Inside the Mind And Life of Leonardo da Vinci | History For Sleep

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Hello my sleep deprived potatoes
get comfortable wherever you've 

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landed tonight, pull the 
blanket, a little closer and let

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your thoughts. 
Stop trying to solve things for 

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a while. 
The world can wait until 

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morning. 
Tonight, we're stepping into the

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mind and life of Leonardo da 
Vinci. 

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A man who seemed endlessly 
curious about everything around 

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him. 
Paintings machines, Anatomy, 

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flight Rivers weather. 
And even light. 

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Now, is thoughts, wandered in 
100 directions at once, and 

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somehow all of them connected 
back together. 

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This is the first of many 
slower, more immersive stories 

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that explore not just history, 
but all the inner world of the 

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people who shake it. so, before 
we begin, If this kind of calm 

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story telling helps you relax 
and fall asleep, more easily, 

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feel free to follow along. 
If you haven't already, leave a 

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comment about how your day was 
and let me know what time it is 

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and where you're listening from 
tonight. 

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Seeing all the different places,
the stories reached genuinely 

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makes the experience feel like a
little nighttime community. 

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Now dim the light, maybe turn on
a fan or some soft rain for 

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background noise and let's 
slowly wander into the story 

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together. 
You're somewhere above Vinci 

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tonight. 
The town itself is small pressed

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into the folds of a Tuscan 
hillsides, the way a smooth 

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Stone, settles into a palm. 
Below it the Arno Valley, 

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spreads in Long horizontal, 
bands of color. 

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Pale gold in the morning. 
Deep Amber by late afternoon, 

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the air carries the center of 
Rosemary and Wild Thyme, and 

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when the wind comes in from the 
south, it brings a thin mineral 

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trace of distant rain. 
This is where Leonardo was born 

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on the 15th of April. 1452, the 
birth was not celebrated in the 

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way. 
Most families, might celebrate 

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such an occasion, his father 
Siro Da, Vinci was a successful 

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notary traveling between 
Florence and the surrounding 

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towns on legal business. 
His mother, a young woman named 

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Katarina was not Piero's wife. 
She was a local girl and the 

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child born between them was 
illegitimate, which in the 15th 

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century meant to life of 
carefully navigated doors. 

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Some would open many would not 
Piero married. 

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Someone else the same year. 
Onado was born Katarina. 

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Also married a local man and 
moved on to build her own 

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household nearby. 
The infant Leonardo was taken in

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by his paternal grandfather, 
Antonio Da Vinci and his 

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grandmother Lucia. 
They raised him in the family 

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home at anciano a hamlet 
perched, just above Vinci, where

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the air was cooler and the view 
stretched far enough to make a 

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child, feel the world was 
enormous And for Leonardo, the 

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world was exactly that. 
Grandfather Antonio was a quiet 

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man who kept meticulous notes in
the family. 

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Ledges recording the names of 
nephews and nieces and the dates

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of harvests with equal patients 
The household was calm and 

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moderately comfortable. 
There was no formal School 

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nearby. 
So Leonardo's Early Educational 

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was informal shaped more by the 
surrounding landscape than by 

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any classroom. 
He spent long hours outside, you

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can picture him on the hillside 
a thin limbed. 

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Boy, crouching beside a stream 
to watch the way. 

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Water. 
Broke around a stone. 

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Not playing in the water, but 
studying it with a steadiness 

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that would have made most adults
mildly uncomfortable. 

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He noticed how the current split
at the Upstream of the stone and

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came back together on the other 
side, leaving a brief overall of

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karma water in between. 
He noticed that the pattern 

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shifted depending on the depth 
of the speed of the current he 

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filed all of this away. 
He also noticed insects he 

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watched a dragonfly land on a 
reed and hold completely still 

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for what must have been several 
minutes. 

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He observed that its four wings 
did not all move together. 

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But in slight alternating pairs 
giving its hover a paradoxical 

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quality of Stillness despite how
rapidly the wings were beating 

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He could not have explained the 
mechanics of this at age 7. 

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But he noticed it and noticing 
things was for Leonardo, the 

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beginning of absolutely 
everything. 

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The Tuscan Countryside in the 
mid-15th century was not a 

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protected Wilderness. 
It was a working landscape of 

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terrorists. 
Vineyards mulberry trees grown 

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for silk production and 
Wheatfields threaded with 

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irrigation channels and patches 
of older Forest on the steeper 

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slopes where nobody had yet 
managed to plant in a thing 

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useful. 
Within that ordinary pastoral 

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World. 
There was extraordinary, 

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complexity. 
Birds of many species 

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wildflowers in a dozen rotating 
waves across spring and summer 

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lizards with iridescent blue, 
Tails fossils pressed into 

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limestone exposed along the 
hillsides, where the path to the

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upper Fields had been cut 
through Leonardo noticed, all of

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it, he was left-handed in an era
when this was considered at 

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minimum peculiar and buy, some 
are faint sign of misalignment 

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with the natural order of 
things. 

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He was never broken of it, which
suggests that his grandfather 

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and Uncle were more patient than
average, or possibly just two 

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Charmed by. 
The boy to bother with 

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correction. 
His left handedness would later 

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become integral to his way of 
writing. 

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But we are getting ahead of 
ourselves. 

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What is worth pausing on while 
we are still in this Hillside 

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childhood is the particular 
quality of Freedom at contained.

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Most boys of Leonardo's 
circumstances in the 1560s. 

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Well, either all ready, 
Apprentice in a trade or 

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enrolled in a religious school. 
Learning Latin grammar, by rote 

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repetition. 
Leonardo seems to have had 

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neither constraint during his 
early years, he had the hills, 

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the weather, the stream, and 
whatever adults were willing to 

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answer his questions before they
ran out of patience. 

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The family's modest Prosperity 
meant, he did not need to be 

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productive yet. 
And his grandfather. 

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Antonio a quiet man who seemed 
to find his unusual. 

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Grandson more interesting than 
troubling. 

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Let him roam. 
The seasons in Tuscany had a 

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reliable sequence, that Leonardo
would have internalized in the 

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way you internalize, The rhythms
of any place you grow up in the 

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late spring. 
Brought a particular Amber 

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afternoon, light that fell at a 
low angle across the hill and 

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turned the dust on the path to a
warm Orange. 

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The summer was dry and long the 
sky a hard uninterrupted blue. 

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The Autumn brought rain in long,
gray sheets that sometimes 

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lasted for days during which 
Leonardo presumably stayed 

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indoors and Drew on. 
Whatever surfaces were available

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the things he'd been observing 
Outdoors. 

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By the time he was 12 or 13, 
drawing's were beginning to 

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circulating the local community.
People in the village knew that 

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Antonio's grandson drew things 
with an accuracy that went 

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beyond what a child should be 
able to do. 

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There are no surviving works 
from this period with any 

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certainty, but for sarees 
account describes visitors to 

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the household being shown 
drawing and expressing something

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stronger than polite admiration.
Whether this is embellishment or

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memory. 
It establishes the consistent 

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pattern that Leonardo's gift was
visible early recognized locally

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and treated as something that 
deserved a larger stage than a 

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Tuscan Hillside. 
By the time, Leonardo was around

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10 or 11, the family situation 
had shifted. 

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His father Pierro had buried, 
his first wife and married. 

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Again, this time a woman named 
albera. 

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There were no surviving children
from that marriage and Pierre 

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brought his illegitimate son to 
live with him in Florence for a 

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period. 
The city was a revelation 

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Florence in the 1460s was in the
full heat of what later 

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historians would call the 
Renaissance though. 

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No one living through it, used 
that word. 

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What they experienced was. 
Simply the sense that the world 

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had become newly interesting, 
that old questions about beauty 

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and proportion, and the nature 
of the human body will worth 

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asking again with fresh tools 
and fresh eyes artists and 

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Craftsmen in Florence were not 
separated from scientists and 

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Engineers, the way they would 
come to be in later centuries. 

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A man who made altarpieces also 
designed fortifications. 

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Sculptor might spend three weeks
dissecting cadavers to 

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understand how the muscles of 
the arm connected to the 

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shoulder. 
A Goldsmith could produce a 

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detailed diagram of a newly 
invented lifting device and have

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it reviewed. 
Informally over dinner by a poet

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and a mathematician Leonardo 
arrived in this city, with his 

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observational habits already 
forming his left hand accustomed

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to making marks on paper and a 
quality of attention, that his 

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later biographer Giorgio vasari 
writing in the 1550s described 

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with the breathless, reverence 
usually, reserved for Saints, or

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military Commanders. 
Passari is not always reliable. 

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He was writing decades after 
Leonardo's death, and had a 

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tendency to improve a good story
into a better one. 

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But even when you trim away the 
embellishments, the underlying 

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portrait is consistent. 
Here was a boy who could not 

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walk past a thing without 
wanting to know how it worked. 

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He was also by most accounts 
strikingly good-looking this is 

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worth noting not as vanity, but 
as context, In the court culture

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of Renaissance Italy. 
Personal appearance was a form 

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of Social Capital. 
A man who Moved gracefully spoke

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well, and looked like he had 
been assembled with care, had 

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access to rooms that others did 
not. 

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Leonardo would use this access 
his entire life, but as a child 

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on the hillside above Vinci, all
of that, still lay ahead. 

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For now, there was only the 
stream, the dragonfly, the 

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hillside turning Amber as the 
light shifted, and a boy lying 

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flat on his stomach in the 
grass. 

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Watching a beetle, navigate a 
crack in a rock, with the 

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focused patients of someone who 
had nowhere else to be and 

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nothing more important to do 
than understanding exactly what 

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was happening in front of him. 
That quality of attention was 

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the first and most essential 
thing Leonardo da Vinci ever 

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possessed. 
Everything else came later in 

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layers, like coats of varnish 
over something already solid, 

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you are inside a workshop now 
and the smell reaches you before

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your eyes have finished. 
Adjusting to the light, linseed 

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oil, ground mineral pigment the 
faint sulfur edge of egg, 

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tempera sawdust, piled in the 
corner, from a recent 

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woodworking, task near the back.
A small. 

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Charcoal Brazier takes the edge 
off the morning chill though. 

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It does not fully succeed. 
The year is somewhere around 

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1466 and you are standing in the
studio of Andrea Del verrocchio 

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on the South Bank of the Arno in
Florence. 

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This is where Leonardo came at 
approximately, 14 years of age 

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to begin his formal 
apprenticeship For Rocky was not

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a minor figure. 
He was one of the most sought 

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after Craftsman in Florence. 
A man whose studio produced 

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everything from bronze. 
Sculptures to Painted 

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altarpieces to elaborate 
decorations for civic festivals.

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He was also an extraordinarily 
capable teacher not in the 

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lecturing sense, but in the way 
that matters more, the kind who 

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puts the right tool in your hand
and then steps back and lets you

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discover why it belongs there. 
The apprentices in Vero shop 

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started at the bottom. 
You spent your first week's 

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grinding pigments. 
This was not metaphorically 

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tedious. 
It was actually tedious. 

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You took a chunk of lapis lazuli
shipped at considerable expense 

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from mines in? 
What is now Afghanistan and 

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ground? 
It against a stone surface with 

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a Mueller until it became a 
powder, fine enough to be 

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suspended in oil or egg without 
leaving visible grit in the 

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final painting. 
You did this for hours your arms

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ached. 
The pigment lodged under your 

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fingernails and stayed there 
until the following morning. 

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Then you prepared gesso the 
chalk and rabbit glue, mixed 

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your used to Prime. 
Wooden panel's before any paint 

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was applied. 
You mixed it in the correct 

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proportions and applied it in 
thin layers sanding, each one 

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smooth before the next this 
processed took days their new 

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transferred, the Masters 
composition onto the prime 

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surface. 
Then you mix paint and waited 

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for instructions about what to 
fill in first. 

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Leonardo went through all of 
this. 

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He was not exempt because he was
talented in. 

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Variety of everyone was 
talented. 

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The Bottega system selected for 
Ability. 

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At the apprenticeship stage. 
What distinguished, you was not 

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raw gift but the willingness to 
learn from the materials 

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themselves to understand why 
lapis lazuli behaved differently

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from Led white. 
Why walnut oil dried more slowly

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than linseed and why certain 
pigments destroyed each other. 

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00:11:59,500 --> 00:12:03,300
When combined Leonardo loved all
of this. 

231
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:06,300
He was already drawing 
obsessively by the time he 

232
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:08,100
arrived. 
He covered the backs of 

233
00:12:08,108 --> 00:12:10,800
available documents with 
sketches of hands plants and 

234
00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,800
faces seen from unusual angles. 
The quality of his line at this 

235
00:12:14,808 --> 00:12:16,900
early stage was notable for its 
certainty. 

236
00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:20,800
He did not scratch at the paper 
or second, guess he drew the way

237
00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:23,900
a person speaks in their native 
language without translating 

238
00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:28,000
from a prior thought. 
Vero noticed the master began 

239
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,300
assigning him increasingly 
complex tasks. 

240
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,800
He was asked to work on, drapery
studies producing careful 

241
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,000
drawings of cloth arranged over 
solid objects and lit from a 

242
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,700
single Direction. 
This was the 15th century 

243
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:42,600
equivalent of learning to build 
something real, as a foundation 

244
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,000
skill, it required understanding
how light behaved on different 

245
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:49,800
surfaces, how fabric folded 
under Gravity and how Shadow and

246
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:51,900
highlight work together to 
create the illusion of 

247
00:12:51,908 --> 00:12:53,800
three-dimensional form on a flat
panel. 

248
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,800
Leonardo exceeded every 
expectation set for him. 

249
00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,500
He also began asking questions 
that went beyond the curriculum.

250
00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:05,200
Why did light diffuse at the 
edge of a shadow of cutting off?

251
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:08,100
Sharply? 
What was the precise geometry of

252
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:10,200
this diffusion? 
Could it be measured and 

253
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,500
reproduced consistently. 
He was asking these questions. 

254
00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:17,100
Not rhetorically but with 
genuine intense filling, small 

255
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:20,200
notebooks with diagrams and 
jottings, annotating each 

256
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,700
diagram in his mirror script 
which ran from right to left 

257
00:13:23,700 --> 00:13:26,400
across the page in a hand 
perfectly legible. 

258
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:29,900
If you held it to a glass or 
simply trained yourself to read 

259
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,700
it, the mirror writing has 
attracted a great deal of 

260
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:38,200
speculation over the centuries, 
was it a secret code a way of 

261
00:13:38,208 --> 00:13:41,200
protecting his ideas from 
Rivals, a sign of some 

262
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:45,200
neurological quirk The most 
practical explanation is 

263
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,800
probably the simplest Leonardo 
was left-handed and writing from

264
00:13:48,808 --> 00:13:50,900
right to left was more natural 
for a left hand. 

265
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,200
Writing from left to right in 
the conventional Direction. 

266
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,500
Meant dragging your hand across 
freshening and smearing 

267
00:13:57,500 --> 00:13:59,800
everything you had. 
Just written writing the other 

268
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:03,700
way solve this problem cleanly. 
It was also one suspects mildly 

269
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,700
amusing to him. 
Florence itself was educating 

270
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:10,600
him as much as the potato was 
the city had roughly 40,000 

271
00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:13,900
inhabitants and was by the 
standards of the 15th century, 

272
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:17,200
Cosmopolitan, wealthy, and 
thoroughly convinced of his own 

273
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,900
importance. 
The Medici family were at the 

274
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:21,600
height of their cultural 
patronage. 

275
00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,800
Lorenzo de Medici, who would 
come to be called The 

276
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,200
Magnificent was in the process 
of transforming the city into 

277
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,200
the most significant artistic 
Center in Europe by the 

278
00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:33,900
straightforward method of 
throwing money in Social access 

279
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:38,300
at every talented person he 
could locate Leonardo Moved 

280
00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:40,200
Through This World With natural 
ease. 

281
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:44,000
He was tall well-proportioned 
and possessed of the kind of 

282
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,500
presence that made people 
glanced back after he had 

283
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:47,700
passed. 
He sang. 

284
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:51,400
Well, he played the Lira da 
braccio a bowed string 

285
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,800
instrument popular in court, 
setting, he improvised verse, 

286
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:57,800
which was considered a valuable 
accomplishment in a culture that

287
00:14:57,808 --> 00:15:00,100
prized in language as highly as 
painting. 

288
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,300
He received his official 
qualification as a master 

289
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:07,400
Craftsman from the Florentine 
painters Guild in around 1472. 

290
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,800
He was 20 years old about 
average, for the period. 

291
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,200
He had learned everything Vero, 
could teach him and several 

292
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:16,200
things Rocky. 
Oh, had not quite intended to 

293
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,900
teach him, mostly how to 
approach a familiar problem, 

294
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:21,200
from a direction that had not 
yet been tried. 

295
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,500
He also received his first 
credited contribution on a major

296
00:15:24,508 --> 00:15:27,600
painting around this time. 
The working question was vero's 

297
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,600
baptism of Christ. 
A commission, requiring multiple

298
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:33,700
hands, and many months. 
Leonardo was assigned, the 

299
00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:37,000
figure of an angel in the lower 
left corner and he painted it in

300
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:38,800
a way that made the other 
figures in the composition. 

301
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:43,200
Look like comparison slightly 
rigid the story repeated by the 

302
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:45,300
sari is that Vero. 
Here was so moved by his 

303
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:48,100
apprentice's work that he put 
down his own brushes and never 

304
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:50,800
painted again. 
This is almost certainly an 

305
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,500
exaggeration, but the angel is 
real and you can still see it in

306
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:55,900
the feet. 
See, Gallery in Florence. 

307
00:15:56,900 --> 00:15:59,900
The face has a softness to it. 
An interior quality. 

308
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:02,700
As though the figure has just 
been told something worth 

309
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:04,700
considering and is quietly doing
so? 

310
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:07,900
The other figures stand in their
positions with appropriate 

311
00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:12,400
dignity. the angel seems to 
actually be somewhere thinking 

312
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:17,200
something present in a way that 
the others are not What Leonardo

313
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:19,400
brought to the figure was 
something, the Bottega system 

314
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,700
did not formally teach and could
not reliably produce. 

315
00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,200
It was an understanding of the 
face as a surface through which 

316
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:27,800
an interior state became 
legible. 

317
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,400
Other painters of the period 
produced faces that communicated

318
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,900
prescribed emotions with, 
varying degrees of technical 

319
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:37,100
success, Leonardo's faces, 
communicated something, more 

320
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:40,000
ambiguous and More Alive. 
The look of a person in the 

321
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,900
middle of thought, rather than 
at the end of it. 

322
00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:45,900
He was pursuing this quality 
deliberately the notebooks from 

323
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,900
this period contained, dozens of
quick studies of Faces in 

324
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:52,100
different states of 
concentration, confusion, and 

325
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:55,100
inward attention. 
He was not simply capturing 

326
00:16:55,100 --> 00:16:57,700
expression. 
He was trying to understand the 

327
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:00,800
muscular mechanics that produced
each grade gradation, so that he

328
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,800
could reproduce any shade of 
inner life accurately and 

329
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:07,400
deliberately rather than by 
approximation He also spent time

330
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,000
during these years studying the 
painting's and sculptures 

331
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,300
already in Florence with a 
systematic attention that went 

332
00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:15,599
beyond admiration. 
He examined. 

333
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:18,400
The works of Donatello for their
handling of drapery under 

334
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:21,200
implied movement. 
He studied the sculptural 

335
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,599
bronzes in the baptistery for 
the way, their surfaces caught 

336
00:17:24,599 --> 00:17:26,400
and distributed light at 
different angles. 

337
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,600
He was building a visual 
vocabulary not from theoretical 

338
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,200
texts but from the actual 
objects around him, treating 

339
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,000
each working encountered as 
evidence about what was possible

340
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:40,200
and what had not yet been 
attempted Leonardo stayed in 

341
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,100
Florence for another decade 
after his qualification, taking 

342
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:46,200
commissions, building his 
reputation and filling notebooks

343
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,500
at a rate that would remain 
characteristic of the rest of 

344
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:50,800
his life. 
He was watching the Arno 

345
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:53,900
obsessively throughout these 
years sketching, its floods 

346
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,700
noting the behavior of debris. 
Carried by the current Building 

347
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,300
a mental model of moving water, 
that would occupy him on and off

348
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:06,900
for the following four decades. 
He was 22. 23 standing on a 

349
00:18:06,908 --> 00:18:09,900
bridge in the early morning, 
light watching water, move 

350
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:12,600
thinking about everything at 
once. 

351
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,200
This is what it looked like when
Leonardo da Vinci was just 

352
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:19,000
getting started. 
Close your eyes for a moment and

353
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,000
picture a book, not a printed 
book because printing had only 

354
00:18:22,008 --> 00:18:25,000
recently arrived in Italy and 
the books Leonardo made for 

355
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:28,400
himself were not printed at all.
They were notebooks loose 

356
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,200
gathered collections of pages, 
some sewn together, some held 

357
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:35,500
with string some bundled in to 
portfolio's and moved from City 

358
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:36,700
to city. 
In leather cases. 

359
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:40,800
The pages range in size from 
small enough to fit inside a 

360
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,500
coat, pocket to large sheets, 
suitable for detail 

361
00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:47,000
architectural drawings. 
By the time Leonardo died in 

362
00:18:47,008 --> 00:18:49,400
1519. 
He had filled somewhere between 

363
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,700
13,000 and 14,000 Pages this 
number deserves a moment. 

364
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:57,600
If you wrote three pages every 
day without stopping for illness

365
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,900
or travel or discouragement, it 
would take roughly 12 years to 

366
00:19:00,900 --> 00:19:04,100
produce that volume Leonardo 
produced it across approximately

367
00:19:04,100 --> 00:19:06,600
40 years while also painting 
sculpting. 

368
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,100
Designing fortifications staging
theatrical, performances, 

369
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:13,300
advising on Hydraulic 
Engineering projects, and 

370
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:15,500
managing the professional 
politics of four separate 

371
00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:18,200
Italian courts. 
The notebooks were not his job. 

372
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,400
They were what he did with the 
margins of his job. 

373
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,900
The breadth of their contents is
still after five, centuries 

374
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:27,800
difficult to absorb on one page,
you might find a detail diagram 

375
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,100
of a spring-loaded mechanism for
a hypothetical self-propelled. 

376
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:34,600
Cart measurements, recorded in 
Leonardo's mirror hand. 

377
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,000
Turn to the next page and you 
find a Botanical study of a 

378
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,000
sprig of Oakleys each one 
rendered with the Precision of 

379
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,400
someone who intends to paint it.
But also simply wants to know it

380
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:47,400
turn to the page after that. 
And you find a list of books 

381
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,400
Leonardo wanted to read 
followed, by a reminder, to 

382
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,200
collect a ditto to him by a 
carpenter named benedetto. 

383
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,000
followed by a half-finished, 
observation about the behavior 

384
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,900
of light passing through a small
hole in a shutter He never seems

385
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:02,500
to have gone back to finish the 
observation. 

386
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:05,800
This drove later Scholars 
briefly mad. 

387
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,900
The notebooks were not organized
as an archive or a formal 

388
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:10,800
Treatise. 
They were not written with 

389
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,600
posterity in mind. 
At least not in any obvious way.

390
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,000
They were working surfaces 
places where Leonardo 

391
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,700
externalized, the contents of 
his mind so he could examine 

392
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:24,100
them from the outside. 
A thought became a sketch. 

393
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,700
Sketch gained annotations and 
annotation pulled a new sketch 

394
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:30,800
forward. 
The page was where these things 

395
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:33,400
happened. 
Not the record of a process that

396
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:34,700
had already finished somewhere 
else. 

397
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:38,800
You can see this in the marginal
quality of the jottings, a 

398
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,200
recipe for removing stains from 
velvet appears in the same 

399
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:44,000
notebook as a derivation of the 
geometry of reflected light. 

400
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,800
A note of the weight bearing 
capacity of a proposed Bridge 

401
00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:49,900
sits alongside what appears to 
be a shopping list. 

402
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:52,900
The boundary between 
professional inquiry and daily 

403
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:56,700
life was not sharp for Leonardo.
The handwriting itself has a 

404
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,300
characteristic quality. 
That Scholars have spent 

405
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,900
considerable efforts studying? 
It leans to the left naturally, 

406
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,100
being mirror script. 
But the letter forms are not 

407
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:08,600
simply reversed version of 
standard 15th century, 

408
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:12,000
Florentine cursive. 
They have their own personality,

409
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,300
a slight angularity in some 
letters and an unexpected 

410
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:18,500
roundness in others. 
The overall effect is of a hand 

411
00:21:18,508 --> 00:21:21,000
that knows exactly what it's 
doing and does it without 

412
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,900
hesitation The notebooks contain
the largest collection of his 

413
00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:28,000
drawings running to thousands of
individual studies. 

414
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,600
He drew hands from dozens of 
angles, apparently unable to 

415
00:21:31,608 --> 00:21:33,900
stop. 
Once he started, he drew water 

416
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,400
in an obsessive series of 
turbulent studies. 

417
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,700
That look to a modern I 
startlingly like digital fluid 

418
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:42,500
simulations. 
He drew the face of an old man 

419
00:21:42,500 --> 00:21:45,400
in profile with a psychological 
depth unusual for the period. 

420
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:49,000
He drew cats, which he seemed to
find both fascinating and 

421
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,300
slightly comic and the cat 
drawings have a looseness that 

422
00:21:52,300 --> 00:21:55,900
the more formal work does not. 
His interest in proportion 

423
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:58,900
showed up constantly. 
He had absorbed the ideas 

424
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:01,700
circulating in Florentine 
intellectual circles about the 

425
00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:05,200
proportional relationships, 
underlying Beauty ideas drawn 

426
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,100
partly, from ancient Roman 
writing, and partly from the 

427
00:22:08,108 --> 00:22:11,500
mathematical work of Scholars, 
like Luca patio with whom, 

428
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,200
Leonardo would later, 
collaborate directly, but 

429
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,900
Leonardo pushed past, the 
theoretical Frameworks into 

430
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:19,300
something more. 
Empirical, he wanted to measure 

431
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:22,700
actual human bodies and see 
whether the proportions held in 

432
00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:25,900
practice or whether the 
idealized ratios were as he 

433
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:29,900
suspected averages pulled from a
distribution of real variation. 

434
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:33,500
The most recognized image to 
emerge from this line of 

435
00:22:33,508 --> 00:22:38,500
inquiry, was the Vitruvian Man, 
created around 1490. you know, 

436
00:22:38,508 --> 00:22:40,900
this drawing, even if you have 
never spent time thinking about 

437
00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:45,300
it, a male figure inscribed 
simultaneously in a circle and a

438
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:49,200
square arms and legs extended in
two overlaid positions, it is 

439
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,300
drawn in ink with a light wash. 
And the figure is specific 

440
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,400
enough to feel like a real 
person in general enough to feel

441
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:59,200
like an argument The 
accompanying text in Leonardo's 

442
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,000
mirror hand records the 
proportional measurements. 

443
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,200
Derived from the Roman architect
of Vitruvius as ancient writings

444
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,800
adjusted by Leonardo's own 
observations of living bodies, 

445
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,800
the images been reproduced. 
So many times in the century 

446
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,000
since it was made that it has 
crossed from art history in to 

447
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,200
something more like a cultural 
reflects. 

448
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,800
At it, with fresh attention. 
What you see is a man in his 

449
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:25,600
late 30s standing very still in 
the middle of a page arms 

450
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:28,300
stretched wide. 
While someone with extraordinary

451
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:32,200
patience measures him and writes
things down, That someone was 

452
00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:36,500
Leonardo and the figure being 
measured was also Leonardo or at

453
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:38,500
least his best idea of the human
form. 

454
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:41,800
The mechanical drawings of the 
notebooks occupied different 

455
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:47,200
register gears, levers police 
Springs ratchets mechanisms for 

456
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,100
controlling the rotation speed 
of a millstone designs for a 

457
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:52,800
device. 
That would roll and thin metal 

458
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,100
strips uniformly. 
A drawing of what looks like an 

459
00:23:56,100 --> 00:23:59,100
odometer for measuring distances
traveled by a wheeled vehicle. 

460
00:24:00,100 --> 00:24:02,900
Crane with an articulated arm 
for lifting heavy stones. 

461
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,500
A pile driver operated by 
workers pulling ropes in 

462
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:08,400
sequence. 
Some of these designs were 

463
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,400
original, some were copied and 
improved from existing devices. 

464
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:14,800
Some were purely theoretical 
explorations of mechanical 

465
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:17,200
principles. 
The distinction between these 

466
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,900
categories was not always clear 
within the notebooks themselves 

467
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:23,300
which is part of what makes them
so difficult to evaluate as 

468
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:26,100
records of invention versus 
records of careful observation. 

469
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,300
He did not always build what he 
drew in some cases. 

470
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,800
He could not the materials 
available in the late 15th 

471
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,200
century were not adequate for 
certain mechanisms, he had 

472
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,400
imagined In other cases, the 
drawings appear to have been 

473
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:43,700
genuine design, work intended to
be realized, but the project was

474
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:46,700
interrupted all the patreons 
attention, moved elsewhere or 

475
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:49,900
Leonardo moved on to something 
new as he had a tendency to do. 

476
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:54,100
His collaboration with Luca, 
pacholi The Franciscan Friar and

477
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:56,500
mathematician, who was one of 
the most respected Minds in 

478
00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:57,300
Italy. 
At the time. 

479
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,500
Produced, a particular flowering
of this cross-disciplinary 

480
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:04,100
thinking, Leonardo and Patio 
worked closely in Milan during 

481
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:07,400
the 1490s and Leonardo 
contributed, the geometric 

482
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,900
illustrations for patio's, major
work on proportion and 

483
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:13,800
Mathematics. 
The two men were well-matched. 

484
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:17,800
Patio's formal structure to the 
questions they shared. 

485
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:22,000
Leonardo brought the habit of 
testing every abstract principle

486
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,700
against visible reality. 
Their conversations, none of 

487
00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:29,000
which were recorded directly but
whose shape you can infer from 

488
00:25:29,008 --> 00:25:31,700
the notebooks must have been the
kind that leave you feeling. 

489
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:34,100
Your thinking has been picked up
and reassembled slightly 

490
00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,400
differently. 
Like Furniture in a room. 

491
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,300
You know, well rearranged while 
you were sleeping Leonardo also 

492
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:42,700
used the notebooks as a space, 
for private argument with 

493
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,800
himself. 
He would lay out a position work

494
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,200
through its implications across 
several Pages, encounter an 

495
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,200
observation that we can do it 
and then spend three more pages,

496
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:56,100
revising his initial claim He 
was not performing this process 

497
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:58,500
for an audience. 
He was genuinely changing his 

498
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:01,000
mind in writing using the page 
as a place. 

499
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,000
Where revision was not a sign of
weakness, but the natural 

500
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,100
condition of a working 
intelligence, this may be the 

501
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,100
most humanizing thing about the 
notebooks. 

502
00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:11,900
They are not the record of a 
complete and finished genius, 

503
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,900
delivering conclusions. 
They are the record of someone 

504
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:18,200
who was uncertain about a great,
many things and worked through 

505
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:21,600
the uncertainty, as honestly as 
he could with the materials he 

506
00:26:21,608 --> 00:26:25,100
had available for as many years.
As he was given, the notebooks 

507
00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:28,200
are a monument to the space that
exists between an idea and its 

508
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,000
execution. 
They also contain some genuinely

509
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,800
Charming personal passages. 
There is a note in a loose page.

510
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:38,100
Now, held in Windsor Castle's 
Royal collection where Leonardo 

511
00:26:38,100 --> 00:26:41,100
reminds himself to find out from
a man in the prayer District the

512
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:42,700
formula for a particular 
varnish. 

513
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:45,600
There is a list of fables. 
He apparently intended to 

514
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,700
compile in to a collection. 
There are drawing of elaborate 

515
00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:51,400
decorative knot patterns that 
look as though they were made on

516
00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,300
an afternoon. 
When the serious work was not 

517
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:55,400
going specially. 
Well and there are other 

518
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:58,300
questions page after page of 
questions. 

519
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:01,900
Why does the moon not fall to 
the Earth the way, a stone 

520
00:27:01,900 --> 00:27:04,100
Falls? 
What causes the blue color of 

521
00:27:04,100 --> 00:27:06,600
the sky? 
Why do birds not exhaust 

522
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,300
themselves holding their wings 
extended in a Glide. 

523
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:12,100
How does the tongue produce? 
The sound of speech? 

524
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:14,800
What makes certain colors recede
in a painting? 

525
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:16,200
While others seem to push 
forward? 

526
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:19,800
most of these questions were not
answered within the notebook 

527
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:23,800
pages that asked them, they were
put down turned over briefly and

528
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,100
then either followed to the next
page or set aside for a return 

529
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:30,800
that sometimes came and 
sometimes did not The notebooks 

530
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,000
are among other things. 
The most detailed record, we 

531
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,900
have of what it felt like to be 
inside the most curious mind of 

532
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,100
the 15th century. 
That is not a small thing to 

533
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:41,700
spend a quiet evening with. 
You're waking up now. 

534
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:45,700
Slowly the way Leonardo may have
preferred the historical record 

535
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:47,700
suggests, he did not sleep in 
the pattern. 

536
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:52,000
Most of his contemporaries took 
his given the physician Jerome 

537
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,600
Kardon writing in the 16th 
century, noted that Leonardo 

538
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:58,000
slept in brief intervals 
throughout the day and night 

539
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,100
rather than in a single long 
block. 

540
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:03,700
Whether this was deliberate 
practice or simply how his mind 

541
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,900
operated is not clear. 
What is clear as that he was 

542
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:08,900
frequently? 
Observed working at unusual 

543
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:12,500
hours arriving at a painting in 
the late afternoon when the 

544
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,800
lighted shifted to something he 
found more useful sketching by 

545
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:17,800
firelight when the studio had 
gone quiet. 

546
00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:22,300
He was not by most accounts 
Idol, the charge of laziness was

547
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:24,400
leveled at him. 
Occasionally usually by 

548
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:27,200
frustrated Patron who had 
commissioned work and found that

549
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,700
Leonardo had spent several 
months on Preparatory. 

550
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,500
Studies revised the composition 
three times. 

551
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:35,900
Produced a dozenal alternative 
sketches for a figure that would

552
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:39,000
ultimately occupy two square 
inches of the finished painting 

553
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,300
and then pause to investigate 
whether the wall, he intended to

554
00:28:42,308 --> 00:28:45,100
paint on, was adequately 
prepared for the medium. 

555
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:49,000
He planted to use. 
This was not laziness, it was a 

556
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,700
version of thoroughness so 
complete that it became its own 

557
00:28:51,708 --> 00:28:53,500
obstacle, which is a different 
thing. 

558
00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:58,100
Leonardo ate modestly and there 
are credible suggestions in the 

559
00:28:58,108 --> 00:29:01,400
historical sources that he 
leaned toward a vegetarian diet.

560
00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:06,300
The Florentine Explorer, Andrea 
kharsali writing to Giuliana de 

561
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:07,700
Medici in the early 16th 
century. 

562
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:11,800
Mentioned, Leonardo's refusal to
eat animals in passing the way 

563
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:14,400
you mentioned something that is 
simply a known fact, about a 

564
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,400
person. 
Whether this was a consistent 

565
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,400
practice or a preference that 
varied with circumstances, not 

566
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,400
certain but the detail fits with
everything else. 

567
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:25,400
We know of him, he seemed to 
find the deliberate killing of 

568
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:30,000
animals, genuinely, distasteful.
There is a story repeated in 

569
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,700
several early sources and 
plausible, even if not fully 

570
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:36,200
verified that he would buy caged
birds at the market in whatever 

571
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,200
City he was living in and 
released them not as a 

572
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:43,200
performance and not to impress 
anyone simply because a cage was

573
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,900
wrong and open air was right and
he had the means to do something

574
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:48,900
about it. 
He also kept a horse or had 

575
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:51,800
regular access to one throughout
much of his adult life. 

576
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,900
The horse appears in his 
notebooks constantly drawn from 

577
00:29:55,900 --> 00:30:00,100
every angle in every conceivable
pose, the anatomy of its muscles

578
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:02,400
mapped with the same, 
painstaking observation. 

579
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,200
He brought to human bodies. 
He intended at various points in

580
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:08,400
his career to write a 
comprehensive Treatise on the 

581
00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:10,100
horse. 
He never completed it. 

582
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,300
The drafts remain in the 
notebooks alongside the drafts 

583
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:15,500
of dozens of other treaters is 
he never finished. 

584
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:19,100
He was nothing if not consistent
in this particular regard 

585
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,900
walking mattered to him. 
Deeply he moved through the 

586
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:25,800
landscape surrounding, whatever 
City, he was living in with the 

587
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,500
same observational intensity, he
brought to everything else. 

588
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,300
The trip from Milan to Florence 
along the old road through the 

589
00:30:32,308 --> 00:30:35,100
opinions. 
Took several days by horse and 

590
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:36,800
travelers of the period left 
detail. 

591
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,800
Accounts of the journey, the 
mountains were noted for their 

592
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,400
drama and their difficulty, 
Leonardo did not merely note the

593
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,500
drama, he studied the geology 
sketched, The Rock formation's 

594
00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:50,800
wandered about the fossils in 
bedded in Limestone Ridges at 

595
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,200
altitudes far above the sea and 
began building the argument. 

596
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:58,000
Far ahead of his time that the 
mountains had once Lane beneath 

597
00:30:58,000 --> 00:30:59,800
water. 
He was right. 

598
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,100
It would take three more 
centuries for Geology to fully, 

599
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:05,300
catch up with him. 
His working habits. 

600
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:06,800
In the studio were very 
particular. 

601
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,600
He spent long stretches standing
in front of a canvas or a wall 

602
00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:14,800
doing nothing but looking not 
painting, not sketching looking.

603
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:18,300
This Disturbed people who had 
commissioned him to produce 

604
00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:20,800
finished work and were paying 
for the experience of watching 

605
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:23,100
him stand extremely still with 
his arms crossed. 

606
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,300
When asked about it, he 
reportedly said that the 

607
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,100
greatest painter spent more time
looking than touching the brush 

608
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:32,500
because the work is completed in
the mind before it was completed

609
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,200
on the surface. 
This is either profound or 

610
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,400
convenient depending on your 
position and how long you have 

611
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:41,100
been waiting. 
He was meticulous about his 

612
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:44,000
tools, he kept his brushes in a 
particular order. 

613
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:47,300
He preferred specific pigment 
preparations and would sometimes

614
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:50,900
decline to use materials. 
He considered inferior a 

615
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,800
position that did not endear him
to supply merchants or impatient

616
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,100
Patron's. 
He kept detailed notes on the 

617
00:31:56,108 --> 00:31:59,700
behavior of pigments over time, 
which ones faded, which ones, 

618
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:02,800
darkened which combinations 
proved chemically hostile to 

619
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:05,400
each other. 
This last concern was not 

620
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,800
abstract Leonardo made some 
tactical choices in his 

621
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:12,300
paintings that turned out badly,
most famously in the Last Supper

622
00:32:12,300 --> 00:32:15,700
in Milan where his decision to 
paint on a dry plaster wall with

623
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:18,400
oil and tempura. 
Instead of applying paint to wet

624
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:21,600
plaster in the traditional 
Fresco method resulted in a 

625
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,600
surface that began deteriorating
within his own lifetime. 

626
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:26,700
He knew this might become a 
problem. 

627
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:30,200
He did it anyway because the 
Fresco method required you to 

628
00:32:30,208 --> 00:32:34,300
paint quickly section by section
within the narrow window, before

629
00:32:34,300 --> 00:32:37,700
the plastered Leonardo, could 
not work that way. 

630
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:42,300
He needed to stop, step back, 
consider the passage for a day 

631
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:44,600
or two, and then return with 
fresh eyes. 

632
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,200
The mural was worth more to him 
as a living problem than as a 

633
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:51,400
technically correct. 
One in his private life. 

634
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:54,400
He was generous with students 
and assistance, keeping a 

635
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,200
household that included several 
of both in Florence Milan, and 

636
00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,500
later Rome, He made sure they 
were housed and fed and had 

637
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:03,400
materials to work with. 
He was not warm in the way that 

638
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,500
produces easy anecdotes about 
his social life, but he was 

639
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:09,000
reliable in the way that 
actually matters to people who 

640
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,600
depend on you. 
His students were a varied 

641
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:15,400
group, some came to him as young
boys sent by their families to 

642
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,000
learn a trade and grew into 
skilled craftsmen. 

643
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:19,400
Who worked alongside him for 
years? 

644
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:24,200
One in particular Jan Jacomo 
caprotti arrived in Leonardo's 

645
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,400
household at age 10 and stayed 
for 26 years. 

646
00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:31,800
Leonardo called him salai which 
means something close to little 

647
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:34,900
devil in a Milanese dialect and 
the name stuck because it was 

648
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:37,300
apparently warranted. 
Slice stole from him. 

649
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:41,200
Repeatedly told lies broke 
things and was forgiven 

650
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,100
repeatedly, which tells you 
something about the way Leonardo

651
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:46,400
operated inside his personal 
relationships. 

652
00:33:47,300 --> 00:33:50,300
He held people at a particular 
kind of careful distance in most

653
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,400
contexts but within his 
household, he was patient in 

654
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:57,000
ways that went beyond the 
professionally necessary. the 

655
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,900
dynamic between Leonardo and 
Salah has attracted a great deal

656
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:02,900
of speculation over the years, 
as most things about Leonardo 

657
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,800
have What the notebooks actually
record when they mentioned 

658
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:09,900
celaya at all is the tedious 
practicality of caring. 

659
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:13,699
For someone difficult money, 
missing from a purse, a pair of 

660
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:16,400
leggings charge to Leonardo's 
account without permission. 

661
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:18,699
A debts. 
Ally had run up with a merchant 

662
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:22,100
that Leonardo quietly settled. 
He also enjoyed music, 

663
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:24,800
consistently throughout his 
life, both playing and 

664
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,199
listening. 
He was Charmed by riddles and 

665
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:29,600
wordplay and spent time in 
certain periods. 

666
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,900
Crafting, elaborate puzzles that
relied on tortuous visual puns. 

667
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:35,600
These were the sort of thing 
that would have either delighted

668
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:39,100
a 15th century dinner party or 
cause half the guests to quietly

669
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:42,300
relocate to the other end of the
table, depending on how tired 

670
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:44,800
everyone was and how much wine 
had been poured. 

671
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:48,600
His relationship with time was, 
shall we say his own? 

672
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,600
He owned what may have been, one
of the earliest personal alarm 

673
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:56,199
clocks in Florence. 
A water-based timing device and 

674
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:58,200
was apparently unreliable about 
using it. 

675
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,600
He missed appointments, he 
arrived at events significantly 

676
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:05,200
early or late than expected and 
seemed genuinely surprised to 

677
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,500
find that others had organized 
their days around a different 

678
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:09,700
understanding of when a meeting 
was supposed to begin. 

679
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,400
He was not malicious about any 
of this, he simply experienced 

680
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:16,800
time slightly differently from 
most people around him. 

681
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:19,700
The way that happens when your 
mind is running several 

682
00:35:19,700 --> 00:35:23,200
conversations simultaneously and
the external World Keeps 

683
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:25,700
interrupting each one the days 
accumulated. 

684
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:29,800
Quietly, he worked, he walked, 
he looked at things, he wrote 

685
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,700
things down, he looked at more 
things, he wrote more things 

686
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:35,000
down. 
He sometimes painted with an 

687
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,300
intensity that made other 
painters feel they had been 

688
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:39,200
working too quickly their entire
lives. 

689
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:42,100
He released Birds, he studied 
horses. 

690
00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:45,200
He went to bed when it suited 
him and woke when the light was 

691
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:46,700
right? 
Or when a thought that had been 

692
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:50,100
forming in his sleep, finally, 
resolved itself into a shape, he

693
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:54,400
could make visible on a page. 
This was a Tuesday for Leonardo 

694
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,600
da Vinci. 
Let us go somewhere dimly lit 

695
00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,400
for a while, not because the 
subject demands ceremony. 

696
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:04,600
But because the anatomy Leonardo
pursued from approximately 1485 

697
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:08,000
onward was conducted. 
Mostly at night in rooms, that 

698
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:11,100
required discretion with a 
single candle and the kind of 

699
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:13,600
focus silence that comes when 
you're doing something, you 

700
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,800
know, very few people around, 
you would fully endorse The 

701
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,800
dissection of human remains 
occupied a complex legal and 

702
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:22,400
ecclesiastical position in late 
15th century Italy. 

703
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,500
It was permitted in certain 
formal contexts, primarily for 

704
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:28,400
medical education at 
University's it was quietly 

705
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:31,200
tolerated in others in still 
other circumstances. 

706
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:34,700
It was neither of these things. 
Leonardo obtained official 

707
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:37,100
permission at various points 
through his connections at 

708
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:40,700
hospitals in Florence and Milan.
He also almost certainly worked 

709
00:36:40,700 --> 00:36:43,500
in Gray areas when the formal 
routes were unavailable. 

710
00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:47,900
He dissected somewhere in the 
range of 30 human bodies over 

711
00:36:47,900 --> 00:36:51,200
the course of his career, a 
number significant both as a 

712
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:53,800
practical achievement and as an 
indication of how serious the 

713
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:56,400
commitment was. 
Nobody was commissioning 

714
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,700
anatomical treatises from him. 
There was no professional reward

715
00:36:59,700 --> 00:37:02,200
for this work. 
In the immediate sense, he did 

716
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,200
it because he wanted to know 
what was inside. 

717
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:07,100
The thing he was spending his 
life to picking on flat surfaces

718
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:10,600
The drawings that resulted are 
among the most extraordinary 

719
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,200
works in the history of science.
He depicted the human body from 

720
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,900
multiple angles simultaneously 
using a set of rotational views 

721
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:20,000
that anticipated. 
The kind of multi-perspective 

722
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:23,200
technical illustration. 
That would not become standard 

723
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,300
in scientific publishing for 
several centuries. 

724
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:28,900
He drew bones with a structural 
Clarity that suggests, he 

725
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:32,200
understood load-bearing and 
stress distribution in ways that

726
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,100
went well beyond anything in the
Contemporary medical texts of 

727
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:37,600
available to him. 
He drew the interior of the 

728
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:41,100
skull chambers of the heart, the
branching of the bronchial 

729
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:44,400
passages within the lungs, he 
described the liver and noted 

730
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,800
its segmented structure. 
He drew the developing fetus 

731
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:50,400
within the uterus with a 
gentleness that is visible in 

732
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:53,300
the quality of the line. 
Even now 500 years after the 

733
00:37:53,300 --> 00:37:56,300
drawing was made, his cardiac 
studies are particularly 

734
00:37:56,300 --> 00:38:00,000
notable, he described the aortic
valve and its behavior during 

735
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,500
the cardiac cycle with a 
Precision that was not 

736
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:05,200
experimentally confirmed until 
the mid-20th century. 

737
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,500
When researchers using early 
flow visualization. 

738
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:11,700
Techniques discovered exactly 
the vortex patterns in blood 

739
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:14,500
flow that Leonardo had drawn 
from direct observation. 

740
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,300
He had worked out the same 
results centuries earlier by 

741
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:21,500
injecting wax Into the Heart of 
a dead ox and studying. 

742
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,600
The hardened caste, he did not 
have a microscope. 

743
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,700
He had no device for measuring 
pressure or observing the Heart 

744
00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:30,700
In Motion. 
He had a razor, a candle and the

745
00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:33,300
patience of someone for whom, 
not knowing something was more 

746
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,000
uncomfortable than any amount of
inconvenient work. 

747
00:38:37,100 --> 00:38:39,800
The engineering pages in The 
notebooks occupied different, 

748
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:41,100
emotional temperature in 
entirely. 

749
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:44,300
Where the anatomy drawings have 
a quality of intimacy. 

750
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:48,100
The engineering pages are more 
playful occasionally, Rye, 

751
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:51,600
occasionally plainly excited. 
Leonardo was not simply 

752
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:53,700
recording mechanism. 
He had observed elsewhere. 

753
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,000
He was modifying them pushing 
them past, their obvious 

754
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,000
applications into territory, 
that required. 

755
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:03,300
A genuine leap of imagination. 
The flying machines are the most

756
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:06,500
widely known examples. 
He spent considerable time on 

757
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,600
the problem of human flight. 
Filling pages with designs for 

758
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:13,100
ornithopters, which are devices 
that fly by flapping wings in 

759
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:14,900
the manner of birds and large 
bats. 

760
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:18,400
He also produced designs for 
screw based vertical lift. 

761
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,500
Anticipating the principle of 
the helicopter, by approximately

762
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:24,500
400 years, which is the sort of 
thing, that sounds like an 

763
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:26,300
exaggeration. 
Until you look at the actual 

764
00:39:26,300 --> 00:39:29,600
drawings, His own thought to 
designs were not going to work 

765
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,900
and he likely understood this at
some level because the pages, 

766
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:35,900
show him gradually abandoning 
the flapping Wing approach in 

767
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:39,800
favor of studying soaring Birds.
He noticed that a circling 

768
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:42,800
vulture maintained altitude by 
Justin the angle of its wings. 

769
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,300
Surface relative to upwelling 
are rather than expending 

770
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:49,700
muscular effort. 
He noted the way a kite shifted,

771
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:53,300
its tail as a steering device. 
He was working quietly and 

772
00:39:53,300 --> 00:39:56,400
systematically toward the logic 
of a glider rather than a 

773
00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:58,800
powered aircraft. 
He did at one point. 

774
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:01,600
Apparently believed he was close
enough to plan a practical test,

775
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:05,300
a passage in one of the Milanese
notebooks written in the mid 

776
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:08,500
1490s describes a planned launch
from a hill near Florence. 

777
00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:12,300
Whether this test was ever 
carried out his unknown, the 

778
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:16,100
notebooks contain no record of 
the outcome one hopes for the 

779
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:18,800
sake of whoever was in the 
device that they walked away 

780
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:22,300
from the experience intact so 
what Windswept and with their 

781
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:26,100
dignity, approximately an order.
The military engineering 

782
00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:28,800
drawings in the notebooks were 
produced largely at the request 

783
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,700
of various patrons. 
He designed things that were 

784
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,200
genuinely impressive in a 
specifically alarming way. 

785
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:38,000
Multibar guns arranged in a 
semicircle for wide coverage. 

786
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,600
Armored vehicles with angled 
surfaces designed to deflect 

787
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:44,300
incoming projectiles a giant 
crossbow. 

788
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:47,500
So architecturally ambitious 
that it required a team of 

789
00:40:47,508 --> 00:40:51,100
operators and a side Chariot 
designed with the kind of 

790
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,400
mechanical enthusiasm that 
suggests Leonardo had either. 

791
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,800
Not dwelt too long on what it 
would do to people or had filed 

792
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,400
that portion of the problem in a
separate mental draw. there is a

793
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:05,000
small rueful note in the margins
of one of the military 

794
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:08,400
engineering Pages where Leonardo
writes that he will not publish 

795
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:11,800
his submarine designs because he
does not trust human beings to 

796
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:16,000
use them responsibly He had 
thought this through hydraulic 

797
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,600
studies belong in a category of 
their own water. 

798
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,100
Was the subject Leonardo 
returned to more consistently 

799
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:23,600
than any other across his entire
career? 

800
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:27,700
He studied it at every scale 
from the ripples a single finger

801
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,900
makes pressed into a still 
surface to the behavior of major

802
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:35,200
rivers in full flood. 
He designed Canal systems wrote 

803
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:37,700
detailed proposals for 
redirecting the course of the 

804
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:41,500
Arno above Florence, sketched 
machines for draining, marshes 

805
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:44,800
and produced studies of Harbor 
construction sophisticated 

806
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:47,200
enough to be worth Consulting in
actual practice. 

807
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,500
His understanding of fluid 
dynamics was not formalized. 

808
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,800
In the mathematical sense, he 
did not have the calculus that 

809
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:56,900
would eventually give the field 
its proper framework but his 

810
00:41:56,900 --> 00:41:59,500
observational grasp of how 
moving water behaved was 

811
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:02,100
extraordinary and his drawings 
of turbulence. 

812
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:05,500
Look to a contemporary fluid 
Dynamic like the output of a 

813
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:09,100
genuinely capable intuition 
working at the edge of what 

814
00:42:09,100 --> 00:42:12,400
observation alone can produce. 
He understood that water 

815
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:15,600
remembered its path that a flow 
disturbed by an obstacle 

816
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,400
continued to carry the shape of 
that disturbance, Downstream 

817
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:20,800
diminishing, but not 
disappearing. 

818
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:24,600
That the behavior of a large 
river and the behavior of a 

819
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:28,000
small stream, followed the same 
underlying rules and differed 

820
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:31,100
only in scale. 
That the sea in the clouds and 

821
00:42:31,108 --> 00:42:34,400
the rain in the river were parts
of a single system cycling 

822
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,400
continuously. 
Through time, he put this in his

823
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:40,000
notebooks as though it were 
obvious, it would have been 

824
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:43,100
extraordinary, the anatomical 
and Engineering work existed 

825
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:46,400
side by side in his thinking and
he moved between them with a 

826
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,300
fluently that suggests he did 
not experience them as separate 

827
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,800
discipline's. 
The body was a machine in his 

828
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:54,700
view but the word machine 
carried. 

829
00:42:54,700 --> 00:42:58,000
No, reductive meaning for him, 
it meant something intricate, 

830
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,600
Something Beautiful in its 
functional integration, 

831
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:04,500
something worth spending years, 
in cold rooms understanding at 

832
00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:07,700
the level of its smallest Parts.
He was also interested in the 

833
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:10,300
face in ways that connected 
directly to his painting. 

834
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:12,900
The muscles of facial expression
occupied. 

835
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:16,600
Many pages in The anatomical 
notebooks he mapped the small 

836
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:18,800
muscles around the eyes and the 
corners of the mouth with 

837
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:22,400
painstaking detail, labeling, 
each one, Trace, its origin 

838
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:25,600
point and its attachment point 
and the direction of its pull on

839
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,900
the overlying skin. 
This was not idle curiosity. 

840
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:32,400
He was building the anatomical 
basis for the subtlety and 

841
00:43:32,408 --> 00:43:35,500
facial expression that makes his
painted faces, so difficult to 

842
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:38,500
read with certainly. 
And so rewarding to spend time 

843
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:43,500
with The Mona Lisa's ambiguous 
expression which has generated 

844
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:46,600
more commentary than almost any 
other feature of any artwork in 

845
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,400
history, is partly a product of 
This research, the muscles, 

846
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,000
controlling the corners of her 
mouth of painted to suggest, 

847
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,000
several possible States 
simultaneously, none of them 

848
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,700
definitively resolved. 
This is not an accident or a 

849
00:43:59,700 --> 00:44:01,400
mystery. 
It is an extremely 

850
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,000
sophisticated. 
Technical application of what 

851
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:06,700
Leonardo had learned by 
examining actual faces and Cold 

852
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:09,300
Stone rooms. 
He was one of the very few 

853
00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:12,100
artists in history who 
understood a human face from 

854
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:14,400
both the outside and the inside 
simultaneously. 

855
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:19,000
The notebooks reflect this dual 
Vision on, almost every page 

856
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,500
that touches the body. 
There is a painting in the 

857
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:23,400
efficiency called the Adoration 
of the Magi. 

858
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:27,500
It was commissioned from 
Leonardo in 1481 by the monks of

859
00:44:27,508 --> 00:44:30,300
San Donato. 
Escobedo, a monastery outside 

860
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:32,800
Florence. 
They required the Altarpiece 

861
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:35,700
completed within two years, 
Leonardo began It. 

862
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:39,000
Produced a detailed 
compositional study transferred.

863
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,100
The design to a large wooden 
panel, sketched in the figures 

864
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:45,300
with dark under paint and then 
left Florence for Milan without 

865
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:48,000
completing it. 
He had accepted a deposit. 

866
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:51,500
He did not return it. 
The monks eventually, 

867
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:54,100
commissioned a different 
painting from Filippino Lippi 

868
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:56,400
who completed his commission. 
Without incident. 

869
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,800
The Leonardo panel remained 
unfinished passing through 

870
00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:02,900
several collections until it 
settled in the efficiency in the

871
00:45:02,908 --> 00:45:05,700
17th century. 
When you look at it today what 

872
00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:09,300
you see is a work that is 
simultaneously, incomplete and 

873
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:13,200
in its unfinished State, somehow
More Alive than many polished 

874
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:16,100
paintings of the period. 
The underdrawing shows through 

875
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:20,100
in places figures are present as
gestures, rather than result 

876
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:22,600
forms. 
The whole surface has the 

877
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:26,000
quality of a thought. 
Still In Motion, this was not an

878
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,400
isolated incident. 
Leonardo had an, almost 

879
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:31,200
constitutional inability to 
declare a work complete. 

880
00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:35,800
His Patron found this maddening,
the relationship with ludovico's

881
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,200
Forte. 
The Duke of Milan occupied 

882
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:40,700
roughly 18 years of Leonardo's, 
adult, life. 

883
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:43,700
And was the most sustained 
Arrangement he ever had with any

884
00:45:43,700 --> 00:45:46,000
Patron? 
Leonardo arrived in Milan, 

885
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:49,600
around 1482 having written 
ludovico, a letter proposing 

886
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:52,100
himself as an engineer military 
advisor. 

887
00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:56,700
Architect sculptor, and almost 
as an afterthought as a painter.

888
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:01,400
The letter survived and it is a 
remarkable document, a confident

889
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:03,000
in details, inventory of 
everything. 

890
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:06,700
Lay on our could do offered with
the directness of someone, who 

891
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:09,500
knows, the catalog is genuinely 
impressive. 

892
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:13,600
Ludovico hired him, the 
arrangement was productive but 

893
00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:17,300
strained, ludovico wanted things
made and Leonardo wanted to 

894
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,100
understand the principles 
underlying each thing before he 

895
00:46:20,100 --> 00:46:22,600
made it. 
Ludovico wanted the bronze 

896
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:26,400
equestrian statue completed a 
massive commemorative sculpture 

897
00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:29,400
of his late father on Horseback.
That would have been the largest

898
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:33,000
bronze casting in the world. 
At the time, Leonardo spent over

899
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:37,100
a decade on Preparatory work. 
He produced a full-scale clay 

900
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:40,100
model, which was displayed to 
considerable admiration at a 

901
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:41,500
court. 
Festival in 1493. 

902
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:44,600
Then the bronze that had been 
set aside for casting was 

903
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:47,900
redirected to produce cannons, 
which would judge more urgently 

904
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,600
necessary than the monument. 
Then the French invaded Milan in

905
00:46:51,608 --> 00:46:54,500
1499. 
The clay model was used as 

906
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:56,200
target, practice by French 
archers. 

907
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:58,800
Decades of work gone in an 
afternoon. 

908
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:02,700
Leonardo left Milan, carrying 
his notebooks in his household, 

909
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:06,300
including the mathematician, 
Luca pacioli, and spent the 

910
00:47:06,308 --> 00:47:09,700
following years moving between 
various cities and patrons, none

911
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:12,500
of the arrangements are stable 
as the Milanese period had been.

912
00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:16,000
He worked briefly for chess 
Road, Borgia as a military 

913
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,300
engineer and cartographer 
traveling through Central Italy,

914
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:22,300
surveying towns and 
fortifications for the Borgia 

915
00:47:22,300 --> 00:47:23,700
campaign of territorial 
expansion. 

916
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:26,700
The maps. 
He produced during this period 

917
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:28,800
are among the finest 
cartographic work of the 

918
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,600
Renaissance detailed and 
geometrically precise in ways 

919
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:35,100
that presuppose surveying 
techniques that were genuinely 

920
00:47:35,100 --> 00:47:38,000
Innovative for the period. 
He returned to Florence and 

921
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:40,200
began the portrait that would 
become the most recognizable 

922
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,900
painting in the world. 
It took years. 

923
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:46,400
He never considered it finished.
He kept it with him until he 

924
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,700
died. 
The sitter was almost certainly 

925
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,300
Lisa gerardini. 
The wife of a Florentine 

926
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:55,100
Merchant named Francesco Del 
giocondo though. 

927
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:57,700
This identification was not 
confirmed in modern scholarship 

928
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:00,800
until a document was discovered 
in the early 2000s. 

929
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:03,900
The portrait was apparently 
commissioned to Mark, the birth 

930
00:48:03,900 --> 00:48:06,800
of the couple's, second child, a
conventional reason for a 

931
00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:10,000
portrait in the period. 
What Leonardo did with. 

932
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:13,200
It was not conventional. 
He worked on it intermittently 

933
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:15,900
across more than a decade and 
the painting shows this. 

934
00:48:16,900 --> 00:48:19,500
The layers of glaze are billed 
up with extraordinary, patience 

935
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:23,700
to adapt and Luminosity that no 
single session, or even single 

936
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:26,500
year of work could produce the 
landscape behind. 

937
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,600
The figure, was not painted from
a specific location, but 

938
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,100
assembled from geological 
observation across many years of

939
00:48:33,100 --> 00:48:36,800
looking at Italian Terrain, The 
light in the painting seems to 

940
00:48:36,808 --> 00:48:41,100
come from no single identifiable
Source, it is distributed to 

941
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:43,500
fuse. 
The way Leonardo had understood 

942
00:48:43,500 --> 00:48:46,500
light to actually behaved since 
his days in vero's Workshop, 

943
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:50,600
asking questions nobody else 
thought to ask, he also accepted

944
00:48:50,600 --> 00:48:53,800
the commission for the Battle of
ankhi a large mural for the 

945
00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:57,200
council chamber of the 
Florentine City Hall, He began 

946
00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,900
it developed, a new technical 
approach for the Preparatory 

947
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:01,800
layers and painted the central 
section. 

948
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:04,600
The new technique failed to dry 
correctly. 

949
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:08,100
Paint ran. 
He attempted to heat the wall 

950
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:10,100
with braziers to force the 
drying process. 

951
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:12,400
This made things considerably 
worse. 

952
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:15,600
The project was eventually 
abandoned and the completed 

953
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:17,600
section was covered over by a 
later artists. 

954
00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:20,200
Only copies of the original 
design. 

955
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:24,600
Survive Leonardo moved on the 
patron of his later career were 

956
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,400
for the most part more patient 
than average Pope. 

957
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,700
Leo the 10th, the whom he worked
briefly in Rome was not among 

958
00:49:30,700 --> 00:49:33,000
them. 
He reportedly complained that 

959
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:35,900
Leonardo spent so much time, 
formulating, the varnish for a 

960
00:49:35,908 --> 00:49:38,800
new project that it was obvious.
The work itself would never 

961
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:42,200
begin. 
This was probably unfair, it was

962
00:49:42,208 --> 00:49:44,800
probably all so accurate. 
In Rome. 

963
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:48,100
Leonardo found himself 
surrounded by young artists who 

964
00:49:48,100 --> 00:49:51,300
would absorbed his influence and
in some case is surpassed the 

965
00:49:51,308 --> 00:49:52,600
work, he was currently 
producing. 

966
00:49:53,700 --> 00:49:57,100
Raphael was at the height of his
powers and openly admired 

967
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:00,400
Leonardo's earlier work while 
quietly pursuing a vision that 

968
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:02,200
was more productive and more 
reliable. 

969
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,600
Michelangelo who had a lower 
opinion of most of his 

970
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:08,600
contemporaries had a specific 
kind of complicated opinion of 

971
00:50:08,608 --> 00:50:12,200
Leonardo one that involved. 
Both genuine respect and a 

972
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:14,700
thinly veiled impatience with 
his long absences and unfinished

973
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:18,400
projects, Leonardo for his part.
Wrote a note in one of his Roman

974
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:20,700
notebooks about the noise and 
disruption of the building 

975
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:24,000
projects around the Vatican and 
seemed more interested in the 

976
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:26,800
flight patterns of the birds 
nesting in the eaves of the 

977
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,000
nearby structures. 
Then in the professional 

978
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:33,200
politics around him, he was 60 
years old, surrounded by the 

979
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,100
most prestigious artistic 
Commission in the world and 

980
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:39,400
watching birds out the window. 
This is either extremely 

981
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:42,700
admirable or extremely Leonardo 
and there is no meaningful 

982
00:50:42,700 --> 00:50:44,800
difference. 
Between those two things, the 

983
00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:47,600
relationship between Leonardo 
and his Patron's was at its 

984
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:51,000
root, a structural mismatch 
between what he needed and what 

985
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,400
they were paying for patreons. 
Wanted finished objects 

986
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:58,500
paintings to hang sculptures to 
stand in Courtyards building to 

987
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:02,700
occupy Leonardo wanted to fully 
understand the principle. 

988
00:51:02,700 --> 00:51:05,900
Underlying each thing before he 
committed it to a final surface 

989
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:08,600
and this process had no natural 
stopping point. 

990
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:10,900
There was always another 
question to pursue. 

991
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,600
There was always another 
Preparatory study worth making, 

992
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:15,800
he was not trying to frustrate 
anyone. 

993
00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:19,300
He was simply constitutionally 
unsuited to the idea that any 

994
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:21,700
particular moment in the 
development of a work, was the 

995
00:51:21,700 --> 00:51:24,400
correct one to stop. 
Some of his paintings were 

996
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,100
completed in partnership with 
students and assistance who 

997
00:51:27,100 --> 00:51:30,300
worked under his Direction. 
Leonardo provided the overall 

998
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:34,100
design and certain key passages,
particularly faces and hands. 

999
00:51:34,100 --> 00:51:37,600
This was entirely in the period 
And it did not trouble him. 

1000
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:41,200
He was not attached to the idea 
that every stroke had to be his 

1001
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,500
he was attached to the idea that
every stroke had to be right. 

1002
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,200
These were different commitments
and only one of them produced 

1003
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:52,500
finished paintings on schedule. 
By the time he settled in France

1004
00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:56,300
at the invitation of King 
Francis, the first in 1516, he 

1005
00:51:56,300 --> 00:52:00,000
was 64 years old and his right 
hand had developed a Paul Z that

1006
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:03,200
made fine painting difficult. 
He brought three paintings with 

1007
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,000
him, including the portrait, he 
had been working on for 16 

1008
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,400
years. 
He was given a Manor House near 

1009
00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:12,100
the Royal Estate at Amber's a 
stipend, the title of first 

1010
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:15,000
painted to the king and the 
Liberty to do what ever he found

1011
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:17,300
interesting. 
He continued filling notebooks, 

1012
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:21,000
he spent long after noon's with 
France's who found the old 

1013
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:24,300
Italian endlessly compelling and
came to the man in the evening 

1014
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:27,100
to sit with him or rather to 
listen. 

1015
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:31,300
The relationship between King 
Francis, the first and Leonardo 

1016
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:33,900
was one of the more unusual 
Arrangements in the history of 

1017
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:37,200
Royal patronage. 
Francis was 31 years younger 

1018
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,800
than Leonardo, recently, come to
power, and possessed of the kind

1019
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:44,000
of intellectual hunger that 
needed older and wider Minds to 

1020
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:46,400
satisfy. 
He was not interested in 

1021
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:50,100
Leonardo primarily as a painter,
he was interested in him as a 

1022
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:51,500
thinker. 
The evenings. 

1023
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,600
They spent together at closed 
and not documented in any detail

1024
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:57,400
because nobody in the room 
thought to write things down or 

1025
00:52:57,400 --> 00:52:59,200
because what was written, has 
not survived. 

1026
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:04,100
What Francis said about Leonardo
after his death recorded by the 

1027
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:07,400
sculptor Benvenuto Chile. 
Some years later was that he 

1028
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:10,300
believed no other man had 
learned as much as Leonardo had.

1029
00:53:11,100 --> 00:53:14,100
Not just about painting, but 
about philosophy and about 

1030
00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:19,100
Nature's account is not first 
hand. but the sentiment it 

1031
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:22,600
records is consistent with 
everything else known about how 

1032
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:27,300
France is related to his elderly
Italian guest Leonardo continued

1033
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:30,200
working the polls. 
In his right hand had reduced 

1034
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:33,300
his painting but had not 
affected his left and the 

1035
00:53:33,308 --> 00:53:36,100
notebooks continued. 
He was thinking in these final 

1036
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:39,300
years about the geometry of 
water in deep channels about the

1037
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:41,900
relationship between the 
momentum of a moving current. 

1038
00:53:41,900 --> 00:53:45,300
And the resistance offered by 
its banks about, whether there 

1039
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:48,300
was a mathematical relationship 
between the two that could be 

1040
00:53:48,308 --> 00:53:51,700
expressed precisely. 
He was also thinking about the 

1041
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:54,800
end of things, the late 
notebooks contain a series of 

1042
00:53:54,808 --> 00:53:58,700
drawings, usually referred to as
the Deluge drawings large Pages 

1043
00:53:58,700 --> 00:54:01,700
filled with densely worked 
images of catastrophic flooding.

1044
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:05,200
Massive spiraling water 
formations consuming everything 

1045
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:09,100
in their path trees, bent 
horizontal structures reduced to

1046
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,700
fragments the landscape itself, 
dissolved in the force of water 

1047
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:16,300
moving without restraint. 
These drawings have a quality 

1048
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:19,100
different from everything else 
Leonardo made, they are not 

1049
00:54:19,108 --> 00:54:22,600
studies in the analytical sense.
They are something more interior

1050
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,600
images made, not to understand 
something, but to give it a 

1051
00:54:25,608 --> 00:54:28,600
shape whether they were a 
private meditation on mortality 

1052
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:31,300
or continuation of his fluid 
dynamics. 

1053
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:35,600
Research taken to its extreme 
conclusion or both is not a 

1054
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:38,800
question that can be answered 
with certainly what they look 

1055
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:40,500
like to someone siting with 
them. 

1056
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:44,000
In a quiet room, is someone 
making peace with very large 

1057
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:45,700
things. 
In the only language they had 

1058
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:49,100
truly mastered, let the light 
come in slowly now. 

1059
00:54:49,900 --> 00:54:52,700
You're sitting in a room of the 
law of Valley and the window 

1060
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:55,600
frames a landscape that makes 
you understand why painters kept

1061
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:56,900
returning to this part of the 
world. 

1062
00:54:57,900 --> 00:55:01,800
Green in many registers, the 
soft Olive of distant Hills, the

1063
00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:04,200
brighter and more confident, 
green of Vineyards below the 

1064
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:08,300
house, the dark specific green 
of a single row of Cyprus trees 

1065
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:10,600
along the road. 
Sky is doing something 

1066
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,400
complicated with clouds, that 
Leonardo would have, noticed 

1067
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:17,000
recorded and sketched from four 
separate angles before 

1068
00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:20,100
breakfast. 
This is closed, the manor house 

1069
00:55:20,108 --> 00:55:22,500
near Amber is where he spent the
last three years of his life. 

1070
00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:26,900
He had always been in love with 
the natural world not in a 

1071
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:29,100
Sentimental way though there was
sentiment in it. 

1072
00:55:30,100 --> 00:55:32,900
In a deeper way. 
The way a person is bound to the

1073
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:34,800
thing, they cannot stop trying 
to understand. 

1074
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:37,900
Nature for Leonardo was not a 
backdrop. 

1075
00:55:37,900 --> 00:55:41,800
It was the subject. 
Every painting he made was at 

1076
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:44,600
some level, a painting about the
way light move through the 

1077
00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:47,300
natural world every engineering 
project. 

1078
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:49,900
He undertook was an attempt to 
work in harmony with some 

1079
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:53,400
principal, he had first observed
in the behavior of water or wind

1080
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:56,000
or stone. 
He had spent time early in his 

1081
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,000
career studying the geology of 
the Arno Valley with the 

1082
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:02,300
systematic attention of someone 
building an argument The 

1083
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:04,000
argument was that mountains, 
have history? 

1084
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:08,300
That fossils in Limestone ridges
far above the modern sea, where 

1085
00:56:08,300 --> 00:56:10,900
evidence of a world that had 
appeared entirely different in 

1086
00:56:10,900 --> 00:56:14,300
the distant past that the shape 
of a valley was not permanent 

1087
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:17,300
but was the result of processes.
Still ongoing the river. 

1088
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:20,500
Still cutting the slopes still 
eroding with each heavy rain. 

1089
00:56:21,300 --> 00:56:24,600
The landscape was a record, if 
you knew how to read it, he knew

1090
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:27,300
how to read it. 
His Botanical drawings carry the

1091
00:56:27,308 --> 00:56:30,800
same quality as everything else.
He produced Precision without 

1092
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:34,200
coldness careful observation 
without the clinical distance 

1093
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:36,700
that makes many scientific 
illustrations, feel inert. 

1094
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:39,500
He drew flowers that look warm 
to the touch. 

1095
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:42,100
He drew trees. 
That look as though, they're 

1096
00:56:42,100 --> 00:56:45,000
still moving, capturing. 
The particular suspended 

1097
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:48,500
Stillness that settles after 
wind, he drew water plants 

1098
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:51,300
pressed against a current with 
what feels like an understanding

1099
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:54,000
of the physical forces involved 
and also something that 

1100
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,100
resembles genuine Sympathy for 
the difficulty of holding still,

1101
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:01,700
he wrote extensively about the 
relationship between water and 

1102
00:57:01,700 --> 00:57:03,700
the land. 
It moves through he believed 

1103
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:05,000
that water was the blood of the 
Earth. 

1104
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,200
Moving through it, in a system 
of underground passages and 

1105
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:11,700
surface channels that parallel 
the circulatory system of the 

1106
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:14,400
human body. 
This analogy was not 

1107
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,000
scientifically accurate in all, 
its specific claims. 

1108
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,500
But the underlying Insight that 
the surface landscape and the 

1109
00:57:20,508 --> 00:57:22,900
underground hydrological system 
were parts of the same 

1110
00:57:22,900 --> 00:57:27,000
continuous process was 
essentially correct and would 

1111
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:29,700
have been radical if he had 
published and circulated it 

1112
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:33,600
widely, he did not publish it. 
Almost nothing of his scientific

1113
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:35,000
work. 
Reached the public during his 

1114
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:37,900
lifetime, his notebooks sat in 
private collections. 

1115
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:42,000
After his death Changing Hands, 
several times being partially 

1116
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:45,000
lost partially copied and 
partially dispersed across 

1117
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:47,600
institutions. 
In several countries, the full 

1118
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,700
scale of his scientific thinking
only became apparent to scholars

1119
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:53,900
in the 19th and early 20th, 
centuries, as the notebooks were

1120
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:57,700
gradually gathered conserved and
studied with the attention they 

1121
00:57:57,700 --> 00:58:00,900
deserved, The engineering ideas 
that could have shifted the 

1122
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:02,800
course of Technology by a 
century or more. 

1123
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:06,200
The anatomical studies that 
anticipated Discovery is not 

1124
00:58:06,200 --> 00:58:10,900
confirmed until the 1800s, the 
fluid dynamics observations, the

1125
00:58:10,900 --> 00:58:14,400
geological reasoning, all of its
in notebooks waiting. 

1126
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:17,900
This is either a tragedy or a 
lesson about the difference 

1127
00:58:17,900 --> 00:58:20,800
between knowing and sharing 
depending on what you bring to 

1128
00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:22,800
it. 
His influence on painting. 

1129
00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:25,900
However, travel directly through
the visible world, without 

1130
00:58:25,900 --> 00:58:28,300
requiring anyone to decode his 
private notebooks. 

1131
00:58:28,300 --> 00:58:32,200
The technique called fumato, 
which Leonardo developed and 

1132
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:35,400
used with particular Mastery 
involved building, extremely 

1133
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:37,500
thin layers of translucent glaze
over. 

1134
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:40,700
A painting surface to create 
transitions between colors and 

1135
00:58:40,700 --> 00:58:43,300
tones. 
So gradual, that they appear to 

1136
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:46,700
have no visible boundary. 
The result was that painted 

1137
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:49,900
forms seemed to exist, within a 
surrounding atmosphere, rather 

1138
00:58:49,900 --> 00:58:52,900
than floating against a flat 
surface objects. 

1139
00:58:52,900 --> 00:58:56,300
Appeared to breathe every 
painter, who came after him was 

1140
00:58:56,300 --> 00:58:58,800
working in a world where this 
had been demonstrated as 

1141
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:02,600
achievable. 
Rafael studied him, Michelangelo

1142
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,900
competed with him carrying the 
particular unease, that the very

1143
00:59:05,900 --> 00:59:09,200
gifted, sometimes feel in the 
presence of something beyond 

1144
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:13,300
their category, Later painters 
across Europe, absorbs for motto

1145
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:15,600
into their practice without 
necessarily tracing it. 

1146
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:19,500
Back to its origin. 
The influence was structural, it

1147
00:59:19,500 --> 00:59:21,700
altered. 
What was imaginable his work on 

1148
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:24,300
proportion and pictorial, space 
was absorbed into the 

1149
00:59:24,300 --> 00:59:27,000
theoretical Frameworks that 
subsequent artists and 

1150
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:29,700
Architects trained on his 
investigation of the 

1151
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:31,800
relationship between a building 
and its natural. 

1152
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:35,100
Setting influenced design 
through the 16th century and 

1153
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,800
beyond mostly through 
practitioners, who had seen his 

1154
00:59:37,800 --> 00:59:41,700
drawings or known people who had
the Legacy in science is harder 

1155
00:59:41,700 --> 00:59:45,900
to trace because it was delayed 
by so long when his anatomical 

1156
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:48,700
drawings were finally published 
in any systematic way. 

1157
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:52,300
In the 19th century. 
Scientists, who encountered them

1158
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:54,900
were moved in? 
The specific way, people are 

1159
00:59:54,900 --> 00:59:57,200
moved when they recognize 
something, they have struggled 

1160
00:59:57,200 --> 00:59:59,800
toward and find that someone 
else was already there. 

1161
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:03,700
Centuries before them with a 
candle and eraser and no 

1162
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:07,700
institutional support 
whatsoever, Leonardo himself in 

1163
01:00:07,700 --> 01:00:09,900
his later. 
Notebooks occasionally writes 

1164
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:12,100
with the quality that sounds 
like quiet loneliness. 

1165
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:16,000
Not social loneliness exactly 
though, perhaps that too the 

1166
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,400
loneliness of working at the 
edge of what can be known with 

1167
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:21,500
the available tools of seeing 
further than you can reach. 

1168
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:25,700
He writes about the frustration 
of time of not having lived long

1169
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:28,600
enough or worked efficiently 
enough to complete the projects 

1170
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:32,200
He had set himself, he was aware
that he was carrying questions, 

1171
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,600
he would not live to resolve. 
He died on the second of May 

1172
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:40,800
1519 at Clueless. 
He was 67 years old, the 

1173
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:44,000
official accounts including 
those by the artist, Francisco 

1174
01:00:44,000 --> 01:00:48,000
Lander and the biographer of 
Azari describe a peaceful death 

1175
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:51,700
attended by the young king 
Francis Visaris version has 

1176
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:55,200
Leonardo dying in the King's 
Arms which historians generally 

1177
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:57,900
consider an embellishment in 
service of a beautiful image. 

1178
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:02,300
What is certain is that Francis 
was in the vicinity and that 

1179
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:05,100
Leonardo died in a house, given 
to him by a monarch who 

1180
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:07,200
considered him Irreplaceable 
company. 

1181
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:09,800
He left his notebooks to 
Francesco melzi. 

1182
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:13,100
His most devoted student, who 
spent years attempting to 

1183
01:01:13,100 --> 01:01:15,200
organize and preserve them with 
incomplete. 

1184
01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:18,700
But genuine success. 
He left money to his assistance,

1185
01:01:18,700 --> 01:01:21,600
he left his good cloak to a 
servant, he left. 

1186
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:23,900
Three paintings to know one 
because no one could have them 

1187
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:25,700
because they were still in some 
sense. 

1188
01:01:25,700 --> 01:01:29,000
His still in the process of 
being completed, still not quite

1189
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:31,200
finished. 
He had been working on one of 

1190
01:01:31,200 --> 01:01:33,200
them. 
A small panel, depicting, a 

1191
01:01:33,208 --> 01:01:36,800
woman in a landscape for 
approximately 16 years, you're 

1192
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:39,200
looking at it. 
Now the woman is slightly turned

1193
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:42,400
from you facing a direction that
is just off your line of sight. 

1194
01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:45,300
She's neither smiling or not 
smiling. 

1195
01:01:46,300 --> 01:01:48,800
The landscape behind her is 
geological and dreaming. 

1196
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:52,000
A river threading through pale 
rock formation that. 

1197
01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:55,300
No one has ever convincingly 
identified with any actual 

1198
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:58,100
place. 
The air between her and the edge

1199
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:02,400
of the painting is not empty. 
It has a quality a depth, an 

1200
01:02:02,400 --> 01:02:04,800
atmospheric weight, that makes 
the background seemed very 

1201
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:08,500
distant and the figure seemed 
very present and the space 

1202
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:11,000
between them feels like a 
question, Leonardo was still 

1203
01:02:11,008 --> 01:02:13,800
working on when time ran out, he
never answered it. 

1204
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,000
Maybe that was the point. 
Maybe the question was the 

1205
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:20,500
painting, The notebooks are 
still being read, new pages, 

1206
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:22,800
surface, occasionally archives 
and private Collections. 

1207
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:25,300
And each time one does Scholars 
lean in. 

1208
01:02:25,300 --> 01:02:27,600
With that particular quality of 
attention, you bring to 

1209
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:29,500
something you already know, will
reward you. 

1210
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:32,600
A note about a recipe for walnut
oil varnish. 

1211
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,200
Of a mountain pass with a 
notation about the color of 

1212
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:40,300
exposed rocket altitude. 
My question scrawled in Mirror 

1213
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:43,500
hand at the bottom of a page. 
Why does the I perceive certain 

1214
01:02:43,500 --> 01:02:46,600
colors as warm and others as 
cool, he was always asking 

1215
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:48,600
something somewhere in the 
unfinished. 

1216
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:51,500
Stack of questions, he spent 67 
years accumulating. 

1217
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:54,500
There are probably a few that 
have still not been fully 

1218
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:57,300
answered. 
That is the shape of a mind that

1219
01:02:57,300 --> 01:03:00,500
spent a lifetime looking at the 
world as though it had not yet 

1220
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:05,300
been properly examined, it had 
not, it still has not entirely 

1221
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:07,700
and perhaps that is the most 
quietly. 

1222
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:11,100
Reassuring thing, Leonardo da 
Vinci Left Behind, not the 

1223
01:03:11,100 --> 01:03:14,800
painting's, not the notebooks, 
not the engineering drawings, or

1224
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:18,100
the anatomical studies, but the 
simple proof that Curiosity. 

1225
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:20,800
Carried far enough can become 
its own form of Legacy. 

1226
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:24,900
That looking carefully at the 
world is never a small thing and

1227
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:27,300
that the questions you carry 
into sleep tonight are part of 

1228
01:03:27,308 --> 01:03:30,000
the same old conversation, the 
best human Minds have been 

1229
01:03:30,008 --> 01:03:33,300
having for centuries sleep. 
Well tonight, my tired 

1230
01:03:33,300 --> 01:03:36,700
explorers, If you wake in the 
night and find yourself staring 

1231
01:03:36,700 --> 01:03:40,600
at the ceiling turning something
over quietly in the dark know 

1232
01:03:40,600 --> 01:03:43,400
that you are in very decent 
company, the notebooks have been

1233
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:46,600
waiting 500 years, they are 
patient with a few more hours. 

1234
01:03:53,200 --> 01:03:56,600
Now, imagine this in that comfy 
bed of yours, you're standing on

1235
01:03:56,600 --> 01:03:59,500
the deck of research, vessel in 
the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

1236
01:03:59,500 --> 01:04:04,000
300 miles from the nearest land,
it's just passed Dawn. 

1237
01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:07,400
And the water around you, is 
that particular shade of blue 

1238
01:04:07,400 --> 01:04:09,400
that doesn't exist? 
Anywhere else on Earth. 

1239
01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:13,500
Not the blue of swimming pools 
or tropical lagoons, but 

1240
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:17,200
something deeper more honest, 
the kind of blew that makes you 

1241
01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:18,700
realize. 
The ocean isn't trying to be 

1242
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:22,200
pretty for anyone, below your 
feet, the ocean floor, lies 

1243
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,700
nearly four miles down. 
If you could somehow drain all 

1244
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,200
this water away, you'd be 
standing at the edge of a cliff 

1245
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:30,800
that makes the Grand Canyon look
like a drainage ditch. 

1246
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:33,400
But you can't see any of that 
from here. 

1247
01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:37,000
All you can see is the gentle 
roll of swells, that began 

1248
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:40,700
somewhere near New Zealand and 
will end eventually on a beach 

1249
01:04:40,708 --> 01:04:44,500
in California. 
The research submersible hangs 

1250
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,400
from a crane. 
It's white Hull gleaming in the 

1251
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:50,000
early light. 
It looks exactly like what it 

1252
01:04:50,000 --> 01:04:52,500
is. 
A very expensive, very 

1253
01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:54,900
sophisticated metal ball with 
Windows. 

1254
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:59,400
The head researcher a woman 
who's made this descent 17 times

1255
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:01,800
checks her watch and nods to the
crew. 

1256
01:05:01,800 --> 01:05:03,800
You climb inside through a 
hatch. 

1257
01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:07,100
That's barely wide enough for 
your shoulders settle into a 

1258
01:05:07,100 --> 01:05:09,900
seat designed by someone who 
apparently never met a human 

1259
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,800
spine and watch as they seal 
you. 

1260
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:16,400
In The Descent begins with all 
the drama of a grocery store. 

1261
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:18,600
Elevator for the first few 
minutes. 

1262
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:21,200
You're still in the zone where 
normal ocean things happen. 

1263
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:23,900
The water is that luminous 
Caribbean Blue. 

1264
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:26,300
That makes you understand why 
people pay thousands of dollars 

1265
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,900
to go snorkeling. 
Sunlight streams down in shafts 

1266
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:34,000
that look almost solid as if you
could grab onto them, small fish

1267
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:37,500
Dart past, the viewport species 
you might recognize from 

1268
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:39,600
aquariums or fishing 
documentaries. 

1269
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:44,400
The water is about 75 degrees, 
which is to say perfectly 

1270
01:05:44,400 --> 01:05:47,600
Pleasant the temperature of a 
bath, you'd actually want to get

1271
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:52,000
into at 50 feet down. 
You notice the first chain the 

1272
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:55,400
red wavelengths of light of 
vanished if you'd brought a 

1273
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:58,500
tomato with you which would be 
weird but bear with me, it would

1274
01:05:58,500 --> 01:06:00,700
look. 
Black blood looks black down 

1275
01:06:00,700 --> 01:06:04,100
here too which is something that
surprises new divers when they 

1276
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:07,300
cut themselves and see what 
appears to be including from 

1277
01:06:07,300 --> 01:06:09,700
their skin. 
The ocean is eating the color 

1278
01:06:09,700 --> 01:06:11,600
spectrum. 
One wavelength at a time, 

1279
01:06:11,600 --> 01:06:15,700
starting with the warm tones, 
the colors of fire and Sunset 

1280
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:18,700
and everything humans 
traditionally associate with 

1281
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,400
safety. 
At 100 feet, the orange goes 

1282
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:26,200
then yellow at 300 feet, which 
is about as deep as recreational

1283
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:27,600
scuba divers. 
Ever go. 

1284
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:31,200
And honestly good for them, for 
knowing their limits, the water 

1285
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:34,100
is still relatively warm and 
still bright enough to read by. 

1286
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:37,900
But already, you've descended 
farther than 99% of humans ever 

1287
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:41,000
will you're now in a realm 
visited only by professional 

1288
01:06:41,000 --> 01:06:44,800
divers military submarines and 
people who made some really 

1289
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:49,200
interesting Life Choices at 600 
feet the green wavelengths. 

1290
01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:52,900
Filter out the water around, you
is now entirely blue and purple 

1291
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:56,200
the colors of bruises. 
And Twilight, the temperature 

1292
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:59,700
has dropped to 50 degrees, which
doesn't sound that cold until 

1293
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:03,600
you remember that water conducts
heat away from your body 25 

1294
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:07,500
times faster than are outside. 
This pressurized capsule 

1295
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:11,400
hyperthermia would be competing 
with nitrogen Narcosis for which

1296
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,200
could kill you first. 
It would be a close race. 

1297
01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:17,800
This is the Twilight Zone 
officially called the messenger 

1298
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:21,300
but Twilight Zone. 
Sounds much better and 

1299
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:24,900
scientists appreciate a good 
name as much as anyone some 

1300
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:28,000
light still penetrates here but 
it's the kind of like that makes

1301
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:30,300
you squint that never quite 
feels like enough. 

1302
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:33,800
If This Were a place on land it 
would be that moment just after 

1303
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:36,600
Sunset when you're trying to 
decide if you should turn on the

1304
01:07:36,608 --> 01:07:39,200
headlights or if you can make it
home first. 

1305
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,400
You definitely turn on the 
Headlights by a 1000 feet. 

1306
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:46,100
Even the blue is starting to 
give up the water. 

1307
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:48,700
Looks less like water and more 
like smoke. 

1308
01:07:48,700 --> 01:07:52,000
Like your descending through 
some dense medium, that can't 

1309
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:54,100
quite decide. 
What state of matter, it wants 

1310
01:07:54,100 --> 01:07:56,900
to be the temperature is 45 
degrees. 

1311
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:01,100
Now, outside the submersible, 
the pressure is roughly 45 times

1312
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:04,400
what it is at the surface, which
means every square inch of your 

1313
01:08:04,400 --> 01:08:08,100
body would be experiencing 45 
pounds of force, the 

1314
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:10,900
submersible's. 
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 

1315
01:08:10,900 --> 01:08:13,300
designed by people who stayed 
awake during their physics 

1316
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,600
classes and you're suddenly very
grateful for their attention to 

1317
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:20,100
detail a 2000 feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

1318
01:08:20,100 --> 01:08:22,399
Bethany, and the last of the 
light goes out. 

1319
01:08:23,200 --> 01:08:26,100
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

1320
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:29,800
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

1321
01:08:29,808 --> 01:08:32,500
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

1322
01:08:32,500 --> 01:08:35,300
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

1323
01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:38,000
room with the lights off, where 
your eyes adjust, and you can 

1324
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:41,899
still make out the shape of the 
furniture is not the darkness of

1325
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:45,100
a rural road at night where you 
still have Starlight. 

1326
01:08:45,100 --> 01:08:49,600
This is the darkness of being 
inside a mountain inside a cave.

1327
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:53,800
Inside the Earth itself, the 
only light now comes from your 

1328
01:08:53,800 --> 01:08:58,100
submersible's external floods, 
which cut through the water and 

1329
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:01,100
start white beams that make the 
darkness Beyond them seem even 

1330
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,500
more absolute. 
And in those beams, you see them

1331
01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:08,000
particles. 
Millions upon millions of 

1332
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:11,000
particles drifting down through 
the water, like the world's 

1333
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:15,399
slowest snow storm. 
This is Marine snow the detritus

1334
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:18,399
of the ocean surface. 
Everything that lived and died 

1335
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:22,100
up where the Sunshine's now, 
making its long, slow Journey to

1336
01:09:22,100 --> 01:09:25,600
the bottom. 
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 

1337
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:28,800
scales fecal. 
Pellets from whales sharks and 

1338
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:34,100
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 
scraps of seaweed, The water is 

1339
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:38,000
thick with Organic and fatty. 
Each spec representing something

1340
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:40,000
that was once alive. 
In the world above. 

1341
01:09:40,000 --> 01:09:43,600
It takes weeks for this material
to drift down from the surface 

1342
01:09:43,600 --> 01:09:46,200
tumbling. 
End over end Through The Dark 

1343
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:50,100
Water, getting smaller as 
bacteria, break it down and 

1344
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:52,800
being eaten and re eaten by 
creatures that live at different

1345
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:55,500
depths. 
This is what sustains the deep 

1346
01:09:55,500 --> 01:09:58,400
ocean leftovers from someone 
else's party. 

1347
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:02,600
The temperature is 38 degrees. 
Now, if you could somehow step 

1348
01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:06,700
outside which you absolutely 
cannot and should not even think

1349
01:10:06,700 --> 01:10:10,900
about the pressure would be 
approximately, 120 times what it

1350
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:13,900
is at the surface, your lungs 
would collapse before. 

1351
01:10:13,900 --> 01:10:18,900
You could even inhale your ear, 
drums would rupture gas spaces 

1352
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:20,700
in your body would compress to 
nothing. 

1353
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:24,500
It would be to put it mildly a 
bad experience. 

1354
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:29,700
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 
the vast majority of submarines 

1355
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:31,700
ever. 
Go military vessels. 

1356
01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:35,700
Generally tap out around 2000 
feet because at some point, even

1357
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:38,000
governments decide that 
discretion is the better. 

1358
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:41,900
Part of not being crushed like a
soda, can now in a depth Zone 

1359
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:45,300
visited, only by research 
vessels, certain species of 

1360
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:48,900
whales that are frankly showing 
off and fish species that have 

1361
01:10:48,908 --> 01:10:51,000
never seen sunlight, and never 
will. 

1362
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:55,800
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift, your submersible 

1363
01:10:55,800 --> 01:10:58,900
passes through clouds of it. 
And for a moment, you could 

1364
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:01,400
almost convinced yourself. 
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 

1365
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:05,900
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere
except three miles underwater in

1366
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:09,200
the Pacific, but then you see 
something move in the darkness, 

1367
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,400
beyond your lights, something 
larger than the particles, 

1368
01:11:12,400 --> 01:11:15,400
something deliberate. 
And you remember exactly where 

1369
01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:20,000
you are, at 3500 feet, you've 
descended deeper than the 

1370
01:11:20,000 --> 01:11:23,400
Titanic rests. 
That ship took two and a half 

1371
01:11:23,400 --> 01:11:27,600
miles to reach the bottom and it
took 93 years before someone 

1372
01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:29,600
sent a submersible down to 
photograph. 

1373
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:34,100
It, the water temperature is now
36 degrees just above freezing 

1374
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:37,500
cold enough that you can see 
your breath inside the capsule, 

1375
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:41,200
despite the heating system. 
The pressure is nearly 2000 

1376
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:45,300
pounds per square inch at the 
surface, your body displaces 

1377
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:49,300
about two gallons of air down 
here that same amount of air 

1378
01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:52,700
would fit in a tennis ball and 
still you keep descending. 

1379
01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:56,900
Still somehow this father to go 
the ocean. 

1380
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,700
You realize is almost 
incomprehensibly deep. 

1381
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:04,500
If Mount Everest, all 29,000 
feet of, it were placed in the 

1382
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:07,300
deepest part of the ocean. 
There would still be a mile of 

1383
01:12:07,300 --> 01:12:10,300
water of the summit. 
The average depth of the ocean 

1384
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:14,100
is over 12,000 feet. 
Humans live on what amounts to 

1385
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:17,200
Tiny dry Islands. 
Poking up through a global Water

1386
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,800
envelope that covers 71% of the 
planet's surface. 

1387
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:26,700
At 4,000 feet, your descent 
slows the seafloor is 

1388
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:30,800
approaching, not the dramatic 
trenches but the abyssal plain 

1389
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:34,800
the endless flat muddy expanse. 
That covers more of Earth's 

1390
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:39,000
surface than all the continents 
combined your lights illuminate 

1391
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:41,600
sediment, that hasn't been 
Disturbed in thousands of years 

1392
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:45,900
fine, particles that settle over
everything like dust on an 

1393
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:48,900
abandoned house. 
The last photo of sunlight that 

1394
01:12:48,900 --> 01:12:51,600
could theoretically Reach This 
depth gave up about two miles 

1395
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:56,800
ago You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night as place,

1396
01:12:56,800 --> 01:13:00,400
where the sun is a rumor, where 
Darkness isn't the absence of 

1397
01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:04,400
light, but rather the default 
state of existence interrupted 

1398
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:07,900
only by the bioluminescent 
flashes of creatures, making 

1399
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,100
their own rules about 
illumination and yet, as your 

1400
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:14,500
submersible, finally touches 
bottom, with a gentle bump and a

1401
01:13:14,500 --> 01:13:18,400
puff of sediment, you see 
something moving, multiple, 

1402
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:22,700
something's the ocean floor. 
Supposedly so hostile to life is

1403
01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:25,700
crawling with it. 
Fading of light, it turns out 

1404
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:29,000
was just the beginning. 
First thing you notice about the

1405
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:31,100
abyssal plain is how flattered 
is. 

1406
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:35,100
I mean, really genuinely flat in
a way that makes canvas look 

1407
01:13:35,100 --> 01:13:39,100
positively mountainous from your
viewport, the seafloor stretches

1408
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:41,800
away in all directions. 
Like a parking lot designed by 

1409
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:44,600
someone with no imagination and 
unlimited space. 

1410
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:49,700
The sediment is uniform, grey 
brown finest talcum powder and 

1411
01:13:49,700 --> 01:13:52,400
it appears to go on forever in 
every direction. 

1412
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:58,000
Pressure outside is now around 
6,000 pounds per square inch to 

1413
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:00,700
put that in perspective. 
If you could somehow stand on 

1414
01:14:00,700 --> 01:14:04,900
the sea floor, unprotected you'd
experience about 400 times. 

1415
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:06,800
The pressure that's crushing 
your car tires. 

1416
01:14:06,800 --> 01:14:10,000
Right now, every square inch of 
your body would be supporting 

1417
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:13,500
the weight of a small car. 
This is the kind of pressure 

1418
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:17,500
that makes steel spheres Creak 
and groan, the kind of pressure 

1419
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:20,100
that turned the titans of 
merciful into compressed 

1420
01:14:20,100 --> 01:14:22,600
fragments in about four 
milliseconds. 

1421
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:26,800
During its ill-fated descent to 
the Titanic you'll submersible. 

1422
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:30,300
Thankfully was designed by 
people who understood exactly 

1423
01:14:30,300 --> 01:14:32,200
what water pressure at depth 
means. 

1424
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:36,400
The titanium Hull is thicker 
than your thigh with no straight

1425
01:14:36,400 --> 01:14:39,600
seams where stress could 
concentrate and no clever 

1426
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:42,700
Corners were physics. 
Could gain a foothold, it's 

1427
01:14:42,700 --> 01:14:45,800
essentially a very sophisticated
ball because balls as it turns 

1428
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:48,800
out a very good at handling on 
the directional pressure, 

1429
01:14:48,800 --> 01:14:52,600
submarines a cylindrical because
they need to move through water 

1430
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:55,900
efficiently. 
Of Mercy that just need to not 

1431
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:59,900
implode a spherical because 
spheres distribute stress evenly

1432
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:03,600
across their entire surface. 
The water temperature is 

1433
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:07,600
stabilized at around 36 degrees 
Fahrenheit just barely above 

1434
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:11,600
freezing at this depth water 
actually becomes slightly more 

1435
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,100
dense than it is at the surface 
compressed by its own weight 

1436
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:18,300
into something that's not quite 
the H2O, you're used to. 

1437
01:15:18,308 --> 01:15:21,800
If you can examine it at the 
molecular level, you'd see the 

1438
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:25,000
water molecules packed together 
more tightly than they ever get 

1439
01:15:25,000 --> 01:15:28,100
in your glass at dinner outside 
a creature swims. 

1440
01:15:28,100 --> 01:15:30,800
Past your viewport. 
Something that looks vaguely 

1441
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:32,700
fish. 
Like if fish were designed by 

1442
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:35,200
someone who'd only heard them 
described over a bad phone 

1443
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:37,500
connection. 
It's about 8 inches long 

1444
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:41,600
translucent with eyes that are 
disproportionately huge and 

1445
01:15:41,600 --> 01:15:44,400
teeth at a disproportionately 
pointier than seems necessary. 

1446
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:48,000
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

1447
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:50,600
vertebrates on Earth and you've 
probably never heard of it 

1448
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:53,800
because it lives, where humans 
don't, there are more bristle 

1449
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:57,100
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land but they live

1450
01:15:57,100 --> 01:15:59,400
in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

1451
01:15:59,400 --> 01:16:01,700
that we barely acknowledge their
existence. 

1452
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:06,500
The submersible's manipulator, 
arm extends collecting a 

1453
01:16:06,500 --> 01:16:09,500
settlement sample. 
The movement is excruciatingly 

1454
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:11,200
slow. 
Because everything moves slowly 

1455
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:15,700
down here, water at this depth 
has a viscosity about 60% higher

1456
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,200
than at the surface, which means
pushing through it feels less 

1457
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:22,500
like swimming and more like 
moving through cold honey. 

1458
01:16:23,600 --> 01:16:24,800
For the creatures that live 
here. 

1459
01:16:25,500 --> 01:16:29,200
Speed is mostly irrelevant. 
Anyway, where exactly were they 

1460
01:16:29,200 --> 01:16:33,900
hurry to sea cucumber, trundles 
passed and trundles is really 

1461
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:37,300
the only appropriate verb It's 
moving at approximately the 

1462
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:40,300
speed of erosion. 
One of those animals that makes 

1463
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:41,800
sloths. 
Look hyperactive. 

1464
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:45,400
Sea cucumbers are essentially 
animated vacuum cleaners 

1465
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:48,900
crawling across the sediment and
ingesting anything organic. 

1466
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:53,200
They encounter they process, the
mud extract, whatever calories, 

1467
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:56,600
they can from the sparse, 
organic matter and excrete, 

1468
01:16:56,600 --> 01:16:58,800
pellets of slightly, reorganized
mud. 

1469
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:04,200
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living Technically the pressure 

1470
01:17:04,200 --> 01:17:08,200
affects everything down here in 
ways that seem almost designed 

1471
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:12,500
to make life inconvenient. 
Gas bladders, which many fish 

1472
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:16,100
used to control their buoyancy 
and shallow water, a completely 

1473
01:17:16,100 --> 01:17:19,200
useless at this depth. 
Pressure would compress them to 

1474
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:21,600
nothing. 
So the fish that live here of 

1475
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:25,400
either, given up on gas entirely
or replace them with deposits of

1476
01:17:25,408 --> 01:17:27,500
lighter than water, oils that 
don't compress. 

1477
01:17:27,500 --> 01:17:30,300
It's the difference between 
trying to use a balloon for 

1478
01:17:30,300 --> 01:17:32,900
buoyancy versus using a chunk of
Styrofoam. 

1479
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:37,100
One option adapts to pressure, 
the other just gets crushed, 

1480
01:17:37,100 --> 01:17:41,100
you'll submersible, drifts 
forward slowly, it's Motors 

1481
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:43,800
barely audible. 
As it hums through the hole in 

1482
01:17:43,800 --> 01:17:46,700
the distance and distance is 
weird down here, because there 

1483
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:49,900
are no reference points. 
You see, a cluster of what looks

1484
01:17:49,900 --> 01:17:52,800
like tube worms. 
Each one rising from the 

1485
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:55,100
sediment like an abandoned 
Periscope. 

1486
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:58,800
These are polyte worms, and 
they've constructed tubes from 

1487
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:02,900
mucus and sediment particles. 
They extend their feathery, 

1488
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:06,400
feeding appendages into the 
water hoping to snag some of 

1489
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:10,200
that Marine snow as it drifts 
past they've been growing for 

1490
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:13,100
decades. 
Possibly centuries adding 

1491
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:14,900
millimeters to their tubes each 
year. 

1492
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:19,400
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your light named for its

1493
01:18:19,400 --> 01:18:23,200
long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

1494
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:25,900
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

1495
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:28,500
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

1496
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:32,400
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

1497
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:34,300
loitering. 
With food. 

1498
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:38,200
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

1499
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:40,900
they parked themselves 
somewhere, promising and wait. 

1500
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:45,600
Sometimes, for days, the 
metabolic rate of deep sea fish 

1501
01:18:45,600 --> 01:18:49,300
is astonishingly low often. 
Just two to three percent of 

1502
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:53,000
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

1503
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:56,400
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

1504
01:18:56,400 --> 01:19:00,400
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

1505
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:03,600
the surface would become rigid, 
and useless at this depth, 

1506
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:07,400
except that deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

1507
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:10,800
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

1508
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:13,100
were denature and fall apart in 
shallow water. 

1509
01:19:13,108 --> 01:19:16,100
Fish have been modified with 
subtle molecular changes that 

1510
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:19,400
make them stable Under Pressure.
It's like comparing a house 

1511
01:19:19,400 --> 01:19:22,700
built for California, versus a 
house built for Alaska, same 

1512
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:25,400
basic structure, different 
engineering requirements. 

1513
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:28,900
You notice something odd about 
the fish that passed through 

1514
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:33,600
your lights, many of them appear
to be melting, not literally, 

1515
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:36,300
but their flesh has a weird 
gelatinous quality. 

1516
01:19:36,300 --> 01:19:39,800
A translucent that makes them 
look like they're made of 

1517
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:43,500
partially set jello. 
This isn't diseased or damaged 

1518
01:19:43,500 --> 01:19:48,400
its adaptation at these depths 
where food is scarce and every 

1519
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:52,800
calorie counts When painting a 
dense, muscular body is a waste 

1520
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:55,500
of resources. 
These fish have essentially 

1521
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,200
given up on structural Integrity
in favor of energy conservation.

1522
01:19:59,200 --> 01:20:03,200
Their water balloons. 
Because down here, there's no 

1523
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:05,900
evolutionary pressure to be 
streamlined or sturdy. 

1524
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:10,300
There are no fast currents to 
fight against no Predators fast 

1525
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:13,800
enough to make fleeing worth, 
while an isopod crawls across 

1526
01:20:13,800 --> 01:20:17,200
the sediment, a creature that 
looks distressingly like a pill 

1527
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:20,300
bug that got into the steroids. 
It's about 10 inches long, 

1528
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,500
armored and moving with the 
deliberation of something that 

1529
01:20:23,500 --> 01:20:26,000
has nowhere to be in an eternity
to get there. 

1530
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:30,500
Giant isopods are scavengers the
vultures of the deep ocean. 

1531
01:20:30,500 --> 01:20:34,500
They can go years without eating
their metabolism, slowed to a 

1532
01:20:34,508 --> 01:20:36,300
level at barely qualifies as 
life. 

1533
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:40,000
When a whale carcass or large 
fish drops to the sea floor, 

1534
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:42,900
they congregate in numbers that 
would make a horror movie 

1535
01:20:42,908 --> 01:20:45,600
direct. 
A weep with joy, stripping the 

1536
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:48,600
remains down to Bare Bones over 
the course of months. 

1537
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:53,000
Submersible sonar pings mapping 
the seafloor around you. 

1538
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:55,900
The sound travel strangely down 
here. 

1539
01:20:55,900 --> 01:20:58,700
Water pressure affects the speed
of sound. 

1540
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:01,700
Making it travel about 3% faster
than at the surface. 

1541
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:05,900
But more interesting is what the
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 

1542
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:07,700
isn't quite as flat as it 
appeared. 

1543
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:11,700
There are subtle variations 
gentle Hills and Valleys 

1544
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:15,200
measured in meters and features 
that took millions of years to 

1545
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:19,100
form a sediment accumulated. 
Grain by grain Century. 

1546
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:22,900
By Century you're sitting in a 
place where sediment accumulates

1547
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:26,000
at roughly one, centimeter every
Thousand Years. 

1548
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:30,200
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

1549
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:34,900
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

1550
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,000
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

1551
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,300
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

1552
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:45,800
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling a 

1553
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:49,200
Grenadier, fish swims past and 
other deep sea resident, with 

1554
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:50,800
the large head and tapering 
body. 

1555
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:53,200
The seems to be standard issued 
down here. 

1556
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:58,200
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

1557
01:21:58,200 --> 01:22:01,800
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

1558
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:03,700
images. 
There's not enough light for 

1559
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:07,200
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

1560
01:22:07,200 --> 01:22:09,400
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

1561
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:13,300
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

1562
01:22:13,300 --> 01:22:15,700
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

1563
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:19,600
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

1564
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,500
to press against the 
submersible's hull with a force 

1565
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:25,800
of several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

1566
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:30,000
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable, 

1567
01:22:30,000 --> 01:22:33,400
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

1568
01:22:33,400 --> 01:22:36,300
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

1569
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:40,500
floor is just 6 inches of metal 
and Engineering Beyond which the

1570
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:43,800
pressure is sufficient, 
compressed bone, a jellyfish 

1571
01:22:43,800 --> 01:22:47,300
drifts past though, calling it a
jellyfish is generous. 

1572
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:50,500
It's more like a translucent 
blob with tentacles. 

1573
01:22:50,500 --> 01:22:53,200
So delicate it looks like it 
might come apart. 

1574
01:22:53,200 --> 01:22:56,200
If you looked at it too hard, 
these deep sea jellies are about

1575
01:22:56,200 --> 01:23:01,000
95% water with just enough, 
biology to qualify as alive. 

1576
01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:04,300
They drift through the darkness 
trailing tentacles that can 

1577
01:23:04,300 --> 01:23:08,700
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 
waiting for something small and 

1578
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:12,500
unlucky to blunder into them 
when they capture prey, which 

1579
01:23:12,500 --> 01:23:16,200
happens rarely based on how thin
these jellies are, they digested

1580
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:19,500
over the course of weeks. 
Everything happens in slow 

1581
01:23:19,500 --> 01:23:22,900
motion down here, the weight of 
water shapes everything at this 

1582
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:26,800
depth, it determines body 
structure hunting, strategies 

1583
01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:30,300
reproduction and even the 
chemistry of life itself, 

1584
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:34,500
Creatures here have evolved 
Under Pressure literal, physical

1585
01:23:34,500 --> 01:23:37,900
pressure that would kill surface
organisms instantly. 

1586
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:40,100
They've solved engineering 
problems. 

1587
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,100
That human Engineers struggle 
with and they've done it not 

1588
01:23:43,100 --> 01:23:47,100
through intelligence or design. 
But through the simple brutal 

1589
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:51,600
process of trying, everything, 
keeping what works discarding? 

1590
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:54,800
What doesn't and repeating for 
50 million years? 

1591
01:23:54,800 --> 01:23:58,600
Your lights sweep across the 
settlement and something catches

1592
01:23:58,600 --> 01:24:01,600
your eye. 
Tracks long. 

1593
01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:05,400
Parallel grooves in the mud 
leading off into the darkness. 

1594
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:09,800
Something walked here recently, 
recently being a relative term 

1595
01:24:09,800 --> 01:24:12,900
when sediment takes Millennia to
settle, the tracks could be 

1596
01:24:12,908 --> 01:24:16,700
hours old or decades old. 
Time moves differently when the 

1597
01:24:16,708 --> 01:24:19,400
environment changes. 
So slowly that centuries are 

1598
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:22,500
barely noticeable. 
The submersible begins to rise 

1599
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,500
ascending slowly from the 
abyssal plain toward the next 

1600
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:28,700
leg of your journey. 
As you lift away from the sea 

1601
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:32,100
floor, you take one last. 
Look at that uniform muddy 

1602
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:37,100
expanse, it looks lifeless, 
Barren, a place where nothing 

1603
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:40,700
should exist. 
And yet impossibly life persists

1604
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:44,600
adapted to pressure that would 
crush submarines cold, that 

1605
01:24:44,600 --> 01:24:48,600
would kill in minutes and 
darkness, That Never Ends life 

1606
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:51,300
persists, because life is 
stubborn that way, because 

1607
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:55,500
chemistry finds even under 6,000
pounds per square inch of water.

1608
01:24:56,600 --> 01:24:59,500
The weight of water, doesn't end
a life, it just changes. 

1609
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:03,000
The terms, the thermometer on 
your instrument panel reads, 

1610
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:07,800
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 
This isn't the kind of cold that

1611
01:25:07,800 --> 01:25:10,900
makes you put on a sweater. 
This is the kind of cold that 

1612
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:15,000
permeates everything that seeps 
into molecular structures and 

1613
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:17,500
slows chemical reactions to 
accrual. 

1614
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,600
This is cold. 
That has lasted unchanged for 

1615
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,500
millions of years. 
Here's something that will 

1616
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:28,100
reorganize your perspective. 
The deep ocean doesn't really do

1617
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:31,900
seasons while the surface might 
warm in summer, and cool in 

1618
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:35,900
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.
The temperature has been 

1619
01:25:35,908 --> 01:25:38,800
essentially constant since long 
before, humans started 

1620
01:25:38,800 --> 01:25:43,100
recording, whether the ice ages 
came and went massive glaciers 

1621
01:25:43,100 --> 01:25:46,200
covered half of Europe, and 
North America melted reformed, 

1622
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:50,100
and melted again and down here. 
The temperature may be changed 

1623
01:25:50,100 --> 01:25:54,000
by half a degree. 
Maybe this stability is both a 

1624
01:25:54,008 --> 01:25:58,400
blessing and a curse for deep 
sea life, the blessing is 

1625
01:25:58,408 --> 01:26:01,700
predictability organisms. 
Don't need to adapt to 

1626
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:05,300
temperature swings, don't need 
to prepare for winter or endure.

1627
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:08,300
Summer heat waves, the curses 
that they've become so 

1628
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:10,700
specialized for cold. 
That even minor temperature 

1629
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:14,100
increases would be catastrophic.
These creatures are like people 

1630
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:16,800
who have only ever lived in one 
climate, their entire lives 

1631
01:26:16,800 --> 01:26:20,000
who've built every aspect of 
their biology around. 

1632
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:23,900
Specific environmental 
conditions, a squid Glides past 

1633
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:26,400
your viewport, its body about 
two feet long on. 

1634
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,600
Trailing behind in warmer water.
A squid. 

1635
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:32,200
This size would be darting 
around changing colors 

1636
01:26:32,200 --> 01:26:35,200
demonstrating, the kind of 
hyperactive energy that makes 

1637
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:39,400
squid both fascinating and 
exhausting to watch this one 

1638
01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:40,800
moves. 
Like, it's swimming through 

1639
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:45,200
molasses which in a sense it is 
given the viscosity of cold 

1640
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:48,900
pressurized water. 
Its metabolism runs at a 

1641
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,200
fraction of the speed of its 
surface-dwelling cousins where a

1642
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:53,600
coastal squid. 
Might live two years. 

1643
01:26:53,600 --> 01:26:57,600
This one could live 20. 
everything happens slower, when 

1644
01:26:57,600 --> 01:27:01,500
you're running your biology on 
economy mode, The cold affects 

1645
01:27:01,500 --> 01:27:04,900
proteins in fascinating ways. 
At surface temperatures, 

1646
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:08,900
proteins are flexible Dynamic 
molecules that fold and unfold 

1647
01:27:08,900 --> 01:27:13,100
bind to things and release them 
and generally act like the busy 

1648
01:27:13,100 --> 01:27:16,900
little molecular machines they 
are But cold makes molecules 

1649
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:20,100
sluggish. 
It reduces the kinetic energy 

1650
01:27:20,100 --> 01:27:21,400
available for chemical 
reactions. 

1651
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:25,800
So, deep sea organisms produce 
proteins that are specifically 

1652
01:27:25,800 --> 01:27:27,700
adapted to work at low 
temperatures. 

1653
01:27:28,500 --> 01:27:30,100
Proteins. 
That would actually stop 

1654
01:27:30,100 --> 01:27:33,100
functioning properly if you warm
them up, these creatures would 

1655
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:36,900
be poisoned by warm water, not 
because heated self is toxic, 

1656
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:40,900
but because they're entire 
biochemistry would stop working 

1657
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:44,800
correctly. 
Fish swims past that appears to 

1658
01:27:44,800 --> 01:27:49,200
have antifreeze in its blood, 
which as it turns out, it does 

1659
01:27:49,200 --> 01:27:53,300
many deep sea fish produce 
antifreeze proteins molecules 

1660
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:56,300
that prevent ice crystals from 
forming in their tissues. 

1661
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,800
Now, you might reasonably point 
out that 36 degrees is above 

1662
01:28:00,800 --> 01:28:02,600
freezing. 
So why would they need 

1663
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:04,900
antifreeze? 
Excellent question. 

1664
01:28:04,900 --> 01:28:08,000
The answer is that these 
pressures the freezing point of 

1665
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,700
water drops slightly Also fish 
body fluids have a lower 

1666
01:28:11,700 --> 01:28:14,700
freezing point than pure water 
anyway because they contain 

1667
01:28:14,700 --> 01:28:17,800
salts and proteins. 
But some deep sea fish, have 

1668
01:28:17,800 --> 01:28:21,600
added an extra margin of safety 
producing glycoproteins that 

1669
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:24,700
bind to any ice crystals that 
start to form and prevent them 

1670
01:28:24,700 --> 01:28:27,600
from growing. 
Its biological insurance against

1671
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:30,300
a catastrophe that might occur 
once in a million years. 

1672
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:34,400
The cold also means that 
decomposition happens at a 

1673
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:38,000
geological pace. 
When a fish dies in warm surface

1674
01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:40,700
water bacteria break it down 
within days. 

1675
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:44,500
Down here that same fish might 
remain relatively intact for 

1676
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:48,100
months or even years. 
The cold slows bacterial 

1677
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:50,500
metabolism just like its slows. 
Everything else. 

1678
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:54,500
This has interesting 
implications the deep ocean is 

1679
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:58,800
in effect, a preservation 
chamber, whale carcasses can 

1680
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:00,300
remain on the seafloor for 
decades. 

1681
01:29:00,300 --> 01:29:03,700
Slowly being consumed by a 
succession of Specialists 

1682
01:29:03,700 --> 01:29:06,900
organic matter, that would 
vanish quickly and warm water. 

1683
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:10,500
Persists, providing a long-term 
food source for the scavengers 

1684
01:29:10,500 --> 01:29:14,100
patient enough to find it, your 
lights illuminate, a cluster of 

1685
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,400
amphipods, small Crustaceans 
that look like swimming commas 

1686
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:21,400
clustered around what appears to
be a fragment of something 

1687
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,000
organic could be fish flesh. 
Could be whale. 

1688
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:28,200
Blubber could be the remains of 
a jellyfish that died at the 

1689
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:31,600
surface 6 months ago and finally
drifted down here. 

1690
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:35,100
The amphipods are eating it with
the enthusiasm of people who 

1691
01:29:35,100 --> 01:29:38,000
aren't sure when they're leading
again, because they genuinely 

1692
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:39,600
aren't sure when they're late 
again. 

1693
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:43,900
Food is so scarce down here that
finding a meal is an event worth

1694
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:48,000
documenting, The Smurfs external
sense as record the waters, 

1695
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:51,900
salinity dissolved, oxygen 
levels and Trace chemical 

1696
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:56,300
composition, the oxygen content 
is surprisingly, High cold water

1697
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:59,600
holds more dissolved oxygen than
warm water, which is one of the 

1698
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:02,400
few advantages of operating in 
what amounts, to a natural 

1699
01:30:02,400 --> 01:30:05,900
refrigerator many deep sea 
organisms have evolved large 

1700
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:08,700
Gill surfaces to extract that 
oxygen efficiently. 

1701
01:30:09,600 --> 01:30:12,400
Because while there's plenty of 
oxygen available, the cold 

1702
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:14,700
temperature means their 
metabolic Machinery Works 

1703
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:17,400
slowly. 
So they need to maximize intake 

1704
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:21,400
a comb jelly drifts past is rows
of cilia, creating those 

1705
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:24,400
characteristic rainbow ripples 
as they catch your lights. 

1706
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,000
Comb jellies are among the most 
alien-looking creatures in the 

1707
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,700
ocean. 
All translucent geometry and 

1708
01:30:30,700 --> 01:30:33,600
flowing movement. 
This one is about the size of 

1709
01:30:33,600 --> 01:30:37,400
your fist, pulsing slowly 
through the water in warm 

1710
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:41,200
surface waters comb jellies can 
swim with surprising speed, 

1711
01:30:41,200 --> 01:30:44,900
their cilia beating rapidly, 
this one moves like its 

1712
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:49,000
underwater, which okay? 
It is underwater but you know 

1713
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:51,600
what I mean. 
It moves like it's underwater 

1714
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:56,400
even for something underwater 
slow dream-like. 

1715
01:30:56,400 --> 01:31:00,300
As if swimming Through Time 
rather than water, the cold has 

1716
01:31:00,300 --> 01:31:03,100
another effect that scientists 
didn't fully appreciate until 

1717
01:31:03,100 --> 01:31:07,800
recently. 
It affects intelligents Many 

1718
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:11,000
deep sea fish have smaller 
brains relative to their body 

1719
01:31:11,000 --> 01:31:14,100
size than surface fish. 
This isn't because they're 

1720
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:17,300
stupid will they might be but 
that's not the point. 

1721
01:31:17,300 --> 01:31:20,000
Brain tissue is metabolically 
expensive. 

1722
01:31:20,000 --> 01:31:25,100
Requiring significant energy to 
maintain in an environment where

1723
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:28,900
food is scarce and metabolism is
slow maintaining a large. 

1724
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:31,400
Brain is a luxury, few species 
can afford. 

1725
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:36,000
So deep sea fish, have evolved 
to operate on minimal, neural 

1726
01:31:36,000 --> 01:31:39,300
Hardware, like running a modern 
computer on a processor from 

1727
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:45,200
1995 it works, but don't expect 
miracles a sea cucumber crosses.

1728
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,200
The sediment with the urgency of
a glacier sea. 

1729
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:50,600
Cucumbers are basically the 
Roomba vacuum cleaners of the 

1730
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:54,400
deep ocean, except slower and 
less intelligent, which is 

1731
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,400
saying something given that 
roomba's regularly get stuck on.

1732
01:31:57,400 --> 01:32:01,000
Shoelaces, this particular 
specimen is about a footlong 

1733
01:32:01,000 --> 01:32:04,600
dark brown and covered in small 
per PA that might serve some 

1734
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:07,200
function or might just be along 
for the ride. 

1735
01:32:08,000 --> 01:32:11,100
Processing settlement, 
extracting whatever, Trace 

1736
01:32:11,100 --> 01:32:13,700
organic matter. 
It can find and leaving behind 

1737
01:32:13,700 --> 01:32:15,700
neat, little piles of waste 
pellets. 

1738
01:32:16,500 --> 01:32:19,900
In cold water, this process 
takes even longer than it would 

1739
01:32:19,900 --> 01:32:22,900
in warm water. 
This CQ cumber, might move, 10 

1740
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:26,000
feet in a day and consider it a 
productive outing. 

1741
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:29,700
The cold also affects 
reproduction in ways that seem 

1742
01:32:29,700 --> 01:32:31,900
almost designed to frustrate the
animals. 

1743
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:36,000
Involved many deep sea species, 
reach sexual maturity slowly. 

1744
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,400
We're talking years or even 
decades. 

1745
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:42,800
The anglerfish you saw earlier 
with its bioluminescent lure. 

1746
01:32:43,600 --> 01:32:46,200
It might not be ready to mate 
until it's 15 years old. 

1747
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:50,300
Compared that to surface fish 
species that reach maturity and 

1748
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:52,500
months. 
The cold temperature slows 

1749
01:32:52,500 --> 01:32:56,100
growth rates, delays 
development, and generally makes

1750
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:57,900
the entire process of 
reproduction. 

1751
01:32:57,900 --> 01:33:02,000
An investment that requires 
serious long-term planning, a 

1752
01:33:02,000 --> 01:33:03,500
Dumbo octopus. 
Appears at the edge of your 

1753
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:06,200
lights named for the ear like 
fins on its head. 

1754
01:33:06,200 --> 01:33:08,800
That make it look like Disney's 
elephant, had a really strange 

1755
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:12,800
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 
octopuses live at depths ranging

1756
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:16,800
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 
making them some of the deepest 

1757
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,900
living octopuses known. 
They hover just above the sea 

1758
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:21,700
floor. 
Flapping those ear fins in slow 

1759
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:24,100
motion. 
Looking for small worms and 

1760
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,200
Crustaceans. 
Everything about this octopus 

1761
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:31,200
says low energy lifestyle. 
It doesn't jet around like it's 

1762
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:34,200
shallow water cousins. 
It doesn't change color rapidly,

1763
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:36,900
its chromatophores. 
Like, he works sluggishly at 

1764
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:39,500
this temperature. 
It's simply drifts along 

1765
01:33:39,500 --> 01:33:43,200
occasionally, extending an arm 
to grab something edible then. 

1766
01:33:43,500 --> 01:33:46,400
Continuing, its endless 
slow-motion patrol of the Abyss,

1767
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:51,500
the submersible's heating system
kicks on with a quiet hum inside

1768
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:53,700
your comfortable at about 68 
degrees. 

1769
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:57,100
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

1770
01:33:57,100 --> 01:34:01,100
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

1771
01:34:01,100 --> 01:34:04,400
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

1772
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,700
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

1773
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:11,100
our species has existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

1774
01:34:11,100 --> 01:34:14,300
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

1775
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:18,600
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

1776
01:34:18,600 --> 01:34:21,500
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

1777
01:34:21,500 --> 01:34:25,000
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

1778
01:34:25,000 --> 01:34:27,600
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

1779
01:34:27,600 --> 01:34:30,800
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs, despite working and 

1780
01:34:30,800 --> 01:34:34,100
what amounts to a giant 
underwater freezer, a jellyfish 

1781
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:36,400
of truly impressive size, 
appears ahead of you. 

1782
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:41,400
Its Bell is at least three feet 
across translucent, with dozens 

1783
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:44,000
of tentacles trailing behind it.
Like Dreamers. 

1784
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:48,200
This is a deep sea Medusa and 
it's probably been drifting 

1785
01:34:48,200 --> 01:34:52,700
through these cold waters for 
years growing slowly, capturing,

1786
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:55,500
whatever small creatures are. 
Unlucky enough to brush against 

1787
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:58,300
its stinging tentacles in warm 
water. 

1788
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:00,800
A jellyfish. 
This size might live for a few 

1789
01:35:00,808 --> 01:35:05,200
months in the cold deep ocean. 
It could assist for decades its 

1790
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:08,100
tissues breaking down. 
So slowly that time becomes 

1791
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:11,900
almost irrelevant, the cold 
doesn't just slow life down, it 

1792
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:16,000
changes the entire strategy. 
Surface dwelling organisms, live

1793
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:19,200
fast reproduce quickly and die 
young. 

1794
01:35:20,100 --> 01:35:24,500
Deep sea organisms, live slowly 
reproduce rarely and persist for

1795
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:28,300
decades or centuries, it's the 
difference between a sprinter 

1796
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:32,500
and an ultra marathoner between 
burning bright and burning long,

1797
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:36,200
your submersible can continue 
its journey across the abyssal. 

1798
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:39,400
Plain through water, that has 
been cold since before. 

1799
01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:42,400
There were humans to feel cold 
through an environment. 

1800
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:46,100
So stable that Evolution here 
happens, even more slowly than 

1801
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:48,100
usual. 
The organisms around. 

1802
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:52,000
You aren't surviving the cold. 
They've transcended, it becoming

1803
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:55,500
so perfectly adapted to it that,
the coldest simply their default

1804
01:35:55,500 --> 01:35:58,400
State, the only temperature 
they've ever known or could 

1805
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:02,800
tolerate the thermometer still 
reads 35.7 degrees. 

1806
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:08,400
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 
years from now, 100,000 years 

1807
01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:12,100
from now, the cold that outlasts
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 

1808
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:14,900
doesn't change. 
And doesn't care about what's 

1809
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:18,900
happening on the surface. 
It simply persists patient and 

1810
01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:22,200
eternal shaping life into forms 
that move slowly. 

1811
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:27,600
Think, slowly grows slowly and 
endure, your hovering about 50 

1812
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,500
feet above the abyssal plain and
you haven't seen anything. 

1813
01:36:30,500 --> 01:36:32,800
Eat anything else for the past 
45 minutes. 

1814
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:37,200
This it turns out is completely 
normal down here. 

1815
01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:40,100
Food isn't scarce, it's 
essentially theoretical. 

1816
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:42,500
It's something. 
You've heard exists, something 

1817
01:36:42,500 --> 01:36:45,200
your grandparents mentioned, 
once something you might 

1818
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:47,800
encounter at some point before 
you die of old age. 

1819
01:36:48,600 --> 01:36:51,600
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift downward. 

1820
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:55,300
And now, you understand why they
call it that, it really does 

1821
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:58,100
look like snow. 
Except the snow falls at roughly

1822
01:36:58,100 --> 01:37:02,400
three to four miles per hour. 
This stuff this Falls at about 

1823
01:37:02,408 --> 01:37:06,000
four feet per day. 
A particle leaving the surface. 

1824
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:09,100
Today won't reach this depth for
about a month and a half. 

1825
01:37:09,108 --> 01:37:12,600
And by the time it gets here, 
it's been picked over by every 

1826
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:15,800
hungry creature at every depth 
along the way what reaches the 

1827
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:19,200
abyssal plain is basically the 
crumbs from someone else's 

1828
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:21,200
Crumbs from someone else's 
crumbs. 

1829
01:37:21,200 --> 01:37:24,900
Scientists estimate, that only 
about 1% of the organic matter 

1830
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:27,900
produced at the surface ever 
makes it to the deep sea floor. 

1831
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:32,900
1%, imagine living in a place 
where 99% of all food is 

1832
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:36,700
destroyed before it reaches you 
and the 1% that remains has been

1833
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:38,600
thoroughly pre-tied by everyone 
else. 

1834
01:37:39,600 --> 01:37:43,100
Now imagine that is the good, 
time's, the feast periods. 

1835
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:46,900
That's the deep ocean. 
A transparent squid, hangs 

1836
01:37:46,900 --> 01:37:48,600
Motionless In The Water ahead of
you. 

1837
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,900
And when I say transparent, I 
mean, you can literally see its 

1838
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:53,600
internal organs through its 
skin. 

1839
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:59,100
This isn't some artistic Choice.
It's camouflage in A Place With 

1840
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:02,600
No Light being invisible, 
doesn't help much But this squid

1841
01:38:02,600 --> 01:38:05,800
likely migrates Upward at night 
to feed in slightly shallower 

1842
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:08,600
Waters where transparency is 
actually useful. 

1843
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:13,200
Right now though it's just 
hanging there, doing absolutely 

1844
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:17,000
nothing because doing nothing is
the only energy efficient 

1845
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:21,700
strategy when food is this rare.
The squid stomach is visible 

1846
01:38:21,700 --> 01:38:25,800
through its translucent tissue 
and it's empty, not just empty. 

1847
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:29,800
Like I should probably soon but 
empty, like a last 8-3 weeks ago

1848
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:33,200
and I'm fine with that. 
Deep sea creatures, have evolved

1849
01:38:33,200 --> 01:38:36,200
metabolic rates solo that they 
make hibernating bears, look 

1850
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:39,900
hyperactive this squid might eat
twice a month and consider 

1851
01:38:39,900 --> 01:38:43,300
itself well fed. 
Here's a fun fact that will 

1852
01:38:43,300 --> 01:38:45,100
rearrange your understanding of 
energy. 

1853
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:49,200
Some deep sea fish have 
metabolic rate so low that they 

1854
01:38:49,208 --> 01:38:53,200
burn fewer calories per day than
a battery releases. 

1855
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:56,800
We're talking about animals that
operate on less than 10 calories

1856
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:59,800
per day. 
A single potato, chip contains 

1857
01:38:59,800 --> 01:39:01,800
more energy than some deep sea 
fish. 

1858
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:04,900
Consume in a week, they have 
essentially learned to run their

1859
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:09,000
entire biology on standby mode. 
Keeping just enough functions 

1860
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:12,600
active to qualify as alive 
waiting, for the rare moment 

1861
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:16,800
when food actually appears a rat
tail fish swims past, and you 

1862
01:39:16,800 --> 01:39:19,100
notice something odd about its 
body composition. 

1863
01:39:20,000 --> 01:39:22,200
It's mostly water and very 
little muscle. 

1864
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,100
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 
actual tissue. 

1865
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:28,800
The rest is water and gelatinous
protein. 

1866
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:32,800
This is the deep sea equivalent 
of a budget, laptop maximum 

1867
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,700
size, minimum components. 
The fish needs to be large 

1868
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:39,600
enough to avoid predation, and 
to hold sufficient eggs for 

1869
01:39:39,600 --> 01:39:42,600
reproduction, but it can't 
afford the energy cost of 

1870
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:44,900
maintaining muscle tissue. 
It rarely uses. 

1871
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:48,700
So it's essentially a water 
balloon with just enough biology

1872
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:51,900
attached to keep things running.
Your lights catch something 

1873
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:56,200
falling, a larger chunk of 
organic matter, maybe the size 

1874
01:39:56,200 --> 01:40:00,000
of a softball to sending faster 
than the usual Marine snow. 

1875
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:04,600
This is what scientists call 
fasting particles chunks of 

1876
01:40:04,600 --> 01:40:06,800
fecal. 
Matter from surface whales, dead

1877
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:08,900
jellyfish and fragments of large
fish. 

1878
01:40:08,900 --> 01:40:13,300
This is Prime real estate in the
deep ocean, the equivalent of 

1879
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:15,300
finding a 20-dollar, bill on the
sidewalk. 

1880
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:19,200
Within moments small Crustaceans
appear from the darkness. 

1881
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:22,900
Converging on this falling 
treasure, they'll strip it 

1882
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:24,500
clean. 
Before it reaches the sea floor,

1883
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:27,500
fighting over scraps, that 
surface creatures would consider

1884
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,700
garbage The foods, scarcity, 
affects every aspect of life 

1885
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:36,000
down here, take reproduction. 
Many deep sea fish are, what's 

1886
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:39,300
called broadcast spawners? 
They release eggs, and sperm 

1887
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:42,500
into the water and hopes. 
Some of the meat in food, Rich, 

1888
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:46,200
surface waters, fish can afford 
to produce hundreds of thousands

1889
01:40:46,200 --> 01:40:48,300
of tiny eggs because most will 
die. 

1890
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,500
But enough, will survive in the 
deep ocean. 

1891
01:40:51,500 --> 01:40:53,900
Females produce, far, fewer 
eggs. 

1892
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:57,900
But each one is large, and 
packed with nutrients giving the

1893
01:40:57,900 --> 01:41:00,900
lovely a better chance of 
surviving the brutal early weeks

1894
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:02,800
when their two small to compete 
for food. 

1895
01:41:02,800 --> 01:41:06,200
Effectively, a gulper eel 
appears in your lights and it's 

1896
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:08,100
exactly as unsettling as the 
name. 

1897
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:14,000
Suggests Its mouth is enormous 
literally four times the size of

1898
01:41:14,000 --> 01:41:17,500
its body opening to a size that 
looks physically impossible. 

1899
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:21,100
This is because when you never 
know when your leak again you 

1900
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:23,400
can't afford to be picky about 
price size. 

1901
01:41:23,400 --> 01:41:26,600
If something edible swims past, 
you need to be able to swallow 

1902
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:28,500
it. 
Whether it's smaller than you 

1903
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:32,700
roughly your size or in some 
remarkable cases actually larger

1904
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:35,100
than you. 
The gulper real has essentially 

1905
01:41:35,100 --> 01:41:37,900
evolved into a self-propelled 
stomach that occasionally 

1906
01:41:37,900 --> 01:41:42,400
encounters food, Here's the 
thing, even that enormous mouth 

1907
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,200
goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

1908
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:47,900
have examined, gulper eel, 
stomachs and found them. 

1909
01:41:47,900 --> 01:41:51,400
Empty more often than not This 
fish can go months without 

1910
01:41:51,400 --> 01:41:55,000
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

1911
01:41:55,000 --> 01:41:58,400
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

1912
01:41:58,408 --> 01:42:00,900
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

1913
01:42:00,900 --> 01:42:03,700
mouth. 
The gape essentially trolling 

1914
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:06,700
for food on the off-chance that 
something edible might swim into

1915
01:42:06,700 --> 01:42:08,600
it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

1916
01:42:08,600 --> 01:42:12,100
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

1917
01:42:12,100 --> 01:42:15,800
expect which is to say barely a 
haul of marine snow accumulates 

1918
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:19,100
on the sea floor, beneath you 
forming small Mounds that rise 

1919
01:42:19,100 --> 01:42:21,200
inch above, the surrounding 
sediment. 

1920
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:25,400
These Mounds represent months or
years of accumulation and their 

1921
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:29,500
hotspots of biological activity,
which in this context means that

1922
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:32,800
two or three CQ cumbers, might 
visit them in a given decade, 

1923
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:36,700
the CQB numbers will process 
this settlement, extracting 

1924
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,000
whatever, Trace organic matter 
remains and leave behind 

1925
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:44,000
slightly different sediment. 
It's the Deep oceans version of 

1926
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:47,000
farming except slower and 
sadder. 

1927
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:50,200
The food scarcity is led to some
truly bizarre feeding 

1928
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:53,400
strategies. 
Some deep sea fish have Jaws 

1929
01:42:53,400 --> 01:42:56,300
that can dislocate to allow them
to swallow prey larger than 

1930
01:42:56,300 --> 01:42:59,100
themselves. 
Others have expandable stomachs 

1931
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:01,600
that can stretch to accommodate 
rare large meals. 

1932
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:05,100
It's like showing up to a buffet
once a year and trying to eat 

1933
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,200
enough to last until the next 
one, the strategy Works 

1934
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:11,600
technically but it's not 
something you'd recommend a 

1935
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:14,500
vampire squid drifts past and 
despite the name it doesn't suck

1936
01:43:14,500 --> 01:43:16,900
blood it. 
Got its name from the dark 

1937
01:43:16,900 --> 01:43:20,700
webbing between its arms, which 
looks like a vampires cloak when

1938
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:23,500
it inverts the arms over itself 
in a defensive posture. 

1939
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:26,100
But here's what makes the 
vampire squid special. 

1940
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,300
It's one of the few deep sea 
creatures that figured out a 

1941
01:43:29,308 --> 01:43:32,000
clever food hack. 
Instead of waiting for live 

1942
01:43:32,000 --> 01:43:35,800
prey, it collects Marine snow, 
those drifting particles of 

1943
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,600
organic matter using filaments 
covered in sticky mucus. 

1944
01:43:40,400 --> 01:43:43,700
It then runs these filaments 
through its arms, scraping off 

1945
01:43:43,700 --> 01:43:45,500
the collected particles and 
eating them. 

1946
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:47,900
Is this dignified? 
No. 

1947
01:43:47,900 --> 01:43:50,700
Does it sound like something a 
creature would do if it had 

1948
01:43:50,700 --> 01:43:53,400
literally any other option also 
know. 

1949
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:57,600
But it works the vampire squid 
is essentially become a filter 

1950
01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:00,300
feeder in a place where filter 
feeding shouldn't be viable 

1951
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:04,600
because they're so little to 
filter it surviving on scraps of

1952
01:44:04,600 --> 01:44:10,200
scraps and somehow impossibly, 
it's making it work, your 

1953
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,800
submersible sensors detect. 
A localized area of slightly 

1954
01:44:13,800 --> 01:44:15,800
higher, biological activity 
ahead. 

1955
01:44:16,700 --> 01:44:20,300
As you approach, you see why a 
whale full. 

1956
01:44:21,200 --> 01:44:26,000
A gray whale dead for Pats. 
A decade lies on the sea floor, 

1957
01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:29,500
like a gift from the gods. 
Its flesh has been Stripped Away

1958
01:44:29,500 --> 01:44:33,200
by scavengers but it's bones 
remain and their covered with 

1959
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:36,700
strange white filaments. 
These are zombie worms. 

1960
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:39,800
Yes. 
That's their actual name and 

1961
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:42,000
their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

1962
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:45,700
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which would 

1963
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:49,700
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water, will sustain a 

1964
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:52,700
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

1965
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:56,600
This is what counts as a bonanza
in the deep ocean. 

1966
01:44:56,600 --> 01:44:59,700
A dead whale. 
That'll last two generations. 

1967
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:04,200
This scarcity of food has shaped
every aspect of evolution down 

1968
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:06,800
here. 
Deep sea fish have reduced 

1969
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:10,400
skeletal density, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

1970
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:13,500
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

1971
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:16,900
Their brains are smaller. 
There are organs are compact. 

1972
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:20,000
Everything, nonessential has 
been Stripped Away In The Name 

1973
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:23,200
Of Energy Efficiency, they're 
like organisms that have been 

1974
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:25,100
through a ruthless corporate 
restructuring. 

1975
01:45:25,100 --> 01:45:28,800
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

1976
01:45:28,800 --> 01:45:31,300
running. 
A tripod fish sits on the sea 

1977
01:45:31,300 --> 01:45:34,600
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name suggests. 

1978
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:39,700
Standing on three elongated Finn
Rays like a camera tripod it's 

1979
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:43,800
facing into the current such as 
it is waiting for food to drift 

1980
01:45:43,800 --> 01:45:46,100
passed. 
This fish can stand here for 

1981
01:45:46,108 --> 01:45:48,900
days. 
Barely moving, barely breathing 

1982
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:52,400
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

1983
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:56,900
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

1984
01:45:56,900 --> 01:45:59,400
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish has 

1985
01:45:59,400 --> 01:46:02,800
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

1986
01:46:02,800 --> 01:46:06,000
stance and weights and more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

1987
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:11,500
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

1988
01:46:11,500 --> 01:46:14,300
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

1989
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:18,000
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

1990
01:46:18,000 --> 01:46:19,200
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

1991
01:46:19,200 --> 01:46:21,400
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

1992
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:25,900
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

1993
01:46:25,900 --> 01:46:29,500
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

1994
01:46:29,500 --> 01:46:32,200
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

1995
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:36,700
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope their 

1996
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:39,700
particular patch of seafloor. 
Receives slightly more than 

1997
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:41,700
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

1998
01:46:41,700 --> 01:46:45,200
Your submersible begins to 
ascend, leaving the abyssal 

1999
01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:48,000
plain behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

2000
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:51,800
the sea floor, one more time at 
the vast muddy expanse. 

2001
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:55,500
Where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

2002
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:58,500
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

2003
01:46:58,500 --> 01:47:01,300
ecosystem operates on energy, 
margins. 

2004
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:05,000
So thin the surface organisms 
couldn't even comprehend them. 

2005
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:09,600
When food becomes fiction, life 
becomes patients and down here. 

2006
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:11,700
Patience is the only virtue that
matters. 

2007
01:47:11,700 --> 01:47:14,100
You'll submersible is moving 
laterally. 

2008
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:17,000
Now, crossing the abyssal plain 
towards something. 

2009
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:21,200
The sonar detected an hour ago. 
Ridge, rising from the sea 

2010
01:47:21,200 --> 01:47:23,800
floor, like a mountain. 
Range that never quite breaks. 

2011
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:27,300
The surface, your approaching, 
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?

2012
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:30,900
One of the places where tectonic
plates are spreading apart and 

2013
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:35,400
Earth is literally creating new 
seafloor pumping out fresh rock 

2014
01:47:35,400 --> 01:47:40,200
from the mantle below The water 
temperature ahead is rising, not

2015
01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:42,500
much. 
You've gone from 36 degrees to 

2016
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:46,300
38 degrees but in a place where 
temperature has been constant 

2017
01:47:46,300 --> 01:47:49,000
for millions of years. 
Two degrees feels like a 

2018
01:47:49,000 --> 01:47:52,000
revolution. 
Your sensors are also detecting 

2019
01:47:52,000 --> 01:47:54,700
chemical anomalies hydrogen, 
sulfide. 

2020
01:47:54,700 --> 01:47:58,900
Methane and metals in solution. 
Something ahead is profoundly 

2021
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:03,400
changing, the chemistry of the 
water and then you see it a 

2022
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:07,000
black smoke smoker it rises from
the sea floor, like a chimney 

2023
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,900
from Hell roughly 20 feet, tall 
made of minerals that have 

2024
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:13,200
precipitated out of superheated 
water. 

2025
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:17,500
And from its opening, billowing 
up into the cold, ocean comes a 

2026
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:22,200
dark plume that looks like smoke
but is actually water heated to 

2027
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:26,500
over 600 degrees Fahrenheit. 
So hot, it would boil instantly 

2028
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:30,100
at the surface but stays liquid 
down here because the pressure 

2029
01:48:30,100 --> 01:48:34,900
is too intense to let vaporize. 
This is a hydrothermal vent and 

2030
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:37,400
it represents a complete 
inversion of everything you've 

2031
01:48:37,400 --> 01:48:41,100
learned about the Depot in This 
is a place of heat in the cold 

2032
01:48:41,100 --> 01:48:43,900
Abyss. 
A chemical energy and a food 

2033
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:48,600
starved Wasteland of abundance 
and scarcity and it's absolutely

2034
01:48:48,600 --> 01:48:52,200
crawling with life. 
The area around the vent is 

2035
01:48:52,200 --> 01:48:54,800
covered. 
And I mean, covered with tube 

2036
01:48:54,800 --> 01:48:57,100
worms. 
They're called riftia and 

2037
01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:58,600
they're about as weird as 
organisms. 

2038
01:48:58,600 --> 01:49:03,100
Get each one is six feet long 
white with brilliant, red 

2039
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:05,900
plumes. 
Extending from their tubes, they

2040
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:09,600
have no mouth, no digestive 
system, and no anus. 

2041
01:49:09,600 --> 01:49:13,000
They survive entirely through a 
symbiotic relationship with 

2042
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:14,800
bacteria that live inside their 
bodies. 

2043
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:18,500
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 
sulfide from the vent water, 

2044
01:49:18,500 --> 01:49:22,100
which is toxic to most organisms
to produce energy through 

2045
01:49:22,100 --> 01:49:25,000
chemosynthesis. 
And they share that energy with 

2046
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:27,600
the worm. 
The worm in return provides, the

2047
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:29,900
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 
and oxygen. 

2048
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,500
Its photosynthesis without the 
photo part life powered by 

2049
01:49:34,500 --> 01:49:36,600
Earth's internal heat rather 
than the Sun. 

2050
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:40,400
A white crab scuttles across the
tube worms storks picking at the

2051
01:49:40,408 --> 01:49:43,600
plumes with its claws. 
This is a vent crab and it's 

2052
01:49:43,600 --> 01:49:47,500
blind its eyes of regressed to 
useless nubbins because there's 

2053
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,000
no light down here. 
Anyway and maintaining 

2054
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,100
functional eyes costs energy 
that could be better, spent 

2055
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:55,600
elsewhere. 
But it doesn't need eyes. 

2056
01:49:55,600 --> 01:49:59,100
It can sense the chemical 
gradients in the water finding 

2057
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:01,600
its way toward food sources by 
chemistry alone. 

2058
01:50:01,600 --> 01:50:05,900
The black smoker continues to 
Billow its dark plume, which is 

2059
01:50:05,908 --> 01:50:09,800
actually mineral-rich water 
precipitating out, iron copper 

2060
01:50:09,800 --> 01:50:14,300
zinc and other metals as it hits
the cold ocean over time. 

2061
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:17,900
This precipitation builds the 
chimney taller adding layer upon

2062
01:50:17,900 --> 01:50:21,300
layer of minerals, some of these
chimneys grow for decades 

2063
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:25,100
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 
feet before they collapse under 

2064
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:28,000
their own weight or seal 
themselves shut with mineral 

2065
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:32,300
deposits, a shrimp swarms around
the vent opening, thousands of 

2066
01:50:32,300 --> 01:50:34,100
them. 
So densely packed. 

2067
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:37,600
They look like a living carpet. 
These are vent shrimp and their 

2068
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:40,600
farming bacteria. 
They've evolved specialized 

2069
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:43,800
structures on their backs where 
bacteria grow and the shrimp 

2070
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,400
position themselves at. 
Just the right distance from the

2071
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:50,800
vent close enough to benefit 
from the chemical Rich water far

2072
01:50:50,800 --> 01:50:53,800
enough, not to cook. 
They literally stand at the edge

2073
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:56,700
of boiling harvesting 
microorganisms that are 

2074
01:50:56,700 --> 01:51:00,100
themselves harvesting energy 
from toxic minerals. 

2075
01:51:01,200 --> 01:51:05,600
The temperature, gradients, here
are extreme the water exiting, 

2076
01:51:05,600 --> 01:51:08,600
the vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 
inches away. 

2077
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:12,200
Its 300 degrees, a foot away, 
its 100 degrees. 

2078
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:15,200
Two feet away. 
Its back to ambient temperature,

2079
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:19,100
that same 36 degrees, that 
characterizes the rest of the 

2080
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:22,700
Abyss organisms here have to 
navigate thermal boundaries, 

2081
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:26,000
that would be instantly lethal 
if crossed positioning 

2082
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:27,900
themselves with Precision in a 
Zone. 

2083
01:51:27,908 --> 01:51:31,200
That's simultaneously warm 
enough to support chemosynthetic

2084
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:34,200
bacteria. 
But cool enough not to denature 

2085
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:38,600
proteins, a giant clam sits near
the base of the vent chimney. 

2086
01:51:38,600 --> 01:51:43,900
Its shell easily three feet 
across Like the tube worms, it 

2087
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:46,500
has no need for a conventional 
digestive system. 

2088
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:50,500
It's full of chemosynthetic 
bacteria that do the heavy 

2089
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:53,700
lifting of energy production. 
The clam just sits there, 

2090
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:57,600
filtering vent, water, providing
its bacterial partners with 

2091
01:51:57,600 --> 01:52:00,600
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 
the nutrients. 

2092
01:52:00,600 --> 01:52:03,300
They produce. 
It's been sitting in this exact 

2093
01:52:03,300 --> 01:52:07,300
spot for potentially 100 years. 
Growing slowly surrounded by 

2094
01:52:07,300 --> 01:52:09,800
toxic chemicals. 
That would kill most organisms 

2095
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:12,300
within minutes. 
What's remarkable about these 

2096
01:52:12,300 --> 01:52:15,200
vent ecosystems is that they're 
completely independent of the 

2097
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:17,600
Sun. 
Every other ecosystem on Earth 

2098
01:52:17,608 --> 01:52:22,700
forests, grasslands, coral 
reefs, even the Deep oceans. 

2099
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:26,200
A Bissell Plains, ultimately 
depends on photosynthesis 

2100
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:28,700
energy. 
Enters through plants or 

2101
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:31,500
phytoplankton and then moves up 
through food chains. 

2102
01:52:31,500 --> 01:52:36,500
But here at hydrothermal vents 
energy enters Through Chemistry 

2103
01:52:36,500 --> 01:52:40,700
bacteria, take hydrogen, sulfide
and produce or gannet compounds 

2104
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:44,100
and those bacteria become the 
foundation of an entire food 

2105
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:46,300
web. 
This means that if the sun went 

2106
01:52:46,300 --> 01:52:49,100
out to Morrow, which lets be 
clear, it won't, but 

2107
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:51,200
hypothetically, these vent 
communities. 

2108
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:54,500
Would be fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

2109
01:52:54,500 --> 01:52:58,300
powered by Earth's, internal 
heat by the radioactive decay of

2110
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:02,200
elements in the mantle, and by 
geological processes that That 

2111
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:03,500
will continue for billions of 
years. 

2112
01:53:03,500 --> 01:53:07,900
After the sun expands into a red
giant, and consumes the inner 

2113
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:11,200
planets, an octopus appears at 
the edge of your lights pale and

2114
01:53:11,208 --> 01:53:14,800
ghostly. 
It's hunting extending its arms 

2115
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:18,700
into crevices between rocks, 
searching for crabs or shrimp. 

2116
01:53:18,700 --> 01:53:22,300
This is one of the few places in
the deep ocean, where Predators 

2117
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:26,100
can actually find enough food to
justify hunting actively the 

2118
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:28,400
concentration of life. 
Here is so unusual. 

2119
01:53:28,400 --> 01:53:32,200
So contrary to the sparse 
distribution of organisms on the

2120
01:53:32,200 --> 01:53:35,600
abyssal plain that it almost 
feels like you've traveled to a 

2121
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:38,100
different planet. 
The black smoker pulses, 

2122
01:53:38,100 --> 01:53:41,900
slightly not dramatically, just 
a subtle variation in the plum 

2123
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:44,500
intense City. 
This is because the flow isn't 

2124
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:47,900
constant, it varies with 
pressure changes deep in the 

2125
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:51,100
Earth's crust with the opening 
and closing of microscopic, 

2126
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:54,400
fissures in the rock below when 
events flow stops. 

2127
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:58,300
The ecosystem dies. 
The tube worms unable to move 

2128
01:53:58,300 --> 01:54:02,000
simply perish, the bacteria die 
the Crabs. 

2129
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:04,800
Leave. 
Within months, a thriving 

2130
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:06,400
Community can become a 
graveyard. 

2131
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:11,800
But new vents are always forming
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 

2132
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:15,000
worm, larvae drift in the 
currents waiting to detect the 

2133
01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:17,500
chemical signature of hydrogen 
sulfide. 

2134
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:21,000
When they find a new vent, they 
settle and begin building their 

2135
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:25,200
tubes, within a few years, a new
community establishes itself. 

2136
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:28,500
The vents are ephemeral on 
geological time scales. 

2137
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:32,300
Each one might last 20 or 30 
years before it seals shut. 

2138
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,900
But the system as a whole 
persists because there are 

2139
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,500
always new vents forming 
somewhere along the 40,000 mile 

2140
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:43,400
long mid-ocean ridge system. 
A fish swims past that looks 

2141
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:46,400
relatively normal or at least as
normal as deep sea fish, look, 

2142
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:51,100
but with one striking feature, 
its gills are bright red, almost

2143
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:54,500
fluorescent. 
This is event fish and those red

2144
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,400
gills are packed with hemoglobin
that specially adapted to 

2145
01:54:57,400 --> 01:54:59,200
handle. 
Both the low oxygen of deep 

2146
01:54:59,200 --> 01:55:03,200
water and the presence of 
hydrogen sulfide, which normally

2147
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:07,000
interferes with oxygen transport
in blood, its solved a chemical 

2148
01:55:07,000 --> 01:55:10,200
problem that would stomp most 
organisms allowing it to live in

2149
01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:13,800
water, that simultaneously, 
oxygen, poor and toxin Rich. 

2150
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:17,000
The submersible sensors are 
recording constantly 

2151
01:55:17,000 --> 01:55:21,000
temperature. 
Chemical composition, pH levels 

2152
01:55:21,000 --> 01:55:24,800
and flow rates. 
The water here is acidic pH 

2153
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:29,600
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 
heavy metals by surface 

2154
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:32,300
standards. 
This is a toxic waste dump by 

2155
01:55:32,300 --> 01:55:35,100
the standard It's a vent 
organisms, it's Paradise. 

2156
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:39,400
A white smoker appears in the 
distance a related but different

2157
01:55:39,400 --> 01:55:42,100
phenomenon. 
Where black smokers emit Dark, 

2158
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,100
mineral-rich Water? 
White smokers emit 

2159
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:46,800
lighter-colored. 
Fluids that are cooler. 

2160
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:51,500
Only about 200 to 300 degrees 
and contain different dissolved 

2161
01:55:51,500 --> 01:55:53,700
minerals. 
They support similar but 

2162
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:57,300
distinct communities different 
species of tube worms, different

2163
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:01,000
bacteria and different crabs. 
Evolution has produced 

2164
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:03,400
Specialists for every 
conceivable niche. 

2165
01:56:03,400 --> 01:56:06,100
In this environment. 
What scientists find most 

2166
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:09,500
exciting about hydrothermal 
vents isn't just that life 

2167
01:56:09,500 --> 01:56:13,000
exists here. 
What it implies, if life can 

2168
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:16,800
thrive in toxic, superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

2169
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:20,200
rather than sunlight in complete
darkness under crushing 

2170
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:23,400
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

2171
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:25,700
possible in places. 
We'd previously, ridden offers 

2172
01:56:25,700 --> 01:56:29,600
uninhabitable Subsurface ocean 
of Jupiter's moon. 

2173
01:56:29,600 --> 01:56:33,500
Europa may be. 
The underground water of Mars, 

2174
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:37,700
possibly. 
The concept of a habitable zone 

2175
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:40,900
has expanded dramatically since 
hydrothermal vents were 

2176
01:56:40,900 --> 01:56:45,500
discovered in 1977 a bacterial, 
mats to the Rocks, near the vent

2177
01:56:45,500 --> 01:56:48,900
base, white and fuzzy. 
Looking these bacteria are 

2178
01:56:48,900 --> 01:56:52,200
probably growing at the fastest 
rate, any organism, grows in the

2179
01:56:52,208 --> 01:56:56,100
deep ocean which is still slow 
by surface standards but blazing

2180
01:56:56,100 --> 01:56:58,400
fast compared to the millimeter 
per year. 

2181
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:01,400
Growth of most deep sea life. 
They're converting, hydrogen 

2182
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:06,200
sulfide to energy, reproducing 
and forming layers of biomass 

2183
01:57:06,200 --> 01:57:07,900
that other organisms will graze 
on. 

2184
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:11,700
The concentration of life. 
Here is staggering compared to 

2185
01:57:11,708 --> 01:57:14,200
the baron Bissell plane on the 
plane. 

2186
01:57:14,200 --> 01:57:17,300
You might see a fish. 
Every few hours here you can 

2187
01:57:17,300 --> 01:57:19,800
count hundreds of all organisms 
in a single frame of the 

2188
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:22,100
viewport. 
It's the difference between a 

2189
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:25,900
desert and an oasis between 
starvation and abundance. 

2190
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:29,700
The submersible begins to pull 
away from the vent and as it 

2191
01:57:29,708 --> 01:57:33,900
does you watch the community 
recede Into Darkness, the bright

2192
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:37,500
plume of black smoke, a water 
continues to Billow upward. 

2193
01:57:38,500 --> 01:57:42,200
Tube worms, wave their red. 
Plumes in the current, the crabs

2194
01:57:42,200 --> 01:57:45,500
continue, their endless 
Scavenging, and somewhere in the

2195
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:49,100
rock below magma is heating 
water, dissolving minerals, and 

2196
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:50,900
creating the chemical 
foundation. 

2197
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:55,200
For this entire impossible, 
ecosystem, where black smokers 

2198
01:57:55,200 --> 01:57:58,600
raw with life. 
The Depots rules are suspended. 

2199
01:57:59,600 --> 01:58:02,300
Food is abundant growth is 
quick. 

2200
01:58:03,300 --> 01:58:06,300
Temperature rises above freezing
and life. 

2201
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:10,700
Improbably thrives, your 
submersible has left the 

2202
01:58:10,700 --> 01:58:13,200
hydrothermal vent behind and 
return to the vast. 

2203
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:17,200
Dark expanse of the open water 
column The depth gauge reads 

2204
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:21,400
11,000 feet. 
The temperature is back to 36 

2205
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,200
degrees, the pressure is a snore
Miss. 

2206
01:58:24,200 --> 01:58:27,300
And now, for the first time, 
since you pass through the 

2207
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:31,500
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 
about to see light real light 

2208
01:58:31,500 --> 01:58:34,600
produced by living organisms, 
for purposes. 

2209
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:37,400
That would make a Communications
engineer envious. 

2210
01:58:37,400 --> 01:58:40,300
The first flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

2211
01:58:40,300 --> 01:58:43,100
A blue green spark about 50 feet
away. 

2212
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:47,500
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another, then three

2213
01:58:47,500 --> 01:58:50,100
more in quick. 
Succession, forming a pattern. 

2214
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:55,700
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash dot 
dot, you'll not receiving a 

2215
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:58,800
morse code socks, but you are 
witnessing one of the most 

2216
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:01,500
sophisticated communication 
systems in nature 

2217
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:06,500
bioluminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

2218
01:59:06,500 --> 01:59:10,100
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms produce their own 

2219
01:59:10,100 --> 01:59:12,800
light. 
Not weak, light not ambiguous 

2220
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:16,200
glows, but actual photons 
generated through chemical 

2221
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:19,100
reactions. 
Usually involving a molecule 

2222
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:23,000
called luciferin reacting with 
an enzyme called luciferous the 

2223
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:24,600
name. 
Sound like they came from a 

2224
01:59:24,608 --> 01:59:29,100
fantasy novel luciferin 
literally light bringing named 

2225
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:33,400
after Lucifer, the light bearer.
Scientists in the 19th century. 

2226
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:37,400
Had a flair for dramatic naming,
a jellyfish, drifts passed your 

2227
01:59:37,400 --> 01:59:39,900
viewport and as it does it 
pulses with light. 

2228
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:45,100
Not bright light more, like the 
glow of a watch dial, but enough

2229
01:59:45,100 --> 01:59:48,300
to illuminate, its Bell and 
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 

2230
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:51,600
blue green. 
The color isn't random blue 

2231
01:59:51,600 --> 01:59:56,100
green light with wavelengths 
around, 470, nanometers travels 

2232
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:59,800
farthest through sea water. 
Red light is absorbed within 

2233
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:03,200
feet of the source. 
But Bluegreen can travel dozens 

2234
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:05,300
of yards before being scattered 
or absorbed. 

2235
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:08,800
So evolution is tuned. 
Most bioluminescence to this 

2236
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:12,400
narrow band of the spectrum, the
color that actually works in 

2237
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:15,800
this environment. 
Another flash, this one from 

2238
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:19,200
something small and fast, 
moving, Zips across your field 

2239
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:20,900
of view. 
Leaving a Trail of Light. 

2240
02:00:20,900 --> 02:00:23,800
Aluminous contrail in the 
Blackwater. 

2241
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:28,400
This might be a coat pod. 
One of the tiny Crustaceans that

2242
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:30,100
form the base of the oceans 
food. 

2243
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:34,400
Web even down here when 
threatened many coats release. 

2244
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:36,500
A burst of bioluminescent 
chemicals. 

2245
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:40,600
Creating a flash that startles 
Predators or more cleverly 

2246
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:43,900
illuminates, the Predator, 
making it visible to its own 

2247
02:00:43,900 --> 02:00:46,700
predators. 
Its biological misdirection. 

2248
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:50,500
I might be eaten, but you're 
definitely being seen. 

2249
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:53,500
A lantern fish appears in your 
lights. 

2250
02:00:53,500 --> 02:00:55,600
One of the most common fish in 
the ocean. 

2251
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:58,300
The most people have never heard
of them because they live in the

2252
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:01,500
mess of page Zone and only 
mention of the surface. 

2253
02:01:01,500 --> 02:01:05,400
At night, its side to covered 
with photo Force, specialized 

2254
02:01:05,400 --> 02:01:08,200
light producing organ's arranged
in precise patterns. 

2255
02:01:08,200 --> 02:01:12,400
Each species has a different 
pattern, like a barcode made of 

2256
02:01:12,400 --> 02:01:14,600
Lights. 
This is how lantern fish 

2257
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:18,300
recognized their own species in 
the dark by reading each other's

2258
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:22,300
light patterns the lantern fish 
swims beneath your submersible 

2259
02:01:22,300 --> 02:01:27,300
and as it does its ventral photo
Force glow, softly, this is 

2260
02:01:27,300 --> 02:01:31,300
called counter illumination. 
Fish matches the faint 

2261
02:01:31,300 --> 02:01:35,200
downwelling light from above 
making itself, invisible to 

2262
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:37,500
Predators. 
Looking up from below it. 

2263
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:41,400
Active camouflage, using 
bioluminescence a biological 

2264
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:43,700
version of what stealth aircraft
do with radar. 

2265
02:01:44,500 --> 02:01:46,000
The fish isn't trying to be 
bright. 

2266
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:49,600
It's trying to be precisely as 
bright as the background, which 

2267
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:53,500
is much harder a dragon fish 
materializes from the darkness 

2268
02:01:53,500 --> 02:01:55,500
and it's carrying its own 
spotlight. 

2269
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:58,000
Beneath its eye is a photo for 
that. 

2270
02:01:58,000 --> 02:02:01,700
Emits red light which is 
extremely unusual in the deep 

2271
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:04,900
ocean most organisms can't see 
red light at this depth. 

2272
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:09,300
They lack the necessary photo 
receptors, but dragon fish can 

2273
02:02:09,300 --> 02:02:13,200
they've evolved the ability to 
see red and they've evolved the 

2274
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:16,200
ability to produce it. 
This gives them a private 

2275
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:19,500
channel of communication and 
more importantly, a hunting 

2276
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:23,100
tool, they can illuminate prey 
without the prey knowing their 

2277
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:26,000
being illuminated. 
It's like having night vision 

2278
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:28,200
goggles in a world where 
everyone else is blind. 

2279
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:32,000
The dragon Fishers, light sweeps
across the water, like a search.

2280
02:02:32,000 --> 02:02:35,600
Like, and for a moment, you see,
several small Crustaceans, 

2281
02:02:35,600 --> 02:02:39,000
Frozen in its beam illuminated 
in wavelengths. 

2282
02:02:39,000 --> 02:02:41,600
They can't detect. 
They have no idea they've been 

2283
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:44,000
spotted. 
Then the dragon fish strikes. 

2284
02:02:44,000 --> 02:02:47,000
Inhaling one of them and 
disappears back into the 

2285
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:50,700
darkness. 
Fauna 4 drifts passed. 

2286
02:02:51,500 --> 02:02:54,700
Colonial organism that looks 
like a long stringy jellyfish. 

2287
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:59,400
The entire length of, it may be 
30 feet is decorated with tiny 

2288
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:03,200
bioluminescent light, making it 
look like an underwater 

2289
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:05,700
Christmas tree. 
These lights serve multiple 

2290
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:10,400
purposes, attracting prey 
startling, predators, and may be

2291
02:03:10,400 --> 02:03:12,400
communicating with other 
siphonophores. 

2292
02:03:13,500 --> 02:03:17,400
The Colony pulses its lights in 
waves creating patterns that 

2293
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,400
Ripple along its length. 
You're watching a light show 

2294
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:23,100
designed by Evolution for an 
audience of Hungry Fish. 

2295
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:26,200
Your submersibles external light
switch off. 

2296
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:29,500
The crew wants to observe 
bioluminescence without 

2297
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:32,900
interference for a moment. 
You're in complete darkness. 

2298
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:36,800
Kind of Darkness, that makes you
understand what absence of light

2299
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:40,800
really means. 
And then slowly you start to see

2300
02:03:40,800 --> 02:03:45,500
them flashes glows pulses the 
water around. 

2301
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:48,900
You is a live with light. 
A squid, produces a burst of 

2302
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:52,100
luminous Inc. 
Not blacking like its surface 

2303
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:56,500
relatives use, but glowing ink. 
Cloud of light, hangs in the 

2304
02:03:56,500 --> 02:04:01,100
water roughly squid shaped while
the squid itself jets away into 

2305
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:03,800
the darkness. 
The Predator that was pursuing 

2306
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,600
it lunges at the glowing decoy. 
Giving the squid precious second

2307
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,400
to escape, its biological 
sleight of hand. 

2308
02:04:10,400 --> 02:04:13,100
I'm over here. 
No. 

2309
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,100
Wait, I'm over there. 
Actually, I'm nowhere near 

2310
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:19,900
either of those locations. 
Fish swims passed with photo 

2311
02:04:19,900 --> 02:04:22,800
Force inside its mouth when it 
opens its jaws. 

2312
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,800
The inside glows, creating a 
luminous cave that small prey 

2313
02:04:26,800 --> 02:04:29,600
might mistake for shelter. 
They swim toward the light, 

2314
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:33,900
seeking safety and find teeth 
instead, It's the anglerfish 

2315
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,500
strategy refined instead of a 
lure dangling in front the 

2316
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:41,500
entire mouth becomes the Trap 
the bioluminescence down here 

2317
02:04:41,500 --> 02:04:44,800
serves so many purposes that 
scientists are still cataloging 

2318
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:48,000
them. 
Defense startle, Predators 

2319
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:51,800
illuminate them for their 
predators or create decoys 

2320
02:04:51,800 --> 02:04:56,700
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 
prey invisibly if you have read 

2321
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,100
light or create hunting 
Partnerships by signaling to 

2322
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,400
others, Communication. 
Species. 

2323
02:05:03,400 --> 02:05:08,700
Recognition met attraction and 
territorial displays camouflage.

2324
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,500
Counter illumination to 
disappear against downwelling 

2325
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:16,700
light, a jellyfish passes by 
that looks unremarkable, until 

2326
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:20,600
something bumps into it. 
Then it explodes with light. 

2327
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:25,100
Bright pulsing rings that 
radiates out from the point of 

2328
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:27,900
contact. 
This is a burglar alarm display.

2329
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:31,300
The jellyfish is trying to 
attract attention to whatever 

2330
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:34,200
just touched it. 
Hoping that attention comes in 

2331
02:05:34,200 --> 02:05:37,400
the form of a predator that will
eat the thing that bumped into 

2332
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:39,800
it. 
It's desperate loud. 

2333
02:05:39,800 --> 02:05:43,200
And surprisingly effective. 
Many fish will immediately 

2334
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:45,900
Retreat from anything that 
suddenly lights up like a police

2335
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:48,000
car. 
Some of the light patterns 

2336
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:50,900
you're seeing aren't random 
flashes but coded signals 

2337
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:54,900
certain species of squid produce
specific patterns when they're 

2338
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,200
looking for mates. 
Particular sequences of flashes 

2339
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:00,100
that translate roughly to I'm 
available. 

2340
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:03,300
I'm the right species and I'm in
breeding condition. 

2341
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:07,100
Other squid produced different 
patterns that mean, this 

2342
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:11,000
territory is occupied, or I'm 
too large to be worth attacking.

2343
02:06:11,900 --> 02:06:16,000
A flashlight fish appears. 
Yes that's its actual name with 

2344
02:06:16,000 --> 02:06:19,300
large photo Force beneath its 
eyes that it can cover with. 

2345
02:06:19,300 --> 02:06:24,000
Specialized flaps of skin, 
creating a control of signal. 

2346
02:06:24,000 --> 02:06:29,900
It flashes in patterns three 
quick, pause to Quick pause. 

2347
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:33,600
One long. 
Other flashlight fish respond 

2348
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:36,300
with their own patterns, your 
watching a conversation 

2349
02:06:36,300 --> 02:06:40,200
conducted entirely in blinks a 
discussion of whatever matters 

2350
02:06:40,200 --> 02:06:45,900
to flash light fish, feeding 
spots, mating availability local

2351
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:48,600
Predators. 
The content doesn't matter as 

2352
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:50,100
much as the fact that it's 
happening. 

2353
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:54,400
Social communication, using 
light in a place where light was

2354
02:06:54,400 --> 02:06:57,500
supposed to be impossible, the 
submersible's lights come back 

2355
02:06:57,500 --> 02:07:01,200
on and the bioluminescent 
vanishes washed out by the 

2356
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:04,600
bright artificial illumination. 
It's a reminder that what you 

2357
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:08,200
are seeing was actually quite 
dim Photons produced One 

2358
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,200
reaction at a time efficient but
not powerful. 

2359
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:15,400
The typical bioluminescent 
organism produces about as much 

2360
02:07:15,400 --> 02:07:19,200
light as a single LED. 
It seems brighter in absolute 

2361
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:22,500
Darkness but it's nowhere near 
the intensity of sunlight or 

2362
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:26,100
even a flashlight. 
An anglerfish swims slowly 

2363
02:07:26,100 --> 02:07:30,700
passed and its lure is glowing. 
Again, that famous dangling 

2364
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,700
appendage with bioluminescent 
bacteria, living inside it, the 

2365
02:07:34,700 --> 02:07:38,200
bacteria glow continuously. 
And the angle of fish controls, 

2366
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:40,600
whether the light is visible by 
covering or uncovering, the 

2367
02:07:40,600 --> 02:07:43,000
organ with specialized pigment 
cells. 

2368
02:07:43,700 --> 02:07:46,300
It's an on-off switch controlled
by chromatophores. 

2369
02:07:46,300 --> 02:07:50,100
The same cells that squid and 
octopuses used to change color. 

2370
02:07:51,000 --> 02:07:54,100
By biology as repurposed, the 
same tools for completely 

2371
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:57,000
different applications. 
The depth gauge. 

2372
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,200
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 
approaching. 

2373
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,700
The deepest zones, most of 
merciful, can reach the hadal 

2374
02:08:03,700 --> 02:08:07,800
Zone named after Hades. 
And even here in what should be 

2375
02:08:07,808 --> 02:08:12,200
a realm of absolute Darkness? 
Life carries, its own light, not

2376
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:17,000
as defiant, not a celebration, 
but as a tool, a way to survive,

2377
02:08:17,000 --> 02:08:20,900
communicate hunt and reproduce 
in a place where survival seems 

2378
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:23,800
impossible. 
The light that carries messages 

2379
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:25,900
isn't trying to illuminate the 
darkness. 

2380
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:29,000
It's just trying to say 
something one flash at a time. 

2381
02:08:29,008 --> 02:08:33,300
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 

2382
02:08:33,300 --> 02:08:38,000
food, stay away, come closer, 
simple messages, really. 

2383
02:08:38,000 --> 02:08:42,200
But delivered with photons 
instead of sound with chemistry 

2384
02:08:42,200 --> 02:08:45,400
and electricity and with 
Elegance, that makes human 

2385
02:08:45,400 --> 02:08:49,400
communication systems seemed 
almost crude the chronometer on 

2386
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:51,800
your instrument panel indicates,
you've been descending and 

2387
02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:57,400
exploring for six hours but down
here at 13,000 feet, you could 

2388
02:08:57,400 --> 02:08:59,000
be. 
Told it's been six minutes or 

2389
02:08:59,000 --> 02:09:03,300
six days and you'd have no way 
to verify it time works 

2390
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:07,100
differently when nothing around 
you indicate its passage no 

2391
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:11,000
Sunrise, no Sunset, no 
temperature changes, no seasons 

2392
02:09:11,000 --> 02:09:12,800
and no tied strong enough to 
notice. 

2393
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:18,200
Just the Eternal now, stretching
an old Direction's, a bristle 

2394
02:09:18,200 --> 02:09:20,300
worm crawls across the sediment 
beneath you. 

2395
02:09:20,300 --> 02:09:23,300
And based on the growth rings 
in, Segments scientists 

2396
02:09:23,300 --> 02:09:25,200
estimate. 
This individual is somewhere 

2397
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:28,800
between 40 and 60 years old, 
it's been alive since the 

2398
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:32,900
Kennedy administration possibly 
moving at roughly the speed of 

2399
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:36,500
tectonic, plates, eating 
settlement and processing 

2400
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:39,300
nutrients. 
So slowly that its metabolism is

2401
02:09:39,300 --> 02:09:43,000
barely distinguishable from 
geology time in the deep ocean 

2402
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:46,200
isn't measured in days or weeks,
but in decades and centuries 

2403
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:50,000
that CQ cumber. 
You saw earlier Based on growth 

2404
02:09:50,000 --> 02:09:51,800
rate studies, it might be 100 
years old. 

2405
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:55,100
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

2406
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:59,500
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

2407
02:09:59,500 --> 02:10:02,000
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

2408
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:04,200
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

2409
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:06,800
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

2410
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:10,800
It's been doing nothing for the 
past three days, not because 

2411
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:14,500
it's lazy but because with a 
metabolic rate this low doing 

2412
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:18,200
nothing is its default state. 
It will wait here until 

2413
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:21,300
something edible comes within 
range, then it will strike with 

2414
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:23,400
movement. 
So slow you could probably 

2415
02:10:23,400 --> 02:10:26,300
dodged it if you were paying 
attention, the strike will 

2416
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,300
consume more calories than the 
fish's burned in the past week, 

2417
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:31,500
which is why it won't attempt 
another one. 

2418
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:34,800
Unless success seems very 
probable, you're submersible, 

2419
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:38,300
settles onto the sea floor, with
a gentle bump stirring up a 

2420
02:10:38,300 --> 02:10:41,200
small cloud of sediment that 
takes several minutes to settle 

2421
02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:45,100
at the surface Disturbed 
settlement would resettle in 

2422
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:48,100
seconds. 
Maybe a minute at most down here

2423
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:50,500
in. 
Cold, viscous water, the 

2424
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:53,600
particles drifted downward, with
the enthusiasm of a teenager 

2425
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:57,700
asked to chores there in no, 
hurry, there's no current to 

2426
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:02,400
speak of no disturbance and no 
reason for haste the sediment 

2427
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:05,700
Cloud, finally, settles. 
And you can see the surface 

2428
02:11:05,700 --> 02:11:10,100
clearly again, uniform 
undisturbed mud, extending in 

2429
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,100
every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

2430
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:16,400
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

2431
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:20,400
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

2432
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:23,600
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

2433
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:27,000
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

2434
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:29,700
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

2435
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:34,800
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

2436
02:11:34,800 --> 02:11:37,800
from the sediment, a colonial 
organism that looks like an 

2437
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:41,200
old-fashioned quill pen, which 
is exactly where it got its 

2438
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:43,300
name. 
This individual is about two 

2439
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:46,200
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

2440
02:11:46,200 --> 02:11:48,500
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

2441
02:11:48,500 --> 02:11:53,100
Its filter feeding it extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

2442
02:11:53,100 --> 02:11:56,100
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

2443
02:11:56,100 --> 02:12:00,000
This c-pen is probably at least 
200 years old, it was here 

2444
02:12:00,000 --> 02:12:03,400
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your,

2445
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:07,200
great-grandchildren a dust. 
The slow pace of life down here,

2446
02:12:07,200 --> 02:12:11,400
isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation in an 

2447
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:14,500
Envelope with minimal food, 
limited temperature, variation, 

2448
02:12:14,500 --> 02:12:17,600
and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

2449
02:12:17,600 --> 02:12:19,600
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

2450
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,800
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

2451
02:12:22,800 --> 02:12:26,900
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

2452
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,500
wait. 
They're the biological 

2453
02:12:29,500 --> 02:12:33,300
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

2454
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:35,500
Speed. 
But for distance per calorie. 

2455
02:12:36,100 --> 02:12:39,900
A tripod fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

2456
02:12:39,900 --> 02:12:43,800
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

2457
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:47,400
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

2458
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,700
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

2459
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:54,300
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

2460
02:12:54,300 --> 02:12:58,700
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

2461
02:12:58,700 --> 02:13:00,300
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

2462
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:05,500
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in fishier Bones by

2463
02:13:05,500 --> 02:13:07,900
radioactive decay in sediment 
layers. 

2464
02:13:07,900 --> 02:13:10,400
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine. 

2465
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:15,100
Snow a glass, sponge nearby 
might be 500 years old older 

2466
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,000
than the founding of Saint 
Petersburg older than the Taj 

2467
02:13:18,000 --> 02:13:20,300
Mahal. 
It's been sitting on the spot 

2468
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:22,700
filtering water since the Ming 
Dynasty. 

2469
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:26,600
If it could speak it would tell 
you that changes, something that

2470
02:13:26,600 --> 02:13:28,800
happens to other people in other
places. 

2471
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:32,800
Your submersible sampling arm 
extends and collects a core of 

2472
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:36,300
sediment. 
Chups two feet long, containing 

2473
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:39,300
mud that represents roughly 2 
million years of deposition. 

2474
02:13:39,300 --> 02:13:43,100
The bottom of this core is from 
the place to scene from a time 

2475
02:13:43,100 --> 02:13:45,800
when mastered owns walk the 
earth and humans were just 

2476
02:13:45,800 --> 02:13:48,900
figuring out fire. 
The top player was deposited 

2477
02:13:48,900 --> 02:13:52,300
last Tuesday, or may be last 
month at this rate of 

2478
02:13:52,308 --> 02:13:54,500
accumulation. 
The distinction is meaningless. 

2479
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:58,800
Crinoids. 
It's attached to a rock and a 

2480
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:01,200
canoe, Derm, that looks like a 
flower made of arms. 

2481
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:04,900
Crinoids are sometimes called 
living fossils, though, that 

2482
02:14:04,900 --> 02:14:07,700
term is somewhat misleading 
because all organisms are 

2483
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:10,300
equally evolved. 
Having had the same amount of 

2484
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:13,800
time to adapt their environments
but crinoids do look. 

2485
02:14:13,800 --> 02:14:17,500
Remarkably similar to their 
ancestors from 300 million years

2486
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:20,500
ago which suggests that their 
body plan works. 

2487
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:23,800
Well enough that there's been no
pressure to change it if it's 

2488
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:27,900
not broken, don't fix it. 
Even if not fixing it means 

2489
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:31,600
staying the same for geological 
errors, the slow time of the 

2490
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:34,900
deep ocean means that recovery 
from disturbance takes decades 

2491
02:14:34,900 --> 02:14:37,600
or centuries. 
If a submarine scrapes across 

2492
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:41,000
the sea floor, the tracks can 
remain visible for 50 years. 

2493
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:45,700
If deep sea mining were to occur
the Disturbed areas, wouldn't 

2494
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:48,400
recover in any human meaningful 
time frame. 

2495
02:14:48,400 --> 02:14:52,600
The organisms here have adapted 
to stability to an environment 

2496
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:55,000
that changes. 
So slowly that they can afford 

2497
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:58,900
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly
and recover slowly. 

2498
02:15:00,100 --> 02:15:03,600
Rapid change is something their 
biology simply isn't equipped to

2499
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:06,000
handle. 
A sea spider walks across the 

2500
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:09,200
sediment. 
Not actually a spider but not 

2501
02:15:09,200 --> 02:15:11,400
going to. 
Creatures so weird that 

2502
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:14,000
scientists had to give it its 
own taxonomic class. 

2503
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,300
This particular specimen is 
about the size of your hand. 

2504
02:15:17,300 --> 02:15:20,900
Moving with the deliberation of 
something, that understands it 

2505
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:23,900
has all day and all night, and 
all year to get wherever it's 

2506
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:26,700
going. 
Its legs probe, the mud 

2507
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:31,000
searching for small worms or 
hydroids when it finds, one it 

2508
02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:33,300
will feed for hours, possibly 
days. 

2509
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:36,500
Extracting nutrients. 
With the enthusiasm of someone 

2510
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,900
reading terms and conditions, 
the concept of circadian, 

2511
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:43,900
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 
cycles that govern most surface 

2512
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:45,900
life. 
Barely exists down here. 

2513
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:50,600
There's no daylight cycle to 
synchronize to no reason for an 

2514
02:15:50,600 --> 02:15:52,900
organism to be more active at 
one time than another. 

2515
02:15:52,900 --> 02:15:56,800
Some deep sea fish show activity
patterns that correspond to the 

2516
02:15:56,808 --> 02:16:01,100
vertical migration of prey from 
above Peaks of activity every 12

2517
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:04,500
or 24 hours, but many show, no 
Cycles at all. 

2518
02:16:04,500 --> 02:16:08,400
They feed when they encounter 
food rest, when they don't and 

2519
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:10,500
ignore the passage of time 
entirely. 

2520
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:13,600
Your instruments detect a slight
current. 

2521
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:17,900
Water moving at approximately, 
one centimeter per second or 

2522
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:21,200
about two feet per minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

2523
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:25,100
flow in the deep ocean on land. 
You wouldn't even feel this. 

2524
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:27,600
It wouldn't roughly your hair or
cool, your skin. 

2525
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:31,400
But down here, it's sufficient 
to influence where organisms 

2526
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,100
settle, which direction they 
faced and how they position 

2527
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:37,400
themselves to maximize food 
capture. 

2528
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:41,200
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 
piece of Driftwood, that somehow

2529
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:44,600
made it down here, probably 
sank, after being waterlogged 

2530
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:47,700
for months at the surface. 
The wood is being slowly 

2531
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:51,200
consumed by bacteria and 
specialized wood-boring. 

2532
02:16:51,200 --> 02:16:56,400
Bivalves, this process will take
decades similar piece of wood on

2533
02:16:56,400 --> 02:17:00,299
land would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

2534
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:03,600
environment. 
But down here in cold water with

2535
02:17:03,600 --> 02:17:06,100
limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial population 

2536
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,600
decomposition happens at 
geological speeds. 

2537
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:14,000
The slow time has stranger 
effect on Evolution with 

2538
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,100
generation times, measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

2539
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:20,799
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

2540
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:25,700
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through population's, but

2541
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:29,600
there's less competition, fewer 
environmental changes to adapt 

2542
02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:32,200
to and therefore less selective 
pressure. 

2543
02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:36,600
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion, which is fitting for 

2544
02:17:36,608 --> 02:17:39,000
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

2545
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:43,799
Cusp scale swims past one of the
deepest dwelling fish, ever 

2546
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:47,200
recorded, found at depth 
succeeding 27,000 feet. 

2547
02:17:48,100 --> 02:17:50,299
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

2548
02:17:50,299 --> 02:17:54,200
Its body undulating. 
Slowly time for this fish is 

2549
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:56,100
measured differently than for 
surface fish. 

2550
02:17:56,100 --> 02:17:59,799
Where a tuna might burn through 
its energy reserves in hours of 

2551
02:17:59,799 --> 02:18:03,299
high-speed swimming. 
This husky can go weaks on a 

2552
02:18:03,308 --> 02:18:06,000
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

2553
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:09,400
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

2554
02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:12,600
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock 

2555
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:15,700
indicates, you've been on the 
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 

2556
02:18:15,700 --> 02:18:18,700
feels both longer and shorter 
than that longer. 

2557
02:18:18,700 --> 02:18:22,799
Because so little has happened. 
No dramatic events, no sudden 

2558
02:18:22,799 --> 02:18:26,900
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

2559
02:18:26,900 --> 02:18:29,400
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings makes time feel 

2560
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,200
compressed as if you just 
arrived, it's already time to 

2561
02:18:33,200 --> 02:18:35,000
leave. 
This is time. 

2562
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:39,299
The bottom of the world not 
linear not urgent, not bound by 

2563
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:43,100
the rotations and revolution's 
that govern surface life, just 

2564
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:47,000
the slow accumulation of moments
into ours in today's into 

2565
02:18:47,000 --> 02:18:50,600
decades into centuries. 
Each one identical to the last 

2566
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:53,500
each one like to be identical to
the next. 

2567
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:56,900
Time down here. 
Doesn't pass it. 

2568
02:18:56,900 --> 02:19:00,200
Accumulates your submersible is 
ascending now. 

2569
02:19:00,200 --> 02:19:05,000
Rising slowly through water that
humans have visited perhaps 20 

2570
02:19:05,000 --> 02:19:09,400
times in all of history. 20 
visits to a realm that covers 

2571
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:12,500
more than half. 
The planet's surface, we've sent

2572
02:19:12,500 --> 02:19:16,799
more missions to the Moon. 12 
Apollo Landings alone than to 

2573
02:19:16,799 --> 02:19:20,799
the deepest parts of the ocean. 
We have better maps of Mars than

2574
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:23,299
of the seafloor. 
There are more people who've 

2575
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:25,600
walked in space than have been 
to the hadal Zone. 

2576
02:19:25,600 --> 02:19:28,000
This fact should bother you more
than it does. 

2577
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:32,700
We've designated ourselves, the 
dominant species on Earth, the 

2578
02:19:32,700 --> 02:19:35,400
only ones with self-awareness 
and technology and Grand 

2579
02:19:35,400 --> 02:19:38,500
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 
explored our own Planet. 

2580
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:42,200
The deep ocean Remains, the 
largest unexplored, Frontier on 

2581
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:44,200
Earth. 
Not because it's impossible to 

2582
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:47,900
reach, but because it's 
expensive difficult and yields 

2583
02:19:47,900 --> 02:19:50,800
knowledge rather than profit in 
1960. 

2584
02:19:50,800 --> 02:19:53,600
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 
descended to the bottom of the 

2585
02:19:53,608 --> 02:19:56,300
Challenger Deep. 
The deepest point in the ocean 

2586
02:19:56,300 --> 02:20:00,700
nearly 36,000 feet down. 
They spent 20 minutes on the 

2587
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:04,300
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 
shrimp and return to the surface

2588
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:09,900
then nothing It would be 52 
years before anyone returned to 

2589
02:20:09,908 --> 02:20:14,600
that depth. 52 years in that 
time, we sent humans to the 

2590
02:20:14,608 --> 02:20:18,700
Moon, six times launched, 
hundreds of satellites built, 

2591
02:20:18,700 --> 02:20:21,900
the International Space Station,
and sent probes to every planet 

2592
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:25,300
in the solar system. 
But the deepest part of our own 

2593
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:28,300
ocean one. 
Visit every 50 years sounds 

2594
02:20:28,300 --> 02:20:31,100
about, right. 
The deep ocean doesn't make for 

2595
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:34,900
good television. 
There are no stunning Vistas, no

2596
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:39,600
dramatic Landscapes and no 
charismatic megafauna just 

2597
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:44,400
darkness mud and weird fish. 
It's hard to get funding for 

2598
02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:47,000
exploring mud. 
It's hard to get public interest

2599
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:50,300
in creatures that look like 
mistakes is sexy. 

2600
02:20:50,300 --> 02:20:55,100
The ocean floor is not your 
Ascent continues 8,000 feet. 

2601
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:57,500
Now. 
Rising through the Abyssal Zone,

2602
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:01,400
the organisms, your passing, the
jellyfish, the squid. 

2603
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:03,600
The strange fish with impossible
proportions. 

2604
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:07,500
Have probably never seen a 
submersible before might never 

2605
02:21:07,500 --> 02:21:09,600
see one. 
Again, your lights are likely 

2606
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:13,700
the brightest illumination of 
experience since well ever. 

2607
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:18,800
Your UFO to them, an 
inexplicable intrusion of light,

2608
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:21,600
and noise, and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

2609
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,300
organic curves, and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

2610
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:28,500
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

2611
02:21:28,508 --> 02:21:32,400
ocean floor 5%. 
We know more about the surface 

2612
02:21:32,400 --> 02:21:36,000
of Venus where the temperature 
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 

2613
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:39,500
would flatten you instantly than
about significant portions of 

2614
02:21:39,508 --> 02:21:44,300
our own sea floor. 
With 100% of Venus, we've mapped

2615
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:48,500
5% of the ocean floor at high 
resolution 6,000 feet. 

2616
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:52,300
Now, your passing through zones 
were scientists of collected, 

2617
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:54,600
paps, and dozen specimens of 
certain species. 

2618
02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:57,900
We know these creatures exist 
because we've accidentally 

2619
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:01,400
caught the them in Nets but we 
don't know how they live, where 

2620
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:04,700
they breed, what they eat or how
long they survive. 

2621
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:08,200
We have their bodies, but not 
their stories. 

2622
02:22:08,200 --> 02:22:11,300
The deep ocean, resists, human 
intrusion, not through 

2623
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:14,500
hostility, but through 
indifference, it doesn't care 

2624
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:19,700
that we want to explore it. 
It continues its cold dark high 

2625
02:22:19,700 --> 02:22:22,400
pressure existence. 
Whether we visit or not, the 

2626
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:24,800
organisms here have been 
evolving for hundreds of 

2627
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:28,200
millions of years without human 
input and they'll continue 

2628
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:29,700
evolving long. 
After we're gone. 

2629
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:32,900
Our submarines and submersibles 
are footnotes in their world 

2630
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:36,500
brief anomalies that appear 
collect a few samples. 

2631
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:39,600
Take some photographs and vanish
4,000 feet. 

2632
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:44,200
Your approaching the depth were 
submarines operate where human 

2633
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:48,600
technology becomes more common. 
But even here the visits are 

2634
02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:51,000
rare. 
A military submarine might pass 

2635
02:22:51,000 --> 02:22:54,400
through these Waters once a 
month or once a year research 

2636
02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:57,600
vessels, come even less 
frequently the creatures here 

2637
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:01,000
live their entire lives in near 
total isolation from Human 

2638
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:03,500
observation. 
There's something humbling about

2639
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:05,700
that. 
We like to think we've conquered

2640
02:23:05,700 --> 02:23:08,600
Earth that we've cataloged its 
creatures, and mapped its 

2641
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:10,500
terrain and understood its 
systems. 

2642
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:14,500
Deep ocean reminds us that most 
of this planet is beyond our 

2643
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:17,700
reach operating according to 
rules, we barely understand 

2644
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:22,700
populated by creatures, we've 
never seen 2000 feet. 

2645
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:26,400
Now you're in the Bethel Zone 
where a few more submersible's 

2646
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:29,400
operate where some commercial 
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 

2647
02:23:29,400 --> 02:23:33,200
But even here, human presence is
sporadic. 

2648
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:35,400
A troller might drag the sea 
floor. 

2649
02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:38,300
Once destroying Century old 
Coral in minutes, then move on. 

2650
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:42,400
The damage remains for decades 
but the humans who caused it 

2651
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:45,500
never returned to see it. 
Scientists estimate that there 

2652
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:48,700
are potentially 1 million 
species living in the deep ocean

2653
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:53,000
that we haven't discovered yet 1
million in an age where we can 

2654
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:55,700
sequence genomes and edit genes 
and create artificial 

2655
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:57,900
intelligence. 
We still don't know what lives 

2656
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:02,200
in 70% of our own Planet were 
cataloging exoplanets in other 

2657
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:04,200
solar systems. 
While remaining fundamentally 

2658
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:08,000
ignorant of our oceans depths 
1,000 feet. 

2659
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:13,600
Lighters beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

2660
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:15,700
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

2661
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:19,500
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

2662
02:24:19,500 --> 02:24:22,500
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels. 

2663
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,500
Submarines underwater, cables, 
offshore drilling platforms 

2664
02:24:26,500 --> 02:24:28,900
technology is everywhere up 
here. 

2665
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:33,600
The contrast is striking In the 
space of a few hours, you've 

2666
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:35,500
moved from a place. 
Essentially Untouched by 

2667
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:39,100
Humanity to a place where human 
impact is everywhere. 

2668
02:24:39,900 --> 02:24:43,600
From seafloor, that hasn't been 
Disturbed in Melania to Water's 

2669
02:24:43,600 --> 02:24:47,400
fished, commercial Lie from 
darkness and isolation to light 

2670
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:53,300
and intrusion. 500 feet. you can
see the surface now, a boundary 

2671
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:56,800
between worlds, a transition 
from the familiar to the alien 

2672
02:24:56,800 --> 02:25:03,000
above Sunlight warmth human, 
ships satellites, and billions 

2673
02:25:03,000 --> 02:25:05,900
of people living their lives. 
Mostly unaware of what exists 

2674
02:25:05,900 --> 02:25:11,500
below below, the cold, the dark,
the pressure and the strange 

2675
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:12,400
slow. 
Life. 

2676
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:15,700
That persists in conditions that
would kill surface organisms 

2677
02:25:15,700 --> 02:25:18,800
instantly. 
The submersible breaks through 

2678
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:21,800
the surface with a slash that 
seems absurdly loud. 

2679
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:26,300
After hours of near silence 
water streams off the hull, the 

2680
02:25:26,300 --> 02:25:28,000
hatch opens and warm are floods 
in. 

2681
02:25:28,000 --> 02:25:31,800
Are that feels tropical compared
to the refrigerated interior? 

2682
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:36,800
He climb out into sunlight as 
seems impossibly bright painful.

2683
02:25:36,800 --> 02:25:40,600
Almost the research vessels. 
Crane lifts the submersible from

2684
02:25:40,600 --> 02:25:42,800
the water. 
The ocean surface rolls. 

2685
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:45,600
Gently looking exactly the same 
as it. 

2686
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:48,400
Did six hours ago. 
Nothing about it suggests. 

2687
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:52,100
What Lies Beneath the miles of 
cold Darkness, the strange 

2688
02:25:52,100 --> 02:25:54,200
creatures the slow, time the 
alien. 

2689
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,400
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets. 

2690
02:25:57,400 --> 02:26:01,500
You'll write a report scientists
will study or samples. 

2691
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:05,800
A few photographs will be 
published, and then everyone 

2692
02:26:05,800 --> 02:26:08,800
will mostly forget. 
Because the deep ocean doesn't 

2693
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:12,000
capture imagination. 
The way space does it doesn't 

2694
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:14,600
promise mineral wealth or 
strategic Advantage? 

2695
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,900
It's just their deep and dark 
and full of weird fish. 

2696
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:22,500
But for the creatures down 
there, this is everything. 

2697
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:26,900
This is their entire world. 
The only World they've ever 

2698
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:31,600
known or will know and we are to
them vanishingly rare. 

2699
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:35,600
We are legends. 
Rumors, inexplicable lights that

2700
02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:37,400
appear once in a lifetime. 
If at all. 

2701
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:40,800
The rare moments. 
We arrived changing nothing for 

2702
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:43,000
them. 
The deep ocean continues. 

2703
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:46,900
Its cold dark existence. 
The Marine snow keeps falling. 

2704
02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:49,100
The tube worms. 
Keep filtering. 

2705
02:26:49,100 --> 02:26:51,900
Hydrogen sulfide. 
The tripod fish. 

2706
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:55,900
Keep waiting for food. 
Time moves, slowly pressure 

2707
02:26:55,900 --> 02:27:00,300
remains constant and life 
persists in the dark with or 

2708
02:27:00,300 --> 02:27:03,000
without us your standing on the 
deck of the research. 

2709
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:05,800
Vessel watching the sun, set 
over the Pacific. 

2710
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:10,000
The water is turning from Blue 
to purple to almost black as the

2711
02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:14,000
light fades in an hour, it'll be
completely dark surface dark the

2712
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,400
kind where you can still see 
stars and shiplights, not deep 

2713
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:20,700
ocean dark, which is a different
thing entirely somewhere beneath

2714
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:24,400
this ship four miles down, life 
is continuing exactly as it has 

2715
02:27:24,400 --> 02:27:27,900
for millions of years. 
Sea cucumbers are processing, 

2716
02:27:27,900 --> 02:27:32,500
sediment fish, are waiting for 
food, bacteria are converting 

2717
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:36,200
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents, and none of 

2718
02:27:36,208 --> 02:27:39,200
them know or care that humans 
exist, that we've built 

2719
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:42,600
civilizations and Technologies 
and dreams of exploring the 

2720
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:44,800
universe. 
The deep ocean represents 

2721
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,700
Earth's final frontier, not. 
Because it's the last place to 

2722
02:27:48,700 --> 02:27:51,800
explore chronologically, but 
because it might be the last 

2723
02:27:51,800 --> 02:27:54,500
place we actually do explore 
thoroughly. 

2724
02:27:55,600 --> 02:27:58,400
Base is the dream that captures 
human imagination. 

2725
02:27:58,400 --> 02:28:01,900
Mars. 
The moons of Jupiter exoplanets,

2726
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:05,700
orbiting distant Stars, These 
are the Frontiers that Inspire 

2727
02:28:05,700 --> 02:28:10,100
funding and public interest. 
The deep ocean is just there. 

2728
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:17,200
Wet dark expensive to visit and 
full of uncharismatic Foreigner,

2729
02:28:17,200 --> 02:28:20,900
but here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is genuinely 

2730
02:28:20,900 --> 02:28:24,400
alien in ways that Mars isn't. 
Mars is a dead world. 

2731
02:28:24,400 --> 02:28:28,900
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

2732
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:32,700
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

2733
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:34,900
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

2734
02:28:34,900 --> 02:28:38,100
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex life. 

2735
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:41,200
Organisms with bizarre 
adaptations. 

2736
02:28:41,200 --> 02:28:44,700
Intricate ecosystems and 
evolutionary solutions to 

2737
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:46,100
problems. 
We didn't know existed. 

2738
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:51,200
Alien life on our own planet and
were largely ignoring it. 

2739
02:28:51,200 --> 02:28:54,500
The pressure, the cold, the 
darkness. 

2740
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,000
These aren't just obstacles to 
exploration. 

2741
02:28:57,000 --> 02:28:59,900
They're selective forces that 
have created organisms 

2742
02:28:59,900 --> 02:29:02,700
fundamentally different from 
anything in our terrestrial 

2743
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:05,900
experience. 
A huddle snail fish that looks 

2744
02:29:05,900 --> 02:29:10,400
like it's melting a gulper eel. 
That's mostly mouth a barrel 

2745
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:13,300
life fish with a transparent 
head and upward pointing tubular

2746
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:15,700
eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

2747
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:19,400
creatures their real organisms 
that evolved to solve real 

2748
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:22,500
problems in real environments 
and we barely know them. 

2749
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:26,700
Most deep sea species are known 
from a handful of specimens, if 

2750
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:29,300
that? 
We have rough ideas about their 

2751
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,100
diets, vague estimates of their 
population. 

2752
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:37,800
And speculation about their 
reproduction, it's 2026 and we 

2753
02:29:37,808 --> 02:29:41,500
can sequence, the Genome of any 
organism we can catch, but we 

2754
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:44,100
can't catch most of them because
we don't know where they live or

2755
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:46,100
how to find them. 
The sun is gone. 

2756
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:50,200
Now stars are appearing more 
than you can see from cities but

2757
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:52,200
still washed out by the ship's 
lights. 

2758
02:29:53,100 --> 02:29:55,900
Real darkness. 
The kind that makes the Deep 

2759
02:29:55,900 --> 02:29:58,500
oceans. 
Darkness, meaningful is hard to 

2760
02:29:58,508 --> 02:30:02,300
find on Earth's surface anymore.
We've illuminated the land. 

2761
02:30:02,300 --> 02:30:05,500
Lit up our cities and banished 
the night through technology. 

2762
02:30:06,300 --> 02:30:09,900
But the deep ocean remains dark 
in different to our lights. 

2763
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:13,800
Unchanged by our presence. 
Scientists talk about 

2764
02:30:13,800 --> 02:30:17,600
charismatic megafauna, the 
pandas Tigers elephants, and 

2765
02:30:17,600 --> 02:30:21,500
whales organisms that capture 
public imagination and drive 

2766
02:30:21,500 --> 02:30:25,000
conservation efforts. 
The deep ocean has almost no 

2767
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:29,200
charismatic megafauna giant 
squids may be though, we filmed 

2768
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,900
living specimens, only a handful
of time's most deep sea 

2769
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:37,300
creatures are small, weird 
translucent and utterly lacking 

2770
02:30:37,300 --> 02:30:40,700
in appeal to anyone who isn't a 
marine biologist or genuinely 

2771
02:30:40,700 --> 02:30:42,900
strange. 
This presents a problem. 

2772
02:30:43,600 --> 02:30:46,800
How do you conserve and protect 
ecosystems that people don't 

2773
02:30:46,800 --> 02:30:49,600
care about? 
How do you prevent deep sea 

2774
02:30:49,600 --> 02:30:52,300
mining when the alternative is 
mud? 

2775
02:30:53,300 --> 02:30:55,000
How do you regulate fishing in 
areas? 

2776
02:30:55,000 --> 02:30:59,500
No one visits for species. 
No one's heard of the answer so 

2777
02:30:59,500 --> 02:31:01,100
far. 
Has been, we mostly don't. 

2778
02:31:02,000 --> 02:31:05,500
The deep ocean remains, largely 
unregulated, unexplored, and 

2779
02:31:05,500 --> 02:31:08,600
unprotected. 
A few Marine reserves exist but 

2780
02:31:08,600 --> 02:31:11,400
they're drops in an ocean. 
Commercially interests are 

2781
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,000
already eyeing, the mineral 
deposits around hydrothermal 

2782
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,900
vents rich in Copper zinc and 
Rare Earth elements. 

2783
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:22,400
The economics are compelling. 
The ecological costs are unknown

2784
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:26,600
but likely severe a crew member 
walks past heading below deck. 

2785
02:31:27,400 --> 02:31:29,300
Ship rocks, gently in the 
swells. 

2786
02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:32,500
Somewhere in the darkness, 
Dolphins might be riding the 

2787
02:31:32,500 --> 02:31:36,100
bear wave or bioluminescent 
Plankton might be creating 

2788
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:37,600
glowing trails. 
In the water. 

2789
02:31:37,600 --> 02:31:40,700
The surface ocean is still 
magical in place is still 

2790
02:31:40,700 --> 02:31:44,300
capable of wonder. 
But the real Mysteries, the real

2791
02:31:44,300 --> 02:31:47,500
alien environments are below. 
The deep. 

2792
02:31:47,500 --> 02:31:51,000
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 
the Abyssal Plains alone. 

2793
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:52,800
Cover more area than all 
terrestrial. 

2794
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:56,300
Habitats combined. 
And we've sampled it about as 

2795
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:59,300
thoroughly as you'd sample a 
continent by collecting a few 

2796
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:03,400
dozen shovels of dirt were 
extrapolating ecosystems from 

2797
02:32:03,400 --> 02:32:07,300
fragments inferring food, webs 
from partial evidence and 

2798
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:10,600
guessing at population Dynamics 
based on mathematical models. 

2799
02:32:10,600 --> 02:32:14,600
This is fine for generating 
authorities but it's a poor 

2800
02:32:14,600 --> 02:32:16,200
foundation for protecting 
ecosystems. 

2801
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:19,900
We don't understand. 
How do you assess the impact of 

2802
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:21,800
deep sea mining? 
When you don't know what lives 

2803
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:24,200
there? 
How do you prevent extinctions 

2804
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:25,500
of species? 
You haven't discovered? 

2805
02:32:26,300 --> 02:32:29,300
How do you balance resource 
extraction against ecological 

2806
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:31,800
preservation? 
When the ecology is mostly 

2807
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:34,100
guesswork? 
The stars are bright. 

2808
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:38,200
Now you can see the Milky Way a 
pale band across the sky. 

2809
02:32:38,900 --> 02:32:41,200
Billions of stars, many with 
planets. 

2810
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:44,100
Some of those planets 
potentially harboring life. 

2811
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,800
We're spending billions on 
telescopes and space missions to

2812
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:50,600
find that life. 
While simultaneously ignoring 

2813
02:32:50,600 --> 02:32:54,000
complex ecosystems in our own 
Ocean's, there's no 

2814
02:32:54,000 --> 02:32:57,600
contradiction really Space and 
ocean exploration aren't in 

2815
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:00,500
competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

2816
02:33:00,500 --> 02:33:04,200
we chose to, but the funding 
ratios reveal our priorities. 

2817
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:08,000
Space gets the money, the public
interest and the grand 

2818
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:10,700
Ambitions. 
The ocean gets what's left over,

2819
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,500
which isn't much, maybe that's 
human nature. 

2820
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:17,400
We've always looked outward 
toward Horizon's toward what's 

2821
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:19,500
beyond the next Hill or across 
the next ocean. 

2822
02:33:19,500 --> 02:33:23,800
Looking down into depths that 
crush and hide their secrets, 

2823
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:26,300
doesn't trigger the same 
exploratory, impulse. 

2824
02:33:27,100 --> 02:33:29,100
But the ocean depths are 
genuinely here. 

2825
02:33:29,100 --> 02:33:33,900
Genuinely alien and genuinely 
full of discoveries, waiting to 

2826
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:36,800
be made the deep ocean will 
Outlast Humanity. 

2827
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:41,700
When were gone, whether in 100 
years or 100 million, the 

2828
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,500
Abyssal Plains will still be 
accumulating settlement, 

2829
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:49,000
Hydrothermal vents will still be
creating Oasis of life and the 

2830
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,200
hadal snailfish will still be 
doing whatever. 

2831
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:55,300
It is hadal snailfish do the 
ocean doesn't need us. 

2832
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:58,900
It was here before we evolved 
and it'll be here after we're 

2833
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:00,900
extinct. 
But we need it in ways. 

2834
02:34:00,900 --> 02:34:03,700
We probably don't fully 
appreciate the ocean. 

2835
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:08,000
Regulates climate produces 
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 

2836
02:34:08,000 --> 02:34:11,600
and drives weather patterns. 
The deep ocean is part of that 

2837
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,700
system, not isolated from the 
surface, but connected through 

2838
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:19,800
the slow mixing of water, the 
vertical migration of organisms 

2839
02:34:19,800 --> 02:34:23,700
and the reign of organic matter 
from above, and we're changing 

2840
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:25,400
it. 
Ocean acidification. 

2841
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:29,300
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 
affecting deep sea organisms 

2842
02:34:29,300 --> 02:34:32,600
that have never dealt with ph 
changes warming. 

2843
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:35,200
Surface waters are altering 
circulation patterns that 

2844
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:38,600
determine when nutrients go, 
which affects what sinks to the 

2845
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:42,300
Deep plastic microparticles have
been found at the bottom of the 

2846
02:34:42,300 --> 02:34:44,900
Marianna trench. 
We've managed to pollute the 

2847
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:47,000
Deepest part of the ocean. 
A place. 

2848
02:34:47,000 --> 02:34:50,800
We barely visit the deep ocean 
is Earth's final frontier. 

2849
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:54,400
Not because it's the last place 
left to explore, but because it 

2850
02:34:54,400 --> 02:34:57,400
might be the last place we 
actually recognize as worth 

2851
02:34:57,400 --> 02:35:00,100
exploring before. 
It's too late before we've 

2852
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:02,200
changed it too much to 
understand what it was. 

2853
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:07,000
Before we've lost species, we 
never knew existed the ship's 

2854
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:10,100
engines rumbled to life. 
You're heading back to Port, 

2855
02:35:10,100 --> 02:35:14,700
back to land, back to the world 
of air and sunlight and 

2856
02:35:14,700 --> 02:35:17,000
reasonable pressure. 
The deep ocean. 

2857
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:19,300
Recedes behind you, not 
physically. 

2858
02:35:19,300 --> 02:35:23,200
It's still right there under the
ship but conceptually it becomes

2859
02:35:23,200 --> 02:35:25,200
something you visited rather 
than something you're 

2860
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:29,200
experiencing a memory rather 
than an immediate reality. 

2861
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:31,300
And that's how most people 
experience. 

2862
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:35,100
The deep ocean, as an 
abstraction, a fact mentioned in

2863
02:35:35,100 --> 02:35:37,400
documentaries. 
A place that exists 

2864
02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:40,200
theoretically but has no bearing
on daily life. 

2865
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:44,800
It's easier that way easier than
contemplating, the vast cold, 

2866
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:47,400
dark volume of water that cover 
most of the planet. 

2867
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:51,500
Easier than Imagining the 
strange slow life that persists 

2868
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:56,000
there but it exists regardless 
the deep ocean doesn't need our 

2869
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:59,000
acknowledgment or our 
understanding it's simply is 

2870
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:05,900
eternal patient indifferent. 
Earth's quiet depths where life 

2871
02:36:05,900 --> 02:36:09,000
found ways to persist that 
surface organisms would consider

2872
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:12,600
impossible where time moves 
differently, where light is a 

2873
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:15,800
message rather than an 
environment and where food is 

2874
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:20,400
rare and patience is everything.
Final frontier isn't out there 

2875
02:36:20,408 --> 02:36:22,500
Among the Stars, it's down 
there. 

2876
02:36:22,500 --> 02:36:26,500
Beneath our ships beneath our 
feet when we stand on the shore 

2877
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:31,600
alien. 
Vast mostly unknown and largely 

2878
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:34,400
ignored. 
While we dream of Mars, the 

2879
02:36:34,400 --> 02:36:38,300
Stars wheel overhead. 
The ocean roles beneath and 

2880
02:36:38,300 --> 02:36:41,300
somewhere in the darkness below,
a depth that crushed. 

2881
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:47,000
Submarines life continues. 
Its slow patient existence with 

2882
02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:52,000
or without our attention with or
without our understanding just 

2883
02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:56,900
continuing as it has, as it will
in the end. 

2884
02:36:56,900 --> 02:36:58,600
That's what the deep ocean 
teaches us. 

2885
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:03,500
Assistant matters more than 
speed patience matters, more 

2886
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:08,000
than an urgency and life finds 
ways to exist in conditions that

2887
02:37:08,000 --> 02:37:10,900
seem impossible. 
The creatures of the deep aren't

2888
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:14,500
trying to impress anyone they're
not putting on a show, they are 

2889
02:37:14,500 --> 02:37:17,100
simply living in the only way 
that works in their environment.

2890
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:20,600
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

2891
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,400
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

2892
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:28,600
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

2893
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:31,700
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

2894
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:37,300
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

2895
02:37:37,300 --> 02:37:42,500
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

2896
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:46,000
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

2897
02:37:46,000 --> 02:37:51,000
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

2898
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:55,400
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

2899
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:59,600
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

2900
02:37:59,600 --> 02:38:10,400
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.
Tonight, you're about to embark 

2901
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,900
on a journey through Humanity's 
oldest tradition. 

2902
02:38:13,700 --> 02:38:17,100
The simple Act of making 
temporary shelter under an Open 

2903
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:20,200
Sky. 
From the first humans, seeking 

2904
02:38:20,200 --> 02:38:23,900
Refuge Beneath The Rock, 
overhangs to Modern Backpackers 

2905
02:38:23,900 --> 02:38:28,400
unzipping, nylon tents camping, 
has shaped who we are as a 

2906
02:38:28,400 --> 02:38:31,500
species. 
Let's trace this thread through 

2907
02:38:31,500 --> 02:38:35,600
Millennia discovering how each 
era found its own way to sleep, 

2908
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,500
beneath the stars. 
The sun dipped toward distant 

2909
02:38:39,500 --> 02:38:45,600
Hills, painting the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose your 

2910
02:38:45,600 --> 02:38:50,100
feet are raped in animal, hide. 
Tied with sinew that 

2911
02:38:50,100 --> 02:38:52,600
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you stop thinking about it,

2912
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:59,000
The air smells of pine smoke, 
wild grass and something earthy.

2913
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:03,200
You can't quite identify. 
Probably the mammoth dung, your 

2914
02:39:03,200 --> 02:39:04,800
group uses to keep fires 
burning. 

2915
02:39:04,800 --> 02:39:08,100
When would run scarce? 
This isn't really your cave. 

2916
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:12,200
Nobody owns caves in this world.
You're just borrowing it for the

2917
02:39:12,200 --> 02:39:14,500
season. 
The way a bird, borrows a 

2918
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,900
branch, your band of 30 people 
is claimed this spot because it 

2919
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:21,500
faces away from prevailing winds
and gets Morning, Sun, the 

2920
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:23,800
overhang keeps rain from 
reaching the fire pit. 

2921
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:27,000
Small stream, gurgles 20 Paces 
away. 

2922
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:30,800
Close enough for convenience far
enough that you won't attract 

2923
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:34,600
Predators who come to drink your
sleeping spot is surprisingly 

2924
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:37,600
sophisticated for something 
created without hardware stores 

2925
02:39:37,600 --> 02:39:41,100
or online tutorials. 
You've gathered arm Falls of dry

2926
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:44,300
grass and piled them against the
cave wall, creating a nest that 

2927
02:39:44,300 --> 02:39:48,100
compresses under your weight 
into something almost mattress 

2928
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:51,600
like Over this, you've tried to 
hide from the Rocks. 

2929
02:39:51,600 --> 02:39:53,700
Your Hunting Party brought down 
three days ago. 

2930
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:58,400
The hide still smells faintly of
the animal, a musk that's not 

2931
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,600
unpleasant mixed with the smoke 
from the fire, where it was 

2932
02:40:01,608 --> 02:40:04,300
stretched. 
And dried the cave walls. 

2933
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:07,800
Hold Secrets by firelight. 
You can see the paintings, your 

2934
02:40:07,800 --> 02:40:12,300
ancestors, left hand prints, in 
red ocher bison, rendered in 

2935
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:16,200
charcoal and a horse, so life, 
like it seems ready to gallop 

2936
02:40:16,200 --> 02:40:19,100
into the darkness. 
Someone painted these during 

2937
02:40:19,100 --> 02:40:22,200
previous camping seasons. 
And you wonder if they slept in 

2938
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:25,400
the same spot, you've chosen. 
If they watched the same Stars 

2939
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:28,600
wheel overhead through the cave 
mouth, As Darkness. 

2940
02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:31,600
Settles, you notice how the fire
changes everything. 

2941
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:36,000
The Flames don't just provide 
warmth, they create a bubble of 

2942
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:40,000
humanity in the wild night. 
Outside their reach, you hear 

2943
02:40:40,000 --> 02:40:43,700
the world going about, it's not 
nocturnal business, an owls 

2944
02:40:43,700 --> 02:40:47,700
inquiry, something rustling 
through underbrush and the 

2945
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:50,900
distant Yip of what might be a 
wolf or might be your 

2946
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:55,100
imagination. but here within the
firelight, your safe enough, 

2947
02:40:55,900 --> 02:40:59,100
Flames have been fed with dry 
birch, bark, that crackles 

2948
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:02,100
pleasantly. 
Sending Sparks spiraling up like

2949
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:05,500
tiny orange stars. 
Your dinner was simple. 

2950
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:09,700
Roots roasted in the coals. 
Some kind of ancient tuber that 

2951
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:13,300
tastes vaguely nutty when you 
scrape off the Char and strips 

2952
02:41:13,300 --> 02:41:16,200
of meat from yesterday's kill. 
No salt. 

2953
02:41:16,200 --> 02:41:19,000
No seasoning just food that 
keeps you alive. 

2954
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:22,800
You've learned to appreciate 
things for what they are not 

2955
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:24,200
what they could be with 
additions. 

2956
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:28,500
The meat is chewy, but 
satisfying, The Roots fill your 

2957
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:29,700
stomach with a pleasant 
heaviness. 

2958
02:41:30,600 --> 02:41:33,800
Around you the camp settles into
evening routines. 

2959
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,900
That feel both ancient and 
Timeless a woman. 

2960
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:39,000
You've known your whole life 
works on a hand. 

2961
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:44,900
Axe chipping, Flint with careful
precise strikes The sound Echoes

2962
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:48,800
off the cave walls. 
Tap tap tap a rhythm as regular 

2963
02:41:48,800 --> 02:41:51,500
as a heartbeat. 
She's making tools for 

2964
02:41:51,500 --> 02:41:53,800
tomorrow's work. 
Always thinking ahead. 

2965
02:41:55,000 --> 02:41:57,300
Near the fire, an older member 
of your group. 

2966
02:41:57,300 --> 02:41:59,300
Stretches a rabbit hide. 
Scraping it. 

2967
02:41:59,308 --> 02:42:02,700
Methodically with a bone tool. 
The repetitive scraping creates 

2968
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:06,400
its own meditative soundtrack. 
Children have already dosed off 

2969
02:42:06,400 --> 02:42:09,600
curled together, like puppies on
a communal bed of grass and 

2970
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:13,800
Furs, their breathing is soft. 
And even you envy them that 

2971
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:17,500
untroubled sleet the way they 
can surrender to unconsciousness

2972
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:20,400
without worrying about, what 
might emerge from the darkness, 

2973
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:23,300
But you're not worried. 
Exactly. 

2974
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:27,300
You're simply aware. 
This is your world and, you 

2975
02:42:27,300 --> 02:42:32,000
know, it's rhythms. 
The concept of camping doesn't 

2976
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:36,400
exist in your vocabulary because
this is simply life. 

2977
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,200
You're not escaping civilization
for a weekend in nature. 

2978
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:45,300
You are nature as much a part of
this landscape As the deer that 

2979
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:48,200
browse in the meadow will the 
Bears that fish the Stream? 

2980
02:42:49,100 --> 02:42:52,300
Your temporary shelter isn't a 
departure from normal life. 

2981
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:56,000
It is normal life in a few 
weeks. 

2982
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,700
When the hunting grows scarce or
the weather shifts, you'll move 

2983
02:42:59,700 --> 02:43:02,400
on Maybe you'll return to this 
cave. 

2984
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:06,800
Next year, maybe not the world 
is large and there are many good

2985
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:09,700
camping spots. 
As you arrange your sleeping 

2986
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:13,600
Furs, you think about comfort in
relative terms, the ground 

2987
02:43:13,600 --> 02:43:16,800
beneath your grass bed is hard. 
Yes, but you've never known a 

2988
02:43:16,800 --> 02:43:19,300
box spring. 
Your pillow is a leather sack 

2989
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:22,500
stuffed with moss and it's 
perfectly adequate because you 

2990
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:24,400
have no frame of reference for 
goose down. 

2991
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,300
The cold seeps up from the 
Earth, but the fire is warm and 

2992
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,600
your further thick. 
You've achieved what every 

2993
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:36,000
camper throughout history will 
strive for adequate shelter 

2994
02:43:36,000 --> 02:43:40,200
sufficient warmth? 
Full belly and relative safety. 

2995
02:43:41,400 --> 02:43:44,200
Sleep comes gradually Like Water
Rising. 

2996
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:47,200
You're aware of the fire to 
Kohl's. 

2997
02:43:47,200 --> 02:43:51,108
Casting a gentler glow. 
Someone will wake to 10 in a few

2998
02:43:51,116 --> 02:43:53,400
hours. 
There's always someone on fire 

2999
02:43:53,400 --> 02:43:55,900
Duty though. 
You never discuss schedules or 

3000
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:57,400
shifts. 
It just happens. 

3001
02:43:57,400 --> 02:43:59,900
Organically this cooperation for
survival. 

3002
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:03,600
Your last conscious thought is 
of the Stars, visible through 

3003
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:07,200
the cave, mouth those same stars
that will guide Travelers and 

3004
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:09,600
campers for Millennia to come 
though. 

3005
02:44:09,600 --> 02:44:12,400
You have no way of knowing that 
your simple Act of bedding. 

3006
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:15,200
Down for the night, is the first
chapter in a story that will 

3007
02:44:15,200 --> 02:44:18,900
last, as long as Humanity 
itself, You're somewhere in 

3008
02:44:18,900 --> 02:44:21,300
Central Asia. 
Now though the concept of Asia 

3009
02:44:21,300 --> 02:44:23,100
or continents means nothing to 
you. 

3010
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,600
What matters is that the grass 
here, grows, thick and green. 

3011
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:29,300
And where Grass Grows herds 
follow. 

3012
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:33,600
You're a nomad and your home is 
wherever you pitch or yurt at 

3013
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:36,000
Sunset. 
The yurt itself is an 

3014
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:38,200
engineering Marvel though. 
You'd laugh. 

3015
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,500
If someone told you that, it's 
just your house portable and 

3016
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:44,600
practical, you've helped to 
assemble it so many times that 

3017
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:46,800
your hands know the work without
conscious thought. 

3018
02:44:48,400 --> 02:44:52,500
The lattice walls, fold and 
unfold, like an accordion Willow

3019
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:54,000
Wood lashed together with 
leather. 

3020
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:58,000
Thongs, that have been tied and 
untied a thousand times their 

3021
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:00,300
soft. 
Now, broken in like, comfortable

3022
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:04,500
shoes, today, site is good. 
You found a slight rise that 

3023
02:45:04,500 --> 02:45:08,000
will drain if it rains near a 
stream, but not so close. 

3024
02:45:08,000 --> 02:45:10,000
That Morning Mist, will leave 
everything damp. 

3025
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:12,800
The grass has been cropped short
by grazing. 

3026
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,700
Sheep your sheep though. 
Ownership is a flexible concept 

3027
02:45:16,700 --> 02:45:20,000
when you live this way The 
animals belong to the community.

3028
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:24,700
As much as any individual. 
They provide wool Milt and meat 

3029
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:28,300
and in their own way. 
Their family setting up, campers

3030
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:32,600
and dance, you know, by heart. 
First, the door frame goes up, 

3031
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:37,100
always facing south to catch the
sun, then you and your relatives

3032
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:38,800
stretch, the lattice walls in a 
circle. 

3033
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:41,900
Tying them to the door frame 
with practice deficiency. 

3034
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,200
Someone else is already 
positioning the crown wheel at 

3035
02:45:45,200 --> 02:45:47,800
the center that beautiful wooden
Circle. 

3036
02:45:47,800 --> 02:45:49,200
That will support the roof 
poles. 

3037
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:53,700
You've always admired, it carved
by an ancestor whose name you no

3038
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:56,000
longer remember decorated with 
patterns? 

3039
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,800
That might mean something or 
might just be decorative hard to

3040
02:45:59,800 --> 02:46:04,000
say after generations of use The
roof poles slotting into the 

3041
02:46:04,000 --> 02:46:07,100
crown wheel like spokes in a 
wheel and you're always slightly

3042
02:46:07,100 --> 02:46:11,800
amazed when it all comes 
together. 70 or 80 polls each 

3043
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:16,000
one fitting, precisely, creating
that distinctive Dome shape. 

3044
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:19,700
Once, they're all in place, you 
drape the felt covering over the

3045
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:23,800
frame. 
Felt is thick made from wool, 

3046
02:46:23,800 --> 02:46:27,600
you processed yourself. 
Beaten and rolled and soaked 

3047
02:46:27,600 --> 02:46:30,500
until the fibers locked together
into an almost waterproof 

3048
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,300
fabric. 
It takes four people to lift it 

3049
02:46:33,300 --> 02:46:37,300
and you grant with effort as you
hear it up and over the frame, 

3050
02:46:37,300 --> 02:46:43,100
the felt has its own smell. 
A sheepy lanolin, Rich Aroma, 

3051
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:45,600
that means home more than any 
perfume ever could. 

3052
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:50,800
When you're inside and it rains,
you can smell the wet wool, and 

3053
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:55,400
It's oddly comforting. 
Felt darkens from tan to Brown 

3054
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,400
when water hits it and you can 
track the path of raindrops by 

3055
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:03,700
the color changes. 
Inside you arrange your space 

3056
02:47:03,700 --> 02:47:07,100
with the efficiency of someone 
who does this regularly rugs 

3057
02:47:07,100 --> 02:47:07,900
cover. 
The floor. 

3058
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:11,800
Thick hand woven textiles in 
patterns your grandmother 

3059
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,800
taught, you read and gold and 
deep blue colors. 

3060
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:19,300
Achieve through dies, you made 
from plants and minerals, the 

3061
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:23,400
rugs provide insulation from the
ground and transform the bare 

3062
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:27,000
Earth into something civilized 
almost luxurious. 

3063
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,300
Your bed is a low platform on 
the men's side of the yurt. 

3064
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:35,100
Yes, there are gendered space is
even in this compact home. 

3065
02:47:36,000 --> 02:47:39,300
The bed is essentially erased 
area covered in more rugs and 

3066
02:47:39,300 --> 02:47:42,700
Felts topped with sheepskin. 
That's been tanned until its. 

3067
02:47:42,700 --> 02:47:47,100
But a soft you've slept on the 
same sheepskin for years and it 

3068
02:47:47,108 --> 02:47:50,800
shaped itself to your body. 
there's a depression where your 

3069
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:55,500
hip rests and a warn spot, where
your shoulder goes, It's more 

3070
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:57,300
comfortable than it has any 
right to be. 

3071
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:01,700
The center of the year is 
dominated by the fire pit, the 

3072
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:03,100
calling it. 
A pit is generous. 

3073
02:48:03,100 --> 02:48:06,900
It's really just a metal Brazier
raised slightly off the ground 

3074
02:48:06,900 --> 02:48:11,100
to protect the rugs tonight. 
Your burning dried dung, sounds 

3075
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:14,100
unpleasant, but it's been 
sun-dried until it's almost 

3076
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:17,200
odorless and it burns with a 
steady even Heat. 

3077
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:21,600
The smoke Rises through the 
crown wheel opening and you've 

3078
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:25,700
positioned the felt cover. 
So most of it escapes, most not 

3079
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:30,000
all There's always a faint Haze 
inside the yurt, but you're so 

3080
02:48:30,008 --> 02:48:32,000
accustomed to it. 
That you only notice when you 

3081
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:35,500
step outside into clear air, 
Dinner is cooking. 

3082
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:37,900
Mutton stew in a battered copper
pot. 

3083
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:40,100
That's traveled with your family
for three generations. 

3084
02:48:40,100 --> 02:48:44,500
The meat bubbles, insulted 
water, with wild onions, and 

3085
02:48:44,500 --> 02:48:46,300
whatever green, someone foraged 
today. 

3086
02:48:47,100 --> 02:48:51,700
Maybe some routes for bulk. 
The smell is magnificent, rich 

3087
02:48:51,700 --> 02:48:55,800
and savory, making your stomach 
Rumble leaving though you ate 

3088
02:48:55,800 --> 02:48:59,100
just a few hours ago. 
There's all so fresh milk from 

3089
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:01,200
this. 
Morning's milking slightly warm.

3090
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,800
Still with a sweetness that 
store bought milk will never 

3091
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:09,000
achieve He eats sitting 
cross-legged on your rugs using 

3092
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:11,500
your fingers and a wooden spoon 
for the broth. 

3093
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:15,400
The button is tough, these sheep
are working animals, not bred 

3094
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:18,300
for tenderness, but its 
flavorful in a way that makes 

3095
02:49:18,300 --> 02:49:20,800
you understand while your people
have followed herds for 

3096
02:49:20,800 --> 02:49:24,200
countless Generations. 
This meat tastes like the grass,

3097
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:27,800
the Sheep ate, the water, they 
drank, and the wind that blew 

3098
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:30,200
across the steppes. 
It tastes like home. 

3099
02:49:31,000 --> 02:49:34,600
After dinner, there's tea, 
strong black tea churned with 

3100
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:39,200
milk and salt and butter until 
it's more beverage than tea, a 

3101
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:41,700
concoction, that sounds bizarre 
but tastes perfect. 

3102
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,600
When you've spent the day in the
saddle, checking on far-flung 

3103
02:49:44,600 --> 02:49:47,400
livestock. 
The butter floats on top in 

3104
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:50,700
Golden Pools and you sip 
carefully to avoid burning your 

3105
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:53,300
tongue. 
The warmth, spreads through your

3106
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:57,100
chests, settling your stomach, 
preparing your body for sleep. 

3107
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:02,200
Outside night as Fallen 
completely, you can hear the 

3108
02:50:02,200 --> 02:50:06,000
Sheep, settling their occasional
bleeding, a familiar lullaby. 

3109
02:50:06,800 --> 02:50:10,300
Someone's horse, whinnies, 
probably dreaming of better 

3110
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:14,200
grass, the wind picks up and the
Earth's felt covering flaps 

3111
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:16,000
slightly but the structure holds
firm. 

3112
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:19,900
It's been designed over, 
centuries to withstand winds far

3113
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:21,700
stronger than this gentle 
evening Breeze. 

3114
02:50:22,600 --> 02:50:25,200
You arrange your sleeping Furs 
and settle onto your bed 

3115
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:28,200
platform. 
The fire is dyed to coals. 

3116
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,600
Casting a warm red glow that 
catches the metalwork hanging 

3117
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:36,600
from the yurt supports Bridals 
cooking implements and an old 

3118
02:50:36,600 --> 02:50:38,700
sword that's more decoration 
than weapon. 

3119
02:50:39,400 --> 02:50:42,800
Shadows danced on the felt walls
and you watch them with half 

3120
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:46,600
closed eyes too comfortable to 
fully surrender to sleep just 

3121
02:50:46,600 --> 02:50:51,600
yet This is camping though. 
Again, you wouldn't call it that

3122
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:55,800
This is simply Life In Motion, 
following the seasons and the 

3123
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:59,400
grass and the herds tomorrow you
might pack up and move five 

3124
02:50:59,400 --> 02:51:02,000
miles or 50 depending on what 
the animals need. 

3125
02:51:02,800 --> 02:51:05,400
The yurt will come down in a 
fraction of the time. 

3126
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,900
It took to erect folded, and 
loaded onto pack animals, who 

3127
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:10,500
know this routine, as well as 
you do. 

3128
02:51:10,508 --> 02:51:16,600
But tonight, you're here in this
spot under this sky and that's 

3129
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:19,000
enough. 
Your Allegiant Air in Germania 

3130
02:51:19,000 --> 02:51:23,200
and camping as become a military
science, gone of the Casual 

3131
02:51:23,200 --> 02:51:25,400
Arrangements of your nomadic 
predecessors. 

3132
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:30,900
Here, everything is precise and 
regulated, a testament to Roman 

3133
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:34,200
organizational genius that 
turned thousands of men into a 

3134
02:51:34,200 --> 02:51:35,800
functioning City every single 
night. 

3135
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:40,700
The March ended an hour ago, but
your Camp is already taking 

3136
02:51:40,700 --> 02:51:45,100
shape with mechanical 
efficiency, your exhausted, 20 

3137
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:46,300
miles, in full gear will do 
that. 

3138
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:49,900
But, you know, your tasks and 
muscle memory takes over. 

3139
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:53,900
The surveyors marked out the 
camp boundaries, while the 

3140
02:51:53,900 --> 02:51:57,500
Vanguard was still approaching 
using a grower to ensure 

3141
02:51:57,500 --> 02:52:00,800
perfect, right angles? 
Because of course, the camp must

3142
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:03,700
be rectangular circles are for 
barbarians. 

3143
02:52:03,700 --> 02:52:07,700
Your Contour Burnham, your tent 
group of eight men has been 

3144
02:52:07,700 --> 02:52:10,000
assigned a spot in the third 
cohort section. 

3145
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:14,400
You know, this spot is precisely
measured exactly large enough 

3146
02:52:14,400 --> 02:52:16,900
for your leather tent with 
regulation, spacing, on all 

3147
02:52:16,900 --> 02:52:21,300
sides, no guesswork, no arguing 
about who gets the better 

3148
02:52:21,300 --> 02:52:24,500
location. 
Roman military camping is 

3149
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:26,300
democracy through 
standardization. 

3150
02:52:27,400 --> 02:52:31,300
Tent goes up with the practice 
of men who've done this hundreds

3151
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,800
of times. 
It's leather treated with oil 

3152
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:38,700
and it's almost waterproof and 
it smells like a Tannery mixed 

3153
02:52:38,700 --> 02:52:40,200
with the sweat of previous 
owners. 

3154
02:52:40,200 --> 02:52:45,300
The leather is dark brown, 
almost black in place is scarred

3155
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:47,400
and patched, but still 
serviceable. 

3156
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:52,000
Eight men can raise it in under 
10 minutes if properly motivated

3157
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:54,200
and the Centurion watching your 
section. 

3158
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:56,000
Provides. 
Excellent motivation without 

3159
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,000
saying a word. 
The frame is simple, but 

3160
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:02,200
effective. 
Sturdy, wooden poles that slot 

3161
02:53:02,200 --> 02:53:05,500
together supporting a ridge pole
that runs the length of the 

3162
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:08,200
tent. 
The leather drapes over this 

3163
02:53:08,200 --> 02:53:11,900
skeleton and is pegged to the 
ground with iron Stakes that 

3164
02:53:11,900 --> 02:53:16,000
double as tent pegs and in a 
pinch weapons. everything in the

3165
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:20,400
Roman military has multiple 
purposes inside the tent is 

3166
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:24,700
sparckman Your sleeping area is 
a strip of ground, barely wider 

3167
02:53:24,700 --> 02:53:27,800
than your shoulders separated 
from your tent mates by 

3168
02:53:27,800 --> 02:53:30,200
invisible but strictly observed 
boundaries. 

3169
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:34,300
You've laid down your sleeping 
mat, or oiled leather, same as 

3170
02:53:34,300 --> 02:53:37,200
the tent and unrolled, your 
cloak to serve as a blanket. 

3171
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,700
Some men have wool blankets from
home, but yours were out in 

3172
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:44,000
Gould and you haven't bothered 
replacing it. 

3173
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:46,900
Cloak is adequate. 
Your pillow. 

3174
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,000
Is your pack positioned 
carefully to support your neck 

3175
02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:55,300
inside the pack is everything. 
You own a spare tunic, a needle 

3176
02:53:55,300 --> 02:53:58,700
and thread, a wet stone, and 
some personal items. 

3177
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:02,200
You'd rather not inventory. 
The pack is Lumpy and not 

3178
02:54:02,208 --> 02:54:04,600
particularly comfortable, but 
it's familiar. 

3179
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:09,000
You slept on worse the tent 
smells like eight. 

3180
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:12,700
Men who've been marching all day
leather and sweat and the will 

3181
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:17,000
of your tunics, plus, whatever 
everyone ate for lunch onions, 

3182
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:19,600
definitely onions. 
Someone always has onions. 

3183
02:54:19,600 --> 02:54:24,100
But underneath that is the smell
of Earth and grass reminders 

3184
02:54:24,100 --> 02:54:26,300
that you're still camping. 
Despite all this Roman 

3185
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:30,700
organization, Outside your tent,
the camp is a Marvel of 

3186
02:54:30,700 --> 02:54:33,400
engineering. 
Ditches, have been dug around 

3187
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:37,500
the perimeter, the Earth. 
Piled into ramparts Stakes have 

3188
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:41,000
been placed to discourage, 
Cavalry Charges guard, towers 

3189
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:44,200
are going up at intervals. 
Wooden scaffolding, that seems 

3190
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:48,100
flimsy but has been calculated 
by people who understand stress 

3191
02:54:48,100 --> 02:54:51,700
and load bearing. 
Roads have been laid out in a 

3192
02:54:51,700 --> 02:54:54,900
perfect grid because even 
temporary camps need proper 

3193
02:54:54,900 --> 02:54:57,300
streets. 
Command tent is already 

3194
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:00,600
established at the center, 
larger and more elaborate than 

3195
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:03,300
yours with room for planning and
meetings. 

3196
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:06,900
Cook fires are burning in 
designated areas. 

3197
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:09,700
Fire safety being apparently 
important. 

3198
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:14,100
Even in the first century. 
You can smell dinner a grain 

3199
02:55:14,100 --> 02:55:17,600
porridge called pulse heavy on 
The Barley with whatever meet 

3200
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:20,300
the hunters brought in. 
Maybe some lentils. 

3201
02:55:20,300 --> 02:55:23,600
If you're lucky Roman military 
food isn't exciting but it's 

3202
02:55:23,600 --> 02:55:27,600
filling and relatively reliable.
Your own fire is a small one 

3203
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,800
shared with your tent mates. 
Your boiling water to soften 

3204
02:55:30,800 --> 02:55:33,900
your hard tack, the rock hard 
twice, baked bread. 

3205
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:35,800
That's a staple of Legionnaire 
life. 

3206
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:39,200
The hard tack is so tough. 
It could probably stop a sword, 

3207
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:42,600
but when you soak it in hot 
water or wine, it becomes 

3208
02:55:42,600 --> 02:55:45,200
edible. 
Sort of you've learned to 

3209
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:48,500
appreciate food that won't spoil
even if it tries to break your 

3210
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:49,800
teeth. 
There's wine. 

3211
02:55:49,800 --> 02:55:53,400
Of course, watered wine the 
Eternal beverage of Roman 

3212
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:56,500
soldiers. 
It's sour and thin but it's 

3213
02:55:56,500 --> 02:55:59,700
safer than water from 
questionable sources, and it 

3214
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:02,700
contains just enough alcohol to 
take the edge off a long day. 

3215
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:06,900
You drink it from a wooden cup 
worn Smooth by countless hands 

3216
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:10,400
wondering who's cut. 
This was before it became yours.

3217
02:56:11,200 --> 02:56:14,100
Equipment, circulates through 
the legion like water through an

3218
02:56:14,100 --> 02:56:20,100
aqueduct. as Darkness Falls, the
camp transforms, torches a 

3219
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,500
little along the main roads, 
creating pools of flickering, 

3220
02:56:22,500 --> 02:56:25,800
light centuries, take their 
positions, their Silhouettes 

3221
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:29,700
visible on the ramparts you can 
hear the low murmur of thousands

3222
02:56:29,700 --> 02:56:33,700
of men settling in conversations
and dozens of accidents because 

3223
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:37,500
the legion draws from across the
empire, Latin is the common 

3224
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:41,900
tongue but you catch Snippets of
Gaelic Germanic dialects and 

3225
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:44,000
even some Greek from the Eastern
recruits. 

3226
02:56:44,700 --> 02:56:46,800
Your tent mate. 
Marcus is sharpening. 

3227
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:51,100
His Gladius, the rhythmic scrape
of stone on metal a sound as 

3228
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:54,300
Roman as Eagle standards. 
He's meticulous about his 

3229
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:56,600
weapons. 
The kind of soldier who probably

3230
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:58,500
arranges his gear 
alphabetically. 

3231
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:03,600
Another man, you think his name 
is Gaius but half the legion is 

3232
02:57:03,600 --> 02:57:06,500
named Gaius. 
His mending, a tear in his 

3233
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:10,500
tunic, his thick fingers, 
surprisingly death, with the 

3234
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:12,400
needle. 
You're too tired for 

3235
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,500
conversation, which is fine 
because nobody expects it. 

3236
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:19,700
The days March has drained 
everyone and tomorrow will bring

3237
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:22,300
more of the same. 
This is campaigning season, 

3238
02:57:22,300 --> 02:57:26,400
which means camping season, 
which means your life is an 

3239
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,300
endless cycle of March, dig 
sleep, repeat. 

3240
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,100
But there's something comforting
about the routine, you know, 

3241
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:36,500
exactly what tomorrow will 
bring, you know, the camp will 

3242
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:40,600
be broken down in reverse order 
of its construction, everything 

3243
02:57:40,600 --> 02:57:43,900
packed, and loaded with the same
efficiency of the directed it. 

3244
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:48,500
you know that wherever you mark 
the next Camp will look exactly 

3245
02:57:48,500 --> 02:57:51,800
like this one down to the 
spacing of the tents and the 

3246
02:57:51,808 --> 02:57:56,300
angle of the ramparts You lie 
back on your leather, mat your 

3247
02:57:56,300 --> 02:57:59,000
head on your lumpy pack staring 
at the tent ceiling. 

3248
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:03,400
The leather glows slightly from 
nearby campfires creating 

3249
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:05,600
shifting patterns of light and 
Shadow. 

3250
02:58:06,700 --> 02:58:12,200
Outside, someone starts singing.
a marching song, you've heard a 

3251
02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:16,000
thousand times, but the 
familiarity is soothing rather 

3252
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:19,300
than annoying Sleep comes 
quickly in the legion. 

3253
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:22,900
Your body is tired enough that 
Comfort becomes negotiable. 

3254
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:25,100
The ground is hard. 
Yes. 

3255
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,500
But your horizontal and 
relatively warm The sound of the

3256
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:32,700
camp fade into white noise, 
crackling fires, low 

3257
02:58:32,700 --> 02:58:35,500
conversations, the occasional 
bark of an officer checking on 

3258
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:38,500
his men and the distant 
challenge of centuries changing 

3259
02:58:38,500 --> 02:58:42,200
watch. 
This is Roman camping organized 

3260
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,600
efficient, a temporary City that
will vanish tomorrow as 

3261
02:58:45,600 --> 02:58:47,400
completely as it appeared to 
day. 

3262
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:50,800
You're not connecting with 
nature or finding yourself or 

3263
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,600
any of that philosophical 
nonsense, your simply a cog in a

3264
02:58:54,600 --> 02:58:58,200
magnificent machine sleeping in 
a regulation, 10 in a 

3265
02:58:58,200 --> 02:59:01,000
regulation, Camp. 
One of thousands of identical 

3266
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:05,300
tents in identical camps across 
an Empire that has turned 

3267
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:10,900
camping into an art form. 
And somehow improbably, it 

3268
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:14,400
works. 
You're a pilgrim on the road to 

3269
02:59:14,400 --> 02:59:18,100
Canterbury and tonight's camping
is less about choice and more 

3270
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:22,600
about necessity. 
Sun set an hour ago catching you

3271
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:26,600
between towns and the forest is 
absolutely not a place you want 

3272
02:59:26,600 --> 02:59:29,800
to be after dark. 
Fortunately, you found a Wayside

3273
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:32,000
Inn, though. 
Calling it in might be generous,

3274
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,700
it's more of a fortified barn 
with delusions of hospitality. 

3275
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:40,800
The building is Timber framed 
with wattle and daub walls and 

3276
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:43,800
it leans slightly to the left in
a way that should be concerning.

3277
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:48,200
But apparently isn't smoke 
drifts from a hole in the 

3278
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:50,700
thatched roof because chimneys 
are for fancy people. 

3279
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:55,600
A wooden sign creeks in the 
evening Breeze, displaying a 

3280
02:59:55,600 --> 02:59:59,200
faded painting of what might be 
a swan or might be a deformed 

3281
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:02,600
chicken hard to say. 
Insight. 

3282
03:00:02,600 --> 03:00:05,000
The common room is exactly what 
you expected. 

3283
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:08,500
Low ceiling Rush covered floor. 
That hasn't been changed in 

3284
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:12,600
weeks, are thick with smoke and 
the smell of too many people in 

3285
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:16,500
two smaller space. 
Fire Burns in the central half 

3286
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:18,900
Morpher cooking than warmth 
though. 

3287
03:00:18,900 --> 03:00:22,300
It's early Autumn and the 
evenings are growing cool. fire 

3288
03:00:22,300 --> 03:00:25,700
smoke has nowhere to go except 
up or it eventually finds the 

3289
03:00:25,700 --> 03:00:28,600
roof hole but not before 
coating, everything in a fine 

3290
03:00:28,608 --> 03:00:32,400
layer of soot You've paid your 
penny for accommodation, which 

3291
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,600
buys you floor space and the 
privilege of not sleeping 

3292
03:00:35,600 --> 03:00:38,000
outside. 
The Inn has no rooms. 

3293
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:40,600
Just this common area where 
Travelers bed down, wherever 

3294
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:44,500
they find Space, you stake your 
claim near the wall, bad for 

3295
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:47,400
drafts, but good for having 
something solid at your back and

3296
03:00:47,400 --> 03:00:51,000
spread your cloak on the rushes.
The rushes are questionable. 

3297
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:54,700
They're meant to be fresh herbs,
and grasses that smell nice and 

3298
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:57,600
absorb spills. 
But these are old enough to have

3299
03:00:57,600 --> 03:01:01,800
compacted into a map that 
crunches onto your weight. when 

3300
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:05,400
you shift position, things 
Scuttle away underneath, You've 

3301
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:09,400
learned not to investigate what 
things ignorance in this case is

3302
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:12,500
definitely preferable. 
Your bedding is your cloak, 

3303
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:15,200
which is wool and a served you, 
well, for three years. 

3304
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:19,000
It's heavy with Lana in and 
absorbs water, like a sponge, 

3305
03:01:19,000 --> 03:01:22,800
which would be problematic 
except that the Lana in makes it

3306
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:26,300
somewhat water resistant. 
A paradox, you've never fully 

3307
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:29,300
understood. 
The cloak smells like sheep and 

3308
03:01:29,300 --> 03:01:32,600
smoke and the road. 
A combination that has become 

3309
03:01:32,608 --> 03:01:36,300
synonymous with travel. 
The innkeeper's wife is serving 

3310
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:38,900
dinner a pottage of Uncertain 
composition. 

3311
03:01:38,900 --> 03:01:43,900
It's thick and brown and 
contains beans definitely plus 

3312
03:01:43,900 --> 03:01:47,500
chunks of something that might 
be turnip or might be parsnip. 

3313
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,100
There are also unidentified bits
of meat that could be chicken 

3314
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:54,600
rabbit or something. 
The Cat Dragged In, You've 

3315
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:57,200
learned not to ask questions 
about medieval in food. 

3316
03:01:57,200 --> 03:01:59,900
It's hot. 
It's filling and it probably 

3317
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,800
won't kill you, which is all you
can reasonably, expect you eat 

3318
03:02:03,800 --> 03:02:05,800
from a wooden Bowl, that's 
shared among guests. 

3319
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:09,400
Rinse between users in a barrel 
of water that's been used for 

3320
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:13,000
this purpose all day. 
The spoon is also communal 

3321
03:02:13,000 --> 03:02:17,300
warns, Smooth by countless 
Mal's, the pottage tastes like 

3322
03:02:17,300 --> 03:02:20,500
salt and onions and not much 
else, but after a day of 

3323
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:24,400
walking, it's delicious, you sop
up the last bits with dark bread

3324
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:27,700
that has already going stale. 
But softens nicely when dipped 

3325
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:31,300
in the broth, there's ale, of 
course, everyone drinks ale 

3326
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:33,300
because water is dangerous and 
wine is expensive. 

3327
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:38,300
This is cloudy and yeasty and 
served in a clay cup that's 

3328
03:02:38,300 --> 03:02:41,500
chipped, but clean-ish, it's not
the best deal you've ever had. 

3329
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,400
That honor goes to the 
monastery, Bruce 3 days back, 

3330
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:47,600
but it's wet and contains 
alcohol, which is the point. 

3331
03:02:48,500 --> 03:02:50,900
Around you. 
The common room fills with other

3332
03:02:50,900 --> 03:02:53,300
Travelers. 
There's a merchant with his 

3333
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:55,900
servant both keeping careful. 
Watch on their packs. 

3334
03:02:56,800 --> 03:03:01,400
Prior sits in the corner. 
Fingernail rosary beads clicking

3335
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:05,000
softly as he prays. 
Two young men who might be 

3336
03:03:05,008 --> 03:03:08,700
students or might be Thieves. 
The categories aren't mutually. 

3337
03:03:08,700 --> 03:03:12,400
Exclusive are arguing about 
something theological and 

3338
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:15,100
terrible Latin. 
A woman traveling alone, which 

3339
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:18,700
is unusual enough to draw. 
Curious looks sits near the fire

3340
03:03:18,700 --> 03:03:22,200
with her Hood up. 
The Innkeeper, a massive man 

3341
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:25,500
with a beard that could house 
small birds, make his rounds 

3342
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:27,900
with a staff. 
That's ostensibly for stoking 

3343
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:30,500
the fire, but clearly doubles as
crowd. 

3344
03:03:30,500 --> 03:03:34,900
Control, his wife brings more 
ale more bread, her movements 

3345
03:03:34,900 --> 03:03:38,300
practice and efficient. 
They've been running this in for

3346
03:03:38,300 --> 03:03:41,900
decades and it shows in the 
Casual competence with which 

3347
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:43,500
they manage a room full of 
strangers. 

3348
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:47,200
As night deepens, people settle 
into their sleeping spots. 

3349
03:03:47,900 --> 03:03:49,300
You've laid your pack under your
head. 

3350
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:53,200
Let's comfortable than a pillow 
but less likely to disappear 

3351
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:56,300
while you sleep. 
Your belt pouch with your few 

3352
03:03:56,300 --> 03:03:59,600
coins, stays on your body, 
hidden under your tunic. 

3353
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:02,100
Everything else is acceptable 
loss. 

3354
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:05,700
If someone decides to steal it 
though, your staff rests within 

3355
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:12,300
easy reach just in case fire 
dies to coals casting the room 

3356
03:04:12,300 --> 03:04:15,800
in shifting, Shadows, The 
Innkeeper extinguishes, most of 

3357
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:19,600
the Tallow candles, Tallow being
expensive leaving, only the 

3358
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:23,700
firelight The room grows darker 
and with darkness comes, the 

3359
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:25,700
sounds of people settling for 
sleep. 

3360
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:29,700
Coughing Shifting the rustle of 
fabric. 

3361
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:34,000
Someone snores immediately a 
rattling sound that suggests 

3362
03:04:34,000 --> 03:04:35,800
medical intervention, might be 
wise. 

3363
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:39,400
Your range yourself on your 
cloak, using your pack to 

3364
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:44,000
support your head and shoulders.
floor is hard, the rushes barely

3365
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:47,200
providing cushioning, but your 
warm enough with your body heat 

3366
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:50,900
and the residual warmth from the
fire, Your fellow Travelers are 

3367
03:04:50,900 --> 03:04:53,500
close enough that you can hear 
them breathing, which is either 

3368
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:56,100
comforting or disturbing 
depending on your perspective. 

3369
03:04:57,200 --> 03:05:00,500
Sleep doesn't come easily in 
medieval in there are too many 

3370
03:05:00,508 --> 03:05:03,500
noises too many people and too 
many unknowns. 

3371
03:05:03,500 --> 03:05:07,600
You does fit aware of movement 
around you of the woman by the 

3372
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:11,400
fire shifting position of the 
students finally quieting down 

3373
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,200
and of someone getting up to 
relieve themselves in the yard 

3374
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:18,500
outside. 
This is camping medieval style, 

3375
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:22,400
you're under a roof, which is 
better than the forest, your 

3376
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:26,200
relatively warm and dry. 
You've eaten tomorrow, you'll 

3377
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,600
continue your pilgrimage. 
But tonight you're here, sharing

3378
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:32,300
space with strangers. 
All of you, traveling your 

3379
03:05:32,300 --> 03:05:35,600
separate paths, but bedding down
together for this one night. 

3380
03:05:36,900 --> 03:05:40,200
Snoring continues. 
Someone mumbles in their sleep. 

3381
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:44,800
Fire pops a dog. 
That's been sleeping by the half

3382
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:47,100
scratches itself 
enthusiastically. 

3383
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:50,300
Somewhere in the distance. 
A church bell. 

3384
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:55,100
Rings the hour. you've lost 
count of which our You pull your

3385
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:56,900
cloak Tighter and close your 
eyes. 

3386
03:05:56,900 --> 03:06:00,100
Accepting medieval camping for 
what it is. 

3387
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:06,400
Uncomfortable crowded, vaguely 
hazardous, but infinitely better

3388
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,700
than the Alternatives. 
And in the morning, you'll pay 

3389
03:06:09,700 --> 03:06:12,800
another penny for bread and Ale 
gather, your belongings and 

3390
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:16,200
continued down the road to 
Canterbury one night closer to 

3391
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:19,300
your destination, you're in the 
northern forests of, what will 

3392
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:22,900
someday be called, Wisconsin? 
Though that name and the board 

3393
03:06:22,900 --> 03:06:24,700
as it implies mean nothing to 
you. 

3394
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:28,000
What matters is that? 
This is good Maple, sugaring 

3395
03:06:28,000 --> 03:06:32,100
territory and spring has arrived
with his promise of sweet sap 

3396
03:06:32,100 --> 03:06:35,700
and renewal. 
Your Wigwam sits in a Grove of 

3397
03:06:35,708 --> 03:06:40,100
Maples positioned to catch 
Morning Sun and sheltered from 

3398
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:42,400
prevailing winds by a helpful 
Ridge. 

3399
03:06:42,400 --> 03:06:47,500
The structure is beautiful in 
its Simplicity, a dome of bent 

3400
03:06:47,500 --> 03:06:51,800
saplings covered with birch 
bark, the Bark's white exterior,

3401
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:56,000
bright against the dark forest 
floor, You helped build this 

3402
03:06:56,000 --> 03:06:59,200
temporary shelter, two days ago 
and you'll take it down again. 

3403
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,500
When the sugaring season ends 
Saplings form. 

3404
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:05,600
The frame, young Greenwood that 
bends easily. 

3405
03:07:05,600 --> 03:07:09,000
When fresh cut you've arranged 
them in a circle, stuck their 

3406
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:11,700
ends in the ground, then bent 
the tops together and lash them 

3407
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:13,700
with Basswood, cordage you made 
last summer. 

3408
03:07:14,500 --> 03:07:17,700
The result is a perfect Dome, 
structurally sound and 

3409
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:21,700
surprisingly roomy inside the 
birch bark covers the frame in 

3410
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:25,900
overlapping sheets held in place
with more cordage and waited 

3411
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:27,900
with strategically placed 
stones. 

3412
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:33,000
Inside The Wigwam is cozy. 
The floor is covered with woven 

3413
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:37,200
mats made from cat tail reads. 
Their dried grass smell mixing 

3414
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:40,200
with the Birchbox subtle, 
Wintergreen scent. 

3415
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:43,500
Your sleeping platform is raised
slightly. 

3416
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:47,600
Just enough to keep you off the 
cold ground and it's covered 

3417
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:52,900
with Furs younger self. 
Dear beaver and a beautiful bear

3418
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:55,000
Pelt. 
You traded for three Winters 

3419
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:57,700
ago. 
The fire pit sits in the center 

3420
03:07:57,700 --> 03:07:59,800
though. 
You're careful to keep fires 

3421
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:02,700
small. 
Smoke Rises through the opening 

3422
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:05,300
at the top of the Dome and 
you've arranged the bark 

3423
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:07,200
covering. 
So drafts draw the smoke up and 

3424
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:10,300
out efficiently, the fire is 
burning Burch. 

3425
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:14,300
The bark catches instantly, the 
wood, burns clean and hot. 

3426
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:18,100
And your boiling sap in a clay 
pot that seen many sugaring 

3427
03:08:18,100 --> 03:08:23,200
seasons The sap bubbles. 
Gently steam Rising filling The 

3428
03:08:23,208 --> 03:08:24,900
Wigwam with the sweet smell of 
maple. 

3429
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:28,700
It takes 40 Parts. 
Sap to make one part syrup. 

3430
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:30,900
Which means endless hours of 
tending. 

3431
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:35,500
The fire adding sap watching the
level and preventing scorching. 

3432
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:40,000
It's meditative work. 
Kind that lets your mind wander 

3433
03:08:40,000 --> 03:08:44,000
while your hands stay busy. 
You've eaten well today, It's 

3434
03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:46,500
morning brought Trout from the 
stream caught in a way you 

3435
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:48,900
build. 
When you first arrived, fish 

3436
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:52,200
cooked beautifully, over the 
fire, their skin crispy and 

3437
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:57,000
charred their flesh, flaking 
into sweet, white pieces, You 

3438
03:08:57,000 --> 03:09:00,500
supplemented this with wild 
leeks, the forest floor is 

3439
03:09:00,500 --> 03:09:04,100
carpeted with the right now, 
sorted in bare fat until they 

3440
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:07,500
were soft and gold. 
And Tonight's dinner? 

3441
03:09:07,500 --> 03:09:10,800
You have venison from a deer 
taken, three days ago. 

3442
03:09:10,800 --> 03:09:15,000
The meat preserved by cold, 
smoking your roasting it on 

3443
03:09:15,008 --> 03:09:18,200
sticks, positioned carefully, 
over the coals turning them 

3444
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:19,900
occasionally to ensure even 
cooking. 

3445
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,000
The fat drips Into the Fire 
causing brief, flare-ups the 

3446
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:27,000
charm, the meats exterior while 
keeping the inside tender. 

3447
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:32,300
The smell is magnificent. 
Smoky and Rich and slightly 

3448
03:09:32,300 --> 03:09:36,000
sweet from the maple steam. 
There's all so tea though, you 

3449
03:09:36,000 --> 03:09:39,000
wouldn't call it that. 
You've steeped Spruce tips in 

3450
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:42,600
hot water, creating a brew that 
tastes like the forest, smells 

3451
03:09:42,600 --> 03:09:47,500
Piney and slightly medicinal 
high in vitamin C though. 

3452
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:50,500
You don't think of it in those 
terms, you just know it makes 

3453
03:09:50,500 --> 03:09:55,000
you feel good especially after a
long winter. you drink it from a

3454
03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:59,800
wooden cups Smooth by years of 
use its Rim, Warren to Velvet 

3455
03:09:59,800 --> 03:10:06,300
softness As night Falls, the 
forest comes alive with sound an

3456
03:10:06,300 --> 03:10:08,000
owl calls from somewhere to the 
north. 

3457
03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:10,600
It's voice carrying through bare
branches. 

3458
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,700
Something Russells in the 
undergrowth probably a raccoon 

3459
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:18,000
investigating your camp for 
dropped food in the distance, 

3460
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:20,900
wolves howl, but they're far 
enough away that you're on 

3461
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,900
concerned wolves. 
Generally, avoid human 

3462
03:10:23,900 --> 03:10:27,900
settlements and your fire keeps 
most curious animals at Bay. 

3463
03:10:28,700 --> 03:10:32,700
You tend the sap pot 1, final 
time, before bed, adding more 

3464
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,800
liquid and adjusting the fire to
maintain a gentle boil. 

3465
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:39,200
The sap will cook through the 
night reducing slowly 

3466
03:10:39,200 --> 03:10:43,400
transforming from a thin, barely
sweet liquid into the thick 

3467
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:46,100
syrup that makes spring sugaring
worth while. 

3468
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:49,900
Someone will need to wake 
periodically to tend it and to 

3469
03:10:49,900 --> 03:10:54,200
night that someone is, you 
you're sleeping area is ready. 

3470
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:57,200
The bear. 
Pelt is soft and warm. 

3471
03:10:57,200 --> 03:10:59,800
And you've layered it over 
several deer Heights for 

3472
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,100
insulation, from the ground. 
You have a rolled high that 

3473
03:11:03,100 --> 03:11:06,600
serves as a pillow stuffed with 
dried grass and sweet grass that

3474
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:08,700
releases fragrance when you 
shift position. 

3475
03:11:09,500 --> 03:11:13,500
Everything smells like wood 
smoke, which is permeated every 

3476
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:15,100
fiber and hide. 
You own. 

3477
03:11:16,400 --> 03:11:19,800
Force sleep, you perform, the 
small rituals that Mark the 

3478
03:11:19,800 --> 03:11:23,700
day's end, you Bank, the fire 
carefully, ensuring it will burn

3479
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:28,500
steadily but safely you check 
your supplies dried corn smoked 

3480
03:11:28,500 --> 03:11:31,900
fish and the maple syrup from 
previous boiling session. 

3481
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:34,700
You hang your food in a tree 
away from Camp. 

3482
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:38,300
High enough. 
That bears can't reach it. bring

3483
03:11:38,300 --> 03:11:41,300
bears are hungry after their 
winter sleep, and you respect 

3484
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:45,500
their needs while protecting 
your own The Wigwam is dark now,

3485
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:49,000
except for the fire's glow, 
which creates dancing Shadows on

3486
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:52,900
the birch bark walls. 
The barks inner side is golden 

3487
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:56,200
brown smooth and slightly 
translucent, where it's thin. 

3488
03:11:57,000 --> 03:12:00,500
You can see the pattern of Lent 
to sells the horizontal lines 

3489
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:04,400
that Mark the Box growth. 
It's beautiful in an understated

3490
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,000
way. 
This natural material that keeps

3491
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,700
you dry and warm you lie on your
Furs wrapped in a rope you made 

3492
03:12:10,708 --> 03:12:15,300
from Rapid Pelt soaked together.
dozens of rabbits, their soft 

3493
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:18,600
fur, creating a blanket, that's 
lighter than anything else you 

3494
03:12:18,600 --> 03:12:23,000
own, but remarkably warm, The 
Wigwam holds heat well, The 

3495
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:25,300
dome-shaped trapping warm air 
near the top. 

3496
03:12:25,300 --> 03:12:26,800
While you sleep in Comfort 
below. 

3497
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:32,200
Sleep comes easily here. 
The forest is home and it sounds

3498
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:38,000
a lullabyes the sap pot bubbles,
the fire crackles something 

3499
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:41,400
small scurries across the roof, 
probably a squirrel 

3500
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:44,500
investigating the bark. 
The wind moves through the 

3501
03:12:44,500 --> 03:12:46,800
Treetops with the sound like 
distant water. 

3502
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:50,600
This is camping in perfect 
balance with the environment. 

3503
03:12:50,600 --> 03:12:54,300
You're not conquering nature or 
escaping from civilization. 

3504
03:12:55,100 --> 03:12:58,700
You're part of the forest Rhythm
taking what you need while 

3505
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:00,400
giving back through careful 
stewardship. 

3506
03:13:01,300 --> 03:13:05,400
In a few weeks, when the sap 
stops running, you'll dismantle 

3507
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:08,800
The Wigwam, cash the Bark for 
next year and move on to other 

3508
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:12,900
seasonal camps. 
But tonight you're here warm and

3509
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:16,000
fed sleeping in a shelter that 
works with nature rather than 

3510
03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,800
against it. 
The sugar-making will continue 

3511
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:22,000
for another week. 
Maybe two each night will be 

3512
03:13:22,000 --> 03:13:25,100
like this one tending. 
The fire watching the sap reduce

3513
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:27,200
and sleeping in comfortable 
Simplicity. 

3514
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:30,800
And when you finally pack your 
syrup into Bart containers and 

3515
03:13:30,800 --> 03:13:34,000
head home, you'll carry with 
you, not just food but the 

3516
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:37,700
memory of these peaceful nights 
in the Maple Grove camping as 

3517
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:41,500
your people of camped for 
countless Generations, you're 

3518
03:13:41,500 --> 03:13:44,400
somewhere in the Pacific, a 
border ship, that's been at sea 

3519
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:48,800
for longer than UK to remember. 
And to night your finally making

3520
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:53,000
landfall on an island that 
doesn't appear on any map The 

3521
03:13:53,000 --> 03:13:56,300
Expeditions naturalist is 
practically vibrating with 

3522
03:13:56,300 --> 03:14:00,200
excitement. 
You the Expedition surveyor are 

3523
03:14:00,200 --> 03:14:02,500
just grateful to sleep on 
something that isn't moving. 

3524
03:14:02,500 --> 03:14:06,300
The beach camp goes up quickly 
despite everyone's exhaustion. 

3525
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:11,200
Tensor, hold from the ship's 
doors, proper canvas tents, not 

3526
03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:13,100
the leather Affairs of Roman 
Legions. 

3527
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:17,300
These are products of the 18th 
century treated with linseed oil

3528
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:20,400
until their waterproof and smell
like an oil painting Studio. 

3529
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:24,600
The canvas is heavy requiring 
four men to manage each tent, 

3530
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:29,400
but once erected its remarkably 
sturdy, Your tent is larger than

3531
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:32,400
most accommodating your 
surveying equipment and the 

3532
03:14:32,408 --> 03:14:35,600
precious maps and notes. 
You've been compiling The 

3533
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:38,500
Expedition Commander insisted 
you have a proper workspace, 

3534
03:14:38,500 --> 03:14:42,700
understanding that accurate 
mapping is crucial to successful

3535
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:46,000
exploration. 
The tents Ridge pole is actual 

3536
03:14:46,000 --> 03:14:50,300
Timber not flimsy wood. 
And the whole structure is guide

3537
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:53,400
with proper rope, each line 
positioned at Angles. 

3538
03:14:53,400 --> 03:14:58,100
You calculated to distribute 
stress evenly inside, you've 

3539
03:14:58,100 --> 03:15:00,600
arranged your space with as much
civilization as possible. 

3540
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:03,600
Your cot is a folding canvas 
Affair. 

3541
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:07,600
Surprisingly comfortable after 
months in a hammock, you've 

3542
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:11,300
spread a wool blanket over it. 
Plus your own sleeping role for 

3543
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:13,900
extra warmth. 
The island nights are cool of 

3544
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:17,600
the new expected despite being 
in tropical latitudes, your 

3545
03:15:17,600 --> 03:15:21,600
surveying equipment sits on a 
folding table Sextant Compass, 

3546
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:25,700
chronometer spare pencils and 
the waterproof map case 

3547
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:27,500
containing months of careful 
work. 

3548
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:32,100
Everything has its place. 
Secured against the possibility 

3549
03:15:32,100 --> 03:15:34,600
of tropical storms or curious 
wildlife. 

3550
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:39,100
You've already spotted something
that might be a giant rat and 

3551
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:42,400
you have no desire to discover 
your notes turned into nesting 

3552
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:45,900
material. 
The beach itself is spectacular,

3553
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:50,600
white sand that squeaks when you
walk on it, palm trees leaning 

3554
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:54,200
at artistic angles and waves 
rolling in with hypnotic 

3555
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:58,000
regularity. 
But you're a surveyor, not a 

3556
03:15:58,000 --> 03:15:59,900
poet. 
So what you notice is the grade 

3557
03:15:59,900 --> 03:16:03,300
of the beach, the high 
watermarks, the composition of 

3558
03:16:03,300 --> 03:16:07,100
the sand, and the angle of the 
sun, everything gets noted 

3559
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,000
sketched and measured. 
The commander wants thorough 

3560
03:16:10,000 --> 03:16:12,200
records, and thorough is what 
you provide. 

3561
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:15,600
The Expeditions cook has set up 
a proper kitchen area. 

3562
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:19,500
Complete with iron pots 
suspended over fire pits dug in 

3563
03:16:19,500 --> 03:16:22,100
the sand. 
Tonight's dinner is salt. 

3564
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:26,500
Pork always salt pork but he 
supplemented it with fresh fish.

3565
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,300
The crew caught this afternoon 
and some kind of fruit. 

3566
03:16:29,300 --> 03:16:31,800
The naturalistic cleared edible 
after careful examination. 

3567
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:36,000
The fruit tastes like a 
pineapple had an affair with a 

3568
03:16:36,000 --> 03:16:40,300
mango. sweet and fibrous, and 
unlike anything in European 

3569
03:16:40,300 --> 03:16:44,100
markets, you eating on a crate, 
using a proper plate and 

3570
03:16:44,100 --> 03:16:47,200
utensils because the commander 
insists on maintaining standards

3571
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:51,700
even in Wilderness camps, The 
pork is salty and tough but the 

3572
03:16:51,700 --> 03:16:55,400
fish is magnificent. 
Firm white flesh. 

3573
03:16:55,400 --> 03:17:00,900
That flakes perfectly slightly 
sweet, unlike any European fish.

3574
03:17:01,900 --> 03:17:04,300
The cook has somehow produced 
bread though. 

3575
03:17:04,300 --> 03:17:06,600
You suspect. 
It's the last of the ship stores

3576
03:17:06,600 --> 03:17:09,500
by tomorrow you'll be eating 
ships biscuit again. 

3577
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:11,800
But tonight there's actual 
bread. 

3578
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:15,900
There's also rum because what 
18th century Naval Expedition 

3579
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:19,900
would be complete without rum 
It's mixed with lime juice to 

3580
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:22,200
prevent scurvy though. 
You suspect. 

3581
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:24,500
The real goal is to make the rum
last longer. 

3582
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:28,800
You drink it from a Tin Cup. 
The metal warm from being near 

3583
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:32,400
the fire and feel the alcohol 
spread through your tired body 

3584
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:37,100
like gentle warmth. 
Sun sets, spectacularly. 

3585
03:17:38,000 --> 03:17:41,300
Painting, the sky in colors that
make you wish you had the artist

3586
03:17:41,300 --> 03:17:45,500
skill rather than the surveyors.
The naturalist is sketching 

3587
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:49,200
frantically trying to capture 
the local birds species before 

3588
03:17:49,200 --> 03:17:51,100
Darkness makes observation 
impossible. 

3589
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:55,800
The ship's doctor is examining 
plants, comparing them to his 

3590
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:59,100
medical texts and muttering 
about potential remedies. 

3591
03:18:00,200 --> 03:18:04,500
Everyone is working even in 
Camp, even at Days end because 

3592
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:08,800
that's what explorers do. 
As Darkness Falls, the beach 

3593
03:18:08,800 --> 03:18:12,700
transforms bioluminescent 
plankton in the surf creates 

3594
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:16,000
Sparkles where waves break like 
liquid Stars. 

3595
03:18:17,000 --> 03:18:19,500
The effect is so beautiful. 
It's almost unnerving. 

3596
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:24,100
The naturalist takes samples, of
course, storing them in jars for

3597
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,300
later examination. 
You make notes about the 

3598
03:18:27,300 --> 03:18:30,300
phenomenon including an 
attempted sketch that captures, 

3599
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:32,400
none of the magic but will serve
as data. 

3600
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:36,400
Nonetheless. your tent is dark 
except for a lantern hung from 

3601
03:18:36,400 --> 03:18:40,300
the ridge pole, whale oil 
burning in glass, casting 

3602
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:45,000
steady, yellow light, The canvas
walls glow, softly and you can 

3603
03:18:45,000 --> 03:18:48,500
see Shadows of movement outside 
as crew member settle into their

3604
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:51,900
own tents or gather around fires
to swap stories. 

3605
03:18:53,700 --> 03:18:57,000
Sleep should come easily after 
the days exertion but your two 

3606
03:18:57,000 --> 03:19:00,000
aware of where you are. 
This island is on maps 

3607
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:03,400
unexplored by Europeans and home
to, who knows? 

3608
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:06,800
What Every sound is potentially 
significant. 

3609
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:10,600
The rustle of palm fronds could 
be wind or could be something 

3610
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:13,100
moving through the trees. 
The distant. 

3611
03:19:13,100 --> 03:19:16,100
Crash could be surface or could 
be something large and 

3612
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:19,200
interested in your camp. 
You lie on your cot, still 

3613
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:21,600
partially dressed because I'm 
dressing in a tent. 

3614
03:19:21,600 --> 03:19:25,400
Seems both in Practical and 
presumptuous. your surveying 

3615
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:29,800
equipment is within reach your 
pistol, unloaded as per 

3616
03:19:29,800 --> 03:19:33,500
regulations, sits on the table, 
you tell yourself, you're being 

3617
03:19:33,508 --> 03:19:35,900
paranoid. 
That the island is probably 

3618
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:39,000
perfectly safe and that the 
armed guards, posted around 

3619
03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:43,100
camper just precautionary. 
The canvas tent walls, breathe 

3620
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,000
with the wind in and out. 
Like the island itself is 

3621
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:48,900
respiring. 
The smell is a mixture of 

3622
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:53,400
linseed, oil canvas your own 
sweat and something tropical and

3623
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:55,400
floral that drifted in from the 
forest. 

3624
03:19:56,300 --> 03:20:00,300
Not unpleasant just unfamiliar 
everything. 

3625
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:05,100
Here is unfamiliar. 
This is exploration era camping 

3626
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:08,700
structured scientific and 
equipped with the finest 

3627
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:10,800
equipment. 
The 18th century can provide 

3628
03:20:11,700 --> 03:20:15,400
You're not surviving your 
documenting, you're not escaping

3629
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:18,200
civilization, your extending it 
to new territories. 

3630
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:22,600
And yet lying here in the 
darkness listing to waves and 

3631
03:20:22,608 --> 03:20:27,100
wind and unknown creatures. 
You feel simultaneously powerful

3632
03:20:27,100 --> 03:20:29,900
and vulnerable. 
You have technology and 

3633
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:33,400
knowledge and proper canvas 
tents, but the island has time 

3634
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:35,700
and mystery in the weight of 
unknown centuries. 

3635
03:20:38,300 --> 03:20:39,800
Sleep. 
Finally comes. 

3636
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:44,500
Fitful and populated with dreams
of maps in the morning. 

3637
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:46,600
You'll begin the systematic 
surveying. 

3638
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:50,400
That is your purpose here? 
But tonight, your camping on the

3639
03:20:50,400 --> 03:20:53,700
edge of the unknown safe, in 
your tent armed, with your 

3640
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:57,400
instruments, ready to transform 
mystery into measurement, one 

3641
03:20:57,400 --> 03:21:01,700
careful, observation at a time. 
You're in the Lake District and 

3642
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:04,800
its 1800 and something. 
And you've come to Nature 

3643
03:21:04,800 --> 03:21:09,000
seeking inspiration Solace, or 
possibly, just an escape from 

3644
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:13,200
London's, cold, smoke, and 
social obligations. your tent is

3645
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:16,200
pitched near a lake that 
reflects clouds like a mirror 

3646
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:21,200
and everything feels properly 
poetic This is Gentile camping, 

3647
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:23,700
which means you've brought 
entirely too much equipment. 

3648
03:21:23,700 --> 03:21:28,200
Your tent is a proper Bell tent,
spacious enough to stand in with

3649
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,900
a center pole that required two 
servants to wrestle into 

3650
03:21:30,908 --> 03:21:33,900
position. 
The canvas is pristine white 

3651
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:37,200
because showing up with a 
dinghy, tenth would be simply 

3652
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:42,000
unthinkable. you've carpeted the
interior with oriental rugs that

3653
03:21:42,000 --> 03:21:44,900
probably cost more than the 
local Shepherds in a year 

3654
03:21:44,908 --> 03:21:50,400
appearances matter even in 
wilderness Your bed is not a 

3655
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:53,300
simple cot but a proper folding 
bed stead with an actual 

3656
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:55,900
mattress. 
Albeit a thin one. 

3657
03:21:56,600 --> 03:22:00,900
You've covered it with fine, 
Linens, a quilt from home and 

3658
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:03,100
several cushions for reading 
comfort. 

3659
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:05,900
Because yes, you've brought 
books. 

3660
03:22:06,700 --> 03:22:10,300
Volumes of words worth 
naturally, plus some Byron for 

3661
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:14,500
when you're feeling dramatic. 
Books rest on a folding 

3662
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,900
bookstand that allows your 
journal in pens. 

3663
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:20,900
The tent has been divided into 
spaces. 

3664
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:25,700
A sleeping area, a writing area 
and a small section for your 

3665
03:22:25,700 --> 03:22:28,700
servant when he's not preparing 
meals or maintaining Camp. 

3666
03:22:28,700 --> 03:22:32,300
Said servant is currently 
managing the cooking area which 

3667
03:22:32,300 --> 03:22:34,900
is well away from your tent to 
avoid smoke and cooking. 

3668
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:38,200
Odors He's producing something 
that will somehow be both 

3669
03:22:38,200 --> 03:22:42,400
outdoorsy and sophisticated 
probably involving fresh trout, 

3670
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:44,800
and local greens. 
Prepared with techniques learned

3671
03:22:44,800 --> 03:22:49,000
in London, kitchens your dressed
for nature appreciation, which 

3672
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:52,200
means clothes that would be 
utterly impractical for actual 

3673
03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:55,500
outdoor labor. 
Your walking suit is fine wool. 

3674
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:59,000
Your boots are Leather So Soft, 
they'll be ruined by the first 

3675
03:22:59,000 --> 03:23:02,600
serious mud and you've brought 
three changes of clothing for a 

3676
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,800
two-day camping trip. 
But you look the part of a 

3677
03:23:05,800 --> 03:23:09,200
romantic poet or artists, 
seeking communion with nature, 

3678
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:13,400
which is rather the point. 
The lake stretches before you 

3679
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,200
its surface. 
Perfectly still in the evening. 

3680
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:19,200
Calm? 
Mountains, rise beyond their 

3681
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:23,400
peaks catching the last sunlight
while valleys fill with purple 

3682
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:25,900
shadow. 
It's the kind of seen that makes

3683
03:23:25,900 --> 03:23:30,000
people write bad poetry and 
you're not immune your Journal 

3684
03:23:30,000 --> 03:23:33,300
already contains several stanzas
that compare the mountains to 

3685
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:37,200
Varys, emotional states. 
The lake to the souls mirror and

3686
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,900
the sunset to mortality is 
fleeting Beauty. 

3687
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:43,800
Tomorrow, you'll probably be 
embarrassed by the writing but 

3688
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:48,500
tonight, it feels profound 
dinners served on actual China. 

3689
03:23:48,500 --> 03:23:53,100
Yes, you brought China camping 
with proper silver utensils. 

3690
03:23:53,900 --> 03:23:58,300
Trout is pan-fried in butter 
accompanied by wild mushrooms. 

3691
03:23:58,300 --> 03:24:00,400
Your servant identified with 
confidence. 

3692
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:04,100
You hope his warranted his fresh
bread from the Village Bakery, 

3693
03:24:04,100 --> 03:24:07,500
soft cheese and wine. 
That traveled, remarkably well 

3694
03:24:07,500 --> 03:24:10,700
in the wagon. 
You eat sitting on a folding 

3695
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:13,800
chair, that's more furniture 
than camping equipment, using 

3696
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:17,400
your lap as a table because you 
draw the line at hauling a 

3697
03:24:17,400 --> 03:24:18,800
dining table Into the 
Wilderness. 

3698
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:23,200
The wine is excellent. 
Possibly two excellent for 

3699
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:25,600
outdoor drinking. 
It's a Bordeaux you've been 

3700
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:28,800
saving and the combination of a 
good wine and Mountain Air 

3701
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:32,100
creates a gentle Euphoria. 
You feel connected to 

3702
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:36,600
everything, the lake, the 
mountains, the clouds, even the 

3703
03:24:36,600 --> 03:24:38,700
Sheep. 
You can hear bleeding and 

3704
03:24:38,700 --> 03:24:42,100
distant Meadows. 
This is why you came to feel 

3705
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:45,800
things deeply to experience 
nature without the numbing 

3706
03:24:45,800 --> 03:24:50,000
barriers of City Life. 
As Darkness approaches your 

3707
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,700
servant lights lanterns. 
Proper oil lanterns with glass 

3708
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,200
chimneys. 
Not primitive Rush lights. 

3709
03:24:57,600 --> 03:24:59,900
Cast, a warm glow. 
That makes your tent. 

3710
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:03,500
Look like something from a fairy
tale. you settle into your 

3711
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:07,200
cushions with words with and red
by Lamplight while night settles

3712
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:11,800
over the lake, the words 
resonate differently out here I 

3713
03:25:11,800 --> 03:25:14,900
wandered lonely as a cloud hits 
harder when you're actually 

3714
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:19,200
among clouds and lakes and 
daffodils, well, not daffodils 

3715
03:25:19,200 --> 03:25:24,300
currently wrong season but the 
sentiment holds you understand 

3716
03:25:24,300 --> 03:25:26,400
why the romantics were obsessed 
with nature. 

3717
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:29,000
Different from books and 
paintings. 

3718
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:32,300
It's real in a way that makes 
London feel like the fiction 

3719
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:35,100
outside the night is alive with 
sounds. 

3720
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:38,800
That would terrify you, if you 
were actually alone, Owls call 

3721
03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:42,700
something splashes in the lake. 
The wind moves through trees 

3722
03:25:42,700 --> 03:25:44,800
with a suspiration. 
That's either peaceful or 

3723
03:25:44,800 --> 03:25:48,600
ominous depending on your mood. 
But you're safe in your tent, 

3724
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:52,600
with your servant nearby, and 
your lanterns, creating a bubble

3725
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:54,300
of civilization in the 
wilderness. 

3726
03:25:55,300 --> 03:25:58,400
You attempt some writing of your
own, something about the 

3727
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,100
intersection of Nature and the 
human soul, but it comes out 

3728
03:26:02,100 --> 03:26:04,500
pretentious even by romantic 
standards. 

3729
03:26:05,600 --> 03:26:07,400
You cross it out and start 
again. 

3730
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:09,900
Maybe a simple description of 
the evening. 

3731
03:26:11,000 --> 03:26:13,800
But simple doesn't feel adequate
to capture the experience. 

3732
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:18,400
You want metaphor, symbolism, 
and depth, you settle for noting

3733
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,800
the time the weather and a 
promise to yourself to try 

3734
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:23,600
again. 
Tomorrow, when the Muse might be

3735
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:27,400
more Cooperative, your bed is 
ridiculously comfortable for 

3736
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:29,800
camping. 
The mattress is thin, but 

3737
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:33,700
adequate, the linens are soft 
and you've arranged pillows to 

3738
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:35,700
support your back while you 
continue reading. 

3739
03:26:36,600 --> 03:26:40,300
This is camping as theater, you 
realize your playing the role of

3740
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:44,300
nature, Seeker complete with 
costume and props and a 

3741
03:26:44,300 --> 03:26:47,800
carefully curated experience. 
But does that make it less 

3742
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:51,200
meaningful? 
You're genuinely here breathing 

3743
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:55,100
clean air seeing actual 
mountains and experiencing 

3744
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:57,800
whether without the mediation of
walls and windows? 

3745
03:26:58,900 --> 03:27:01,500
The fact that you're doing it in
Comfort, doesn't negate The 

3746
03:27:01,508 --> 03:27:04,800
Experience words with probably 
didn't sleep on the ground 

3747
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:09,100
either. 
Sleep comes slowly your mind too

3748
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:13,800
full of Impressions and wine and
attempted poetry the tents 

3749
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,500
canvas walls. 
Snap gently in the breeze. 

3750
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:21,300
The lanterns cost shifting 
Shadows outside the lake 

3751
03:27:21,300 --> 03:27:23,200
continues. 
Its Eternal business of 

3752
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:28,200
reflecting sky and mountains. 
Stand in solid testimony to 

3753
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:33,200
time's Passage This is romantic 
here, a camping, beautiful 

3754
03:27:33,200 --> 03:27:37,600
slightly absurd and sincere. 
Despite its affectations seeking

3755
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:39,500
authentic experience through 
carefully. 

3756
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:42,900
Staged circumstances finding 
truth through theatrical 

3757
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,700
presentation and somehow 
improbably. 

3758
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:51,600
It works. 
When you finally sleep, its deep

3759
03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:55,700
and dreamless your last, 
conscious thought a half-formed 

3760
03:27:55,700 --> 03:27:58,000
image. 
Comparing yourself to a boat on 

3761
03:27:58,000 --> 03:28:03,700
the lake surface, a drift but a 
peaceful In the morning, you'll 

3762
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:05,200
probably pack up and returned to
London. 

3763
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:07,400
Your nature Retreat. 
Complete. 

3764
03:28:08,000 --> 03:28:12,100
But tonight, you're here. 
camping like a romantic, poet 

3765
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:15,600
surrounded by Beauty and 
cushions and the Wilderness 

3766
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:19,800
you've come to simultaneously 
Escape into an away from you're 

3767
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:24,600
in the Adirondacks in 1910 and 
camping has become something new

3768
03:28:24,600 --> 03:28:28,500
Azure activity, you're not 
fleeing anything. 

3769
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:32,400
Not exploring unknown territory 
and not seeking spiritual 

3770
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:37,200
renewal through romantic 
Landscapes your simply Camping 

3771
03:28:37,200 --> 03:28:43,100
for fun. because you can, your 
tent is from Abercrombie and 

3772
03:28:43,100 --> 03:28:47,000
Fitch which in this era means 
serious, Outdoor Outfitters not 

3773
03:28:47,000 --> 03:28:49,500
more clothing stores. 
It's the latest model 

3774
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:54,000
waterproof, cotton canvas, a 
sewn floor to keep insects out 

3775
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:58,200
mosquito netting on the windows 
and enough Headroom to stand 

3776
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:00,700
upright. 
It's also heavy enough to 

3777
03:29:00,700 --> 03:29:04,600
require two people to carry but 
that's what guides a for the 

3778
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,100
guide. 
A local man named Bill. 

3779
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:08,700
Who knows? 
These mountains like his own 

3780
03:29:08,700 --> 03:29:12,500
property has positioned your 
tent on a slight rise near a 

3781
03:29:12,500 --> 03:29:14,600
lake. 
He is tied the guy lines with 

3782
03:29:14,608 --> 03:29:17,000
not so you don't recognize but 
trust completely. 

3783
03:29:18,200 --> 03:29:22,600
The tent is taught as a drum 
perfectly level and positioned 

3784
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,200
to catch Morning, Sun and 
evening Breeze. 

3785
03:29:25,800 --> 03:29:29,400
Bill knows his business inside. 
You've arranged your gear with 

3786
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:32,200
the efficiency of someone who 
studied camping manuals. 

3787
03:29:32,200 --> 03:29:36,400
Your sleeping bag is a 
revelation, downfield cotton 

3788
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:39,400
compressible, and warm enough 
for Mountain nights. 

3789
03:29:40,100 --> 03:29:44,500
No more piles of heavy, blankets
or fur robes, this single bag 

3790
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,800
weighs less than your lunch and 
will keep you warm in freezing 

3791
03:29:47,800 --> 03:29:51,400
temperatures, you have an air 
mattress and actual air. 

3792
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:53,700
Mattress that you inflate by 
mouth, though. 

3793
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:55,300
Your lungs are protesting the 
effort. 

3794
03:29:55,300 --> 03:30:00,100
It's rubberized canvas slightly 
sticky, and it smells like a 

3795
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:03,400
bicycle tire. 
But once inflated and covered 

3796
03:30:03,400 --> 03:30:06,800
with your sleeping bag, it 
transforms the tenth floor from 

3797
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:09,000
a torture device to an actual 
bed. 

3798
03:30:09,900 --> 03:30:12,900
Technology is wonderful. 
Your camping clothing is 

3799
03:30:12,900 --> 03:30:17,500
purpose-built wool trousers. 
That won't snag on branches a 

3800
03:30:17,500 --> 03:30:21,400
flannel shirt that insulates 
even when damp and sturdy boots 

3801
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:24,200
that are finally broken in our 
after a week of painful 

3802
03:30:24,200 --> 03:30:28,500
blisters, you have rain gear 
made from oil, canvas that stiff

3803
03:30:28,500 --> 03:30:33,400
and uncomfortable but genuinely 
waterproof Everything is 

3804
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:37,900
practical durable and designed 
for actual outdoor use. 

3805
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:42,700
The camp kitchen is bills domain
and he set it up with practice 

3806
03:30:42,700 --> 03:30:46,000
deficiency. 
Folding table holds a two-burner

3807
03:30:46,000 --> 03:30:49,300
gasoline stove. 
No more cooking over open fires 

3808
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:54,100
like, savages the stove hisses 
and smells like a Refinery, but 

3809
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:58,000
it boils water in minutes and 
maintains consistent heat bill 

3810
03:30:58,000 --> 03:31:01,200
is using it to cook bacon and 
beans the combination. 

3811
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:03,300
That's become camping Cuisines 
Foundation. 

3812
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:07,800
There's also a dutch oven buried
in Coals for biscuits because 

3813
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,400
Bill believes in mixing modern 
and traditional methods. 

3814
03:31:11,300 --> 03:31:15,900
Biscuits will be perfect, golden
brown fluffy inside slightly 

3815
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:18,700
charred on the bottom because 
Bill is made approximately 

3816
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:23,000
10,000 biscuits in Dutch ovens 
and knows exactly how many coals

3817
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:27,100
go where you're eating off, 
enamelware the speckled blue and

3818
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:30,300
white plates and cups that have 
become synonymous with camping. 

3819
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:36,400
their durable cleanable and have
a satisfying heft Food is simple

3820
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:41,100
but delicious bacon cooked until
crispy beans and tomato sauce 

3821
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:44,900
biscuits with butter and jam and
coffee so strong. 

3822
03:31:44,900 --> 03:31:46,800
It could probably fuel the 
gasoline stove. 

3823
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:50,900
The coffee is from a percolator,
another Modern Marvel. 

3824
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:55,100
You can hear it perking away, 
the burbling sound promising, 

3825
03:31:55,100 --> 03:31:58,900
caffeine and warmth. 
Bill takes his coffee black and 

3826
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:00,900
judges. 
Anyone who doesn't you've 

3827
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:03,700
learned to drink it his way. 
And after a week in the 

3828
03:32:03,700 --> 03:32:06,600
mountains, you've developed a 
genuine appreciation for coffee,

3829
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:11,300
that could strip paint. 
After dinner, you and Bill sit 

3830
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:14,600
by the fire. 
A small well-managed fire. 

3831
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:17,800
Because this is the era when 
people started understanding 

3832
03:32:17,800 --> 03:32:21,900
forest fire prevention, the fire
is more for atmosphere than 

3833
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:25,200
necessity. 
You have lanterns for light and 

3834
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:29,200
the gasoline stove for heat, but
fires a traditional and some 

3835
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:34,500
traditions are worth keeping 
Bill tell stories as guides do. 

3836
03:32:35,500 --> 03:32:40,000
Tales of previous clients, 
narrow escape from bears and 

3837
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:42,300
fish that would definitely 
larger than the lake. 

3838
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:45,500
They lived in. 
You're not sure how much to 

3839
03:32:45,500 --> 03:32:48,200
believe. 
But the stories are entertaining

3840
03:32:48,200 --> 03:32:50,500
and part of the camping 
experience you've paid for 

3841
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:54,100
tomorrow, he'll take you fishing
at a spot, he swears nobody else

3842
03:32:54,100 --> 03:32:56,700
knows about though. 
You suspect he takes all his 

3843
03:32:56,700 --> 03:32:59,900
clients there. 
The night sounds are different 

3844
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:03,200
from previous camping 
experiences, no wolves. 

3845
03:33:03,200 --> 03:33:05,100
They've been hunted out of these
mountains. 

3846
03:33:05,100 --> 03:33:09,500
The sounds are smaller less 
threatening Chipmunks, still 

3847
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:13,400
active at dusk Birds settling 
for the night and fish jumping 

3848
03:33:13,400 --> 03:33:16,400
in the lake. 
Even the wind sounds tame 

3849
03:33:16,400 --> 03:33:20,200
rustling through Pines with a 
sound like gentle rain. 

3850
03:33:21,100 --> 03:33:23,400
You retire to your tent 
lighting. 

3851
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:25,100
A battery. 
Powered lantern. 

3852
03:33:25,100 --> 03:33:29,000
Yes, you have battery powered 
electric light while camping. 

3853
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:33,200
The 1910s are a marvelous time. 
The lantern. 

3854
03:33:33,200 --> 03:33:37,800
Casts even clean light. 
No flickering, no smoke. 

3855
03:33:37,800 --> 03:33:41,800
You use it to read for a while. 
A camping guide book actually 

3856
03:33:41,800 --> 03:33:45,000
full of tips on outdoor living 
that you're discovering a, 

3857
03:33:45,000 --> 03:33:48,500
mostly common sense. 
Your sleeping bag is as 

3858
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:52,100
comfortable as promised you've 
changed into pajamas because 

3859
03:33:52,100 --> 03:33:54,600
camping doesn't mean abandoning 
all civilization. 

3860
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:58,500
The air mattress keeps you off 
the cold, ground, the tent 

3861
03:33:58,500 --> 03:34:02,300
blocks, the wind, your wind 
drying, comfortable, and will 

3862
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:04,200
probably sleep better than you 
do at home. 

3863
03:34:04,200 --> 03:34:08,600
This is recreational camping. 
The birth of camping as a hobby 

3864
03:34:08,600 --> 03:34:12,600
rather than a necessity, your 
experiencing nature and comfort 

3865
03:34:12,600 --> 03:34:16,400
with equipment designed for the 
purpose, Guided by someone who 

3866
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,900
does this professionally. 
It's Democratic in a way. 

3867
03:34:19,908 --> 03:34:23,000
Previous camping. 
Wasn't, you don't need to be a 

3868
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:25,300
soldier or Explorer or romantic 
poet. 

3869
03:34:25,900 --> 03:34:29,700
You just need a few weeks salary
for equipment and guide fees as 

3870
03:34:29,700 --> 03:34:33,000
you drift towards sleep. 
You think about how camping has 

3871
03:34:33,000 --> 03:34:36,300
changed from survival to 
military operation to spiritual 

3872
03:34:36,300 --> 03:34:42,500
seeking to this Recreation. 
Sport. think people do because 

3873
03:34:42,500 --> 03:34:46,100
they want to not because 
circumstances demand it and 

3874
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:50,700
somehow that feels important, 
Camping has become accessible 

3875
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:54,100
optional and a choice, rather 
than a necessity. 

3876
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:59,200
The lake laps at the shore. 
Bill snoring comes from his 

3877
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:02,500
nearby 10th. 
Guides sleep, soundly. 

3878
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:06,300
You've noticed Your air mattress
shifts slightly as you turn 

3879
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:08,700
making sounds like a sad 
balloon. 

3880
03:35:09,800 --> 03:35:13,700
The sleeping bags down, filling 
shifts around you Distributing 

3881
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:17,000
warmth evenly. 
Tomorrow will bring fishing 

3882
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:20,500
probably more stories and 
another night and canvas, you'll

3883
03:35:20,500 --> 03:35:23,600
take photographs with your codec
brownie, documenting your 

3884
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:25,900
adventure to show skeptical, 
friends back home. 

3885
03:35:25,900 --> 03:35:30,800
But tonight, your simply here 
camping, recreationally part of 

3886
03:35:30,808 --> 03:35:33,800
a new movement that will shape 
outdoor culture for the next 

3887
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:37,400
century. 
And it's pretty wonderful, your 

3888
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:40,100
standing in an outdoor 
equipment, store in 1975. 

3889
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:44,100
And the choice is a dizzying 
Camping has become an industry 

3890
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:48,300
and Equipment has evolved beyond
anything previous generations. 

3891
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:51,500
Could imagine you're here to 
upgrade your gear and the 

3892
03:35:51,508 --> 03:35:55,300
options, feel infinite, the 
tenth section alone is 

3893
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,500
overwhelming. 
Gone are the heavy canvas tents 

3894
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:01,900
of your childhood. 
Now, there's nylon polyester and

3895
03:36:01,900 --> 03:36:05,300
ripstop fabrics and colors that 
would make a rainbow jealous. 

3896
03:36:06,000 --> 03:36:11,600
Dome tents, A-frame tents tunnel
tents and geodesic designs that 

3897
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:15,200
look like geometric puzzles. 
The salesperson is explaining 

3898
03:36:15,200 --> 03:36:18,600
something about aluminum poles 
and shock cords and you're 

3899
03:36:18,600 --> 03:36:21,600
nodding like, you understand, 
you end up with a North Face, 

3900
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:24,600
Dome Tent. 
The newest design, its orange 

3901
03:36:24,600 --> 03:36:28,700
and yellow weighs less than 8 
pounds and packs into a bag. 

3902
03:36:28,700 --> 03:36:30,300
The size of a rolled sleeping 
bag. 

3903
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,500
When you were a kid, your 
family's tent weighed 40 pounds 

3904
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:37,000
and required a station wagon to 
transport. 

3905
03:36:38,000 --> 03:36:39,600
This one you could carry on a 
bicycle. 

3906
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:44,500
Futures remarkable, the sleeping
bag section is equally 

3907
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:50,300
impressive Down vs synthetic, 
feeling temperature, rating bags

3908
03:36:50,300 --> 03:36:54,500
vs, rectangular and zipper 
configurations that allow bag to

3909
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:58,700
bag connections for couples. 
You choose a down bag rated to 

3910
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:02,700
20 degrees in a mummy shape. 
That sounds claustrophobic, but 

3911
03:37:02,700 --> 03:37:05,200
promises maximum warmth to 
weight ratio. 

3912
03:37:06,200 --> 03:37:11,100
And the sleeping pads. 
Oh the sleeping pads, open cell 

3913
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:15,500
foam, closed cell foam and 
self-inflating air mattresses. 

3914
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:16,900
That seemed like science 
fiction. 

3915
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:20,900
You select a therm arrest, a 
brand new design that combines 

3916
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:23,500
foam and are in a self-inflating
system. 

3917
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:28,000
The salesperson demonstrates, 
open the valve and watch it 

3918
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:31,500
inflate itself. 
It's like magic, except its 

3919
03:37:31,500 --> 03:37:35,000
polyurethane foam and physics. 
The backpack. 

3920
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:37,200
You choose is an external frame 
design. 

3921
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,200
An aluminum frame with a nylon 
pack bag. 

3922
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:43,800
It has a hip belt that actually 
transfers weight to your hips 

3923
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:45,200
and of destroying your 
shoulders. 

3924
03:37:45,200 --> 03:37:50,000
It has compression straps, 
external pockets and even a 

3925
03:37:50,000 --> 03:37:52,400
built-in rain. 
Cover you remember your father's

3926
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:54,900
canvas rucksack with leather 
straps, that would cut 

3927
03:37:54,900 --> 03:37:58,800
circulation after five miles. 
This is so much better. 

3928
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:03,200
It feels like cheating for 
cooking, you've entered the era 

3929
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:08,000
of backpacking stove, white gas,
butane, propane, and multi-fuel 

3930
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:11,600
designs that burn, anything 
flammable you choose a simple 

3931
03:38:11,600 --> 03:38:15,000
white, gas stove, tiny and 
efficient that boils water in 

3932
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:16,500
minutes and weighs less than a 
book. 

3933
03:38:16,500 --> 03:38:21,600
Add a nesting pot set in 
titanium titanium and suddenly, 

3934
03:38:21,600 --> 03:38:24,200
you have a full kitchen that 
weighs less than a cast iron 

3935
03:38:24,200 --> 03:38:26,900
skillet. 
The clothing section reveals 

3936
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,400
another Revolution. 
Synthetic fabrics that Wick 

3937
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:32,700
moisture. 
Layer systems designed for 

3938
03:38:32,700 --> 03:38:36,300
varying conditions, and rain 
gear that actually keeps rain 

3939
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:38,100
out while allowing sweat to 
escape. 

3940
03:38:39,000 --> 03:38:41,900
No more cotton, that stays wet 
and steals body heat. 

3941
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:47,000
No more oil canvas that weighs 
20 pounds when dry and 40 when 

3942
03:38:47,000 --> 03:38:51,300
wet, everything is light 
functional and engineered. 

3943
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:56,500
You're trying on hiking boots, 
leather, uppers, Vibram, souls, 

3944
03:38:56,500 --> 03:39:00,000
and ankle support without the 
rigidity of old style boots. 

3945
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:04,200
Their pre-pro broken in through 
new manufacturing techniques. 

3946
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:07,200
So you won't suffer the blisters
that previous generations 

3947
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:11,300
accepted as camping's price. 
There are so expensive enough to

3948
03:39:11,300 --> 03:39:14,100
make you wince. 
But the salesperson assures you,

3949
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:16,100
the last 10 years with proper 
care. 

3950
03:39:17,100 --> 03:39:20,400
A few weeks later, you're in the
mountains with your new gear and

3951
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:24,200
its transformative, the tent 
sets up in five minutes, the 

3952
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:27,000
poles sliding together and 
clips, snapping onto the fabric.

3953
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:31,400
With satisfying efficiency, it's
taught symmetrical, and actually

3954
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:33,700
attractive. 
You've staked it out properly 

3955
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:36,800
and it feels solid enough to 
withstand serious weather 

3956
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,500
inside. 
You've inflated your sleeping 

3957
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:44,500
pad that self-inflating feature 
still feels like magic, an 

3958
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:47,900
arranged your sleeping bag. 
The tenth floor is waterproof 

3959
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:51,100
nylon with sealed seams. 
Keeping moisture out. 

3960
03:39:51,100 --> 03:39:54,600
The walls are breathable fabric 
that somehow prevents 

3961
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:56,600
condensation. 
While maintaining weather 

3962
03:39:56,600 --> 03:39:59,200
protection. 
There's a vestibule for gear 

3963
03:39:59,200 --> 03:40:02,400
storage, keeping your pack and 
boots out of the sleeping area. 

3964
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:06,100
Dinner is dehydrated food in 
foil packets. 

3965
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,600
Another modern Innovation had 
boiling water. 

3966
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:13,400
Wait, 10 minutes and you have 
something approximating beef 

3967
03:40:13,400 --> 03:40:16,800
stroganoff. 
It's not Gourmet, but it beats. 

3968
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:20,700
The salt pork and hard tack of 
previous eras, and it weighs 

3969
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:24,500
almost nothing requires no 
refrigeration and won't spoil 

3970
03:40:24,500 --> 03:40:28,300
the astronauts eat similar food 
which makes you feel vaguely 

3971
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,800
futuristic. 
Your stove, hisses efficiently, 

3972
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:34,800
bringing a liter of water to 
boil in three minutes. 

3973
03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:40,400
Fuel bottle is pressurized the 
flame adjustable, and the whole 

3974
03:40:40,400 --> 03:40:44,600
system remarkably reliable. 
You cook in your titanium pot, 

3975
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:48,500
eat from a plastic bowl with a 
plastic spoon and feel 

3976
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:51,600
appropriately. 
Modern, Technology has made 

3977
03:40:51,600 --> 03:40:54,300
camping lighter easier and more 
accessible. 

3978
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,500
After dinner, you use your new 
headlamp, a battery powered, 

3979
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:01,700
light strap to your forehead, 
freeing your hands for other 

3980
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:03,900
tasks. 
No more fumbling with 

3981
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:07,600
flashlights or lanterns. 
The beam is bright adjustable 

3982
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:12,900
and runs on standard batteries, 
use it to read your paperback a 

3983
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:16,100
luxury previous campers could 
not manage without elaborate 

3984
03:41:16,100 --> 03:41:20,000
Lantern setups. 
The night is comfortable in ways

3985
03:41:20,000 --> 03:41:23,900
that would Astound earlier 
Generations, your sleeping pad 

3986
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:26,900
actually insulates. 
You from the cold ground, your 

3987
03:41:26,900 --> 03:41:30,400
sleeping bags down, filling 
Lofts around you trapping warm 

3988
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:33,300
air efficiently, the 10th blocks
wind, while allowing 

3989
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:37,500
ventilation, your warm dry and 
comfortable, and the total 

3990
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:40,500
weight of your shelter system is
less than 15 pounds. 

3991
03:41:41,800 --> 03:41:44,200
This is the gear evolution in 
action. 

3992
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:48,000
Camping equipment, becoming 
lighter, more efficient, and 

3993
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:52,200
more reliable with each decade. 
What once required pack animals 

3994
03:41:52,200 --> 03:41:53,800
can now be carried by one 
person? 

3995
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:57,000
What once meant? 
Heavy labor, now means simple 

3996
03:41:57,000 --> 03:42:00,100
setup. 
But once demanded expertise now 

3997
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:02,600
comes with instructions and 
color-coded parts. 

3998
03:42:03,300 --> 03:42:06,500
As you drift towards sleep, you 
think about how gear is 

3999
03:42:06,500 --> 03:42:09,700
democratized camping? 
No longer do you need a guide 

4000
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:12,000
like Bill or servants? 
Like the romantics. 

4001
03:42:12,000 --> 03:42:15,500
You can do this, yourself, 
safely and comfortably with 

4002
03:42:15,500 --> 03:42:19,200
equipment designed to make the 
experience accessible camping, 

4003
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:22,000
has become something. 
Anyone can do with moderate 

4004
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:26,800
Fitness and a credit card, the 
tent fabric, breathe softly, 

4005
03:42:26,800 --> 03:42:31,500
your sleeping bag, Russells as 
you shift position outside the 

4006
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:34,600
mountain standard tunnel in 
different to the technological 

4007
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:36,200
progress happening in their 
shadow. 

4008
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:40,400
Whether you sleep on fur or foam
under Canvas OR nylon. 

4009
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:44,600
The mountains don't care. 
But you do and the Comfort makes

4010
03:42:44,600 --> 03:42:49,000
the experience better not worse.
You can appreciate nature 

4011
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:52,000
without suffering and enjoy 
Wilderness without genuine 

4012
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:55,600
hardship tomorrow, you'll hike 
farther with your lighter pack 

4013
03:42:55,600 --> 03:42:59,200
cook, another space age meal, 
and sleep another comfortable 

4014
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:01,900
night. 
But tonight, you're simply 

4015
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:06,100
grateful for R&D departments and
gear designers, and the steady 

4016
03:43:06,100 --> 03:43:09,700
March of progress, that's made 
camping better with each 

4017
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:14,000
generation. you're in the 
present day somewhere in the 

4018
03:43:14,000 --> 03:43:18,600
backcountry and despite all the 
technological advances, one 

4019
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:23,200
thing remains unchanged, the 
campfire You've pitched your 

4020
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:26,900
ultra-light tent. 
Gossamer nylon held up by carbon

4021
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:29,700
fiber poles weighing less than 
two pounds. 

4022
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,300
You've inflated your sleeping 
pad using an ingenious 

4023
03:43:33,300 --> 03:43:38,100
integrated pump, you've checked 
your GPS, watch charged via 

4024
03:43:38,100 --> 03:43:40,800
solar panel. 
But now you're Gathering wood 

4025
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:44,500
arranging Tinder and doing 
exactly what humans have done 

4026
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:46,100
for hundreds of thousands of 
years. 

4027
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:51,800
Fire ring is established. 
A circle of stones placed by 

4028
03:43:51,800 --> 03:43:54,800
previous campers blackened by 
countless fires. 

4029
03:43:54,800 --> 03:43:58,700
It's in the perfect spot. 
Close enough to your tent for 

4030
03:43:58,700 --> 03:44:02,700
warmth and light far enough for 
safety and positioned to avoid 

4031
03:44:02,700 --> 03:44:06,200
overhanging branches. 
Some things require no 

4032
03:44:06,200 --> 03:44:08,900
innovation because the first 
people got them, right? 

4033
03:44:09,800 --> 03:44:12,900
You build the fire, using the 
methods, your grandfather taught

4034
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:16,600
you which is Grandfather taught 
him stretching back through 

4035
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:20,200
unbroken generations to those 
cave dwellers in France. 

4036
03:44:21,100 --> 03:44:26,200
Tinder first dry grass, birch 
bark and the lint from your 

4037
03:44:26,200 --> 03:44:29,200
pocket that seems useless 
everywhere except here. 

4038
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:33,900
Than kindling Pencil. 
Thin sticks arranged in a teepee

4039
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:35,800
that seems architectural in its 
Precision. 

4040
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:39,900
Finally larger would split Oak 
that will burn hot and long. 

4041
03:44:39,900 --> 03:44:42,500
The match is a concession to 
modernity. 

4042
03:44:42,500 --> 03:44:45,200
You could make fire with 
frictional, Flint. 

4043
03:44:45,200 --> 03:44:48,200
But that seems like performing 
primitive skills when you have 

4044
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:49,900
waterproof matches in your 
pocket. 

4045
03:44:50,800 --> 03:44:54,400
The Tinder catches Flames 
spreading through the dry grass.

4046
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:58,800
Kindling catches fire climbing 
upward with crackling 

4047
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:02,100
enthusiasm. 
The oak catches settling into 

4048
03:45:02,100 --> 03:45:06,000
the steady burn. 
That means success, As Darkness 

4049
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:08,600
Falls, the fire becomes your 
world center. 

4050
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:10,900
You've cooked dinner on Your 
Efficient. 

4051
03:45:10,900 --> 03:45:14,000
Backpacking stove, boiled water 
in 90 seconds. 

4052
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:18,600
Rehydrated a meal in 8 minutes 
but now you're just sitting 

4053
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,800
watching Flames doing nothing 
productive. 

4054
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:24,400
This is the part that hasn't 
changed. 

4055
03:45:25,400 --> 03:45:29,000
Humans of always Sat by fires, 
watching, Flames dance, finding 

4056
03:45:29,000 --> 03:45:33,700
patterns and chaos. 
Fire makes sounds crackling 

4057
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,400
popping and hissing when sapping
counters Heat. 

4058
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:41,100
The wood shifts, settling 
sending Sparks spiraling upward,

4059
03:45:41,100 --> 03:45:44,600
the smoke Rises and you adjust 
your position when it follows 

4060
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:48,300
you playing the ancient game of 
fire sitting that everyone knows

4061
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:53,100
the heat on your face is intense
almost uncomfortable while 

4062
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:55,900
you're back. 
Stays cool in the night, are you

4063
03:45:55,900 --> 03:45:58,500
turn periodically rotisserie 
Style. 

4064
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:03,600
Evening out the warmth. 
Around you the modern camping 

4065
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:06,100
experience. 
Coexists with Timeless elements.

4066
03:46:06,100 --> 03:46:10,300
Your phone is in the tenth, 
probably out of battery and 

4067
03:46:10,300 --> 03:46:15,900
definitely out of service. 
Your titanium cup holds t fancy 

4068
03:46:15,900 --> 03:46:19,900
Loosely tea you brought from 
home, but teen nonetheless, a 

4069
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:23,200
hot beverage enjoyed by 
firelight Your headlamp. 

4070
03:46:23,200 --> 03:46:27,100
Hangs from a branch switched off
because firelight is sufficient 

4071
03:46:27,100 --> 03:46:31,500
sometimes better. 
You think about the Continuum of

4072
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:35,200
camping the cave dweller was 
watching their fire keeping 

4073
03:46:35,200 --> 03:46:39,100
Predators at Bay The Nomad in 
their yurt fire burning in the 

4074
03:46:39,108 --> 03:46:42,900
central Brazier the Roman 
Legionnaire fire providing 

4075
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:46,400
warmth and Community the 
medieval Pilgrim grateful for 

4076
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:49,600
the in Tarth the indigenous 
person is transforming. 

4077
03:46:49,600 --> 03:46:53,600
Maple sap into fire. 
The Explorer fire marking 

4078
03:46:53,600 --> 03:46:57,600
civilizations Edge, the Romantic
poet with fire, providing 

4079
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:01,900
Ambiance for contemplation, the 
20th century camper fire 

4080
03:47:01,900 --> 03:47:05,800
supplementing, modern equipment,
and you current day. 

4081
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:11,000
Camper fire is still Central. 
Despite Alternatives the fire is

4082
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,400
community, even when you're 
alone. 

4083
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:15,900
It's a gathering point of focal 
point. 

4084
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:20,600
The campsite heart tomorrow when
you hike out and return to 

4085
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:23,000
electricity and gas heat and LED
lights. 

4086
03:47:23,000 --> 03:47:27,600
You'll remember this fire, the 
specific quality of its light, a

4087
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:30,800
particular smell of Oaks smoke 
and the way It created a bubble 

4088
03:47:30,800 --> 03:47:33,100
of warmth and safety in the 
wilderness night. 

4089
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:37,500
You had another log adjusting it
with the stick to ensure good 

4090
03:47:37,500 --> 03:47:40,600
air flow. 
Fire responds, Flames. 

4091
03:47:40,600 --> 03:47:44,600
Growing Heat. 
Intensifying You back away 

4092
03:47:44,600 --> 03:47:47,800
slightly finding the perfect 
distance where warmth is 

4093
03:47:47,808 --> 03:47:51,000
Pleasant rather than 
overwhelming. this is ancient 

4094
03:47:51,000 --> 03:47:54,100
knowledge passed down, not 
through books, but through 

4095
03:47:54,100 --> 03:47:59,100
experience encoded in our genes 
after Millennia of fire tending,

4096
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:03,800
The stars of visible beyond the 
fires light, thousands of them 

4097
03:48:03,800 --> 03:48:07,700
in the unpolluted Darkness. 
Previous campus or the same 

4098
03:48:07,700 --> 03:48:09,900
Stars, though. 
They knew different stories 

4099
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:13,900
about their patterns, the cave 
dwellers, the nomads, the 

4100
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:16,800
legionnaires. 
All of them looked up and saw 

4101
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:20,700
the same Sky light that left 
those Stars thousands of years 

4102
03:48:20,700 --> 03:48:23,200
ago. 
Arriving now to illuminate your 

4103
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:26,700
modern camping trip. 
You sip your tea, feeling the 

4104
03:48:26,700 --> 03:48:28,400
warmth, spread through your 
chest. 

4105
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:32,700
Cuts titanium construction 
doesn't change the essential 

4106
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:36,500
experience. 
Hot beverage, cold night, fire 

4107
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:42,200
Stars the details differ across 
centuries, but the core remains 

4108
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:45,900
Humans need shelter, warmth, and
food. 

4109
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:50,700
And somehow we all need this. 
The opportunity to sleep out 

4110
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:54,600
side to be reminded of our 
animal nature and to connect 

4111
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:58,600
with the environment that shaped
us your tent, awaits high-tech, 

4112
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:01,300
and comfortable. 
Your sleeping bag will keep you 

4113
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:02,900
warm to temperatures. 
Far below. 

4114
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:06,400
Tonight's forecast, your gear 
represents centuries of 

4115
03:49:06,408 --> 03:49:09,600
innovation each piece. 
The result of countless 

4116
03:49:09,600 --> 03:49:12,900
improvements. 
But the fire is the same fire 

4117
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:14,800
humans have made since they 
learned the trick. 

4118
03:49:15,600 --> 03:49:19,500
Same, basic chemistry. 
Same Primal appeal, same comfort

4119
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:24,100
that transcends technology. 
As the fire dies to Khols, you 

4120
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:28,300
bank, it carefully ensuring its 
safe to leave unattended the 

4121
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,200
coals glow. 
Orange pulsing slightly like 

4122
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:33,400
their breathing. 
You pull, the remains of your 

4123
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,300
tea onto the fire's edges, 
listening to the hiss and 

4124
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:39,200
watching steam rise. 
Safety First. 

4125
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:42,600
Even in ancient rituals in your 
tent. 

4126
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:46,900
You hear the fires last sound, 
the settling of wood to Ash and 

4127
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:49,300
the final pops is moisture, 
escapes. 

4128
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:54,600
The glow is visible through your
tents mesh a reminder that fire 

4129
03:49:54,600 --> 03:49:57,500
still Burns. 
Even as you sleep in the 

4130
03:49:57,500 --> 03:50:01,500
morning, you'll find Cold, ashes
and maybe a few warm coals 

4131
03:50:01,500 --> 03:50:04,000
deeper underneath You'll scatter
the ashes. 

4132
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:08,200
Dismantle, the Fire Ring of 
regulations require and leave. 

4133
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:10,400
No. 
Trace that you were here but you

4134
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:13,500
were here. 
You can camped participating in 

4135
03:50:13,500 --> 03:50:17,300
Humanity's oldest activity. 
The thing we've been doing since

4136
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:19,900
we were barely human. 
Carried forward. 

4137
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,400
The tradition and added your 
tiny chapter to the story that 

4138
03:50:23,400 --> 03:50:26,200
began in caves and continues in 
modern wilderness. 

4139
03:50:27,000 --> 03:50:31,700
You slept outside by choice, by 
Desire by some urge that 

4140
03:50:31,700 --> 03:50:35,000
transcends, rational 
explanation, and maybe that's 

4141
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:37,400
the point. 
Camping isn't rational. 

4142
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,500
It's not efficient, it's not 
necessary. 

4143
03:50:40,500 --> 03:50:43,300
In an age of climate, controlled
homes and reliable Food 

4144
03:50:43,300 --> 03:50:45,600
Supplies. 
But it's human. 

4145
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:49,400
It connects us to our history 
and reminds us where we came 

4146
03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:52,800
from, and who we were before, 
cities, and Agriculture and 

4147
03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:55,800
civilization. 
It's a thread running from the 

4148
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,300
deepest past to the present 
moment unchanged in its 

4149
03:50:59,300 --> 03:51:02,400
Essentials despite 
transformation in its details. 

4150
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:07,500
As sleep approaches, you're 
aware of the Continuum, your one

4151
03:51:07,500 --> 03:51:11,600
camper among billions across 
history, sleeping under the same

4152
03:51:11,600 --> 03:51:16,000
Sky warmed, by the same fire 
seeking the same connection. 

4153
03:51:16,000 --> 03:51:22,400
The gear changes, the methods of
evolved the reason shift But the

4154
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:27,200
ACT remains humans, choosing to 
sleep outside to Camp to 

4155
03:51:27,200 --> 03:51:29,800
participate in our species. 
Oldest tradition. 

4156
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:34,200
The fire is out. 
The Stars wheel overhead. 

4157
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:40,200
The tent breathes with the wind 
and you sleep, another camper in

4158
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:43,800
an endless succession, adding 
your night to, the countless 

4159
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:46,600
nights that came before and the 
countless, that will follow. 

4160
03:51:47,700 --> 03:51:51,700
The story continues, the 
tradition endures and the 

4161
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:55,400
campfire smokes spirals upward 
into the darkness. 

4162
03:51:56,200 --> 03:51:58,800
Carrying with it, the 
accumulated Knights of all 

4163
03:51:58,800 --> 03:52:02,500
who've ever slept beneath the 
stars epilogue tomorrow, you'll 

4164
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:05,700
return to permanent walls and 
electric light to the world of 

4165
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:09,700
schedules and obligations. 
But tonight, your camping 

4166
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:13,800
participating in something older
than agriculture older than 

4167
03:52:13,800 --> 03:52:16,500
writing and older than 
civilization itself. 

4168
03:52:16,500 --> 03:52:20,600
The tent that shelters you is 
high-tech nylon but it's also a 

4169
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:26,300
cave, a yurt, A Wigwam and every
shelter humans ever made Fires 

4170
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:30,200
ashes will scatter on the wind, 
but the warmth remains carried 

4171
03:52:30,200 --> 03:52:33,600
forward into mourning and all 
the mornings after camping 

4172
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:37,100
endures because it's essential 
not to survival, but to memory, 

4173
03:52:37,100 --> 03:52:40,400
it reminds us who we are. 
Beneath the modern surface 

4174
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:45,400
Connects us to ancestors whose 
names are lost but whose DNA, we

4175
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:48,100
carry. 
Every time we pitch a tent we 

4176
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:50,500
honor them. 
Every time we light a fire, we 

4177
03:52:50,500 --> 03:52:53,400
can continue their tradition. 
Every time we choose to sleep 

4178
03:52:53,400 --> 03:52:56,700
outside, we say yes to something
fundamental about being human. 

4179
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:01,500
Story of camping is the story of
humanity in motion seeking 

4180
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:05,100
shelter, finding comfort and 
making home wherever night 

4181
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:08,500
Falls. 
From prehistoric caves to Modern

4182
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:14,400
tents, the details change, but 
the essence remains we are all 

4183
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:19,700
of us campers some Camp Daily, 
some rarely, and some only in 

4184
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:24,100
memory or imagination, but the 
capacity is there, encoded in 

4185
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,700
our genes waiting for the moment
when we step away from permanent

4186
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:30,300
walls, and remember what it 
meant to carry our homes, on our

4187
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:34,400
backs to read weather and clouds
and to sleep with only fabric 

4188
03:53:34,400 --> 03:53:39,200
between us and Infiniti. 
As you drift into sleep, the 

4189
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:40,900
last conscious thought is 
simple. 

4190
03:53:40,900 --> 03:53:44,100
This is what humans do. 
This is who we are. 

4191
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:50,500
Campers, always have been always
will be The methods of Volvo the

4192
03:53:50,508 --> 03:53:53,800
equipment improves, but the 
fundamental act remains 

4193
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:56,700
unchanged. 
We make temporary shelter. 

4194
03:53:56,700 --> 03:54:00,000
We like fires, we sleep under 
Stars. 

4195
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:02,700
We wake to Birdsong and Morning 
Light. 

4196
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:08,100
We pack our homes and move on. 
And someday when camping has 

4197
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:10,000
evolved into forms, we can't 
yet. 

4198
03:54:10,000 --> 03:54:14,300
Imagine when tents are made from
materials not yet invented and 

4199
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:18,800
fires, perhaps prohibited or 
obsolete some human will still 

4200
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:23,100
feel the urge the urge to step 
outside permanence to sleep 

4201
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:27,000
somewhere, new to participate in
the ancient tradition, they'll 

4202
03:54:27,000 --> 03:54:30,000
find their way to do it, 
whatever, technology allows, 

4203
03:54:30,000 --> 03:54:33,700
whatever Society permits, 
Because camping isn't just what 

4204
03:54:33,700 --> 03:54:35,600
we do. 
It's what we are. 

4205
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:39,600
The night deepens, the stars 
shine. 

4206
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:44,000
And one more campus sleeps 
beneath them, adding one more 

4207
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:46,300
night to Humanity's oldest 
story. 

4208
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:52,100
The story continues endless and 
enduring as long as there are 

4209
03:54:52,100 --> 03:54:56,600
humans and wild places and the 
inexplicable urge to bring them 

4210
03:54:56,600 --> 03:54:59,300
together. 
For one more night, one more 

4211
03:54:59,300 --> 03:55:03,300
fire and one more chance to 
remember where we came from and 

4212
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:06,700
perhaps Glimpse where we're 
going. campfire, tradition 

4213
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:17,600
endures and so do we Imagine if 
you will the world in the year 

4214
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:20,300
1346. 
Not the world. 

4215
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:23,200
As you might picture it from 
history books, all mud, and 

4216
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:26,900
misery, but the actual living 
breathing medieval world that 

4217
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:29,400
people loved, and complained 
about and took completely for 

4218
03:55:29,400 --> 03:55:31,400
granted, just as you do with 
your own time. 

4219
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,400
European cities in the mid-14th 
century smelled like a 

4220
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:39,000
combination of baking bread. 
Horseman Neuer would smoke and 

4221
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:42,200
the particular mustiness of too 
many people living in two 

4222
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:43,700
smaller space without proper 
Plumbing. 

4223
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,600
The smell wasn't necessarily 
unpleasant to people who'd never

4224
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:50,900
know anything different. 
It was simply the smell of life 

4225
03:55:50,900 --> 03:55:54,700
as familiar and unremarkable, as
the center of your own home. 

4226
03:55:54,700 --> 03:55:58,100
Is to you now. 
Picture a typical morning and 

4227
03:55:58,100 --> 03:56:00,800
Florence, which was then one of 
the wealthiest cities in 

4228
03:56:00,808 --> 03:56:03,900
Christendom. 
The day would begin Before, Dawn

4229
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,800
with church bells, dozens of 
them, each with its own voice. 

4230
03:56:07,800 --> 03:56:11,300
Creating a bronze Symphony. 
That told people went to wait, 

4231
03:56:11,300 --> 03:56:16,500
when to pray, when to work. 
And when to rest, If you'd asked

4232
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,800
to Florentine to imagine a world
without those bells, they would 

4233
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:22,100
have looked at you as strangely 
as you'd look at someone who 

4234
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:24,500
asked you to imagine a world 
without electricity. 

4235
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:27,900
The streets filled early with 
Kraft's people, opening their 

4236
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:31,400
shops imagine the textile 
workers in their wool. 

4237
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:35,300
Centered workshops fingers, move
with the kind of automatic 

4238
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:38,600
Precision that comes from doing 
the same tasks since childhood 

4239
03:56:40,200 --> 03:56:43,000
The Bakers were pulling loaves 
from Stone Ovens that had been 

4240
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:46,000
heating. 
Since Before Sunrise, The 

4241
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:48,900
merchants were unrolling. 
Their ledgers calculating 

4242
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:52,400
profits in Roman numerals 
because Arabic numerals were 

4243
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:56,200
still suspiciously foreign and 
mathematical medieval cities, 

4244
03:56:56,200 --> 03:57:01,000
had a particular kind of energy 
dense intimate and communal in 

4245
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:05,300
ways that Modern urban life has 
largely forgotten You couldn't 

4246
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:07,900
walk down a street without 
knowing most of the people, you 

4247
03:57:07,900 --> 03:57:10,600
passed. 
The baker, New York families, 

4248
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:13,800
bread preferences. 
Cloth Merchant knew which colors

4249
03:57:13,800 --> 03:57:16,900
you favored. 
Previously, as we understand it,

4250
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:22,200
barely existed. life happened in
public, in workshops, open to 

4251
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:25,700
the street in communal Wells, 
where people gathered for water 

4252
03:57:25,700 --> 03:57:29,600
and gossip and in churches where
the entire Community assembled 

4253
03:57:29,600 --> 03:57:34,200
multiple times daily, this 
closeness created a society that

4254
03:57:34,200 --> 03:57:37,600
felt both supportive and 
suffocating depending on your 

4255
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:40,800
temperament. 
If you fell ill, your neighbor's

4256
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:42,500
would know immediately and bring
soup. 

4257
03:57:43,200 --> 03:57:46,000
If you made a social missed 
step, your neighbor's would know

4258
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:47,600
immediately and remember 
forever. 

4259
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:51,100
It was the kind of community 
that modern people claimed to 

4260
03:57:51,108 --> 03:57:55,500
miss while simultaneously doing 
everything possible to avoid 

4261
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:59,600
actually living in one. the 
medieval economy, functioned 

4262
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:02,700
through networks of personal 
relationships, that spanned 

4263
03:58:02,700 --> 03:58:06,800
continents, Talion, Merchants 
maintain trading posts, and 

4264
03:58:06,800 --> 03:58:11,700
Constantinople and Alexandria. 
German Bankers had branches in 

4265
03:58:11,700 --> 03:58:15,600
London and Paris. 
Chinese silk arrived in Venice 

4266
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:18,500
through a chain of traders that 
stretched across the entire 

4267
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:21,900
width of Asia. 
Each link in the chain, knowing 

4268
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,500
only, the trade is immediately 
before and after the whole 

4269
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:28,800
system, functioning with 
remarkable efficiency in the 

4270
03:58:28,808 --> 03:58:31,500
countryside life, followed 
rhythms that hadn't changed 

4271
03:58:31,500 --> 03:58:35,700
significantly in 1,000 years. 
Peasant's worked land. 

4272
03:58:35,700 --> 03:58:39,500
Their ancestors had worked using
tools their grandfathers and 

4273
03:58:39,500 --> 03:58:43,400
used planting crops according to
wisdom passed down through so 

4274
03:58:43,400 --> 03:58:46,900
many generations that no one 
remembered who first figured out

4275
03:58:46,900 --> 03:58:49,500
that beans and wheat shouldn't 
be planted in the same field, 

4276
03:58:49,500 --> 03:58:53,000
two years running. 
The agricultural year was a 

4277
03:58:53,008 --> 03:58:58,400
cycle of planting and harvest. 
And famine work-in Festival as 

4278
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,000
predictable and reassuring as 
the seasons themselves. 

4279
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:05,600
Spring meant plowing summer, 
meant weeding, and praying for 

4280
03:59:05,600 --> 03:59:09,800
rain but not too much rain. 
Autumn meant Harvest and the 

4281
03:59:09,808 --> 03:59:12,800
collective anxiety about whether
you'd stored enough food to 

4282
03:59:12,800 --> 03:59:15,600
survive winter. 
Winter meant huddling near 

4283
03:59:15,600 --> 03:59:18,300
fires, mending tools and telling
stories. 

4284
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:23,200
People's lives were short by 
modern standards reaching 40 was

4285
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:26,200
an achievement worth celebrating
but they weren't uniformly. 

4286
03:59:26,200 --> 03:59:30,800
Miserable, medieval People Fell 
in Love told jokes through 

4287
03:59:30,800 --> 03:59:33,500
parties. 
Got annoyed by their relatives 

4288
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:37,700
took pride in their work and 
generally experience the full 

4289
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:41,000
range of human emotion. 
They didn't sit around moping 

4290
03:59:41,000 --> 03:59:44,800
about not having smartphones or 
antibiotics because those things

4291
03:59:44,800 --> 03:59:48,000
hadn't been invented yet. 
Just as you presumably, don't 

4292
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:51,200
mope about not having whatever, 
miraculous technology people in 

4293
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:56,300
the Year. 2005 and 2525 will 
consider essential Religious 

4294
03:59:56,300 --> 03:59:59,600
faith, permeated everything in 
ways that modern secular 

4295
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:01,400
society, struggled to 
comprehend. 

4296
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:05,700
God was in an abstract, 
theological concept, but a daily

4297
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:08,400
presence as real and relevant as
the weather. 

4298
04:00:09,200 --> 04:00:13,400
Saints interceded in every day 
problems demons caused. 

4299
04:00:13,400 --> 04:00:15,700
Miss. 
Fortune Angels watched over 

4300
04:00:15,700 --> 04:00:18,800
Travelers. 
Heaven and Hell weren't distant 

4301
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:22,200
metaphysical destinations but 
places your deceased relatives 

4302
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:25,500
currently inhabited as real as 
London or Paris. 

4303
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:29,900
This didn't mean everyone was 
constantly Pious medieval people

4304
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:33,800
were perfectly capable of 
swearing sinning and generally 

4305
04:00:33,800 --> 04:00:35,800
ignoring religious teachings 
when convenient. 

4306
04:00:36,700 --> 04:00:39,600
But it meant that the universe 
made sense within a coherent 

4307
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:42,600
framework. 
Everything happened for a reason

4308
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:47,300
even if that reason was God's 
mysterious plan or demonic 

4309
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,500
temptation. 
Random chance as we understand, 

4310
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:54,300
it didn't really exist. 
The Medieval World System 

4311
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:57,000
connected three continents 
through trade routes that had 

4312
04:00:57,000 --> 04:01:00,200
existed for millennia. 
The Silk Road wasn't a single 

4313
04:01:00,208 --> 04:01:03,500
road, but a network of paths 
threading through deserts and 

4314
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:05,700
mountains, connecting China to 
the Mediterranean. 

4315
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,900
Maritime routes linked. 
The Indian Ocean, the Red Sea 

4316
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:13,700
and the person golf. 
European ships played the 

4317
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:15,500
Mediterranean and the Atlantic 
coasts. 

4318
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:20,300
Goods moved slowly but steadily 
each Caravan and ship carrying 

4319
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:24,300
not just merchandise but also 
ideas Technologies and though no

4320
04:01:24,300 --> 04:01:29,300
one yet realized it diseases. 
In Central Asia, the Mongol 

4321
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,400
Empire was slowly fragmenting 
after centuries of relative 

4322
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:35,800
stability. 
Mongol rule had been brutal in 

4323
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:38,500
its establishment. 
Generally peaceful in his 

4324
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:41,400
maintenance which facilitated 
trade across. 

4325
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:43,200
Previously, impossible, 
boundaries. 

4326
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:46,500
You could travel from Beijing to
the Mediterranean without 

4327
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:48,600
crossing a major border 
provided. 

4328
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:50,800
You have the right papers and 
paid the right bribes. 

4329
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:55,200
This interconnected World 
created Prosperity on a scale 

4330
04:01:55,200 --> 04:01:57,800
medieval Europe hadn't 
experienced since the Roman 

4331
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:01,200
Empire. 
Cities grew universities, 

4332
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:04,000
flourished. 
Gothic Cathedrals reached toward

4333
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:06,900
heaven with engineering that 
still impresses modern 

4334
04:02:06,900 --> 04:02:10,000
architects. 
Banking and insurance developed 

4335
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:12,100
to facilitate long-distance 
trade. 

4336
04:02:12,900 --> 04:02:15,800
People could borrow money in 
Florence and repay it in London 

4337
04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:19,700
through letters of credit which 
was essentially medieval Finance

4338
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:23,600
capitalism without computers. 
But this interconnectedness came

4339
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:27,200
with a price that no one 
anticipated, the same trade 

4340
04:02:27,200 --> 04:02:29,200
routes that carried silk and 
spices. 

4341
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:31,700
And silver would soon carry 
something else. 

4342
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:35,600
Something that traveled 
invisibly lodged in the fur of 

4343
04:02:35,608 --> 04:02:39,100
rats and the body's of fleas, 
patient, and deadly, and 

4344
04:02:39,100 --> 04:02:41,200
completely, and different to 
human prosperity. 

4345
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:46,500
In the spring of 1347, most 
Europeans had never heard of a 

4346
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:49,800
place called kaffir. 
A generous Trading Post on the 

4347
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,600
Black Sea in what's now Crimea? 
They would soon learn about it 

4348
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:55,200
though. 
Not in any way. 

4349
04:02:55,200 --> 04:02:59,900
They would have chosen. 
The seed of Cafe in 1346 must 

4350
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:03,900
have seemed to the generous 
Merchants trapped in side, like 

4351
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:06,700
just another episode. 
In the endless cycle of warfare 

4352
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:10,300
that characterized medieval 
international relations, the 

4353
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:13,500
Mongol Army outside their walls,
was merely the latest military 

4354
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:17,100
and convenience in a region 
where military inconveniences 

4355
04:03:17,100 --> 04:03:19,600
were as common as Mediterranean 
thunderstorms. 

4356
04:03:21,100 --> 04:03:24,500
Then something strange happened.
The Mongol soldiers started 

4357
04:03:24,500 --> 04:03:29,600
dying not from Siege related 
causes not from infected wounds 

4358
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:32,600
or contaminated water or the 
normal attrition, that 

4359
04:03:32,600 --> 04:03:36,200
accompanies military campaigns. 
They were dying from something 

4360
04:03:36,200 --> 04:03:39,600
that came on suddenly that 
turned their lymph nodes into 

4361
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:43,600
swollen blackish masses and that
brought fever and delirium and 

4362
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:47,400
death within days. 
The Mongol commanders watching 

4363
04:03:47,400 --> 04:03:50,600
their army dissolve, not through
enemy action, but through 

4364
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:54,100
invisible attack, made a 
decision that would echo through

4365
04:03:54,100 --> 04:03:56,900
history. 
They used catapults to hurl the 

4366
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:00,700
corpses of plague victims over 
kafas walls, whether this 

4367
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:03,800
medieval biological warfare. 
Actually, transmitted the 

4368
04:04:03,800 --> 04:04:07,400
disease historians debate, this 
is almost beside the point. 

4369
04:04:08,200 --> 04:04:11,900
The plague was already inside 
Cafe brought by the same trade, 

4370
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:13,400
Caravans that brought 
prosperity. 

4371
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:17,600
The Jenner's merchants and 
sailors found themselves trapped

4372
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:21,800
between a dying Army outside and
a dying City in side. 

4373
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,100
So they did what medieval 
merchants did when things went 

4374
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:27,900
badly, they got in their ship's 
and Syed home. 

4375
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:33,500
Picture, the ships leaving Cafe 
in the Autumn of. 1347 January 

4376
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:35,600
were beautiful vessels in their 
way. 

4377
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:39,800
Sleek. 
Fast powered by both sale and 

4378
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,800
ore and designed for the 
peculiar conditions of 

4379
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:46,800
Mediterranean trade where speed 
mattered more than cargo 

4380
04:04:46,800 --> 04:04:49,500
capacity. 
They were built from Italian 

4381
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:54,500
Timber cooked with pitch from 
who knows where sailed by Crews 

4382
04:04:54,500 --> 04:04:57,900
from a dozen different ports and
carrying goods from three 

4383
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:00,700
continents. 
The sailors on these ships 

4384
04:05:00,700 --> 04:05:04,300
didn't feel sick when they 
departed, that's the Insidious 

4385
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:08,200
thing about Bubonic plague. 
It has an incubation period. 

4386
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:12,000
You can carry it for days, 
feeling perfectly, fine. 

4387
04:05:12,000 --> 04:05:15,800
Going about your business and 
only later do the symptoms 

4388
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:18,500
appear. 
These Sailors left kaffir 

4389
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:21,500
thinking, they escaped 
catastrophe unaware that they 

4390
04:05:21,500 --> 04:05:25,500
were bringing it with them. 
The journey from the black seed.

4391
04:05:25,500 --> 04:05:28,800
Italy, normally took several 
weeks depending on whether and 

4392
04:05:28,800 --> 04:05:32,800
wind. imagine being on one of 
the ships, as the first sailor 

4393
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:36,800
fell ill, Perhaps he complained 
of feeling tired, and feverish. 

4394
04:05:38,000 --> 04:05:41,000
Nothing unusual Sailors. 
Got sick all the time from bad 

4395
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:45,500
food, contaminated water or any 
of the 100 minor ailments that 

4396
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:47,000
played. 
Pre-modern Travelers. 

4397
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:51,600
His Shipmates probably told him 
to rest drink some water and 

4398
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:55,500
stop complaining. 
Then the fever spiked then, the 

4399
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:58,800
buboes appeared, those 
characteristics swellings in the

4400
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:02,800
lymph nodes of the groin, 
armpits and neck darkening to 

4401
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:06,700
purple black as blood vessels 
burst beneath the skin, then 

4402
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:10,800
delirium then death often within
three days of the first 

4403
04:06:10,800 --> 04:06:13,800
symptoms. 
Now imagine being the ship's, 

4404
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:16,700
Captain watching your crew, die,
one by one. 

4405
04:06:16,700 --> 04:06:20,500
Knowing that something terrible 
Has Come Aboard but having no 

4406
04:06:20,500 --> 04:06:22,800
understanding of what it is or 
how to stop it. 

4407
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:26,700
Medieval medicine understood 
illness through the theory of 

4408
04:06:26,708 --> 04:06:32,300
humors, imbalances of blood, 
phlegm yellow, bile and black 

4409
04:06:32,300 --> 04:06:35,300
bile. 
This didn't fit any recognizable

4410
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:38,200
pattern. 
The speed, the symptoms. 

4411
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:42,100
The mortality rate nothing in 
the medieval medical tool kit 

4412
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:44,400
prepared. 
Anyone for this some ships 

4413
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:47,100
probably tried to turn back, but
where would they go? 

4414
04:06:48,100 --> 04:06:51,500
After was dead or dying. 
Other Black Sea ports were no 

4415
04:06:51,500 --> 04:06:55,600
better and so they can continue 
to West leaving a trail of dead 

4416
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:57,600
Sailors. 
Floating in the Mediterranean 

4417
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:02,000
canvas shrouds with whatever, 
rocks can be found for ballast. 

4418
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:06,200
The first of these plague ships 
reached Sicily in October, 1347.

4419
04:07:07,100 --> 04:07:10,100
Messina a prosperous Port City 
on the islands. 

4420
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:13,200
Northeastern tip, welcome them. 
With the hospitality, 

4421
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:16,700
traditionally extended to 
Italian Merchants within days, 

4422
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,600
Messina was dying. 
The authorities responded, with 

4423
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:23,400
what would become a familiar 
pattern, Panic denial, 

4424
04:07:23,400 --> 04:07:27,500
scapegoating and eventually 
Desperate Measures that proved 

4425
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:29,700
useless against an enemy. 
No one understood. 

4426
04:07:30,400 --> 04:07:34,200
The city expelled, the genoese 
ships, which sailed North to 

4427
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:37,300
other ports, spreading the 
disease with each Landing. 

4428
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:40,900
It was like trying to stop a 
fire by throwing burning embers 

4429
04:07:40,900 --> 04:07:45,400
in every direction. 
By November, the plague had 

4430
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:48,400
reached Marseille on the 
southern coast of France by 

4431
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:52,900
December. 
It was in Genoa by January 1348,

4432
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:56,700
it had arrived in Venice, 
perhaps the wealthiest, and most

4433
04:07:56,700 --> 04:08:00,700
sophisticated city in Europe and
proceeded to demonstrate that 

4434
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:03,300
wealth and sophistication 
offered, no protection 

4435
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:07,000
whatsoever. 
The plague traveled fast to the 

4436
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,800
news of the plague, medieval 
communication moved at the speed

4437
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:15,000
of horses and ships, which meant
word of catastrophe arrived days

4438
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:17,200
or weeks after the catastrophe 
itself. 

4439
04:08:18,200 --> 04:08:20,500
Imagine being a merchant in 
Barcelona. 

4440
04:08:21,300 --> 04:08:25,100
Hearing vague rumors about a 
disease in Italy, maybe worrying

4441
04:08:25,100 --> 04:08:28,100
a little and then one day 
noticing that your neighbor 

4442
04:08:28,100 --> 04:08:31,500
seems unwell and then within a 
week, half your neighborhood is 

4443
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:33,500
dead. 
And you're wondering where this 

4444
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:36,000
came from. 
Having no idea that the answer 

4445
04:08:36,000 --> 04:08:38,400
was a ship from Genoa that 
docked three weeks ago. 

4446
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:42,800
The disease spread through 
multiple routes simultaneously, 

4447
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:46,500
Overland trade routes carried it
North through Italy into France 

4448
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:49,500
and Germany. 
Ships carried it to every port 

4449
04:08:49,500 --> 04:08:52,800
in the Mediterranean and then 
out into the Atlantic, reaching 

4450
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:57,900
England by June 1348 and navya 
by 1349. 

4451
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,100
It moved like water, finding 
every crack in a foundation. 

4452
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:05,500
Following the established 
channels of human Commerce and 

4453
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:08,300
settlement. 
Different regions experience, 

4454
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:12,700
different timelines, but the 
pattern was consistent arrival 

4455
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:18,600
denial, Panic, Mass death. 
And finally a strange choir as 

4456
04:09:18,600 --> 04:09:21,100
there were not enough people 
left to maintain normal activity

4457
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:24,800
cities that had humbled with 
Commercial Energy fell silent, 

4458
04:09:24,800 --> 04:09:28,500
except for the sounds of the 
dying and the bells tolling for 

4459
04:09:28,500 --> 04:09:31,700
the dead, assuming, they were 
still people healthy enough to 

4460
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:34,100
ring them. 
The plague traveled in land 

4461
04:09:34,100 --> 04:09:38,500
along Rivers and Roads spread by
refugees fleeing infected cities

4462
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,100
who carried the disease to 
previously, untouched areas. 

4463
04:09:42,000 --> 04:09:46,700
Merchants pilgrims soldiers 
beggars, anyone who traveled 

4464
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:49,000
became a potential Vector for 
transmission. 

4465
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:52,900
The very Mobility that had 
created medieval Prosperity. 

4466
04:09:52,900 --> 04:09:57,400
Now, ensured medieval 
catastrophe, in some ways, the 

4467
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:00,400
diseases Journey mirrored the 
structure of medieval Society 

4468
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:04,900
itself, It struck hardest in 
cities where density May 

4469
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:08,800
transmission easy, it followed 
trade routes which meant 

4470
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:12,700
commercial centers suffered 
first and worst it ravaged, the 

4471
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:15,900
poor who lived in cramped 
conditions with poor nutrition 

4472
04:10:15,900 --> 04:10:19,900
and no ability to flee. 
But it also killed the wealthy 

4473
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:23,400
demonstrating the diseases 
essential democracy. 

4474
04:10:25,000 --> 04:10:27,400
By the end of 1348, roughly a 
year. 

4475
04:10:27,408 --> 04:10:30,800
After those first ships left 
kaffir the plague had spread 

4476
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:34,100
across most of Europe. 
It would continue spreading for 

4477
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:38,200
several more years, reaching 
into Russia, penetrating to the 

4478
04:10:38,200 --> 04:10:41,900
farthest inhabited regions of 
Europe and establishing itself 

4479
04:10:41,900 --> 04:10:45,000
as a recurring, nightmare, that 
would return periodically for 

4480
04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:50,200
the next fourth centuries. 
But in that first wave in 1347 

4481
04:10:50,200 --> 04:10:55,000
to 1353, it achieved something 
unprecedented in human history. 

4482
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:59,300
It reduced the population of 
Europe by somewhere between 1/3 

4483
04:10:59,300 --> 04:11:05,200
and 1/2. 30 to 50% of all 
Europeans alive in 1347 were 

4484
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:08,800
dead by 1353. 
To put this in perspective, 

4485
04:11:08,800 --> 04:11:12,900
World, War 1, probably the most 
catastrophic event in modern 

4486
04:11:12,900 --> 04:11:15,900
European history. 
Killed about two to three 

4487
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:20,200
percent of Europe's population. 
The Black Death killed, 20 

4488
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:21,400
times. 
That proportion. 

4489
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:25,300
It was, as if every third 
person, you knew family, members

4490
04:11:25,300 --> 04:11:29,300
friends colleagues, neighbors, 
simply disappeared within a few 

4491
04:11:29,308 --> 04:11:34,400
years and it happened quietly. 
Not with the drama of war or 

4492
04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:38,100
natural disaster but with a kind
of inevitable progression that 

4493
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:42,100
made resistance seem futile. 
City by City region. 

4494
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:46,900
By region the world felt silent.
There's A peculiar Stillness 

4495
04:11:46,900 --> 04:11:49,400
that comes to places that have 
suddenly lost most of their 

4496
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:52,000
people. 
Not the comfortable quiet of 

4497
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:54,700
evening or the peaceful Silence 
of snowfall. 

4498
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:59,000
But an empty abandoned quality. 
That makes even small. 

4499
04:11:59,000 --> 04:12:03,100
Sounds seem wrong like coughing 
in a cathedral during prayer. 

4500
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:08,800
this is the quiet that settled 
over Europe in 1348 and 1349 and

4501
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:12,200
if you could travel back to 
experience it which mercifully 

4502
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:15,800
you cannot it would unsettle you
in ways that no amount of 

4503
04:12:15,800 --> 04:12:20,300
preparation could prevent Your 
modern mine accustomed to the 

4504
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:22,200
background hum of human 
activity. 

4505
04:12:22,200 --> 04:12:26,200
Would register the wrongness 
immediately even if you couldn't

4506
04:12:26,200 --> 04:12:28,500
articulate, exactly what felt 
off. 

4507
04:12:29,700 --> 04:12:33,200
Picture of Village in rural 
England, in the Autumn of 1348, 

4508
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:37,000
6 months earlier. 
It might have held 300 people 

4509
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:42,200
now perhaps 100, romaine, and 
many of those are two weak or 

4510
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,300
traumatized to work. 
The fields that should have been

4511
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,600
harvested stand on harvested 
grain, rotting on the stork 

4512
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:50,400
because there aren't enough 
hands to bring it in. 

4513
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:54,600
The millwheel turned slowly or 
not at all the blacksmith's 

4514
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:58,400
Forge sits cold because the 
blacksmith died and no one has 

4515
04:12:58,400 --> 04:13:02,100
claimed his tools church bell 
still ring but less frequently 

4516
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:05,400
now partly because there are 
fewer people to ring them and 

4517
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:08,000
partly because people have 
stopped keeping track of time 

4518
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:12,200
with quite the same diligence. 
When Death can come in three 

4519
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:15,700
days, the difference between 
morning and afternoon seems less

4520
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:19,900
pressing Survivors move through 
their days with a kind of numb 

4521
04:13:19,900 --> 04:13:23,000
automaticity. 
Doing what needs to be done 

4522
04:13:23,000 --> 04:13:25,400
without quite believing in the 
purpose of any of it. 

4523
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:29,800
The silence extended Beyond 
individual communities to entire

4524
04:13:29,800 --> 04:13:33,100
Regional Networks. 
Trade routes that had hummed 

4525
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:36,000
with activity. 
Fell quiet as Merchants died or 

4526
04:13:36,000 --> 04:13:39,600
stopped traveling. 
Markets that had met weekly now 

4527
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:42,400
couldn't gather enough. 
Participants roads went 

4528
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:45,900
unrepaired because the officials
responsible were dead and no one

4529
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:48,000
had clear authority to organize 
maintenance. 

4530
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:53,400
Bridges collapsed irrigation 
systems broke down the 

4531
04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:56,200
infrastructure of daily life, 
required constant, human 

4532
04:13:56,200 --> 04:13:59,700
attention and suddenly that 
attention was in drastically 

4533
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:03,300
short supply. 
In cities, the quiet had a 

4534
04:14:03,308 --> 04:14:06,000
different quality. 
Urban life, depends on 

4535
04:14:06,008 --> 04:14:08,800
population. 
Density on having enough people 

4536
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:12,500
to support specialization. 
You need enough customers to 

4537
04:14:12,500 --> 04:14:15,800
keep a bakery in business enough
sick people to keep a physician 

4538
04:14:15,800 --> 04:14:18,900
employed and enough studies to 
justify a school. 

4539
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:24,600
When population drops Suddenly 
by 40 or 50%, the systems 

4540
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:29,200
collapsed, like a tower, losing 
its foundation stones. imagine 

4541
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:34,400
walking through Florence in late
1348, Normally the streets would

4542
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:38,700
be nearly impossible with 
traffic people, carts and 

4543
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,800
animals. 
All competing for limited space,

4544
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:44,200
in medieval thoroughfares 
designed for a smaller 

4545
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:48,000
population and no vehicles. 
Now, you could walk down Main 

4546
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:49,600
Streets without encountering 
anyone. 

4547
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:54,000
Shop stood shuttered, their 
owners dead and no heirs to 

4548
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:58,200
claim the premises. 
Grand house is sat empty their 

4549
04:14:58,200 --> 04:15:00,800
wealthy owners had fled to 
Country Estates or were simply 

4550
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:03,800
dead. 
Weeds grew in Courtyards that 

4551
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:06,200
had been meticulously maintained
just months earlier. 

4552
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:10,600
The smell changed too. 
Without enough people to 

4553
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:14,200
maintain Municipal Services 
cities, began to rot in ways, 

4554
04:15:14,200 --> 04:15:18,900
both literal and metaphorical. 
Garbage piled up Drainage 

4555
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:23,800
Systems clogged. bodies in the 
worst months, sometimes lay 

4556
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:26,200
where they'd Fallen because 
there were enough healthy people

4557
04:15:26,200 --> 04:15:30,600
to maintain burial routines 
Medieval cities had never been 

4558
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:33,800
particularly sanitary by modern 
standards, but they'd had 

4559
04:15:33,800 --> 04:15:36,800
working systems for managing 
waste and maintaining basic 

4560
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:40,900
cleanliness. 
Those systems broke down in 1348

4561
04:15:40,900 --> 04:15:45,200
agricultural rhythms which had 
continued basically unchanged 

4562
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:47,500
for centuries. 
Suddenly became impossible to 

4563
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:50,400
maintain. 
Spring planting happened, late, 

4564
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:52,000
or not? 
At all summer. 

4565
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:54,400
Weeding went undone. 
The Autumn Harvest. 

4566
04:15:54,400 --> 04:15:58,600
Was makeshift at best? 
In some regions, feels that had 

4567
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:02,300
been cultivated since the Roman 
occupation reverted to Forest 

4568
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:05,300
within a generation because 
they're simply weren't enough 

4569
04:16:05,308 --> 04:16:08,700
people to keep working them. 
Animals, presented their own 

4570
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:12,300
strange problems. 
Farm animals that depended on 

4571
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:15,900
human care, began to die or turn
feral horses. 

4572
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,900
Wandered roads without Riders, 
cattle broke through unmended 

4573
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:21,900
fence's to graze wherever they, 
please. 

4574
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:26,700
Pigs routed through Villages, 
eating garden vegetables, and 

4575
04:16:26,700 --> 04:16:30,500
getting into stored grain. 
In some areas, Wildlife, 

4576
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:35,000
populations exploded as human 
pressure decreased and domestic 

4577
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:38,000
animals provided easy, prey for 
wolves and bears. 

4578
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,700
The sound that did remain took 
on new significant in the 

4579
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:45,000
daytime, you might hear wind 
moving through. 

4580
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:49,300
Empty, building's shutters 
banging loose, and roof tiles 

4581
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,800
crashing down from unmaintained 
roofs. 

4582
04:16:52,500 --> 04:16:58,200
At night, the sound of animals, 
both domestic and wild filled 

4583
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:00,200
spaces. 
Usually dominated by human 

4584
04:17:00,200 --> 04:17:04,200
activity. 
Owls nested in abandoned attics 

4585
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,700
rats. 
Thriving on unguarded stores, 

4586
04:17:07,700 --> 04:17:09,800
scratched and squeaked through 
walls. 

4587
04:17:10,600 --> 04:17:13,300
But perhaps, the most profound 
change was psychological. 

4588
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:16,900
Medieval people had understood 
their world as fundamentally 

4589
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:21,900
orderly, despite its hardships. 
God had created a hierarchy 

4590
04:17:21,900 --> 04:17:26,700
Nobles above peasants, humans 
above animals and the living 

4591
04:17:26,700 --> 04:17:29,500
above the Dead. 
Everything had its place. 

4592
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:33,600
The plague demonstrated that 
this order was an illusion that 

4593
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:36,000
death could come to anyone, 
regardless of rank or 

4594
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:38,400
righteousness. 
And that prayers and Priests 

4595
04:17:38,400 --> 04:17:40,100
offered, no, reliable 
protection. 

4596
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:43,300
This realization produced what 
we might Now. 

4597
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:47,000
Call a collective trauma. 
Survivors struggled with what 

4598
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:51,300
modern psychology would 
recognize as PTSD difficulty 

4599
04:17:51,300 --> 04:17:54,900
sleeping sudden, fears, and 
inability to plan for the 

4600
04:17:54,900 --> 04:17:57,700
future. 
Why save money when you might be

4601
04:17:57,700 --> 04:18:01,000
dead next week? 
Why a Prentiss to learn a trade?

4602
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:04,200
That requires years of training?
Why get married and have 

4603
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:08,700
children who will probably die. 
The plague also created a 

4604
04:18:08,700 --> 04:18:11,500
strange inversion of normal 
economic relationships. 

4605
04:18:12,400 --> 04:18:17,000
Suddenly labor was scarce and 
land was abundant, the exact 

4606
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:19,600
opposite of the usual medieval 
situation. 

4607
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:25,000
Peasants who survived found 
themselves in demand Ableton, 

4608
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:28,600
negotiate better terms with 
landlords who needed workers. 

4609
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:32,400
This would have political 
consequences that took decades 

4610
04:18:32,400 --> 04:18:36,800
to fully emerge. 
But even in 1348 to 13149 

4611
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:40,100
astute, observers could see that
the fundamental balance between 

4612
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:44,500
labor and capital had shifted. 
Artistic and intellectual life 

4613
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:48,000
contracted dramatically. 
Painters and Poets died 

4614
04:18:48,000 --> 04:18:51,300
alongside everyone else, and the
survivors had more pressing 

4615
04:18:51,300 --> 04:18:56,600
concerns than beauty or wisdom. 
University's closed sometimes 

4616
04:18:56,600 --> 04:18:59,300
temporarily sometimes 
permanently. 

4617
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,000
Manuscripts, that would have 
been copied and preserved were 

4618
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:07,200
lost when scriptoria fell 
silent. knowledge accumulated, 

4619
04:19:07,200 --> 04:19:10,900
over Generations, disappeared 
simply because the people who 

4620
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:15,500
held it died before, passing it 
on Religious institutions face 

4621
04:19:15,500 --> 04:19:19,300
particular challenges priests 
and monks because they provided 

4622
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:23,000
care to the dying and 
administered last rites died at 

4623
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:24,900
higher rates than the general 
population. 

4624
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:29,600
This created a clergy shortage 
that lasted for generations and 

4625
04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:32,600
arguably weakened the churches 
intellectual and moral 

4626
04:19:32,600 --> 04:19:34,900
Authority. 
Just when people needed it. 

4627
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:39,300
Most The plague years saw, an 
influx of poorly educated. 

4628
04:19:39,300 --> 04:19:44,600
Hastily trained priests filling 
positions left, vacant by Death.

4629
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:48,000
Which had long-term implications
for religious life. 

4630
04:19:48,800 --> 04:19:51,600
The silence that settled over 
Europe in these years, wasn't 

4631
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:54,400
peaceful. 
It was the quiet of abandonment.

4632
04:19:55,300 --> 04:19:59,000
Systems shutting down of 
normalcy, suspended in 

4633
04:19:59,000 --> 04:20:02,400
definitely. 
It was the sound a house makes 

4634
04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:06,000
when everyone has left in his 
not coming back that particular 

4635
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:09,100
quality of Stillness that feels 
temporary but you know might be 

4636
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:12,400
permanent. 
And in that quiet, something 

4637
04:20:12,400 --> 04:20:15,600
unexpected began to happen, not 
immediately. 

4638
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:20,700
The survivors were too, shocked 
to traumatized and to focused on

4639
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,400
simple survival. 
But gradually, as people 

4640
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:27,100
adjusted to a world that had 
fundamentally changed. 

4641
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:30,700
They began to imagine different 
ways of organizing society, 

4642
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:34,500
different relationships between 
workers and employers. 

4643
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:38,600
And different questions about 
the nature of God and human 

4644
04:20:38,600 --> 04:20:42,200
existence. 
The great quiet that followed 

4645
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:45,800
the Black Death was not an 
ending, but an intermission a 

4646
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,800
pause before the world 
rearranged itself into new 

4647
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:51,900
patterns that would eventually 
produce what historians call the

4648
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:54,100
Renaissance. 
But we're getting ahead of 

4649
04:20:54,108 --> 04:20:58,200
ourselves first, we need to 
understand how people responded 

4650
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:00,100
to catastrophe when it was 
actually happening. 

4651
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:04,100
Medieval people weren't stupid, 
whatever stereotypes might 

4652
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:08,600
suggest they were intelligent 
observant and capable of 

4653
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,700
sophisticated reasoning within 
the Frameworks of available to 

4654
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:14,300
them. 
When the plague arrived, they 

4655
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:16,700
tried everything, they could 
think of to understand and 

4656
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:19,300
combat it. 
That most of these efforts 

4657
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:22,400
proved useless doesn't diminish.
The genuine intelligence and 

4658
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:26,600
courage, they represented. 
The First Response naturally was

4659
04:21:26,600 --> 04:21:29,400
Medical. 
Physicians in the 14th century 

4660
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:32,000
were learning men. 
And they were almost exclusively

4661
04:21:32,000 --> 04:21:35,900
men who had studied at 
University's read classical 

4662
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:38,500
texts. 
An understood illness through 

4663
04:21:38,500 --> 04:21:41,000
theories inherited from ancient 
Rome. 

4664
04:21:41,800 --> 04:21:45,000
These theories emphasized, the 
importance of balance among 

4665
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:49,200
bodily humors, the influence of 
planetary alignments, and the 

4666
04:21:49,200 --> 04:21:53,100
role of miasmas corrupt are in 
spreading disease. 

4667
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:56,100
This framework wasn't entirely 
wrong. 

4668
04:21:56,800 --> 04:21:59,800
The emphasis on bad are actually
captured something true. 

4669
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:03,900
The plague did spread through 
environmental conditions, just 

4670
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:06,300
not in the way medieval 
Physicians thought. 

4671
04:22:07,300 --> 04:22:11,300
Their recommendations to avoid, 
bad smells improve sanitation 

4672
04:22:11,300 --> 04:22:14,300
and Escape crowded cities. 
Probably did help reduce 

4673
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:17,300
transmission even though they're
understanding of why was 

4674
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:21,100
completely incorrect. 
Physicians recommended 

4675
04:22:21,100 --> 04:22:24,700
bloodletting to balance humours 
which definitely didn't help and

4676
04:22:24,700 --> 04:22:27,200
probably killed people already 
weakened by disease. 

4677
04:22:28,800 --> 04:22:32,400
They prescribed Theory act, a 
complex mixture of dozens of 

4678
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:35,900
ingredients including opium and 
Viper flesh which was 

4679
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:40,700
essentially medieval snake oil 
expensive, elaborate and 

4680
04:22:40,700 --> 04:22:45,100
therapeutically useless. 
They advise patients to avoid 

4681
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:48,900
bathing which prevented the body
from absorbing bad air through 

4682
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:52,700
open pores, which was exactly 
wrong, but made sense within 

4683
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:57,400
their theoretical framework. 
Some Physicians fled abandoning,

4684
04:22:57,400 --> 04:23:00,700
their patients in cities and 
taking refuge in country estate 

4685
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:02,400
where they hoped the disease 
wouldn't follow. 

4686
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,500
This was understandable, they 
had no effective treatments and 

4687
04:23:07,500 --> 04:23:11,400
staying meant certain death. 
But it further weakened social 

4688
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:14,000
structures at exactly. 
The moment when leadership was 

4689
04:23:14,000 --> 04:23:18,700
most needed, Others stayed and 
died, providing futile, care 

4690
04:23:18,700 --> 04:23:23,400
motivated by professional Duty 
or religious Faith, or simple 

4691
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,600
human compassion. 
These Physicians deserve 

4692
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,900
recognition not for their 
medical efficacy, but for their 

4693
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:32,900
courage in facing an enemy, they
didn't understand and couldn't 

4694
04:23:32,900 --> 04:23:36,800
defeat. surgeons, who occupied a
lower social position than 

4695
04:23:36,800 --> 04:23:39,500
Physicians, but had more 
hands-on experience with bodies,

4696
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:43,400
sometimes attempted to Lance 
buboes which occasionally 

4697
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:47,200
prevented death by releasing 
pressure and infection This 

4698
04:23:47,200 --> 04:23:50,900
probably saved a few lives 
purely by acts and those are the

4699
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:54,300
surgeons had no way of knowing 
which patients would benefit and

4700
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:58,000
which would die anyway. 
Public Health measures were 

4701
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:00,100
improvised with varying degrees 
of success. 

4702
04:24:01,100 --> 04:24:03,900
Some cities are pointed Health, 
boards with authority to enforce

4703
04:24:03,900 --> 04:24:07,900
quarantines dispose of bodies 
and Implement sanitation 

4704
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:11,400
measures. 
Venice, pioneered the quarantine

4705
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:15,900
system requiring ships to wait, 
40 days before unloading which 

4706
04:24:15,900 --> 04:24:19,200
is where we get the word 
quarantine from the Italian 

4707
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:21,700
Quran to journey quarante 
journey. 

4708
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,400
These measures probably helped 
slow transmission without 

4709
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:28,800
stopping it entirely. 
The problem was that, no one 

4710
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:32,500
understood how the disease 
actually spread medieval people 

4711
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:35,700
noticed that it seemed 
contagious but couldn't agree on

4712
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:38,500
the mechanism. 
Some thought it passed through 

4713
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:41,500
are others. 
Believed it came from sight, 

4714
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:45,800
that looking at a plague victim 
could infect you Still others 

4715
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:48,500
thought it spread through 
objects touched by the Sick. 

4716
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,500
All of these theories had some 
truth, but none were completely 

4717
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:55,800
accurate, which made it 
impossible to develop truly 

4718
04:24:55,800 --> 04:24:59,100
effective countermeasures. 
It was like trying to solve an 

4719
04:24:59,100 --> 04:25:02,400
equation when you don't know 
what numbers are, Religious 

4720
04:25:02,400 --> 04:25:06,000
responses, varied, widely the 
churches official position 

4721
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:09,800
emphasized prayer, Penance and 
accepting, God's will. 

4722
04:25:10,700 --> 04:25:14,400
Play was understood as Divine 
punishment for sin, which meant 

4723
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:16,500
the solution was spiritual 
reform. 

4724
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:20,700
This makes sense within medieval
Christian Theology and probably 

4725
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:23,400
provided genuine Comfort to 
believers who needed to 

4726
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:25,600
understand their suffering 
within a moral framework. 

4727
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:30,400
Mass processions, wound through 
cities, featuring penitents 

4728
04:25:30,400 --> 04:25:34,500
praying for divine mercy. 
In some regions flagellants, 

4729
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:38,200
appeared groups of lay people 
who whipped themselves publicly 

4730
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:42,100
to atone, for Humanity's sins, 
believing that if they suffered 

4731
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:43,600
enough, God would end the 
plague. 

4732
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:47,300
Church authorities, generally, 
disapproved of flagellants 

4733
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:51,000
seeing them as theologically 
suspect and socially disruptive,

4734
04:25:51,000 --> 04:25:54,600
but couldn't stop the movement 
during the crisis years. 

4735
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:58,000
Scapegoating emerged as a darker
response. 

4736
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:01,300
When people needed someone to 
blame for incomprehensible 

4737
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:05,200
catastrophe, they often turned 
on minority communities, 

4738
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:10,100
particularly Jews. 
The logic was medieval, but the 

4739
04:26:10,100 --> 04:26:13,700
psychology was timeless. 
Something terrible as happened. 

4740
04:26:13,700 --> 04:26:17,400
Someone must be responsible and 
let's blame people who are 

4741
04:26:17,400 --> 04:26:19,000
already marginalized in 
different. 

4742
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:24,200
Pogrom swept through Europe, 
especially in Germany or entire 

4743
04:26:24,200 --> 04:26:26,700
Jewish communities. 
Were murdered by Christians 

4744
04:26:26,700 --> 04:26:30,500
convinced that Jews had poisoned
Wells or deliberately spread 

4745
04:26:30,500 --> 04:26:33,600
disease. 
Some authorities, try to protect

4746
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:37,800
Jewish population, recognizing 
the accusations as false. 

4747
04:26:37,800 --> 04:26:40,400
But mob, violence is difficult 
to stop. 

4748
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:45,500
Once started, it was Humanity at
its worst fear and anger 

4749
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:50,300
directed at innocent victims. 
Economic responses revealed how 

4750
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,000
suddenly the basic rules of 
society changed. 

4751
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:56,300
Landlords accustomed to an 
abundance of cheap. 

4752
04:26:56,300 --> 04:26:58,400
Labor now competed for scarce 
workers. 

4753
04:26:59,200 --> 04:27:02,300
Peasants who had previously 
accepted poverty, as divinely 

4754
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:05,300
ordained suddenly demanded 
higher wages and better 

4755
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:07,800
conditions. 
Prices for agricultural. 

4756
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:10,300
Goods Rose. 
While prices for luxury goods 

4757
04:27:10,300 --> 04:27:12,800
fell. 
You can't eat silk or where 

4758
04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:15,400
wheat. 
Governments tried to enforce 

4759
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:19,600
pre-play economic relationships,
through law England, statute of 

4760
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:24,500
laborers in 1351, attempted to 
freeze wages at pre-play levels.

4761
04:27:24,500 --> 04:27:27,700
Forbidding workers from 
demanding more money, despite 

4762
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:31,600
the change of circumstances. 
It was Economic Policy based on 

4763
04:27:31,608 --> 04:27:35,200
wishful, thinking attempting to 
legislate of a supply and 

4764
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,300
demand, and it worked about as 
well as you'd expect, which is 

4765
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:41,300
to say not at all. 
Some people responded to 

4766
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:44,300
catastrophe with what we might 
call existential Hedonism. 

4767
04:27:44,300 --> 04:27:48,400
If death could come at any 
moment, why not enjoy life while

4768
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:51,700
you can? 
Contemporary sources, describing

4769
04:27:51,700 --> 04:27:55,800
priest, gambling, drinking, 
sexual license, and general, 

4770
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:57,700
disregard for traditional 
morality. 

4771
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:02,200
This scandalized religious 
authorities but was probably a 

4772
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:05,000
psychologically, understandable,
response to trauma and 

4773
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:08,200
uncertainty. 
Others became more religious, 

4774
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:12,100
not less interpreting. 
The plague is a call to deeper 

4775
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:14,500
Faith rather than evidence of 
God's absence. 

4776
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:19,300
New religious movements emerged,
emphasizing personal piety, 

4777
04:28:19,300 --> 04:28:24,000
mystical experience and direct 
relationship with the Divine 

4778
04:28:24,000 --> 04:28:28,100
without institutional mediation.
These movements would later 

4779
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:31,100
contribute to religious reforms 
that reshaped Christianity. 

4780
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,200
Artistic responses captured 
something of the period 

4781
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:39,000
psychological state. 
The dance of death Motif became 

4782
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:42,200
popular, showing skeleton 
figures, leading people from all

4783
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,700
social classes to the Grave. 
It was momentum. 

4784
04:28:45,700 --> 04:28:50,000
Memorial art taken to extreme a 
visual reminder that death comes

4785
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:52,300
to everyone regardless of wealth
or status. 

4786
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:57,700
These images have a carb charm 
now but they represented genuine

4787
04:28:57,700 --> 04:29:00,500
attempts to process Collective. 
Trauma through aesthetic 

4788
04:29:00,500 --> 04:29:05,000
expression Literature began to 
Grapple with plague themes, not 

4789
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,300
immediately. 
But in the Years, following the 

4790
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:11,100
worst outbreaks, Picacho to 
Cameron written. 

4791
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:15,100
In the early 1350 frames. 
Its stories as entertainment for

4792
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,500
a group of young florentines who
have fled the city to escape the

4793
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:21,900
plague. 
Stories themselves, mostly avoid

4794
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:25,400
plague themes, but the frame 
narrative captures, the periods,

4795
04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:29,300
atmosphere of fear and the need 
for distraction from horror. 

4796
04:29:30,300 --> 04:29:32,400
What striking about all these 
responses? 

4797
04:29:32,400 --> 04:29:37,300
Medical religious economic and 
cultural is their fundamental 

4798
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:39,800
ineffectiveness against the 
disease itself. 

4799
04:29:39,800 --> 04:29:43,000
Nothing worked. 
Prayers didn't stop. 

4800
04:29:43,000 --> 04:29:45,200
It medicine. 
Could not cure it. 

4801
04:29:46,000 --> 04:29:48,500
Running away. 
Only spread it further killing 

4802
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:50,900
Jews. 
Certainly didn't help and added 

4803
04:29:50,900 --> 04:29:53,600
moral catastrophe to physical 
catastrophe. 

4804
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:57,200
Plague burn through Europe, 
essentially unchecked until it 

4805
04:29:57,200 --> 04:30:00,000
ran out of susceptible hosts 
achieved. 

4806
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:03,200
Some kind of biological 
equilibrium or disappeared for a

4807
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:05,200
reasons. 
No one understood that and 

4808
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:09,500
historians still debate now. 
Humans were spectators to their 

4809
04:30:09,500 --> 04:30:12,900
own catastrophe. 
Trying everything, they could 

4810
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:15,800
think of and discovering that. 
Nothing made any difference. 

4811
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:19,700
This helplessness had profound 
psychological and philosophical 

4812
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:22,900
implications. 
If human wisdom could not 

4813
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:25,600
prevent disaster. 
If God didn't protect the face 

4814
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,600
for if social hierarchies 
offered no safety. 

4815
04:30:28,600 --> 04:30:32,400
What did anything mean? 
These questions wouldn't be 

4816
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:36,500
fully articulated for decades, 
but they began fermenting in the

4817
04:30:36,508 --> 04:30:39,800
minds of survivors who had 
watched their world collapse, 

4818
04:30:39,800 --> 04:30:43,700
despite everyone's best efforts.
The most effective human 

4819
04:30:43,700 --> 04:30:47,500
response was probably the 
simplest communities that cared 

4820
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:50,400
for each other. 
Shared resources, maintained 

4821
04:30:50,400 --> 04:30:54,200
basic functions and helped the 
sick die with dignity. 

4822
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:58,700
These efforts didn't stop the 
plague but they preserved some 

4823
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:01,300
measure of humanity during 
inhumane circumstances. 

4824
04:31:02,600 --> 04:31:05,800
They were small acts of decency 
in the face of overwhelming 

4825
04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:10,400
catastrophe and they mattered. 
The Black Death wasn't a 

4826
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:13,700
European phenomenon. 
It was a Eurasian catastrophe 

4827
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:16,700
that killed Millions across 
three continents though. 

4828
04:31:16,700 --> 04:31:19,700
We know far less about its 
impact outside Europe because 

4829
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,100
European sources are more 
abundant understanding the 

4830
04:31:23,100 --> 04:31:25,100
plagues. 
Global reach helps us, see it 

4831
04:31:25,108 --> 04:31:29,100
not just as a medical event, but
as a fundamental disruption of 

4832
04:31:29,100 --> 04:31:33,800
the Medieval World System, In 
China, the plague of likely been

4833
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:37,700
endemic for centuries in remote 
province's maintained in rodent 

4834
04:31:37,700 --> 04:31:40,600
population's without causing 
major human outbreaks. 

4835
04:31:41,500 --> 04:31:44,800
Something changed in the early 
14th century, possibly 

4836
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:49,000
environmental shifts, possibly 
human disturbance of ecosystems,

4837
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:53,000
possibly just bad luck and the 
disease spread into human 

4838
04:31:53,000 --> 04:31:55,300
populations with devastating 
effect. 

4839
04:31:55,300 --> 04:31:59,800
The Yuan Dynasty established by 
the Mongol conquests was already

4840
04:31:59,800 --> 04:32:02,500
showing signs of strain by the 
1330s. 

4841
04:32:03,400 --> 04:32:06,800
Played added to existing 
problems of corruption, natural 

4842
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:10,400
disasters, and ethnic tensions 
between Mongol rulers and 

4843
04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:14,000
Chinese subjects. 
Population estimates are 

4844
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:18,000
uncertain and contentious. 
China's population, probably 

4845
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:23,600
declined by millions between 
1330 and 1370 with plague as one

4846
04:32:23,600 --> 04:32:29,100
of several contributing factors.
the claps of the end in 1368 and

4847
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:32,400
the establishment of the Ming 
Dynasty happened against this 

4848
04:32:32,400 --> 04:32:36,000
backdrop of demographic 
catastrophe, The new rulers 

4849
04:32:36,000 --> 04:32:37,400
faced the challenge of 
governing. 

4850
04:32:37,400 --> 04:32:40,200
A deep populated Empire. 
Reorganizing. 

4851
04:32:40,200 --> 04:32:43,000
Agricultural production and 
rebuilding infrastructure. 

4852
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:47,300
Their success in these efforts 
helped establish the Ming as one

4853
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:49,200
of China's. 
Most successful dentists. 

4854
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:52,800
Though, the population would not
fully recover to pre-plague 

4855
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:56,600
levels for at least a century. 
The Middle East experience, the 

4856
04:32:56,600 --> 04:33:01,600
plague with particular severity 
Egypt, which depended on a 

4857
04:33:01,600 --> 04:33:05,099
sophisticated irrigation system 
for agriculture saw. 

4858
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,599
That system. 
Begin to break down as plague 

4859
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:09,099
killed the workers, who 
maintained it. 

4860
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:13,000
Contemporary Chronicles describe
scenes, similar to those in 

4861
04:33:13,000 --> 04:33:17,300
Europe, Mass death, social 
disruption and economic 

4862
04:33:17,300 --> 04:33:20,000
collapse. 
The mamluk sultanate, which 

4863
04:33:20,000 --> 04:33:23,700
controlled Egypt and Syria? 
Never fully recovered from the 

4864
04:33:23,700 --> 04:33:27,800
plagues demographic impact. its 
military power based on 

4865
04:33:27,800 --> 04:33:31,800
importing slave soldiers from 
Central Asia weakened as plague 

4866
04:33:31,800 --> 04:33:36,099
disrupted those supply routes 
its economic Prosperity, based 

4867
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:38,900
on controling East West, Trade 
diminished, as that trade, 

4868
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:43,000
contracted in the plague's 
aftermath Persia and Mesopotamia

4869
04:33:43,000 --> 04:33:46,099
cities that have been major 
Trade Centers, suffered 

4870
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:47,200
population. 
Collapses. 

4871
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:49,700
That permanently altered 
Regional Power Balance is 

4872
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:53,900
Baghdad, which had already been 
devastated by Mongol conquest, 

4873
04:33:53,900 --> 04:33:58,099
in 1258 experience further 
declined during the plague 

4874
04:33:58,099 --> 04:34:01,000
years. 
The intricate irrigation systems

4875
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:04,300
that has sustained Mesopotamian 
agriculture for Millennia 

4876
04:34:04,300 --> 04:34:08,200
continued deteriorating, never 
to fully recover. 

4877
04:34:09,300 --> 04:34:12,500
India's experience with the 
plague is poorly documented but 

4878
04:34:12,500 --> 04:34:15,300
appears to have been somewhat 
less severe than in Europe or 

4879
04:34:15,300 --> 04:34:17,800
the Middle East. 
This might reflect better 

4880
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:22,000
Healthcare infrastructure, 
different climatic conditions or

4881
04:34:22,000 --> 04:34:24,099
simply different patterns of 
human settlement. 

4882
04:34:24,099 --> 04:34:27,599
That may transmission more 
difficult. or it might reflect 

4883
04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:31,900
gaps in historical records 
rather than actual differences 

4884
04:34:31,900 --> 04:34:36,500
in mortality, North Africa, 
integrated into Mediterranean 

4885
04:34:36,500 --> 04:34:40,300
trade networks experience, 
mortality comparable to southern

4886
04:34:40,300 --> 04:34:43,000
Europe. 
This has long term consequences 

4887
04:34:43,000 --> 04:34:47,099
for trans-saharan trade for 
relationships between nomadic 

4888
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:50,700
and settle populations. 
And for Islamic civilization 

4889
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:55,200
more broadly the great medieval 
Islamic synthesis of Greek 

4890
04:34:55,200 --> 04:34:59,400
philosophy, Persian wisdom and 
Arabic scholarship had already 

4891
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:03,599
passed its peak before the 
plague afterward, intellectual 

4892
04:35:03,599 --> 04:35:07,700
life contracted further, 
Sub-Saharan Africa's experience 

4893
04:35:07,700 --> 04:35:10,700
remains largely unknown due to 
limited written records. 

4894
04:35:11,599 --> 04:35:14,000
The plague probably didn't 
penetrate far beyond North 

4895
04:35:14,000 --> 04:35:17,800
African coastal regions. 
The trade disruptions rippled 

4896
04:35:17,800 --> 04:35:20,200
through commercial networks, 
that connected the Mediterranean

4897
04:35:20,200 --> 04:35:24,900
to Gold producing regions father
South The medieval African 

4898
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:28,300
empires, that had prospered from
trans-saharan trade face 

4899
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:30,500
challenges. 
That may have been partly plague

4900
04:35:30,500 --> 04:35:32,800
related though. 
Other factors were certainly 

4901
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,800
involved. 
In Central Asia, where the 

4902
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:38,800
plague likely originated before 
spreading to Europe and East 

4903
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:42,700
Asia, nomadic populations 
experience mortality, that's 

4904
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:47,200
difficult to estimate but was 
probably substantial the Mongol 

4905
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:49,900
successor States that had 
emerged from Genghis. 

4906
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:53,200
Khan's empire were already 
competing for resources and 

4907
04:35:53,200 --> 04:35:56,099
territory, plague weakened all 
of them further. 

4908
04:35:56,099 --> 04:36:00,800
An accelerated political 
fragmentation, The golden horde 

4909
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:03,700
which controlled the Western 
steps suffered particularly 

4910
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:08,099
severe, impacts its Economy 
based on controlling trade 

4911
04:36:08,099 --> 04:36:10,900
between Europe and Asia 
collapsed to that trade 

4912
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:14,700
contracted. 
Its military power dependent on 

4913
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:18,500
mobilizing large numbers of 
nomadic Warriors diminished as 

4914
04:36:18,500 --> 04:36:22,300
population declined. 
By the late 14th century. 

4915
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:25,300
It had fragmented into competing
kannada. 

4916
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:30,200
Setting the stage from musk of 
his eventual expansion, Russia's

4917
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,400
experience Illustrated, how 
plague, affected societies with 

4918
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:35,200
different structures from 
Western Europe. 

4919
04:36:36,099 --> 04:36:40,000
Russian principalities more 
Rural and dispersed than Western

4920
04:36:40,000 --> 04:36:43,300
European cities may have 
experienced somewhat lower 

4921
04:36:43,300 --> 04:36:48,099
mortality rates, but trade 
cities like Norfolk suffered 

4922
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,599
severely and the political 
consolidation that eventually 

4923
04:36:51,599 --> 04:36:55,000
produced the Russian Empire 
happened partly in response to 

4924
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,900
plague era disruptions 
Scandinavia at Europe's. 

4925
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:01,900
Northern periphery experienced 
the plague later than 

4926
04:37:01,900 --> 04:37:06,099
Mediterranean regions but with 
comparable severity, Norse 

4927
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:08,200
expansion which had been ongoing
for centuries. 

4928
04:37:08,200 --> 04:37:13,000
Essentially stopped Iceland 
Greenland and the Faroe Islands 

4929
04:37:13,000 --> 04:37:15,599
experienced population, 
collapses, that permanently 

4930
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:19,500
altered their societies. 
The North Colony in Greenland 

4931
04:37:19,500 --> 04:37:23,200
already struggling with climate 
change disappeared entirely 

4932
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,500
probably finished off by play 
combined with isolation. 

4933
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:29,000
What's striking about the 
plague's? 

4934
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:32,000
Global impact is how it affected
societies very differently 

4935
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:34,500
depending on their existing 
structures. 

4936
04:37:35,400 --> 04:37:39,099
Highly urbanized commercially 
connected regions suffered most 

4937
04:37:39,099 --> 04:37:42,500
because those characteristics 
for facilitated transmission. 

4938
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:48,400
More dispersed, rural societies,
experienced lower mortality but 

4939
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,700
still faced severe disruption to
trade and administration. 

4940
04:37:52,900 --> 04:37:56,000
The plague also demonstrated the
degree to which the Medieval 

4941
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:59,599
World was interconnected. 
He disease that originated 

4942
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:03,400
somewhere in Central Asia, 
spread to Western Europe, North 

4943
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,000
Africa, and East Asia within a 
few years. 

4944
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:09,800
This wasn't an accident, but a 
consequence of the trade, 

4945
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:13,700
networks, Imperial systems and 
population movements that 

4946
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:15,800
characterize the Medieval World 
System. 

4947
04:38:17,400 --> 04:38:20,000
This interconnectedness would 
only increase in subsequent 

4948
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:24,700
centuries making it possible for
diseases ideas Technologies, and

4949
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:28,000
people to move around the world 
with increasing speed. 

4950
04:38:29,800 --> 04:38:33,099
The Black Death was perhaps the 
first truly Global catastrophe. 

4951
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:35,800
Effect affecting multiple 
continents simultaneously. 

4952
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:40,300
It wouldn't be the last the 
immediate aftermath or 

4953
04:38:40,300 --> 04:38:43,599
contraction of these. 
Global networks trade decreased 

4954
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,300
travel became more dangerous and
less frequent. 

4955
04:38:47,300 --> 04:38:50,700
Cosmopolitan world of the early 
14th century, gave away to a 

4956
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:54,900
more isolated localized, porting
Century world. this trend would 

4957
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:58,900
have eventually reverse, but it 
took generation's Different 

4958
04:38:58,900 --> 04:39:01,200
societies interpreted and 
remembered the plague 

4959
04:39:01,200 --> 04:39:05,300
differently Europeans understood
it primarily in religious terms,

4960
04:39:05,300 --> 04:39:08,400
there's Divine punishment, 
requiring a spiritual response. 

4961
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:12,200
Middle Eastern sources, also 
emphasized religious 

4962
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:15,200
interpretation. 
But with more practical, focus 

4963
04:39:15,200 --> 04:39:18,000
on public health, measures 
derive from Islamic legal 

4964
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:22,099
traditions, Chinese sources 
treated it as one of several 

4965
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:27,099
concurrent disasters, famine 
flood political chaos, that 

4966
04:39:27,099 --> 04:39:29,200
collectively explained, dynastic
transition. 

4967
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:33,200
These different interpretations,
reflected different cultural 

4968
04:39:33,200 --> 04:39:37,800
Frameworks, but they all shared 
a Common Thread, the recognition

4969
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:42,400
that the world had fundamentally
changed. the plague was not just

4970
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:46,200
an epidemic but a watershed 
moment that divided history in 

4971
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:49,700
to before and after People who 
lived through it. 

4972
04:39:49,700 --> 04:39:52,600
Understood instinctively that 
they were experiencing something

4973
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,200
that would reshape human 
civilization. 

4974
04:39:56,900 --> 04:40:01,200
Plague didn't end suddenly, it 
faded gradually like a storm 

4975
04:40:01,200 --> 04:40:04,200
that passes over the horizon 
rather than stopping all at 

4976
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,800
once. 
By 1353, the worst was over in 

4977
04:40:07,800 --> 04:40:10,700
most of Europe, though. 
Local outbreaks, continued for 

4978
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:14,200
decades and the disease would 
return periodically for the next

4979
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:17,900
four centuries. 
Survivors began the slow 

4980
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:21,800
difficult process of rebuilding 
a world that had been shattered.

4981
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:29,200
Imagine being a survivor in 1355
after the plague first arrived 

4982
04:40:29,200 --> 04:40:31,900
in your region. 
Enough time has passed that. 

4983
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,200
The initial shock has worn off. 
But not enough that you've 

4984
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,500
forgotten what was lost. 
Your maps in your thirties, 

4985
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:42,100
which makes you middle-aged by 
medieval standards but young 

4986
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:45,800
enough to rebuild. 
The question is, what kind of 

4987
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:50,000
world Do you want to build? 
The first challenge was purely 

4988
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:52,800
practical. 
Fields needed planting 

4989
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:55,900
buildings. 
Needed repair trade routes 

4990
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,500
needed re-establishing. 
Life's basic functions had to 

4991
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:01,700
resume before. 
Anyone could think about larger 

4992
04:41:01,700 --> 04:41:04,700
questions. 
Survivors through themselves 

4993
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:08,300
into the work with a kind of 
manic, energy, partly from 

4994
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:11,900
necessity partly from the 
psychological need to do 

4995
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:15,500
something anything after years 
of helpless watching. 

4996
04:41:16,600 --> 04:41:20,100
Agricultural recovery happened 
faster in summer regions than 

4997
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:24,400
others areas with good land and 
surviving populations rebounded 

4998
04:41:24,400 --> 04:41:27,500
relatively quickly. 
Marginal land that had been 

4999
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:30,300
cultivated during the 
population, boom of the 12th and

5000
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:32,300
13th. 
Centuries was simply abandoned 

5001
04:41:32,300 --> 04:41:38,200
reverting to Forest or pasture. 
this wasn't necessarily bad, it 

5002
04:41:38,200 --> 04:41:41,200
meant the remaining population 
could focus on the best land 

5003
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:45,300
actually improving agricultural 
productivity per capita even as 

5004
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:49,600
total production declined, The 
labor shortage that had begun 

5005
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:51,900
during the plague years became a
permanent feature of the 

5006
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:55,400
post-play economy. 
Workers understanding their 

5007
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:59,400
Newfound bargaining power, 
demanded and often received 

5008
04:41:59,400 --> 04:42:03,200
better wages shorter hours and 
improved conditions. 

5009
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,300
Landowners who couldn't attract 
workers had to offer tenancy 

5010
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:09,200
agreements. 
That were far more favorable to 

5011
04:42:09,200 --> 04:42:12,600
peasants than the exploitative 
arrangements common before the 

5012
04:42:12,600 --> 04:42:15,600
plague. 
This shift occurred despite 

5013
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:18,200
vigorous opposition from 
traditional authorities, 

5014
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:22,400
legislation attempted to freeze 
wages and restrict worker 

5015
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:24,900
Mobility. 
But economic reality, proved 

5016
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,800
stronger than law. 
You can pass all the wage 

5017
04:42:27,800 --> 04:42:30,900
controls you want, but if there 
aren't enough workers to harvest

5018
04:42:30,900 --> 04:42:34,300
the crops you either pay what 
the market demands or watch your

5019
04:42:34,300 --> 04:42:39,000
grain rot in the fields. 
The social implications rippled 

5020
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:41,200
outward. 
Peasants, who had always 

5021
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:44,700
accepted their subordinate 
position began questioning, why 

5022
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:47,800
God supposed hierarchy, placed 
them at the bottom. 

5023
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:51,500
If Nobles couldn't protect them 
from plague. 

5024
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:54,200
What Justified Noble, 
privileges. 

5025
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:57,300
Churches, prayers, hadn't 
stopped the disease. 

5026
04:42:57,300 --> 04:43:01,300
Why should priests receive 
tithes and deference These 

5027
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,300
questions wouldn't immediately 
produce Revolution, but they 

5028
04:43:04,300 --> 04:43:07,400
planted seeds of doubt that 
would flower in subsequent 

5029
04:43:07,400 --> 04:43:10,500
Generations. 
The Peasants Revolt in England 

5030
04:43:10,500 --> 04:43:14,100
in 1381 though. 
It failed demonstrated. 

5031
04:43:14,100 --> 04:43:16,900
That traditional hierarchies 
were no longer simply accepted 

5032
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:20,700
as natural and inevitable. 
The social contract had been 

5033
04:43:20,708 --> 04:43:22,800
renegotiated through 
catastrophe. 

5034
04:43:22,800 --> 04:43:27,800
Urban Revival took, different 
forms and Rural recovery some 

5035
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:30,100
cities. 
Rebounded, quickly, their 

5036
04:43:30,100 --> 04:43:32,900
commercial advantages, proving 
more important than population 

5037
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:35,500
loss. 
Others never recovered, their 

5038
04:43:35,500 --> 04:43:39,300
pre-plague prosperity, their 
former Vitality transferred to 

5039
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:43,000
rival cities, better positioned 
for post-play economic reality. 

5040
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:47,900
What's fascinating is how 
quickly human Ingenuity adapted 

5041
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:51,000
to new circumstances? 
faced with labor, shortages 

5042
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:55,700
people developed, labor-saving 
Technologies, watermills and 

5043
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:59,600
windmills which had existed 
before the plague proliferated 

5044
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:03,900
afterward Mechanical devices for
textile production, became more 

5045
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:06,500
common. 
It was as if losing so many 

5046
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:09,500
people forced the survivors to 
think more carefully about 

5047
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:15,200
efficiency and productivity. 
trade networks, which had 

5048
04:44:15,200 --> 04:44:18,600
contracted during the play 
years, gradually re-established 

5049
04:44:18,600 --> 04:44:22,800
themselves, but with altered 
patterns, Some trade routes that

5050
04:44:22,800 --> 04:44:25,300
had been primary before the 
plague became secondary. 

5051
04:44:26,000 --> 04:44:29,300
New commercial centers emerged. 
While old ones declined. 

5052
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,500
Venice and Genoa, remained 
important, but cities, like 

5053
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:35,600
Amsterdam began their rise to 
prominence. 

5054
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:39,200
Positioning themselves to 
dominate Commerce in ways that 

5055
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:43,300
would fully emerge in subsequent
centuries Banking and finance of

5056
04:44:43,300 --> 04:44:46,800
old to meet change 
circumstances, the great banking

5057
04:44:46,800 --> 04:44:50,800
families, the medicis, the 
fuggers, and others built 

5058
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:54,200
fortunes by adapting Financial 
techniques to post plague 

5059
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:57,200
economic realities. 
Credit became more sophisticated

5060
04:44:57,200 --> 04:45:01,800
Insurance developed to manage 
the risks of long-distance trade

5061
04:45:01,800 --> 04:45:06,500
in a still dangerous world. 
The tools of capitalism which 

5062
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:08,100
had been emerging before the 
plague. 

5063
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:12,100
Accelerated, their development 
afterward, cultural and 

5064
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:14,400
intellectual life recovered with
surprising vigor. 

5065
04:45:15,100 --> 04:45:18,700
The generation that came of age.
After the worst outbreaks seemed

5066
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:22,500
to determined to celebrate life 
Beauty and human achievement. 

5067
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:26,200
The Italian Renaissance which 
would be stirring before the 

5068
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:31,500
plague accelerated afterward. 
Artists began painting with new 

5069
04:45:31,500 --> 04:45:35,900
realism and emotional depth. 
Architects designed buildings, 

5070
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:39,600
that emphasized, human 
proportion and classical ideals 

5071
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:44,200
writers explored, secular themes
with an enthusiasm that would 

5072
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:46,800
have seemed somewhat suspect in 
more Pious times. 

5073
04:45:47,600 --> 04:45:50,400
This cultural flowering wasn't a
rejection of religion. 

5074
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:55,000
Medieval people remain deeply 
religious but it represented a 

5075
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:59,800
rebalancing, a determination to 
celebrate Earthly life alongside

5076
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:04,000
preparing for the afterlife. 
It was, as if having seen how 

5077
04:46:04,000 --> 04:46:06,600
quickly life could end. 
People wanted to make the most 

5078
04:46:06,600 --> 04:46:10,100
of it while they had it. 
Education, rebounded, as 

5079
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:12,400
survivors, recognized that 
knowledge loss, during the 

5080
04:46:12,400 --> 04:46:16,200
plague needed to be preserved 
and transmitted University's 

5081
04:46:16,200 --> 04:46:19,900
that had closed reopened new 
universities were founded. 

5082
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:25,700
The printing press invented in 
the mid-15th century made books,

5083
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,500
affordable and accelerated. 
The spread of learning in ways 

5084
04:46:29,500 --> 04:46:32,600
that would have been impossible 
in a purely manuscript culture. 

5085
04:46:33,700 --> 04:46:36,600
The psychological recovery took 
longer than the economic, or 

5086
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:39,900
cultural recovery. 
Survivors carried, trauma that 

5087
04:46:39,908 --> 04:46:44,300
expressed itself in subtle ways.
Popular culture became somewhat 

5088
04:46:44,300 --> 04:46:49,100
darker more preoccupied with 
death and judgment. the cheerful

5089
04:46:49,100 --> 04:46:52,500
optimism of the 13th century 
gave way to a more sober 

5090
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:58,300
sometimes cynical 14th and 15th 
century Sensibility But humans 

5091
04:46:58,300 --> 04:47:02,400
are remarkably resilient within 
a generation children, were 

5092
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:05,500
being born who had no memory of 
the plague years to them. 

5093
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:09,300
The post plague world was simply
the world not a recovery from 

5094
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:13,300
catastrophe. 
They took for granted conditions

5095
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:16,900
that their grandparents were 
found revolutionary higher wages

5096
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:20,000
more mobility and greater social
fluidity. 

5097
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,800
Religious life, underwent 
complex transformation, the 

5098
04:47:24,800 --> 04:47:28,700
institutional Church emerged 
weakened from the play Gears its

5099
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:32,000
moral Authority questioned. 
Its practical Effectiveness 

5100
04:47:32,000 --> 04:47:34,600
doubted. 
This didn't mean people became 

5101
04:47:34,600 --> 04:47:37,600
less religious, but it did mean 
they became more willing to 

5102
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,300
question Church teachings and 
sequel, turnip forms of 

5103
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:44,000
religious expression. 
Mysticism. 

5104
04:47:44,000 --> 04:47:47,300
Flourished, as people sought 
direct experience of the Divine 

5105
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:52,000
without institutional mediation.
New religious orders emphasized 

5106
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:54,800
poverty, Simplicity and service 
to the poor. 

5107
04:47:55,500 --> 04:47:58,500
Partly in reaction to the wealth
and Corruption that had made. 

5108
04:47:58,508 --> 04:48:01,000
The church seem ineffective 
during the plague. 

5109
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:04,800
These movements would eventually
contribute to the Protestant 

5110
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:08,200
Reformation though that was 
still more than a century away. 

5111
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:14,100
Women's lives changed and 
complex ways the labor shortage,

5112
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:16,900
created opportunities for women 
to work in occupations, 

5113
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:21,000
previously closed to them. 
Widows who were numerous after 

5114
04:48:21,000 --> 04:48:25,000
the plague, sometimes Inherited,
property and businesses, giving 

5115
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:28,000
them economic independence rare 
in medieval Society. 

5116
04:48:29,400 --> 04:48:32,100
This didn't produce anything 
like gender equality by modern 

5117
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:35,900
standards, but it did crack open
possibilities that hadn't 

5118
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:39,200
existed before. 
Family, structures evolved as 

5119
04:48:39,208 --> 04:48:41,500
well. 
With so many deaths. 

5120
04:48:41,500 --> 04:48:45,000
The extended family networks 
that had characterized medieval 

5121
04:48:45,000 --> 04:48:49,400
life became fragmented. 
Nuclear families, parents and 

5122
04:48:49,400 --> 04:48:52,000
children. 
We came more Central to social 

5123
04:48:52,000 --> 04:48:56,000
organization. 
This shift like so many player 

5124
04:48:56,000 --> 04:48:58,200
changes. 
Wouldn't reach full expression 

5125
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,800
for centuries but it began in 
the decades following the 

5126
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:05,200
catastrophe. 
The return of Life wasn't a 

5127
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:08,200
return to what had been before. 
It was the emergence of 

5128
04:49:08,208 --> 04:49:12,400
something new built on Plague 
era ruins but oriented toward 

5129
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:16,000
different Futures survivors and 
their children were creating the

5130
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:19,000
late medieval world that would 
eventually transition into the 

5131
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:22,400
early modern world and they were
doing so in way shaped 

5132
04:49:22,400 --> 04:49:25,200
fundamentally by their 
experience of catastrophe. 

5133
04:49:26,300 --> 04:49:31,200
By 1400 about 50 years after the
worst of the plague Europe had 

5134
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:34,900
stabilized at new lower 
population level. life as 

5135
04:49:34,900 --> 04:49:38,000
materially better, for many 
survivors, they ate more meat 

5136
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:42,000
lived in less crowded conditions
and had more negotiating power 

5137
04:49:42,000 --> 04:49:47,400
with employers and landlords but
the cycle scars remained visible

5138
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:51,000
in art literature and popular 
culture that couldn't quite 

5139
04:49:51,000 --> 04:49:55,100
forget what had been lost. 
As you sit here now centuries 

5140
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:57,900
removed from the Black Death 
sipping, your tea and enjoying 

5141
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:01,800
the security of modern medicine.
You might wonder what possible 

5142
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:05,100
relevance of medieval pandemic 
could have to your life the 

5143
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,000
answer. 
It turns out is more than you 

5144
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:09,700
might think the world. 
You inhabit was shaped in 

5145
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:14,200
fundamental Ways by the plague 
in its aftermath Not directly 

5146
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:18,400
you're not living with Bubonic 
plague but in directly through 

5147
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:22,600
chains of causation that stretch
across centuries, Let Me Trace 

5148
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,400
some of these connections and 
you'll see how that 14th century

5149
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:28,300
catastrophe. 
Still echoes in the 21st 

5150
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:30,100
century. 
Start with something. 

5151
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:34,500
Basic your economic 
expectations, the idea that 

5152
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:38,400
workers deserve Fair wages that 
labor has value, that must be 

5153
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:41,900
respected, and that you can 
negotiate with employers from a 

5154
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:45,200
position of a relative strength.
These Concepts have deep roots 

5155
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:49,500
in the post-play labor shortage.
Before the Black Death labor was

5156
04:50:49,500 --> 04:50:54,200
abundant and cheap afterward. 
It was scarce and valuable which

5157
04:50:54,200 --> 04:50:57,000
fundamentally altered the 
relationship between workers and

5158
04:50:57,000 --> 04:50:59,300
employers. 
This shift didn't happen 

5159
04:50:59,300 --> 04:51:02,900
overnight or without resistance,
but it began a process that 

5160
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:07,400
eventually produced modern labor
rights, minimum wage laws, and 

5161
04:51:07,400 --> 04:51:10,400
the expectation that work should
provide a decent standard of 

5162
04:51:10,400 --> 04:51:12,900
living. 
The direct line from The 14th 

5163
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:15,900
Century to your paycheck isn't 
obvious, but it exists. 

5164
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:18,100
The medical Legacy is more 
visible. 

5165
04:51:19,000 --> 04:51:22,000
The plague forced medieval 
Society to develop Public Health

5166
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:25,500
institutions hospitals, 
quarantine systems and health 

5167
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:29,100
boards with authority to enforce
measures during epidemics. 

5168
04:51:29,800 --> 04:51:32,800
These institutions evolved over 
centuries in to the public 

5169
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:35,800
health infrastructure. 
You now take for granted when 

5170
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:38,600
you get vaccinated when 
restaurants undergo Health 

5171
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,600
inspections and when disease 
outbreaks are tracked and 

5172
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:45,300
contained your benefiting from 
systems whose Roots Trace back 

5173
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:50,600
to play gear in the Innovations.
Modern epidemiology the science 

5174
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:54,500
of how diseases spread through 
populations emerged directly 

5175
04:51:54,500 --> 04:51:56,400
from attempts to understand the 
plague. 

5176
04:51:57,100 --> 04:52:01,000
Early epidemiologists in the 
16th and 17th centuries, studied

5177
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,000
plague patterns, trying to 
discern rules, governing 

5178
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:07,200
transmission. 
Their work laid, the groundwork 

5179
04:52:07,200 --> 04:52:10,000
for the scientific study of 
infectious disease. 

5180
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:14,500
That eventually produced 
vaccines antibiotics and the 

5181
04:52:14,500 --> 04:52:17,200
medical Revolution that makes 
your life expectancy. 

5182
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:19,900
Roughly twice what a medieval 
person could expect. 

5183
04:52:21,000 --> 04:52:24,900
The cultural Legacy is subtler 
but equally profound the 

5184
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:28,000
Renaissance which transformed 
European art literature 

5185
04:52:28,000 --> 04:52:31,700
philosophy and science happened 
partly because the plague 

5186
04:52:31,700 --> 04:52:35,900
disrupted traditional Authority 
structures and created space for

5187
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:39,100
new thinking. 
When you visit an art museum and

5188
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:42,900
admire Renaissance painting's 
you're looking at work, created 

5189
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:46,100
in a post plague World by 
artists who thought differently 

5190
04:52:46,100 --> 04:52:49,800
about Humanity Beauty and 
knowledge because the 

5191
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,400
catastrophe had shaken 
traditional certain teas. 

5192
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:56,300
The printing press invented 
about a century after the 

5193
04:52:56,300 --> 04:53:00,100
plague's first wave succeeded 
partly because post-play Europe 

5194
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:03,300
was ready for new technologies 
that could preserve and spread 

5195
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:05,600
knowledge more efficiently than 
manuscript culture. 

5196
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:09,400
The knowledge economy that 
eventually produced the 

5197
04:53:09,408 --> 04:53:13,000
Scientific Revolution, the 
Enlightenment, and the modern 

5198
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:15,900
world, you inhabit required 
Technologies for sharing 

5199
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,600
information. 
The plague created conditions 

5200
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:22,500
that made people receptive to 
such Technologies political 

5201
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:25,500
transformations in the wake of 
the play, contributed to the 

5202
04:53:25,500 --> 04:53:28,900
development of nation states, 
centralized governments and 

5203
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:31,000
eventually Democratic 
institutions. 

5204
04:53:32,000 --> 04:53:35,000
Feudal system already showing 
strain before the plague 

5205
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,500
collapsed afterward as labor 
shortages and social Mobility 

5206
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:40,500
undermined traditional 
hierarchies. 

5207
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:43,600
The absolute monarchies that 
replaced feudalism. 

5208
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:46,800
Eventually gave way to 
constitutional governments and 

5209
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:50,400
democracies but the process 
began with play gear or 

5210
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:54,600
disruption religious 
Transformations matter to The 

5211
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,600
Protestant Reformation, which 
split Christianity and redefine.

5212
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:01,000
The relationship between 
individuals and religious 

5213
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:04,800
institutions happened, partly, 
because the plague had weaken 

5214
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:08,200
the Catholic churches, Authority
and encourage people to seek 

5215
04:54:08,200 --> 04:54:12,700
direct religious experience. 
The religious pluralism you. 

5216
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:16,600
Now enjoy the separation of 
church and state, and the idea 

5217
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:20,200
that individuals should follow 
their own conscience, these 

5218
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:24,000
Concepts have roots and post 
play religious firmament. even 

5219
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:27,200
something as abstract as the 
concept of progress, reflects 

5220
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:31,000
plague in fluence Medieval 
people generally thought the 

5221
04:54:31,000 --> 04:54:34,200
world was in Decline. 
Falling away from a golden age. 

5222
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:37,400
The catastrophe of the plague 
seemed to confirm this 

5223
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:41,800
pessimism. 
But the subsequent recovery, the

5224
04:54:41,800 --> 04:54:44,400
material, improvements in 
survivors lives, and the 

5225
04:54:44,400 --> 04:54:46,300
cultural flowering of the 
Renaissance. 

5226
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:49,700
All of this suggested that maybe
things could get better. 

5227
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:52,600
That human effort could improve 
circumstances. 

5228
04:54:52,600 --> 04:54:57,400
This idea that the future might 
be better than the past that 

5229
04:54:57,400 --> 04:54:59,500
human Ingenuity consult 
problems. 

5230
04:54:59,500 --> 04:55:03,400
That progress is possible. 
Became a foundational Assumption

5231
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:07,600
of modern Western culture. 
It's so deeply embedded in your 

5232
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:10,600
worldview that you probably 
don't even notice it, but it 

5233
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,600
would have been alien to people 
before the plague demonstrated 

5234
04:55:13,600 --> 04:55:17,300
that societies could survive. 
Catastrophe and emerged, 

5235
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:20,900
transformed. 
The black death or so provides 

5236
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:22,600
perspective on more recent 
events. 

5237
04:55:23,500 --> 04:55:27,300
Covid-19 pandemic which you live
through killed Millions 

5238
04:55:27,300 --> 04:55:30,000
worldwide and disrupted life. 
In ways that seemed 

5239
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:33,000
unprecedented. 
But compared to the black death,

5240
04:55:33,000 --> 04:55:37,200
which killed perhaps half the 
population and disrupted every 

5241
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:38,900
aspect of society for 
Generations. 

5242
04:55:40,100 --> 04:55:44,000
Covid was almost mild. 
This isn't to minimize covid's 

5243
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,500
impact, every death matters 
every disruption causes 

5244
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:51,800
suffering but to recognize that 
Humanity has survived worse and 

5245
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:54,400
rebuilt. 
The resilience that carried 

5246
04:55:54,400 --> 04:55:57,200
medieval people through the play
years is the same resilience 

5247
04:55:57,200 --> 04:55:59,400
that helps you navigate 
contemporary challenges. 

5248
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,700
The plague also offers lessons 
about how societies respond to 

5249
04:56:03,700 --> 04:56:06,800
crisis. 
The scapegoating of Jews during 

5250
04:56:06,800 --> 04:56:10,200
the Black Death parallels. 
Modern Tendencies to blame 

5251
04:56:10,200 --> 04:56:14,200
minority groups for problems. 
They didn't cause the spread of 

5252
04:56:14,208 --> 04:56:18,400
misinformation about the plagues
Origins and cures resembles 

5253
04:56:18,400 --> 04:56:21,000
contemporary struggles with 
medical misinformation. 

5254
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:25,500
The tension between individual 
liberty and public health 

5255
04:56:25,500 --> 04:56:29,600
measures that you saw during 
covid echoed similar tensions. 

5256
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:33,500
During historical plague 
outbreaks, medieval people face,

5257
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,600
these dilemmas without benefit 
of scientific knowledge or 

5258
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,600
Democratic institutions, which 
makes their struggles 

5259
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:42,200
simultaneously, more tragic and 
more instructive. 

5260
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:45,700
They did the best they could 
with what they knew, which is 

5261
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:50,200
all anyone can do. recognizing 
this connect you to those long 

5262
04:56:50,200 --> 04:56:55,300
dead, ancestors making, their 
experience feel less remote The 

5263
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:59,200
environmental Legacy deserves 
mention too, the post-plague 

5264
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:02,600
population, decline meant 
forests regroup, Wildlife, 

5265
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:06,000
populations recovered and human 
pressure on ecosystems 

5266
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:08,400
decreased. 
This wasn't planned 

5267
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:10,800
conservation, it was an 
accidental consequence of 

5268
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:14,400
demographic catastrophe. 
But it demonstrated that human 

5269
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:16,700
impact on the environment could 
be reversed. 

5270
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:20,400
The forests you enjoy today in 
Europe, partly, descend from 

5271
04:57:20,408 --> 04:57:23,300
trees that grew back after 
plague era, agricultural 

5272
04:57:23,300 --> 04:57:27,000
contraction Demographically, the
plagues impact lost for 

5273
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:29,900
centuries. 
Europe's population didn't fully

5274
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:34,000
recover to pre-play levels until
the 16th century and in some 

5275
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:37,700
regions it took even longer this
prolonged depression of 

5276
04:57:37,700 --> 04:57:40,400
population numbers meant that, 
when European expansion 

5277
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,900
accelerated in the Age of 
Exploration, it happened with 

5278
04:57:43,900 --> 04:57:48,000
population, still recovering 
from medieval catastrophe, The 

5279
04:57:48,000 --> 04:57:50,600
wealth concentration that 
occurred during the plague years

5280
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:54,300
with survivors inheriting from 
multiple deceased, relatives 

5281
04:57:54,300 --> 04:57:58,800
helped finance, the expense of 
Voyages of exploration that 

5282
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,000
eventually connected all human 
population and created the 

5283
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:06,700
globalized world, you inhabit. 
Columbus's Voyage was financed 

5284
04:58:06,700 --> 04:58:10,600
partly by wealth accumulated in 
the aftermath of demographic 

5285
04:58:10,600 --> 04:58:13,800
catastrophe. 
Thinking about the plague also 

5286
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:15,500
offers philosophical 
perspective. 

5287
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:19,300
Those medieval people who died, 
thought their concerns were 

5288
04:58:19,300 --> 04:58:22,900
monumentally important. 
Political disputes, business 

5289
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:24,900
dealings, and personal 
grievances. 

5290
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:29,100
All seemed vitally significant, 
then plague arrived and 

5291
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:31,000
demonstrated that from a cosmic 
perspective. 

5292
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:33,600
Human concerns are fragile and 
temporary. 

5293
04:58:33,600 --> 04:58:38,200
This isn't depressing so much as
liberating if medieval people, 

5294
04:58:38,200 --> 04:58:40,200
seemingly all important problems
now. 

5295
04:58:40,200 --> 04:58:43,800
Seem quaint and irrelevant. 
Probably your current anxieties 

5296
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:46,100
will seem equally trivial in a 
few centuries. 

5297
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:49,600
This doesn't mean nothing 
matters, but it does suggest 

5298
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,200
that maintaining perspective 
about what truly matters, 

5299
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:59,000
relationships experiences, human
connection is valuable The 

5300
04:58:59,000 --> 04:59:02,000
plague reminds us that 
catastrophe is possible that the

5301
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:04,800
world can change in ways, we 
can't predict or control. 

5302
04:59:04,800 --> 04:59:07,500
And that security is always 
provisional. 

5303
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:12,500
But it also reminds us that 
humans are remarkably resilient.

5304
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:16,700
That Society can rebuild after 
even the worst disasters. 

5305
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:20,500
And that life, persists and 
often finds new forms more 

5306
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:25,000
adapted to change circumstances.
Medieval people didn't know, 

5307
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:26,300
they were living through the 
transition. 

5308
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:28,900
From the medieval to the early 
modern world. 

5309
04:59:28,900 --> 04:59:32,800
They just knew their world had 
changed and they had to adapt. 

5310
04:59:33,800 --> 04:59:37,000
Your living through your own 
historical transition toward 

5311
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:38,800
what? 
No one knows yet and you're 

5312
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:41,600
adapting too. 
Using the same basic human 

5313
04:59:41,600 --> 04:59:44,000
capacities, that carried people 
through the plague years. 

5314
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:46,900
As you prepare to drift into 
sleep. 

5315
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,700
Let your mind rest on this final
thought. 

5316
04:59:50,600 --> 04:59:54,600
The black death for all its 
horror was not an ending, but a 

5317
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:57,000
transformation. 
Destroyed a world. 

5318
04:59:57,000 --> 04:59:59,800
Yes. 
But in doing so, it created 

5319
04:59:59,800 --> 05:00:04,000
space for new ways of thinking, 
living, and organizing Society. 

5320
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:08,000
The Medieval World that existed 
before the plague was already 

5321
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:11,400
showing strains. 
Population had been growing for 

5322
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,600
centuries pressing against the 
limits of agricultural 

5323
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:18,200
technology. 
Social hierarchies had calcified

5324
05:00:18,200 --> 05:00:21,000
into forms that seemed 
increasingly arbitrary and 

5325
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:24,200
unjust. 
Church at accumulated wealth and

5326
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:26,900
power that Satan easily with its
spiritual mission. 

5327
05:00:27,700 --> 05:00:30,300
Trade networks had grown 
complex, but fragile. 

5328
05:00:31,100 --> 05:00:33,600
The plague shattered these 
structures not through intention

5329
05:00:33,600 --> 05:00:37,200
but through indifference. 
Disease doesn't care about 

5330
05:00:37,200 --> 05:00:42,300
social hierarchies or economic 
systems, it simply spreads kills

5331
05:00:42,300 --> 05:00:46,000
and moves on. 
This varying difference, made it

5332
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,500
an equal opportunity, 
catastrophe that affected 

5333
05:00:48,500 --> 05:00:52,800
everyone regardless of status. 
What emerged from the ruins was 

5334
05:00:52,800 --> 05:00:55,900
a world that while still unjust 
and difficult by modern 

5335
05:00:55,900 --> 05:01:00,100
standards, was materially 
better, for many survivors, they

5336
05:01:00,100 --> 05:01:04,200
worked less 8 better and had 
more choices about their lives. 

5337
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:08,800
The plague had inadvertently 
redistributed wealth, shifted 

5338
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:12,200
power, balances and created 
opportunities, that, hadn't 

5339
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:15,700
existed before. 
This doesn't justify the 

5340
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:19,400
catastrophe, millions of deaths,
can't be justified by any 

5341
05:01:19,400 --> 05:01:23,600
subsequent improvements. but it 
does illustrate how historical 

5342
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:27,600
change often emerges from 
unexpected places, how 

5343
05:01:27,600 --> 05:01:31,500
catastrophe can inadvertently 
produce transformation that 

5344
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:35,100
deliberate reform couldn't 
achieve The survivors who 

5345
05:01:35,100 --> 05:01:38,600
rebuilt, medieval Europe, 
weren't heroes or villains, just

5346
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:40,800
people trying to make the best 
of terrible circumstances. 

5347
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:45,900
They grieve their losses and 
adapted to new realities and 

5348
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:48,500
gradually constructed. 
A world that worked differently 

5349
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:49,700
than the one. 
They'd lost. 

5350
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:53,300
The pragmatism and resilience 
deserve recognition. 

5351
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:59,300
Quiet that settled over Europe. 
In 1348 to 1349 was the sound of

5352
05:01:59,308 --> 05:02:03,500
a world ending. 
But endings contained Beginnings

5353
05:02:03,500 --> 05:02:07,700
in the emptied Villages and 
Silent cities in the abandoned 

5354
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:11,400
fields and shattered workshops 
new possibilities were 

5355
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:14,400
germinating. 
It would take generations for 

5356
05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:17,900
those possibilities to fully 
emerge but they were there 

5357
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:22,600
waiting. as you close your eyes 
tonight, safe in your bed with 

5358
05:02:22,600 --> 05:02:26,100
modern medicine protecting you 
from the diseases that terrified

5359
05:02:26,100 --> 05:02:29,700
medieval people, Remember that 
your security is built on 

5360
05:02:29,708 --> 05:02:32,600
foundations, laid by those who 
survived the unsurvivable. 

5361
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:37,000
Their struggles, created the 
world, you inherited the 

5362
05:02:37,000 --> 05:02:40,000
resilient echoes in your ability
to face contemporary challenges.

5363
05:02:41,000 --> 05:02:44,400
The Black Death teachers that 
catastrophe are survivable that 

5364
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:48,200
humans adapt and that life finds
away forward, even through the 

5365
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,500
darkest circumstances medieval 
people. 

5366
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,500
Couldn have imagined your world,
any more than you can. 

5367
05:02:54,500 --> 05:02:57,000
Imagine the world. 
Your descendants will inhabit in

5368
05:02:57,000 --> 05:03:01,900
2525. 
But the human capacity that 

5369
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:03,700
carried them through their 
catastrophe. 

5370
05:03:03,700 --> 05:03:09,200
Resilience creativity, hope and 
determination are the same 

5371
05:03:09,200 --> 05:03:11,700
capacities. 
You possess sleep. 

5372
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:15,200
Well, knowing that your part of 
a human story that has survived 

5373
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:18,700
plagues Wars famines and 
countless other catastrophes. 

5374
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:21,600
These same spirit that rebuilt 
Europe. 

5375
05:03:21,600 --> 05:03:25,000
After the Black Death lives in. 
You ready to face whatever 

5376
05:03:25,000 --> 05:03:26,800
challenges your own time 
presents. 

5377
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:30,200
The great quiet that followed 
the plague, eventually gave way 

5378
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:33,200
to new voices, new ideas, and 
new ways of Being Human. 

5379
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:36,200
Your quiet tonight is not a 
catastrophe. 

5380
05:03:36,200 --> 05:03:40,000
But rest, the peaceful silence 
that precedes tomorrow's 

5381
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:44,300
possibilities and in that 
silence across the centuries. 

5382
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:47,500
You might almost hear The Echoes
of those medieval survivors 

5383
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:50,100
going about their lives 
rebuilding, their world, 

5384
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:54,100
choosing hope over Despair and 
proving that even the worst 

5385
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:56,600
disaster. 
Cannot permanently defeat human 

5386
05:03:56,600 --> 05:04:06,300
resilience Sweet dreams. 
The practice of marking times, 

5387
05:04:06,300 --> 05:04:09,300
passage didn't begin with 
calendars printed on glossy 

5388
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:12,600
paper or digital reminders. 
Chirping from phones. 

5389
05:04:12,600 --> 05:04:17,000
It started with observation with
people noticing that stars moved

5390
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,200
in predictable patterns that 
certain plants bloomed, when 

5391
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,800
specific constellations appeared
and that Rivers Rose and fell 

5392
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:27,100
with Dependable regularity. 
You can imagine those first 

5393
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:30,400
astronomers perhaps. 
Babylonian priests standing on 

5394
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:33,900
ziggurats, 4,000 years ago, 
tracking the movements of 

5395
05:04:33,900 --> 05:04:37,900
celestial bodies, and realizing 
that time moved in Cycles. 

5396
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:41,500
Not straight lines. 
The Babylonians celebrated their

5397
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:45,200
new year in late March, when 
spring arrived and The Barley 

5398
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:49,100
crops needed planting their 
festival called a key to lasted 

5399
05:04:49,100 --> 05:04:52,700
11 days, involved. 
A labret, rituals meant to help 

5400
05:04:52,700 --> 05:04:54,600
the god. 
Marduk defeat the forces of 

5401
05:04:54,600 --> 05:04:57,600
chaos for another year. 
But here's the thing that makes 

5402
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:01,000
you smile, they also use this 
time to settle debts and return 

5403
05:05:01,000 --> 05:05:04,700
borrowed farm equipment, even in
ancient Mesopotamia, the New 

5404
05:05:04,708 --> 05:05:08,100
Year meant finally giving back 
your neighbor's plow that you'd 

5405
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:09,700
been meaning to return for 
months. 

5406
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:14,000
The Romans never wants to leave 
a good idea alone borrowed 

5407
05:05:14,000 --> 05:05:17,300
heavily from everyone around 
them, and eventually settled on 

5408
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:21,600
January 1st as their new year. 
Thanks to Julius Caesar's 

5409
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:25,000
calendar. 
Reforms in 46, BCE they named 

5410
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:28,800
the month for Janus. 
Two-faced God who simultaneously

5411
05:05:28,800 --> 05:05:32,600
looked backward at the past and 
forward into the future a rather

5412
05:05:32,608 --> 05:05:35,800
perfect metaphor though. 
The Romans probably didn't 

5413
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:39,900
realize how perfect Janus was 
the god of doorways of 

5414
05:05:39,900 --> 05:05:44,400
transitions of beginnings. 
His two faces weren't meant to 

5415
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:48,000
suggest duplicity but rather the
wisdom of learning from what 

5416
05:05:48,000 --> 05:05:50,400
came before while stepping into 
what comes next. 

5417
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:53,700
You find variations of this same
impulse everywhere. 

5418
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:58,300
Human have gathered The Chinese 
New Year based on a learner 

5419
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:01,600
solar calendar Falls between 
late January and mid February 

5420
05:06:01,600 --> 05:06:04,800
and has been celebrated for over
3,000 years. 

5421
05:06:04,800 --> 05:06:09,500
The Jewish New Year Rosh 
Hashanah typically arrives in 

5422
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:13,000
September or October. 
The Islamic New Year moves 

5423
05:06:13,000 --> 05:06:15,400
through the seasons over time 
because it follows a purely 

5424
05:06:15,400 --> 05:06:18,900
lunar calendar. 
Now ruse Persian New Year 

5425
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:21,200
arrives precisely at the Spring 
Equinox. 

5426
05:06:22,400 --> 05:06:25,700
He culture looked at the sky at 
the Earth at their particular 

5427
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:28,500
corner of the world and decided.
Here. 

5428
05:06:28,500 --> 05:06:31,800
This moment. 
This is when we begin again. 

5429
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:35,800
What's remarkable, isn't the 
diversity of dates. 

5430
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:39,700
But the similarity of impulses 
almost every culture developed 

5431
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:41,200
some form of year-end 
reflection. 

5432
05:06:42,200 --> 05:06:45,400
The Japanese practice of 
bonenkai for getting the year 

5433
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:49,300
parties encourages people to 
leave behind the previous year's

5434
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:52,000
troubles over food and drink 
with colleagues and friends. 

5435
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:55,500
It's like a socially mandated 
Fresh Start which honestly 

5436
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:58,600
sounds rather civilized in 
Scotland the tradition of 

5437
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:02,200
hogmanay includes first footing 
where the first person to cross 

5438
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:05,200
your threshold after midnight, 
should ideally be a dark-haired 

5439
05:07:05,200 --> 05:07:09,400
male carrying gift of coal. 
Salt shortbread and whiskey. 

5440
05:07:09,400 --> 05:07:13,700
The specificity is delightful 
not just any person, not just 

5441
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:16,300
any hair color and definitely 
not showing up empty handed. 

5442
05:07:16,300 --> 05:07:19,900
The Ethiopian calendar runs 
about seven years behind the 

5443
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:23,500
Gregorian calendar, due to 
different calculations about the

5444
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:26,500
date of Christ birth, which 
means Ethiopians. 

5445
05:07:26,500 --> 05:07:30,600
Get to celebrate the Year. 2007,
while the rest of the world is 

5446
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:36,900
in 2017 1,024 their new year 
called encounter, Tash falls on 

5447
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:39,500
September 11th and coincides, 
with the end of the rainy 

5448
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:43,000
season, when Fields burst into 
bloom, With yellow daisies. 

5449
05:07:43,000 --> 05:07:46,300
Children gather these flowers 
and go daughter doors, singing 

5450
05:07:46,300 --> 05:07:50,100
songs and offering bouquets 
receiving small Gifts of bread 

5451
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,000
or coins in return. 
Charming without being 

5452
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:56,500
saccharine a practical way for 
communities to share what they 

5453
05:07:56,500 --> 05:08:00,100
have at the seasons turn. 
The Thai New Year. 

5454
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:03,000
Songkran happens in April and 
revolves around water. 

5455
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:05,500
Lots of water. 
What began? 

5456
05:08:05,500 --> 05:08:08,700
As gentle rituals of pouring 
scented water over Buddha 

5457
05:08:08,700 --> 05:08:10,900
statues. 
And elderly relatives hands has 

5458
05:08:10,900 --> 05:08:14,600
evolved into what might be the 
world's largest water fight with

5459
05:08:14,600 --> 05:08:18,200
entire cities, becoming cheerful
Battlegrounds of Super Soakers 

5460
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:22,000
and bucket precarious. 
The original symbolism remains 

5461
05:08:22,000 --> 05:08:25,500
though water washes away. 
Bad luck from the previous year.

5462
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:27,700
It's just that. 
Now it does. 

5463
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:30,400
So with considerably more 
enthusiasm and water pressure 

5464
05:08:30,400 --> 05:08:33,100
than the ancient practitioners, 
probably envisioned. 

5465
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:36,900
The concept of reflection takes 
different forms depending on the

5466
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:39,400
culture. 
Some traditions emphasize 

5467
05:08:39,400 --> 05:08:43,600
literal cleaning sweeping out. 
The old years dust washing away 

5468
05:08:43,600 --> 05:08:47,400
accumulated, Grime and clearing,
physical space, to make room for

5469
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:50,700
new possibilities, others focus 
on spiritual or emotional 

5470
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,700
housekeeping. 
The 10 days between Rosh 

5471
05:08:53,700 --> 05:08:57,100
Hashanah and Yom Kippur in 
Jewish tradition called the days

5472
05:08:57,100 --> 05:08:59,500
of all. 
Time for serious 

5473
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:02,700
self-examination and making 
amends with people, you've 

5474
05:09:02,700 --> 05:09:06,600
wronged it structured reflection
with a deadline, which probably 

5475
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:09,100
helps people actually follow 
through rather than just 

5476
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:12,700
thinking vaguely about improving
themselves in many Buddhist 

5477
05:09:12,700 --> 05:09:14,600
Traditions. 
The New Year involves visiting 

5478
05:09:14,600 --> 05:09:19,100
temples to make Merit offering 
food to Moncks releasing captive

5479
05:09:19,100 --> 05:09:22,100
birds or fish as acts of 
compassion and listening to 

5480
05:09:22,108 --> 05:09:25,600
teachings about impermanence the
thigh practice of building 

5481
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:29,200
Sanders at temples during 
songkran serves a dual purpose. 

5482
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:31,800
Creating something beautiful and
meaningful. 

5483
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:35,700
While also bringing sand back to
Temple grounds, that visitors 

5484
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:37,700
have carried away on their feet 
throughout the year. 

5485
05:09:37,700 --> 05:09:42,200
It's environmental consideration
in spiritual practice which 

5486
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:46,500
feels very sensible. 
The bell in these Hindu New Year

5487
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:49,500
Yepi. 
Take silence, seriously. 

5488
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:54,400
It's a day of complete 
Stillness, no work, no travel, 

5489
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:57,900
no electricity, no fires, no 
entertainment. 

5490
05:09:57,900 --> 05:10:02,200
Even the airport closest, the 
island goes dark and quiet for 

5491
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:06,100
24 hours while people meditate 
and reflect security officers 

5492
05:10:06,100 --> 05:10:08,300
called pickle and Patrol to 
ensure everyone. 

5493
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:11,600
Observes the silence, which 
sounds strict and you realize 

5494
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:15,200
it's one guaranteed day per year
where nobody can demand your 

5495
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:18,800
attention when your phone won't 
ring and when the world simply 

5496
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:21,300
won't stop spinning, quite so 
frantically. 

5497
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:24,700
Many Balinese people describe it
as their favorite day of the 

5498
05:10:24,700 --> 05:10:28,100
year, the zoroastrian tradition 
includes a practice called 

5499
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:31,500
jashan a ceremony of 
Thanksgiving that happens 

5500
05:10:31,500 --> 05:10:34,600
throughout the year, but takes 
on special significance at 

5501
05:10:34,600 --> 05:10:37,300
novruz. 
Participants gather around a 

5502
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:40,500
white cloth, spread with 
symbolic items, a mirror for 

5503
05:10:40,500 --> 05:10:45,200
reflection an Apple, for health,
garlic for protection, sumac for

5504
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:50,300
Sunrise vinegar for patients and
coins for Prosperity each item. 

5505
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:54,200
Prompts specific contemplation 
turning abstract Concepts, like 

5506
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:57,400
patients or Prosperity into 
tangible objects. 

5507
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:02,400
You can see and touch Meditation
with props which helps wandering

5508
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:06,900
mind, stay focused in Estonia. 
People traditionally eat 7/9 or 

5509
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:11,900
12 times on New Year's Eve, 79 
or 12 Meals to ensure abundance 

5510
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:14,400
in the coming year. 
The exact number varies by 

5511
05:11:14,408 --> 05:11:18,100
region, but the principle 
remains consume multiple 

5512
05:11:18,100 --> 05:11:19,700
complete meals throughout the 
day. 

5513
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:23,200
So supposedly gaining, the 
strength of seven, nine or 12 

5514
05:11:23,200 --> 05:11:25,700
people. 
It's wonderfully impractical and

5515
05:11:25,700 --> 05:11:29,100
probably quite uncomfortable. 
Imagine the sense of community 

5516
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:32,700
around preparing and sharing all
that food, the conversations 

5517
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:36,400
that happen over the 5th or 6th 
of the day when everyone's too 

5518
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:39,600
full to do anything, but talk, 
lazily and laugh. 

5519
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:42,700
The average Australian people's 
have multiple New Year 

5520
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:45,700
celebrations depending on their 
specific Nations and regions 

5521
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:49,600
often tied to environmental 
markers like the first 

5522
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:52,500
thunderstorms or the flowering 
of certain plants. 

5523
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:56,300
The young people of Arnhem Land 
recognized six seasons in state 

5524
05:11:56,300 --> 05:11:59,400
of four each with distinct 
characteristics and assoc. 

5525
05:11:59,600 --> 05:12:03,800
Their New Year isn't a single 
day but a gradual transition 

5526
05:12:03,800 --> 05:12:06,600
marked by observable changes in 
the natural world. 

5527
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:09,500
A different way of understanding
time. 

5528
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,500
That feels more organic and less
arbitrary than watching digital 

5529
05:12:12,500 --> 05:12:15,100
numbers. 
Flip at midnight, what merges 

5530
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:18,100
from all these Traditions is a 
recognition that times passage 

5531
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:20,400
matters. 
And that marking, transitions 

5532
05:12:20,400 --> 05:12:24,300
helps humans, process change. 
Whether you're releasing fish in

5533
05:12:24,300 --> 05:12:27,900
a Bangkok Temple, sitting in 
complete silence in Bali or 

5534
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:31,800
sharing your 12th meal in 
Estonia, your participating in 

5535
05:12:31,800 --> 05:12:35,300
Humanity's Collective Agreement 
that some moments deserve 

5536
05:12:35,300 --> 05:12:39,500
acknowledgment that pausing to 
reflect isn't wasted time but 

5537
05:12:39,500 --> 05:12:42,900
essential maintenance for your 
interior life, not every New 

5538
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:45,900
Year, celebration involves 
fireworks and champagne toasts 

5539
05:12:45,900 --> 05:12:49,300
at maximum volume some of the 
most meaningful Traditions 

5540
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:52,900
happen in Whispers And 
Candlelight in moments so quiet,

5541
05:12:52,900 --> 05:12:55,400
you can hear your own breathing 
sync with the rhythm of 

5542
05:12:55,408 --> 05:12:57,900
something larger than yourself 
in Japan. 

5543
05:12:57,900 --> 05:13:01,500
The practice of Joya know came 
involves ringing temple bells 

5544
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:05,200
108 times on New Year's Eve. 
The number corresponds to the 

5545
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:08,200
Buddhist belief. 
In 108 Earthly, Desires that 

5546
05:13:08,208 --> 05:13:11,700
cause human suffering. 
Things, like greed, anger, 

5547
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:15,800
ignorance, and the inexplicable 
compulsion to check your phone. 

5548
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:19,800
Every 30 seconds each Bell's 
resonance is meant to dispel one

5549
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:22,700
of these afflictions. 
This sound waves literally, 

5550
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:26,600
carrying away your attachments 
and aversions temple bells in 

5551
05:13:26,600 --> 05:13:29,300
Japan are massive bronze 
instruments that produce deep 

5552
05:13:29,300 --> 05:13:33,300
reverberating tones, you feel in
your chest as much as here with 

5553
05:13:33,300 --> 05:13:37,300
your ears, the ringing begins 
before midnight and extends past

5554
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:39,600
it. 
So you cross into the new year 

5555
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:43,200
wrap in that low. 
Humming vibration visitors to 

5556
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:45,900
temples during this time off and
light incense and stand in the 

5557
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:49,800
courtyard eyes closed. 
Letting the Bell tones wash over

5558
05:13:49,800 --> 05:13:52,600
them. 
There's no rushing, no countdown

5559
05:13:52,600 --> 05:13:57,300
know, manufactured excitement, 
just the Bell, the incense smoke

5560
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:00,200
curling upward, and the 
understanding that you're 

5561
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:03,100
participating in a ritual that 
has been performed exactly this 

5562
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:06,800
way for centuries. 
The 1083 sounds different from 

5563
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:09,300
the others. 
Not in Pitch, but in 

5564
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:12,500
significance because it's the 
last because it completes the 

5565
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:16,600
set because after it comes 
silence and a new beginning in 

5566
05:14:16,600 --> 05:14:19,400
many Christian Orthodox 
Traditions particularly in 

5567
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:22,200
Eastern Europe. 
The New Year arrives during a 

5568
05:14:22,200 --> 05:14:25,100
period of religious fasting 
before Christmas, which follows 

5569
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:28,100
the Julian calendar. 
This means celebrations are 

5570
05:14:28,100 --> 05:14:31,400
naturally quieter and more 
introspective families gather 

5571
05:14:31,400 --> 05:14:33,800
for modest meals. 
Attend church services that lost

5572
05:14:33,800 --> 05:14:37,700
several hours and spend time in 
prayer, the Serbian, tradition 

5573
05:14:37,700 --> 05:14:40,300
of bad and Jack, involves 
bringing a Young Oak Tree into 

5574
05:14:40,300 --> 05:14:44,300
the house on January 6th, 
Orthodox Christmas Eve and 

5575
05:14:44,300 --> 05:14:47,400
burning it throughout the night.
While family members take turns 

5576
05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:50,600
keeping watch over the fire. 
It's companionable without being

5577
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:53,400
chatty. 
The kind of shared silence where

5578
05:14:53,400 --> 05:14:57,000
everyone feels comfortable, just
existing together, the Quaker, 

5579
05:14:57,000 --> 05:14:59,500
practice of Silent worship while
not specific to New. 

5580
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:03,300
Year's Eve, offers a template 
for quiet reflection that some 

5581
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:06,900
people adopt for marking the 
years turning participants sit 

5582
05:15:06,900 --> 05:15:10,400
together in a Plane room, no 
music, no liturgy, no plan 

5583
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,100
program. 
People speak only if they feel 

5584
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:16,600
moved by the spirit to share 
something and often an entire 

5585
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:20,300
hour passes with no one saying a
word for those accustomed to 

5586
05:15:20,300 --> 05:15:24,200
constant noise and stimulation. 
This depth of Silence can feel 

5587
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:28,000
uncomfortable at first, You 
become acutely aware of your 

5588
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:32,200
chair, creaking, your stomach 
gurgling, and your brain. 

5589
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:35,500
Throwing up random thoughts like
a poorly trained, dog. 

5590
05:15:35,500 --> 05:15:38,700
Bringing you dead birds. 
But if you sit with it long 

5591
05:15:38,700 --> 05:15:42,100
enough, the silence stops 
feeling empty and starts feeling

5592
05:15:42,100 --> 05:15:47,600
full pregnant with possibility. 
In Finland, people practice a 

5593
05:15:47,600 --> 05:15:51,800
tradition called Malibu Mansi or
tin casting on New Year's Eve, 

5594
05:15:51,800 --> 05:15:55,600
you melt small piece of tin in a
ladle over the stove and 

5595
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:58,300
quickly, pour the molten metal 
into a bucket of cold water. 

5596
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:02,100
The tin slides into abstract 
shapes that you hold up to 

5597
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:06,100
Lamplight, examining the 
Shadows, cast on the wall to 

5598
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:08,000
interpret. 
What the coming year might hold 

5599
05:16:08,000 --> 05:16:11,100
his divination. 
Yes, but quiet divination. 

5600
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:15,500
Just you a candle and a blob of 
resolved, metal throwing strange

5601
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:17,600
Shadows. 
The interpretations are 

5602
05:16:17,600 --> 05:16:22,100
wonderful subjective that might 
be a ship indicating travel or 

5603
05:16:22,100 --> 05:16:24,300
it might be a horse suggesting 
hard. 

5604
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:26,700
Work ahead. 
Or it might just be a lumpy bit 

5605
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:29,800
of tin that looks like nothing 
in particular, which probably 

5606
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,200
means you should stop looking 
for Omens and just live your 

5607
05:16:33,208 --> 05:16:35,500
life. 
The Amish observed New Year's 

5608
05:16:35,500 --> 05:16:39,800
Day as a day of rest visiting 
and quiet celebration no Grand 

5609
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:41,200
parties. 
No alcohol. 

5610
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,700
No danceing just families. 
Moving between houses. 

5611
05:16:45,300 --> 05:16:49,100
Sharing meals singing, hymns. 
And sometimes holding church 

5612
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:52,900
services young people might play
quiet games or go for walks 

5613
05:16:52,900 --> 05:16:56,100
together. 
Older people nap without apology

5614
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:58,000
which sounds entirely 
reasonable. 

5615
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:02,200
The days pace is deliberate the 
opposite of the Frantic energy 

5616
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:05,000
that characterizes mainstream 
New Year celebrations. 

5617
05:17:05,000 --> 05:17:07,500
There's something 
countercultural about choosing 

5618
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:10,100
slowness. 
In a world that insists on speed

5619
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:14,000
in Tibetan Buddhism New Year. 
Celebrations called luchar 

5620
05:17:14,000 --> 05:17:17,200
include quiet practices, like 
clearing debts, cleaning the 

5621
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:19,300
house thoroughly and settling 
disagreements. 

5622
05:17:19,300 --> 05:17:23,100
Before the year ends, the night 
before lows are family to 

5623
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:27,000
special soup, called Gothic that
contains 9 ingredients. 

5624
05:17:27,000 --> 05:17:30,900
Some of which are dumplings with
symbolic items hidden inside 

5625
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:36,100
white pebbles for long life cold
for dark Hearts, you're supposed

5626
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:40,200
to examine your behavior if you 
get that one and wool for good 

5627
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,500
heartedness everyone, laughs 
when someone bite into a 

5628
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:47,200
suspicious dumpling, but gently 
affectionately after the meal, 

5629
05:17:47,200 --> 05:17:50,200
people perform a ritual called 
driving out the ghosts, by 

5630
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:52,500
making loud noise and carrying 
torches. 

5631
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:55,900
But before that Chaos comes 
hours of quiet. 

5632
05:17:55,900 --> 05:17:59,800
Preparation cooking and 
contemplation the zoroastrian 

5633
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:02,200
practice of staying awake 
throughout the last night of the

5634
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:05,800
year called shabby Cellar, 
involves gathering with family 

5635
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:08,700
and friends to read. 
Poetry particularly The Works of

5636
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:13,000
hafez, eat watermelon, and 
pomegranates and share stories 

5637
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:16,000
until dawn. 
Poetry reading might not sound 

5638
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:19,200
inherently quiet, but the way 
it's practiced in this 

5639
05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:23,200
traditional emphasizes, 
listening savoring language and 

5640
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:27,200
thinking about meaning someone 
reads A gazal by hafez and 

5641
05:18:27,200 --> 05:18:29,700
everyone sits with it for a 
moment before discussing the 

5642
05:18:29,700 --> 05:18:33,600
imagery, the metaphors and what 
it suggests about love or 

5643
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:37,200
Divinity or human nature 
conversation meanders like a 

5644
05:18:37,200 --> 05:18:39,400
stream following interesting 
tributaries. 

5645
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,400
In. 
No particular, hurry to arrive 

5646
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,900
anywhere in some Scandinavian. 
Countries people practice 

5647
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:48,800
watching the old year out. 
Which involves sitting quietly 

5648
05:18:48,800 --> 05:18:52,200
as midnight, approaches often 
looking out windows at the dark 

5649
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:56,500
sky, thinking about the year 
that ending, There's No Agenda. 

5650
05:18:56,500 --> 05:19:00,100
No structured meditation just 
permission to sit with your 

5651
05:19:00,100 --> 05:19:03,400
thoughts without judgment. 
If you want to cry about losses,

5652
05:19:03,400 --> 05:19:05,500
you cry. 
If you want to smile about 

5653
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:09,500
triumphs you smile if you want 
to stare blankly at the middle 

5654
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:12,400
distance, while your mind 
wanders through disconnected 

5655
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:13,800
memories. 
That's fine too. 

5656
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:17,700
The point isn't to reach any 
particular, emotional state, but

5657
05:19:17,700 --> 05:19:21,500
simply to be present with 
whatever, arises the practice of

5658
05:19:21,508 --> 05:19:24,100
writing down regrets or 
disappointments from the past 

5659
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:27,900
year, then burning the paper 
appears in various forms across 

5660
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:30,800
many cultures. 
Some people do this alone, 

5661
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,000
sitting at their kitchen tables.
After everyone else has gone to 

5662
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:35,800
bed. 
The writing itself is 

5663
05:19:35,800 --> 05:19:38,500
meditative. 
You have to think clearly enough

5664
05:19:38,500 --> 05:19:41,500
to articulate what you're 
releasing, which often makes you

5665
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:44,400
realize that some of your 
anxieties are fuzzier than you 

5666
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,100
thought, less monster and more 
Shadow. 

5667
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:50,500
Then you like the paper on fire 
Watching Ink and Pulp. 

5668
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:54,200
Transformed into Ash and smoke. 
Watching your words literally 

5669
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:57,200
disappear. 
Symbolic sure. 

5670
05:19:57,900 --> 05:20:00,500
But symbols work on our psyches,
whether we believe in them, 

5671
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:03,500
intellectually or not in 
convents and monasteries around 

5672
05:20:03,500 --> 05:20:05,400
the world. 
New Year's Eve often involves 

5673
05:20:05,400 --> 05:20:08,300
extended prayer vigils, 
participants move through 

5674
05:20:08,300 --> 05:20:11,600
different forms of prayer 
recited liturgies silent, 

5675
05:20:11,600 --> 05:20:15,700
meditation contemplative reading
and chanting creating a rhythm 

5676
05:20:15,700 --> 05:20:17,900
that carries them from one year 
into the next. 

5677
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:21,700
There's something powerful about
marking time through practices 

5678
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:24,400
that humans have performed for 
hundreds or thousands of years 

5679
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,600
about connecting your individual
experience. 

5680
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:31,400
To a vast chain of people who 
have performed the same actions 

5681
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:35,500
spoke in these same words and 
sat in the same quality of 

5682
05:20:35,500 --> 05:20:39,000
Silence humans, have always 
understood that eating is never 

5683
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:42,700
just about nutrition. 
Every shared meal tells a story 

5684
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:46,500
carries meaning and connects 
people to their histories and 

5685
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:49,400
their hopes. 
When you combine food with fire 

5686
05:20:49,400 --> 05:20:53,100
Humanity's, First Technology, 
our oldest friend and most 

5687
05:20:53,100 --> 05:20:57,300
useful servant you create layers
of symbolism deep enough to get 

5688
05:20:57,300 --> 05:20:59,800
lost. 
In the Scottish Edition, 

5689
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:04,100
includes making a pint, a hot 
drink of Ale whiskey, beaten 

5690
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:08,000
eggs, and spices that is 
prepared in a large pot over a 

5691
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,700
fire and shared at midnight, the
fires, he transforms The Roaring

5692
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:14,700
ingredients into something 
greater than their son and the 

5693
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,800
sharing from a common pot, 
reinforces Community bonds. 

5694
05:21:18,800 --> 05:21:21,800
Everyone drinks from the same 
Source literally and 

5695
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:24,700
figuratively. 
The recipe has been passed down 

5696
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:28,300
through generations and people 
argue good, naturedly, about the

5697
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:30,900
proper proportions. 
Whether you should use more 

5698
05:21:30,900 --> 05:21:34,400
whisky or less and if the eggs 
should be beaten separately or 

5699
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:38,000
added directly to the pot these 
arguments matter because they're

5700
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:40,700
not really about ingredients. 
There are about maintaining 

5701
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:44,800
connections to ancestors who 
made hot pint the same way in 

5702
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:48,800
the same pots probably having 
the same arguments in Spain and 

5703
05:21:48,800 --> 05:21:52,800
several Latin American countries
eating 12 grapes at midnight one

5704
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:56,100
for each time of the clock. 
Supposedly brings good luck for 

5705
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:58,900
each month of the coming year. 
This is harder than it. 

5706
05:21:58,900 --> 05:22:02,300
Sounds grapes are slippery. 
You're trying to swallow them 

5707
05:22:02,300 --> 05:22:05,400
quickly while the bells are 
ringing and inevitably someone 

5708
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:08,700
starts giggling, which makes 
everyone else laugh and 

5709
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:12,700
accidentally inhale great bits. 
The tradition, possibly 

5710
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:16,300
originated from winegrowers in 
Alicante, who had a surplus 

5711
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:19,700
harvest in 1909 and needed 
Creative Marketing. 

5712
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,600
Which means this supposedly 
ancient custom is actually about

5713
05:22:23,600 --> 05:22:27,600
a century old and based on 
Commercial interests, but that 

5714
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:30,800
doesn't make it less meaningful 
to the millions of people who 

5715
05:22:30,800 --> 05:22:33,800
now consider it essential to 
their New Year's celebrations. 

5716
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:37,000
The Southern United States 
tradition of eating black eyed 

5717
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:40,400
peas on New Year's Day for 
Prosperity, greens for money and

5718
05:22:40,400 --> 05:22:42,400
cornbread for gold creates a 
meal. 

5719
05:22:42,400 --> 05:22:44,400
That's both symbolic and 
delicious. 

5720
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:48,700
The peas are cooked slowly with 
ham hock or salt pork absorbing 

5721
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:51,200
smoke and fought until their 
creamy and savory. 

5722
05:22:52,200 --> 05:22:55,300
Collard greens simmer with 
vinegar and pepper until they're

5723
05:22:55,300 --> 05:22:58,700
tender, but still have texture. 
Cornbread emerges from a cast 

5724
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:01,200
iron skillet with Crispy edges 
and tender. 

5725
05:23:02,500 --> 05:23:04,100
You pile, these together on your
plate. 

5726
05:23:04,100 --> 05:23:07,000
And whether or not they bring 
actual Prosperity, they 

5727
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:11,100
definitely bring satisfaction 
the tradition possibly stems 

5728
05:23:11,100 --> 05:23:13,800
from the Civil War. 
When Union troops raided 

5729
05:23:13,800 --> 05:23:16,500
Confederate, Food Supplies, but 
left behind black-eyed peas, 

5730
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:19,900
considering them fit only for 
livestock, which meant 

5731
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,600
Southerners had peas to eat. 
When other Foods were scarce, 

5732
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,800
eating them on New Year's became
a way to remember that survival 

5733
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:28,900
is its own form of wealth. 
The Dutch tradition of eating 

5734
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,900
Olive Bowl in oil balls, which 
are deep fried dough. 

5735
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:33,400
Balls, dusted, with powdered 
sugar. 

5736
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:37,300
On New Year's Eve supposedly 
dates back to Germanic tribes, 

5737
05:23:37,300 --> 05:23:39,600
who believed the fat would help 
protect them from The Sword 

5738
05:23:39,600 --> 05:23:41,800
strikes of perched. 
Her a goddess who would 

5739
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:45,300
supposedly slice open bellies 
during old to see, if people had

5740
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:47,500
eaten. 
Well, the sword defense theory 

5741
05:23:47,500 --> 05:23:51,400
of probably nonsense but only in
a definitely delicious and 

5742
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:55,100
watching them bubble in hot oil,
waiting for them to turn gold 

5743
05:23:55,100 --> 05:23:58,400
and burning your mouth because 
you couldn't wait for them to 

5744
05:23:58,400 --> 05:24:01,800
cool. 
That's part of the tradition too

5745
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:06,000
in Greece the vasilopita cake 
contains a hidden coin and 

5746
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:08,900
whoever finds it in their slice 
receives special blessings for 

5747
05:24:08,900 --> 05:24:11,700
the coming year. 
The cake is cut at midnight with

5748
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,800
great ceremony. 
With the First Slice for Christ.

5749
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:18,600
The second for the poor and 
subsequent slices for family 

5750
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:21,600
members by age. 
There's genuine suspense, as 

5751
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:24,600
people eat carefully watching 
for the glint of the coin. 

5752
05:24:24,600 --> 05:24:26,600
Trying not to crack their teeth 
on it. 

5753
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:29,400
Sometimes the coin goes to 
someone who clearly needs. 

5754
05:24:29,400 --> 05:24:31,800
Good fortune. 
And you wonder if the person 

5755
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:34,900
cutting the cake managed that 
through skill or if it really 

5756
05:24:34,900 --> 05:24:37,300
was luck. 
Either way, the ritual creates a

5757
05:24:37,308 --> 05:24:41,200
moment of shared anticipation, 
everyone's attention focused on 

5758
05:24:41,200 --> 05:24:45,000
the same object, the same 
possibility, the Austrian and 

5759
05:24:45,008 --> 05:24:47,900
German tradition of black 
Eastern is similar to finish tin

5760
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:52,200
casting, but uses LED instead or
used to until they realize lead.

5761
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:54,500
Poisoning wasn't an ideal way to
start the year. 

5762
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:59,700
So now they used tin or wax. 
Printable remains you melt the 

5763
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:03,400
substance pour into water and 
interpret the shape's, but the 

5764
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:05,100
more interesting traditional 
happens. 

5765
05:25:05,100 --> 05:25:08,400
Afterward gathering around the 
fire to toast bread on Long 

5766
05:25:08,400 --> 05:25:12,000
forks, and share stories, while 
eating the toast with butter and

5767
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:15,400
jam the fires, he turned on your
face, the smell of Browning 

5768
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:18,500
bread, the butter melting into 
still warm toast. 

5769
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:22,500
The sensory experience is 
Anchor, the memory making it 

5770
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:25,900
distinct from every other night 
of the year in Iran. 

5771
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:29,200
The hafts in table prepared, for
naruse include seven items 

5772
05:25:29,200 --> 05:25:33,000
starting with the Farsi letter 
s, Each symbolizing something 

5773
05:25:33,000 --> 05:25:37,800
essential, sabse wheat, or 
lentil sprouts for rebirth. 

5774
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:41,000
Samanu. 
Sweet pudding for affluence 

5775
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:44,800
senjed, dried all Easter fruit 
for love. 

5776
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:51,700
Circa vinegar for patients seeb 
Apple for beauty and health sir 

5777
05:25:51,700 --> 05:25:56,500
garlic for medicine and 
protection and somaek sumac for 

5778
05:25:56,500 --> 05:26:00,100
Sunrise and New Beginnings. 
Family, spend days preparing 

5779
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:02,600
this table. 
Growing the Sprouts, making the 

5780
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:06,800
pudding and arranging everything
beautifully Table stays 

5781
05:26:06,800 --> 05:26:09,600
decorated throughout the 13 days
of nauru's. 

5782
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:13,100
A constant, reminder of what 
matters when you pass by 

5783
05:26:13,100 --> 05:26:17,200
multiple times daily, your eye 
catches on the green Sprout, or 

5784
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:19,700
the gleaming apple. 
And you remember rebirth, 

5785
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:24,300
patients and New Beginnings. 
The Japanese tradition of 

5786
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:28,400
toshikoshi soba year, Crossing 
noodles, eaten on New Year's Eve

5787
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:31,900
carries multiple symbolic 
meanings, the long noodles, 

5788
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:34,700
represent longevity, and letting
go of the past years. 

5789
05:26:34,700 --> 05:26:38,500
Hardships, since the noodles are
easy to cut unlike other 

5790
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:42,700
traditional Japanese Foods their
served in hot broth with various

5791
05:26:42,700 --> 05:26:45,800
toppings, and you're supposed to
finish the entire Bowl before, 

5792
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:49,700
midnight to ensure, good luck. 
Slurping is not just permitted, 

5793
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:53,900
but encouraged. 
The sound is considered proof of

5794
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:57,400
appreciation, the sober must be 
buckwheat noodles. 

5795
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:01,000
Specifically not other types 
because buckwheat plants are 

5796
05:27:01,008 --> 05:27:04,400
resilient and bounced back after
storms, knock them down, which 

5797
05:27:04,400 --> 05:27:07,800
is the kind of characteristic. 
Everyone wants to embody in the 

5798
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:10,600
Philippines, round fruits 
dominate New Year's tables 

5799
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,400
because round shapes symbolize 
coins and prosperity. 

5800
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,600
People display 12, different 
round fruits, one for each 

5801
05:27:17,600 --> 05:27:22,100
month, in bowls and on platters 
the fruits range from common to 

5802
05:27:22,100 --> 05:27:26,200
Exotic oranges. 
Grapes, watermelons, apples 

5803
05:27:26,200 --> 05:27:29,500
pomelos and longans. 
The tradition says, you should 

5804
05:27:29,508 --> 05:27:32,400
jump at midnight while holding 
coins and keeping your pockets 

5805
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:34,800
full of change. 
Which sounds exhausting. 

5806
05:27:34,800 --> 05:27:37,700
If you've also been eating 
steadily since dinner, but the 

5807
05:27:37,708 --> 05:27:41,300
combination of fruit circles and
jumping coins and general 

5808
05:27:41,300 --> 05:27:44,000
roundness is meant to attract 
circular money. 

5809
05:27:44,000 --> 05:27:47,900
Whether it works financially is 
debatable, but it definitely 

5810
05:27:47,900 --> 05:27:49,700
creates a visually striking 
table. 

5811
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:53,700
The Italian tradition of eating 
lentils at midnight supposedly 

5812
05:27:53,700 --> 05:27:58,800
brings wealth because lentils 
resemble coins, small round and 

5813
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:01,200
plentiful. 
They're cooked slowly until 

5814
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:05,400
tender and served with cochino 
sausage, a rich fatty pork 

5815
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:07,200
sausage. 
That's been simmered for hours 

5816
05:28:07,200 --> 05:28:10,100
until it's melting soft. 
You eat them together? 

5817
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:14,000
Just after midnight, sometimes 
Still Standing sometimes at the 

5818
05:28:14,000 --> 05:28:17,400
table, depending on the family, 
the lentils are earthy and 

5819
05:28:17,408 --> 05:28:21,200
comforting, the sausage is 
decadent and together, they 

5820
05:28:21,200 --> 05:28:25,400
ground, you literally heavy 
food, making you feel anchored 

5821
05:28:25,400 --> 05:28:28,700
substantial and ready for what 
comes next? 

5822
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:31,700
Fire appears and countless New 
Year. 

5823
05:28:31,700 --> 05:28:35,400
Traditions Beyond cooking. 
Bonfires on Hillside candles in 

5824
05:28:35,400 --> 05:28:39,200
Windows, torches carried through
streets and controlled Burns and

5825
05:28:39,200 --> 05:28:41,300
Fields. 
The fire serves multiple 

5826
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:46,400
purposes light against winter 
Darkness, warmth against cold, a

5827
05:28:46,400 --> 05:28:49,600
beacon for Community Gathering 
and purification through burning

5828
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:52,400
in Scotland. 
Stonehaven participants swing 

5829
05:28:52,400 --> 05:28:54,700
Balls of Fire over their heads. 
While walking through the 

5830
05:28:54,700 --> 05:28:59,300
streets wire baskets, packed 
with combustible material, set a

5831
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:02,600
light and World in circles to 
create wheels of flame against 

5832
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:07,300
the dark sky, it spectacular and
slightly terrifying, which seems

5833
05:29:07,300 --> 05:29:09,300
appropriate for marking a major 
transition. 

5834
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:12,600
The impulse to clean at the 
years end, seems nearly 

5835
05:29:12,600 --> 05:29:15,000
Universal whether it's washing 
away. 

5836
05:29:15,000 --> 05:29:17,900
Bad luck. 
Sweeping out old Spirits, or 

5837
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:20,600
just finally dealing with that 
accumulation of dust in the 

5838
05:29:20,608 --> 05:29:22,400
corner. 
You've been ignoring for months.

5839
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:25,900
Cultures everywhere have 
developed a labyrinth cleansing 

5840
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,400
rituals for Fresh Starts in 
Chinese tradition cleaning the 

5841
05:29:29,400 --> 05:29:31,500
house before the new year is 
mandatory, but comes with 

5842
05:29:31,500 --> 05:29:34,300
specific rules. 
He cleaned thoroughly in the 

5843
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:37,500
days, leading up to the holiday,
but on New Year's Day itself, 

5844
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,800
you absolutely cannot sweep or 
take out garbage because you 

5845
05:29:40,800 --> 05:29:43,800
might sweep away or throw out 
the New Year's good luck. 

5846
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:46,900
This means you have to finish 
all cleaning before the new year

5847
05:29:46,900 --> 05:29:50,400
arrives which creates a deadline
that actually motivates people 

5848
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:53,600
to scrub under furniture and 
organized closets. 

5849
05:29:53,600 --> 05:29:56,700
They've been meaning to tackle. 
There's all the tradition of 

5850
05:29:56,700 --> 05:30:00,600
hanging few characters, Good 
Fortune, symbols upside down 

5851
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:04,600
because the words for upside 
down and arrive are both Dow in 

5852
05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:07,200
Chinese. 
So an upside down a few means 

5853
05:30:07,200 --> 05:30:10,900
good fortune, as arrived 
language and visual puns, merge 

5854
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:14,600
into tradition. 
The Japanese practice of a soji 

5855
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:16,800
or big cleaning happens in late 
December. 

5856
05:30:16,800 --> 05:30:21,000
This isn't casual tidying. 
Its comprehensive deep cleaning 

5857
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:24,300
that involves everyone in the 
household you clean places. 

5858
05:30:24,300 --> 05:30:28,400
You normally ignore behind 
appliances inside cabinets, the 

5859
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,900
tops of door frames and window 
tracks, you throw away, broken 

5860
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:34,700
items, organized, paperwork and 
clear out closets. 

5861
05:30:34,700 --> 05:30:37,700
The physical act of cleaning 
becomes a meditation on 

5862
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:41,500
impermanence and the 
accumulation of possessions, you

5863
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:44,400
discover your own things. 
You forgot about which raises 

5864
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:46,800
questions about whether you 
actually needed them in the 

5865
05:30:46,800 --> 05:30:48,700
first place. 
The oji. 

5866
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:52,400
Culminates with decorating the 
cleaned house with cardamom and 

5867
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:56,100
pine arrangements, and Chemin 
are sacred wrote, with white 

5868
05:30:56,100 --> 05:30:59,600
paper streamers marking the home
as purified and ready for 

5869
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:02,500
toshigami. 
The new year Day, in Guatemala 

5870
05:31:02,500 --> 05:31:06,900
families, burn Effigies called 
annuals viejos holders at 

5871
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:10,900
midnight on December the 31st. 
These are often handmade figures

5872
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:14,500
representing the old year. 
Sometimes crafted to look like 

5873
05:31:14,500 --> 05:31:16,300
dislike politicians or 
celebrities. 

5874
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:22,000
Saw dust and firecrackers. 
The burning is loud, Smokey and 

5875
05:31:22,000 --> 05:31:24,800
cathartic, watching a 
representation of the years 

5876
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:27,700
frustrations. 
Literally explode is satisfying 

5877
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:30,400
in a visceral way. 
The tradition combines 

5878
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:34,100
indigenous burning rituals with 
Catholic influences and modern 

5879
05:31:34,100 --> 05:31:37,600
political commentary, creating 
something that's both ancient. 

5880
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:41,100
And immediate after the burning 
people, sweep up the ashes and 

5881
05:31:41,100 --> 05:31:43,700
carry them away. 
Physically removing the old 

5882
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:47,200
years remnants in Denmark 
people, save up old dishes 

5883
05:31:47,200 --> 05:31:50,700
throughout the year specifically
to smash them against friends 

5884
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:54,100
doors on New Year's Eve, the 
more broken pottery outside your

5885
05:31:54,100 --> 05:31:57,900
door, the more friends you have.
It's a quantifiable measure of 

5886
05:31:57,908 --> 05:32:01,600
affection, expressed through 
strategic vandalism, you're 

5887
05:32:01,600 --> 05:32:03,700
supposed to feel honored. 
When you find ceramic shards on 

5888
05:32:03,708 --> 05:32:06,000
your doorstep. 
The next morning, though you all

5889
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:09,000
have to sweep them up, which 
brings us back to cleaning, some

5890
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:11,600
families of passed down the same
plate for Generations. 

5891
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:15,900
Specifically, for this purpose, 
great grandmother's, China exist

5892
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:19,600
solely to be smashed annually at
The neighbor's house which is a 

5893
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:22,700
peculiar form of heirloom 
preservation, the Scottish 

5894
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:25,300
tradition of reading or cleaning
the house before. 

5895
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:29,100
Hogmanay includes carrying the 
ashes from the previous years 

5896
05:32:29,100 --> 05:32:33,500
fire outside and scattering them
in the garden before bringing in

5897
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:36,300
the first coal. 
For the New Year's fire, you 

5898
05:32:36,300 --> 05:32:39,300
can't bring in new fire before 
removing old Ash, the sequence 

5899
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:41,600
matters. 
This creates a liminal moment 

5900
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:45,300
when there's no fire in the half
at all a brief emptiness before 

5901
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:48,300
the new flame catches. 
The ash goes back to the Earth 

5902
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:52,400
that came from the coal comes in
to warm you for another year and

5903
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:55,100
you've completed a circle 
without really thinking about it

5904
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:59,300
in Iran before novruz families, 
practice to Connie. 

5905
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:02,700
Literally shaking the house. 
Which means thorough spring 

5906
05:33:02,700 --> 05:33:05,700
cleaning. 
You wash rugs, scrub floors, 

5907
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:09,500
clean windows, until they're 
invisible and are out bedding. 

5908
05:33:09,500 --> 05:33:13,400
Everyone participate including 
children who are an age 

5909
05:33:13,400 --> 05:33:16,300
appropriate tasks. 
The house smells of cleaning, 

5910
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,300
solutions, and fresh air and 
once everything Sparkles. 

5911
05:33:19,300 --> 05:33:22,700
You buy new clothes for everyone
to wear on New Year's Day, the 

5912
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:25,300
combination of a clean house. 
And new clothes creates a 

5913
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:28,700
feeling of renewal that physical
not just philosophical. 

5914
05:33:29,700 --> 05:33:33,300
You actually look and smell 
different which helps you feel 

5915
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:37,100
different. 
Water plays a central role in 

5916
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:40,000
many cleansing traditions in 
Myanmar. 

5917
05:33:40,000 --> 05:33:42,700
The thing and Water Festival 
marks the Burmese new year with 

5918
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:45,900
mass water. 
Throwing what began as gentle 

5919
05:33:45,900 --> 05:33:49,700
anointment with blessed water, 
has evolved into full-scale 

5920
05:33:49,700 --> 05:33:52,700
water Warfare. 
With people throwing buckets 

5921
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:56,800
from balconies, spraying hoses, 
from trucks and setting up 

5922
05:33:56,800 --> 05:34:00,800
elaborate water cannon stations,
everyone gets completely 

5923
05:34:00,800 --> 05:34:03,400
drenched which in the hot season
is actually Pleasant. 

5924
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:07,200
The water symbolically washes 
away the oldest sins and bad 

5925
05:34:07,200 --> 05:34:09,600
luck and the sheer volume of 
water. 

5926
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:12,800
Involved means your definitely 
cleaned by the end at least 

5927
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:16,300
temporarily the Jewish practice 
of tasley during Rosh. 

5928
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:20,600
Hashanah involves walking to a 
body of flowing water, a river 

5929
05:34:20,600 --> 05:34:24,100
stream, or ocean and 
symbolically casting away your 

5930
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:27,300
sins by throwing breadcrumbs or 
small stones into the water 

5931
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:31,100
while reciting prayers. 
You watch the crumbs float away 

5932
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,000
on the current physically, 
releasing your mistakes. 

5933
05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:36,900
Different communities have 
different practices about what 

5934
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:39,500
you throw. 
Some say, the bread feeds, the 

5935
05:34:39,500 --> 05:34:42,800
fish completing a cycle, while 
others point out that bread 

5936
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:46,300
isn't particularly good for fish
and suggest using bird seed 

5937
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:49,900
instead, which leads to 
theological discussion about 

5938
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:52,300
whether the point is, the 
Symbolism or the ecological 

5939
05:34:52,300 --> 05:34:56,600
impact in Korea, the practice of
burning written, wishes or 

5940
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:58,200
worries. 
From the past year creates 

5941
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:00,100
smoke, that carries your 
concerns away. 

5942
05:35:01,100 --> 05:35:05,200
You write specific things, not 
vague anxieties but particular 

5943
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:08,000
worries on small pieces of 
paper. 

5944
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:10,700
Then you burn them in a 
controlled fire watching the 

5945
05:35:10,700 --> 05:35:14,400
paper black and uncurl the ink 
disappearing and your 

5946
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:18,900
handwriting turning to Ash. 
Smoke Rises and dissipates, and 

5947
05:35:18,900 --> 05:35:21,000
you're worries, rise and 
dissipate with it. 

5948
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:23,800
You know, intellectually that 
burning paper, doesn't solve 

5949
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:27,200
actual problems, but the ritual 
provides permission to release 

5950
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:31,100
worry at least temporarily, 
which is his own form of problem

5951
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:33,200
solving in part of South 
America. 

5952
05:35:33,200 --> 05:35:36,000
People wear colored underwear on
New Year's Eve, according to 

5953
05:35:36,000 --> 05:35:39,800
what they want to attract. 
Yellow for money, read for love,

5954
05:35:39,800 --> 05:35:42,300
white for peace and green for 
health. 

5955
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:45,100
You wear the appropriately 
colored underwear all day, and 

5956
05:35:45,100 --> 05:35:48,000
especially at midnight, which 
means you've thought about your 

5957
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,300
priorities and literally clothed
yourself in your intentions. 

5958
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,900
The tradition is both serious 
and playful, people shop 

5959
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:58,100
together for Lucky underwear. 
Comparing shades of yellow and 

5960
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:00,300
debating. 
Whether burgundy counts, as read

5961
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:03,800
the shopping trip, becomes part 
of the ritual, a way of 

5962
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:06,400
articulating hopes, while 
choosing between lace and 

5963
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:08,800
cotton. 
The practice of smudging with 

5964
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:13,300
sage cedar or sweet grass in 
very indigenous North American 

5965
05:36:13,300 --> 05:36:18,000
traditions involves burning 
dried plants and using the smoke

5966
05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:23,000
to cleanse spaces objects and 
people you like the bundle, let 

5967
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,300
it catch them, blow out the 
Flames, so it smolders and 

5968
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:29,300
produces smoke. 
Then you move the smoke around 

5969
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:33,400
with your hand or a feather. 
Directing it into Corners around

5970
05:36:33,400 --> 05:36:37,800
doorways and over your own body,
the smoke has a distinct smell 

5971
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:42,300
sharp, resinous and green even 
though your burning dried 

5972
05:36:42,300 --> 05:36:44,700
plants. 
Different plants, carry 

5973
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:48,800
different purposes, Sage for 
purification Cedar for 

5974
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:51,300
protection and sweet grass for 
blessing. 

5975
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:54,700
Smoke is visible evidence of 
cleansing happening. 

5976
05:36:54,700 --> 05:36:57,600
Tangible proof of intention made
manifest. 

5977
05:36:57,600 --> 05:37:00,400
Once you've cleaned house and 
released the past. 

5978
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:03,700
The question becomes, what do 
you want to invite into the 

5979
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:07,200
emptiness you've created? 
Intention setting takes 

5980
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:11,000
countless forms from private 
promises to public declarations 

5981
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:14,200
from written lists to symbolic 
actions. 

5982
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:17,500
The Western tradition of New 
Year's resolution has ancient 

5983
05:37:17,500 --> 05:37:20,900
Roots took its modern form 
during the early 20th century. 

5984
05:37:21,900 --> 05:37:26,400
Gym, memberships in January at 
book sale, briskly and 

5985
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:29,300
self-improvement courses, find 
Eagle audience's. 

5986
05:37:29,300 --> 05:37:33,000
The cynical view is that most 
resolutions fail by February, 

5987
05:37:33,000 --> 05:37:37,100
which statistics support 
Approximately 80% of 

5988
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:40,600
resolution's, don't make it past
the first month, but perhaps, 

5989
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:44,400
the point isn't success rate, 
but the practice itself, the 

5990
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:47,300
willingness to imagine better 
version of ourselves and take 

5991
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:50,400
steps. 
However, faltering towards those

5992
05:37:50,400 --> 05:37:52,700
Visions. 
In many Latin American 

5993
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,900
countries, people write down 
wishes for the new year on small

5994
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:58,700
piece of paper, then tuck them 
into their shoes. 

5995
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:01,800
You wear these wishes as you 
walk in to the New Year, 

5996
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:04,500
literally stepping into your 
intentions. 

5997
05:38:04,500 --> 05:38:07,700
Some people keep the papers in 
their shoes for the entire first

5998
05:38:07,700 --> 05:38:11,600
day While others transfer them 
to wallets or Pockets, keeping 

5999
05:38:11,600 --> 05:38:15,300
their wishes close, the papers 
gradually wear and fade from 

6000
05:38:15,300 --> 05:38:18,300
contact with your life which 
seems metaphorically 

6001
05:38:18,300 --> 05:38:21,200
appropriate. 
Your intention should be lived, 

6002
05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:25,200
not preserved in pristine 
condition, the Babylonian 

6003
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,000
practice during a key to 
involved, making Promises to the

6004
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:31,000
gods and to neighbors, 
particularly about returning 

6005
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:32,700
borrowed property and paying 
debts. 

6006
05:38:33,300 --> 05:38:36,600
These weren't private vows but 
public declarations made in 

6007
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,400
Temple, ceremonies the 
accountability built into the 

6008
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:43,500
practice promising in front of 
your community, probably improve

6009
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:45,100
follow through rates 
considerably. 

6010
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:48,300
It's harder to forget your 
resolution when multiple people 

6011
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:52,400
witnessed you making it and will
definitely ask how it's going in

6012
05:38:52,400 --> 05:38:54,200
some Buddhist Traditions. 
People are right. 

6013
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:57,000
Intentions for the coming year 
on small wooden tablets called 

6014
05:38:57,000 --> 05:39:00,900
EMA, which they hang at temples,
the tablets accumulate 

6015
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:03,600
throughout the year. 
Hundreds of individual wishes 

6016
05:39:03,600 --> 05:39:06,800
hanging together, success in 
exams health. 

6017
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:10,700
For aging parents, courage for 
new Ventures and patience for 

6018
05:39:10,708 --> 05:39:14,300
daily frustrations walking 
through a temple, Courtyard and 

6019
05:39:14,300 --> 05:39:17,300
seeing all these hopes suspended
on String's Creator, powerful 

6020
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:21,500
sense of shared Humanity, 
Everyone wants similar things, 

6021
05:39:21,500 --> 05:39:27,500
love Health purpose, and peace, 
the specifics vary, but the 

6022
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:29,300
underlying desires can connect 
us. 

6023
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:32,300
The practice of creating vision 
boards. 

6024
05:39:32,300 --> 05:39:36,900
Collages of images, representing
your goals combines artistic 

6025
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:39,700
expression. 
With intention setting, you flip

6026
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,800
through magazines looking for 
pictures that resonate, a 

6027
05:39:42,800 --> 05:39:47,000
kitchen Garden, a passport stamp
a person meditating, a 

6028
05:39:47,000 --> 05:39:50,800
graduation cap, You arrange. 
These images on poster board, 

6029
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:53,700
creating a visual map of your 
aspirations. 

6030
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:55,500
Then you hang the board 
somewhere. 

6031
05:39:55,500 --> 05:39:58,100
You'll see it daily. 
The regular visual 

6032
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:00,900
reinforcement, keeps your 
intentions accessible to your 

6033
05:40:00,900 --> 05:40:03,600
conscious mind rather than 
letting them drift into 

6034
05:40:03,600 --> 05:40:06,600
forgetfulness. 
Some people, swear by vision 

6035
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:10,600
boards, others, find them 
embarrassingly earnest, The 

6036
05:40:10,608 --> 05:40:13,900
effectiveness probably depends 
Less on the board itself than on

6037
05:40:13,900 --> 05:40:18,000
the clarity of thought required.
To create one in Japan people 

6038
05:40:18,000 --> 05:40:20,300
buy DaRuMa dolls, New Year 
markets. 

6039
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:24,200
These are Hollow rounded dolls 
modeled after body armor, the 

6040
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:28,000
founder of Zen Buddhism. 
The dolls come with blank white 

6041
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:30,400
eyes. 
When you buy one, you color in 

6042
05:40:30,400 --> 05:40:33,900
one eye while setting a goal for
the year, the doll sits in your 

6043
05:40:33,900 --> 05:40:36,600
home. 
It single, I watching you a 

6044
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:38,300
constant reminder of your 
intention. 

6045
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:41,700
If you achieve your goal by 
years, end you color in the 

6046
05:40:41,700 --> 05:40:44,300
second. 
I completing the doll, then you 

6047
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:47,200
return it to the temple to be 
burned in a ceremonial fire 

6048
05:40:47,200 --> 05:40:50,400
releasing the commitment. 
If you don't achieve your goal, 

6049
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:53,700
you can keep the one-eyed doll 
or return it incomplete. 

6050
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:57,100
Acknowledging that you weren't 
ready or the goal wasn't, right?

6051
05:40:57,100 --> 05:40:59,600
The one I dull staring at you 
all year. 

6052
05:40:59,600 --> 05:41:01,900
Creates gentle pressure without 
crushing guilt. 

6053
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:04,300
The practice of choosing a word 
for the year. 

6054
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:06,200
One word that captures your 
intentional. 

6055
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:10,200
Focus has gained popularity as a
less overwhelming alternative to

6056
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:14,600
detailed resolutions instead of 
lose 20 pounds, save 5,000 

6057
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:17,300
dollars, learn Spanish and read 
50 books. 

6058
05:41:17,300 --> 05:41:21,300
You choose something like 
balance or courage, or 

6059
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:24,300
Simplicity. 
The word becomes a lens through 

6060
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:26,600
which you evaluate decisions 
throughout the year. 

6061
05:41:26,600 --> 05:41:31,000
When facing a choice, you are. 
Does this align with my word? 

6062
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:34,500
It's simultaneously more 
flexible and more focused than 

6063
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:36,700
traditional. 
Resolution allowing for 

6064
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:40,200
interpretation while maintaining
Direction in some Hindu 

6065
05:41:40,200 --> 05:41:42,600
Traditions. 
People visit temples on New Year

6066
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:44,800
to seek blessings for specific 
intentions. 

6067
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:49,200
You bring offerings flowers, 
fruit and incidents and explain 

6068
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,400
to the deity what you hope to 
accomplish some temples have 

6069
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:54,100
priests who bless you and offer 
Guidance. 

6070
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:57,600
The practice combines personal 
intention with spiritual 

6071
05:41:57,600 --> 05:42:00,900
petition acknowledging. 
That while your work toward your

6072
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:05,400
goals, you will recognize forces
beyond your control and ask for 

6073
05:42:05,400 --> 05:42:08,200
divine support. 
Practical humility. 

6074
05:42:08,200 --> 05:42:11,600
I'll do my part but I could use 
some help from greater Powers. 

6075
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:15,300
The kemetic practice of making 
Oaths to Mart the goddess of 

6076
05:42:15,300 --> 05:42:18,600
Truth and balance involved 
publicly, stating your 

6077
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:22,200
intentions and understanding 
that Mark would weigh your heart

6078
05:42:22,200 --> 05:42:25,800
against her feather of Truth in 
the afterlife, the severity of 

6079
05:42:25,800 --> 05:42:28,500
that eventual. 
Judgment supposedly encourage 

6080
05:42:28,500 --> 05:42:31,000
people to follow through on 
their promises, modern 

6081
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:33,400
practitioners of kemetic 
traditions often. 

6082
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:36,700
Write intentions during the new 
year and place them on altars 

6083
05:42:36,700 --> 05:42:40,200
devoted to May at understanding 
that truth and balance should 

6084
05:42:40,200 --> 05:42:43,700
guide their actions, the feather
weighing your heart creates 

6085
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:47,600
memorable motivation, Letter 
writing as intention setting 

6086
05:42:47,600 --> 05:42:50,900
appears in many cultures. 
Some people write letters to 

6087
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:53,800
their future. 
Selves describing current hopes 

6088
05:42:53,800 --> 05:42:55,900
and sealing them to open in one 
year. 

6089
05:42:55,900 --> 05:42:59,300
Reading last year's letter 
become part of the next Year's 

6090
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:02,200
ritual. 
You discover which intentions 

6091
05:43:02,200 --> 05:43:05,600
you forgot about entirely. 
Which ones evolved into 

6092
05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:08,800
something unexpected and which 
ones you achieved without 

6093
05:43:08,800 --> 05:43:12,200
consciously, trying the gap 
between, who you thought you'd 

6094
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:16,000
be, and who you actually became 
holds valuable information about

6095
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:19,800
the difference between wishful 
thinking, and genuine aspiration

6096
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,700
in some Caribbean. 
Traditions, people make packets 

6097
05:43:22,700 --> 05:43:25,800
of herbs spices and other 
ingredients corresponding to 

6098
05:43:25,800 --> 05:43:28,600
their intentions. 
Then bury these packets in their

6099
05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:31,800
Gardens or at Crossroads under 
the new moon closest to the New 

6100
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:34,400
Year. 
The packet deteriorates in the 

6101
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:38,900
earth, releasing its content 
slowly symbolizing intentions 

6102
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,400
gradually manifesting throughout
the year different ingredients 

6103
05:43:42,400 --> 05:43:45,900
attract different outcomes, 
cinnamon for Prosperity basil 

6104
05:43:45,900 --> 05:43:47,700
for love and bay leaves for 
Success. 

6105
05:43:47,700 --> 05:43:51,600
You choose your ingredients 
thought for me, construct your 

6106
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:55,500
packet with Care, Bear it with 
serum and he then trust the 

6107
05:43:55,500 --> 05:43:57,600
Earth to do its work while you 
do yours. 

6108
05:43:59,400 --> 05:44:02,800
Humans have always looked up at 
critical moments, when the year 

6109
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:06,800
turns we crane, our necks to 
watch fireworks Bloom and Fade 

6110
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:10,900
to count stars and to witness 
the skies response to our 

6111
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:13,700
celebration. 
The practice connects us to our 

6112
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:17,200
astronomical Origins and reminds
us that were part of something, 

6113
05:44:17,200 --> 05:44:20,000
vastly larger than our 
individual concerns. 

6114
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:24,200
The Aurora Borealis is 
influenced Northern cultures New

6115
05:44:24,200 --> 05:44:28,100
Year, traditions for Millennia 
in Scandinavia, the dancing 

6116
05:44:28,100 --> 05:44:30,300
lights were sometimes 
interpreted as spirits of the 

6117
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:33,500
Dead celebrating. 
Sometimes as reflections of the 

6118
05:44:33,500 --> 05:44:37,800
Valkyries armor and sometimes as
Bridges Between Worlds, watching

6119
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:40,500
the Aurora on New Year's Eve was
considered particularly 

6120
05:44:40,500 --> 05:44:43,900
auspicious. 
You stood in brutal cold, 

6121
05:44:43,900 --> 05:44:47,500
looking up at curtains of green 
and purple, light undulating 

6122
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:51,300
across the sky, and felt very 
small in a way that was somehow 

6123
05:44:51,300 --> 05:44:55,700
comforting, the lights dance, 
regardless of human activity in 

6124
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:58,900
different to your hopes and 
fears, just physics and 

6125
05:44:58,900 --> 05:45:03,400
magnetism creating Beauty. 
In Polynesian cultures, 

6126
05:45:03,400 --> 05:45:08,100
navigation by stars wasn't just 
practical but sacred star 

6127
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:11,400
watches held onward positions. 
Maintaining knowledge of which 

6128
05:45:11,400 --> 05:45:14,300
stars appeared when and what 
their positions indicated about 

6129
05:45:14,300 --> 05:45:17,400
seasons and directions. 
The New Year in traditional 

6130
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:21,400
Hawaiian culture coincided with 
the rise of makali, the player 

6131
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:24,900
East Star cluster signaling. 
The start of the four-month 

6132
05:45:24,900 --> 05:45:28,700
makahiki season during makahiki 
war was forbidden. 

6133
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:33,400
Taxes were suspended and people 
celebrated with sports, dancing 

6134
05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:37,900
and feasting The entire social 
structure shifted based on Stars

6135
05:45:37,900 --> 05:45:39,500
appearing in particular 
positions. 

6136
05:45:40,300 --> 05:45:44,600
Astronomy, literally governed 
Society meteor showers near New 

6137
05:45:44,608 --> 05:45:48,300
Year's, particularly the 
quadrantids which peak in early 

6138
05:45:48,308 --> 05:45:50,600
January. 
Give modern, skywatches 

6139
05:45:50,600 --> 05:45:53,000
something to search for during 
cold winter nights. 

6140
05:45:53,000 --> 05:45:56,700
You find a dark location. 
Away from light pollution, bring

6141
05:45:56,700 --> 05:46:00,300
blankets and thermoses of hot 
drinks and lie on your back 

6142
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:05,000
looking up. your eyes adjust to 
Darkness over 20 minutes and 

6143
05:46:05,000 --> 05:46:10,200
then you wait meteors appear 
unpredictably, Treat in your 

6144
05:46:10,200 --> 05:46:12,900
peripheral vision gone before 
you can properly. 

6145
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:15,100
See it then nothing for 10 
minutes. 

6146
05:46:15,100 --> 05:46:19,800
Then three in quick succession. 
The Waiting becomes meditative, 

6147
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:24,300
you're not scrolling, not 
multi-tasking, just lying still 

6148
05:46:24,300 --> 05:46:27,900
watching for light. 
The Chinese tradition of tianwen

6149
05:46:27,900 --> 05:46:31,800
or Celestial patterns involved. 
Careful observation of 

6150
05:46:31,808 --> 05:46:35,300
astronomical phenomena and their
interpretation as Omens. 

6151
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:39,100
A particularly bright star might
indicate the birth of a great 

6152
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:42,000
leader. 
A comet could suggest impending 

6153
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:45,300
change. 
Imperial astronomers held 

6154
05:46:45,300 --> 05:46:48,000
powerful positions because 
they're readings influence 

6155
05:46:48,000 --> 05:46:50,900
National policy. 
While modern science has 

6156
05:46:50,900 --> 05:46:52,200
explained. 
These phenomena in ways that 

6157
05:46:52,200 --> 05:46:55,300
remove the supernatural The 
practice of paying attention to 

6158
05:46:55,300 --> 05:46:59,500
the sky remains valuable, you 
notice things, how quickly 

6159
05:46:59,500 --> 05:47:03,100
clouds, move the moon's changing
position throughout the night 

6160
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:05,700
and which stars are visible in 
different seasons. 

6161
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:11,000
In zoroastrian Tradition, fire, 
temples maintain Eternal Flames 

6162
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:13,900
that should never be 
extinguished on New Year's Eve. 

6163
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,200
Families had special wood to 
their home fires and stay awake 

6164
05:47:17,200 --> 05:47:19,800
watching Flames while telling 
stories and reading poetry. 

6165
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:26,300
Fire connects Earth to Sky smoke
Rising Sparks, ascending and 

6166
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,500
heat radiating upward. 
You feed the fire throughout the

6167
05:47:29,508 --> 05:47:32,900
night watching, how different 
Woods burn differently, how 

6168
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:36,600
Flames, find whatever oxygen 
they can and how fire is 

6169
05:47:36,600 --> 05:47:38,900
simultaneously destructive and 
life-giving. 

6170
05:47:38,900 --> 05:47:42,900
The smoke carries your prayers 
and intentions Skyward or at 

6171
05:47:42,900 --> 05:47:45,900
least that's the belief. 
Even without Supernatural, 

6172
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:49,800
intercession watching fire 
remains hypnotic the oldest 

6173
05:47:49,800 --> 05:47:53,100
television, the practice of 
releasing Skylanders though. 

6174
05:47:53,100 --> 05:47:57,400
Now banned in many places due to
fire hazards originated in China

6175
05:47:57,400 --> 05:48:01,100
and spread throughout Asia. 
People lanterns with small 

6176
05:48:01,100 --> 05:48:05,600
Flames inside lift on heated, 
air Rising into the night sky, 

6177
05:48:05,600 --> 05:48:09,000
like reversed Stars, hundreds or
thousands, released 

6178
05:48:09,000 --> 05:48:12,600
simultaneously, create a 
stunning sight, an artificial 

6179
05:48:12,600 --> 05:48:16,300
constellation ascending each 
light representing someone's 

6180
05:48:16,300 --> 05:48:20,300
wish or prayer from the ground. 
You watch your Lantern, join 

6181
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:24,200
others, become indistinguishable
and become part of a collective 

6182
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:26,900
illumination. 
Then the Flames burn out and the

6183
05:48:26,908 --> 05:48:30,500
lanterns drift back to Earth 
which poses obvious problems. 

6184
05:48:30,500 --> 05:48:34,500
But created Beautiful Moments, 
while Aloft in parts of Mexico, 

6185
05:48:34,500 --> 05:48:36,800
people practice the tradition of
last. 

6186
05:48:36,800 --> 05:48:40,400
Do you use at midnight but do so
outside looking at the sky 

6187
05:48:40,400 --> 05:48:44,700
between greats The logic is that
wishes made under Open Sky have 

6188
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:46,800
clear? 
Paths, to whatever forces, grant

6189
05:48:46,800 --> 05:48:50,500
wishes this probably doesn't 
work mechanically but eating 

6190
05:48:50,500 --> 05:48:54,000
grapes while looking at stars. 
Does create a memorable sensory 

6191
05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:57,500
combination? 
The sweet burst of fruit, the 

6192
05:48:57,500 --> 05:49:01,300
cold air on your face and the 
vast Darkness above sprinkled 

6193
05:49:01,300 --> 05:49:04,500
with Ancient Light. 
The Maori tradition of star 

6194
05:49:04,500 --> 05:49:08,700
observation called Wet, 2 tide 
navigation, Agriculture, and 

6195
05:49:08,700 --> 05:49:12,400
spiritual practice together. 
Different star clusters 

6196
05:49:12,400 --> 05:49:17,000
signified, different seasons and
activities, matariki the Maori 

6197
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:20,100
new year, celebrated, when the 
player dies rise involves 

6198
05:49:20,100 --> 05:49:22,600
Gathering Before. 
Dawn to watch the stars appear, 

6199
05:49:23,500 --> 05:49:26,200
the number of stars, visible 
indicates, whether the coming 

6200
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:29,500
year will be abundant or 
challenging more stars, mean 

6201
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:33,300
better harvests Modern 
celebrations include staying up 

6202
05:49:33,300 --> 05:49:36,800
all night or Rising Before Dawn 
to witness the rising connecting

6203
05:49:36,800 --> 05:49:40,300
contemporary with ancestral 
practices through the same 

6204
05:49:40,300 --> 05:49:44,200
Stars, their great grandparents 
watched Planetarium sometimes, 

6205
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:46,900
often New Year's Eve shows that 
take viewers on Journeys through

6206
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:50,600
space and time showing what the 
sky looked like, thousands of 

6207
05:49:50,600 --> 05:49:52,500
years ago. 
And what it will look like 

6208
05:49:52,500 --> 05:49:55,700
thousands of years. 
Hence, you sit in reclining 

6209
05:49:55,700 --> 05:49:59,400
seats in a dark Dome, while 
Stars wheel overhead planets, 

6210
05:49:59,400 --> 05:50:02,300
travel their orbits and galaxies
spin. 

6211
05:50:02,300 --> 05:50:04,400
It's humbling and oddly 
liberating. 

6212
05:50:04,400 --> 05:50:08,100
Your individual concerns seem 
less pressing when you're 

6213
05:50:08,100 --> 05:50:10,200
watching the Andromeda. 
Galaxy approach the Milky Way 

6214
05:50:10,200 --> 05:50:13,400
over the next several billion 
years, the time scales involved,

6215
05:50:13,400 --> 05:50:17,600
make human calendars appear 
arbitrary, which they are but no

6216
05:50:17,600 --> 05:50:19,700
less meaningful for Being Human 
inventions. 

6217
05:50:19,700 --> 05:50:23,000
Some people practice Earth 
gazing instead of Sky gazing 

6218
05:50:23,000 --> 05:50:26,100
lying on their backs and 
imagining their looking down at 

6219
05:50:26,100 --> 05:50:30,200
the Earth from space and up at 
the sky, this perspective shift 

6220
05:50:30,200 --> 05:50:34,700
understanding that you're on a 
planet suspended in space held 

6221
05:50:34,700 --> 05:50:37,900
to the surface by gravity, 
rather than City on stationary. 

6222
05:50:37,900 --> 05:50:41,700
Ground beneath the distance guy 
can produce a disorienting 

6223
05:50:41,700 --> 05:50:45,600
exhilaration, You feel the Earth
moving Beneath You rotating 

6224
05:50:45,600 --> 05:50:48,600
orbiting and moving through the 
Galaxy as the Galaxy moves 

6225
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:51,800
through space? 
It's all motion and spin and 

6226
05:50:51,800 --> 05:50:54,200
you're part of it have always 
been part of it. 

6227
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:57,400
Clinging to this rock. 
Hurtling through Darkness 

6228
05:50:57,400 --> 05:51:01,100
midnight arrives, whether you're
watching or not but there's 

6229
05:51:01,100 --> 05:51:03,200
something powerful about 
deliberately witnessing the 

6230
05:51:03,200 --> 05:51:07,000
transition different cultures. 
Mark this moment in ways ranging

6231
05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:10,700
from reverent to raucous but all
recognize that the incident of 

6232
05:51:10,700 --> 05:51:14,400
change deserves attention in 
Times Square, approximately 1 

6233
05:51:14,500 --> 05:51:16,300
million people. 
Gather to watch a Waterford 

6234
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:18,400
crystal ball drop precisely at 
midnight. 

6235
05:51:19,300 --> 05:51:22,000
A tradition that began in 1907 
though. 

6236
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,700
The current LED lights sphere 
with 32,000 colors wasn't 

6237
05:51:25,700 --> 05:51:29,800
introduced until 2008. 
The countdown is broadcast 

6238
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:32,800
globally and people in the 
living rooms and bars worldwide 

6239
05:51:32,800 --> 05:51:39,400
countdown together. 10 9 8. 
The synchronization creates 

6240
05:51:39,400 --> 05:51:43,400
temporary Unity among people who
agree on the nothing else for 60

6241
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:45,100
seconds. 
Everyone's counting the same 

6242
05:51:45,100 --> 05:51:47,800
numbers toward the same moment 
in Greece. 

6243
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,700
The moment of midnight involves 
card game, Families, play games 

6244
05:51:51,700 --> 05:51:53,800
of charms. 
Believe that winning at midnight

6245
05:51:53,800 --> 05:51:55,400
predicts. 
Good luck for the year. 

6246
05:51:55,400 --> 05:52:01,100
The Game's are often simple War.
High card, dice rolls with small

6247
05:52:01,100 --> 05:52:03,200
stake's. 
Children. 

6248
05:52:03,200 --> 05:52:06,000
Stay up to participate learning 
that sometimes you win, 

6249
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:09,800
sometimes you lose and neither 
outcome defines you permanently 

6250
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:12,900
the next hand. 
The next year offers fresh 

6251
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,900
possibilities. 
In Brazil, the first moments of 

6252
05:52:15,900 --> 05:52:18,800
the New Year involved running 
into the ocean, preferably 

6253
05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:22,800
jumping over seven waves while 
making wishes Beach communities.

6254
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:25,800
Like Rio de Janeiro become 
masses of people dressed in 

6255
05:52:25,808 --> 05:52:27,900
white running into the water 
together. 

6256
05:52:27,900 --> 05:52:32,900
The waves are cold shock salt, 
spray and tidal power nature, 

6257
05:52:32,900 --> 05:52:35,800
indifferent to human 
celebrations, but providing a 

6258
05:52:35,800 --> 05:52:38,800
stage for them anyway, 7 waves 
because seven is lucky. 

6259
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:41,800
There are seven days in the 
week, seven colors in the 

6260
05:52:41,800 --> 05:52:46,300
rainbow and seven musical notes.
The number accumulate, meaning 

6261
05:52:46,300 --> 05:52:49,700
through repetition the Scottish 
tradition of first footing 

6262
05:52:49,700 --> 05:52:52,400
requires the first person to 
enter your home after midnight 

6263
05:52:52,400 --> 05:52:54,800
to be a dark-haired male bearing
gifts. 

6264
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:57,500
In areas where most people are 
fairhead. 

6265
05:52:57,500 --> 05:53:00,900
This creates logistical 
challenges some families 

6266
05:53:00,900 --> 05:53:03,900
arranged, first Footers in 
advance, others, leave their 

6267
05:53:03,900 --> 05:53:06,200
doors unlocked, and hope 
appropriate strangers. 

6268
05:53:06,200 --> 05:53:10,000
Arrived. 
The gifts are specific coal for 

6269
05:53:10,000 --> 05:53:13,400
warmth. 
Salt for flavor, shortbread, for

6270
05:53:13,400 --> 05:53:17,000
food, and whiskey for cheer. 
The first foot, I shouldn't 

6271
05:53:17,000 --> 05:53:19,100
arrive. 
Empty-handed, shouldn't speak 

6272
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:21,900
before, delivering the gifts, 
and should only enter through 

6273
05:53:21,900 --> 05:53:24,100
the front door. 
The same door, they exit from 

6274
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:28,100
not Crossing through the house, 
which might bring bad luck in 

6275
05:53:28,100 --> 05:53:30,100
the Philippines. 
Families, believe that, jumping 

6276
05:53:30,100 --> 05:53:32,200
at midnight makes children grow 
taller. 

6277
05:53:32,800 --> 05:53:36,700
Every child jumps as high as 
possible precisely at 12 which 

6278
05:53:36,700 --> 05:53:39,900
creates hilarious videos and 
slightly chaotic moments as 

6279
05:53:39,900 --> 05:53:43,400
everyone leaks simultaneously. 
The physics don't support the 

6280
05:53:43,400 --> 05:53:46,400
growth claim, but the collective
jumping creates joy and memory 

6281
05:53:46,400 --> 05:53:51,400
which might be the actual point.
You jump, you laugh and you land

6282
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,900
in the new year or already 
smiling in Denmark people stand 

6283
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:56,600
on chairs and jump off them at 
midnight. 

6284
05:53:56,600 --> 05:53:59,100
Literally leaping into the new 
year. 

6285
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:02,500
This combines the jumping 
impulse from the Philippines 

6286
05:54:02,500 --> 05:54:05,000
with Furniture which adds an 
element of Adventure. 

6287
05:54:05,000 --> 05:54:08,800
You stand on a chair countdown, 
then jump into the year ahead. 

6288
05:54:09,500 --> 05:54:13,000
To small action, with clear, 
symbolism leaving the old year, 

6289
05:54:13,000 --> 05:54:16,500
behind taking a leap and 
trusting your land safely in 

6290
05:54:16,500 --> 05:54:19,500
some native American traditions.
The first Sunrise of the New 

6291
05:54:19,500 --> 05:54:23,500
Year calls for ceremony. 
You wake Before Dawn, prepare 

6292
05:54:23,500 --> 05:54:25,600
yourself through prayer or 
meditation. 

6293
05:54:25,600 --> 05:54:29,100
Then faced East and wait, the 
sky. 

6294
05:54:29,100 --> 05:54:33,400
Gradually lightens black to deep
blue to pale blue, to Pink to 

6295
05:54:33,400 --> 05:54:36,400
gold. 
And then the Sun appears a 

6296
05:54:36,400 --> 05:54:39,000
sliver of fierce light, that 
grows until you have to look 

6297
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,500
away that first light touches 
your face. 

6298
05:54:41,500 --> 05:54:45,400
And you've witnessed The Years 
first sunrise and participated 

6299
05:54:45,400 --> 05:54:49,500
in the Cycles, continuation. 
Each Sunrise is technically the 

6300
05:54:49,500 --> 05:54:52,500
same as the previous one, but 
this one, you've marked as 

6301
05:54:52,500 --> 05:54:54,900
special through attention in 
Japan. 

6302
05:54:54,900 --> 05:54:58,600
The first shrine visit of the 
year called hatsumode typically 

6303
05:54:58,600 --> 05:55:00,100
happens. 
In the first three days of 

6304
05:55:00,100 --> 05:55:04,000
January shrines become crowded 
with people waiting in long 

6305
05:55:04,000 --> 05:55:07,400
lines to Pray by Lucky Charms 
and receive blessings. 

6306
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:11,500
The waiting is part of the 
experience standing in a cube 

6307
05:55:11,500 --> 05:55:13,400
with strangers who were all 
there for the same purpose, 

6308
05:55:13,400 --> 05:55:16,500
creates temporary Community. 
You might chat with the people 

6309
05:55:16,500 --> 05:55:20,100
around you or you might stand in
companionable silence, but 

6310
05:55:20,100 --> 05:55:23,300
you're together in intention. 
When you finally reach the 

6311
05:55:23,300 --> 05:55:27,600
shrine, you throw a coin in the 
offering box, Bao twice, clap 

6312
05:55:27,600 --> 05:55:32,900
twice, bow once more and say a 
prayer, the rituals Precision is

6313
05:55:32,900 --> 05:55:35,400
comforting, you know exactly 
what to do. 

6314
05:55:35,400 --> 05:55:39,700
And have seen countless others 
do the same. in Spain's, Basque 

6315
05:55:39,700 --> 05:55:42,600
region, people dress, as the 
mythological character 

6316
05:55:42,600 --> 05:55:46,900
olentzero, a charcoal maker who 
brings gifts on New Year's 

6317
05:55:46,900 --> 05:55:50,300
groups of Alan stroke parade 
through streets singing, 

6318
05:55:50,300 --> 05:55:54,600
traditional songs and carrying 
staffs Character represents the 

6319
05:55:54,600 --> 05:55:58,100
old ear, departing rural, 
tradition, continuing, despite 

6320
05:55:58,100 --> 05:56:00,700
urbanization, and connection to 
the land. 

6321
05:56:00,700 --> 05:56:04,700
Even in cities children, watch 
these parades learning stories. 

6322
05:56:04,700 --> 05:56:07,800
Their grandparents knew, 
maintaining cultural memory 

6323
05:56:07,800 --> 05:56:10,700
through costume and song the 
practice of kissing. 

6324
05:56:10,700 --> 05:56:13,400
Someone at midnight, supposedly 
comes from English. 

6325
05:56:13,400 --> 05:56:16,300
And German folklore suggesting 
that the first person you 

6326
05:56:16,300 --> 05:56:20,700
encounter in the New Year sets 
the year's tone A kiss was meant

6327
05:56:20,700 --> 05:56:22,600
to purify and strength and 
bonds. 

6328
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:25,800
Now it's become an expectation 
in many Western cultures. 

6329
05:56:25,800 --> 05:56:28,900
Sometimes creating pressure to 
have someone to kiss at midnight

6330
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:32,800
as though, your romantic status,
determines your years quality. 

6331
05:56:32,800 --> 05:56:36,100
But a kiss between people who 
genuinely care for each other 

6332
05:56:36,100 --> 05:56:40,300
chosen freely, rather than 
performed out of obligation can 

6333
05:56:40,300 --> 05:56:45,500
be a lovely way to begin a year.
Connection affection and warmth 

6334
05:56:45,500 --> 05:56:48,200
against winter cold in some 
cultures. 

6335
05:56:48,200 --> 05:56:52,400
The first words spoken in the 
New Year matter, you chose them 

6336
05:56:52,400 --> 05:56:58,100
carefully, a blessing, a wish, a
hope Some people remain silent 

6337
05:56:58,100 --> 05:57:00,700
until they formulated exactly 
what they want. 

6338
05:57:00,700 --> 05:57:04,500
Their first words to be others, 
shout joyfully claiming the year

6339
05:57:04,500 --> 05:57:08,700
with exuberance, the choice 
reflects personality, some of us

6340
05:57:08,700 --> 05:57:11,400
are thoughtful, some 
spontaneous, some quiet and some

6341
05:57:11,400 --> 05:57:15,800
loud, the year accommodates. 
All of us after the celebration 

6342
05:57:15,800 --> 05:57:19,000
comes the morning while some 
people wait with regret and 

6343
05:57:19,000 --> 05:57:22,200
headaches, many cultures of 
developed, Traditions that make 

6344
05:57:22,200 --> 05:57:25,900
New Year's Day itself. 
Meaningful quiet and A Gentle 

6345
05:57:25,908 --> 05:57:29,500
Beginning rather than allowed 
continuation in Japan. 

6346
05:57:29,500 --> 05:57:32,500
New Year's Day morning, involves
special breakfast foods called a

6347
05:57:32,500 --> 05:57:36,500
secure Ori elaborately prepared 
dishes packed in beautiful, 

6348
05:57:36,500 --> 05:57:39,400
lacquer boxes. 
Each dish has symbolic meaning 

6349
05:57:39,400 --> 05:57:43,900
black soybeans for health, 
Herring for fertility and sweet.

6350
05:57:43,900 --> 05:57:47,000
Rolled omelette for scholarship.
The foods were traditionally 

6351
05:57:47,000 --> 05:57:49,600
prepared in advance so women 
would not have to cook during 

6352
05:57:49,600 --> 05:57:52,200
the first days of the year 
giving everyone rest. 

6353
05:57:53,100 --> 05:57:56,000
Families eat together slowly 
discussing the past year and 

6354
05:57:56,000 --> 05:57:58,700
hopes for the coming. 
One, the meal isn't rushed. 

6355
05:57:58,700 --> 05:58:02,400
There's no way to go. 
Nothing that can't wait in the 

6356
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:04,900
Southern United States. 
New Year's Day, often means 

6357
05:58:04,900 --> 05:58:07,200
staying home in comfortable 
clothes and cooking that 

6358
05:58:07,200 --> 05:58:10,500
traditional meal of Black Eyed, 
Peas colored Greens and 

6359
05:58:10,500 --> 05:58:14,100
Cornbread house smells of 
simmering greens and baking 

6360
05:58:14,100 --> 05:58:16,300
bread. 
Someone might have a football 

6361
05:58:16,300 --> 05:58:19,200
game playing on television 
volume low, just Pleasant 

6362
05:58:19,200 --> 05:58:21,900
background noise. 
The meal simmers for hours 

6363
05:58:21,900 --> 05:58:25,900
flavors deepening while family 
members drift in and out of the 

6364
05:58:25,908 --> 05:58:30,000
kitchen, sampling, adding 
seasonings and telling stories 

6365
05:58:30,000 --> 05:58:33,600
about previous New Year's, the 
Dutch practice of new jars. 

6366
05:58:33,600 --> 05:58:37,400
Dark involves jumping into cold 
ocean water on Year's Day, which

6367
05:58:37,400 --> 05:58:39,200
sounds terrible. 
But apparently attracts 

6368
05:58:39,200 --> 05:58:41,100
thousands of participants 
annually. 

6369
05:58:41,100 --> 05:58:44,900
You change into your swimsuit in
freezing temperatures, run, 

6370
05:58:44,900 --> 05:58:49,600
screaming into icy water, splash
around briefly, then run back 

6371
05:58:49,600 --> 05:58:52,500
out and wrap yourself in towels 
while laughing uncontrollably. 

6372
05:58:54,500 --> 05:58:57,500
The shock of cold water creates 
an endorphin rush. 

6373
05:58:57,500 --> 05:59:01,800
You feel intensely alive. 
Every nerve alert absolutely 

6374
05:59:01,800 --> 05:59:04,900
present in your body. 
Then you drink hot chocolate and

6375
05:59:04,900 --> 05:59:08,000
warm up slowly feeling 
Victorious for reasons. 

6376
05:59:08,000 --> 05:59:12,800
You can't quite articulate. 
In many cultures New Year's Day,

6377
05:59:12,800 --> 05:59:16,300
is for visiting. 
You go to relatives and Friends 

6378
05:59:16,300 --> 05:59:18,400
homes. 
Bringing small gifts, staying 

6379
05:59:18,400 --> 05:59:21,500
for tea or coffee and 
conversation, the visiting 

6380
05:59:21,500 --> 05:59:24,400
follows patterns, oldest 
relatives first. 

6381
05:59:24,400 --> 05:59:29,200
Then working down through family
relationships, then friends some

6382
05:59:29,200 --> 05:59:31,800
households received dozens of 
visitors throughout the day. 

6383
05:59:32,700 --> 05:59:35,600
The constant flow of people 
creates warmth and noise, 

6384
05:59:35,600 --> 05:59:39,008
reaffirms connections and 
reminds you that you're part of 

6385
05:59:39,016 --> 05:59:43,800
multiple interlocking Circles of
Care in Turkey, New Year's Day 

6386
05:59:43,800 --> 05:59:47,200
includes the practice of 
nasilsin visits where children 

6387
05:59:47,200 --> 05:59:51,400
go door-to-door asking, adults, 
how are you in exchange for 

6388
05:59:51,400 --> 05:59:53,200
small amounts of money or 
sweets? 

6389
05:59:53,200 --> 05:59:56,500
It teaches children to 
acknowledge Elders, create 

6390
05:59:56,500 --> 06:00:00,100
intergenerational interaction, 
and gives adults an opportunity 

6391
06:00:00,100 --> 06:00:03,000
to see which children in the 
neighborhood are growing up into

6392
06:00:03,000 --> 06:00:05,700
polite, young. 
People the children, accumulate 

6393
06:00:05,700 --> 06:00:09,100
modest amounts of money that 
feel like fortunes and the 

6394
06:00:09,100 --> 06:00:11,700
adults get to participate in 
Tradition and Community 

6395
06:00:11,700 --> 06:00:14,700
maintenance. 
For people who celebrated two 

6396
06:00:14,700 --> 06:00:18,100
enthusiastically the night 
before New Year's Day is for 

6397
06:00:18,100 --> 06:00:21,300
Recovery different, cultures, 
have different hangover cures, 

6398
06:00:21,300 --> 06:00:26,000
menudo in Mexico, a spicy trite 
suit that supposedly restores 

6399
06:00:26,000 --> 06:00:29,300
balance Prairie oyster in the 
English-speaking World. 

6400
06:00:29,300 --> 06:00:32,700
A raw egg and a glass with 
Worcestershire sauce and hot 

6401
06:00:32,700 --> 06:00:36,600
sauce that seems designed to 
punish bad decisions and pickled

6402
06:00:36,600 --> 06:00:39,700
herring in Germany and Poland. 
The sultan vinegar cutting 

6403
06:00:39,700 --> 06:00:42,900
through woozie's, whether these 
work medicinally or just 

6404
06:00:42,900 --> 06:00:45,800
distract you from your headache.
With intense flavors is unclear.

6405
06:00:46,600 --> 06:00:49,800
But the ritual of cure seeking 
creates structure from otherwise

6406
06:00:49,800 --> 06:00:53,100
shapeless day, the Quaker, 
practice of spending New Year's 

6407
06:00:53,108 --> 06:00:56,600
Day and Silent reflection. 
Possibly attending meeting for 

6408
06:00:56,600 --> 06:00:59,500
worship offers a dramatically 
different approach. 

6409
06:01:00,300 --> 06:01:04,600
You awake naturally without 
alarm, you sit in silence, maybe

6410
06:01:04,600 --> 06:01:08,400
at home, maybe at a meeting you.
Let your mind wander through the

6411
06:01:08,400 --> 06:01:11,500
past year without forcing it, 
into analytical categories, 

6412
06:01:11,500 --> 06:01:14,500
memories, arise and pass like 
clouds. 

6413
06:01:14,500 --> 06:01:19,800
You don't judge them as good or 
bad, just notice them hours pass

6414
06:01:19,800 --> 06:01:22,600
this way. 
When you finally speak or move 

6415
06:01:22,600 --> 06:01:25,900
the words in actions feel 
considered an intentional 

6416
06:01:25,900 --> 06:01:30,200
arising from Stillness rather 
than reaction in Iran. 

6417
06:01:30,200 --> 06:01:33,000
The 13 days of no, rules are for
visiting feasting and 

6418
06:01:33,000 --> 06:01:35,700
celebrating. 
But the 13th day, specifically, 

6419
06:01:35,700 --> 06:01:39,900
as for getting out of the house,
People picnic Outdoors, seeking 

6420
06:01:39,900 --> 06:01:42,200
nature, fresh air and open 
space. 

6421
06:01:42,200 --> 06:01:45,600
The Customs supposedly helps 
avoid bad luck. 

6422
06:01:46,300 --> 06:01:48,300
But practically it gets everyone
outside. 

6423
06:01:48,300 --> 06:01:52,100
After nearly two weeks of heavy,
eating and endorsed socializing 

6424
06:01:52,900 --> 06:01:57,200
He spread blankets in Parks, 
bring food play games, and 

6425
06:01:57,200 --> 06:01:59,800
breathe deeply. 
The grass smells like the 

6426
06:01:59,800 --> 06:02:01,900
beginning of Spring. 
Even if the calendar says 

6427
06:02:01,900 --> 06:02:05,300
otherwise, the practice of 
taking a New Year's Day, walk 

6428
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:09,100
appears in many cultures you 
bundle up and go outside walking

6429
06:02:09,100 --> 06:02:11,200
familiar routes or exploring new
ones. 

6430
06:02:11,200 --> 06:02:14,800
The world looks different on 
this particular day, even though

6431
06:02:14,800 --> 06:02:19,100
nothing has actually changed. 
Same trees, same buildings, same

6432
06:02:19,100 --> 06:02:22,000
streets, but you're paying 
attention differently. 

6433
06:02:22,000 --> 06:02:26,200
Noticing details, you usually 
overlooked the way Frost 

6434
06:02:26,200 --> 06:02:30,000
patterns on Windows catch light.
how Shadows Fall at this 

6435
06:02:30,000 --> 06:02:33,700
particular time of year, the 
specific quality of winter 

6436
06:02:33,700 --> 06:02:38,400
afternoon sun, Some people spend
New Year's Day organizing taking

6437
06:02:38,400 --> 06:02:40,700
seriously that impulse to start 
fresh. 

6438
06:02:40,700 --> 06:02:45,100
They clean out closets file. 
Paperwork organized digital 

6439
06:02:45,100 --> 06:02:50,100
photos and answer old emails. 
the productivity feels virtuous 

6440
06:02:50,100 --> 06:02:53,700
after a day of Celebration and 
this satisfaction in creating 

6441
06:02:53,700 --> 06:02:56,900
order and seeing physical 
results of your effort drawers 

6442
06:02:56,900 --> 06:03:00,400
that close properly now, 
desktops physical and digital 

6443
06:03:00,400 --> 06:03:04,700
that display only relevant items
space, where clutter used to 

6444
06:03:04,708 --> 06:03:09,400
live The sum New Year's Day is 
for doing, absolutely nothing. 

6445
06:03:09,400 --> 06:03:12,800
You wake late, stay in 
comfortable clothes, read 

6446
06:03:12,800 --> 06:03:15,000
without purpose and nap without 
guilt. 

6447
06:03:15,700 --> 06:03:19,700
The day stretches out with no 
obligations no schedule and no 

6448
06:03:19,700 --> 06:03:22,700
demands. 
This luxury of unstructured time

6449
06:03:22,700 --> 06:03:26,100
is rare enough to feel special. 
You don't have to optimize the 

6450
06:03:26,100 --> 06:03:29,400
day or make it meaningful it can
just be a day of rest Breathing 

6451
06:03:29,400 --> 06:03:32,400
Room between the old year and 
the years coming demands the 

6452
06:03:32,400 --> 06:03:35,000
afternoon light on New Year's 
Day has a particular quality. 

6453
06:03:36,100 --> 06:03:39,500
Winter sun slanting through 
Windows creating Long Shadows 

6454
06:03:39,500 --> 06:03:42,500
Illuminating dust. 
Motes floating in the air. 

6455
06:03:42,500 --> 06:03:46,500
You sit in a patch of warmth, 
maybe with tea, or coffee, maybe

6456
06:03:46,500 --> 06:03:51,300
with a book, maybe with nothing 
at all. the year ahead contains 

6457
06:03:51,300 --> 06:03:57,000
unknowns possibilities potential
difficulties and Joyce, but 

6458
06:03:57,000 --> 06:04:00,200
right now, in this moment, the 
sunlight and warmth and quiet, 

6459
06:04:00,200 --> 06:04:01,700
and that's enough to begin with