 

3660
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:10,800
environment. 
It paid attention to Natural 

3661
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:15,000
ventilation used local materials
and was careful oriented to the 

3662
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:17,600
Sun and wind. 
These were all things that 

3663
03:13:17,600 --> 03:13:19,100
became important in 
architecture. 

3664
03:13:19,100 --> 03:13:22,000
Around the world. 
Japanese architecture has always

3665
03:13:22,000 --> 03:13:25,400
been sustainable because it had 
to be Contemporary Architects, 

3666
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:28,100
learned from these Traditions. 
How to build buildings that are 

3667
03:13:28,100 --> 03:13:30,600
better for the environment. 
The Japanese idea that 

3668
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:33,900
architecture is not a permanent 
Monument, but something that can

3669
03:13:33,900 --> 03:13:37,100
be changed and rebuilt. 
Challenged Western ideas about 

3670
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:38,800
architecture and interesting 
ways. 

3671
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:42,600
The 20-year rebuilding cycle of 
the is Shrine, which we talked 

3672
03:13:42,600 --> 03:13:45,600
about a long time ago was a 
whole new way of thinking about 

3673
03:13:45,600 --> 03:13:49,200
preserving architecture. 
Of trying to keep buildings the 

3674
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:51,400
same. 
It meant keeping tradition alive

3675
03:13:51,400 --> 03:13:55,300
through constant renewal This 
idea changed how people thought 

3676
03:13:55,300 --> 03:13:58,300
about cultural continuity and 
Architectural sustainability. 

3677
03:13:59,100 --> 03:14:01,800
Japanese culture had a big 
impact on the way people saw. 

3678
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,700
Small-scale carefully detailed 
architecture. 

3679
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:09,400
Not every building had to be a 
big deal or a big statement and 

3680
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:12,800
small Urban houses or Tyrone's 
where every detail had been 

3681
03:14:12,808 --> 03:14:15,000
carefully. 
Thought out the most beautiful 

3682
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:18,900
architecture could happen. 
This recognition of small-scale 

3683
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:21,400
Excellence changed how 
architects around the world 

3684
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:23,500
thought about residential and 
small scale. 

3685
03:14:23,500 --> 03:14:26,800
Projects, Japanese Architects, 
combine traditional building 

3686
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:28,900
techniques with modern materials
and methods. 

3687
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:32,200
This gave other countries ideas 
for how to keep traditional 

3688
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:35,200
building crafts alive while also
making modern buildings. 

3689
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,200
Japanese architectural craft was
known for its careful, joinery 

3690
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:42,800
attention to surface qualities 
and respect for materials. 

3691
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:46,200
These things still affect how 
buildings are detailed and 

3692
03:14:46,208 --> 03:14:48,600
built. 
As we near the end of our 

3693
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,200
journey, through Japanese 
architectural history, we come 

3694
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:54,200
to the present. 
What we see is not a complete 

3695
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:57,700
preservation of tradition or a 
complete break from the past, 

3696
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,800
but rather a creative 
conversation between historical 

3697
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:03,400
principles and modern needs that
is still going on. 

3698
03:15:03,400 --> 03:15:07,000
There is a fascinating tension 
in modern Japanese architecture.

3699
03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:10,600
Japan is still one of the most 
architecturally Innovative 

3700
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:14,300
countries in the world 
Architects, their buildings that

3701
03:15:14,300 --> 03:15:17,000
are very creative and 
technically Advanced on the 

3702
03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:20,500
other hand, traditional building
types like temples shrines tea 

3703
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:23,900
rooms and even some types of 
homes are still used today, not 

3704
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:28,000
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 
you'll see Master Carpenters, 

3705
03:15:28,000 --> 03:15:31,100
still teaching apprentices, how 
to do traditional joinery, that 

3706
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:34,400
doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen are putting on 

3707
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:37,300
historical re-enactments, 
they're keeping temples and 

3708
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:40,100
shrines that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date, 

3709
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:43,100
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

3710
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:45,600
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

3711
03:15:45,600 --> 03:15:48,100
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

3712
03:15:48,100 --> 03:15:50,500
Each generation, learns not from
books. 

3713
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,900
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

3714
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,400
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

3715
03:15:57,400 --> 03:16:01,000
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

3716
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:03,700
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

3717
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:07,200
But the tradition lives on. 
Thanks in part to cultural 

3718
03:16:07,200 --> 03:16:10,600
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

3719
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:13,200
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

3720
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:16,000
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

3721
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:18,200
Japanese Architects. 
Are still pushing the limits. 

3722
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:22,400
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls, 

3723
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:25,400
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

3724
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:28,200
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

3725
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:30,900
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

3726
03:16:30,900 --> 03:16:34,300
space sufu motos, one of the 
younger Architects. 

3727
03:16:34,300 --> 03:16:38,000
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

3728
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:41,900
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

3729
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:45,400
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

3730
03:16:45,400 --> 03:16:48,800
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

3731
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:51,800
livable spaces. 
There are modern evolution of 

3732
03:16:51,800 --> 03:16:54,500
traditional Japanese ideas about
how buildings and nature 

3733
03:16:54,500 --> 03:16:57,800
interact. 
King Goku's work is very modern 

3734
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:00,600
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

3735
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:03,300
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

3736
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:06,200
methods can be used with 
traditional materials, like wood

3737
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:09,200
stove and paper to make 
buildings. 

3738
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:11,500
That feel like they come from 
the past without copying old 

3739
03:17:11,500 --> 03:17:13,600
styles. 
He's buildings. 

3740
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:16,300
Often have fancy wooden 
screening systems that are 

3741
03:17:16,300 --> 03:17:18,900
modern versions of traditional 
features that control light, 

3742
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:22,300
give people privacy and make 
Rich visual textures. 

3743
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:25,700
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

3744
03:17:25,700 --> 03:17:28,500
because people there are still 
interested in small 

3745
03:17:28,500 --> 03:17:31,900
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

3746
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:34,700
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

3747
03:17:34,700 --> 03:17:36,500
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

3748
03:17:36,500 --> 03:17:39,900
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

3749
03:17:39,900 --> 03:17:43,000
a lot out of a little by 
carefully designing them in just

3750
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:46,300
making them big. 
These small modern homes often 

3751
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:49,500
have features that are similar 
to traditional homes, like an 

3752
03:17:49,500 --> 03:17:51,900
internal Courtyard that lets 
light an air into the middle of 

3753
03:17:51,900 --> 03:17:55,100
the building a threshold space, 
that separates the street from 

3754
03:17:55,100 --> 03:17:58,300
the home and a special room or 
alco for thinking and showing 

3755
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:01,000
off. 
But they use modern materials 

3756
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:03,700
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings feel both 

3757
03:18:03,700 --> 03:18:06,800
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

3758
03:18:06,800 --> 03:18:10,000
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

3759
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,200
mean trying to keep building's 
the same over time instead. 

3760
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:15,200
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

3761
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:18,400
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

3762
03:18:18,400 --> 03:18:20,800
keeps not only the buildings 
themselves, but all the 

3763
03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:24,100
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them its preservation. 

3764
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:28,600
Through practice, not through 
museums, the Japanese people as 

3765
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:30,800
a whole stay connected to 
traditional architectural 

3766
03:18:30,800 --> 03:18:34,100
Spaces, by practicing tea, 
ceremonies going to temples and 

3767
03:18:34,100 --> 03:18:38,200
shrines and sometimes even in 
their own homes, a lot of modern

3768
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:41,200
Japanese homes and apartment, 
still have at least one to Tammy

3769
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:43,600
room. 
This is a place where people can

3770
03:18:43,600 --> 03:18:46,500
connect with traditional 
Aesthetics and practices even 

3771
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:48,000
when they are in a modern 
setting. 

3772
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:51,300
More and more Japanese 
architecture is being shaped by 

3773
03:18:51,308 --> 03:18:54,900
environmental concerns. 
Building practices that are 

3774
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:57,700
strong and long-lasting are 
important because the country is

3775
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:00,900
prone to earthquakes, typhoons 
and other natural disasters. 

3776
03:19:02,200 --> 03:19:05,300
Modern Japanese architecture. 
Often uses both high-tech and 

3777
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:08,400
traditional methods. 
For example, it might use 

3778
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:11,600
Advanced seismic dampening 
systems and energy efficient 

3779
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:14,300
mechanical systems as well as 
natural ventilation. 

3780
03:19:14,300 --> 03:19:16,800
Careful solar orientation and 
local materials. 

3781
03:19:17,500 --> 03:19:20,100
Japanese architecture is always 
trying to find a balance between

3782
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:23,200
old and new other cultures can 
learn from this as they. 

3783
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:26,500
Try to find ways to honor the 
past while also meeting modern 

3784
03:19:26,500 --> 03:19:29,400
needs. 
Japan's example, shows that 

3785
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:32,500
tradition isn't just keeping 
things the same, it's a living 

3786
03:19:32,500 --> 03:19:35,300
practice that changes while 
still being true to its core 

3787
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,300
values. 
As you drift off to sleep, think

3788
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:39,900
about all the Japanese 
architecture. 

3789
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:43,700
We've seen tonight, the ancient 
forests, where it all began the 

3790
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:47,300
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred
places, the Buddhist temples 

3791
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:50,200
that reach for enlightenment, 
the Palaces that open up to 

3792
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:53,400
Gardens the castles that rise 
from Stone foundations. 

3793
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:56,000
The Edo townhouses that make 
city life. 

3794
03:19:56,000 --> 03:19:59,600
Possible, the tea rooms that 
find Infinity and small spaces, 

3795
03:19:59,600 --> 03:20:03,300
the Meiji experiments with new 
forms the post-war Innovations 

3796
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:06,800
and the modern Explorations that
are still going on today, every 

3797
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:10,200
time period on what came before 
it and adapted to the needs of 

3798
03:20:10,208 --> 03:20:12,200
the time. 
There was no time that was 

3799
03:20:12,208 --> 03:20:15,600
frozen, but there was no time 
that was completely lost the 

3800
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:18,500
tradition lived on, because it 
kept changing and adapting while

3801
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:21,100
still holding on to threads of 
continuity, that go back, 

3802
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:26,000
hundreds of years, the house you
build in dreams and epilogue As 

3803
03:20:26,008 --> 03:20:28,800
you finally fall asleep, your 
mind might build fake buildings.

3804
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:31,300
Out of all the architectural 
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 

3805
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:34,300
maybe you're walking through a 
house that has parts from 

3806
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:36,900
different times. 
Like a tea room that opens up to

3807
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:40,200
a garden from the Edo period or 
a high-end palace with flowing 

3808
03:20:40,200 --> 03:20:43,100
spaces made from Modern 
materials, or a castle that 

3809
03:20:43,100 --> 03:20:45,500
looks strong, but is softened by
modern transparency. 

3810
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:49,700
The stream architecture doesn't 
mix things up or contradict 

3811
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:52,200
itself. 
It's completely fine because 

3812
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:54,800
Japanese architecture has always
been about bringing together 

3813
03:20:54,800 --> 03:20:58,600
different influences needs into 
a cohesive whole that serves 

3814
03:20:58,600 --> 03:21:01,500
human life while respecting 
deeper aesthetic and 

3815
03:21:01,500 --> 03:21:05,200
philosophical ideas. 
The lessons from the history of 

3816
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:08,000
Japanese architecture apply to 
more than just Japan. 

3817
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,100
They remind us that buildings 
are more than just places to 

3818
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:13,000
live. 
There are also ways for us to 

3819
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:17,000
show how we want to live what we
value and how we see our place 

3820
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:19,800
in the natural world. 
They show that tradition and 

3821
03:21:19,800 --> 03:21:22,900
Innovation are not opposites but
Partners in a creative 

3822
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:26,700
conversation that never ends. 
Japanese architecture teaches 

3823
03:21:26,700 --> 03:21:30,600
you to be patient to think 
carefully about every detail to 

3824
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:34,200
choose materials carefully and 
to let designs grow through 

3825
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:38,100
repeated refinement. 
It values restraint which means 

3826
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:40,600
that knowing what to leave out 
is often more important than 

3827
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,800
knowing what to put in it 
accepts that everything is 

3828
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:47,100
temporary just like all 
buildings and other things made 

3829
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:50,300
by people are temporary parts of
Nature's longer story. 

3830
03:21:51,200 --> 03:21:54,200
Japanese architecture teaches us
that the waist spaces are set up

3831
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:58,400
can change how we feel The light
in a room, the feel of a wall, 

3832
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:01,200
the connection between the 
inside and the garden, and the 

3833
03:22:01,208 --> 03:22:04,800
size of a space, all affect how 
we feel think and interact with 

3834
03:22:04,800 --> 03:22:08,300
other people architecture isn't 
just about building places for 

3835
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:10,800
people to live. 
It's also about making places 

3836
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:14,700
where people can Thrive when you
wake up tomorrow you might see 

3837
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:17,900
your own living space in a new 
way that Windows connection to 

3838
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:20,900
the light in the morning. 
The line that separates rooms 

3839
03:22:20,900 --> 03:22:23,300
the things and textures that are
around you. 

3840
03:22:23,300 --> 03:22:26,600
The existence or non-existence 
of natural components. 

3841
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:28,700
These aren't just things that 
are useful. 

3842
03:22:28,700 --> 03:22:31,500
There are also chances to make 
daily life more, beautiful, 

3843
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:35,000
thoughtful and connected. 
You don't have to live in a 

3844
03:22:35,008 --> 03:22:37,300
traditional Japanese house to 
learn from Japanese 

3845
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:40,200
architecture. 
The rules can be used anywhere, 

3846
03:22:40,200 --> 03:22:45,000
less is more quality over 
quantity, connecting with nature

3847
03:22:45,000 --> 03:22:49,400
spaces that change to fit your 
needs, honest materials that get

3848
03:22:49,408 --> 03:22:52,300
better with age, paying 
attention to light and Shadow 

3849
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:56,100
and the power of empty space. 
You might put one flower. 

3850
03:22:56,300 --> 03:22:59,700
In a special place, making your 
own small version of a Tucson. 

3851
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:03,100
You might move things around in 
a room to let in more natural 

3852
03:23:03,100 --> 03:23:05,200
light. 
You might just stop and take 

3853
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:06,800
him. 
The architectural details of the

3854
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:09,900
places you live in every day. 
These little things, keep the 

3855
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:13,300
tradition alive in your own way.
It's not just about building's 

3856
03:23:13,300 --> 03:23:16,100
in far-off places or things that
happen in the past that make up 

3857
03:23:16,100 --> 03:23:17,500
the history of Japanese 
architecture. 

3858
03:23:17,500 --> 03:23:20,200
It's a living tradition that 
keeps changing. 

3859
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,300
And you take part in it. 
Every time you think carefully 

3860
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:24,900
about the places you make and 
live in. 

3861
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:29,400
The master Carpenters of ancient
Japan, the tea Masters refining,

3862
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,500
aesthetic principles and the 
modern Architects looking for 

3863
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:36,100
new ways to build all contribute
to an ongoing discussion about 

3864
03:23:36,100 --> 03:23:37,500
how people should live on the 
planet. 

3865
03:23:38,600 --> 03:23:41,600
As sleep takes over, let your 
last conscious thoughts. 

3866
03:23:41,600 --> 03:23:43,200
Rest in a place of perfect 
peace. 

3867
03:23:43,200 --> 03:23:48,300
It can be a tea room at dusk, a 
temple Garden in light rain or a

3868
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:50,200
modern house. 
Where Glass Walls, blur the 

3869
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:51,900
lines between inside and 
outside. 

3870
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:55,000
Let the buildings we've seen 
tonight, give your dreaming 

3871
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:57,100
mind. 
A place to stay a place where 

3872
03:23:57,100 --> 03:23:59,700
anything is possible and 
everything is perfectly at 

3873
03:23:59,700 --> 03:24:02,300
peace. 
The Cyprus smell is still 

3874
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:06,000
faintly present in the wood. 
Post the tatami mats give way to

3875
03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:08,100
you. 
You can see the dark shapes of 

3876
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:10,600
the garden. 
Through the paper screen, a 

3877
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:13,500
stone a tree and a path that 
leads to a place. 

3878
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:16,900
You'll explore in your dreams, 
the area around you is just 

3879
03:24:16,900 --> 03:24:19,000
right. 
Not too big or too small. 

3880
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:23,200
There is nothing missing. 
There is no excess, you're at 

3881
03:24:23,208 --> 03:24:25,800
home in the architecture of 
sleep, which is where all 

3882
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:28,600
buildings end up. 
Travelers through time and space

3883
03:24:28,600 --> 03:24:37,500
have sweet dreams. 
Okay, check this out. 

3884
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:41,200
Your stepping into the year 1066
and you've just witnessed the 

3885
03:24:41,200 --> 03:24:43,100
most successful hostile 
Takeover. 

3886
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:45,900
In English History, though, they
didn't call it that back then. 

3887
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:49,800
William the Conqueror who 
probably would have made an 

3888
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:53,800
excellent corporate CEO has just
defeated Harold at Hastings and 

3889
03:24:53,800 --> 03:24:56,300
suddenly everyone who matters is
speaking French. 

3890
03:24:56,300 --> 03:24:59,900
The Norman Court wasn't like the
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 

3891
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:03,400
Where Warriors might burst into 
song between courses and dogs 

3892
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:06,900
wandered, freely, among the 
rushes know, William brought 

3893
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:10,200
Continental sophistication to 
England, which was rather like 

3894
03:25:10,200 --> 03:25:13,200
introducing fine wine to a group
of people who had been perfectly

3895
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:15,500
happy with ale. 
You can imagine the culture 

3896
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:19,600
shock, One day or an Anglo-Saxon
Noble comfortable, in your 

3897
03:25:19,600 --> 03:25:22,300
familial world of mead halls and
familiar customs. 

3898
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:25,300
And the next day, there's a 
french-speaking king issuing 

3899
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:27,500
orders in a language. 
That sounds like someone 

3900
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,300
gargling honey. 
The Normans didn't just conquer 

3901
03:25:30,300 --> 03:25:34,000
England, they redecorated it 
entirely William's Court, moved 

3902
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,400
constantly a medieval Roadshow 
that would have given Modern 

3903
03:25:37,400 --> 03:25:40,700
event planners nightmares. 
The Royal household packed up 

3904
03:25:40,700 --> 03:25:43,000
every few weeks and trudge from 
Castle to Castle. 

3905
03:25:43,000 --> 03:25:46,000
Carrying everything from the 
King's favorite chair to the 

3906
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:47,700
Royal toilet seat. 
Yes! 

3907
03:25:47,700 --> 03:25:49,900
Medieval kings had portable 
toilet seats. 

3908
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:53,400
Even conquerors need comfort. 
The domesday book, William's 

3909
03:25:53,400 --> 03:25:55,900
famous survey of England reads, 
like the world's most 

3910
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:59,800
comprehensive tax audit. 
Imagine teams of Norman Clarke's

3911
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:02,800
descending on English Villages 
like medieval accountants 

3912
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:06,100
counting every Pig chicken and 
patch of turnips. 

3913
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:09,200
The locals must have watched 
these proceedings with the same 

3914
03:26:09,200 --> 03:26:12,000
enthusiasm modern people show 
for tax season. 

3915
03:26:12,008 --> 03:26:15,200
What made the Norman Court 
fascinating was that it was 

3916
03:26:15,200 --> 03:26:18,500
essentially a startup that 
achieved success Beyond anyone's

3917
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:21,700
expectations. 
William took a relatively small 

3918
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,600
group of French Nobles and 
convinced them to cross the 

3919
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:26,800
channel and reinvent an entire 
Kingdom. 

3920
03:26:27,900 --> 03:26:31,500
They brought new architecture 
new laws new fashions and most 

3921
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:35,100
importantly new ideas about how 
Royal courts should function the

3922
03:26:35,100 --> 03:26:37,800
Normans turn the English Court 
into Europe's Most official 

3923
03:26:37,800 --> 03:26:40,400
government machine. 
They created a bureaucracy. 

3924
03:26:40,400 --> 03:26:43,200
So organized that historians 
still Marvel at it today. 

3925
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,400
Every penny was accounted for 
every legal decision recorded 

3926
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:50,700
and every Royal progress plan 
with military precision. 

3927
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:55,500
The Saxons had been Jazz 
musicians improvising freely and

3928
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:58,300
following their instincts. 
The Normans were a full 

3929
03:26:58,308 --> 03:27:01,200
orchestra playing from carefully
written Sheep music. 

3930
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:04,800
What's remarkable is how quickly
the two cultures began to blend 

3931
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:08,000
within a generation Norman 
Knights were marrying English 

3932
03:27:08,000 --> 03:27:12,000
eresus and their children grew 
up by lingual the court became a

3933
03:27:12,000 --> 03:27:14,500
place where French efficiency 
met English practicality 

3934
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:18,600
creating something entirely new.
You might say it was the 

3935
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:22,100
Medieval equivalent of fusion 
Cuisine except instead of mixing

3936
03:27:22,100 --> 03:27:25,200
tie and Mexican flavors, they 
were blending governmental 

3937
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:27,600
systems. 
The castle became the symbol of 

3938
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:30,100
this new order. 
These weren't just fortresses, 

3939
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:34,600
they were corporate headquarters
Law Courts, tax offices and 

3940
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:37,200
luxury hotels. 
All rolled into massive Stone 

3941
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:39,700
packages. 
You were entering the nerve 

3942
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:41,500
center of a kingdom. 
That was systematically 

3943
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:44,600
reorganizing from the ground up.
When you stepped into a Norman 

3944
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:46,900
Castle's. 
Great Hall fast, forward to the 

3945
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:49,900
plantagenets and you'll find 
yourself in what amounts to the 

3946
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:51,800
world's longest running family 
drama. 

3947
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:56,100
If the Normans were efficient at
administrators, the plants were 

3948
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:58,800
passionate performers, who 
happened to run a kingdom on the

3949
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:01,200
side. 
Henry the second, the first plan

3950
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:04,700
at King inherited an Empire that
stretched from the Scottish 

3951
03:28:04,700 --> 03:28:08,200
borders to the Pyrenees. 
Managing this required him to be

3952
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:12,500
part politician, part, general 
part Diplomat and part traveling

3953
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:15,300
salesman. 
He was constantly on the Move, 

3954
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,200
governing his vast territories, 
with the energy of someone who 

3955
03:28:18,200 --> 03:28:21,300
had far too much medieval 
coffee, if such a thing had 

3956
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:24,500
existed, the plantagenet court 
was where politics became 

3957
03:28:24,500 --> 03:28:26,300
personal in the most spectacular
ways. 

3958
03:28:26,300 --> 03:28:30,600
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor
of Aquitaine a woman who was 

3959
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:32,400
essentially the power broker of 
her age. 

3960
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,700
Eleanor had already been queen 
of France before marrying Henry 

3961
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:38,200
bringing with her the 
sophisticated culture of 

3962
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:41,200
Southern France. 
You turn the English Court into 

3963
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:44,700
a place where Troubadour sang 
Love Songs, poets competed for 

3964
03:28:44,700 --> 03:28:48,800
Royal favor and courtly romance.
Flourished like exotic flowers 

3965
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:51,700
in a hot house but Eleanor and 
Henry's marriage was less 

3966
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:54,300
romance novel and more 
psychological Thriller. 

3967
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:57,800
They spent years, alternately 
partnering, an ambitious 

3968
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:00,700
political schemes and plotting 
each other's downfall. 

3969
03:29:00,700 --> 03:29:04,900
Their four Sons Henry, the young
king Richard, the lionheart 

3970
03:29:04,900 --> 03:29:08,300
Jeffrey and John grew up 
watching their parents complex 

3971
03:29:08,300 --> 03:29:11,500
relationship and apparently 
decided that family Harmony was 

3972
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:13,800
overrated. 
The result was a royal family 

3973
03:29:13,800 --> 03:29:16,500
that treated succession planning
like a contact sport. 

3974
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:20,300
The prince is rebelled against 
their father, formed alliance's 

3975
03:29:20,300 --> 03:29:23,500
with foreign Kings and generally
behaved, like teenagers with 

3976
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:26,000
armies. 
When Henry, the young king died 

3977
03:29:26,000 --> 03:29:29,800
in 1183, he was technically 
still in Rebellion against his 

3978
03:29:29,800 --> 03:29:32,000
father. 
Family, dinners must have been 

3979
03:29:32,000 --> 03:29:35,400
extraordinarily awkward. 
Richard the first, the lionheart

3980
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:37,900
spent most of his Reign away 
from England crusading in the 

3981
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:40,700
Holy Land. 
Treated his kingdom, rather like

3982
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:44,100
a wealthy parent, might treat a 
trust fund a reliable source of 

3983
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:47,500
income for more exciting. 
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 

3984
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:50,600
spoke little English and visited
England, perhaps twice during 

3985
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:54,000
his ten year reign. 
However, he continues to be one 

3986
03:29:54,000 --> 03:29:55,700
of England's. 
Most renowned monarchs 

3987
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:59,200
demonstrating that time apart, 
can truly deep, and once 

3988
03:29:59,200 --> 03:30:02,200
affection Then Came John. 
And if you've seen any movie 

3989
03:30:02,200 --> 03:30:04,200
about Robin Hood, you know, John
as the villain. 

3990
03:30:05,500 --> 03:30:09,000
The real John was more complex 
than Hollywood suggests, less 

3991
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:12,100
cartoonishly evil more 
disastrously incompetent. 

3992
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:14,900
He succeeded in losing the 
majority of his French 

3993
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:17,700
territories facing 
excommunication from the pope 

3994
03:30:17,700 --> 03:30:20,600
and inciting armed Rebellion 
among his own barons. 

3995
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:24,700
In 1215, they literally cornered
him at Runnymede and made him 

3996
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:27,800
sign Magna Carta, which was 
medieval England's way of 

3997
03:30:27,808 --> 03:30:30,000
saying. 
We need to have a serious talk 

3998
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,400
about your management style, the
plantagenet court during John's 

3999
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,800
Reign, likely felt like working 
for a startup in which the CEO 

4000
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:39,900
continually makes decisions that
everyone knows will lead to 

4001
03:30:39,908 --> 03:30:41,400
failure. 
Yet. 

4002
03:30:41,400 --> 03:30:43,200
No one can determine how to 
intervene. 

4003
03:30:44,000 --> 03:30:47,000
The Barons ultimately took 
action establishing the first 

4004
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:49,300
formal limits on Royal power in 
English History. 

4005
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:53,500
John's son Henry, the third 
inherited this mess at age. 9 

4006
03:30:53,500 --> 03:30:56,700
growing up as a child. 
King meant the Henry's entire 

4007
03:30:56,700 --> 03:31:00,000
education in King ship came from
watching Regents and advisors 

4008
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,700
manage the kingdoms recovery 
from his father's disasters. 

4009
03:31:03,800 --> 03:31:06,800
Perhaps this explains why Henry 
developed such an obsession with

4010
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:10,400
beautiful thing's, architecture 
art and luxury goods. 

4011
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:13,000
That would make medieval 
Instagram followers, weep With 

4012
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:15,200
Envy Henry. 
The third's court was where 

4013
03:31:15,200 --> 03:31:18,600
English Royal ceremonial really 
began to flourish He 

4014
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,900
reconstructed Westminster Abbey 
in the gothic style, setting the

4015
03:31:21,900 --> 03:31:24,300
stage for the crowning of 
English monarchs for the ensuing

4016
03:31:24,300 --> 03:31:27,700
8th centuries. 
He collected art patronized 

4017
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:30,600
Scholars and turned the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

4018
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:32,500
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

4019
03:31:32,500 --> 03:31:35,900
The plantagenets established 
patterns that would echo through

4020
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,000
English, Royal history, the 
tension between the king's 

4021
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:41,200
personal desires and his public 
duties. 

4022
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:44,400
The constant need to balance 
English interests against 

4023
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,600
Continental Ambitions and the 
recurring discovery, that even 

4024
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:50,200
Kings must occasionally listen 
to their subjects, opinions 

4025
03:31:50,200 --> 03:31:52,800
about governance. 
Edward the first arrived on the 

4026
03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:55,300
throne, like someone finally 
reading the instruction manual 

4027
03:31:55,300 --> 03:31:57,500
after generations of 
improvisation. 

4028
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:01,500
Where his predecessors had 
stumbled through the complexity 

4029
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:04,300
of medieval King ship. 
Edward approached the job with 

4030
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,700
the systematic, thoroughness of 
a master Craftsman, you can pick

4031
03:32:07,700 --> 03:32:10,600
your Edwards Court as a place 
where everything finally ran on 

4032
03:32:10,600 --> 03:32:12,900
time. 
This was a king who conquered 

4033
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:16,000
Wales, not through dramatic, 
Cavalry Charges, but through 

4034
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:18,900
methodical strategic planning 
and Superior Logistics. 

4035
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:22,000
He built a ring of cars that 
looked like, they'd been 

4036
03:32:22,000 --> 03:32:24,700
designed by someone who studied 
every military engineering 

4037
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:29,300
textbook ever written. 
Which in a sense, Edward had the

4038
03:32:29,300 --> 03:32:32,100
court of Edward the first buzzed
with legal Innovation that would

4039
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:34,200
have impressed. 
Modern constitutional lawyers 

4040
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:39,300
Edward didn't just rule he 
legislated Created new laws 

4041
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:42,200
reformed old ones and 
established legal procedures 

4042
03:32:42,200 --> 03:32:45,900
that lasted for centuries. 
His statutes read like the work 

4043
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:48,600
of someone who genuinely enjoyed
the technical challenges of 

4044
03:32:48,600 --> 03:32:51,300
governance. 
While other kings or lawmaking 

4045
03:32:51,300 --> 03:32:54,700
as a tedious necessity Edward 
treated it as creative 

4046
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:58,000
problem-solving but Edwards 
greatest Innovation was turning 

4047
03:32:58,000 --> 03:33:00,000
Royal ceremony into Political 
theater. 

4048
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:03,600
His conquest of Wales culminated
in one of history's most 

4049
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:07,800
effective publicity stunts 
presenting his infant son Edward

4050
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:12,900
later Edward the second to the 
Welsh as their prince of Wales a

4051
03:33:12,900 --> 03:33:15,800
native born ruler who happened 
to speak no Welsh but whose 

4052
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:19,100
birth in care from castle made 
him technically Welsh enough to 

4053
03:33:19,100 --> 03:33:21,900
satisfy the political 
requirements the court during 

4054
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:24,600
Edwards reigned like the 
headquarters of a successful 

4055
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:28,400
consulting firm organized 
purposeful and slightly 

4056
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:32,300
intimidating to Outsiders. 
Foreign ambassadors arrived 

4057
03:33:32,300 --> 03:33:35,500
expecting medieval chaos and 
instead found Clarks who could 

4058
03:33:35,500 --> 03:33:38,900
produce any document within 
minutes treasury officials who 

4059
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:41,600
knew exactly how much money was 
available for any proposed 

4060
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:45,500
Venture and a king who actually 
read The Briefing papers Edwards

4061
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:48,100
relationship with Parliament 
illustrates his practical 

4062
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:50,900
approach to politics. 
He didn't summon Parliament 

4063
03:33:50,900 --> 03:33:54,100
because he believed in 
Democratic principles such ideas

4064
03:33:54,100 --> 03:33:55,700
were still centuries in the 
future. 

4065
03:33:56,700 --> 03:33:59,300
He called Parliament because he 
needed money for his military 

4066
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:02,600
campaigns and he discovered that
representatives were more likely

4067
03:34:02,600 --> 03:34:06,300
to approve taxes if they felt 
consulted about how those taxes 

4068
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,500
would be spent. 
It was medieval crowdfunding 

4069
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:12,500
with the Constitutional twist. 
The Court's daily routine 

4070
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:16,200
reflected Edward systemic nature
morning councils dealt with 

4071
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,500
administrative business 
afternoon sessions handled legal

4072
03:34:19,500 --> 03:34:22,200
appeals and evening were 
reserved for diplomatic 

4073
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:26,000
receptions and cultural events. 
Even the Royal meals followed 

4074
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:29,500
precise protocols not because 
Edward was particularly formal, 

4075
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:32,300
but because he'd figured out 
that consistent procedures 

4076
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:36,400
prevented the sort of chaos that
had played early rains Edwards 

4077
03:34:36,400 --> 03:34:40,400
Queen Eleanor of Castile brought
her own sophisticated household 

4078
03:34:40,400 --> 03:34:42,400
that merged seamlessly with the 
English Court. 

4079
03:34:42,400 --> 03:34:45,200
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 
Royal wife. 

4080
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:49,400
She was a political partner who 
managed extensive estate engaged

4081
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:52,700
in diplomatic negotiations and 
helped create the cultural 

4082
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:55,900
atmosphere that made Edwards 
Court a magnet for European 

4083
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:59,300
Talent the famous Eleanor 
crosses the elaborate monuments 

4084
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:02,500
Edward directed at every place 
in his funeral procession rested

4085
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,500
on its way to Westminster. 
Well, not just expressions of 

4086
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:07,700
Royal grief. 
They were architectural 

4087
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:09,900
advertisements for the 
plantagenet dynasties 

4088
03:35:09,900 --> 03:35:13,700
sophistication and power each 
crossed as a visual cue that 

4089
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:16,500
those ruling this Kingdom 
understood both the emotional 

4090
03:35:16,500 --> 03:35:20,100
depth and artistic Excellence 
Edwards Court produced the 

4091
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:22,700
administrative Innovation that 
allowed in England to function 

4092
03:35:22,700 --> 03:35:25,400
as a unified Kingdom rather. 
Than a collection of 

4093
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,800
semi-independent regions the 
Royal Chancery developed 

4094
03:35:28,800 --> 03:35:31,400
standardized procedures for 
everything from diplomatic 

4095
03:35:31,400 --> 03:35:35,100
correspondence to land grants. 
The exchequer refined accounting

4096
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:37,300
methods that tracked Royale 
income with Precision. 

4097
03:35:37,300 --> 03:35:40,400
That would have impressed 
Renaissance Bankers when Edward 

4098
03:35:40,400 --> 03:35:43,600
died in 1307. 
He left his son a kingdom that 

4099
03:35:43,600 --> 03:35:45,400
functioned like a well-designed 
machine. 

4100
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:49,400
Unfortunately as we'll discover 
not every King was mechanically 

4101
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:53,000
inclined Edward the second 
inherited his father's efficient

4102
03:35:53,000 --> 03:35:55,600
Kingdom and promptly 
demonstrated that governmental 

4103
03:35:55,600 --> 03:35:57,800
expertise isn't necessarily 
genetic. 

4104
03:35:58,700 --> 03:36:01,400
If Edward the first Court had 
been a Precision timepiece. 

4105
03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:04,300
His son's caught was more like 
an expensive watch. 

4106
03:36:05,100 --> 03:36:07,500
That kept losing time because 
the owner couldn't stop fiddling

4107
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:09,900
with the mechanism. 
The problem wasn't that Edward 

4108
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:11,600
the second elect intelligence or
education. 

4109
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,900
He'd received the finest 
medieval schooling of available 

4110
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:17,100
and understood Royal duties 
perfectly. 

4111
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:21,100
Well in theory the problem was 
that Edward the second found the

4112
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:23,800
actual work of King ship 
monumentally boring. 

4113
03:36:24,700 --> 03:36:27,800
He preferred spending time with 
his close friends engaging in 

4114
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:30,700
manual crafts and generally 
behaving like someone who did 

4115
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,900
inherited a successful family 
business, but would rather be 

4116
03:36:33,900 --> 03:36:37,200
pursuing artistic interests. 
This created the medieval 

4117
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:40,300
equivalent of an office where 
the CEO spends most of his time 

4118
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:43,400
in the employee break room while
important decisions pile up on 

4119
03:36:43,408 --> 03:36:46,100
his desk. 
Edwards Court became a place 

4120
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:48,900
where ambitious Nobles competed 
not for the king's attention 

4121
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:52,700
regarding policy matters. 
But for positions in his inner 

4122
03:36:52,700 --> 03:36:55,500
Social Circle, the situation 
became complicated. 

4123
03:36:55,500 --> 03:36:58,100
When Edward developed an 
intensely close relationship 

4124
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,400
with Piers gaveston, a young 
nobleman who possessed, the 

4125
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:03,600
medieval equivalent of magnetic 
charisma. 

4126
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:08,500
Galveston was witty stylish and 
completely uninterested in the 

4127
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:11,400
sort of respectful difference 
that other Nobles expected to 

4128
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:14,900
receive from Royal favourites. 
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 

4129
03:37:14,900 --> 03:37:18,100
with insulting pet names and 
generally behaved like someone 

4130
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:21,300
who'd never read the handbook 
on, medieval Court Politics, the

4131
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:23,700
established nobility. 
Watched this relationship with 

4132
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,600
the mounting horror of senior 
Executives discovering that the 

4133
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:29,100
bosses college roommate has been
appointed as their new 

4134
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:31,700
supervisor. 
Galveston wasn't just 

4135
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:34,400
inappropriate. 
He was effective at making the 

4136
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,100
traditional power Brokers, feel 
excluded, from important 

4137
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:41,200
decisions, the court, split into
factions, those who found the 

4138
03:37:41,200 --> 03:37:44,900
situation tolerable and those 
who decidedly did not the result

4139
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:48,000
was a series of political crises
that read like, medieval office 

4140
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:50,100
politics taken to their logical 
extreme. 

4141
03:37:50,100 --> 03:37:53,900
The Barons repeatedly forced 
Edward to send gaveston into 

4142
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:58,300
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 
ways to bring him back and gave 

4143
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:00,500
us an repeatedly. 
Managed to offend everyone who 

4144
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,700
mattered. 
The cycle continued until 1312 

4145
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:07,200
when a group of URLs decided to 
solve the problem permanently by

4146
03:38:07,200 --> 03:38:10,500
murdering gaveston Edwards 
reaction to his favorites death 

4147
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:13,300
transformed him from an 
ineffective, but harmless King 

4148
03:38:13,300 --> 03:38:15,100
into a genuinely dangerous 
enemy. 

4149
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,400
The gentle artistic Soul who'd 
preferred crafts to Conquest 

4150
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:22,400
suddenly developed a talent for 
sustained Vengeance. 

4151
03:38:22,400 --> 03:38:25,700
That would have impressed his 
Warrior father the court became 

4152
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:28,400
a place where courteous 
calculated not just political 

4153
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:33,000
Advantage but personal survival 
the dispenser family Hue the 

4154
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:36,200
Elder and Hugh the younger 
replaced Galveston as Edwards 

4155
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:40,100
closest to advisors, but they 
brought none of charm and all of

4156
03:38:40,108 --> 03:38:43,900
his talent for making enemies. 
The dispensers treated Royal 

4157
03:38:43,900 --> 03:38:47,700
favour as a licensed for 
systemic corruption using their 

4158
03:38:47,700 --> 03:38:51,000
positions to acquire lands 
titles and wealth through 

4159
03:38:51,000 --> 03:38:53,100
methods that would have 
embarrassed medieval robber 

4160
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,100
barons. 
Meanwhile Edwards Queen Isabella

4161
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,400
of France watched her husband's 
relationships with male favorite

4162
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:02,800
and gradual descent into 
Political paranoia with the 

4163
03:39:02,800 --> 03:39:05,500
patience of someone waiting for 
the right moment to file for 

4164
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:08,700
divorce if such a thing had 
existed in medieval Royal 

4165
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,000
marriage contracts Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

4166
03:39:12,000 --> 03:39:15,100
wife to political revolutionary 
deserves, its own chapter in any

4167
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:17,000
study of medieval character 
development. 

4168
03:39:17,900 --> 03:39:20,500
She began the reign as a 
conventional Royal consort 

4169
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,300
dutifully producing heirs and 
managing her household. 

4170
03:39:24,500 --> 03:39:28,800
By 1325 she had evolved into a 
master political strategist who 

4171
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,500
could give lessons in regime 
change to Modern intelligence 

4172
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:34,100
agencies her alliance with Roger
Mortimer. 

4173
03:39:34,100 --> 03:39:37,500
One of England's most powerful 
Barons created the medieval 

4174
03:39:37,500 --> 03:39:39,000
equivalent of a shadow 
government. 

4175
03:39:39,900 --> 03:39:42,400
Isabella and Mortimer 
established themselves in France

4176
03:39:42,400 --> 03:39:45,600
gathered military support and 
planned their invasion of 

4177
03:39:45,608 --> 03:39:48,400
England with the thoroughness 
that Edward the second had never

4178
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:51,700
applied to actual governance. 
When is Isabella's forces landed

4179
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:55,300
in England in 1326 Edwards 
government collapsed with the 

4180
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:59,400
speed of a house of cards in a 
stiff breeze the king who had 

4181
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,300
spent 20 years alienating his 
most important supporters 

4182
03:40:02,300 --> 03:40:05,800
discovered that loyalty cannot 
be stored like grain in a Royal 

4183
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:10,100
Warehouse it spoils if neglected
for too long Edwards capture and

4184
03:40:10,100 --> 03:40:14,400
forced abdication in 1327 ended 
one of the most psychologically 

4185
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:16,200
complex rains in English 
History. 

4186
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:19,600
His court had become a 
cautionary tale about what 

4187
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,300
happens when personal 
relationships override political

4188
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:25,700
judgment and when kings forget 
that their private preferences 

4189
03:40:25,700 --> 03:40:29,400
cannot be separated from their 
public responsibilities Edward 

4190
03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:32,300
the third inherited a kingdom 
that desperately needed someone 

4191
03:40:32,300 --> 03:40:36,100
who actually wanted to be king. 
Fortunately, that's exactly what

4192
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,000
they got. 
Where his father had approached 

4193
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:41,600
kingship, like a reluctant 
employee showing up for a job. 

4194
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:45,000
He'd never wanted Edward, the 
third embraced royal power with 

4195
03:40:45,000 --> 03:40:48,100
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 
been waiting his entire life for

4196
03:40:48,100 --> 03:40:50,400
the opportunity. 
The court of Edward, the third 

4197
03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:53,000
felt like a medieval version of 
Mission Control during an 

4198
03:40:53,000 --> 03:40:56,200
exciting Space Program. 
Everything was focused on the 

4199
03:40:56,208 --> 03:40:58,900
great project of proving that 
England could compete with 

4200
03:40:58,908 --> 03:41:01,300
France as a major European 
power. 

4201
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:05,000
This required transforming 
English military capabilities, 

4202
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:08,300
diplomatic relationships and 
cultural Prestige. 

4203
03:41:08,300 --> 03:41:11,700
Simultaneously Edwards solution 
was to turn Warfare into a 

4204
03:41:11,708 --> 03:41:14,000
combination of professional 
efficiency and chivalry 

4205
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:16,200
respectful. 
His court became the 

4206
03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:17,900
headquarters for military 
innovations. 

4207
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:20,900
That would revolutionize 
European combat English 

4208
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,100
longbowmen weren't just skilled 
archers, they were Precision 

4209
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:26,500
weapons specialist, whose 
training regiments would have 

4210
03:41:26,500 --> 03:41:29,500
impressed modern Olympic 
coaches, the creation of the 

4211
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:33,900
order of the Garter in 1348 
illustrate Edward's genius for 

4212
03:41:33,900 --> 03:41:36,600
combining practical politics 
with romantic imagery. 

4213
03:41:37,400 --> 03:41:40,200
The Story Goes that Edward 
rescued, a ladies garter that 

4214
03:41:40,200 --> 03:41:41,500
had fallen during a court, 
dance. 

4215
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:44,200
Declaring honey. 
Sweat Ki Molly pass. 

4216
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:46,400
Shane on him, who thinks evil of
it? 

4217
03:41:47,100 --> 03:41:49,700
Whether this actually happened 
matters less than Edward's 

4218
03:41:49,700 --> 03:41:51,800
Insight. 
That nightly honor needed 

4219
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:54,400
institutional structure to 
remain politically useful. 

4220
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,400
The Garter nights weren't just 
ceremonial appointments. 

4221
03:41:57,400 --> 03:42:01,100
They were Edwards Corps military
and political leadership bound 

4222
03:42:01,100 --> 03:42:04,100
together by Oaths that merged 
personal loyalty with service to

4223
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,700
the kingdom. 
It was medieval team building 

4224
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:10,000
with lasting constitutional 
implications Edwards Court 

4225
03:42:10,000 --> 03:42:12,600
during the early phases of the 
100's War buzzed with the 

4226
03:42:12,600 --> 03:42:14,500
confidence of a successful 
startup. 

4227
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:18,100
That's just secured major 
funding. the victory at crazy, 

4228
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:22,000
in 1346 proved that English 
Tactical Innovations could 

4229
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,800
defeat traditional French 
military superiority The capture

4230
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:28,100
of Cali gave England, a 
permanent foothold on the 

4231
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:33,000
continent, the victory at party 
in 1356 where Edward son? 

4232
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:35,200
The black prince captured. 
The French King himself 

4233
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,300
established, the English. 
Royal Family's reputation as 

4234
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,700
Europe's Most formidable 
military Dynasty but courts that

4235
03:42:41,708 --> 03:42:45,100
revolve around military success 
inevitable challenges when the 

4236
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:48,400
victory stopped coming. 
The black death, which reached 

4237
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:52,200
England in 1348, killed 
approximately 1/3 of the 

4238
03:42:52,200 --> 03:42:55,000
population and disrupted. 
The economic systems. 

4239
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,200
That funded Edwards, Continental
ambitions. 

4240
03:42:58,000 --> 03:43:00,800
Suddenly, the court found itself
managing not just military 

4241
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:03,800
campaigns, but social 
Revolution, the plagues 

4242
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:06,200
aftermath created labor. 
Shortages that gave surviving 

4243
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:08,700
peasants, unprecedented 
bargaining power. 

4244
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,300
Traditional social hierarchies 
began shifting in ways that made

4245
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:15,400
established Nobles nervous. 
The court had to navigate 

4246
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:18,400
between maintaining traditional 
Privileges and acknowledging New

4247
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:21,700
Economic realities, Edward age 
into someone who'd learned that 

4248
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:24,700
even successful Kings cannot 
control all the variables, that 

4249
03:43:24,700 --> 03:43:28,100
determine their Reigns outcomes.
The energetic Warrior who 

4250
03:43:28,100 --> 03:43:31,300
launched England's bid for 
Continental Empire became a 

4251
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:33,300
somewhat Melancholy figure 
presiding over a kingdom. 

4252
03:43:33,308 --> 03:43:36,200
That was simultaneously more 
powerful, and more troubled than

4253
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:38,500
it had. 
Been at his accession the court 

4254
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:41,400
during Edwards, final years, 
reflected, this complexity. 

4255
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:45,300
Royal ceremony is maintained 
their magnificent diplomatic 

4256
03:43:45,300 --> 03:43:47,900
negotiations. 
Continue to cross Europe and 

4257
03:43:47,900 --> 03:43:50,500
Military campaigns proceeded, 
according to established 

4258
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:53,100
strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

4259
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:56,300
routine, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions, underlying

4260
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:59,100
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

4261
03:43:59,100 --> 03:44:01,500
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

4262
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:05,000
death in, 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

4263
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:08,800
plantation at system, Edward the
third had created a court 

4264
03:44:08,800 --> 03:44:11,500
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

4265
03:44:11,500 --> 03:44:14,300
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

4266
03:44:14,300 --> 03:44:17,700
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

4267
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:19,900
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

4268
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:24,400
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

4269
03:44:24,400 --> 03:44:27,200
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

4270
03:44:27,200 --> 03:44:30,800
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

4271
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:33,800
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

4272
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:37,000
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king 

4273
03:44:37,000 --> 03:44:40,000
and instead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

4274
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:43,700
If Edward the third's court had 
been focused outward toward 

4275
03:44:43,700 --> 03:44:47,400
Continental Conquest Richards, 
Court turned inward toward 

4276
03:44:47,400 --> 03:44:50,600
creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

4277
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,900
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

4278
03:44:53,900 --> 03:44:57,200
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess you

4279
03:44:57,200 --> 03:44:59,900
can imagine the confusion this 
caused among Nobles, who spent 

4280
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:02,400
their entire careers preparing 
for careers, as Knights and 

4281
03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:05,100
Military Commanders. 
Suddenly, they found themselves 

4282
03:45:05,100 --> 03:45:07,800
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry, 

4283
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:11,600
appreciating architectural 
Innovations, and navigating 

4284
03:45:11,600 --> 03:45:14,800
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

4285
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:16,700
than traditional feudal 
relationships. 

4286
03:45:16,700 --> 03:45:19,900
Richards, Court developed its 
own aesthetic that Modern Art 

4287
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:21,700
historians still study with 
fascination. 

4288
03:45:22,600 --> 03:45:24,900
The king, commissioned 
illuminated manuscripts. 

4289
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:28,000
That looked like medieval 
graphic novels patronized 

4290
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,400
architects who created buildings
that seemed to float, despite 

4291
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,700
being constructed from heavy 
stoned and surrounded himself 

4292
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:38,300
with intellectuals who treated 
political philosophy as an art 

4293
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,000
form, worthy of Lifetime 
dedication. 

4294
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:43,400
The famous Wilton diptych 
probably created for Richard's 

4295
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:47,400
Court, captures the atmosphere 
perfectly it shows, Richard 

4296
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:50,300
being presented to the Virgin 
Mary by his patron saints, 

4297
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,100
Paintings. 
Real subject is the idea that 

4298
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:56,300
Royal Authority derives from 
Divine aesthetic judgment rather

4299
03:45:56,300 --> 03:45:59,300
than military prowess. 
Richard looks less like a 

4300
03:45:59,308 --> 03:46:02,400
warrior more like a medieval art
critic, whose discovered 

4301
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:05,200
something beautiful. 
This cultural revolution wasn't 

4302
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:07,900
just decorative. 
Richard understood that Royal 

4303
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:09,700
Authority needed. 
New Foundations. 

4304
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:12,200
Now that the Black Death had 
disrupted traditional social 

4305
03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:15,000
hierarchies. 
If Kings could no longer rely 

4306
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:17,500
solely on military, force, and 
feudal, obligation to maintain 

4307
03:46:17,500 --> 03:46:21,100
power, they needed to create new
forms of prestige and Authority.

4308
03:46:22,100 --> 03:46:24,800
Richard solution was to make the
Royal Court, so culturally 

4309
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:28,200
magnificent, that association 
with it, became irresistible to 

4310
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:30,600
ambitious. 
Nobles, the result was a court 

4311
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,400
where political negotiations 
felt like elaborate theatrical 

4312
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:37,300
performance is Richard developed
ceremonies that turned routine 

4313
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:40,200
administrative tasks into 
rituals that demonstrated Royal 

4314
03:46:40,200 --> 03:46:43,300
Authority through aesthetic 
Excellence, rather than raw 

4315
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:45,400
power for an ambassadors 
arrived. 

4316
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:47,600
Expecting traditional medieval 
formality. 

4317
03:46:47,600 --> 03:46:50,200
And instead encountered 
governmental procedures that 

4318
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:53,200
seemed designed by 
choreographers Richards personal

4319
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,600
style, reflected, this approach 
he dressed with an attention to 

4320
03:46:56,600 --> 03:46:57,800
detail. 
That would have impressed 

4321
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:00,700
Renaissance fashion designers 
spoke with the Precision of 

4322
03:47:00,700 --> 03:47:04,200
someone who studied rhetoric as 
a fine art and carried himself 

4323
03:47:04,200 --> 03:47:07,200
with the conscience of a 
performer who understood that 

4324
03:47:07,200 --> 03:47:10,400
every public appearance was a 
political statement, the king's 

4325
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:11,900
relationship with literature 
produced. 

4326
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:14,500
Some of the most important 
cultural developments in English

4327
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:17,300
History. 
Richard's, Court patronized 

4328
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:20,500
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 
Canterbury Tales captures the 

4329
03:47:20,500 --> 03:47:23,300
social complexity of late, 
medieval England with 

4330
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:26,200
psychological insight, that 
still amazes modern readers. 

4331
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:30,200
Chaucers position as a royal 
Customs, official allowed him to

4332
03:47:30,200 --> 03:47:34,000
observe English society from 
both aristocratic and Commercial

4333
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:37,500
perspectives, giving his writing
a breath that purely academic 

4334
03:47:37,500 --> 03:47:40,400
poets could not match. 
But Richards, aesthetic approach

4335
03:47:40,400 --> 03:47:42,800
to King ship created. 
Its own political challenges 

4336
03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:46,600
Noble to expected to advance 
their careers through military 

4337
03:47:46,600 --> 03:47:49,700
service found themselves 
competing in cultural Arenas, 

4338
03:47:49,700 --> 03:47:53,100
where they felt disadvantaged 
The court became a place where 

4339
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:56,700
traditional Warriors, tried to 
master skills, sophisticated 

4340
03:47:56,700 --> 03:48:01,000
conversation appreciation of 
artistic subtlety, understanding

4341
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:04,400
of literary references that seem
to have little connection to the

4342
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,400
Practical business of governing 
a kingdom. 

4343
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:10,400
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 
tested Richards, unconventional 

4344
03:48:10,400 --> 03:48:14,000
approach to Royal Authority. 
When what Tyler, LED thousands 

4345
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:16,900
of rebellious peasants to 
London, demanding social, and 

4346
03:48:16,900 --> 03:48:19,700
economic reforms that would have
dismantled the feudal system. 

4347
03:48:19,700 --> 03:48:23,200
The 14 year old King Face, his 
first major, political crisis, 

4348
03:48:24,100 --> 03:48:27,400
His response, demonstrated both 
the strengths and limitations of

4349
03:48:27,400 --> 03:48:30,100
his aesthetic approach to power.
Richard met the rebels 

4350
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,700
personally, using his Royal 
presence and rhetorical skills 

4351
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:36,800
to defuse their immediate anger 
for a moment. 

4352
03:48:36,800 --> 03:48:40,200
It seemed as if the young kings 
cultural sophistication might 

4353
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:42,900
succeed, where traditional 
military responses would have 

4354
03:48:42,908 --> 03:48:45,600
fail. 
But when Tyler was killed during

4355
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:48,500
the negotiations Richards, 
promise of reforms was quickly 

4356
03:48:48,500 --> 03:48:51,300
forgotten and the Revolt was 
suppressed with traditional 

4357
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:54,600
violence, The Experience seems 
to have convinced Richard, that 

4358
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:57,600
cultural Authority alone was not
sufficient for Royal survival. 

4359
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:01,900
His court during the 1390 is 
combined aesthetic, magnificent,

4360
03:49:01,900 --> 03:49:05,000
with increasingly authoritarian 
political methods. 

4361
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:08,500
Richard began demanding, new 
forms of Royal reverence 

4362
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:10,500
creating ceremonies that 
elevated. 

4363
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:14,100
The king of traditional feudal 
relationships, the famous scene 

4364
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:16,600
where Richard required Nobles, 
to approach his throne on their 

4365
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:19,800
knees and address him. 
Only when spoken to wasn't just 

4366
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:22,800
Royal vanity. 
It was a systematic attempt to 

4367
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,200
reconstruct Royal Authority 
along different lines than his 

4368
03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:29,500
predecessors had used. 
Richard understood that if 

4369
03:49:29,500 --> 03:49:32,300
cultural Prestige was going to 
replace military dominance as 

4370
03:49:32,300 --> 03:49:35,600
the foundation of royal power, 
then Royal dignity needed. 

4371
03:49:35,600 --> 03:49:38,800
Unprecedented protection by the 
late 1390. 

4372
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:41,800
Richards Court had become a 
place where aesthetic Excellence

4373
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:43,600
co-existed with political 
paranoia. 

4374
03:49:44,700 --> 03:49:47,400
The king who created England's. 
Most culturally sophisticated 

4375
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:51,000
Royal household was 
simultaneously alienating the 

4376
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:53,800
noble families who support he 
needed for political survival. 

4377
03:49:54,600 --> 03:49:57,300
The beautiful ceremonies and 
magnificent art were real 

4378
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:00,300
achievements that they couldn't 
substitute for the Practical 

4379
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:03,500
political skills that successful
medieval King ship required. 

4380
03:50:03,500 --> 03:50:07,200
When Henry bowling broke deposed
Richard of the second in 1399. 

4381
03:50:07,200 --> 03:50:09,800
He faced a challenge that no 
previous English. 

4382
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:12,900
King had confronted. 
How do you establish legitimacy 

4383
03:50:12,900 --> 03:50:15,900
when you've just proved and that
Royal Authority isn't actually 

4384
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:18,400
sacred Henry. 
The fourth Court had to 

4385
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:21,300
functional simultaneously as a 
functioning government and as a 

4386
03:50:21,308 --> 03:50:24,500
constant argument for why the 
Lancaster Inn Dynasty deserve to

4387
03:50:24,508 --> 03:50:27,800
rule England, the solution was 
to create a court culture that 

4388
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:30,900
emphasized practical competence.
So over aesthetic, magnificent 

4389
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:34,300
Where Richards Court had felt 
like an art gallery that 

4390
03:50:34,300 --> 03:50:37,500
occasionally conducted 
government business Henry's 

4391
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:40,200
Court operated more like a 
well-run law firm that happened 

4392
03:50:40,200 --> 03:50:43,600
to be housed in Royal palaces 
Henry the fourth understood that

4393
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:46,200
his questionable claim to the 
throne meant he needed to govern

4394
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:49,200
more effectively than Kings with
uncontested legitimacy. 

4395
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:52,700
His Court established 
administrative procedures aimed 

4396
03:50:52,700 --> 03:50:56,400
at showcasing Royal competence 
by ensuring visible efficiency. 

4397
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:01,100
Foreign ambassadors and domestic
Nobles alike could see that this

4398
03:51:01,100 --> 03:51:05,100
government actually worked. 
Bills were paid on time legal 

4399
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:08,400
decisions were rendered promptly
and Military campaigns were 

4400
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:11,400
organized with professional 
thoroughness the lancastrian 

4401
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:13,900
courts relationship with 
Parliament illustrates this 

4402
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:17,000
practical approach. 
Henry didn't call Parliament 

4403
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:18,700
because he enjoyed legislative 
debate. 

4404
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:21,800
But because he needed regular 
communication with the social 

4405
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:24,300
groups who support maintained 
his Dynasty's position. 

4406
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:28,100
Parliamentary session's during 
Henry's Reign felt less like 

4407
03:51:28,100 --> 03:51:31,200
Royal ceremonies and more like 
business meetings where 

4408
03:51:31,200 --> 03:51:33,700
practical people discussed 
practical problems. 

4409
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:36,600
This created a court atmosphere 
that was less visually 

4410
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:39,400
spectacular than Richards, but 
more politically sustainable. 

4411
03:51:40,500 --> 03:51:43,300
Henry's courtiers Advance their 
careers through administrative 

4412
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:46,400
competence military 
Effectiveness and practical 

4413
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:49,200
problem solving rather than 
cultural sophistication or 

4414
03:51:49,200 --> 03:51:53,200
aesthetic sensitivity. 
The change wasn't necessarily an

4415
03:51:53,200 --> 03:51:56,300
improvement England lost some of
the cultural achievements that 

4416
03:51:56,300 --> 03:51:59,500
Richards patronage had fostered.
But it was more suited to the 

4417
03:51:59,508 --> 03:52:02,900
political realities of usurped. 
Kingship Henry the 5th 

4418
03:52:02,900 --> 03:52:04,700
inherited. 
This practical Court culture, 

4419
03:52:04,700 --> 03:52:07,400
and applied it to the grandest 
possible project. 

4420
03:52:07,400 --> 03:52:11,100
Proving that the lancastrian 
dynasty could achieve military 

4421
03:52:11,100 --> 03:52:16,000
successes that were justify its 
questionable Origins, His court 

4422
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:18,900
became the planning headquarters
for the most successful military

4423
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:22,000
campaign in English History. 
The preparation for Henry's 

4424
03:52:22,000 --> 03:52:25,100
French campaigns reveals how the
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 

4425
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:27,400
into something resembling a 
modern general staff. 

4426
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:32,200
Every aspect of the Aging Court.
Campaign Logistics intelligence 

4427
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:34,200
gathering diplomatic 
preparation. 

4428
03:52:34,200 --> 03:52:38,100
Financial planning was organized
with systematic attention to 

4429
03:52:38,100 --> 03:52:39,800
detail. 
That previous generations of 

4430
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:41,500
English. 
Kings had rarely achieved 

4431
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:43,800
Henry's Court during the French 
campaigns. 

4432
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,400
Must have felt like Mission 
Control during a successful 

4433
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:49,000
space program. 
Maps, covered the walls. 

4434
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,900
Dispatchers arrived daily from 
Agents throughout France and 

4435
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:55,200
treasury officials. 
Calculated the cost of 

4436
03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:57,900
maintaining English armies on 
foreign soil with a counting 

4437
03:52:57,900 --> 03:53:00,600
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance Bankers. 

4438
03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:04,400
The victory had agent Court in 
1415 provided exactly the 

4439
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:06,400
legitimacy. 
Boost that Lancaster in King 

4440
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:08,800
ship needed. 
Henry had proven that. 

4441
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:12,100
His dynasty could achieve 
military successes that rivaled 

4442
03:53:12,100 --> 03:53:14,100
the greatest accomplishments of 
the plantagenets. 

4443
03:53:15,100 --> 03:53:17,600
The Court's practical approach 
to governance had produced 

4444
03:53:17,600 --> 03:53:20,300
practical results. 
That no one could question, but 

4445
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:22,700
Henry's early death in 1422 
left. 

4446
03:53:22,700 --> 03:53:25,900
His infant son Henry the 6th to 
inherit both the French 

4447
03:53:25,900 --> 03:53:29,200
conquests and the systematic 
Court culture that had achieved 

4448
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:31,600
them. 
This created a fascinating 

4449
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:33,700
problem. 
What happens when a court 

4450
03:53:33,708 --> 03:53:36,300
designed around practical 
competences headed by someone? 

4451
03:53:36,300 --> 03:53:39,300
Who's more interested in 
scholarly Pursuits, an 

4452
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:42,400
administrative efficiency Henry 
the 6th Court represents. 

4453
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:44,800
One of the most intriguing 
experiments in English Royal 

4454
03:53:44,800 --> 03:53:47,800
history. 
The King was genuinely Pious, 

4455
03:53:47,800 --> 03:53:51,400
intellectually gifted and 
temperamentally unsuited for the

4456
03:53:51,408 --> 03:53:54,400
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

4457
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,900
required, his courtiers found 
themselves managing a kingdom on

4458
03:53:57,900 --> 03:54:00,200
behalf of someone who is more 
interested in founding 

4459
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:03,500
educational institutions that 
maintaining military conquests. 

4460
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:06,700
The result was a court where 
practical administrators 

4461
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:09,200
gradually took over the 
functionals that previous Kings 

4462
03:54:09,200 --> 03:54:12,900
had performed personally, This 
might have worked, if Henry's 

4463
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:16,100
Nobles had been content with 
administrative King ship, but 

4464
03:54:16,100 --> 03:54:19,100
many of them had their own ideas
about how Royal Authority should

4465
03:54:19,100 --> 03:54:20,400
function. 
Henry. 

4466
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:23,000
The sixth Court was too, well, 
organized for his own good, 

4467
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:27,600
which contributed to the start 
of the wars of the Roses. the 

4468
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:30,300
efficient administrative systems
that Henry the fourth and Henry,

4469
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:34,400
the 5th had created to function 
even when the king himself 

4470
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:38,500
provided minimal leadership, 
This allowed ambitious Nobles to

4471
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,000
use Royal administrative 
machinery for their purposes 

4472
03:54:41,000 --> 03:54:44,000
turning the crowns own 
governmental Effectiveness 

4473
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:47,100
against lancastrian Authority by
the 1450s. 

4474
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:49,500
The lancastrian court had become
a place where formal 

4475
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:51,500
governmental procedures 
continued. 

4476
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:54,900
While actual political power 
shifted toward Noble factions 

4477
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:56,800
that were preparing for Civil 
War. 

4478
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:00,400
The courtiers who created 
England's most efficient 

4479
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:02,600
medieval government found 
themselves managing the 

4480
03:55:02,600 --> 03:55:05,100
systematic destruction of the 
dynasty they'd serve. 

4481
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:07,400
So effectively head with the 
fourth Court. 

4482
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:11,200
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 
challenge of governing a kingdom

4483
03:55:11,200 --> 03:55:14,000
where everyone had just learned 
that King's could be overthrown 

4484
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,200
by subjects with sufficient 
military support and political 

4485
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:20,400
determination. 
The Orca solution was to create 

4486
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:23,800
a royal. 
The court was so magnificently 

4487
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,500
impressive that people would 
forget how recently, the dynasty

4488
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:29,300
had come to power, Edward. 
Understood that successful 

4489
03:55:29,300 --> 03:55:31,600
user's need to establish 
legitimacy through 

4490
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,200
demonstration, rather than an 
argument. his court became a 

4491
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:38,300
showcase designed to prove that 
your kissing ship represented, 

4492
03:55:38,300 --> 03:55:42,100
not just political change, but 
cultural advancement Every 

4493
03:55:42,100 --> 03:55:43,800
ceremony, every architectural 
project. 

4494
03:55:43,800 --> 03:55:47,400
And every diplomatic reception 
was planned to demonstrate that 

4495
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:51,100
this dynasty governed with a 
sophistication that justified. 

4496
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:54,500
Its hold on power, the orcas 
courts daily routine reflected 

4497
03:55:54,500 --> 03:55:57,500
this strategy. 
Morning administrative sessions.

4498
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:00,600
Handled governmental business 
with efficiency that maintained 

4499
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:04,400
continuity from lancastrian 
practices but after noon and 

4500
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:07,300
evening event, showcased Royal 
magnificence that surpassed 

4501
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:09,700
anything England had seen. 
Since Richard the Second 

4502
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:13,300
aesthetic experiments Edwards, 
personal style contributed 

4503
03:56:13,300 --> 03:56:17,100
significantly to his atmosphere.
The King was exceptionally tall,

4504
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:20,200
strikingly handsome and 
possessed the sort of natural 

4505
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:23,200
Charisma that made people want 
to be associated with his court.

4506
03:56:24,200 --> 03:56:27,300
Foreign visitors, consistently 
reported that Edward looked like

4507
03:56:27,300 --> 03:56:30,700
what they expected a king to 
look like which provided exactly

4508
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:33,500
the sort of visual legitimacy 
that usurped dynasties 

4509
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,600
particularly needed. 
But the Yorkers Court's real 

4510
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:38,900
Innovation was its approached to
economic policy. 

4511
03:56:39,900 --> 03:56:42,900
Edward, the Fourth was the first
English king to understand that 

4512
03:56:42,900 --> 03:56:46,700
Royal Authority in the late 15th
century needed to be financially

4513
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:50,400
self-sustaining. his court 
developed trading relationships,

4514
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:53,700
investment, strategies and 
revenue, generating systems that

4515
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:57,400
made the crown less dependent on
parliamentary grants, then any 

4516
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,900
previous medieval Dynasty, this 
economic independence allowed 

4517
03:57:00,900 --> 03:57:03,500
Edward to create a court culture
that combined political 

4518
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:07,900
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

4519
03:57:07,900 --> 03:57:10,200
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

4520
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:13,800
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

4521
03:57:13,800 --> 03:57:16,300
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

4522
03:57:17,200 --> 03:57:19,600
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

4523
03:57:19,600 --> 03:57:22,900
aesthetic achievement reinforced
each other, rather than 

4524
03:57:22,900 --> 03:57:25,200
competing for Royal attention 
Edwards. 

4525
03:57:25,200 --> 03:57:28,800
Marriage, to Elizabeth Woodville
in 1464 illustrates both the 

4526
03:57:28,800 --> 03:57:32,200
strengths and the complications 
of this approach Elizabeth 

4527
03:57:32,200 --> 03:57:35,200
wasn't a foreign princess, whose
marriage would cement diplomatic

4528
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,000
alliances. 
She was an English Widow whose 

4529
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:40,300
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

4530
03:57:40,300 --> 03:57:42,700
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

4531
03:57:42,700 --> 03:57:46,000
practical, but socially 
controversial, creating Court 

4532
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:48,700
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

4533
03:57:48,700 --> 03:57:52,300
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

4534
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:55,400
created, the medieval equivalent
of nepotism concerned. 

4535
03:57:55,400 --> 03:57:58,000
But there are actual 
administrative competence was 

4536
03:57:58,000 --> 03:58:01,300
generally impressive. 
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 

4537
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:04,100
new energy and fresh 
perspectives, to court positions

4538
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,900
that had sometimes, become 
routine under previous dynasties

4539
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:09,900
Edwards Court. 
During the 1470s represented, 

4540
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:11,600
the high point of Yorkies to 
Chief movement. 

4541
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:15,000
The king had successfully 
combined military Effectiveness 

4542
03:58:15,000 --> 03:58:18,800
administrative competence and 
cultural sophistication in ways 

4543
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:21,700
that seem to justify the wars of
the Roses as necessary 

4544
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:24,400
modernization rather than 
destructive civil conflict. 

4545
03:58:24,400 --> 03:58:28,500
The brief restoration of Henry, 
the sixth and 1470 to 1471 

4546
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:31,100
provided an inadvertent 
demonstration of how much 

4547
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,500
English Royal Court culture had 
evolved under Edwards 

4548
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,800
leadership, Henry's restored 
Court felt archaic and 

4549
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:40,300
ineffective compared to the 
orcust innovations that 

4550
03:58:40,300 --> 03:58:42,100
courtiers had recently 
experienced. 

4551
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,000
When Edward returned from exile 
to reclaim his throne, he found 

4552
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:50,100
that many previously neutral 
Nobles and decided that Yorkies 

4553
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:52,500
kingship was simply more 
impressive than lancastrian 

4554
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:57,200
Alternatives Edwards sudden 
death in 1483 at age 40 ended 

4555
03:58:57,200 --> 03:59:00,700
this experiment in systemic 
Royal magnificence before its 

4556
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:03,100
long-term Effectiveness could be
fully evaluated. 

4557
03:59:04,200 --> 03:59:07,100
His brother Richard the third 
inherited a kingdom where Court 

4558
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:10,500
culture becomes Central to 
political legitimacy, but 

4559
03:59:10,500 --> 03:59:13,100
whether specific elements of 
that culture were closely 

4560
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,800
associated with Edwards personal
Charisma and leadership style 

4561
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:19,700
Richard the third's court 
represents one of his most 

4562
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:22,900
fascinating studies in the 
relationship between political 

4563
03:59:22,900 --> 03:59:24,500
Effectiveness and public 
perception. 

4564
03:59:25,200 --> 03:59:28,100
By most objective measures 
Richard was a competent 

4565
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,100
administrator who governed 
England efficiently during his 

4566
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:33,600
brief reign. 
His court maintained the 

4567
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:37,100
organizational systems that 
Edward had established the 

4568
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:40,700
cultural patronage that had made
Yorkies kingship impressive and 

4569
03:59:40,700 --> 03:59:43,400
handled domestic and foreign 
policy with reasonable skill, 

4570
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:47,100
but Richards Court could never 
escape the circumstances of his 

4571
03:59:47,100 --> 03:59:50,100
accession to power The 
Disappearance of his nephews 

4572
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:54,900
Edward the 5th and Richard Duke 
of York created suspicions that 

4573
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:57,400
no amount of governmental 
competence could overcome. 

4574
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,400
Richard found himself managing a
court where formal procedures 

4575
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,400
continued normally while 
underlying political support 

4576
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:07,400
steadily eroded. 
The irony of Richard's reign was

4577
04:00:07,408 --> 04:00:10,200
that he'd inherited the most 
sophisticated Royal Court in 

4578
04:00:10,208 --> 04:00:13,900
English History a precisely the 
moment when Court sophistication

4579
04:00:13,900 --> 04:00:17,800
ceased to matter the yorkist 
Innovations in governmental 

4580
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:21,600
efficiency cultural patronage 
and economic independence were 

4581
04:00:21,600 --> 04:00:24,400
genuine achievements, but they 
couldn't compensate for 

4582
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:28,100
fundamental questions about 
dynastic legitimacy when Henry 

4583
04:00:28,100 --> 04:00:32,600
Tudor landed at Milford Haven in
1485, he represented not just 

4584
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:36,400
another dynastic claimant, but a
return to the principle that 

4585
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:40,000
Royal courts should be judged 
primarily on their political 

4586
04:00:40,000 --> 04:00:43,000
Effectiveness rather than their 
cultural achievements. 

4587
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:47,100
The Battle of Bosworth field 
ended the yorkist experiment and

4588
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,400
began a new phase in English 
Royal Court development Henry 

4589
04:00:50,400 --> 04:00:53,800
the 7th Court after 1485 
functioned like a startup 

4590
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:56,900
company whose founder understood
that survival required 

4591
04:00:56,900 --> 04:01:00,400
completely different strategies 
than those needed for initial 

4592
04:01:00,400 --> 04:01:03,000
success. 
Having won the crowd through 

4593
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,400
military Victory Henry face the 
challenge of astonishing a 

4594
04:01:06,400 --> 04:01:08,900
dynasty that could maintain 
power through means other than 

4595
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:11,500
continued Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

4596
04:01:11,500 --> 04:01:14,000
deliberately modest compared to 
your kissed magnificent. 

4597
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:17,700
Henry, understood that 
impressive ceremonies and 

4598
04:01:17,700 --> 04:01:21,000
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

4599
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:24,400
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

4600
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:28,200
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

4601
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:32,100
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

4602
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:35,000
potential Rivals. 
You can picture Henry's Court as

4603
04:01:35,008 --> 04:01:38,000
a place where accountants held 
higher status than poets. 

4604
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:40,800
Where treasury records received 
more attention than 

4605
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:44,600
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

4606
04:01:44,600 --> 04:01:46,700
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

4607
04:01:48,200 --> 04:01:50,700
This wasn't because Henry lacked
appreciation for cultural 

4608
04:01:50,700 --> 04:01:53,900
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

4609
04:01:53,900 --> 04:01:57,800
newly established dynasties must
observe the courts daily routine

4610
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:00,200
reflected. 
These priorities morning 

4611
04:02:00,200 --> 04:02:02,100
sessions, dealt with financial 
planning. 

4612
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,200
That would have impressed, 
modern budget analysts. 

4613
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,100
After noon meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence, that 

4614
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:11,200
gradually established England's 
credibility with European powers

4615
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:14,000
who are still uncertain about 
Tudor legitimacy. 

4616
04:02:14,900 --> 04:02:17,900
Evening events were modest 
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal

4617
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:20,000
dignity without the 
extravagance. 

4618
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,400
That might suggest governmental 
responsibility Henry's married 

4619
04:02:23,400 --> 04:02:25,800
to Elizabeth of York was, 
perhaps the most successful 

4620
04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:27,500
political Alliance in English 
History. 

4621
04:02:28,500 --> 04:02:31,800
By uniting the yorkist and 
Lancaster, and claims Henry 

4622
04:02:31,800 --> 04:02:34,800
created a dynasty, whose 
legitimacy was based on National

4623
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,800
reconciliation rather than 
factional victory. 

4624
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:41,000
The court became a place where 
former enemies worked together 

4625
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:44,600
on shared governmental projects 
demonstrating that the wars of 

4626
04:02:44,608 --> 04:02:47,600
the Roses are truly ended. 
The Tudor courts approach to 

4627
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,700
Noble management was 
particularly innovative Rather 

4628
04:02:50,700 --> 04:02:53,500
than trying to eliminate 
powerful aristocratic families 

4629
04:02:53,500 --> 04:02:57,000
Henry created systems that 
channeled Noble ambition towards

4630
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:00,300
service to the crown. 
Court positions became 

4631
04:03:00,300 --> 04:03:02,800
opportunities for career 
advancement, that required 

4632
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:05,500
demonstrated loyalty 
incompetence rather than 

4633
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:09,100
hereditary privilege alone. 
This created a court atmosphere 

4634
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:11,800
that combined traditional 
medieval hierarchy with 

4635
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:14,200
meritocratic elements that 
anticipated later. 

4636
04:03:14,200 --> 04:03:17,600
Governmental developments. 
Noble birth remained important, 

4637
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:21,200
but actual responsibility was 
distributed based on proven 

4638
04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:23,600
ability to advance Tudor 
dynastic. 

4639
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,600
Interests Henry, the seventh 
success in establishing 

4640
04:03:26,600 --> 04:03:29,900
Financial Independence for the 
crown had profound implications 

4641
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:33,400
for court culture. 
Unlike previous dynasties, that 

4642
04:03:33,400 --> 04:03:36,100
needed to maintain parliamentary
support for regular Tax. 

4643
04:03:36,100 --> 04:03:39,700
Grants, the Tudor Court could 
plan long-term projects, without

4644
04:03:39,700 --> 04:03:42,800
constant, negotiation, with 
potentially hostile legislative 

4645
04:03:42,800 --> 04:03:45,400
assemblies. 
This financial autonomy allowed 

4646
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:48,300
Henry the 8th to inherit a court
that could support, dramatic, 

4647
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:49,900
cultural and political 
Innovations. 

4648
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:53,800
Where his father had necessarily
focused on consolidation and 

4649
04:03:53,800 --> 04:03:56,400
survival Henry. 
The 8th could pursue Grand 

4650
04:03:56,400 --> 04:03:59,000
Ambitions that were transforming
English, Royal Authority, and 

4651
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:02,900
fundamental ways Henry, the 8th 
Court represents the moment when

4652
04:04:02,900 --> 04:04:06,200
medieval kingship evolved into 
something recognizably modern 

4653
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:10,000
The young king inherited, his 
father's financial resources and

4654
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:13,100
administrative competence but 
applied them to projects that 

4655
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:15,700
would have seemed impossible to 
previous generations of English.

4656
04:04:15,700 --> 04:04:19,400
Monarchs Henry, the 8th achieved
a dramatic change in Royal Court

4657
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,700
culture as Illustrated in the 
field of the cloth of gold in 

4658
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,600
1520. 
This meeting with Francis. 

4659
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:28,300
The first of France was 
essentially a three week. 

4660
04:04:28,300 --> 04:04:31,700
Festival that demonstrated 
English wealth, cultural 

4661
04:04:31,700 --> 04:04:34,400
sophistication, and 
technological capability. 

4662
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:36,900
On a scale that amazed 
contemporary Observers. 

4663
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:40,400
The temporary buildings 
constructed for the event 

4664
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:43,800
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 
in their magnificence, but 

4665
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:46,700
Henry's Court culture wasn't 
just about impressive displays 

4666
04:04:46,700 --> 04:04:49,700
the king assembled intellectual 
and artistic talent that 

4667
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:54,000
transformed England's cultural 
landscape Thomas More hands 

4668
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:57,900
Holbein Thomas cranmer and 
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 

4669
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:00,500
to creating a court that 
combined Renaissance Learning 

4670
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:04,100
artistic Innovation and 
administrative efficiency and 

4671
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:06,900
unprecedented ways. 
The king's break with Rome in 

4672
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:09,600
the 1530s transformed the 
English Court into something 

4673
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:13,400
unprecedented a royal household 
that functions simultaneously as

4674
04:05:13,400 --> 04:05:17,100
a government Headquarters A 
Center of religious reform and a

4675
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:19,800
cultural laboratory 
experimenting with new forms of 

4676
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:23,000
Royal Authority Henry's Court 
during the Reformation years 

4677
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:26,200
buzzed with the energy of people
who understood they were 

4678
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:28,100
participating in historical 
changes. 

4679
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:30,300
That would reshape European 
civilization. 

4680
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:33,500
Courteous found themselves 
managing not just traditional 

4681
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:36,700
governmental business, but also 
the systematic reorganization of

4682
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:39,700
English religious life the 
redistribution of monastic 

4683
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:42,700
wealth and the creation of new 
legal Frameworks for Royal 

4684
04:05:42,700 --> 04:05:46,000
Supremacy the dissolution of the
monasteries provided Henry's 

4685
04:05:46,000 --> 04:05:48,300
court with resources that 
previous English kings could 

4686
04:05:48,300 --> 04:05:52,000
hardly have imagined. 
Certainly centuries of religious

4687
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:54,900
patronage had given the crown 
control over vast Estates 

4688
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,400
architectural Treasures 
libraries and artistic 

4689
04:05:58,400 --> 04:06:01,100
collections. 
The court became a place where 

4690
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:04,300
former monastic buildings were 
converted into Royal residences 

4691
04:06:04,300 --> 04:06:08,200
where illuminated manuscripts 
were repurposed for secular use 

4692
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:11,400
and where centuries of religious
art were evaluated for their 

4693
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:15,200
potential contribution to Royal 
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 

4694
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:17,700
role in managing these 
Transformations demonstrates how

4695
04:06:17,700 --> 04:06:20,600
Tudor Court culture had evolved 
Beyond traditional feudal 

4696
04:06:20,600 --> 04:06:24,400
relationships Cromwell was 
neither a powerful nobleman nor 

4697
04:06:24,400 --> 04:06:27,700
a church official but a lawyer 
and administrator whose 

4698
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:30,600
expertise in governmental 
procedure made him indispensable

4699
04:06:30,600 --> 04:06:32,200
to Henry's revolutionary 
projects. 

4700
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:36,000
His rise to power illustrates 
how the Tudor Court had become a

4701
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,600
meritocracy where technical 
competence could overcome 

4702
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:42,300
traditional social limitations. 
Henry's six, marriages created a

4703
04:06:42,300 --> 04:06:45,100
court atmosphere where personal 
relationships and political 

4704
04:06:45,100 --> 04:06:47,500
calculations became inseparably 
intertwined. 

4705
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:51,500
Each wedding brought new 
families into Royal favor each 

4706
04:06:51,500 --> 04:06:54,800
divorce or execution eliminated 
established Court networks. 

4707
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:57,800
And each new Queen created 
opportunities for ambitious, 

4708
04:06:57,800 --> 04:07:00,400
courtiers, to advance their 
careers, through association 

4709
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:03,100
with their household, the court 
during Henry's. 

4710
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,000
Finally years had become a place
where survival required constant

4711
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:07,800
attention to the king's 
changing. 

4712
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:11,500
Moods shifting, political 
alliances and evolving religious

4713
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:14,000
policies. 
Courteous developed the sort of 

4714
04:07:14,008 --> 04:07:16,700
cycle settee, that would have 
impressed. 

4715
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:20,500
Modern diplomatic core learning 
to interpret, Royal gestures 

4716
04:07:20,500 --> 04:07:24,800
decode, ambiguous statements and
anticipate policy changes before

4717
04:07:24,800 --> 04:07:28,100
they were officially announced. 
Elizabeth, the first inherited a

4718
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,300
kingdom exhausted by religious 
upheaval and dynastic on 

4719
04:07:31,300 --> 04:07:34,600
certainly then. 
Spent 45 years transforming her 

4720
04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:37,900
Court into the most successful 
piece of political theater in 

4721
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:41,200
European history. 
Of Henry, the 8th's Court had 

4722
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:43,300
been a workshop for religious 
and political Innovation 

4723
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:46,900
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 
where every day brought new 

4724
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:49,500
performance is designed to 
demonstrate that England, had 

4725
04:07:49,500 --> 04:07:51,400
achieved, cultural and political
greatness. 

4726
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:54,800
You can imagine the challenge 
Elizabeth faced as a young Queen

4727
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:58,100
in 1558. 
She was unmarried in an age when

4728
04:07:58,108 --> 04:08:01,800
female rule was considered 
unnatural religiously suspect in

4729
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:04,500
a kingdom divided between 
Catholic and Protestant factions

4730
04:08:04,500 --> 04:08:07,900
and politically vulnerable in a 
Europe where major Powers were 

4731
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:09,600
actively plotting England's 
destruction. 

4732
04:08:10,400 --> 04:08:12,500
Her solution was to create a 
court culture. 

4733
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:16,200
So dazzling that domestic and 
foreign observers became too 

4734
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:18,900
fascinated by the spectacle to 
focus on the underlying 

4735
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,600
vulnerabilities the Elizabethan 
Court operated on multiple level

4736
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:26,000
simultaneously, the surface 
level was pure pageantry 

4737
04:08:26,000 --> 04:08:29,900
elaborate costumes complex 
ceremonies and artistic displays

4738
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:32,700
that made Royal receptions feel 
like theatrical performance is 

4739
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:36,900
but underneath the spectacle was
a sophisticated intelligence 

4740
04:08:36,900 --> 04:08:39,800
operation that gathered 
information from a cross Europe.

4741
04:08:40,400 --> 04:08:43,400
A diplomatic Network that played
Major Powers against each other 

4742
04:08:43,400 --> 04:08:46,700
and an administrative system 
that managed England's 

4743
04:08:46,700 --> 04:08:50,000
transformation into a major 
commercial power Elizabeth's 

4744
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:53,200
famous progresses annual tours 
through England's Countryside 

4745
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,500
illustrate this multi-layered 
approach perfectly. 

4746
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:00,100
From one perspective. 
These were costly exercises in 

4747
04:09:00,100 --> 04:09:03,300
Royal vanity that allowed the 
queen to enjoy magnificent 

4748
04:09:03,300 --> 04:09:05,400
Hospitality at her subjects 
expense. 

4749
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:08,600
From another perspective. 
They were systematic efforts to 

4750
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:12,400
demonstrate Royal accessibility 
gather intelligence about local 

4751
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:15,700
conditions and maintain personal
relationships with the noble 

4752
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:18,800
families who support the crown 
needed for political stability 

4753
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:22,900
the progresses as mobile 
advertisements for Elizabeth and

4754
04:09:22,900 --> 04:09:25,300
achievement. 
When the Queen's enormous 

4755
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:29,100
Entourage arrived at the country
estate local populations could 

4756
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:32,500
see for themselves the wealth 
sophistication and cultural 

4757
04:09:32,500 --> 04:09:35,600
confidence of their government. 
These visits were live 

4758
04:09:35,600 --> 04:09:38,500
demonstrations that England 
under Elizabeth was prospering 

4759
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,200
in ways that justified the 
religious and political changes 

4760
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,000
of the previous generation the 
courts relationship with 

4761
04:09:44,000 --> 04:09:46,500
literature during Elizabeth's 
Reign created some of the 

4762
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:48,900
greatest achievements in English
cultural history. 

4763
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:53,800
Edmond Spencer's the fairy queen
was essentially an extended 

4764
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,200
compliment to Elizabeth that 
happened to be written in some 

4765
04:09:56,200 --> 04:09:59,500
of the most beautiful poetry in 
the English language Christopher

4766
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:02,400
Marlowe and William Shakespeare 
wrote plays that explored themes

4767
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:06,100
of power and ambition and 
political legitimacy with 

4768
04:10:06,100 --> 04:10:09,800
psychological depth that still 
amazes modern audiences, but 

4769
04:10:09,800 --> 04:10:12,600
this wasn't just Royal patronage
of talented artists. 

4770
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,100
Elizabeth understood that 
cultural achievement was a form 

4771
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:19,900
of political power and foreign 
ambassadors attended performance

4772
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:22,600
of Shakespeare's plays at court.
They were witnessing 

4773
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:25,700
demonstrations of English 
intellectual sophistication that

4774
04:10:25,700 --> 04:10:29,200
carried diplomatic implications 
a kingdom that could produce 

4775
04:10:29,200 --> 04:10:32,600
such art was clearly not the 
backward isolated nation that 

4776
04:10:32,600 --> 04:10:35,900
hostile European observers 
preferred to imagine the famous 

4777
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:39,000
question of Elizabeth's marriage
demonstrates how thoroughly she 

4778
04:10:39,000 --> 04:10:41,400
had integrated personal 
decisions with political 

4779
04:10:41,400 --> 04:10:44,200
strategy. 
Every potential marriage 

4780
04:10:44,200 --> 04:10:47,700
Alliance was simultaneously, a 
romantic possibility, a 

4781
04:10:47,700 --> 04:10:50,900
diplomatic negotiation, and a 
piece of theatrical performance 

4782
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:53,300
designed to keep foreign powers 
guessing about English. 

4783
04:10:53,300 --> 04:10:56,500
Intentions, the Queen's 
courtship with various suitors, 

4784
04:10:56,500 --> 04:11:01,400
Philip the second of Spain Eric,
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 

4785
04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:05,200
Charles of Austria and most 
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 

4786
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:08,500
Leicester provided ongoing 
entertainment that distracted 

4787
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:11,900
attention from more sensitive 
political matters Elizabeth 

4788
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:14,700
managed to keep multiple 
marriage negotiations active for

4789
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:18,500
decades without actually 
committing to any of them using 

4790
04:11:18,500 --> 04:11:21,100
romantic possibility. 
As a diplomatic tool with 

4791
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,600
unprecedented skill, the courts 
response to the Spanish Armada 

4792
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:27,700
in 1588. 
Showcased Elizabethan political 

4793
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:31,200
theater at his most effective. 
Elizabeth's appearance before 

4794
04:11:31,200 --> 04:11:34,600
her troops at Tilbury, declaring
that she had the body of a 

4795
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:38,000
weakened feeble woman but the 
heart and stomach of a king was 

4796
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,100
political communication that 
transformed a potential military

4797
04:11:41,100 --> 04:11:44,300
disaster into a moment of 
national inspiration. 

4798
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:47,200
The victory over the Spanish 
Armada validated, all of 

4799
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:49,300
Elizabeth's, governmental 
strategies simultaneously, 

4800
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:53,200
English Naval Innovations had, 
proven Superior to Spanish, 

4801
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,900
military tradition, Protestant 
religious conviction had 

4802
04:11:56,900 --> 04:12:00,300
apparently received Divine 
approval, and Elizabeth's, son, 

4803
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:02,900
married status, which critics 
had long considered a national 

4804
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:06,100
weakness, suddenly appeared to 
be evidence of her unique 

4805
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:09,500
dedication to England's welfare,
the Elizabethan Court during the

4806
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:13,600
1590s felt like the headquarters
of a successful Revolution that 

4807
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:17,400
had exceeded, everyone's 
expectations England had become 

4808
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:20,300
a major European power despite 
lacking the traditional 

4809
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:25,000
resources, vast territories, 
massive population's, abundant 

4810
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:28,100
precious metals that other 
powers relied upon for their 

4811
04:12:28,100 --> 04:12:31,100
International influence. 
Elizabeth's achievement, was to 

4812
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:34,400
demonstrate that a relatively 
small Kingdom could compete with

4813
04:12:34,408 --> 04:12:38,500
Continental Empires, through 
Superior organization, cultural 

4814
04:12:38,500 --> 04:12:41,000
sophistication and political 
creativity. 

4815
04:12:41,900 --> 04:12:45,500
Her Court became the model that 
later English monarchs would 

4816
04:12:45,500 --> 04:12:49,000
many attempt to emulate her but 
few can match her unique 

4817
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:52,000
combination of theatrical Flair 
and practical Effectiveness 

4818
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:56,000
James the first arrival in 
England in 1603 created a 

4819
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:58,900
fascinating collision between 
Scottish Royal traditions and 

4820
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:02,300
Elizabethan Court culture. 
James brought with him ideas 

4821
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:05,000
about kingship that were 
theoretically more sophisticated

4822
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:08,300
than Elizabeth's practical 
approach but proved less suited 

4823
04:13:08,300 --> 04:13:11,900
to English political realities. 
The Jacobian Court resembled a 

4824
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:14,900
university that had unexpectedly
taken on governmental duties. 

4825
04:13:15,600 --> 04:13:18,600
James was genuinely learned. 
He wrote books on political 

4826
04:13:18,600 --> 04:13:22,000
Theory Theology and even Tobacco
Control but his intellectual 

4827
04:13:22,000 --> 04:13:25,000
approach to King ship sometimes 
conflicted with the Practical 

4828
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:28,100
political skills that successful
English Monarchy required. 

4829
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:30,800
You can picture the culture 
shock that occurred when James 

4830
04:13:30,800 --> 04:13:33,600
is Scottish courteous and 
countered the complex Protocols 

4831
04:13:33,600 --> 04:13:37,100
of Elizabethan Court life. 
The Scots were accustomed to 

4832
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:39,700
more informal relationships 
between the king and his Nobles 

4833
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:43,000
while English courtiers had 
developed elaborate ceremonial 

4834
04:13:43,000 --> 04:13:45,900
procedures that treated Royal 
access as a carefully rational 

4835
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:48,400
privilege. 
The result was a court where two

4836
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:51,200
different styles of monarchy 
existed in constant tension. 

4837
04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:55,000
James preferred scholarly 
discussion and theoretical 

4838
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:57,100
debate. 
While his English, courtiers 

4839
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,900
were more comfortable with the 
sort of political theater that 

4840
04:13:59,900 --> 04:14:01,600
had made Elizabeth reign 
successful. 

4841
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:04,900
The mixture produced some 
fascinating cultural 

4842
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:07,900
achievements, but also political
complications that would 

4843
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:09,500
influence English history for 
Generations. 

4844
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:13,000
James's Court, patronized the 
translation of the Bible that 

4845
04:14:13,000 --> 04:14:16,100
bears his name. 
The King James version completed

4846
04:14:16,100 --> 04:14:19,700
in 1611 which became one of the 
most influential works of 

4847
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:23,700
English prose ever written. the 
king's personal involvement in 

4848
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:26,700
this project demonstrates, how 
Jacobian caught culture, could 

4849
04:14:26,700 --> 04:14:29,800
combine serious intellectual 
work with practical, political 

4850
04:14:29,800 --> 04:14:33,400
purposes, The new Bible 
translation was simultaneously, 

4851
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:36,500
a scholarly achievement, a 
religious statement, and a 

4852
04:14:36,508 --> 04:14:39,800
political document designed to 
establish Royal authority over 

4853
04:14:39,800 --> 04:14:42,500
English spiritual life. 
The courts relationship with 

4854
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:45,000
theater during James's Reign. 
Produced some of Shakespeare's 

4855
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:50,100
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth
and the Tempest were all written

4856
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:52,300
for Royal audiences. 
Who understood the political 

4857
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:56,300
themes, these Works explored. 
When courtiers watched Macbeth's

4858
04:14:56,300 --> 04:14:59,100
meditation on the relationship 
between ambition and legitimacy,

4859
04:14:59,100 --> 04:15:02,300
they were seeing their own 
political concerns, reflected in

4860
04:15:02,300 --> 04:15:05,600
dramatic, poetry of 
extraordinary power, but James 

4861
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:07,900
is theoretical approach to 
monarchy created. 

4862
04:15:07,900 --> 04:15:10,700
Practical problems that became 
increasingly serious as his 

4863
04:15:10,700 --> 04:15:13,800
reign progressed. 
His belief in the divine right 

4864
04:15:13,800 --> 04:15:17,600
of kings was intellectually 
coherent but politically and 

4865
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:19,900
practical in a kingdom where 
Parliament had grown accustomed 

4866
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:23,100
to being consulted about major 
policy decisions the Gunpowder 

4867
04:15:23,100 --> 04:15:27,100
Plot of 1605 provided James with
an opportunity to demonstrate 

4868
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:30,300
that his scholarly approach to 
kingship could handle serious 

4869
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:33,600
political crises his 
investigation of the conspiracy 

4870
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:36,900
showed genuine detective skills 
and his management of the 

4871
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:40,100
aftermath demonstrated both 
Mercy toward the innocent and 

4872
04:15:40,100 --> 04:15:42,300
decisive action against genuine 
threats. 

4873
04:15:42,300 --> 04:15:45,900
However, James is financial 
management created ongoing 

4874
04:15:45,900 --> 04:15:48,800
tensions that his son Charles 
the first would inherit along 

4875
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:52,600
with the crown. the jacket in 
court was expensive in ways that

4876
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:56,300
even Elizabeth magnificent 
progresses had not been James 

4877
04:15:56,300 --> 04:15:59,600
distributed titles lands and 
pensions with generosity that 

4878
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:02,800
reflected his theoretical belief
that Royal magnificent was 

4879
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:04,500
essential to monarchical 
dignity. 

4880
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:07,900
But his practical accounting 
skills were less impressive than

4881
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:11,100
his theoretical knowledge 
Charles the first inherited his 

4882
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:14,600
father's intellectual approached
King ship but lacked James's 

4883
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:16,500
political flexibility and 
personal charisma. 

4884
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:20,300
Charles's Court, became a place 
where theoretical Perfection was

4885
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:23,800
pursued with systemic, 
Dedication, that ignored the 

4886
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,600
political compromises that 
successful monarchy, required. 

4887
04:16:26,600 --> 04:16:29,700
The Caroline. 
Court during the 1630s achieved,

4888
04:16:29,700 --> 04:16:31,600
a level of artistic and cultural
sophistication. 

4889
04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:35,800
That rivaled the greatest 
European achievements, Anthony 

4890
04:16:35,800 --> 04:16:39,400
Van Dyke's, portraits of Charles
and his family created visual 

4891
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:42,800
representations of Royal dignity
that still influence how we 

4892
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:47,300
imagined 17th century monarchy 
The court musks designed by 

4893
04:16:47,300 --> 04:16:49,900
Inigo Jones. 
Combined architecture music 

4894
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:54,500
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 
in ways that amazed contemporary

4895
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:56,600
observers. 
But this cultural achievement 

4896
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,100
existed in increasing tension, 
with political realities, that 

4897
04:17:00,100 --> 04:17:02,800
Charles seemed determined to 
ignore his court. 

4898
04:17:02,800 --> 04:17:06,200
Became a place where beautiful 
ceremonies and magnificent art 

4899
04:17:06,200 --> 04:17:09,100
co-existed with governmental 
policies that was 

4900
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:11,500
systematically. 
Alienating, the social groups 

4901
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:13,900
who support the English. 
Monarchy traditionally required 

4902
04:17:13,900 --> 04:17:17,900
the 11-year period, when Charles
ruled without Parliament, the so

4903
04:17:17,900 --> 04:17:22,600
called personal rule from 1629 
to 1640, transformed the Royal 

4904
04:17:22,600 --> 04:17:24,700
Court in to something 
unprecedented in English 

4905
04:17:24,700 --> 04:17:27,000
History. 
The government that functioned 

4906
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:29,700
independently of the legislative
institution's that have been 

4907
04:17:29,700 --> 04:17:32,800
Central to English political 
developments in medieval times 

4908
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:36,100
Charles's Court during these 
years operated with efficiency 

4909
04:17:36,100 --> 04:17:38,100
that would have impressed his 
Tudor predecessors. 

4910
04:17:38,100 --> 04:17:41,500
But its Effectiveness was 
undermined by growing popular 

4911
04:17:41,500 --> 04:17:44,800
conviction that the King was 
governing in ways that violated 

4912
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:47,200
fundament. 
Or English political Traditions,

4913
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:51,000
the court became isolated from 
the broader political nation in 

4914
04:17:51,000 --> 04:17:53,300
ways that made future conflicts 
almost inevitable. 

4915
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:56,800
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

4916
04:17:56,800 --> 04:17:59,800
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

4917
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:02,800
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

4918
04:18:02,808 --> 04:18:06,300
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

4919
04:18:06,300 --> 04:18:09,100
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

4920
04:18:09,100 --> 04:18:12,300
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

4921
04:18:12,300 --> 04:18:15,100
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

4922
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,300
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

4923
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:20,900
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

4924
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:24,300
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

4925
04:18:24,300 --> 04:18:27,500
whether traditional governmental
functions required traditional 

4926
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,600
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 
Oliver cromwell's, government 

4927
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,500
faced the challenge of 
maintaining domestic order and 

4928
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,600
international respectability 
without the institutional 

4929
04:18:36,600 --> 04:18:39,500
structures that had supported 
English political Authority for 

4930
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:42,300
centuries. 
The result was a series of 

4931
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:45,300
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

4932
04:18:45,300 --> 04:18:49,100
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

4933
04:18:49,100 --> 04:18:51,700
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

4934
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:54,200
when for unfamiliar Royal 
ceremonies simply disappeared 

4935
04:18:54,200 --> 04:18:57,500
from public life. 
No more Royal progresses through

4936
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:00,000
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

4937
04:19:00,000 --> 04:19:03,500
Celebrations, to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

4938
04:19:03,500 --> 04:19:07,000
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

4939
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:09,300
previous generations about 
political stability. 

4940
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,900
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

4941
04:19:12,908 --> 04:19:15,300
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

4942
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:18,900
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

4943
04:19:18,900 --> 04:19:21,400
dignity that governmental 
authorities seem to require 

4944
04:19:22,400 --> 04:19:25,200
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate.

4945
04:19:25,200 --> 04:19:28,400
Formality important, stator 
occasions, still required, 

4946
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:31,800
public ceremonies and political 
Authority, still needed visible 

4947
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:33,600
demonstrations of its 
legitimacy. 

4948
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,300
Cromwell's, personal style 
reflected this challenge. 

4949
04:19:36,300 --> 04:19:40,000
He rejected Royal titles and 
traditional Monaco ceremonies 

4950
04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:42,900
but he lived in. 
Royal palaces used Royal 

4951
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:46,500
ceremonial objects and gradually
adopted many of the protocols 

4952
04:19:46,500 --> 04:19:47,800
that had previously been 
associated. 

4953
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:51,300
With crowned Kings, the line 
between Republican leadership 

4954
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:54,400
and monarchical Authority proved
more difficult to maintain than 

4955
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:55,900
theoretical political 
philosophy. 

4956
04:19:55,900 --> 04:19:59,100
Had suggested the Commonwealth 
periods, cultural achievements 

4957
04:19:59,100 --> 04:20:02,200
were real but different from 
traditional Royal patronage. 

4958
04:20:03,000 --> 04:20:06,100
John Milton's political writings
including the tenure of kings 

4959
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:10,300
and magistrates and later 
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 

4960
04:20:10,300 --> 04:20:13,200
of authority, rebellion and 
political legitimacy with 

4961
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:16,500
intellectual depth that 
surpassed most courted 

4962
04:20:16,500 --> 04:20:19,100
literature. 
But these Works were produced 

4963
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,400
despite governmental policy 
rather than because of Royal 

4964
04:20:22,400 --> 04:20:25,000
encouragement, the absence of a 
Royal Court. 

4965
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:27,500
Also affected English 
international relations in ways 

4966
04:20:27,500 --> 04:20:30,500
that became increasingly 
problematic as the Commonwealth 

4967
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:34,000
period continued. 
European monarchs were reluctant

4968
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:37,300
to treat cromwell's government 
as a legitimate equal partly, 

4969
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:39,200
because it lacked the ceremonial
structures. 

4970
04:20:39,200 --> 04:20:41,400
That traditional diplomacy 
required for normal 

4971
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:45,800
International relationships. 
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 

4972
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,500
son, Richard briefly attempted 
to continue the Commonwealth 

4973
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:51,700
system, but the experiment 
quickly, demonstrated that 

4974
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:55,000
Republican government required 
personal Authority that couldn't

4975
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:56,900
be inherited through family 
succession. 

4976
04:20:56,900 --> 04:20:59,500
The irony was that effective 
Republican. 

4977
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:02,200
Leadership seemed to require 
many of the same qualities that 

4978
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:05,400
successful monarchy demanded. 
Charles the second's returned to

4979
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:08,600
England in 1660 created, one of 
the most remarkable 

4980
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:10,600
transformations in English Court
history. 

4981
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:14,700
The king had spent his Exile in 
French and Dutch courts. 

4982
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:16,900
That had continued developing 
while England. 

4983
04:21:16,900 --> 04:21:20,600
Experimented with republicanism 
When Charles established his 

4984
04:21:20,600 --> 04:21:22,800
restored Court? 
He brought Continental 

4985
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:25,600
Innovation that revolutionized 
English Royal culture. 

4986
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:29,000
The restoration Court felt like 
a party that had been postponed 

4987
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:32,100
for 11 years and was finally 
being celebrated with 

4988
04:21:32,100 --> 04:21:36,600
accumulated enthusiasm Charles 
understood that his restoration 

4989
04:21:36,600 --> 04:21:39,800
needed to demonstrate not just 
political legitimacy, but 

4990
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:43,300
cultural superiority over the 
Republican experiment that a 

4991
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:45,100
temporarily replaced traditional
monarchy. 

4992
04:21:45,100 --> 04:21:47,800
You can picture the excitement 
that must have filled London 

4993
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:50,800
when familiar Royal ceremonies 
returned to English public life.

4994
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,400
The coronation processions 
caught celebrations and Royal 

4995
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:57,800
progresses provided Visual 
Evidence that normal political 

4996
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:01,000
order had been restored. 
The Charles's Court was more 

4997
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:03,200
than just a return to pre Civil 
War Traditions. 

4998
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:05,900
It was an upgrade that 
incorporated the best features 

4999
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:08,900
of European Royal culture. 
The king's personal style 

5000
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:10,800
reflected his Continental 
education. 

5001
04:22:11,500 --> 04:22:14,800
Charles was witty sophisticated 
and possessed the sort of easy 

5002
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:17,300
charm that made people want to 
spend time in his presence. 

5003
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:20,900
His court became a place where 
conversational was considered an

5004
04:22:20,900 --> 04:22:23,900
art form where scientific 
discussion co-existed with 

5005
04:22:23,900 --> 04:22:26,900
theatrical entertainment and 
where English cultural life 

5006
04:22:26,900 --> 04:22:29,900
reconnected with broader 
European developments the Royal 

5007
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:33,800
Society founded in 1660 
illustrates how the restoration 

5008
04:22:33,800 --> 04:22:36,800
Court supported intellectual 
achievements that combined 

5009
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:40,400
practical utility with cultural 
Prestige when Isaac Newton 

5010
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:43,200
Christopher Wren and Robert 
Hooke conducted their 

5011
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:44,700
experiments under Royal 
patronage. 

5012
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,600
They were advancing human 
knowledge while simultaneously 

5013
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:51,500
demonstrating that the English 
Monarchy supported the sort of 

5014
04:22:51,500 --> 04:22:54,500
scientific progress that was 
transforming European 

5015
04:22:54,500 --> 04:22:57,300
civilization. 
Charles's Court was also where 

5016
04:22:57,300 --> 04:22:59,900
English theater achieve some of 
its greatest successes. 

5017
04:23:00,900 --> 04:23:03,700
The Kings enthusiastic support 
for dramatic performance is 

5018
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:06,100
helped create the conditions 
that produced restoration 

5019
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:09,100
comedy. 
Theatrical form that combines 

5020
04:23:09,100 --> 04:23:12,800
sophisticated social observation
with entertainment that appealed

5021
04:23:12,800 --> 04:23:16,100
to both courtly and popular 
audiences, but the restoration 

5022
04:23:16,100 --> 04:23:18,900
courts most significant 
Innovation was its approach to 

5023
04:23:18,908 --> 04:23:22,400
religious diversity. 
Charles's personal Catholic 

5024
04:23:22,400 --> 04:23:25,600
sympathies were balanced by his 
political understanding that 

5025
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:28,400
England required Protestant 
Royal Authority for domestic 

5026
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:31,100
stability. 
His court became a place where 

5027
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:33,200
religious differences were 
managed through practical 

5028
04:23:33,200 --> 04:23:35,800
tolerance rather than 
theoretical resolution. 

5029
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:39,100
This created a court atmosphere 
that was more intellectually 

5030
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:41,500
diverse than England had 
experienced since before the 

5031
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:45,500
Reformation. 
Catholic's anglicans and various

5032
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:48,500
Protestant denominations all 
found places in court life. 

5033
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:51,800
Though their relationships were 
sometimes tense and always 

5034
04:23:51,800 --> 04:23:55,800
politically complicated The 
Great Fire of London in 1666 

5035
04:23:55,800 --> 04:23:59,100
provided Charles's court with an
opportunity to demonstrate Royal

5036
04:23:59,100 --> 04:24:01,200
leadership during a genuine 
National crisis. 

5037
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,500
The king's personal involvement 
in firefighting efforts and his 

5038
04:24:05,500 --> 04:24:08,500
support for Christopher wren's 
rebuilding plans showed that the

5039
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:11,300
restored monarchy could provide 
effective practical leadership 

5040
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:14,900
as well as ceremonial 
magnifiscents James the second 

5041
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:18,200
succession in 1685 created 
immediate tension between the 

5042
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:21,400
court culture that Charles had 
established and James's 

5043
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:24,400
determination to restore 
Catholicism as England's 

5044
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:27,800
official religion. 
James had inherited his brother 

5045
04:24:27,800 --> 04:24:30,800
sophisticated court system but 
lacked Charles's political 

5046
04:24:30,800 --> 04:24:33,700
sensitivity about the religious 
compromises that the English 

5047
04:24:33,700 --> 04:24:37,500
Monarchy required the Jacobite 
Court during James's brief Reign

5048
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:39,500
felt like a place where people 
were waiting for something 

5049
04:24:39,500 --> 04:24:42,200
dramatic to happen though. 
No one was quite sure what 

5050
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:45,800
formed that drama would take 
James's policies systematically 

5051
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:48,700
alienated the Protestant 
political establishment that had

5052
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:51,200
supported his brothers 
restoration while his court 

5053
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:53,800
ceremonies increasingly 
emphasized Catholic religious 

5054
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:57,500
elements that made most English 
observers nervous when William 

5055
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:00,000
of Orange landed in England in 
1688. 

5056
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:04,400
James's Court collapsed with 
startling speed the king who had

5057
04:25:04,408 --> 04:25:07,200
inherited the most sophisticated
Royal household in English 

5058
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:10,400
History found himself with 
almost no domestic political 

5059
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:13,700
support when the crisis finally 
arrived the Glorious Revolution 

5060
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:17,700
of 1688 fundamentally changed 
the relationship between English

5061
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:20,000
Royal courts and political 
Authority. 

5062
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:23,700
William the third and Mary the 
second established a court 

5063
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:27,300
system that operated within 
constitutional limitations that 

5064
04:25:27,300 --> 04:25:29,900
would have seemed impossible to 
earlier generation of English 

5065
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:32,100
monarchs. 
The new Royal Court had to 

5066
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:35,100
function simultaneously as a 
ceremonial Center that 

5067
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:38,000
maintained monarchical dignity 
and as a governmental 

5068
04:25:38,000 --> 04:25:41,300
institution that acknowledged 
parliamentary Supremacy over 

5069
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:45,000
major policy decision. 
This required developing new 

5070
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,000
protocols that preserved Royal 
Prestige, while respecting the 

5071
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:50,600
political realities, that the 
Glorious Revolution had 

5072
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:52,700
established. 
You can imagine the delicate 

5073
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:55,500
balance that caught officials 
needed to maintain during these 

5074
04:25:55,500 --> 04:25:58,600
transitional period. 
Royal ceremonies still needed to

5075
04:25:58,600 --> 04:26:01,900
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,
but they couldn't suggest that 

5076
04:26:01,900 --> 04:26:04,600
the crowned Authority that 
Parliament now controlled 

5077
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:07,800
foreign diplomats still needed 
to be received with suitable 

5078
04:26:07,800 --> 04:26:11,200
formality but diplomatic 
policies required, legislative 

5079
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:13,300
approval. 
In ways that complicated 

5080
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,400
traditional Royal prerogatives, 
the Hanoverian succession in 

5081
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,800
1714 brought another Continental
influence to English Court 

5082
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:22,700
culture, The George. 
The first Court face, the 

5083
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:25,700
additional challenge of 
astonishing legitimacy for a 

5084
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:27,500
dynasty with limited English 
connections. 

5085
04:26:28,400 --> 04:26:31,000
The early Georgian Court 
compensated for this linguistic 

5086
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:34,200
and cultural Distance by 
developing ceremonial procedures

5087
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:37,700
that emphasize constitutional 
propriety rather than personal 

5088
04:26:37,700 --> 04:26:39,800
Charisma. 
George the second Court 

5089
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:42,300
achieved, a more comfortable 
balance between German Royal 

5090
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:44,700
traditions and English 
constitutional requirements. 

5091
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:48,300
The king spoke better English 
than his father understood 

5092
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:51,800
English, political customs, more
thoroughly and created a court 

5093
04:26:51,800 --> 04:26:53,600
atmosphere that successfully 
combined. 

5094
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:57,200
Continental sophistication with 
domestic political sensitivity, 

5095
04:26:57,200 --> 04:26:59,800
but it was during George. 
The third's, long Reign that the

5096
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:03,100
Georgian Court System reached 
its mature form George. 

5097
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:05,400
The third was the first Hannah 
Varian Monarch who was 

5098
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:08,300
thoroughly English in 
educational temperament and 

5099
04:27:08,300 --> 04:27:11,400
political understanding. 
His court became the template 

5100
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,700
for constitutional monarchy that
would influence British royal 

5101
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:16,100
culture for the next two 
centuries. 

5102
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,200
The Georgian courts daily 
routine reflected these 

5103
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:22,700
constitutional limitations. 
Morning sessions, dealt with 

5104
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:25,200
ceremonial business. 
That maintained Royal dignity 

5105
04:27:25,200 --> 04:27:27,600
without challenging 
parliamentary Authority. 

5106
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:31,700
After noon, meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence, that 

5107
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:34,100
required coordination with 
government ministers, who are 

5108
04:27:34,100 --> 04:27:36,800
responsible to Parliament. 
Rather than to the crown alone, 

5109
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:39,600
George the third's court, during
the American Revolution, 

5110
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:43,300
demonstrates how constitutional 
monarchy functioned during major

5111
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,700
political crises, the king 
personally opposed American 

5112
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:49,800
independence, but his court had 
to manage a military conflict 

5113
04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:51,800
that was primarily directed by 
ministers. 

5114
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:53,000
Who are accountable to 
Parliament. 

5115
04:27:54,200 --> 04:27:56,100
Royal Authority and 
parliamentary government 

5116
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,400
operated in parallel rather than
in the hierarchical relationship

5117
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:01,300
that had characterized earlier 
periods. 

5118
04:28:01,300 --> 04:28:04,500
The Court's response to George 
the third's periodic, mental 

5119
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:08,100
illness created unprecedented 
constitutional challenges that 

5120
04:28:08,100 --> 04:28:12,500
required improvised Solutions, 
The Regency crisis of 1788 

5121
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:15,700
forced Parliament and the Royal 
household to develop procedures 

5122
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:17,600
for managing governmental 
continuity. 

5123
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:20,500
When the Monarch was unable to 
perform his constitutional 

5124
04:28:20,500 --> 04:28:22,900
duties. 
These experiences established 

5125
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:25,300
precedence that would prove 
crucial during the formal 

5126
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:27,900
Regency period from 1811 to 
1820. 

5127
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:30,700
When the future, George the 
fourth governed on his father's 

5128
04:28:30,700 --> 04:28:33,500
behalf. 
The Regency Court represented, 

5129
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:35,900
the full flowering of Georgian 
Royal culture. 

5130
04:28:35,900 --> 04:28:40,100
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 
expensive enough to scandalize 

5131
04:28:40,100 --> 04:28:42,800
contemporary critics George, the
fourth Court. 

5132
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:45,900
As Prince Regent achieved, a 
level of cultural patronage that

5133
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,000
rivaled the greatest European 
achievements. 

5134
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:51,300
The rebuilding of the royal 
Pavilion at Brighton, the 

5135
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:53,800
planning of Regent Street and 
Regents Park in London. 

5136
04:28:53,800 --> 04:28:57,900
And the support for artists 
writers and musicians, created a

5137
04:28:57,900 --> 04:29:00,200
court culture that combined 
aesthetic achievement with 

5138
04:29:00,200 --> 04:29:04,100
constitutional propriety 
Victoria's accession in 1837 

5139
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:06,600
created a dramatic 
transformation in English Court 

5140
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:09,800
culture that reflected broader 
changes in social attitudes, 

5141
04:29:09,800 --> 04:29:14,600
economic relationships and 
Imperial responsibilities, The 

5142
04:29:14,600 --> 04:29:17,100
18 year old Queen inherited, a 
court system that had been 

5143
04:29:17,108 --> 04:29:19,900
designed for Georgian Royal 
lifestyle but would need to 

5144
04:29:19,900 --> 04:29:23,000
accommodate Victorian moral 
expectations and Global Imperial

5145
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,600
duties. 
The early, Victorian Court faced

5146
04:29:25,600 --> 04:29:28,100
the challenge of establishing 
respect for a young female 

5147
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:30,700
Monarch in an age. 
When political Authority was 

5148
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:33,000
generally associated with 
masculine leadership. 

5149
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:36,400
Victorious solution was to 
create a court culture that 

5150
04:29:36,400 --> 04:29:40,400
emphasized moral Authority, 
domestic virtue and Imperial 

5151
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:43,700
responsibility rather than the 
personal Charisma, or cultural 

5152
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:46,100
sophistication that had 
characterized early Royal 

5153
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:48,400
Traditions. 
You can imagine the dramatic 

5154
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:51,200
change in the court atmosphere 
that Victoria's moral standards 

5155
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:53,900
produced. 
When Georgian Court life had 

5156
04:29:53,900 --> 04:29:57,500
celebrated wit sophistication 
and a certain tolerance for 

5157
04:29:57,500 --> 04:30:00,200
personal Scandal. 
Victorian Court culture, 

5158
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:04,200
emphasized, Duty propriety and 
the sort of moral earnestness 

5159
04:30:04,200 --> 04:30:07,000
that would have made earlier 
generations of courteous, deeply

5160
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:10,600
uncomfortable, Victoria's 
married to Prince Albert in 1840

5161
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:13,800
established the partnership that
would define Victorian Royal 

5162
04:30:13,800 --> 04:30:15,300
culture for the next two 
decades. 

5163
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:18,900
Albert Braut, German 
thoroughness, and intellectual 

5164
04:30:18,900 --> 04:30:22,100
seriousness to English Court 
life, creating an atmosphere 

5165
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:26,000
where governmental efficiency 
cultural patronage, and moral 

5166
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:28,600
Improvement, were pursued with 
systemic dedication. 

5167
04:30:28,600 --> 04:30:31,700
The Victorian courts approached 
to ceremonial Innovation 

5168
04:30:31,700 --> 04:30:33,800
illustrates this. 
New seriousness of purpose. 

5169
04:30:34,800 --> 04:30:38,300
The great exhibition of 1851 
organized under Albert's 

5170
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:41,000
leadership was simultaneously a 
celebration of British 

5171
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:43,800
industrial achievement the 
demonstration of Imperial 

5172
04:30:43,800 --> 04:30:45,800
wealth. 
And a moral statement about the 

5173
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,000
benefits of international 
cooperation and technological 

5174
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:51,300
progress. 
Albert's influence on court 

5175
04:30:51,300 --> 04:30:54,600
culture, extended far beyond 
ceremonial occasions, he 

5176
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:58,100
reorganized Royal finances. 
Modernized Royal Estates and 

5177
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:01,000
established new standards for 
the sort of cultural patronage 

5178
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,700
that the monarchy should provide
The prince consort treated Royal

5179
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:07,200
duties with the systematic 
attention to detail that 

5180
04:31:07,200 --> 04:31:09,700
successful. 
Businesses required applying 

5181
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,000
commercial principles to 
monarchical responsibilities the

5182
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:15,700
courts, daily routine, during 
Albert's lifetime reflected. 

5183
04:31:15,700 --> 04:31:19,000
This business like approach, 
Morning sessions, handled 

5184
04:31:19,000 --> 04:31:20,700
administrative business with 
efficiency. 

5185
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:24,300
That would have impressed Tudor 
bureaucrats after noon, 

5186
04:31:24,300 --> 04:31:26,700
meeting's dealt with the 
charitable organizations, 

5187
04:31:26,700 --> 04:31:29,900
educational institutions and 
cultural projects that have 

5188
04:31:29,900 --> 04:31:33,700
become Central to Victorian 
Royal identity Victoria's grief 

5189
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:36,600
after Albert's death in 1861, 
transformed the court. 

5190
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:40,200
Once again this time in ways 
that created long-term problems 

5191
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:44,100
for monarchical Prestige, the 
Queen's withdrawal from public 

5192
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:47,300
ceremonial duties meant that the
Victorian Court maintained its 

5193
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:50,100
administrative functions while 
losing much of its symbolic 

5194
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:52,300
visibility. 
The court during Victoria's 

5195
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:55,400
widowhood operated like a 
governmental Department, whose 

5196
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:57,600
chief executive had chosen to 
work from home. 

5197
04:31:58,400 --> 04:32:01,700
While Royal business proceeded, 
efficiently, the ceremonial 

5198
04:32:01,700 --> 04:32:05,000
aspects of monarchy which served
as public demonstrations of 

5199
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:07,800
constitutional continuity. 
Saw a significant reduction, 

5200
04:32:07,800 --> 04:32:10,700
this created opportunities for 
other members of the royal 

5201
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:13,000
family, particularly the Prince 
of Wales, the future. 

5202
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:16,500
Edward the seventh to develop, 
alternative approaches to Royal 

5203
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,900
public life. 
Edwards caught in Waiting became

5204
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:22,800
a center for the sort of social 
activities that Victoria's 

5205
04:32:22,800 --> 04:32:25,000
morning had eliminated from 
official Royal culture. 

5206
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:28,200
The tension between Victoria's 
withdrawn approach and Edwards 

5207
04:32:28,200 --> 04:32:31,000
social style created two 
different models of Royal 

5208
04:32:31,000 --> 04:32:34,000
behavior that coexisted 
uncomfortably within the same 

5209
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:37,800
constitutional system. 
The Queen's moral Authority was 

5210
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:40,700
unquestioned, but her son's 
understanding of Royal 

5211
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,400
ceremonial requirements, seemed 
more suited to practical, 

5212
04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:47,300
political needs Victoria's 
golden jubilee in 1887 and 

5213
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:50,900
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 
demonstrated that the Queen's 

5214
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:53,000
moral Authority. 
Had created a new form of 

5215
04:32:53,008 --> 04:32:56,100
monarchical. 
Prestige these celebrations were

5216
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:59,200
just British occasions. 
There were Imperial festivals 

5217
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:02,200
that demonstrated how Victorian 
Royal culture had expanded to 

5218
04:33:02,200 --> 04:33:03,900
Encompass Global 
responsibilities. 

5219
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:07,099
The Victorian courts final 
achievement was establishing the

5220
04:33:07,099 --> 04:33:10,200
Constitutional framework that 
would allow the British Monarchy

5221
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:12,900
to survive the Democratic 
transformation of the 20th 

5222
04:33:12,900 --> 04:33:15,900
century. 
Victoria's combination of moral 

5223
04:33:15,900 --> 04:33:18,800
Authority, Imperial 
responsibility, and 

5224
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,099
constitutional propriety created
a template for monarchical. 

5225
04:33:22,099 --> 04:33:25,099
Relevance that proved adaptable 
to changing political 

5226
04:33:25,099 --> 04:33:28,099
circumstances as we reach the 
end of our gentle Journey 

5227
04:33:28,099 --> 04:33:30,000
Through the centuries of Royal 
courts. 

5228
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:32,800
You might find yourself 
reflecting on how these ancient 

5229
04:33:32,800 --> 04:33:35,000
patterns still echo in 
contemporary life. 

5230
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:39,599
The challenges that medieval 
kings faced balancing personal 

5231
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:42,400
desires with public 
responsibilities managing 

5232
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:45,099
competing interest groups, 
adapting traditional 

5233
04:33:45,099 --> 04:33:49,000
institutions to changing 
circumstances remain remarkably 

5234
04:33:49,000 --> 04:33:51,800
familiar to anyone who observes 
modern politics or 

5235
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:53,800
organizational leadership 
English. 

5236
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:56,800
Royal courts of old from William
the conquerors efficient Norman 

5237
04:33:56,800 --> 04:34:00,000
Administration, to Victoria's 
moral, in Imperial, Authority, 

5238
04:34:00,000 --> 04:34:03,599
illustrating Humanities 
continuing experiment, with the 

5239
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:06,599
relationship between individual 
Authority and Collective. 

5240
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:09,200
Governance. 
Each generation discovered that 

5241
04:34:09,200 --> 04:34:12,700
successful leadership required 
inherited Traditions to 

5242
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:16,200
contemporary realities while 
maintaining enough continuity to

5243
04:34:16,200 --> 04:34:17,800
preserve institutional 
legitimacy. 

5244
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,400
Perhaps, the most striking 
pattern is how consistently 

5245
04:34:21,400 --> 04:34:24,700
English, Royal courts, served as
Laboratories for political 

5246
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:27,700
innovation. 
The Magna Carta emerged from 

5247
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:30,900
King John's administrative 
failures Parliament developed 

5248
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:33,599
from Edward. 
The first financial needs the 

5249
04:34:33,599 --> 04:34:37,000
Reformation Grew From Henry the 
8th's personal circumstances and

5250
04:34:37,000 --> 04:34:40,099
constitutional monarchy evolved 
from the Glorious revolutions 

5251
04:34:40,099 --> 04:34:42,800
political Necessities. 
These weren't planned 

5252
04:34:42,800 --> 04:34:44,700
developments Guided by 
theoretical political 

5253
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:47,400
philosophy. 
They were practical solutions to

5254
04:34:47,400 --> 04:34:50,500
immediate problems created by 
people who are trying to make 

5255
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:53,099
inherited governmental systems 
work under changing 

5256
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:56,700
circumstances. 
The Genius of English political 

5257
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:59,800
development was its capacity to 
transform temporary expedience 

5258
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:03,700
into permanent constitutional 
principles the human Stories 

5259
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:07,200
Behind These institutional 
changes Eleanor of aquitaine's 

5260
04:35:07,200 --> 04:35:10,200
political sophistication Richard
the Second aesthetic 

5261
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:13,800
innovation's Elizabeth the first
theatrical statecraft and 

5262
04:35:13,800 --> 04:35:17,300
Charles the second's Continental
sophistication remind us that 

5263
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:20,200
political systems, ultimately 
expression of individual 

5264
04:35:20,200 --> 04:35:24,099
personality interacting with 
historical circumstance as you 

5265
04:35:24,108 --> 04:35:27,000
settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot tonight, you 

5266
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:29,900
might consider how these Royal 
courts created the governmental 

5267
04:35:29,900 --> 04:35:32,900
Traditions that still influenced
Democratic societies today. 

5268
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:36,700
The idea that political 
Authority requires popular 

5269
04:35:36,700 --> 04:35:40,700
consent, that governmental power
should be limited by law and 

5270
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,800
that cultural achievement, 
enhances political legitimacy, 

5271
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:47,700
these Concepts developed through
centuries of experimentation in 

5272
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:50,599
Royal households that were 
trying to solve practical, 

5273
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:52,099
problems of leadership and 
governance. 

5274
04:35:52,099 --> 04:35:55,200
The English Royal courts 
Evolution from medieval warrior 

5275
04:35:55,200 --> 04:35:58,800
Kings to constitutional monarchs
reflects Humanities broader 

5276
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:01,400
journey toward more 
sophisticated forms of social 

5277
04:36:01,400 --> 04:36:04,400
organization. 
Each generation built upon 

5278
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:07,400
previous achievements while 
adapting to New Challenges, 

5279
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,800
creating institutional, 
continuity that allowed gradual 

5280
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:14,599
transformation rather than 
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 

5281
04:36:14,599 --> 04:36:17,300
as you drift towards sleep, you 
carry with you, the stories of 

5282
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:21,599
nearly 1000 years of human 
creativity adaptation and the 

5283
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:25,300
endless fascinating complexity 
of people learn to live together

5284
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:29,300
in organized societies. 
Sweet dreams and may your rest 

5285
04:36:29,308 --> 04:36:32,099
be as peaceful as a medieval 
Monastery Garden on a quiet 

5286
04:36:32,099 --> 04:36:42,000
summer evening. 
Imagine waking up one morning 

5287
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:44,400
and finding out that your 
neighbor became a millionaire by

5288
04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:46,400
picking up shiny rocks from a 
riverbed. 

5289
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:50,400
That's pretty much what happened
in 1848 when James Marshall saw 

5290
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:52,500
something shining in the 
American river at such as 

5291
04:36:52,508 --> 04:36:56,099
Milling, California. 
What began as one man's curious?

5292
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:59,400
Observation would soon lead to 
the largest voluntary migration 

5293
04:36:59,400 --> 04:37:02,000
in human history. 
People from every continent 

5294
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:05,700
except Antarctica loaded their 
lives into wagons and ships and 

5295
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:09,300
set off in search of dreams that
Shone like fool's gold in their 

5296
04:37:09,308 --> 04:37:11,099
minds. 
The California. 

5297
04:37:11,099 --> 04:37:13,000
Gold Rush. 
Wasn't the first in the world 

5298
04:37:13,000 --> 04:37:16,599
but it was the most famous. 
This is partly because it 

5299
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:19,200
happened at the same time as the
invention of the Telegraph and 

5300
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:23,099
mass-produced newspapers within 
months word, spread to the east 

5301
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:27,900
coast Europe, Australia and even
small villages in China, it 

5302
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:31,200
spread faster than a fire in dry
grass farmers in Iowa were 

5303
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:33,599
leaving their Plows. 
Shopkeepers in Boston, were 

5304
04:37:33,599 --> 04:37:35,900
closing their stores and whole 
families were selling 

5305
04:37:35,900 --> 04:37:38,000
everything. 
They owned to try to get rich in

5306
04:37:38,000 --> 04:37:41,700
the Sierra Nevada foot Hill's. 
But California was only the 

5307
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:45,300
start gold discoveries in 
Australia in 1851 caused their 

5308
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:48,500
own Rush bringing people looking
for wealth to the hot outback 

5309
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:52,800
the Klondike Gold Rush of 1896 
Cent people looking for gold to 

5310
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:56,099
the other end of the world the 
Frozen Wilderness of Alaska and 

5311
04:37:56,099 --> 04:38:00,200
Canada where temperatures could 
drop to 50 below zero and it was

5312
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:03,200
dark for months. 
The Whit Waters ran goldfields 

5313
04:38:03,200 --> 04:38:05,700
in South Africa turned empty 
veiled into one of the world's 

5314
04:38:05,700 --> 04:38:08,800
largest cities almost overnight 
there were different things 

5315
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:11,900
about each gold rush, but they 
all had some things in common 

5316
04:38:11,900 --> 04:38:15,200
that seemed almost magical when 
you think about them people like

5317
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:18,700
teachers Farmers blacksmiths and
seamstresses suddenly thought 

5318
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:21,300
they could survive in places 
that would be hard for even 

5319
04:38:21,300 --> 04:38:24,300
experienced Outdoorsman. 
It was like having gold gave you

5320
04:38:24,308 --> 04:38:27,900
some kind of magnetic power that
made you ignore common sense and

5321
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:31,000
the need to protect yourself. 
It's interesting to think about 

5322
04:38:31,000 --> 04:38:34,400
the psychology of Gold Fever as 
you go to sleep gold doesn't go 

5323
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:37,500
bad Ross. 
Or lose its value overnight like

5324
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:41,000
other kinds of wealth. 
For thousands of years people 

5325
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,400
have thought it was valuable. 
It was used in the burial masks 

5326
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:48,200
of pharaohs and the crowns of 
King's the weight of gold in 

5327
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:51,200
your hand how it catches light 
and how it doesn't tarnish or 

5328
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:54,800
Decay or all very satisfying. 
In a world that is always 

5329
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:57,800
changing gold. 
Stands for stability and safety 

5330
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:00,800
in a universe. 
That is always changing for the 

5331
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:03,700
miners going west. 
Gold was the ultimate American 

5332
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:06,700
Dream. 
The idea that anyone no matter 

5333
04:39:06,707 --> 04:39:09,700
where they came from, or how 
much they knew could change 

5334
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:13,599
their life with hard work, and a
little luck gold, didn't care if

5335
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,400
you were a Harvard graduate or 
couldn't read your own name, it 

5336
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:17,900
didn't care about your family 
tree. 

5337
04:39:17,900 --> 04:39:20,200
What mattered? 
Most was your willingness to go 

5338
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:23,599
through hard times, your ability
to see opportunities when they 

5339
04:39:23,608 --> 04:39:26,800
were right in front of you. 
Getting to the goldfields was 

5340
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:29,000
often just as hard as mining for
gold. 

5341
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,500
Think about putting everything 
you might need for months or 

5342
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:35,300
years into a space smaller than 
your bedroom closet. 

5343
04:39:35,300 --> 04:39:38,700
And then traveling thousands of 
miles through places that were 

5344
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:41,100
more in your head than on 
reliable Maps. 

5345
04:39:41,100 --> 04:39:44,100
The Overland route to California
went through deserts, where 

5346
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:47,900
water was hard to find and 
valuable Mountain passes, that 

5347
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:51,300
could be blocked by snow even in
the summer and rivers, that 

5348
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:53,500
could be calm one day and raging
torrents. 

5349
04:39:53,500 --> 04:39:56,600
The next people who took the sea
route had to deal with different

5350
04:39:56,600 --> 04:39:58,900
problems. 
It could take six months to 

5351
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:02,000
sail, around Cape Horn, and the 
water was some of the roughest 

5352
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:04,900
on Earth, men, who had never 
been to see were crammed into 

5353
04:40:04,900 --> 04:40:07,600
ships that were meant to carry 
cargo not passengers. 

5354
04:40:07,600 --> 04:40:10,700
This would make modern cruise 
ship passengers, ask for their 

5355
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:12,700
money back. 
Those who could afford to go 

5356
04:40:12,708 --> 04:40:15,400
through Panama, had to deal with
tropical diseases, dangerous 

5357
04:40:15,400 --> 04:40:18,700
river, Crossings and sometimes 
weeks of waiting for ships on 

5358
04:40:18,700 --> 04:40:22,400
the Pacific side, but people 
came anyway drawn by stories 

5359
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:25,600
that got more and more amazing. 
With each telling stories about 

5360
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:28,900
miners finding nuggets. 
The size of turkey eggs, Rivers.

5361
04:40:28,900 --> 04:40:32,100
So, full of gold that you could 
fill up in minutes and regular 

5362
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:34,700
people becoming incredibly rich 
in just a few weeks. 

5363
04:40:34,700 --> 04:40:38,600
Most of the time, the stories 
were exaggerated or made up, but

5364
04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:41,100
they had just enough truth in 
them to keep the dream alive. 

5365
04:40:41,100 --> 04:40:44,200
It's amazing how these 
individual dreams were added 

5366
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:46,200
together changed, Hull, 
continents. 

5367
04:40:46,800 --> 04:40:49,300
In places where only Coyote's 
and rattlesnakes had lived 

5368
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:53,300
before City sprang up overnight.
The search for gold led to the 

5369
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:56,500
growth of economies 
transportation systems and 

5370
04:40:56,500 --> 04:40:59,400
social structures in whole 
areas, the effects on the 

5371
04:40:59,408 --> 04:41:02,400
environment and culture would 
last for Generations long. 

5372
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:05,700
After the Gold that was easy to 
get was gone as you drift off to

5373
04:41:05,700 --> 04:41:08,200
sleep, think about how Brave, or
maybe foolish. 

5374
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:11,500
It was to give up everything you
for the chance of something that

5375
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:14,600
might not be real these weren't 
trained explorers or 

5376
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:17,400
professional adventurers. 
They were just regular people 

5377
04:41:17,400 --> 04:41:19,700
who thought the chance of making
a lot of money was worth the 

5378
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:23,100
risk their stories show us that 
sometimes the most important 

5379
04:41:23,100 --> 04:41:26,800
events in history are caused by 
people who refused to believe 

5380
04:41:26,800 --> 04:41:28,600
that their situation will never 
change. 

5381
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,600
Imagine yourself standing in the
middle of what would become 

5382
04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:35,200
Downtown Sacramento on a July 
afternoon in 1850. 

5383
04:41:35,200 --> 04:41:39,400
The temperature is around 110 
degrees Fahrenheit and the air 

5384
04:41:39,400 --> 04:41:42,700
above the hot pavement looks 
like water the sun is as hot as 

5385
04:41:42,708 --> 04:41:45,000
a Ford and there's no way to get
away from it. 

5386
04:41:45,000 --> 04:41:48,100
There's no air conditioning ice 
or tall buildings to block the 

5387
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,300
sun now picture this instead of 
going inside. 

5388
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:54,300
You're going to spend the next 
12 hours bent over a creek bed 

5389
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:57,700
sifting through gravel and sand 
with just a metal pan and your 

5390
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:00,200
willpower. 
This was the case for thousands 

5391
04:42:00,200 --> 04:42:02,900
of gold miners who went to areas
where summer temperatures often 

5392
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:06,200
went above what most people 
today would considerable the 

5393
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:09,400
California Central Valley the 
Australian Outback And parts of 

5394
04:42:09,408 --> 04:42:12,300
Nevada and Arizona were places 
where people were supposed to 

5395
04:42:12,308 --> 04:42:15,400
work outside during the hottest 
time of the year, but they 

5396
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:18,900
worked driven by dreams that 
burned hotter than the son of 

5397
04:42:18,908 --> 04:42:21,400
their heads. 
The human body wasn't meant to 

5398
04:42:21,400 --> 04:42:25,000
be in such extreme heat for long
periods of time, especially when

5399
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:28,400
doing hard physical work your 
body regulates its temperature 

5400
04:42:28,400 --> 04:42:30,700
in a way that is similar to a 
simple air conditioner. 

5401
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,100
Sweats to cool the skin through 
evaporation. 

5402
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,900
It changes the flow of blood to 
release heat and it breathes 

5403
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:41,300
more to get rid of warm air from
the lungs but these systems 

5404
04:42:41,300 --> 04:42:45,100
could only do so much and mine 
is in the 1800s push them to 

5405
04:42:45,100 --> 04:42:48,400
their limits every day. 
Smart miners learn to change 

5406
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:50,300
their plans based on the sun's 
movement. 

5407
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:53,300
They would get up before Dawn 
when the air was still a little 

5408
04:42:53,308 --> 04:42:55,300
cool from the night before and 
start working. 

5409
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:58,200
As soon as the sun came up. 
The early morning hours were 

5410
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:00,900
very important because you could
get things done before the heat 

5411
04:43:00,900 --> 04:43:03,900
made it too much to handle. 
As the sun rose higher 

5412
04:43:03,900 --> 04:43:07,100
experienced miners would look 
for any shade they could find 

5413
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:10,600
they would often work in shifts.
So that some could rest while 

5414
04:43:10,600 --> 04:43:13,700
others kept looking for gold 
miners called the time between 

5415
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:15,900
noon and four in the afternoon 
the Devils time. 

5416
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:19,300
This was when the sun was at its
hottest and the heat from rocks 

5417
04:43:19,300 --> 04:43:22,500
and sand could literally cook 
skin that was exposed during 

5418
04:43:22,500 --> 04:43:25,300
these hours smart miners went 
back to whatever shelter they 

5419
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:28,200
could find. 
Some people dug shallow caves 

5420
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,700
into hillsides to make cool 
places to hide but were 10 to 20

5421
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:35,100
degrees cooler than the surface 
some people put canvas between 

5422
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:38,400
trees or over wooden frames to 
make patches of blessed shade 

5423
04:43:38,400 --> 04:43:40,100
where people could gather to 
rest and talk. 

5424
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:43,800
The clothes that mine has wore 
tell an interesting story about 

5425
04:43:43,800 --> 04:43:46,700
how they adapted and used their 
brains, forget the Hollywood 

5426
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:49,000
image of shirtless men working 
in the hot sun. 

5427
04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:52,000
That was a sure way to get 
burned badly and have a heat 

5428
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:54,800
stroke. 
Instead experienced miners 

5429
04:43:54,800 --> 04:43:57,100
learned how to cover almost 
every inch of skin that was 

5430
04:43:57,100 --> 04:44:00,200
showing while still letting air 
flow, they wore wide brimmed 

5431
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:01,800
hats. 
That cast Shadows on their faces

5432
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:05,000
and necks long-sleeve shirts 
that were loose enough to let 

5433
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:08,800
air flow and bandanas that could
be soaked in water and tied 

5434
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:12,100
around their necks to cool off. 
Many miners will close that they

5435
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:15,000
learned from Mexican for Heroes 
and Native American tribes that 

5436
04:44:15,000 --> 04:44:17,700
had been living in these areas 
for a long time, Eastern 

5437
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:21,000
gentlemen, like dark will suit 
better than loose like colored 

5438
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:23,200
clothes because they reflected 
heat better. 

5439
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:27,000
Some miners even started, 
wearing multiple layers, a thin 

5440
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:30,000
in a layer to soak up sweat and 
an outer layer to keep the Sun 

5441
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,200
out, while letting air flow 
between the Fabrics. finding 

5442
04:44:33,200 --> 04:44:37,100
shade became almost as important
as finding gold in mining camps 

5443
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:40,700
trees were valuable because they
provided shade and lumber a 

5444
04:44:40,700 --> 04:44:43,500
single Big Oak or pine tree 
could decide where a whole Camp 

5445
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:45,800
would be. 
Set up tents and lean twos would

5446
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:48,800
be set up in careful patterns to
get the most shade possible 

5447
04:44:48,800 --> 04:44:51,400
during the day. 
Water wasn't just for drinking. 

5448
04:44:51,400 --> 04:44:53,800
It was so very important for 
staying cool. 

5449
04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:57,000
When there was water, mine is, 
would soak their shirts and 

5450
04:44:57,000 --> 04:45:00,200
hats, which worked as a simple, 
but effective way to cool off, 

5451
04:45:00,200 --> 04:45:02,600
some smart people. 
Even came up with complicated 

5452
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:05,600
ways to move water over Canada's
warnings, which were like 

5453
04:45:05,600 --> 04:45:09,500
evaporative coolers in the 
1800s, The Mental effects of 

5454
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,000
extreme heat were just as hard 
to deal with as the physical 

5455
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:14,900
ones not only does heat 
exhaustion make you feel bad 

5456
04:45:14,900 --> 04:45:19,100
physically, but it also changes 
the way you think feel and make 

5457
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:22,900
decisions when miners worked in 
very hot or very cold weather. 

5458
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:27,000
They often got cranky made bad 
decisions and got what we now 

5459
04:45:27,000 --> 04:45:30,700
call heat induced depression. 
Constant pain made mental 

5460
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:33,900
strength weaker just like it 
made physical strength weaker, 

5461
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:37,600
but people were very good at 
adapting bodies that had never 

5462
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:41,000
been in such heat before slowly 
got used to it becoming better 

5463
04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:44,800
at handling heat sweating more 
effectively and circulating 

5464
04:45:44,800 --> 04:45:47,900
blood better when mine is made 
it through their first summer in

5465
04:45:47,908 --> 04:45:50,200
the goldfields. 
They often found the second year

5466
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:52,800
easier to handle because their 
body's got used to conditions 

5467
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:55,000
that would have seemed 
impossible when they first got 

5468
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:57,700
there some of the best mining 
companies were the ones that 

5469
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:00,100
knew how important it was to 
keep workers safe from the heat 

5470
04:46:00,100 --> 04:46:02,400
companies that gave their 
workers enough shelter 

5471
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,900
encouraged them to rest during 
the hottest parts of the day and

5472
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:08,800
made sure they could get to Cool
Water usually had healthier and 

5473
04:46:08,800 --> 04:46:11,500
more productive workers. 
It was an early lesson in 

5474
04:46:11,500 --> 04:46:13,700
industrial safety that most 
people wouldn't learn for 

5475
04:46:13,700 --> 04:46:16,500
decades as you picked to 
yourself in those hot mining 

5476
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:19,100
camps feeling the sun on your 
shoulders and the coolness of 

5477
04:46:19,100 --> 04:46:21,800
the Evening Shade. 
Remember that these were not 

5478
04:46:21,800 --> 04:46:24,700
superhuman people. 
They were just regular people 

5479
04:46:24,700 --> 04:46:28,100
who learned to deal with unusual
situations the fact that they 

5480
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:30,800
were able to live and even 
Thrive in such conditions shows 

5481
04:46:30,800 --> 04:46:34,400
how strongly human Spirit can be
when it is driven by strong 

5482
04:46:34,400 --> 04:46:37,000
dreams. 
In romantic stories about the 

5483
04:46:37,000 --> 04:46:41,300
Gold Rush water is always there.
There are babbling Creeks where 

5484
04:46:41,300 --> 04:46:44,200
miners pan for gold and Clear 
Mountain Streams that show off 

5485
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:47,000
the Sierra Peaks. 
The truth was often very 

5486
04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:50,900
different and much harder 
getting Clean safe water was 

5487
04:46:50,900 --> 04:46:53,800
often a matter of life and death
and getting enough food in 

5488
04:46:53,800 --> 04:46:56,500
remote mining camps took a lot 
of creativity that would impress

5489
04:46:56,500 --> 04:46:58,800
modern survivalists. 
Ironically. 

5490
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:01,000
Mine is often valued water more 
than the gold. 

5491
04:47:01,000 --> 04:47:04,700
They were looking for on a hot 
afternoon a glass of cool clean 

5492
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:08,200
water could be worth more than a
handful of gold dust especially 

5493
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,700
if the water costs a dollar a 
gallon which is like 30 or 40 

5494
04:47:11,700 --> 04:47:14,900
dollars now and some of the more
remote mining areas on 

5495
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:17,500
entrepreneurs made a lot of 
money not by finding gold but by

5496
04:47:17,500 --> 04:47:21,000
bringing water in barrels from 
far away places and selling it 

5497
04:47:21,000 --> 04:47:24,700
to minors who needed it. 
Finding water turned into both a

5498
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:27,900
science and an art experienced 
miners could read the landscape 

5499
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:30,700
like a book. 
They looked for small signs that

5500
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:33,700
showed where water was 
underground some plants only 

5501
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,200
grew where their Roots could get
to water tables animals Behavior

5502
04:47:37,200 --> 04:47:39,900
such as where they gather at 
dawn and Dusk and the paths. 

5503
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:43,500
They wore through the landscape 
often revealed Hidden Springs or

5504
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:47,100
seasonal water sources some mine
has become very good at dowsing 

5505
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:50,000
which is the art of finding 
underground water with forked 

5506
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:53,200
sticks or metal rods. 
Modern science still doesn't 

5507
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:54,600
fully understand how they did 
it. 

5508
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:58,500
These methods became a big part 
of mining camp folklore, whether

5509
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:00,900
they really worked or just made 
miners feel more. 

5510
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:03,000
Sure about digging in places 
where they thought they might 

5511
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:04,900
find water. 
It was like playing the 

5512
04:48:04,900 --> 04:48:07,600
geological Lottery to dig wells 
in mining country. 

5513
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:10,700
The same Rocky ground that might
hide gold deposits. 

5514
04:48:10,700 --> 04:48:12,900
Could make it very hard to get 
to the water table. 

5515
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:16,400
Sometimes would spend weeks 
chiseling through, solid rock 

5516
04:48:16,400 --> 04:48:19,500
hoping to find water before 
their current Supply ran out. 

5517
04:48:20,200 --> 04:48:22,900
The deeper they dug the cool of 
the water, they might find. 

5518
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:26,300
This was a great bonus and 
places where surface water could

5519
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:30,200
get too warm to be refreshing. 
When water was hard to come by 

5520
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:33,200
miners, came up with very clever
ways to save it. 

5521
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:35,600
That would impress 
environmentalist today, you 

5522
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:38,700
could save the water used to 
cook with to wash dishes, then 

5523
04:48:38,700 --> 04:48:41,800
use it again to do laundry. 
And finally use it to clean up 

5524
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:46,100
dust around the campsite There 
was no waste some camps set up 

5525
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:49,100
strict rationing systems with 
Community leaders, keeping an 

5526
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,200
eye on, how much water people 
used and making sure everyone 

5527
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:55,900
had access to basic supplies. 
the quality of the water that 

5528
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:59,300
was available was often just as 
bad as the amount minerals that 

5529
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:01,700
made people sick could be in 
Mountain Streams that looked 

5530
04:49:01,708 --> 04:49:05,600
crystal clear or Worse bacteria 
from mining operations or 

5531
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,600
natural sources Upstream Miners 
learned how to tell, if water 

5532
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:12,100
was good by its taste color and 
smell. 

5533
04:49:12,100 --> 04:49:15,000
They also figured out how to 
clean up water that wasn't 

5534
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:17,300
clean. 
Boiling water was the best way 

5535
04:49:17,300 --> 04:49:19,700
to clean it but it needed Fuel 
and time. 

5536
04:49:19,700 --> 04:49:21,800
That weren't always available 
some miners. 

5537
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:25,700
Use Simple filters made of 
cloth, charcoal and sand to 

5538
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:28,200
clean their water. 
Some people learned how to add 

5539
04:49:28,200 --> 04:49:30,700
chemicals, like Alum or other 
minerals that would make 

5540
04:49:30,700 --> 04:49:33,700
impurities settle to the bottom.
Leaving cleaner water at the 

5541
04:49:33,708 --> 04:49:36,900
top, getting food in mining 
camps, took a lot of creativity 

5542
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:38,500
that would be hard for modern 
campers. 

5543
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:42,400
There were any grocery stores, 
refrigerators or Dependable 

5544
04:49:42,400 --> 04:49:45,100
Supply chains. 
Everything had to be kept safe 

5545
04:49:45,100 --> 04:49:47,900
moved over, rough ground or 
hunted and gathered from the 

5546
04:49:47,900 --> 04:49:50,500
area around them. 
The outcome was a Cuisine that 

5547
04:49:50,500 --> 04:49:54,000
mixed old recipes with whatever 
was on hand, resulting in some 

5548
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,200
surprisingly creative dishes. 
Beans became the main food for 

5549
04:49:57,200 --> 04:49:59,000
minors and were known as minor 
strawberries. 

5550
04:49:59,000 --> 04:50:01,800
They were cheap. 
Easy to carry didn't spoil 

5551
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:04,800
easily and gave them the protein
and carbs they needed for hard 

5552
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:07,000
work. 
A part of beans that was slowly 

5553
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:09,600
cooked over A campfire and 
seasoned with whatever was on 

5554
04:50:09,600 --> 04:50:12,700
hand could feed several Miners 
and give them energy for days of

5555
04:50:12,700 --> 04:50:15,100
work salt, pork and bacon did 
the same thing. 

5556
04:50:15,100 --> 04:50:18,500
They gave you fat and protein 
and could last for weeks without

5557
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:21,700
being kept, cold, The salt used 
to keep things fresh. 

5558
04:50:21,700 --> 04:50:24,300
Also help to replace 
electrolytes lost through 

5559
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,700
sweating and very hot weather 
smart miners learned how to get 

5560
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:29,900
the fat out of these meats. 
So they could cook other foods 

5561
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:33,500
and make lamp oil hardtack, 
which is made by mixing flour, 

5562
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:37,100
water and salt and baking it 
into biscuits that are as hard 

5563
04:50:37,108 --> 04:50:40,000
as rocks became another staple 
because it could last for 

5564
04:50:40,000 --> 04:50:43,300
months, without going bad to 
make hard tack easier to eat 

5565
04:50:43,300 --> 04:50:47,000
miners, would soak it in coffee 
or water sometimes, they would 

5566
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:49,100
fry it with bacon fat to make it
taste better. 

5567
04:50:49,100 --> 04:50:51,700
The joke was that hardtack was 
so hard. 

5568
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:54,800
It could stop a bullet, but it 
kept mine as from starving when 

5569
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:58,100
they ran out of other food. 
People didn't just enjoy coffee.

5570
04:50:58,100 --> 04:50:59,900
They thought it was necessary 
for survival. 

5571
04:50:59,900 --> 04:51:03,200
The caffeine helped mine as stay
awake during long work days. 

5572
04:51:03,200 --> 04:51:05,300
And the hot drink kept them warm
at night. 

5573
04:51:05,300 --> 04:51:08,700
In the cold mountains coffee, 
could be stretched by reusing 

5574
04:51:08,700 --> 04:51:11,200
the ground. 
Several times in very bad 

5575
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:13,600
situations. 
Miners, made coffee substitutes 

5576
04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:16,200
from chicory acorns or even 
roasted grain. 

5577
04:51:17,100 --> 04:51:19,500
Hunting and fishing added to 
basic supplies when there was 

5578
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:23,100
game to be caught, deer rabbits 
and game birds, gave us fresh 

5579
04:51:23,100 --> 04:51:26,100
meat and streams and rivers 
might have fish in them when 

5580
04:51:26,100 --> 04:51:27,400
they were too muddy. 
From mining. 

5581
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:30,700
Some miners, learned how to find
edible plants by learning from 

5582
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:34,500
Native Americans, which routes 
berries and greens could add to 

5583
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:37,000
their diet. 
It was very important to learn 

5584
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:39,400
how to preserve things to make 
fresh food. 

5585
04:51:39,400 --> 04:51:41,600
Last longer. 
Mine has learned how to smoke 

5586
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:44,300
meat, dry fruits, and vegetables
and saltfish. 

5587
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:48,200
Some camps set up community 
smokehouses so that everyone 

5588
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:50,200
could keep meat. 
When they had too much to eat 

5589
04:51:50,200 --> 04:51:51,700
right away after a successful 
hunt. 

5590
04:51:51,700 --> 04:51:55,100
People in mining camps can't 
ignore the social side of food. 

5591
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,800
Shared meals became important 
community events where miners 

5592
04:51:58,800 --> 04:52:02,900
could relax catch up on news and
keep the social ties that made 

5593
04:52:02,900 --> 04:52:06,100
living alone, bearable a minor. 
Who could cook well, often 

5594
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:08,700
became well known for more than 
just his gold finding skills. 

5595
04:52:08,700 --> 04:52:12,100
You can start to understand how 
the simple things in life became

5596
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:14,900
very important in the harsh 
environment of the mining camps.

5597
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:17,800
When you think about how good 
strong coffee would taste around

5598
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,700
a campfire, how good a hot meal 
would taste after a long day of 

5599
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:23,600
hard work? 
And how good clean water would 

5600
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:26,000
feel on a hot day? 
These were just skills for 

5601
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,400
Staying Alive. 
They were the building blocks of

5602
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:30,400
communities. 
That would last long after the 

5603
04:52:30,400 --> 04:52:34,500
Gold was gone, imagine seeing a 
city come to life, one week, 

5604
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:37,700
there are only rocks, empty 
Wilderness and maybe a thin 

5605
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:41,600
stream running through a valley.
The following week tents start 

5606
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,400
to pop up like mushrooms after a
rainstorm in a month. 

5607
04:52:44,408 --> 04:52:47,900
You might see the rough outlines
of streets the General Store and

5608
04:52:47,900 --> 04:52:50,800
maybe even a saloon with canvas 
walls and dreams of painted 

5609
04:52:50,800 --> 04:52:53,000
signs. 
The amazing thing about mining 

5610
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:55,600
camp communities was that whole 
societies could come together 

5611
04:52:55,600 --> 04:52:59,000
almost overnight with rules that
had to be made up on the spot. 

5612
04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:01,800
It was amazing and a little 
chaotic how quickly these 

5613
04:53:01,800 --> 04:53:04,600
communities came together. 
There were no zoning laws 

5614
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,800
building codes or an urban 
planning department people just 

5615
04:53:07,800 --> 04:53:10,800
showed up found a good place to 
stay and started building the 

5616
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:12,500
infrastructure. 
They needed to stay alive. 

5617
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:16,100
The result was towns that grew 
naturally following the shape of

5618
04:53:16,108 --> 04:53:18,600
the land and the needs of the 
people who lived there instead 

5619
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:21,800
of following a master plan 
people in early mining camps had

5620
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:23,500
to be creative with the few 
materials. 

5621
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:26,800
They had to build their homes. 
The classic miners tent was 

5622
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:29,900
often just the start. 
It was a temporary place to stay

5623
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:33,000
while a more permanent structure
was built miners became amateur 

5624
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:35,900
Architects coming up with plans 
for buildings that could be 

5625
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:38,100
built quickly with materials 
that were easy to find. 

5626
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,000
People like to log cabins where 
there were trees, but most 

5627
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:45,800
mining areas had their trees cut
down quickly instead miners 

5628
04:53:45,800 --> 04:53:49,700
learned how to build with stone 
mud bricks or even canvas and 

5629
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:52,800
wood frames that could be taken 
apart and moved if the gold ran 

5630
04:53:52,800 --> 04:53:54,800
out. 
Some of the more clever 

5631
04:53:54,800 --> 04:53:56,500
buildings use more than one 
material. 

5632
04:53:56,500 --> 04:54:00,600
For example, they had Stone 
foundations for stability log 

5633
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:03,200
walls for insulation and canvas 
roofs. 

5634
04:54:03,200 --> 04:54:05,100
That could be easily replaced 
when they wore out. 

5635
04:54:06,000 --> 04:54:09,100
The way mining camps were set up
looked random, but they actually

5636
04:54:09,100 --> 04:54:12,900
made sense for both convenience 
and Mining the most valuable 

5637
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:16,000
real estate was usually near 
water sources, secondary 

5638
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:18,500
locations were chosen because 
they were sheltered from the 

5639
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:22,400
wind had access to shade or were
close to promising geological 

5640
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:25,300
formations streets. 
If you could call them that 

5641
04:54:25,300 --> 04:54:28,500
often followed animal paths or 
mining trails and stead of the 

5642
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:31,700
neat grid patterns, that plant 
cities have this gave mining 

5643
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:34,500
towns and natural, almost 
medieval field, that visitors 

5644
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:36,800
either loved or hated depending 
on how they saw it. 

5645
04:54:37,800 --> 04:54:41,400
In mining camps people ran 
things democratically miners had

5646
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:44,300
to make up their own rules and 
ways to enforce them because 

5647
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:46,500
there were no established legal 
systems or government 

5648
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:48,800
authorities. 
The outcome was frequently 

5649
04:54:48,800 --> 04:54:52,200
unexpectedly Advanced systems of
community governance, the 

5650
04:54:52,200 --> 04:54:54,600
reconciled personal Liberty with
communal safety. 

5651
04:54:54,600 --> 04:54:58,400
Most of the time mining camps 
held Community meetings to set 

5652
04:54:58,400 --> 04:55:02,300
basic rules for claims fights 
and how people should act these 

5653
04:55:02,300 --> 04:55:05,300
weren't official court cases. 
They were just people talking to

5654
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:07,400
each other as equals and 
agreeing that some kind of 

5655
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:09,700
organization was needed for 
everyone to stay alive. 

5656
04:55:09,700 --> 04:55:13,100
They often put their rules on 
trees or buildings and enforce 

5657
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:15,400
them through pressure from the 
community instead of through the

5658
04:55:15,400 --> 04:55:18,600
police claimed jumping which is 
taking someone else's mining 

5659
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:21,200
claim was one of the worst 
things you could do in mining 

5660
04:55:21,200 --> 04:55:24,400
communities, depending on how 
bad the crime was and how the 

5661
04:55:24,400 --> 04:55:27,800
community felt the punishment 
could be anything from Forced 

5662
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:30,800
payment to being kicked out of 
the camp people usually didn't 

5663
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:33,500
want minors to hurt each other 
because it made it hard for them

5664
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:35,100
to work not because it was 
wrong. 

5665
04:55:36,000 --> 04:55:38,800
The way people were divided up 
in mining camps was different 

5666
04:55:38,800 --> 04:55:42,600
from how they were in their old 
lives a man's education family 

5667
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:46,000
background or previous wealth 
mattered much less than how well

5668
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:48,300
he could help the community 
survive and thrive. 

5669
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:51,900
A former Professor might have to
listen to an illiterate farmer 

5670
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:55,100
who happened to be better at 
finding gold this social 

5671
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:58,900
fluidity led to both chances and
problems men who had never been 

5672
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:01,800
treated as equals suddenly found
that their ideas were important 

5673
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:05,200
in community meetings others who
had been in charge in their past

5674
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,700
lives had to get used to being 
judged only on what they could 

5675
04:56:07,700 --> 04:56:11,600
do in the early days of mining 
there were many women, but those

5676
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:14,400
who did come often found jobs 
that were available in more 

5677
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:17,000
stable communities. 
Some became successful 

5678
04:56:17,000 --> 04:56:19,800
businesswoman and ran boarding 
houses restaurants or General 

5679
04:56:19,800 --> 04:56:22,800
Stores others offered much 
needed and highly valued 

5680
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,100
services like laundry cooking or
medical care. 

5681
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:28,200
Families with kids and Mining 
camps have their own set of 

5682
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:29,900
problems. 
There were no schools. 

5683
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:33,500
No planned activities for kids 
and not many other kids to play 

5684
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:35,800
with. 
Some communities set up in 

5685
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:39,400
formal schools where literate 
miners took turns teaching basic

5686
04:56:39,400 --> 04:56:42,500
reading and writing kids who 
grew up in mining camps often 

5687
04:56:42,500 --> 04:56:44,600
learned a lot of practical 
skills and became very 

5688
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:47,900
independent but they didn't 
always get the formal education 

5689
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:51,400
that would help them later in 
life in mining camps religion 

5690
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,800
was often informal but very 
important because many camps 

5691
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:58,000
didn't have an ordained minister
anyone who felt called to give 

5692
04:56:58,008 --> 04:57:00,900
spiritual guidance could lead 
religious Services these 

5693
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:03,100
Services often brought together 
people from different 

5694
04:57:03,100 --> 04:57:06,500
denominations and traditions 
making a kind of practical 

5695
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:10,000
humanism that came about out of 
need rather than theology. 

5696
04:57:11,300 --> 04:57:14,000
The General Store was the center
of most mining towns. 

5697
04:57:14,000 --> 04:57:17,100
It was a place to get supplies 
hang out with friends and talk 

5698
04:57:17,100 --> 04:57:19,600
to people. 
Store owners often acted as 

5699
04:57:19,600 --> 04:57:23,400
informal Banks keeping miners 
gold dust and Nuggets safe. 

5700
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:27,000
They also worked as post offices
places to send messages and 

5701
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:28,800
places to get news from the 
outside world. 

5702
04:57:29,800 --> 04:57:33,700
Medical Care in mining camps was
basic but often new communities 

5703
04:57:33,700 --> 04:57:36,800
had to rely on folk medicine 
trial and error and whatever 

5704
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:39,300
medical knowledge individual 
miners might have because there 

5705
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:42,700
were any trained doctors around 
some miners learned how to treat

5706
04:57:42,700 --> 04:57:45,600
common injuries and illnesses 
and the respect and thanks they 

5707
04:57:45,600 --> 04:57:47,200
got for it could be worth more 
than gold. 

5708
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:51,800
Entertainment in mining camps 
showed how hard life was and how

5709
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:55,000
much people needed to have fun 
and relax music was very 

5710
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:57,700
important to the miners. 
They loved people who could play

5711
04:57:57,700 --> 04:58:00,900
instruments or sing. 
Well dancing telling stories and

5712
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:03,300
playing cards helped people 
forget about the hard work of 

5713
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,300
Mining and the loneliness of 
living in a camp when you think 

5714
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:09,300
about how these Roth communities
Grew From nothing but people's 

5715
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:12,500
willpower a need for each other 
you start to see that the 

5716
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:15,500
American frontier Spirit was 
about working together as much 

5717
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:18,400
as being independent. 
These weren't stories of a lone 

5718
04:58:18,400 --> 04:58:21,300
wolves Conquering the wild, but 
of regular people building 

5719
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:24,800
amazing communities in the 
hardest of times the romance of 

5720
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:28,200
gold mining often centers on the
moment of Discovery the glint of

5721
04:58:28,208 --> 04:58:31,500
metal in a pan the thrill of 
finding a nugget the hope of 

5722
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,800
getting rich, but the truth is 
that successful mining was 

5723
04:58:34,800 --> 04:58:38,000
mostly about learning how to use
tools and techniques that were 

5724
04:58:38,000 --> 04:58:40,800
much more complicated and 
advanced than most people think 

5725
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:45,000
successful miners had a mix of 
science art physical skill and 

5726
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:48,000
sheer determination that set 
them apart from those who went 

5727
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:50,600
home. 
He handed the basic gold pan 

5728
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:53,000
which is probably the most 
famous tool from the Gold Rush 

5729
04:58:53,000 --> 04:58:56,200
was actually a Precision Tool 
that required a lot of skill to 

5730
04:58:56,200 --> 04:58:58,200
use. 
Well, a good pan was made of 

5731
04:58:58,200 --> 04:59:01,700
steel or iron and had sloped 
sides and a flat bottom that let

5732
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:03,500
you carefully separate things by
weight. 

5733
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:06,500
It could take months to learn 
how to pan properly, which means

5734
04:59:06,500 --> 04:59:08,700
moving water and sediment in 
just the right way. 

5735
04:59:08,700 --> 04:59:10,800
So that heavy gold. 
Settles and lighter materials 

5736
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:13,400
wash away. 
Imagine standing in a Cold 

5737
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:16,600
Mountain stream with a pan full 
of gravel sand, and hopefully a 

5738
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:19,100
few gold flakes. 
The water is moving around. 

5739
04:59:19,100 --> 04:59:21,300
Your legs. 
Your back is starting to hurt 

5740
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:23,900
from bending over and your hands
are getting numb. 

5741
04:59:23,900 --> 04:59:26,200
From the cold, you need to find 
the right Rhythm. 

5742
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:28,800
If you go to fast, you'll wash 
away the gold. 

5743
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,200
If you go to slowly, you'll 
never process enough material to

5744
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:34,800
make the work worth it Hannah's,
who had been doing it for a 

5745
04:59:34,808 --> 04:59:36,200
while. 
Could tell if they were likely 

5746
04:59:36,200 --> 04:59:39,400
to find gold in a certain spot, 
by the way, the gravel felt the 

5747
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:42,100
color of the sand and the way 
the water moved in their pan, 

5748
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:44,900
they had a connection with their
tools and their surroundings. 

5749
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,700
That was almost magical and they
could read subtle signs. 

5750
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:48,900
That new Minas. 
Couldn. 

5751
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:51,900
But panning was only the start 
as miners. 

5752
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,600
Learned more about their work 
and found places with good gold 

5753
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:56,700
deposits. 
They came up with more advanced 

5754
04:59:56,700 --> 04:59:59,100
methods that could process more 
material fast faster. 

5755
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:03,100
The Rocker which is also called 
a cradle was like a gold pan 

5756
05:00:03,100 --> 05:00:06,400
that worked mechanically It was 
a wooden box with a screen 

5757
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,100
bottom, that was rocked back and
forth, while water flowed 

5758
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:12,800
through it, separating gold from
lighter materials, many miners 

5759
05:00:12,800 --> 05:00:14,600
had to learn how to do carpentry
on the job. 

5760
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:17,700
In order to build a good rocker,
the proportions had to be just 

5761
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:20,100
right. 
If they were too steep, the gold

5762
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:21,400
would wash away with everything 
else. 

5763
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:24,000
And if they were too shallow, 
the machine wouldn't work. 

5764
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:27,500
Well, the rocking had to be 
smooth and rhythmic like rocking

5765
05:00:27,500 --> 05:00:31,000
a baby to sleep, but the baby 
was a few hundred pounds of wood

5766
05:00:31,000 --> 05:00:34,700
metal and wet gravel. 
The long Tom was an even more 

5767
05:00:34,700 --> 05:00:37,700
ambitious piece of equipment. 
It was basically a long wooden 

5768
05:00:37,700 --> 05:00:40,600
trough with different screens 
riffles and catching devices 

5769
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:42,300
that could handle a lot of dirt 
and gravel. 

5770
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:45,900
Most of the time a group of mine
has worked together to run along

5771
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,200
Tom. 
Some would shovel material into 

5772
05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:49,900
the machine. 
While others would clean out the

5773
05:00:49,900 --> 05:00:51,800
gold catching parts and keep the
water flowing. 

5774
05:00:52,700 --> 05:00:54,700
The most advanced way to get 
gold was through. 

5775
05:00:54,700 --> 05:00:57,100
High Roller mining. 
Mine is, would use strong 

5776
05:00:57,100 --> 05:00:59,800
streams of water to wash away, 
tons of soil and rock from 

5777
05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:02,500
Hillside revealing gravel that 
contained gold. 

5778
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:06,100
The water pressure was so strong
that it could Blast Away. 

5779
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:09,200
Whole mountainside, this kind of
destruction of the environment 

5780
05:01:09,200 --> 05:01:12,400
would horrify people to day, but
it was seen as the height of 

5781
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:14,000
technological progress at the 
time. 

5782
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:17,600
Hydraulic mining had a terrible 
effect on the environment that 

5783
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:20,300
could not be undone. 
Debris, filled hole, valleys 

5784
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:22,100
streams, were permanently 
changed. 

5785
05:01:22,100 --> 05:01:25,100
And Landscapes that had taken 
millions of years to form were 

5786
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:28,200
destroyed in just a few seasons.
But for minors, who wanted to 

5787
05:01:28,200 --> 05:01:31,500
get the most gold with the least
amount of work hydraulic mining,

5788
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:35,200
was a huge step forward in terms
of efficiency, The serious 

5789
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:37,800
miners knowing about geology 
became very important. 

5790
05:01:37,800 --> 05:01:41,400
Gold doesn't just spread out 
randomly across the landscape. 

5791
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:44,100
It follows patterns, that have 
been there for millions of 

5792
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:46,500
years. 
Like the flow of ancient Rivers,

5793
05:01:46,500 --> 05:01:51,000
volcanic activity and geological
processes that made and moved 

5794
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:53,700
gold, deposits miners who could 
read the Rocks. 

5795
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:57,300
Find formations that looked like
they might contain gold and 

5796
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,200
guess where gold was likely to 
be found, had a big Edge over 

5797
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:03,200
those who just dug, where they 
thought they were lucky to mine 

5798
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:05,300
quartz you needed a whole 
different set of skills and 

5799
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:07,300
methods. 
Instead of looking for loose 

5800
05:02:07,300 --> 05:02:10,500
gold in streams and on the 
surface quartz miners, had to 

5801
05:02:10,500 --> 05:02:13,800
find veins of gold in Solid 
Rock, and then take that rock 

5802
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:15,500
out and process it to get the 
gold out. 

5803
05:02:15,500 --> 05:02:18,800
This meant learning how to drill
blast and tunnel through solid 

5804
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:21,300
rock, which is more like 
engineering than farming. 

5805
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:25,100
Which is what most miners came 
from to protest quartz or the 

5806
05:02:25,100 --> 05:02:28,200
rock had to be crushed into a 
fine powder and then Mercury had

5807
05:02:28,200 --> 05:02:30,100
to be used to mix with the gold 
particles. 

5808
05:02:30,100 --> 05:02:33,600
This job was both dangerous and 
hard to do because it needed 

5809
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:36,300
knowledge of chem. 
Really Metallurgy mercury 

5810
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:39,400
poisoning was a big health 
problem in mining towns, but 

5811
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:41,700
people didn't know much about 
what it did to them at the time.

5812
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:45,200
Mine is often made their own 
tools or changed existing ones 

5813
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:47,600
to suit their needs in mining 
towns. 

5814
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,600
A good blacksmith was very 
useful, they didn't just shoot 

5815
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:52,700
horses. 
They also made specialized 

5816
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,800
mining tools, fixed broken 
equipment and figured out how to

5817
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:57,900
fix mechanical problems, that 
came up. 

5818
05:02:57,900 --> 05:03:00,400
When tools were used in ways, 
they weren't meant to be used, 

5819
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:04,100
miners were very creative when 
it came to using technology that

5820
05:03:04,100 --> 05:03:05,600
was already there for their own 
needs. 

5821
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:09,900
People turned Wagon Wheels into 
waterwheels to power machines, 

5822
05:03:09,900 --> 05:03:14,300
kitchen tools were changed to do
specific, mining jobs, miners. 

5823
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:17,600
Even changed their clothes, they
learned how to sow extra Pockets

5824
05:03:17,600 --> 05:03:20,200
into their clothes. 
So they could carry tools, gold 

5825
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:22,400
samples, and other small but 
important things. 

5826
05:03:23,300 --> 05:03:26,500
Don't forget about the social 
side of mining technology like 

5827
05:03:26,500 --> 05:03:30,400
recipes successful method 
through mining communities with 

5828
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:33,100
minors, sharing new ideas, and 
ways to make things better. 

5829
05:03:33,100 --> 05:03:36,000
For everyone's benefit. 
If a minor came up with a better

5830
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,300
way to build a sluice box or use
a rocker, he might teach his 

5831
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:41,300
neighbors. 
How to do it, which would create

5832
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,500
communities of practice that 
sped up technological progress. 

5833
05:03:44,500 --> 05:03:47,900
Quality control in mining was 
mostly about how skilled each 

5834
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:51,000
person was and how much they 
paid attention to the details. 

5835
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,800
There were no set ways of doing 
things or ways to ensure quality

5836
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:59,100
a minor success depended on how 
well he could find gold uses 

5837
05:03:59,100 --> 05:04:02,400
tools and avoid the many small 
mistakes that could cost him 

5838
05:04:02,400 --> 05:04:05,100
gold or time as you picture 
yourself learning. 

5839
05:04:05,100 --> 05:04:07,900
These old skills feeling the 
weight of the tools in your 

5840
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:10,600
hands and developing the small 
skills that made the difference 

5841
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:14,400
between success and failure you 
start to realize that gold 

5842
05:04:14,400 --> 05:04:17,200
mining was much more than just 
digging in the dirt. 

5843
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:19,800
It was a skill that required a 
lot of physical strength 

5844
05:04:19,800 --> 05:04:23,600
technical knowledge artistic 
intuition and scientific 

5845
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:26,900
observation and it was hard for 
even the most skilled people to 

5846
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:30,500
do the blazing sun and extreme 
temperatures were certainly some

5847
05:04:30,500 --> 05:04:33,000
of the most obvious problems 
that gold mine has had to deal 

5848
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:36,700
with but they were not the only 
ones that tested people strength

5849
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:40,300
and creativity the full picture 
of Life as a minor includes a 

5850
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:43,100
list of problems that would test
even the best survival experts 

5851
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:45,600
to today. 
Each one needs a different plan 

5852
05:04:45,600 --> 05:04:48,600
set of skills and amount of 
mental and physical strength 

5853
05:04:48,600 --> 05:04:52,700
disease was probably the most 
feared enemy in mining camps it 

5854
05:04:52,700 --> 05:04:55,400
spread quickly through crowded 
areas and wiped out whole 

5855
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:59,100
communities before anyone knew 
how to stop it waterborne 

5856
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:02,300
diseases like cholera typhoid 
and dysentery could turn a busy 

5857
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:05,700
mining camp into a ghost town in
just a few weeks miners were 

5858
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:08,900
basically defenseless against 
epidemic diseases that thrived 

5859
05:05:08,900 --> 05:05:11,500
in the conditions, they created 
because they didn't know about 

5860
05:05:11,500 --> 05:05:13,400
German Theory or how to keep 
things clean. 

5861
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:17,100
I only was cool. 
Communities, that formed around 

5862
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:20,600
water sources to make mining 
easier often polluted those same

5863
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,200
water sources with human waste, 
which made it easy for diseases 

5864
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:28,100
to spread miners who survived 
bullets, heat, stroke and 

5865
05:05:28,100 --> 05:05:30,500
accidents in the mines. 
Could die from something. 

5866
05:05:30,500 --> 05:05:33,500
As simple as drinking from the 
wrong stream at the wrong time. 

5867
05:05:34,200 --> 05:05:37,800
At best the medical knowledge in
mining camps was basic, most 

5868
05:05:37,800 --> 05:05:41,000
miners used folk remedies patent
medicines that may not have 

5869
05:05:41,000 --> 05:05:42,800
worked and any medical 
knowledge. 

5870
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:45,400
They have from family traditions
or trial and error. 

5871
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:47,700
If a broken bone isn't set, 
right? 

5872
05:05:47,700 --> 05:05:50,100
It could mean permanent 
disability or death. 

5873
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:54,100
If basic antiseptic steps were 
taken, a simple cut could get 

5874
05:05:54,100 --> 05:05:56,100
infected and require amputation 
or worse. 

5875
05:05:56,800 --> 05:05:59,300
Some miners learned how to do 
Battlefield medicine out of 

5876
05:05:59,300 --> 05:06:01,300
necessity. 
They learned how to stitch 

5877
05:06:01,300 --> 05:06:05,000
wounds, set bones and treat, 
common illnesses, by practicing 

5878
05:06:05,000 --> 05:06:08,000
and watching others people in 
the community often looked up to

5879
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:11,300
these informal Medics as leaders
and their medical skills were 

5880
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:13,700
just as valuable as their 
ability to find gold. 

5881
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:17,500
Mining operations were always at
risk of accidents. 

5882
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:20,600
Cave-ins could bear in mind as 
alive without much warning. 

5883
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,100
Explosives used to break up. 
Rock were often unstable and 

5884
05:06:24,100 --> 05:06:26,700
unpredictable. 
They would sometimes go off too 

5885
05:06:26,700 --> 05:06:28,600
soon or not at all. 
When they were supposed to 

5886
05:06:28,608 --> 05:06:32,000
people often made their own 
mining tools and they didn't 

5887
05:06:32,000 --> 05:06:34,300
have basic safety features that 
we think are necessary. 

5888
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,800
Now, the mental challenges of 
mining life would just as hard 

5889
05:06:37,800 --> 05:06:40,800
as the physical ones being away 
from family and friends, had a 

5890
05:06:40,808 --> 05:06:43,900
big effect on mental health. 
A lot of miners had what we now 

5891
05:06:43,900 --> 05:06:47,400
called, depression, anxiety, and
post-traumatic stress disorder, 

5892
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:50,200
because of the hard times, they 
went through, people who were 

5893
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:53,400
physically tired, socially 
isolated and always about the 

5894
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:55,600
future, found it hard to deal 
with these things. 

5895
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:58,300
Miners? 
Who had left their families 

5896
05:06:58,300 --> 05:07:00,700
behind to look for work for a 
lonely. 

5897
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:03,100
Let us from home. 
Could take months to get there 

5898
05:07:03,100 --> 05:07:05,300
and cost a lot of money compared
to what a minor made. 

5899
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:08,700
It was impossible to measure the
emotional toll of being away 

5900
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:11,800
from loved ones in ounces of 
gold, but it was always there, 

5901
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,500
even miners who found gold on a 
regular basis often had trouble 

5902
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:19,000
with money in remote, mining 
areas, the same supplies could 

5903
05:07:19,000 --> 05:07:21,800
cost 10 to 20 times. 
As much as they would in settled

5904
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:25,400
areas, a simple meal could cost 
a whole day's pay and basic 

5905
05:07:25,400 --> 05:07:27,900
tools could cost weeks of 
carefully saved gold dust. 

5906
05:07:28,800 --> 05:07:32,000
Mining communities went through 
boom and bust Cycles which added

5907
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:35,200
to the stress a minor might 
spend months getting a claim and

5908
05:07:35,200 --> 05:07:37,900
building the tools. 
He needs to work it only to find

5909
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:41,100
out that the gold deposit is 
smaller than he thought or that 

5910
05:07:41,108 --> 05:07:44,100
the water levels have changed 
and made his location unusable 

5911
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:47,100
to start over you needed more 
than just money. 

5912
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:51,100
You also needed a lot of 
emotional strength extreme heat 

5913
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:54,000
wasn't the only problem with the
weather sudden storms could hit 

5914
05:07:54,000 --> 05:07:57,700
Mountain Mining areas and flood 
claims brake equipment and leave

5915
05:07:57,700 --> 05:08:01,300
minus stuck for days or weeks. 
Miners who didn't have enough 

5916
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:03,300
shelter or Supply could die in 
the winter. 

5917
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:06,900
If they were at higher elevation
flash floods were a specialty 

5918
05:08:06,900 --> 05:08:09,600
dangerous in mining areas 
because mining activities often 

5919
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:12,100
changed the landscape in ways 
that made floods more likely 

5920
05:08:12,100 --> 05:08:15,600
streams that had been redirected
for mining could suddenly change

5921
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:18,900
course during heavy rains 
destroying months of work in 

5922
05:08:18,900 --> 05:08:22,500
just a few hours living in all 
male communities was hard on 

5923
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:26,100
social relationships, which 
sometimes led to violence in 

5924
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:28,700
communities where everyone was 
armed and stress levels were 

5925
05:08:28,700 --> 05:08:32,400
always high arguments over 
claims equipment or even small 

5926
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:35,500
personal insults could quickly 
get out of hand because there 

5927
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:37,000
were no established legal 
systems. 

5928
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:39,700
Justice was often informal and 
sometimes harsh. 

5929
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:44,000
For many minors gambling was 
both a way to have fun and a way

5930
05:08:44,008 --> 05:08:46,500
to make things harder after 
weeks of hard work. 

5931
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:49,100
It was hard to resist the urge 
to gamble with the gold. 

5932
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:50,600
They had saved up on cards or 
dice. 

5933
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:54,400
Some miners lost months of work 
in one night because of bad luck

5934
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:57,100
or bad judgment. 
This made cycles of boom and 

5935
05:08:57,100 --> 05:09:00,000
bust that lasted much longer 
than the normal risks of mining.

5936
05:09:00,900 --> 05:09:03,600
substance abuse was another way 
to get away from the hard life 

5937
05:09:03,608 --> 05:09:07,400
of mining, but it often made 
things worse most mining camps 

5938
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:10,800
had easy access to alcohol which
helped people deal with physical

5939
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:15,000
pain emotional stress and being 
alone, but it also made people 

5940
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:18,800
less able to think clearly made 
accidents more likely and made 

5941
05:09:18,800 --> 05:09:22,200
people dependent on it, which 
could be hard to break because 

5942
05:09:22,200 --> 05:09:25,000
mining work is seasonal there 
were times when workers had to 

5943
05:09:25,000 --> 05:09:28,300
sit around and do nothing which 
was almost as hard as the times 

5944
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:31,000
when they had to work hard when 
the weather made mining 

5945
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,000
impossible miners had to live 
off of stored resources while 

5946
05:09:34,000 --> 05:09:36,400
keeping their Tools in good 
shape and hoping for better 

5947
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,900
weather for men who Define 
themselves by their work these 

5948
05:09:39,900 --> 05:09:42,700
times of inactivity could be 
very bad for their Mental Health

5949
05:09:43,600 --> 05:09:47,400
For individual miners or small 
Partnerships equipment failure 

5950
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:51,100
or theft could be a disaster. 
If a sluice box breaks or tools 

5951
05:09:51,100 --> 05:09:54,000
are stolen, it could mean weeks 
or months of investment that 

5952
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:57,300
would be hard or impossible to 
replace because people shared 

5953
05:09:57,300 --> 05:10:00,600
equipment and resources one 
person's bad luck often hurt 

5954
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:03,300
whole communities, even with all
of these problems. 

5955
05:10:03,300 --> 05:10:06,600
It's amazing how many miners not
only lived through them, but all

5956
05:10:06,600 --> 05:10:08,700
kept their spirits up and their 
sense of humor. 

5957
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,700
Capacity to discover joy and 
companionship amidst adversity 

5958
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:16,200
illustrates the inherent 
resilience of humanity which 

5959
05:10:16,200 --> 05:10:19,900
facilitated the establishment of
enduring communities in some of 

5960
05:10:19,900 --> 05:10:23,200
the most formidable environments
globally as you get more 

5961
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:25,900
comfortable think about how 
these individual stories of 

5962
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:28,200
hardship and hope changed whole 
continents. 

5963
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,800
Imagine the last Embers of a 
mining campfire glowing against 

5964
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,400
the dark desert. 
The Gold Rush is weren't just 

5965
05:10:34,408 --> 05:10:35,700
things that happened in the 
past. 

5966
05:10:35,700 --> 05:10:38,600
They were events that changed 
the world and still affect your 

5967
05:10:38,608 --> 05:10:42,100
daily life today. 
The most obvious thing that will

5968
05:10:42,100 --> 05:10:45,700
last is geography gold 
discoveries in the 1800s led to 

5969
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:49,600
the creation of cities like San 
Francisco Denver Johannesburg 

5970
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:53,400
and many smaller towns in the 
American West Australia and 

5971
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,800
South Africa, but the effect is 
much bigger than just the city 

5972
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:00,100
limits the transportation 
networks built to supply mining 

5973
05:11:00,100 --> 05:11:03,000
camps became the basis for 
transcontinental railroads 

5974
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:06,500
interstate highways and shipping
routes that are still used for 

5975
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:08,800
business today. 
Think about the Transcontinental

5976
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:13,300
Railroad, which was finished in 
1869 people often say that it 

5977
05:11:13,308 --> 05:11:15,400
was a great achievement of 
American engineering and 

5978
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:18,100
willpower, but it was really 
built to meet the needs of 

5979
05:11:18,100 --> 05:11:20,100
mining communities in the 
western territories. 

5980
05:11:20,100 --> 05:11:23,500
The economic reason for such a 
big project was the need to move

5981
05:11:23,500 --> 05:11:27,000
supplies to minors and gold back
to markets in the East the 

5982
05:11:27,000 --> 05:11:30,000
railroad could have been delayed
by decades without the Gold Rush

5983
05:11:30,000 --> 05:11:32,700
which would have changed the way
the American West grew up. 

5984
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,400
The environmental effects of 
gold mining are more complicated

5985
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:39,400
and sometimes worrying 
California's hydraulic mining 

5986
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,900
moved more dirt than building 
the Panama Canal, changing the 

5987
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:44,700
landscape and river systems 
forever. 

5988
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:48,000
Some places are still dealing 
with Mercury pollution from 

5989
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:51,200
mining that happened in the 
1800s, but the same mining 

5990
05:11:51,200 --> 05:11:54,000
activities also led to some of 
the first laws to protect the 

5991
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:56,900
environment. 
Communities Downstream fought 

5992
05:11:56,900 --> 05:11:58,800
against mining debris, 
destroying Farmland. 

5993
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:01,000
The social Legacy of gold 
mining. 

5994
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:03,300
Communities calls into question,
many ideas. 

5995
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:05,000
We have about life on the 
frontier. 

5996
05:12:05,000 --> 05:12:08,400
These were Lawless places where 
people were violent and selfish.

5997
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:12,000
They were communities that built
complex systems of cooperation 

5998
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:16,400
and mutual Aid in very difficult
situations, the Democratic 

5999
05:12:16,400 --> 05:12:19,500
governance systems, they 
established direct democracy 

6000
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:22,500
Community, Justice and 
Collective, decision-making 

6001
05:12:22,500 --> 05:12:25,800
shaped political evolution of 
cross, the west, and territories

6002
05:12:25,800 --> 05:12:29,400
and Beyond social structures in 
mining camps were very equal 

6003
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:32,100
compared to the more divided 
societies that most miners had 

6004
05:12:32,100 --> 05:12:35,800
left behind instead of his 
family, background, education, 

6005
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:38,800
or previous wealth. 
A man's worth was based on what 

6006
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:42,200
he did for the community. 
This idea of meritocracy became 

6007
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,000
part of the mythology of the 
American West and changed. 

6008
05:12:45,000 --> 05:12:48,300
How For thought in the growing 
country in the 19th century 

6009
05:12:48,300 --> 05:12:50,900
mining communities were made up 
of people from many different 

6010
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:54,000
countries, which led to a level 
of cultural mixing that had 

6011
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:57,400
never been seen before Chinese 
miners working with Mexican 

6012
05:12:57,400 --> 05:13:00,700
Vaqueros German immigrants 
teaching Irish workers new 

6013
05:13:00,700 --> 05:13:03,100
skills and Australian 
Prospectors learning from 

6014
05:13:03,100 --> 05:13:06,800
American 49ers all contributed 
to cultural exchanges that 

6015
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:10,000
benefited everyone involved and 
set the stage for the 

6016
05:13:10,008 --> 05:13:12,900
Multicultural societies that 
would form in the 20th century 

6017
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:16,500
in mining towns women's roles 
were often very different from 

6018
05:13:16,500 --> 05:13:19,200
the strict Victorian ideals that
were common in more settled 

6019
05:13:19,200 --> 05:13:22,600
areas the Practical needs of 
life on the frontier and the 

6020
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:26,700
lack of women gave women chances
to start businesses the 

6021
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:28,900
independent and have an impact 
on society. 

6022
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:31,700
That wouldn't be common in 
mainstream Society for decades 

6023
05:13:31,700 --> 05:13:35,500
some of the first successful 
female business owners political

6024
05:13:35,500 --> 05:13:39,300
leaders and social reformers 
came from mining towns where 

6025
05:13:39,300 --> 05:13:42,100
necessity was more important 
than traditional gender roles. 

6026
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:45,100
The new technologies that were 
made in mining camps could be 

6027
05:13:45,400 --> 05:13:46,900
used for a lot more than just 
getting gold. 

6028
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:51,000
For decades methods for moving 
big amounts of dirt and rock 

6029
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:54,400
affected how buildings were made
Water Management systems made 

6030
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,100
for mining operations were used 
as models for irrigation 

6031
05:13:57,100 --> 05:14:00,700
projects all over the dry West 
when former miners returned to 

6032
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:04,200
settle communities even simple 
new ideas, like better camping 

6033
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:06,400
gear and portable cooking 
methods spread throughout 

6034
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:10,200
Society the financial systems 
that grew up around gold mining 

6035
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:13,500
helped make modern Banking and 
investing possible the need to 

6036
05:14:13,508 --> 05:14:16,700
store move and trade gold led to
the creation of safe vaults 

6037
05:14:16,700 --> 05:14:20,800
Dependable scales and assaying 
methods and standardized ways to

6038
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:23,800
judge the value of precious 
metals some of the biggest banks

6039
05:14:23,800 --> 05:14:26,500
in the world today started as 
banks that served mining 

6040
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:29,900
communities the boom and bust 
cycles that mining areas went 

6041
05:14:29,900 --> 05:14:33,100
through all taught important 
lessons about how to diversify 

6042
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:37,000
the economy and make it last 
community that were able to move

6043
05:14:37,000 --> 05:14:40,500
away from economies that relied 
on mining and toward more varied

6044
05:14:40,500 --> 05:14:42,900
economic bases often did the 
best in the long run. 

6045
05:14:42,900 --> 05:14:46,100
These experiences were some of 
the first examples of how 

6046
05:14:46,100 --> 05:14:48,900
communities that depend on. 
Sources could change when the 

6047
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:52,300
economy changes the tales and 
myths that came out of mining 

6048
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:55,300
camps became part of the 
national mythology and have had 

6049
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:58,100
an impact on literature movies 
and popular culture for 

6050
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:01,400
Generations the idea of the 
independent perspective the 

6051
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,300
idealized view of life in mining
camps and the hope of getting 

6052
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:07,200
rich through hard work became 
important parts of American and 

6053
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,300
Australian culture, but maybe 
the most important Legacy was 

6054
05:15:10,300 --> 05:15:13,600
psychological and spiritual the 
Gold Rush is showed that regular

6055
05:15:13,600 --> 05:15:16,600
people could go through very 
hard times when they were driven

6056
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:19,100
by strong dreams. 
They showed that social 

6057
05:15:19,100 --> 05:15:22,500
hierarchies weren't set in stone
that new communities could be 

6058
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:26,000
from scratch with just human 
willpower and that the promise 

6059
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:29,800
of change both personal and 
social was worth almost any 

6060
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:33,400
sacrifice the mining camps also 
taught people how to be strong 

6061
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:37,000
as a community strangers could 
get together form useful 

6062
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:39,600
societies and help each other 
through problems. 

6063
05:15:39,600 --> 05:15:42,600
That would be too much for one 
person to handle people in 

6064
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:45,800
mining communities helped each 
other out in emergencies took 

6065
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:48,800
care of sick and injured people.
And gave each other emotional 

6066
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:50,900
support. 
During tough times, these 

6067
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:53,600
informal support systems became 
models for how to organize 

6068
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:55,600
communities. 
That had an impact on Social 

6069
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:57,500
Development throughout the 
frontier period. 

6070
05:15:57,500 --> 05:16:00,700
The gold rushes, were the first,
truly international migration 

6071
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:03,700
patterns of the modern era 
because they happened all over 

6072
05:16:03,700 --> 05:16:08,200
the world, people from all over 
the world except Antarctica took

6073
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,500
part in Gold rushes which made 
it possible for people to talk 

6074
05:16:11,500 --> 05:16:13,000
to each other and share their 
cultures. 

6075
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:16,300
Former miners brought back to 
their home countries, new ideas 

6076
05:16:16,300 --> 05:16:20,000
stories and ways of doing things
which spread across borders, the

6077
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:22,300
entrepreneurial spirit that was 
common in mining towns. 

6078
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:24,900
Had an effect on the way, 
economies grew in the areas 

6079
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:26,900
where gold was found the 
willingness. 

6080
05:16:26,900 --> 05:16:30,500
To take risks, try new things 
and quickly, adjust a new 

6081
05:16:30,500 --> 05:16:33,000
situations became part of the 
business cultures in the area 

6082
05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:34,100
that still exists. 
Today. 

6083
05:16:34,100 --> 05:16:37,400
The entrepreneurial energy that 
first came out during Gold Rush 

6084
05:16:37,400 --> 05:16:40,000
is still going strong in some of
the world's most dynamic 

6085
05:16:40,000 --> 05:16:42,900
economies. 
Early conservation movements 

6086
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:46,200
were also helped by experiences 
in mining camps miners were 

6087
05:16:46,200 --> 05:16:49,400
among the first people to see 
how bad the could get on a large

6088
05:16:49,408 --> 05:16:52,600
scale and to understand how 
important it is for communities 

6089
05:16:52,600 --> 05:16:54,900
to be healthy. 
Some of the first laws, to 

6090
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:56,900
protect the environment were 
passed, because mining was 

6091
05:16:56,900 --> 05:17:00,100
hurting the environment these 
laws, set the stage for later 

6092
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:03,100
conservation efforts, the 
medical knowledge that mine has 

6093
05:17:03,100 --> 05:17:05,800
learned in camps, through trial 
and error helped to improve 

6094
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,100
field medicine, emergency 
treatment, and public health 

6095
05:17:09,100 --> 05:17:13,300
methods for treating injuries in
remote areas preventing disease 

6096
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:15,800
in crowded places and caring for
mental health. 

6097
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:19,100
In isolated communities. 
All worked in places other than 

6098
05:17:19,100 --> 05:17:22,400
mining camps in innovation in 
education, that came from mining

6099
05:17:22,400 --> 05:17:24,000
communities. 
All so had a long-lasting 

6100
05:17:24,000 --> 05:17:27,500
effect, the informal schools and
adult education programs that 

6101
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:30,500
sprang up in mining camps showed
that people could learn anywhere

6102
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:33,200
but communities could offer 
educational opportunities. 

6103
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,800
Even when things were tough and 
that practical skills would just

6104
05:17:36,800 --> 05:17:40,400
as important as formal academic 
knowledge as your breathing 

6105
05:17:40,400 --> 05:17:43,200
slows and you start to Fall 
asleep think about how the 

6106
05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:47,000
resourcefulness and strength of 
gold miners in the 1800s still 

6107
05:17:47,000 --> 05:17:50,400
affect our world today their 
problems with extreme heat lack 

6108
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:53,200
of water building communities 
and adjusting to harsh 

6109
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:55,500
environments can teach us a lot 
about the problems. 

6110
05:17:55,500 --> 05:17:59,300
We face today climate change has
made extreme heat a bigger 

6111
05:17:59,300 --> 05:18:02,200
problem for millions of people 
all over the world communities 

6112
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:04,200
that are dealing with 
record-breaking heat waves and 

6113
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:07,400
droughts a rediscovering and 
adapting the ways that miners 

6114
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,400
learn to survive in dangerous 
temperatures these include 

6115
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:14,000
scheduling work around the sun's
intensity making effective shade

6116
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:17,100
and cooling systems and 
conserving and managing precious

6117
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:20,300
Water Resources Modern urban 
planners who want to design 

6118
05:18:20,300 --> 05:18:22,700
cities that will last off and 
look to new ideas from mining 

6119
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:24,500
camps. 
The quick formation of 

6120
05:18:24,508 --> 05:18:28,100
community's the smart use of 
limited resources and the 

6121
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:30,900
Democratic governance structures
that were common in successful 

6122
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:34,300
mining communities can be used 
as a examples for modern 

6123
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:38,100
problems, like Refugee 
resettlement disaster recovery 

6124
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:40,800
and sustainable development in 
places with few resources. 

6125
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,200
The miners, water saving 
methods, like, careful rationing

6126
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:48,000
systems that can be used more 
than once a new ways to purify 

6127
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:50,300
water. 
A very similar to the methods 

6128
05:18:50,300 --> 05:18:52,800
being developed for areas where 
water is scarce today. 

6129
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:55,900
People living in areas that are 
affected by drought are dealing 

6130
05:18:55,908 --> 05:18:58,900
with the same problems that 
Miners did how to live and 

6131
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:02,400
Thrive when water is scarce and 
unreliable, the psychological 

6132
05:19:02,400 --> 05:19:06,200
resilience that allowed minors 
to endure isolation, uncertainty

6133
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:09,200
and physical hardship. 
Provides valuable insights for 

6134
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:11,700
mental health professionals, 
assisting individuals 

6135
05:19:11,700 --> 05:19:15,000
confronting contemporary 
stresses, the informal support 

6136
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:18,300
systems Community, Building 
practices and strategies for 

6137
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,000
making meaning that helped 
miners stay hopeful during tough

6138
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:24,600
times can also help people today
who are dealing with economic 

6139
05:19:24,600 --> 05:19:29,100
uncertainty, social isolation 
and environmental problems. 

6140
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:32,200
Many modern business owners, 
look to Gold Rush stories for 

6141
05:19:32,200 --> 05:19:34,500
inspirational and there are real
similarities. 

6142
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:38,900
Modern entrepreneurs often. 
Leave safe situations to chase 

6143
05:19:38,900 --> 05:19:43,100
risky chances in tough 
situations, just like minors, 

6144
05:19:43,100 --> 05:19:46,600
the same traits that made minor 
successful being willing to 

6145
05:19:46,608 --> 05:19:49,000
change quickly. 
Learn new skills and keep going.

6146
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:52,000
Even when things go wrong or 
what make businesses successful 

6147
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:54,300
today. 
The way that mining camps came 

6148
05:19:54,300 --> 05:19:57,300
up with new ways to use old 
tools, made new things with 

6149
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:00,400
limited resources and shared 
improvements with the rest of 

6150
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:04,300
the community, is similar to how
modern tech startups and make a 

6151
05:20:04,300 --> 05:20:06,500
community's. 
Come up with new ideas, the 

6152
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:08,800
spirit of, finding practical 
solutions to problems. 

6153
05:20:08,800 --> 05:20:11,500
That helped minus survive and 
thrive is still what drives 

6154
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:13,900
human progress today. 
Efforts to restore the 

6155
05:20:13,908 --> 05:20:16,300
environment in areas where 
mining used to take place. 

6156
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:20,100
Have taught us a lot about how 
ecosystems can recover how to 

6157
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,000
develop sustainably and the 
long-term costs of getting 

6158
05:20:23,000 --> 05:20:25,800
resources. 
These experiences shape modern 

6159
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:29,100
choices about protecting the 
environment developing in a way 

6160
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,200
that is good for the future and 
figuring out how much it really 

6161
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:34,800
cost to use natural resources. 
Mining. 

6162
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:37,600
Community were International 
which was a sign of our modern 

6163
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:40,200
globalized world. 
The cultural exchange 

6164
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:43,300
communication networks and 
economic relationships that 

6165
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:46,300
formed among minors from various
countries established, initial 

6166
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,600
Frameworks for international 
collaboration and cultural 

6167
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:52,900
comprehension. 
List in contemporary relevance 

6168
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:56,700
the simple daily routines. 
That miners came up with like, 

6169
05:20:56,700 --> 05:20:58,300
working around environmental 
limits. 

6170
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:01,800
Keeping equipment in good shape,
with a limited resources and 

6171
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,100
making comfort and community, 
and tough situations can help 

6172
05:21:05,100 --> 05:21:07,900
anyone who is trying to live, 
well, in less than ideal 

6173
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:11,000
conditions, the medical and 
health practices that developed 

6174
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:13,800
in mining camps, especially 
their focus on prevention 

6175
05:21:13,800 --> 05:21:16,900
Community Health and making do 
with what they had. 

6176
05:21:16,900 --> 05:21:20,200
Have had an impact on how we 
provide Health Care in places 

6177
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,300
where resources are limited the 
ideas that came up in mining 

6178
05:21:23,300 --> 05:21:25,600
communities. 
In the 1800s are still used in 

6179
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,300
remote medicine. 
Emergency care and public 

6180
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,600
health, strategies mining camps,
had a gallery in social 

6181
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:34,600
structures that weren't perfect.
But they were some of the first 

6182
05:21:34,600 --> 05:21:37,600
examples of merit-based 
societies where what you did 

6183
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:40,700
mattered more, than what you 
inherited, these experiences 

6184
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:44,200
shape, the growth of democracy 
and still Inspire movements for 

6185
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,500
social and economic equality, 
the boom and bust economic 

6186
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:49,900
cycles, that were common in 
mining areas, taught early 

6187
05:21:49,900 --> 05:21:52,000
lessons about how to Diversify 
the economy. 

6188
05:21:52,000 --> 05:21:55,400
Develop in a way that is good 
for the environment and make 

6189
05:21:55,400 --> 05:21:58,200
communities stronger. 
These lessons are still used in 

6190
05:21:58,200 --> 05:21:59,900
modern economic planning and 
development. 

6191
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:02,800
Communities. 
That successfully transitioned 

6192
05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:05,800
away from mining dependents 
offered models for economic 

6193
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:08,100
adaptation. 
That continued to be applicable 

6194
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:10,100
to today. 
The stories and legends that 

6195
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:12,600
came out of mining camps are 
still a big part of popular 

6196
05:22:12,600 --> 05:22:15,200
culture today. 
They also teach us important 

6197
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:19,300
lessons about what people can 
do, how communities form, and 

6198
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:21,700
how individual dreams can lead 
to group success. 

6199
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:25,000
These stories remind us that 
regular people can do amazing 

6200
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:28,100
things when they need to, as you
drift off to sleep, think about 

6201
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:31,000
all the people who are able to 
get through the heat, lack of 

6202
05:22:31,000 --> 05:22:33,600
water, loneliness and 
uncertainty because they 

6203
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:35,300
believed that change was 
possible. 

6204
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:38,200
Their Legacy isn't just the 
goal, they found all the 

6205
05:22:38,200 --> 05:22:40,800
communities they build. 
It's also the fact that they 

6206
05:22:40,800 --> 05:22:44,800
showed that people can adapt 
survive and even thrive in the 

6207
05:22:44,800 --> 05:22:48,100
most difficult situations, the 
miners who worked in the hot sun

6208
05:22:48,100 --> 05:22:51,700
saved every drop of precious 
water and milk communities out 

6209
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,600
of shared need and hope left us 
more than just stories from the 

6210
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:56,800
past. 
They showed us how to be strong.

6211
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:00,100
Come up with new ideas and build
communities that are still 

6212
05:23:00,108 --> 05:23:01,800
useful. 
When we Face problems, that seem

6213
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:05,300
impossible to solve their 
capacity to discover joy and 

6214
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:09,400
Cameron versity sustained. 
Hope in the face of Uncertain 

6215
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:12,800
tea and derive meaning from 
challenging experiences serves 

6216
05:23:12,800 --> 05:23:16,000
as a model for Individuals, 
navigating the complexities of 

6217
05:23:16,000 --> 05:23:19,100
modern existence. 
The same human traits that help 

6218
05:23:19,100 --> 05:23:21,900
them survive and even do well in
the tough conditions of mining 

6219
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:25,600
camps in the 1800s, being able 
to change being persistent, 

6220
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:28,800
helping each other and being 
stubbornly hopeful are still 

6221
05:23:28,800 --> 05:23:32,400
what make people strong today as
the last Embers of our pretend 

6222
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,700
campfire fade away and the stars
in the desert sky become 

6223
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:38,100
clearer. 
Take a moment to think about the

6224
05:23:38,100 --> 05:23:41,200
amazing journey we've taken 
through the world of gold mining

6225
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:43,700
communities. 
These weren't superhuman people.

6226
05:23:43,700 --> 05:23:46,700
They were normal people who 
found amazing amounts of 

6227
05:23:46,700 --> 05:23:49,500
strength, creativity and 
Community Spirit. 

6228
05:23:49,500 --> 05:23:51,600
When they were faced with 
challenges that were tested 

6229
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,800
anyone's limits, the miners who 
worked in the Heat and kept 

6230
05:23:54,800 --> 05:23:57,500
their spirits up who built 
thriving communities, out of 

6231
05:23:57,508 --> 05:24:01,100
nothing, but determination, and 
need and who used old tools and 

6232
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:03,100
came up with new ways to get 
gold from the earth. 

6233
05:24:03,100 --> 05:24:07,200
Remind us, that people are much 
more resilient and creative than

6234
05:24:07,200 --> 05:24:10,200
we think their stories aren't 
just interesting bits of 

6235
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:12,400
History. 
They show that we all have 

6236
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:14,900
abilities that are just waiting 
to be used when the time is 

6237
05:24:14,900 --> 05:24:18,200
right, in today's world, with 
air conditioning, Dependable 

6238
05:24:18,200 --> 05:24:21,600
Water Systems GPS, navigation, 
and Emergency Medical Services. 

6239
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:24,600
It's easy to forget that our 
ancestors didn't have these 

6240
05:24:24,600 --> 05:24:27,000
things. 
The miners ability to do, well, 

6241
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:29,900
without modern technology and to
make things safe and comfortable

6242
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:32,500
through working together, and 
using their own skills. 

6243
05:24:32,500 --> 05:24:35,900
As both humbling and inspiring. 
We can learn about how to adapt 

6244
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:38,400
and keep going from their 
experiences with extreme heat. 

6245
05:24:39,200 --> 05:24:41,900
The ways of saving water reminds
us not to waste valuable 

6246
05:24:41,900 --> 05:24:45,500
resources their ability to build
communities shows us how people 

6247
05:24:45,500 --> 05:24:48,300
who don't know each other can 
become family when they work 

6248
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,400
toward a common goal. 
Their technological advances 

6249
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:54,300
show how useful it is to work 
together to solve problems and 

6250
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:57,400
share information, but maybe 
most importantly their stories 

6251
05:24:57,400 --> 05:25:00,700
show us that changes possible. 
People can change who they are 

6252
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:04,200
communities can grow from 
nothing and hope can help people

6253
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:06,500
get through. 
The hardest times The Same 

6254
05:25:06,500 --> 05:25:09,500
Spirit that drove an Iowa farmer
to leave his plow for a mining 

6255
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:12,800
pan or a Boston teacher to leave
her classroom for a tent in the 

6256
05:25:12,808 --> 05:25:16,500
Sierra Nevada still drives 
people to take risks follow 

6257
05:25:16,500 --> 05:25:19,800
their dreams and make their 
lives and the lives of those 

6258
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:22,900
around the better as you drift 
off to sleep think of the tough 

6259
05:25:22,900 --> 05:25:25,400
miners coming back to their 
camps after a long day in the 

6260
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:28,000
hot sun. 
They would gather around fires 

6261
05:25:28,000 --> 05:25:31,500
to eat tell stories and make 
plans for the next day their 

6262
05:25:31,500 --> 05:25:34,800
ability to find comfort and 
Community Under the Stars keep 

6263
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:37,200
their dignity and Humanity in 
the face of the toughest 

6264
05:25:37,200 --> 05:25:40,300
challenges and keep working 
toward better Futures despite 

6265
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,900
daily hardships is a powerful 
reminder of what people can do 

6266
05:25:43,900 --> 05:25:46,100
when they work together and 
support each other. 

6267
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:49,600
They may have spent the gold 
they found along time ago and 

6268
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:51,800
the communities they build may 
have changed into something 

6269
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:55,400
completely different but the 
spirit of resilience in 

6270
05:25:55,400 --> 05:26:00,100
Innovation, hope and community 
that they embodied Still as 

6271
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:03,100
valuable today as any precious 
metal they ever took from the 

6272
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:05,600
ground sleep. 
Well, knowing that you have the 

6273
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:09,200
same ability to adapt, keep 
going and build community. 

6274
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:12,200
That helped those miners survive
and thrive in the blazing sun 

6275
05:26:12,200 --> 05:26:15,700
long ago, their legacy lives on 
not only in the cities and 

6276
05:26:15,700 --> 05:26:18,700
institutions they helped build 
but also in the ongoing story of

6277
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:22,500
humanity which you are a part of
this story is about regular 

6278
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:25,900
people, doing amazing things. 
When life demands it and finding

6279
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:29,400
ways to find Comfort meaning and
hope even in the toughest 

6280
05:26:29,400 --> 05:26:33,100
situations. 
Sweet dreams, may your sleep be 

6281
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:36,300
as peaceful as a mining camp 
Under the Stars when the days 

6282
05:26:36,300 --> 05:26:38,200
work was done and the 
possibilities for tomorrow 

6283
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:39,900
stretched out forever on the 
horizon. 

6284
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:56,300
you know that feeling when 
you're making dinner and you 

6285
05:26:56,300 --> 05:26:59,100
realize you've forgotten to 
defrost the chicken Well, 

6286
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,900
imagine if I told you that back 
in 1851, someone invented a 

6287
05:27:02,900 --> 05:27:05,800
machine that could have solved 
that problem and about 50 

6288
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:07,000
others. 
You didn't even know you had 

6289
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:10,100
pull up your favorite chair. 
Let me tell you about some 

6290
05:27:10,100 --> 05:27:11,900
invention. 
That was so close to changing 

6291
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,000
everything. 
They practically had their bags 

6292
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,200
packed for fame. 
Dr. John Gorey was sweating 

6293
05:27:17,200 --> 05:27:21,300
bullets in Florida, literally 
not because he was nervous but 

6294
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:24,500
because it was 1842 and air 
conditioning was still a pipe 

6295
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:27,400
dream. 
This person was watching yellow 

6296
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:30,200
fever patients suffer in the 
humid heat and he thought 

6297
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:34,300
there's got to be a better way. 
So he built the first ice making

6298
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:36,800
machine. 
This was not the type of machine

6299
05:27:36,800 --> 05:27:39,700
that simply drops ice cubes into
your glass with a satisfying 

6300
05:27:39,700 --> 05:27:42,800
plunk instead. 
It was an actual Ice Factory 

6301
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:45,600
capable of cooling entire 
buildings picture. 

6302
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:49,000
This gory's contraption looked 
like someone had crossed a steam

6303
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:51,200
engine with a grandfather clock 
and fed it too much coffee. 

6304
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:55,900
It compressed air bed at expand 
and Wildlife appeared like 

6305
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:58,300
magic. 
He was basically performing 

6306
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:00,400
Miracles with thermodynamics 
yet. 

6307
05:28:00,400 --> 05:28:03,100
Somehow nobody cared. 
The timing was all wrong. 

6308
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:06,800
People thought I was supposed to
come from Frozen ponds in Winter

6309
05:28:06,800 --> 05:28:10,600
not from some mechanical beasts 
that made suspicious noises the 

6310
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:14,600
really heartbreaking part. 
Gory died broken forgotten In 

6311
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:18,500
1855 just as the world was 
starting to figure out that may 

6312
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:22,400
be just maybe controlling 
temperature might be useful. 

6313
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:26,800
If he'd invented his machine 50 
years later, he'd have been 

6314
05:28:26,808 --> 05:28:29,200
richer than a chocolate fountain
at a weight loss convention. 

6315
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:33,700
Instead we had to wait until 
1902 for Willis carrier to 

6316
05:28:33,708 --> 05:28:36,600
essentially reinvent. 
The same thing and become the 

6317
05:28:36,600 --> 05:28:37,900
father of modern air 
conditioning. 

6318
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:41,200
But here's where it gets 
interesting gauri's. 

6319
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:43,600
Ice machine could have changed 
everything about where people 

6320
05:28:43,600 --> 05:28:48,100
lived how cities developed. 
And even what we ate, Imagine 

6321
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:50,900
the American South becoming a 
population Center decades 

6322
05:28:50,900 --> 05:28:54,100
earlier or fresh food being 
available, year-round 

6323
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:58,400
everywhere, instead of the Great
Migration North maybe we'd have 

6324
05:28:58,408 --> 05:29:01,200
seen the Great Migration to 
Florida and not just for 

6325
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:03,800
retirement. 
The patent office didn't help 

6326
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:06,900
matters back then getting a 
patent was like trying to 

6327
05:29:06,900 --> 05:29:10,500
convince your teenager to clean 
their room technically possible 

6328
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:12,800
but requiring supernatural 
patience. 

6329
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:18,100
Gorey got his patent in 1851 but
by then he was too exhausted and

6330
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:20,000
too poor to manufacturers 
machines. 

6331
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:23,500
It is akin to finally obtaining.
The recipe for the ideal 

6332
05:29:23,500 --> 05:29:26,500
chocolate chip cookie only to 
discover that you lack, the 

6333
05:29:26,500 --> 05:29:28,400
means to purchase the necessary 
ingredients. 

6334
05:29:29,500 --> 05:29:31,100
What makes this scenario 
scenario? 

6335
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:34,200
Even more frustrating is that 
ice was already a big business. 

6336
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:38,200
Frederic Tudor the Ice King was 
shipping ice from Massachusetts 

6337
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:42,100
to the Caribbean and making a 
fortune people knew ice was 

6338
05:29:42,108 --> 05:29:43,900
valuable. 
They just couldn't imagine 

6339
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:46,700
making it themselves. 
It was like having a money tree 

6340
05:29:46,700 --> 05:29:49,700
in your backyard but insisting 
on walking to the bank instead 

6341
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:53,400
the Ripple effects of gory's 
failure touch everything around 

6342
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:58,700
us today hospital design food 
storage urban planning all of 

6343
05:29:58,708 --> 05:30:00,500
it. 
Had to wait another half century

6344
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:02,900
to evolve. 
Did the scorching Southern 

6345
05:30:02,900 --> 05:30:05,000
Summers force people to migrate 
North? 

6346
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:09,100
They could have been sold before
the Civil War did the seasonal 

6347
05:30:09,100 --> 05:30:12,000
food shortages that played 
Humanity for Millennia ever get 

6348
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:16,000
resulted gory had the key, but 
the world wasn't ready to turn 

6349
05:30:16,000 --> 05:30:18,600
the lock. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

6350
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:22,000
arrived like party guests either
two early when you are still in 

6351
05:30:22,000 --> 05:30:24,900
your pajamas or two late when 
you've already eaten all the 

6352
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:28,300
delicious snacks. 
Gorys ice machine was definitely

6353
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:32,100
the pajamas scenario. 
It was brilliant practical and 

6354
05:30:32,100 --> 05:30:35,300
absolutely ahead of its time 
which in the world of invention 

6355
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:38,600
is sometimes the coolest fate of
all speaking of timing. 

6356
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:42,600
Let's drift over to 1838 when 
Samuel Morse was tapping out his

6357
05:30:42,600 --> 05:30:44,500
famous water. 
God wrought message. 

6358
05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:48,000
Here's something that will keep 
you up at night and other 

6359
05:30:48,000 --> 05:30:50,900
Telegraph system was already 
working perfectly and it might 

6360
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:53,300
have prevented some of the 
bloodiest conflicts in human 

6361
05:30:53,300 --> 05:30:56,400
history. 
Claude sharp had built something

6362
05:30:56,400 --> 05:31:00,100
called the optical Telegraph 
across France in the 1790s. 

6363
05:31:01,000 --> 05:31:03,100
Picture a network of towers 
stretching across the 

6364
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:06,800
countryside each one topped with
mechanical arms that moved like 

6365
05:31:06,800 --> 05:31:10,000
a person doing semaphore. 
These weren't just quaint 

6366
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:12,800
windmill decorations. 
They could send a message from 

6367
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,800
Paris to the Mediterranean 
faster than a horse could Gallop

6368
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:18,700
to the next Village. 
The entire system functioned 

6369
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:20,700
akin to a highly Advanced 
version of the childhood 

6370
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:24,100
telephone game but instead of 
mutilating whispered words, 

6371
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:27,800
these Tower operators utilize 
telescopes to interpret armed 

6372
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,400
positions and transmit coded 
messages a communication that 

6373
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:33,700
would take weeks on Horseback 
could travel the length of 

6374
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:36,200
France in hours. 
It was like having the internet 

6375
05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:39,700
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

6376
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:44,200
Now he is where your heart might
break a little the chappie 

6377
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:47,100
telegraph was so effective that 
Napoleon used it to coordinate 

6378
05:31:47,100 --> 05:31:50,400
his military campaigns. 
However, the French government 

6379
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:53,200
kept the telegraph technology 
secret from other countries 

6380
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:55,000
because they believed it 
provided them with two 

6381
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:58,200
significant and Advantage. 
Imagine if they share the 

6382
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:01,300
technology instead. 
The Crimean War might have been 

6383
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:03,900
settled over a cup of tea rather
than 14 years. 

6384
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:06,300
The American Civil War could 
have been a series of 

6385
05:32:06,300 --> 05:32:08,700
strongly-worded telegrams and of
a four-year. 

6386
05:32:08,700 --> 05:32:12,300
Bloodbath The optical Telegraph 
faced a minor issue that 

6387
05:32:12,300 --> 05:32:15,700
ultimately led to its demise, it
required, favorable weather 

6388
05:32:15,700 --> 05:32:17,500
conditions and daylight hours to
function. 

6389
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:22,500
Fog rain or nighttime turned the
most sophisticated communication

6390
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:25,800
Network in the world into an 
expensive collection of wooden 

6391
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,300
Towers. 
It was like having a sports car 

6392
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:30,300
that only worked on Tuesdays 
when it wasn't cloudy. 

6393
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:34,500
When morses electrical Telegraph
came along, it worked in any 

6394
05:32:34,500 --> 05:32:37,600
weather day or night, the 
optical system became as 

6395
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:40,200
obsolete as a sundial in a 
smartphone world. 

6396
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:42,500
But here's the thing that should
make. 

6397
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:45,400
You sit up in bed. 
If someone had figured out how 

6398
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,200
to make the optical system work 
in the dark, we might have had 

6399
05:32:48,200 --> 05:32:50,600
instant Global Communication 
decades earlier. 

6400
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:54,500
The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

6401
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:56,700
Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

6402
05:32:56,708 --> 05:32:58,600
connected every major city in 
Europe. 

6403
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,700
If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

6404
05:33:01,700 --> 05:33:05,000
it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

6405
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,800
in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

6406
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:12,500
home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crises that escalated

6407
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,500
due to slow instructions. 
For ambassadors might have been 

6408
05:33:15,500 --> 05:33:19,400
resolved over lunch. 
But the real tragedy is what 

6409
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,700
happened to Claude shap himself.
He watched his life's work 

6410
05:33:22,708 --> 05:33:26,600
overtaken by electrical systems 
and fell into such despair that 

6411
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,900
he took his life in 1805. 
He never got to see how his 

6412
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:32,600
optical Network inspired the 
development of modern 

6413
05:33:32,600 --> 05:33:35,800
telecommunications. 
His Towers were the direct 

6414
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:37,800
ancestors of every cell phone 
tower. 

6415
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:41,800
Every fiber optic cable, and 
every satellite dish that keeps 

6416
05:33:41,800 --> 05:33:46,000
our world connected to day. 
The optical telegraph was like a

6417
05:33:46,000 --> 05:33:48,900
bridge between the ancient world
of signal fires and smoke 

6418
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:52,500
signals and our modern world of 
instant Global Communication. 

6419
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,300
It proved that with enough 
clever engineering and human 

6420
05:33:56,300 --> 05:33:59,800
cooperation, you could shrink 
the world down to a manageable 

6421
05:33:59,800 --> 05:34:04,000
size, it took a century for that
lesson to sink in and by then 

6422
05:34:04,000 --> 05:34:06,600
we'd fought Wars that better 
communication might have 

6423
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:10,000
prevented now reclining into 
your pillows as the upcoming 

6424
05:34:10,000 --> 05:34:12,200
story May inspire you to rewrite
history, books. 

6425
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:15,100
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

6426
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:18,700
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

6427
05:34:18,700 --> 05:34:22,000
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

6428
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:23,900
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut. 

6429
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:27,300
Sky two years before oval and 
Wilbur, even got their Famous 12

6430
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:30,200
seconds off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

6431
05:34:30,200 --> 05:34:33,100
inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

6432
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,400
Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

6433
05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:40,300
Dreams and an obsession with 
anything that could fly. 

6434
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:43,900
While the Wright brothers, were 
methodically, testing gliders, 

6435
05:34:43,900 --> 05:34:46,800
and keeping detailed notes. 
Whitehead was building flying 

6436
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:49,600
machines in his backyard, like 
he was assembling furniture from

6437
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:54,800
a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

6438
05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:56,600
claimed. 
They saw Whitehead's number 21, 

6439
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,600
aircraft fly for about half a 
mile at 50 feet, above the 

6440
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:03,400
ground near Bridgeport, The 
local newspaper, reported it the

6441
05:35:03,400 --> 05:35:06,000
next day with the kind of casual
enthusiasm, you might use to 

6442
05:35:06,000 --> 05:35:08,200
describe a particularly 
excellent barbecue. 

6443
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:13,100
Gustav Whitehead flew. 
Yesterday essentially said, as 

6444
05:35:13,100 --> 05:35:16,000
if people took to the air every 
Tuesday, here's where it gets 

6445
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:18,100
frustrating enough to make you 
kick your blankets. 

6446
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:21,600
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 
documented everything? 

6447
05:35:21,600 --> 05:35:23,600
Like, they were preparing for a 
patent lawsuit. 

6448
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:27,300
Whitehead was more of a, let's 
see what happens if I attach 

6449
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:29,300
this engine to These Wings kind 
of guy. 

6450
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:33,800
No, photographs, no official, 
records just eyewitness accounts

6451
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:36,500
and one very enthusiastic 
newspaper article. 

6452
05:35:37,400 --> 05:35:40,300
The aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

6453
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:43,500
engineering optimism. 
It had a lightweight motor that 

6454
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:47,300
Whitehead built himself 
silkwings and a control system 

6455
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:49,800
that required the pilot to 
basically become one with the 

6456
05:35:49,800 --> 05:35:52,600
machine flying. 
It was less like driving a car 

6457
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:54,800
and more like riding a very 
Cooperative dragon. 

6458
05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:59,400
The whole Contraption weighed 
about 800 pounds and looked like

6459
05:35:59,400 --> 05:36:02,500
it had been designed by someone 
who'd seen birds flying but had 

6460
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:03,800
never actually met one 
personally. 

6461
05:36:05,100 --> 05:36:08,000
What makes this story even more 
intriguing is that several 

6462
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:11,500
Aviation Pioneers visited 
Whitehead and came away 

6463
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:13,700
convinced. 
He'd achieved powered flight. 

6464
05:36:14,900 --> 05:36:18,100
These individuals were Not Mere 
passes by but rather serious 

6465
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:21,200
engineers and Aviation 
enthusiasts who understood the 

6466
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:23,300
distinction between mere flight 
and True Flight. 

6467
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:26,800
However, the Wright brothers 
publicity overshadowed their 

6468
05:36:26,800 --> 05:36:29,200
testimonies. 
The problem was that Whitehead 

6469
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:31,000
couldn't repeat his success 
consistently. 

6470
05:36:31,800 --> 05:36:34,900
Whiteheads engines exhibited 
temperamental Behavior his 

6471
05:36:34,900 --> 05:36:37,900
aircraft designs underwent 
constant changes and his 

6472
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:40,600
business Acumen was akin to that
of a golden retriever. 

6473
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,100
While the Wright brothers were 
building a sustainable flying 

6474
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:46,400
program. 
Whitehead was having what you 

6475
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:50,200
might charitably call Adventure 
flights impressive when they 

6476
05:36:50,208 --> 05:36:54,100
worked. spec spectacular when 
they didn't Imagine if Whitehead

6477
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:57,000
had been a better record keeper 
or if someone with a camera had 

6478
05:36:57,000 --> 05:36:59,600
been there that August morning. 
We might be talking about 

6479
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:02,300
Whitehead field instead of 
Wright Patterson Air Force Base 

6480
05:37:02,300 --> 05:37:05,800
the whole mythology of American 
Aviation might have started in 

6481
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:09,200
Connecticut rather than North 
Carolina beach tourism might 

6482
05:37:09,200 --> 05:37:12,700
have developed very differently.
But here's the thing that might 

6483
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:16,300
keep you staring at the ceiling.
Even if Whitehead did fly first,

6484
05:37:16,300 --> 05:37:18,800
the Wright brothers, Still 
deserved their Fame. 

6485
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:22,200
They didn't just achieve flight.
They made it reproducible 

6486
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:26,400
improvable and eventually 
practical Whitehead was like the

6487
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:29,000
person who accidentally 
discovers a great recipe but 

6488
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:31,900
forgets to write it down. 
The Wright brothers were the 

6489
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:34,100
ones who turned flying into 
something more than a 

6490
05:37:34,100 --> 05:37:37,600
spectacular accident. 
The aviation World probably 

6491
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:40,600
needed both approaches 
whiteheads, Fearless 

6492
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:43,700
experimentation and the Wright 
brothers methodical development.

6493
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:46,200
One, pushed the limits of what 
was possible. 

6494
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:50,000
The other made sure that those 
boundaries stayed pushed It's 

6495
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:52,600
just a shame that history tends 
to remember the finishers better

6496
05:37:52,600 --> 05:37:54,300
than the Pioneers who cleared 
the path. 

6497
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:57,100
Let's pull the covers up a bit 
higher and discuss something 

6498
05:37:57,100 --> 05:37:59,800
that might change how you think 
about World War Two entirely. 

6499
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:03,900
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

6500
05:38:03,900 --> 05:38:07,300
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

6501
05:38:07,300 --> 05:38:10,200
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

6502
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:12,400
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

6503
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:15,100
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

6504
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:17,400
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

6505
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:22,800
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

6506
05:38:22,800 --> 05:38:25,800
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed its steroids 

6507
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:28,400
for two years. 
It could perform floating point 

6508
05:38:28,400 --> 05:38:31,800
of arithmetic, handle, 
conditional operations, and even

6509
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:33,700
run programs stored on punched 
film. 

6510
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:36,400
This wasn't some glorified 
adding machine. 

6511
05:38:36,400 --> 05:38:40,100
This was a genuine computer 
complete with memory processing 

6512
05:38:40,100 --> 05:38:43,400
power and the ability to solve 
complex, mathematical problems, 

6513
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:46,400
that would have taken human 
calculators weeks to figure out 

6514
05:38:47,300 --> 05:38:49,000
Zeus built this Marvel using 
telephone. 

6515
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:52,200
Relays the kind of switches that
connected your long-distance 

6516
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:54,600
calls back. 
When operators are asked number,

6517
05:38:54,600 --> 05:39:00,200
please, The Z3 had about 2,600, 
relays clicking away like a 

6518
05:39:00,200 --> 05:39:04,000
mechanical Orchestra each one 
making tiny decisions that added

6519
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:05,800
up to genuine computational 
power. 

6520
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,000
The sound it made while working 
was probably like being inside a

6521
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:13,200
huge, very busy typewriter. 
Here's where your mind might 

6522
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:15,700
start racing. 
If the German military had 

6523
05:39:15,700 --> 05:39:18,600
recognized what Zeus had created
and funded it properly. 

6524
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,300
They could have had 
computational advantages that 

6525
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,700
might have changed the entire 
War, codebreaking ballistics 

6526
05:39:24,700 --> 05:39:28,300
calculations Logistics, 
optimization all the number 

6527
05:39:28,300 --> 05:39:30,900
crunching, nightmares that bog 
down military operations. 

6528
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,200
Could have been sold by 
machines, instead of rooms full 

6529
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:35,800
of mathematicians with slide 
rules. 

6530
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:39,500
But the German authorities 
looked at Zeus's computer and 

6531
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,800
essentially Shrugged, they were 
more interested in bigger tanks 

6532
05:39:42,800 --> 05:39:44,700
and faster. 
Planes than in some clicking 

6533
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:46,900
Contraption, solved math 
problems. 

6534
05:39:47,800 --> 05:39:50,400
It was like being offered a 
magic wand and asking if it came

6535
05:39:50,400 --> 05:39:53,400
in a different color. 
The military applications were 

6536
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:54,600
so obvious. 
They were invisible. 

6537
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:57,800
Meanwhile on the other side of 
the Atlantic similar 

6538
05:39:57,800 --> 05:40:00,600
computational needs were driving
the development of machines like

6539
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:03,600
any act and Colossus. 
The difference was that the 

6540
05:40:03,600 --> 05:40:06,200
Allies understood they were 
fighting a war that would be won

6541
05:40:06,200 --> 05:40:09,500
by whoever could process 
information faster and more 

6542
05:40:09,500 --> 05:40:12,400
accurately. 
The Germans had the technology 

6543
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,100
first and couldn't see past 
their traditional military 

6544
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:17,800
thinking. 
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 

6545
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:22,600
destroyed in an Allied bombing 
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 

6546
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:25,500
it by then. 
He'd already started work on the

6547
05:40:25,500 --> 05:40:27,600
Z4, which was even more 
advanced. 

6548
05:40:27,600 --> 05:40:31,500
But imagine if that bombing raid
had never happened or if Zeus 

6549
05:40:31,500 --> 05:40:34,000
had been working in a properly 
funded well protected government

6550
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:36,000
facility instead of his parents 
living room. 

6551
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:40,100
The computational revolution 
might have started in the 1940s 

6552
05:40:40,100 --> 05:40:42,800
Germany instead of the 1950s 
America. 

6553
05:40:43,600 --> 05:40:46,500
The real tragedy is that Zeus 
understood exactly what he'd 

6554
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:50,400
wrote the first algorithmic 
programming language developed 

6555
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:53,800
floating Point arithmetic and 
even theorized about artificial 

6556
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:56,300
intelligence decades before 
anyone else was thinking 

6557
05:40:56,300 --> 05:41:00,700
seriously about machine thinking
He was like a time traveler who 

6558
05:41:00,700 --> 05:41:04,100
brought back blueprints from the
future except nobody believed. 

6559
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,900
The future was worth visiting. 
After the war, when the world 

6560
05:41:07,900 --> 05:41:10,000
finally caught up to what Zeus 
had been doing? 

6561
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:14,600
Computer Revolution exploded. 
But those crucial years, from 

6562
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:19,500
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost
opportunity that might have 

6563
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,500
reshaped everything, not just 
the war, but the entire 

6564
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:25,200
development of computational 
Technology could have been 

6565
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:29,200
accelerated by a decade or more.
This is one of those historical 

6566
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:31,300
scenarios that can keep you 
awake at night. 

6567
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:35,000
What if the side with the moral 
High Ground also had the best 

6568
05:41:35,000 --> 05:41:37,200
tech? 
What if the computational 

6569
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:39,700
revolution had started early in 
developed differently? 

6570
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:43,000
The most important battles in 
history are sometimes fought 

6571
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:45,200
with ideas that don't get the 
attention they deserve. 

6572
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:47,900
Now, let's talk about something 
that might make you grateful for

6573
05:41:47,900 --> 05:41:50,600
modern medicine, in a whole new 
way picture. 

6574
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:54,700
This its 1847 and women are 
dying in childbirth at 

6575
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:57,900
horrifying rates, not from 
complications during delivery 

6576
05:41:57,900 --> 05:42:00,800
but from something called 
childbed fever that strikes 

6577
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:03,000
afterward in Vienna's General 
Hospital. 

6578
05:42:03,000 --> 05:42:07,100
One maternity ward has a death 
rate of 18% while another Ward 

6579
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:10,800
right down the hall, has a death
rate of only 2% Same Hospital 

6580
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:15,100
same city same year, but somehow
one hallway is a death trap 

6581
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:16,500
while the other is relatively 
safe. 

6582
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:20,800
Enter Ignat Samuel Vice a 
Hungarian Doctor Who looked at 

6583
05:42:20,808 --> 05:42:24,000
this situation and thought 
something is very wrong here. 

6584
05:42:24,000 --> 05:42:27,300
He was like a medical detective 
in an era when most doctors 

6585
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:30,100
thought disease was caused by 
bad air or moral failings. 

6586
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:33,000
Semmelweis noticed something 
that should have been obvious, 

6587
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:36,900
but somehow wasn't the deadly 
Ward was staffed by doctors and 

6588
05:42:36,900 --> 05:42:40,000
medical students while the safe 
Ward was run by midwives. 

6589
05:42:40,000 --> 05:42:43,200
He is where it gets intriguing 
enough to make you sit up in 

6590
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:46,900
bed. the doctors and medical 
students spent their mornings 

6591
05:42:46,900 --> 05:42:50,300
performing autopsies on women 
who had died from childbed fever

6592
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:53,900
then walked directly to the 
Maternity Ward to deliver babies

6593
05:42:53,900 --> 05:42:57,400
without washing their hands The 
Midwives on the other hand 

6594
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:02,400
didn't do or tops is similaris 
put two and two together and got

6595
05:43:02,400 --> 05:43:04,000
an answer that nobody wanted to 
hear. 

6596
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:08,800
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

6597
05:43:08,800 --> 05:43:12,300
with chlorinated lime solution 
before examining patients. 

6598
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:15,600
The death rate in the doctor's 
Ward immediately dropped from 

6599
05:43:15,600 --> 05:43:19,800
18% to less than 2% You'd think 
the change would have made 

6600
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:23,300
semmel Vice the hero of Vienna 
General Hospital, maybe even got

6601
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:25,900
him a statue in the courtyard 
instead. 

6602
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:29,000
It made him the most hated man 
in the medical establishment. 

6603
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:33,200
The other doctors were Furious 
the idea that gentleman's hands 

6604
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:35,700
could be unclean was insulting 
to this social status. 

6605
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:39,500
Doctors were supposed to be 
learning men of science, not 

6606
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:42,300
common workers, who needed to 
scrub up like servants. 

6607
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,300
The concept that invisible 
particles on their hands could 

6608
05:43:45,300 --> 05:43:48,800
cause disease was so absurd. 
It was practically offensive. 

6609
05:43:48,800 --> 05:43:52,700
They essentially told semmelweis
that his germ theory was crazy 

6610
05:43:52,700 --> 05:43:54,700
talk. 
What makes this even more 

6611
05:43:54,700 --> 05:43:57,200
heartbreaking is that simulates 
could prove his point with 

6612
05:43:57,200 --> 05:43:59,900
numbers. 
Every month that hand washing 

6613
05:43:59,900 --> 05:44:03,400
was enforced, fewer women died. 
Every time the policy was 

6614
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:06,600
relaxed, the death rate shot 
back up, it was caused an 

6615
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:08,300
effect. 
So clear you could teach it to a

6616
05:44:08,300 --> 05:44:10,700
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

6617
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:14,100
dangerous nonsense. 
The pushback against Samurai was

6618
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:17,000
so intense that he eventually 
suffered what we'd now probably 

6619
05:44:17,000 --> 05:44:20,100
call a nervous breakdown. 
He became increasingly 

6620
05:44:20,100 --> 05:44:23,700
frustrated, and confrontational 
writing bitter letters to 

6621
05:44:23,700 --> 05:44:25,500
prominent, doctors calling the 
murderers. 

6622
05:44:26,400 --> 05:44:29,600
Technically, he was correct. 
They were killing patients due 

6623
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:32,600
to ignorance. 
But he never excelled intact. 

6624
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:36,500
In 1865, he was committed to an 
asylum where he died. 

6625
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:40,000
Just two weeks later, possibly 
from the same kind of infection.

6626
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:43,700
He'd spent his career fighting. 
Here's the part that might keep 

6627
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:46,800
you staring at the ceiling. 
If the medical world had 

6628
05:44:46,800 --> 05:44:50,000
accepted semis. 
Hand washing protocol in 1847, 

6629
05:44:50,000 --> 05:44:52,400
millions of lives could have 
been saved. 

6630
05:44:53,300 --> 05:44:55,700
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

6631
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:59,400
wait for Joseph Lister in the 
1860s germ Theory wouldn't have 

6632
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:01,200
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 
respectable. 

6633
05:45:01,200 --> 05:45:04,600
The entire development of modern
medicine could have accelerated 

6634
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:07,800
by decades. 
Imagine Civil War Field 

6635
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:10,700
hospitals where doctors wash 
their hands between patients. 

6636
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:14,800
Imagine surgery becoming safer 
20 years earlier than it 

6637
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:18,000
actually did imagine all the 
mothers and babies who could 

6638
05:45:18,000 --> 05:45:20,400
have lived if the medical 
establishment had been willing 

6639
05:45:20,400 --> 05:45:24,700
to consider that maybe just 
maybe a Hungarian doctored 

6640
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:27,200
figured out something important 
about invisible killers. 

6641
05:45:28,100 --> 05:45:32,500
Instead similarly became a 
tragic footnote Vindicated only 

6642
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,200
after his death when pastor and 
Lister made germ Theory 

6643
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:37,800
fashionable. 
Occasionally the most important 

6644
05:45:37,800 --> 05:45:40,700
discoveries aren't rejected 
because they're wrong, but 

6645
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:43,600
because they're so right they 
threatened everything people 

6646
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:45,600
think they know about how the 
world Works. 

6647
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:48,700
Let's shift gears again and talk
about something that could have 

6648
05:45:48,700 --> 05:45:50,700
made your daily commute look 
very different. 

6649
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:54,200
While everyone was getting 
excited about cars and airplanes

6650
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:57,300
in the early 1900s. 
There was another Transportation

6651
05:45:57,300 --> 05:46:00,800
Revolution Brewing that most 
people have never heard of it 

6652
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:04,200
involved pneumatic tubes 
basically shooting capsules 

6653
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:06,600
through pressurized air systems 
like you were emailing yourself 

6654
05:46:06,600 --> 05:46:10,000
across the city. 
The beach pneumatic transit 

6655
05:46:10,000 --> 05:46:12,900
system in New York was like 
something out of a Jules Verne 

6656
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:18,800
novel except it actually worked.
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a

6657
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,800
312 foot demonstration tunnel 
under Broadway and shot a 

6658
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:25,100
cylindrical car carrying 
passengers through it using 

6659
05:46:25,100 --> 05:46:28,600
nothing but air pressure. 
The car was plushie appointed 

6660
05:46:28,600 --> 05:46:32,100
with upholstered seats and 
Elegant Lighting making it feel 

6661
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:35,000
more like riding in a Victorian 
parlor than being shot through 

6662
05:46:35,000 --> 05:46:38,600
an underground tube. 
Passengers described the 

6663
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:42,200
experience as surprisingly 
smooth and quiet the car would 

6664
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:45,200
whoosh through the tunnel 
carried Along by a giant fan 

6665
05:46:45,200 --> 05:46:48,300
that created air pressure behind
it and suction in front. 

6666
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,200
At the end of the line the 
process reversed and the car 

6667
05:46:52,200 --> 05:46:54,200
would slide gently back to the 
starting point. 

6668
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:57,700
It was like being inside a huge 
very comfortable newmatic 

6669
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:01,000
message system Beach envisioned 
a network of these pneumatic 

6670
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:02,800
Railways. 
Crisscrossing Manhattan 

6671
05:47:02,800 --> 05:47:06,000
transporting passengers at 
speeds that would rival those of

6672
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:08,600
modern Subway systems. 
No noise. 

6673
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:11,300
No smoke. 
No horses dropping inconvenient 

6674
05:47:11,300 --> 05:47:15,000
packages on the street. 
Just clean quiet efficient 

6675
05:47:15,000 --> 05:47:17,100
Transportation powered by 
compressed air. 

6676
05:47:17,100 --> 05:47:20,300
The whole system could have been
running on renewable energy if 

6677
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:22,400
they connected the fans to win 
Mills or water wheels. 

6678
05:47:23,400 --> 05:47:25,700
But here's where the story takes
a turn that might make you want 

6679
05:47:25,700 --> 05:47:27,100
to throw your pillow across the 
room. 

6680
05:47:28,100 --> 05:47:31,500
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall New 
York's notoriously corrupt 

6681
05:47:31,500 --> 05:47:34,300
political machine were heavily 
invested in street-level 

6682
05:47:34,300 --> 05:47:38,100
transportation systems. 
Horse-drawn omnibuses elevated 

6683
05:47:38,100 --> 05:47:42,100
Railways and eventually 
streetcars the pneumatic system 

6684
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:44,900
that bypass street level 
corruption and kick back 

6685
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:47,500
opportunities was about as well 
as a tax audit. 

6686
05:47:48,400 --> 05:47:51,300
The political opposition to 
beaches system was so intense 

6687
05:47:51,300 --> 05:47:54,000
that he had to build his 
demonstration tunnel in secret 

6688
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,800
working at night and disposing 
of excavated dirt through a 

6689
05:47:57,800 --> 05:48:01,000
basement in a nearby building. 
He was literally conducting an 

6690
05:48:01,000 --> 05:48:04,200
underground Transportation 
Revolution underground in both 

6691
05:48:04,200 --> 05:48:05,900
the physical and political 
sense. 

6692
05:48:07,300 --> 05:48:10,500
When Beach Finally Revealed his 
system to the public, it was an 

6693
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:14,800
instant sensation over. 400,000 
people paid to ride the 

6694
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:17,100
demonstration line in its first 
year of operation. 

6695
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:20,700
A public loved it, the Press 
praised, it and Engineering 

6696
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:23,300
experts confirmed, it was 
completely feasible. 

6697
05:48:23,300 --> 05:48:26,600
Everything was perfect, except 
for the small matter of 

6698
05:48:26,600 --> 05:48:28,200
political approval for 
expansion. 

6699
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:32,200
Tweed and his cronies made sure 
that beaches request for permits

6700
05:48:32,200 --> 05:48:34,700
and funding got buried deeper 
than his tunnel. 

6701
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:37,000
They want to Transportation 
Systems. 

6702
05:48:37,000 --> 05:48:40,600
They could control profit from 
and use a sources of political 

6703
05:48:40,600 --> 05:48:43,700
patronage. 
A pneumatic system that could be

6704
05:48:43,708 --> 05:48:46,100
built quickly and operated 
efficiently. 

6705
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:49,100
Offered too few opportunities 
for the kind of Creative 

6706
05:48:49,100 --> 05:48:51,000
Accounting that kept political 
machines running. 

6707
05:48:51,900 --> 05:48:54,800
The beach tunnel eventually 
closed, not because the 

6708
05:48:54,800 --> 05:48:57,300
technology didn't work, but 
because the politics didn't 

6709
05:48:57,300 --> 05:48:59,400
work. 
The demonstration tunnel was 

6710
05:48:59,408 --> 05:49:02,300
sealed up and forgotten until it
was accidentally rediscovered 

6711
05:49:02,300 --> 05:49:04,400
during Subway Construction in 
1912. 

6712
05:49:05,100 --> 05:49:07,100
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

6713
05:49:07,100 --> 05:49:10,000
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

6714
05:49:10,000 --> 05:49:12,400
system. 
We know today, imagine if 

6715
05:49:12,400 --> 05:49:15,600
beached succeeded Manhattan, 
might have had a transportation 

6716
05:49:15,600 --> 05:49:19,400
Network that was fast faster, 
quieter and cleaner than what we

6717
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:22,200
ended up with. 
The whole development of urban 

6718
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:25,000
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

6719
05:49:25,800 --> 05:49:29,500
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded Subways cities, 

6720
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:32,700
might of Silent smooth, 
pneumatic networks, that shot 

6721
05:49:32,700 --> 05:49:35,100
people around like packages in a
delivery system. 

6722
05:49:35,900 --> 05:49:38,700
The technology wasn't the 
problem, pneumatic tube systems 

6723
05:49:38,700 --> 05:49:41,100
were already being used 
successfully for male delivery 

6724
05:49:41,100 --> 05:49:44,000
in major cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

6725
05:49:44,000 --> 05:49:47,500
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

6726
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:50,900
aren't ready to support it. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

6727
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:54,300
fail not because they don't work
but because they work too well 

6728
05:49:54,300 --> 05:49:57,000
for the wrong people. 
Now as we settle in for the 

6729
05:49:57,008 --> 05:49:59,600
final part of our journey 
through forgotten inventions, 

6730
05:49:59,600 --> 05:50:02,400
let's talk about something that 
could have changed the entire 

6731
05:50:02,400 --> 05:50:06,600
course of the 20th century. 
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 

6732
05:50:06,600 --> 05:50:08,600
Tesla were having their famous 
war of currents. 

6733
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:11,600
Another inventor was quietly 
working on something that could 

6734
05:50:11,600 --> 05:50:13,800
have made both of their 
electrical systems look like 

6735
05:50:13,800 --> 05:50:16,600
child's toys. 
Nikola Tesla. 

6736
05:50:16,600 --> 05:50:18,800
Yes, the same Tesla. 
Who won the AC? 

6737
05:50:18,800 --> 05:50:22,500
DC battle had an even bigger 
idea brewing in his Brilliance 

6738
05:50:22,500 --> 05:50:26,200
slightly obsessive mind. 
He believed he could transmit 

6739
05:50:26,200 --> 05:50:28,600
electrical power. 
Wirelessly through the Earth 

6740
05:50:28,600 --> 05:50:31,400
itself. 
Making power lines as obsolete 

6741
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:34,800
as carrier pigeons. 
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 

6742
05:50:34,800 --> 05:50:37,200
Island, wasn't just an 
experimental radio station. 

6743
05:50:37,200 --> 05:50:40,500
It was supposed to be the 
prototype for a Global Wireless 

6744
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:45,000
power system picture this 
instead of cities crisscrossed 

6745
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:47,800
with power lines. 
You'd have Elegant Towers space 

6746
05:50:47,800 --> 05:50:50,900
to cross the landscape beaming 
electricity through the ground 

6747
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:52,500
to receive his anywhere in the 
world. 

6748
05:50:53,500 --> 05:50:57,100
No more power, outages from 
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,

6749
05:50:57,100 --> 05:51:00,400
electrical infrastructure, and 
no more limitations on where you

6750
05:51:00,400 --> 05:51:02,500
could build things. 
Based on how close they were to 

6751
05:51:02,500 --> 05:51:05,000
power sources. 
The whole planet would become 

6752
05:51:05,000 --> 05:51:08,600
one giant electrical grid test 
Tesla system worked on the 

6753
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,800
principle that the Earth itself 
could act as a conductor. 

6754
05:51:12,600 --> 05:51:15,300
By pumping electrical energy 
into the ground at specific 

6755
05:51:15,300 --> 05:51:17,600
frequencies. 
He believed he could create 

6756
05:51:17,600 --> 05:51:20,800
standing waves that would allow 
power to be extracted anywhere 

6757
05:51:20,800 --> 05:51:23,600
on the planet. 
Sounds like science fiction. 

6758
05:51:23,600 --> 05:51:26,700
The Tesla had already 
demonstrated Wireless power 

6759
05:51:26,700 --> 05:51:30,200
transmission on a smaller scale 
lighting bulbs from miles away 

6760
05:51:30,200 --> 05:51:34,400
without any connecting wires. 
The financial backing for Warden

6761
05:51:34,400 --> 05:51:37,700
Cliff came from JP Morgan who 
initially thought he was funding

6762
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:39,700
and improved Wireless 
communication system. 

6763
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:44,100
When Tesla revealed his true 
intention free wireless power 

6764
05:51:44,100 --> 05:51:48,000
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm
called faster than coffee left 

6765
05:51:48,000 --> 05:51:51,300
on a porch in January. 
Free Power meant no meeting 

6766
05:51:51,300 --> 05:51:54,900
usage which meant no way to 
charge customers, which meant no

6767
05:51:54,900 --> 05:51:57,200
profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

6768
05:51:57,208 --> 05:52:00,700
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

6769
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:03,800
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets over your head

6770
05:52:03,800 --> 05:52:06,000
and contemplate alternative 
timelines. 

6771
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,400
If Tesla's Wireless power system
had worked as intended the 

6772
05:52:10,400 --> 05:52:12,800
entire 20th century could have 
unfolded differently. 

6773
05:52:13,700 --> 05:52:16,100
There would have been no 
necessity for large-scale power 

6774
05:52:16,100 --> 05:52:18,700
plants in each region. 
The system would have been 

6775
05:52:18,700 --> 05:52:21,300
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

6776
05:52:22,000 --> 05:52:24,700
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

6777
05:52:24,700 --> 05:52:27,300
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

6778
05:52:28,100 --> 05:52:31,400
Rural electrification which 
didn't reach many parts of 

6779
05:52:31,400 --> 05:52:34,500
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened 

6780
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:37,500
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

6781
05:52:37,500 --> 05:52:40,000
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

6782
05:52:40,000 --> 05:52:43,100
modernize electric vehicles 
might have become practical 

6783
05:52:43,100 --> 05:52:46,200
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

6784
05:52:46,200 --> 05:52:49,700
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

6785
05:52:49,700 --> 05:52:52,900
system had one crucial flaw that
probably doomed it from the 

6786
05:52:52,908 --> 05:52:54,900
start. 
It would have been almost 

6787
05:52:54,900 --> 05:52:58,300
impossible to control who used 
the power and like electrical 

6788
05:52:58,300 --> 05:53:01,300
lines that could be metered and 
disconnected while this power 

6789
05:53:01,300 --> 05:53:03,700
beam through the Earth would 
have been available to anyone 

6790
05:53:03,700 --> 05:53:04,900
with the right receiving 
equipment. 

6791
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:08,600
It was so socialism through 
physics, which was never going 

6792
05:53:08,600 --> 05:53:10,000
to fly with the business 
Community. 

6793
05:53:10,000 --> 05:53:12,700
The irony. 
Is that Tesla's Wireless power 

6794
05:53:12,700 --> 05:53:17,500
transmission and actually worked
on a small scale his Colorado 

6795
05:53:17,500 --> 05:53:21,300
Springs laboratory successfully 
transmitted power wirelessly 

6796
05:53:21,300 --> 05:53:24,100
across significant distances. 
The problem wasn't the 

6797
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:26,100
technology. 
It was the economics and 

6798
05:53:26,100 --> 05:53:28,400
politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

6799
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:32,600
to paying for. 
After Warden Cliff failed Tesla 

6800
05:53:32,600 --> 05:53:35,100
spent the rest of his life as a 
brilliant, but increasingly 

6801
05:53:35,100 --> 05:53:38,800
eccentric figure living in hotel
rooms and feeding pigeons while 

6802
05:53:38,800 --> 05:53:41,700
the world moved on to more 
conventional electrical systems.

6803
05:53:42,500 --> 05:53:46,500
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

6804
05:53:46,500 --> 05:53:49,500
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

6805
05:53:49,500 --> 05:53:54,100
Robotics were not only possible 
but essential As you drift off 

6806
05:53:54,100 --> 05:53:57,700
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

6807
05:53:57,700 --> 05:54:00,700
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

6808
05:54:00,700 --> 05:54:03,100
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

6809
05:54:03,100 --> 05:54:06,500
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

6810
05:54:06,500 --> 05:54:09,900
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

6811
05:54:09,900 --> 05:54:12,800
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

6812
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:16,100
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers prove that 

6813
05:54:16,100 --> 05:54:19,700
the future is always closer than
we think it's just waiting for 

6814
05:54:19,700 --> 05:54:23,000
the right combination of 
Technology timing and the 

6815
05:54:23,000 --> 05:54:25,700
courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

6816
05:54:25,700 --> 05:54:28,400
impossible after all sweet 
dreams. 

6817
05:54:28,400 --> 05:54:31,500
And remember, tomorrow's 
impossibility might just be 

6818
05:54:31,500 --> 05:54:34,200
tonight's bedtime story waiting 
to come true.