Who Was J. Robert Oppenheimer Beyond the Bomb? | Boring History

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Hey, my lovely people tonight. 
We're going to meet one of the 

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most complex figures of the 20th
century. 

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Not the mythical father of the 
atomic bomb. 

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That history, books, often 
portray, but the real man behind

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that overwhelming Legacy. 
This is the story of Robert 

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Oppenheimer. 
Poetry-loving physicist, the 

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Sanskrit scholar the teacher who
changed, how we think about 

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science and the human being who 
grappled with questions. 

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That would keep any of us awake 
at night. 

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So before you get comfortable 
with me, take a moment to like 

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the video and subscribe, if you 
love your time here, all. 

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So please let me know. 
Where are you listening from? 

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And how your day was now, dim 
those lights, grab your blanket 

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and let's start. 
Imagine New York City in 1904 

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when the tallest skyscrapers 
hardly reached the skyline and 

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horses continued to clip clop 
along cobblestone streets with 

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the occasional car. 
Julius Robert Oppenheimer 

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though, everyone would call him 
Robert, or simply copy to his 

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friends was born into this world
of Gaslight and escalating 

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ambition, though Roberts early 
years, were depicted in more 

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general terms. 
You might think that future 

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Atomic scientists come from 
childhood spent staring at 

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telescopes and chemistry sets 
Julius. 

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His father had come from Germany
with little more than a keen 

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sense of style and a passion for
textiles. 

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By the time Robert was born, the
family business had become 

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successful enough to buy an 
apartment with a view of the 

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Hudson River furnished with 
impressionist paintings, Persian

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rugs and the kind of cozy quiet 
that comes with having money. 

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Ella Roberts, mother was an 
artist who saw the world through

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light and Shadow compositions as
young Robert played quietly 

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close by, she had set up a 
Reason by their Upper West Side 

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home's, tall windows and began 
painting watercolors. 

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Displaying the Thoughtfulness 
that would define his entire 

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life. 
Even as a young child, he had an

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eye for the world that seemed 
older than his years. 

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It wasn't precocious in the way 
that adults find it, unsettling,

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but it was genuine. 
Curiosity about how things fit 

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together, though. 
Deeply intellectual, the 

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Oppenheimer household was not 
particularly religious, every 

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wall was adorned with books like
old friends waiting to chat and 

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topics discussed at the dinner. 
Table included literature art 

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and difficult philosophical 
issues like a tiny. 

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Sober sponge Robert took in all 
of this cultivating, the kind of

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all encompassing curiosity that 
would eventually enable him to 

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discuss Hindu philosophy with 
the same ease as he would 

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quantum mechanics, Robert found 
school to be almost too easy. 

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He was quietly working his way 
through books that most adults 

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would find difficult. 
While other kids were having 

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trouble with spelling and math. 
By the age of 10, he was reading

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translated, Plato and Penning. 
Poetry that was surprisingly 

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sophisticated for someone whose 
voice had not yet changed. 

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This thing, pale boy who could 
talk about literature like A 

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graduate student but still 
required assistance getting to 

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books on high shelves. 
Left his teachers unsure of how 

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to interpret him an alternative 
form of Education was offered by

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the family's Long Island 
Vacation House. 

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Robert developed a contemplative
love for the outdoors here. 

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He was a child who collected 
rocks with the methodical 

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attention of someone who saw 
stories in their crystalline 

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structures. 
Not the kind who built forts or 

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Court frogs and early indication
of the scientific mind growing 

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beneath his literary. 
Interests was the meticulous 

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labeling and cataloging of the 
specimen. 

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Among family friends Roberts 
rock collection became 

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legendary. 
He could spend hours studying a 

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single mineral sample. 
Turning it in the light to 

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reveal various features reading 
about its geological formation 

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and comprehending its 
significance in the grand scheme

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of things. 
He first learned to think in 

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deep time to Envision forces 
that could reshape continents 

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and processes that took millions
of years thanks to geologie 

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later. 
On this sense of scale would 

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enable him to understand physics
Concepts that other bright 

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Minds, found difficult to 
understand by his early. 

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Adolescence Robert had developed
into a young man who appeared to

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be a little different from his 
contemporaries. 

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He was amiable enough, but his 
passions and the ferocity with 

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which he pursued them had an 
unearthly quality. 

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Robert had become enthralled 
with Hindu philosophy and wanted

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to read the original texts. 
So he was teaching himself 

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Sanskrit. 
While other boys his age were 

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learning baseball. 
And the first hints of romantic 

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interest. 
Although, Robert was 

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undoubtedly, not exempt from the
joy of intellectual achievement 

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the sand, Script study was more 
than just academic boasting. 

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The philosophical issues, these 
ancient writings addressed such 

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as what the nature of reality is
truly captivated him. 

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How do we make sense of our 
position in the vast seemingly 

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uncaring? 
Universe for him. 

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These were pressing personal 
issues rather than abstract, 

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riddles. 
That would shape his views on 

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everything from moral 
responsibility to subatomic 

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particles. 
His parents were both proud and 

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perplexed, as they observe their
sons intellectual growth. 

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Robert appeared to be developing
into a person. 

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Whose mind worked on 
frequencies. 

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They weren't always able to pick
up, despite their desire to 

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raise a thoughtful cultured 
child. 

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They realized they were raising 
someone very special. 

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When he casually mentioned over 
breakfast, that he had started a

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small literary magazine at 
school or that he had been 

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communicating with professional.
Geologists about his rock 

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collection for Robert. 
The passage from childhood to. 

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Adolescence wasn't totally 
seamless. 

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Social situations were 
occasionally awkward due to his 

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intellectual prowess. 
He would make references that 

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were too complex for his peers 
to understand or get so 

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engrossed in a book that he 
forgot he was meant to be taking

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part in group activities and of 
growing resentful or conceited 

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over his different. 
Cities, Robert acquired, a kind 

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of mild disinterest, that would 
benefit him for the rest of his 

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life. 
He discovered how to live in two

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different worlds at once the 
world of scientific facts and 

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the world of artistic Beauty, 
the world of teenage worries and

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the world of adult ideas. 
Robert had already started the 

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issues that would shape his 
adult life as he neared 

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graduation from the ethical 
culture School. 

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School that placed equal 
emphasis on moral growth and 

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academic success. 
How can we strike a balance 

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between social responsibility 
and personal success? 

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What responsibilities do we have
to serve others with our gifts? 

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In a universe that appears to be
by impersonal forces. 

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How do we find, meaning? 
These weren't the usual worries 

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of a College, Bound 18 year old.
But then Robert Oppenheimer had 

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never been normal with 
interests. 

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Ranging from poetry, to geology 
to philosophy. 

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He was getting ready to enroll 
at Harvard University with a 

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mine that was already beginning 
to recognize connections, that 

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others had overlooked. 
The young man who had begun, by 

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gathering rocks, Was preparing 
to contribute to the discovery 

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of the atoms Mysteries. 
For someone with Roberts thirst 

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for knowledge Harvard in 1922 
was like an intellectual candy 

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store as the majority of 
freshmen were learning how to 

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organize their own laundry and 
deal with the social 

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complexities of living in a 
dorm. 

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Robert was taking courses from a
wide range of academic. 

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Specialties much like a personal
to fancy Buffet who is unable to

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choose between the main courses.
And the appetizers, do you know 

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how some people discover their 
calling early on and pursue to 

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usually, Robert wasn't like 
that. 

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Rather, he went into college 
like a passionate Ventura 

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charting a new continent. 
He enrolled in classes in 

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languages, literature, 
philosophy, history, and almost 

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as an afterthought, chemistry 
and physics. 

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His transcript appeared to be 
the work of multiple students, 

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who schedules had been 
inadvertently combined during 

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this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

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finishing school for young men 
from well-to-do families. 

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But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

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that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

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could take place between these 
two Realms. 

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Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

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situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

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academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

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questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

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materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

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Robert might tangentially bring 
up a Sanskrit texts in a 

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literature class to clarify a 
point regarding Western poetry 

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he would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

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Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and matter in a 

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chemistry lab. 
Some faculty members felt uneasy

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about the interdisciplinary 
thinking While others were 

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genuinely thrilled about it. 
The students who shared his 

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diverse interests Roberts room 
in his Harvard dorm turned into 

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a sort of Salon, Robert would 
lead casual conversations, that 

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could range from quantum theory 
to TS while other undergraduates

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were preoccupied with football 
games and fraternity parties 

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Elliot's. 
Most recent poems, are about the

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Russian revolution's political 
ramifications. 

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Robert was genuinely interested 
in what other people thought 

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about the big questions, and 
genuinely curious about 

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everything. 
So, these work performance is or

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attempts to flaunt himself. 
The academic work was almost too

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simple in a fraction of the time
required for his peers to master

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the assigned material for most 
courses, Robert was able to read

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independently about topics that 
went. 

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Well beyond any syllabus, he 
found that he had a special 

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talent for physics, not only for
manipulating numbers but also 

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for using his imagination to 
picture how the invisible realm 

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of atoms and energy might truly 
function. 

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However despite his academic 
success, Robert was having 

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trouble answering more 
introspective questions about 

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his life goals in his Social 
Circle. 

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It was expected that intelligent
young men would pursue 

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respectable careers in business,
law or medicine which would 

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enable them to continue living 
the comfortable lives. 

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They had known as children, 
these traditional routes, 

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through robot in, but in some 
way, they seem too narrow for 

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the questions that captivated 
him something clicked in his 

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junior year, a professor who had
trained in Europe and brought 

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back, tales of the 
groundbreaking discoveries being

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made in physics Labs across the 
Atlantic was teaching Robert. 

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An advanced chemistry course. 
For the first time, Robert 

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realized that science was about 
asking basic questions about the

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nature of reality itself, not 
just about learning facts and 

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doing calculations. 
The moment was ideal in the 

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1920s physics was going through.
A revolution that only occurs 

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once every 100 years, quantum 
mechanics and relativity, Theory

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discoveries, were upending, 
everything scientists believe. 

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They knew about matter energy, 
space and time. 

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Robert wanted to be involved 
because it felt like he was 

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witnessing the development of a 
new perspective on the cosmos. 

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Robert had discovered his 
calling, by his senior year, he 

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would pursue a career in 
physics. 

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But he wanted to focus on the 
fundamental issues that were 

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changing how people perceive 
reality. 

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This was more of a calling than 
a career decision. 

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It was the same kind of intense 
Dedication that might Inspire 

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someone to pursue a career in 
philosophy or poetry after 

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earning a summa cum laude degree
in 1925. 

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Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

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his life. 
He had the option to remain in 

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America and pursue Graduate 
Studies at one of the reputable 

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universities, which would 
provide him with a secure and 

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reliable route to academic 
achievement. 

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He could also travel to Europe 
where the Giants of theoretical.

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Physics were working out the 
implications of quantum, theory,

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and coffee shops, and Labs from 
Cambridge to gutting. 

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And That's where the real action
was in theoretical physics. 

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The choice to travel to Europe, 
wasn't made solely for academic 

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reasons. 
In addition, Robert was fleeing 

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from a complex romantic 
circumstance that had left him, 

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emotionally damaged and unsure 
of his own discernment in 

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Private Affairs Europe, provided
him with both geographical 

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separation from issues. 
He wasn't yet prepared to handle

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and intellectual Adventure. 
Thus, in the fall of 1925, 

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Robert found himself on a ship 
traveling across the Atlantic 

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with letters of introduction to 
some of the world's most 

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renowned scientists and a ton of
questions concerning atomic 

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structure, quantum mechanics and
the bizarre new reality. 

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That physics was unveiling, he 
was 21 years old bright, a 

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little gullible about the world 
outside of Academia and on the 

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cusp of one of the most exciting
eras in scientific history. 

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The young man was traveling 
across the ocean to contribute 

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to the understanding of the true
nature of the universe. 

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He had begun his college career 
by reading poetry and collecting

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rocks. 
Someone with Robert's ambition 

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and curiosity. 
Had been unconsciously preparing

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for this kind of intellectual 
Adventure, all his life. 

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Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

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head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

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impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

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of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

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This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

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laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

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reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous 

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experimentation and astute 
intuition for making some of the

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most significant discoveries in 
atomic physics back. 

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Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

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world with Scientists discussing
Atomic nuclei and electrons the 

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way, others might discuss the 
weather and equipment that 

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looked like it belonged in the 
basement of a Victorian 

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00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:30,800
inventors home. 
Robert was in the odd position 

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of being fully unprepared. 
For the Practical experimental 

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methods that British physics. 
Placed such a strong emphasis on

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but intellectually prepared, for
sophisticated theoretical work. 

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You know how it feels to believe
you are proficient at something 

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until you observe a true expert 
in action. 

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Those were Roberts initial 
months at Cambridge. 

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He was able to explain quantum 
mechanics with mathematical 

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precision. 
But he was unable to handle the 

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delicate. 
Manipulations needed for 

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experimental work without 
causing minor catastrophes. 

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His attempts to construct 
equipment frequently ended in 

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shattered glassware and outcomes
that left is supervisors 

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00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,100
wondering. 
If theoretical physics would be 

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a better fit for this driven. 
Young American Robert worked 

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with the same methodical 
intensity. 

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He brought to everything else, 
so it wasn't a lack of 

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intelligence or effort. 
That was the issue. 

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However, experimental physics, 
necessitates, a distinct way of 

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thinking a tactile comprehension
of material behavior. 

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And an intuitive sense of when 
something is functioning 

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correctly, the concrete world of
laboratory equipment was almost 

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alien to Robert whose mind was 
already functioning at such 

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abstract levels. 
In fact, Roberts growth as a 

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scientist depended heavily on 
this difficult time. 

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He had to face the possibility 
that his intellectual gifts 

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might be limited. 
And for the first time, in his 

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academic career, something 
wasn't coming easily. 

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Instead of giving up, Robert 
took this setback as an 

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opportunity to reflect more 
thoroughly on. his career goals 

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as a physicist, In contrast. 
The theoretical work fulfilled 

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all of Robert's expectations in 
the 1920s, the physics Community

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00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:05,200
was small enough for informal 
seminars and one-on-one 

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00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,900
discussions to quickly spread 
revolutionary ideas, Robert 

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00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:11,600
found himself at the center of 
debates concerning Quantum, 

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00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,000
tunneling wave, particle, 
duality, and other ideas that 

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00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:17,500
went against everything. 
People had previously believed 

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00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:19,500
to be true about the physical 
world. 

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00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:23,200
Robert decided to transfer to 
gutting and Germany, where Max 

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born was spearheading some of 
the most advanced work in 

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00:14:25,608 --> 00:14:28,200
theoretical physics after a year
at Cambridge. 

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This choice would influence the 
remainder of Robert's career. 

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00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,100
This was part of a revolutionary
movement. 

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00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:37,400
That was rewriting, the laws of 
nature, not just a change in 

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University's. 
The quantum Revolution began in 

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gutting in in 1926, when bright 
people realized their making 

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00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,100
discoveries that will forever 
alter human understanding. 

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00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,600
The university town is filled 
with the kind of intellectual 

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00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:53,400
excitement, that result when 
Robert arrived. 

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00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,200
He was surrounded by Young 
physicists from all over the 

304
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:59,100
world who all interested in 
working with born, and his 

305
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:02,300
colleague on problems that had 
never been sold because they had

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00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:05,700
never been properly formulated 
before in a way that Robert had 

307
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:08,200
never encountered before the 
work was highly collaborative. 

308
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:12,600
In coffee shop, conversations 
and seminars ideas were freely, 

309
00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:16,100
exchanged and progressed toward 
understanding was more important

310
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:18,300
than credit. 
Robert flourished in this 

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00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:21,600
setting and found that rather 
than detracting from his physics

312
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,900
thinking his wide, cultural 
background and philosophical 

313
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:27,400
interests. 
Actually, strengthened it Robert

314
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:29,700
started working on quantum, 
mechanical problems under 

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00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,700
Bourne's, tutelage that called 
for real physical intuition 

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00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:35,500
about the behavior of atoms. 
And molecules, in addition to 

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00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,000
mathematical expertise, the 
quantum mechanics of molecular 

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00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:42,300
rotation, was the subject of his
doctoral dissertation, which he 

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00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:44,900
finished in an exceptionally 
short amount of time. 

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00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:48,100
This technical work showed his 
command of the new theoretical 

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00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:49,900
tools and opened up research 
avenues. 

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00:15:49,900 --> 00:15:53,200
That would occupy other 
physicists for decades what 

323
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,300
Robert discovered about the true
nature of science. 

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00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:58,200
However, may have been more 
significant than the particular 

325
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:00,400
study. 
He learned in gutting and that 

326
00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:03,200
the best discoveries frequently 
result from my identifying, 

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00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:07,000
which questions are worth rather
than from resolving 

328
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,900
predetermined issues. 
He develop The ability to think,

329
00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:13,200
like, a theoretical physicist, 
which included being at ease 

330
00:16:13,208 --> 00:16:16,700
with ambiguity Adept at 
mathematical abstraction, and 

331
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,500
constantly aware of connections 
that others might Overlook 

332
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,900
Roberts knowledge of politics 
and culture was also expanded by

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00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:26,100
his time in Europe, which would 
have an impact on his future. 

334
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:30,100
This was vimar Germany, a 
country struggling with economic

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00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:33,400
instability and escalating 
political tensions as it 

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00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,700
attempted to reconstruct itself.
Following the destruction of 

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00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:40,400
World War One, Robert saw first 
hand, how political forces could

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00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:43,000
quickly jeopardize academic 
freedom and scientific 

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00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:45,800
collaboration. 
But he also saw first-hand how 

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00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,000
intellectual life could Thrive 
even in turbulent Times? 

341
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,700
Robert had changed from a bright
but unfocused college graduate 

342
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:55,200
to one of the rising stars of 
theoretical physics. 

343
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,500
By the time, he finished his 
Doctorate in 1927, he had 

344
00:16:58,508 --> 00:17:01,300
acquired research technique that
would benefit him throughout his

345
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,599
career learn to think in the 
mathematical language of quantum

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00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:07,900
mechanics and cultivated 
connections with Scientists who 

347
00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:10,900
would influence physics. 
In the 20th century, once a 

348
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,800
hobbyist rock collector, the 
young man was now prepared to 

349
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,200
contribute to the discovery of 
the fundamental laws. 

350
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:20,000
Governing everything from Star 
Behavior to Atomic Structure, he

351
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,200
would however, first go back to 
America to assist in creating a 

352
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,000
physics community that could 
rival the intellectual 

353
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:27,800
stimulation. 
He had encountered in Europe, 

354
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:30,900
Robert was carrying more than 
just a doctorate as he got ready

355
00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:32,800
to set sail, again, across the 
Atlantic. 

356
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:35,400
He was introducing, a fresh 
perspective on physics. 

357
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:37,600
That would contribute to the 
transformation of American 

358
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:40,900
Science from a primarily 
Regional Endeavor into a global 

359
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:43,900
leader in basic research. 
The young man who had enjoyed 

360
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:45,700
reading. 
Sanskrit was coming back as a 

361
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,900
man who could decipher Nature's 
Own hidden grammar, in contrast 

362
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:51,300
to the intellectual Oasis 
heating, countered in Europe, 

363
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:53,800
American physics appeared to be 
a desert. 

364
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:57,400
When Robert returned to the 
United States in 1927, the 

365
00:17:57,400 --> 00:17:59,800
majority of American physics, 
departments were still 

366
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,800
concentrating on real world 
applications and conventional 

367
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:06,300
experimental methods. 
While European universe is 100 

368
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:09,300
with discussions about 
relativity Theory and Some 

369
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,400
mechanics everyone was still 
playing simple folk tunes, which

370
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:14,400
was like coming back from a 
Symphony concert. 

371
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,800
However, Robert viewed. 
This as an opportunity rather 

372
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,500
than a letdown even though 
American physics was 

373
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:23,200
theoretically under developed, 
there was still an opportunity 

374
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,400
to develop something new and 
established an intellectual 

375
00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,200
community that could compete 
with the major European 

376
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:31,600
learning. 
Hubs it only required, someone 

377
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,400
who was prepared to sow the 
seeds and then patiently and 

378
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:36,000
enthusiastically tend to their 
growth. 

379
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,800
The physics department at the 
University of California 

380
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:42,200
Berkeley, where he held his 
first job was searching for 

381
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:44,500
someone who could introduce 
graduate students to the 

382
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:47,000
theoretical work, that was 
transforming the field in 

383
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,200
Europe. 
When Robert got there, there 

384
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,700
were a few bright students who 
wanted to learn about quantum 

385
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:53,300
mechanics, but didn't know where
to start. 

386
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:56,800
It was similar to asking someone
who had never heard the language

387
00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,200
to teach them a foreign 
language. 

388
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,500
What followed was one of those? 
Understated revolutions that 

389
00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:03,900
alter everything but are rarely 
reported in the media. 

390
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:07,500
Robert started constructing, the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

391
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:09,800
physics. 
Turning nearly nothing into a 

392
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:12,400
research program, that would 
eventually compete with the best

393
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:15,400
in the world. 
However, he accomplished this in

394
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:16,700
a manner, that was 
distinctively. 

395
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:20,200
American refusing European 
sophistication with a more open 

396
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,900
cooperative and Democratic 
method of scientific inquiry 

397
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:26,800
Roberts teaching style, was the 
key because it was different 

398
00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:29,700
from anything, his students had 
ever encountered, rather than 

399
00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:32,900
giving polished lectures, while 
standing at a Blackboard Robert 

400
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:36,000
would solve problems allowed as 
his students of the process of 

401
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:37,900
discovery. 
It was similar to being 

402
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:41,100
permitted to watch a master 
Craftsman in action, witnessing.

403
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:44,000
Not only the final product, but 
also the methods and ways of 

404
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,700
thinking that enabled 
excellence. 

405
00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:48,300
The physics Community came to 
Revere. 

406
00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,300
Robert seminars he would be deep
in conversation with whoever 

407
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:54,000
derived. 
Early explaining connections 

408
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,600
between quantum mechanics 
statistical mechanics an astro 

409
00:19:57,600 --> 00:19:59,600
physics. 
That most professors would treat

410
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,400
as distinct subjects. 
While drawing equations on the 

411
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,100
Blackboard, everyone was 
expected to contribute and the 

412
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:08,400
environment was more akin to 
sell on than a classroom. 

413
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,100
Do you know how some Educators 
tend to oversimplify difficult 

414
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:14,300
subjects? 
Robert possessed, the opposite 

415
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:16,500
Talent? 
He was able to make even the 

416
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:18,600
most difficult. 
Theoretical physics ideas seem 

417
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:22,200
not just understandable, but 
inevitable, his seminars, would 

418
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:24,800
leave students with a fresh 
perspective on physical issues 

419
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,100
as well as new knowledge as if 
they had been given access to 

420
00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:31,600
secrets about the true workings 
of the universe students from 

421
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,200
all over, the nation were drawn 
to the Berkeley program because 

422
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,200
they had heard about this young 
Professor who was making a 

423
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:40,000
significant contribution to the 
teaching of physics in America. 

424
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,700
They arrived hoping to learn 
quantum mechanics, but instead, 

425
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:45,500
they found a whole new way of 
doing science. 

426
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:49,900
One that value depth, as much as
breadth philosophical insight. 

427
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:52,900
As much as mathematical skill 
and teamwork, as much as 

428
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:56,300
individual success Roberts 
impact went well, beyond His 

429
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,300
official teaching duties. 
For a whole generation of 

430
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:01,600
American, physicists, many of 
whom would later. 

431
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:03,600
Make important contributions to 
the discipline. 

432
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,100
He served as a mentor and 
intellectual Mentor more 

433
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:09,500
significantly, though he was not
merely teaching them to solve 

434
00:21:09,500 --> 00:21:11,300
problems. 
He was teaching them how to 

435
00:21:11,308 --> 00:21:15,100
think like scientists Roberts 
interdisciplinary approach and 

436
00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:17,800
wide range of interests were 
reflected in the research that 

437
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,000
came out of Berkeley. 
In the 1930s working on issues 

438
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,200
ranging from nuclear theory to 
astrophysics to Atomic and 

439
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,800
molecular physics. 
His students frequently 

440
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,700
discovered connections between 
these ostensibly disparate 

441
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,400
fields that more narrowly 
focused researchers would 

442
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,800
Overlook although Robert himself
made significant contributions 

443
00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:37,400
to the fields of quantum 
tunneling. 

444
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:39,800
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 
stars. 

445
00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:43,100
His greatest accomplishment was 
establishing a scientific 

446
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:47,000
Community capable of confidently
and creatively addressing any 

447
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:50,100
issue Roberts. 
Genuine excitement for the 

448
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:52,900
process of Discovery. 
In addition to his Mastery of 

449
00:21:52,908 --> 00:21:56,700
physics was what made him, such 
an Effective Teacher, he tackled

450
00:21:56,700 --> 00:21:59,500
every new problem with the 
Positiveness of someone who was 

451
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:02,700
learning physics for the first 
time and this enthusiasm was 

452
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:05,900
infectious, in addition to 
learning how to solve problems. 

453
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:08,900
Students also discovered how 
much they enjoy the intellectual

454
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:11,300
Journey. 
That is scientific research, the

455
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:12,800
Berkeley school was one of the 
top. 

456
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,800
Hubs for theoretical physics, 
research worldwide, by the late,

457
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:17,800
1930s. 
The collaborative 

458
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,900
interdisciplinary approach that 
Robert had taught them was being

459
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:23,600
carried by his former students, 
as they dispersed throughout 

460
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,700
American universities. 
American physics was starting to

461
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:30,000
compete with European science by
creating its own unique research

462
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,400
and teaching methodology, rather
than by imitating European 

463
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:37,000
techniques, however, Roberts 
career and the interaction 

464
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,400
between science and Society were
about to change as a result of 

465
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,600
the intersection of his teaching
success with more significant 

466
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,100
historical forces. 
Sue the same theoretical 

467
00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:48,700
discoveries that made his 
seminar. 

468
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:51,800
So fascinating would serve as 
the base for weapons with 

469
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,900
previously unheard of 
destructive potential and the 

470
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:58,100
educator who had dedicated his 
professional life to fostering. 

471
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,300
Intellectual Community would be 
called upon to lead, an 

472
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:03,900
unprecedented scientific 
Endeavor to put an end to a 

473
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,000
conflict. 
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 

474
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,500
and intellectual leadership. 
Abilities would be put to the 

475
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:12,500
test as he went from being a 
university Professor to a 

476
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:15,400
scientific administrator. 
However, the groundwork had been

477
00:23:15,408 --> 00:23:18,300
established during his time at 
Berkeley where he discovered 

478
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:20,700
that the most significant 
scientific breakthroughs 

479
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,000
frequently result from groups of
gifted individuals collaborating

480
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,600
to achieve shared objectives. 
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 

481
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,500
imagine being tasked with 
creating a brand new city in the

482
00:23:30,508 --> 00:23:33,900
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 
assembling a team of some of the

483
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:37,200
most talented and erratic 
scientists on the planet and 

484
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,900
organizing them to tackle the 
most difficult technical problem

485
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:42,900
in human history. 
All while keeping everything you

486
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:46,900
do completely Secret in 1942, 
Robert was offered this task by 

487
00:23:46,900 --> 00:23:50,000
the US government. 
And he accepted at somehow at 

488
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:54,000
7,300 feet above sea level, on a
plateau, in circled by 

489
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:57,000
mountains, that seemed to go on 
forever beneath a vast guy. 

490
00:23:57,700 --> 00:23:59,700
Roberts, first impression of Los
Alamos. 

491
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:01,200
Was hardly more than boys 
school. 

492
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:05,600
It was remote harsh, and totally
unfit for the kind of scientific

493
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:07,200
work that would have to take 
place there. 

494
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,100
But it was all so beautiful. 
In the way that Barren 

495
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:12,600
Landscapes can be after seeing 
the website. 

496
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:15,100
The majority of people would 
have recommended going somewhere

497
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:17,600
more affordable. 
But when Robert looked at that 

498
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,000
Mesa, he noticed something 
different, he saw a setting that

499
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,200
might motivate the kind of 
extraordinary effort that 

500
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,900
extraordinary times required. 
A space that could support quick

501
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:31,000
expansion and an isolation that 
would offer security more than 

502
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:32,900
that. 
He realized that developing the 

503
00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:34,600
atomic bomb was a human 
challenge. 

504
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,600
It would necessitate the 
establishment of an entirely new

505
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,200
type of scientific Community. 
The Manhattan Project marked a 

506
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:43,500
significant change in the 
structure and financing of 

507
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:46,900
scientific research Los Alamos 
would unite hundreds of 

508
00:24:46,908 --> 00:24:50,600
scientists and Engineers to work
on a single well-defined goal 

509
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:53,900
under military security and 
government guidance rather than 

510
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,500
having individual professors 
work with small groups of 

511
00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:59,700
students on problems of their 
own choosing with Robert 

512
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:01,600
conducting. 
It was like a tempting to turn 

513
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:04,700
scientific research from chamber
music into a symphony orchestra 

514
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,100
Just the logistical difficulties
were astounding without knowing 

515
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:11,800
exactly what they would be 
working on scientists and their 

516
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:15,300
families had to be recruited. 
The closest major city was 

517
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:18,600
hundreds of miles away. 
So how housing labs and support 

518
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,400
facilities had to be built, 
their equipment had to be 

519
00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:25,200
transported to an unofficial 
site via mountain roads, and it 

520
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,500
had to happen fast. 
Enough to change the course of a

521
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,100
global conflict. 
Human problems. 

522
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,000
However, were even more 
intricate. 

523
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,900
In addition to representing 
various physics and chemistry, 

524
00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:37,400
Specialties the scientists who 
arrived at. 

525
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:40,700
Los Alamos also represented 
various cultures, research 

526
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:43,800
methodologies and viewpoints on.
The best way to structure. 

527
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,700
Scientific Endeavors American 
Scholars who had never left 

528
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:49,700
their homelands, collaborated 
with European refugees who had 

529
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:53,100
fled fascism Engineers, who had 
to construct real devices. 

530
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:55,000
That would functioning combat 
environments. 

531
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:58,100
Worked alongside theoretical 
physicists, who thought in 

532
00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:01,800
abstract mathematical terms 
although he undoubtedly helped 

533
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:03,900
solve technical problems 
Roberts. 

534
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:07,000
Genius during this time was more
organizational and social than 

535
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:10,900
scientific somehow, he was able 
to maintain scientific standards

536
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:13,700
under extreme time. 
Pressure balance the conflicting

537
00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:17,900
demands of scientific, openness 
and Military security and Foster

538
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:20,600
a sense of shared purpose among 
individuals who had spent their 

539
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,200
careers working independently. 
There had never been a 

540
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:26,500
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

541
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:29,600
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

542
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:31,500
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

543
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:35,100
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

544
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:38,700
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

545
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:41,700
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

546
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,600
applied to real world issues. 
With immediate consequences 

547
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,900
during this time Roberts 
leadership style was a 

548
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:51,200
reflection of all he had learned
in his years, as a teacher about

549
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,900
scientific creativity and human 
motivation. 

550
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,000
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

551
00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,700
individuals could produce their 
best work, rather than 

552
00:26:59,700 --> 00:27:02,000
attempting to micromanage 
technical details. 

553
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,900
Made sure his scientists have 
the tools and assistance, they 

554
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:07,400
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

555
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:10,500
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

556
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:14,100
interdisciplinary, cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

557
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,000
Berkeley for someone with 
Robert's wide range of cultural 

558
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,800
interests and vast, personal 
Network. 

559
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,100
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

560
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:25,300
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

561
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:28,100
communist groups which had not 
seemed significant during his 

562
00:27:28,100 --> 00:27:30,700
academic career. 
Suddenly became issues of 

563
00:27:30,708 --> 00:27:33,700
National Security when he was 
attempting to court date the 

564
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,300
most significant scientific 
Endeavor in American history. 

565
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,600
Bi agents looked into his 
background maintaining, his own 

566
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,300
moral equilibrium, and sense of 
perspective, while overseeing 

567
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:45,400
work that was specifically 
intended to produce. 

568
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,200
Wmds was perhaps the most 
challenging tasks, Robert had to

569
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,300
undertake. 
After years of studying 

570
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:54,100
philosophical issues, regarding 
the nature of reality and human 

571
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,300
responsibility. 
The man was now directly faced 

572
00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:59,100
with the applications of 
scientific knowledge. 

573
00:28:00,100 --> 00:28:02,600
Technical work moved along 
remarkably quickly. 

574
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,800
And effectively the kind of 
concentrated cooperation that 

575
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:09,300
only the urgency of War could 
Foster led to the resolution of 

576
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:11,800
issues that might have taken 
years to resolve in peace. 

577
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:12,800
Time. 
In a matter of months, 

578
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:17,000
scientists who had never held a 
job outside of Academia were now

579
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,000
managing, intricate engineering 
projects, and designing 

580
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:22,900
industrial processes. 
The precise blueprints for 

581
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,000
nuclear weapons were developed 
using the theoretical insights 

582
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,300
of quantum mechanics. 
Robert started to wrestle with 

583
00:28:29,300 --> 00:28:31,600
issues, that would follow him 
for the rest of his life. 

584
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:35,000
As the project came to a close. 
What moral ramifications did, 

585
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:38,400
what they were producing have. 
What effects might nuclear 

586
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,900
weapons have on human 
civilization and international 

587
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:43,800
relations. 
What obligations did scientists 

588
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:45,800
have regarding how their 
findings were used? 

589
00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,700
These were pressing real-world 
issues that would soon require 

590
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:52,000
Solutions, not abstract, 
philosophical conundrums. 

591
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,200
When he first agreed to build a 
laboratory. 

592
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,500
In the desert, the quiet bookish
Professor who had once taught 

593
00:28:57,500 --> 00:29:00,700
Sanskrit for fun was about to 
become one of the most powerful 

594
00:29:00,700 --> 00:29:03,700
people in modern history and the
weight of that influence was 

595
00:29:03,708 --> 00:29:05,600
starting to weigh heavily on 
him. 

596
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:09,100
Robert stood in a bunker in the 
New Mexico desert on the morning

597
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:14,000
of July, 16th, 1945, and 
anticipating whether three years

598
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,600
of the most rigorous scientific 
Endeavor in human history would 

599
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,700
yield the outcome. 
That theory had predicted 20,000

600
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:22,500
yards away on a tower was the 
gadget. 

601
00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:26,000
They dubbed Gadget far enough 
away that in the worst case 

602
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:27,800
scenario. 
They might live to lament their 

603
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:29,700
errors. 
You know how you feel, when 

604
00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:32,700
you've studied everything you 
can before a final exam, but 

605
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:35,600
you're still unsure if you'll be
sufficiently prepared, the 

606
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,600
stakes were a little higher than
Course grade. 

607
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:40,900
But that was Robert's mindset in
the pre-dawn darkness of the 

608
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:43,400
Alamogordo desert. 
They were on the verge of the 

609
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,600
first artificial nuclear 
explosion in Earth's history, if

610
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:48,100
their calculations were 
accurate. 

611
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:51,700
If their calculations were 
incorrect, the repercussions 

612
00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:54,600
could be anything from a 
regional disaster to an 

613
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,600
embarrassing failure with the 
same mechanical accuracy that 

614
00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:59,900
had to define the Manhattan 
Project, as a whole, the 

615
00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:06,500
countdown began 10, 9 8, 7 at 
zero, a flash of light brighter 

616
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:10,500
than the sun, blazed across the 
desert visible from 150 miles 

617
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:14,100
away, transforming the mountains
into Bleak Silhouettes against a

618
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,800
man-made Dawn, even from a 
distance, observers could feel 

619
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:21,100
the heat on their faces then 
like an unseen tsunami, the 

620
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:22,900
Shockwave rolled across the 
desert floor. 

621
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:26,100
It was precisely the kind of 
literary allusion that had 

622
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,100
defined Roberts thinking 
throughout his career, but this 

623
00:30:29,100 --> 00:30:32,100
time, the ancient poetry carried
a weight that no classroom 

624
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:35,100
discussion, could have prepared 
him for Robert later claimed 

625
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:37,800
that a line from the bag of Gita
came to Mind as he watched the 

626
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:41,100
expanding Fireball rising to a 
mushroom cloud, that would 

627
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:43,300
become the iconic image of the 
nuclear age. 

628
00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:47,400
Now I am become death destroyer 
of worlds. 

629
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:51,800
In addition to being Robert's 
greatest scientific achievement.

630
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,600
The Trinity test marked the 
start of his most trying time as

631
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:57,400
a person. 
However, the successful 

632
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,200
detonation also, meant that 
Robert and his colleagues had 

633
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,200
succeeded in creating something 
that could potentially destroy 

634
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,200
human civilization. 
Proving that the theoretical 

635
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,600
work, done at Los Alamos had 
been correct and that the 

636
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:11,700
massive investment of talent and
resources had produced the 

637
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:14,800
weapon that military planners 
believed could end World War 2. 

638
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,700
The weeks after Trinity were a 
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 

639
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,300
and mounting fear of what they 
had let loose though. 

640
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,100
Many of the scientists at Los 
Alamos were starting to realize 

641
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:26,900
that their achievement would 
fundamentally alter human 

642
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,700
perceptions of power War and the
natural world. 

643
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:33,000
They had achieved something 
unprecedented in the history of 

644
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,600
Science and Engineering, Robert 
was in the odd position of 

645
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:38,500
receiving. 
Praise for accomplishments that 

646
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:40,300
made him feel more and more 
uncomfortable. 

647
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:43,500
It was a practical illustration 
of how humans could use the 

648
00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:46,800
basic forces of nature. 
For destructive ends based on 

649
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,500
the same theoretical insights 
that had made his bookly 

650
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:51,400
seminars. 
So intellectually stimulating, 

651
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,500
it was similar to receiving 
recognition for resolving a 

652
00:31:54,500 --> 00:31:56,200
sophisticated mathematical 
puzzle. 

653
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,100
While being aware that the 
solution would result in great 

654
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:01,800
suffering, Robert and his 
colleague's discovered along 

655
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,700
with the rest of the world, what
their theoretical work looked 

656
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:07,800
like Like when applied to real 
cities with real people when the

657
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,400
bombs were dropped on Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki in August 1945, 

658
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:15,100
photographs of destroyed 
buildings reports of radiation 

659
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:17,800
sickness and death. 
Tolls that reach the hundreds of

660
00:32:17,808 --> 00:32:21,000
thousands replace the abstract 
calculations about energy 

661
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,200
release and blast effects. 
Like Robert's own emotions, The 

662
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:26,800
public's response to the atomic 
bombs was complicated. 

663
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:29,700
The weapons may have saved 
hundreds of thousands of 

664
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,000
American and Japanese lives by 
bringing an end to World War Two

665
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,400
without the need for an 
expensive invasion of Japan. 

666
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:39,000
However, they had also brought a
new class of destructive power 

667
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,000
into human history, making 
earlier. 

668
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,500
Conflicts seem almost archaic in
comparison as the man who had 

669
00:32:44,508 --> 00:32:47,400
enabled nuclear war. 
Robert was both feared and 

670
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,400
hailed as a hero, every one who 
had worked on the Manhattan 

671
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:52,500
Project found. 
It difficult to make the shift 

672
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:55,000
from the urgency of War to 
contemplation in peace. 

673
00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:58,000
But Robert found it particularly
difficult. 

674
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,200
The immediate objective of 
bringing the water a closed 

675
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,100
before Nazi, Germany could 
create its own. 

676
00:33:03,100 --> 00:33:06,500
Atomic bomb had taken precedence
over the ethical concerns 

677
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:08,600
surrounding nuclear weapons 
during the conflict. 

678
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:11,500
Now that the war was over and 
the US was the only country with

679
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:14,000
nuclear weapons. 
Those ethical issues needed to 

680
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,200
be addressed. 
Robert started, discussing the 

681
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:19,200
ramifications of atomic energy 
in public contending. 

682
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,800
The disastrous arms race could 
only be avoided by International

683
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:26,100
collaboration and civilian 
control of nuclear technology. 

684
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:28,700
Some of his detractors would 
later viewers support for 

685
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,700
international control of nuclear
weapons, and the sharing of 

686
00:33:31,708 --> 00:33:34,600
atomic secrets with other 
countries as naive or even 

687
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:36,900
treasonous. 
However Roberts worries were 

688
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,300
more grounded in his knowledge 
of the relevant science than in 

689
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:42,300
political ideology. 
He understood that a world with 

690
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:45,300
multiple nuclear Powers would be
far more dangerous than one. 

691
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:48,300
Where nuclear energy was managed
cooperatively by International 

692
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:51,500
institutions. 
That the fundamentals of nuclear

693
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:55,000
physics, could not be kept 
secret forever, and the other 

694
00:33:55,008 --> 00:33:57,300
countries would eventually 
develop their own Atomic 

695
00:33:57,300 --> 00:33:59,600
weapons. 
After learning Sanskrit, out of 

696
00:33:59,608 --> 00:34:01,600
curiosity and collecting rocks 
for fun. 

697
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,600
The man, now, found himself at 
the center of discussions about 

698
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,700
the future of human 
civilization, in order to decide

699
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:09,500
whether his scientific 
accomplishments would be 

700
00:34:09,507 --> 00:34:12,500
regarded as Humanity's greatest 
achievement or its ultimate 

701
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:15,000
error. 
The theoretical physicist who 

702
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,000
had previously preferred the 
company of books and ideas was 

703
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:21,699
now, conferring with generals 
politicians and diplomats on 

704
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:25,500
this matter, by the end of 1945,
Robert was starting to realize 

705
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,300
that scientific achievement 
could be more burdened and the 

706
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:30,699
failure. 
Particularly if it provided 

707
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,500
humans with capabilities that 
their moral development and 

708
00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:37,800
wisdom had not equipped them to 
manage responsibly the boy who 

709
00:34:37,808 --> 00:34:40,400
had once pondered his place in 
the universe was now struggling 

710
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:42,800
with the fact that he had helped
create a world in which that 

711
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:46,199
Universe might not have much 
more time to reflect following 

712
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:48,000
Los Alamos. 
Robert, learned something that 

713
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:49,800
many successful people learn too
late. 

714
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:53,600
Fame can be a trap that alters 
your perception of yourself, as 

715
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:55,199
well as how other people 
perceive. 

716
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:58,300
You now, one of America's, most 
famous scientists, the bashful 

717
00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:01,100
Professor, who had been happy to
lecture, small groups of 

718
00:35:01,108 --> 00:35:04,700
graduate students about quantum,
mechanics was expected to have 

719
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:08,400
views on everything from nuclear
policy to the fate of human 

720
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:11,200
civilization. 
Imagine being asked to comment 

721
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:13,400
on political decisions. 
You're not qualified to make 

722
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,400
invited to every significant 
meeting on subjects. 

723
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,600
You have never studied and 
treated as an authority on 

724
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:23,200
matters that are well outside of
your actual area of expertise. 

725
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:27,300
This was Robert's life in the 
late 1940s, and he managed it 

726
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:30,400
with his usual wits and Annie 
Taylor about public relations, 

727
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,400
and politics that would lead to 
major problems down the road. 

728
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:36,500
Robert was offered a new 
position by the atomic energy 

729
00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:39,300
commission that seemed to be a 
perfect fit for his background 

730
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,200
in science and his wider 
interest in culture director of 

731
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,200
Princeton's Institute for 
advanced study, one of the most 

732
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,500
prominent places in American 
intellectual life. 

733
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:51,700
It allowed the brightest Minds 
in the world To focus on basic 

734
00:35:51,700 --> 00:35:54,700
research without being 
side-tracked by administrative 

735
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:58,200
or teaching, responsibilities 
along with other Titans of 20th 

736
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:01,600
century mathematics and science 
Einstein worked there. 

737
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:06,600
In the late 1940s, Princeton was
a Haven for Scholars, where 

738
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,400
serious thinkers could Ponder. 
The most profound issues in 

739
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,600
their disciplines with the same 
further he had brought to Los 

740
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:14,800
Alamos. 
Robert threw himself into this 

741
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,000
work but this time the urgency 
was intellectual rather than 

742
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,100
military. 
He sought to ascertain. 

743
00:36:20,100 --> 00:36:22,700
Whether there were more profound
ideas that might bring together 

744
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:27,200
our knowledge of matter energy, 
space and time as well as 

745
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:28,800
whether the theoretical 
insights. 

746
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:30,900
Of quantum mechanics, could be 
expanded upon. 

747
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:34,500
However, Robert was unable to 
fully escape the public role, 

748
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:36,600
that his wartime accomplishments
had given him. 

749
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,300
He testified before Congress on 
nuclear policy. 

750
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,700
Served on government advisory 
committees and delivered 

751
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:45,500
lectures to audiences who were 
more interested in hearing from 

752
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:48,400
the father of the atomic bomb. 
Then from a theoretical 

753
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:52,100
physicist tackling abstract, 
Quantum field Theory problems, 

754
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:55,300
Robert was exposed to political 
forces through these public 

755
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:58,300
activities, that followed rules 
very different from those, he'd 

756
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:00,100
learned in academic and 
scientific circles. 

757
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:02,200
Well though, there may be 
disagreements over. 

758
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:04,700
Ideas, most people in 
universities respect one 

759
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:07,600
another's, right to have 
differing views, ideological 

760
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,000
disagreements in politics 
particularly in the early years 

761
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,500
of the Cold War could easily 
turn into personal assaults and 

762
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:16,800
inquiries about loyalty and 
patriotism, politicians and 

763
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,900
journalists searching for proof 
of disloyalty among high-profile

764
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:21,900
Americans. 
Suddenly, turned Roberts 

765
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:25,200
previous affiliations with 
Communists and leftist groups 

766
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:27,600
which had seemed in 
consequential during his 

767
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,200
academic career and had been a 
disregarded during the war 

768
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,600
because his Services were needed
into ammunition. 

769
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:37,200
They dusted off and looked for 
evidence of subversive activity 

770
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:39,900
in the same FBI files that had 
been put aside during the 

771
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:43,500
Manhattan Project. 
Ironically, Robert had never 

772
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:47,400
been a particularly political 
individual in the 1930s, his 

773
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,400
engagement with leftist groups, 
was driven less by a methodical 

774
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:54,000
political philosophy and more by
intellectual curiosity and 

775
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,900
social justice concerns, 
although he had attended 

776
00:37:56,900 --> 00:38:00,100
meetings and given money to 
causes that seemed deserving, he

777
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:02,300
had never been the type of 
activists who sought to 

778
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,700
overthrow the US government or 
Advanced Soviet objectives. 

779
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:09,400
However, context, and subtlety 
don't translate well into 

780
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:13,200
political headlines and Roberts,
multifaceted personality and 

781
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:14,900
wide range of intellectual 
interests. 

782
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:17,600
Made him a prime target for 
those who wished to paint 

783
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,700
scientists as dishonest. 
And possibly treacherous, the 

784
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,300
man was now being questioned 
about his dedication to American

785
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,300
Security after spending three 
years of his life developing 

786
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:29,300
weapons. 
That helped win World War 2 

787
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:32,300
Roberts, search for meaning. 
And purpose, in research, that 

788
00:38:32,300 --> 00:38:35,100
was unrelated to immediate 
practical applications was 

789
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:37,200
reflected in the scientific work
produced. 

790
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,500
During this time, he was working
on issues in elementary particle

791
00:38:40,500 --> 00:38:42,900
physics and Quantum field. 
Area that might not be useful 

792
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:46,100
for decades if at all with the 
weight of knowing how quickly 

793
00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:48,900
theoretical insights, could be 
turned into game-changing 

794
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:51,200
Technologies. 
It was like going back to the 

795
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,700
pure intellectual pleasure that 
had initially drawn him to 

796
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,900
physics Roberts lectures. 
During this time, show someone 

797
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:00,900
attempting to understand the 
meaning of Science in a world 

798
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,400
where scientific advancements 
could have such far-reaching 

799
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:05,900
effects. 
He discussed the need for 

800
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:08,600
scientists to consider the 
wider, ramifications of their 

801
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,000
work, the responsibility that 
came with discovering Nature's 

802
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:15,000
secrets and the relationship 
between scientific knowledge and

803
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:18,400
human values for Robert. 
These were urgent personal 

804
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:19,800
issues that kept him up at 
night. 

805
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:23,800
Not purely philosophical debate.
The man was now struggling with 

806
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:25,900
the ethical implications of 
scientific knowledge. 

807
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:29,600
Whereas previously, he delighted
in the pure intellectual beauty 

808
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,000
of quantum mechanics, when 
knowledge of the natural world 

809
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:35,300
could be abused, how do you seek
it out? 

810
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:38,500
How do you strike a balance 
between Citizen's duty to 

811
00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:41,500
advance human welfare and 
scientists duty to pursue the 

812
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:43,600
truth. 
Those who had ever expressed 

813
00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:46,300
sympathy for leftist causes or 
supported International 

814
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:49,900
cooperation in nuclear policy 
faced growing hostility in the 

815
00:39:49,908 --> 00:39:53,500
political atmosphere of the 
early 1950s politicians like 

816
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:56,800
Senator Joseph McCarthy were 
advancing their careers by 

817
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:00,100
disparaging fellow Travelers and
suspected Communists. 

818
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,500
Fostering an environment where 
affiliation with divisive 

819
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:06,500
ideologies could ruin 
reputations and lead to Career. 

820
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:09,700
Termination Roberts position 
became more and more vulnerable.

821
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:12,900
Politicians seeking to prove 
their anti-communist 

822
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:16,500
credentials, naturally targeted 
him because of his notoriety as 

823
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,800
a scientist and his prior 
affiliations with leftist causes

824
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,700
at the same time. 
He disagreed with political and 

825
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:25,200
military leaders who supported a
more aggressive strategy for 

826
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:27,000
cold war. 
Competition with the Soviet 

827
00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:30,200
Union because of his persistence
support for international 

828
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,200
control of nuclear weapons. 
And his opposition to the 

829
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:37,100
development of hydrogen bombs. 
For Robert, the hydrogen bomb 

830
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:40,100
controversy was a specialty 
challenging the physics that had

831
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:42,200
enabled. 
The atomic bomb was extended in 

832
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,800
the theoretical work needed to 
develop, Fusion weapons but the 

833
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:49,300
potential destructive power was 
orders of magnitude higher as 

834
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:50,900
weapons. 
So destructive that they could 

835
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:54,600
have no logical strategic use, 
Robert contended, that hydrogen 

836
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:57,800
bombs, were both morally, and 
militarily, unnecessary critics.

837
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,200
However, saw his resistance to 
the hydrogen bomb as proof that 

838
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:04,400
he was either unaware of Soviet 
intentions or deliberately 

839
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:07,500
trying to undermine American 
nuclear capabilities in a 

840
00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:10,200
political climate that favored 
straightforward classification. 

841
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:13,700
Of loyalty and disloyalty, it 
was challenging to convey the 

842
00:41:13,700 --> 00:41:16,600
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who
opposed some type of nuclear 

843
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:18,200
weapons. 
But supported nuclear 

844
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:21,300
deterrents, Robert became more 
and more excluded from the 

845
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:23,900
policy debates where his 
scientific background could have

846
00:41:23,908 --> 00:41:26,700
been most useful as the 1950s 
went on. 

847
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,100
He was now distrusted by the 
same government that attracted 

848
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:32,900
him to plan, the Manhattan 
Project decisions about the 

849
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:35,900
development and deployment of 
America's nuclear, arsenal were 

850
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:39,200
routinely, excluding the man who
had contributed to its creation.

851
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,300
This time period had a huge 
personal cost. 

852
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,200
Robert had based his career on 
the belief that reasonable 

853
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:47,400
people would respect and 
acknowledge scientific 

854
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,100
integrity, and intellectual 
honesty, he was learning that 

855
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:54,000
moral complexity was frequently 
misunderstood as moral 

856
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:56,200
confusion. 
And that these traits could be 

857
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,400
viewed as weaknesses rather than
strengths in the context of Cold

858
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,500
War Politics, the scene was 
being prepared for a 

859
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:04,400
confrontation. 
That would put not only Roberts 

860
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,700
fortitude to the test, but also,
the balance between political 

861
00:42:07,700 --> 00:42:11,900
power and scientific knowledge. 
In American democracy, the boy 

862
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:15,000
who had once read Sanskrit and 
collected rocks was about to 

863
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,100
encounter the most challenging 
task of his life. 

864
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:19,900
A political trial that would 
decide whether or not 

865
00:42:19,908 --> 00:42:23,500
intellectual Independence and 
public service could co-exist in

866
00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:26,800
Cold War America rather than a 
scientific issue that could be 

867
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:29,300
resolved with careful 
consideration and Innovative 

868
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:32,200
thinking Robert was a 
well-respected scientific 

869
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:36,800
adviser until he received a 
letter in December 1953, that 

870
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:39,200
would make him a symbol of the 
conflicts in Cold War America 

871
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:42,100
between National Security and 
intellectual Freedom. 

872
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:45,300
His security clearance was being
revoked by the atomic energy 

873
00:42:45,300 --> 00:42:47,800
commission. 
The same agency that had a 

874
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,900
depended on his knowledge for 
years, due to concerns about his

875
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:53,900
dependability and loyalty. 
Have you ever had the depressing

876
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:56,400
realization that people you 
trusted have been Gathering 

877
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,300
evidence of your alleged 
wrongdoing and assembling a case

878
00:42:59,308 --> 00:43:02,200
against you behind your back. 
All the while smiling and 

879
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:04,800
seeking your advice. 
That was the case for Robert 

880
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:07,500
when he discovered that FBI 
records spanning Decades of his 

881
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:11,300
contacts discussion and actions 
had been assembled into a case 

882
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:13,500
to Bar him from any government 
employment. 

883
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:16,900
Involving classified material, 
the charges included, both 

884
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,800
specific all Broad questions 
regarding Robert's moral, fiber 

885
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:23,400
and discernment. 
His prior ties to communist 

886
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:26,200
groups were cited. 
As proof of his betrayal, his 

887
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,300
resistance to the hydrogen bomb 
was seen as possibly driven more

888
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:32,200
by outside pressure than by 
ethical and scientific 

889
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:35,700
considerations, his wide range 
of intellectual interests and 

890
00:43:35,708 --> 00:43:39,100
complex personality the somehow 
turned into proof of his 

891
00:43:39,100 --> 00:43:42,000
unreliability. 
Robert had to make a decision 

892
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:43,500
that would affect the rest of 
his life. 

893
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:45,800
He could quietly. 
Accept that his security 

894
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:48,800
clearance had been revoked, go 
back to working, only on 

895
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:51,600
academic projects and escape the
publicity. 

896
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:54,500
That would accompany a legal 
battle or aware that this would 

897
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:57,700
produce a public spectacle that 
would subject specifics of his 

898
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:00,700
personal life and political 
affiliations to hostile 

899
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:03,100
scrutiny. 
He could insist on a hearing, 

900
00:44:03,100 --> 00:44:06,600
Robert's choice to contest, the 
charges demonstrated his faith 

901
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,400
in his own moral, character, as 
well as his ignorance of the 

902
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,400
procedure, he was about to 
undergo, he felt that reasonable

903
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,300
people would realize that his 
service to the nation had always

904
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:18,100
been driven by patriotism rather
than disloyalty. 

905
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:22,000
If he could clearly explain his 
actions and motivations, he 

906
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,500
didn't realize how much the 
political landscape had changed 

907
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,100
since the War years when his 
contributions had been accepted.

908
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:31,600
In spite of suspicions about his
affiliation, with the exception 

909
00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:35,000
of the legal protections that 
defendants, typically, enjoy the

910
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:39,400
hearing's which started in April
1954 had all the features of a 

911
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:42,400
criminal trial, despite being 
Formerly referred to as an 

912
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:45,200
administrative review, in 
addition to being unable to 

913
00:44:45,208 --> 00:44:48,200
cross-examine hostile Witnesses 
and view the evidence against 

914
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:50,400
him. 
Robert was also unable to see 

915
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,600
the cases key classified 
documents because his attorneys 

916
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:57,000
lacked security clearances. 
The extent to which Roberts life

917
00:44:57,000 --> 00:44:59,300
had been monitored by the 
government for years was made 

918
00:44:59,300 --> 00:45:01,400
clear. 
During the proceedings FBI 

919
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:03,700
agents had gathered 
comprehensive reports on his 

920
00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:05,900
personal relationships and 
political activities. 

921
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:09,100
Monitored his conversations and 
looked into his friends and 

922
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:12,200
co-workers, the man who had 
dedicated his life to government

923
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:15,400
service during the war was now 
discovering that during his most

924
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:18,500
productive time, the same 
government had been considering 

925
00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:22,000
him a possible security threat 
according to the testimony given

926
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,100
during the hearings, Robert did 
not look like the person, his 

927
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:28,600
friends and co-workers knew he 
was characterized by witnesses 

928
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:31,600
as conceited. 
Untrustworthy and possibly 

929
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,000
disloyal someone whose 
resistance to specific weapons 

930
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:37,000
programs. 
May be driven more by outside 

931
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:39,900
pressure than by sincere ethical
and scientific. 

932
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,600
Sophisticated introspective 
physicist, who had constructed 

933
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:46,900
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 
cartoon villain. 

934
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:50,100
Whose every move could be seen 
as proof of subversive intent. 

935
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:52,000
According to Robert's own 
testimony. 

936
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,100
He was being methodically 
humiliated by a procedure that 

937
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:58,300
appeared to be more intended to 
ruin his reputation than to 

938
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:01,700
ascertain the truth about his 
loyalty and he was fighting to 

939
00:46:01,700 --> 00:46:04,500
keep his dignity. 
He responded to inquiries about 

940
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,900
personal details, described 
relationships, and conversations

941
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:12,200
from decades past and attempted 
to explain his nuanced stances 

942
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,200
on complex policy issues, to 
those who seemed intent on. 

943
00:46:15,208 --> 00:46:18,200
Misinterpreting them the 
testimony of former co-workers 

944
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,000
and friends who had been coerced
into testifying against Robert, 

945
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:24,600
was the most upsetting part of 
the hearing testimonies 

946
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:28,400
regarding his character judgment
and dependability were requested

947
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:31,400
from government officials. 
Who had consulted him scientists

948
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:34,600
who had collaborated with him at
Los Alamos and close friends who

949
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,600
had confided in him, others gave
him the kind of carefully 

950
00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:40,700
qualified testimony that hurt 
him while preserving their own 

951
00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:43,400
security. 
Clearances While others bravely,

952
00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:46,200
stood by him, given the 
political atmosphere and the way

953
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,800
the proceedings were set up. 
Final decision, which was made 

954
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,500
public in June, 1954 was 
inevitable. 

955
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:55,500
The hearing board came to the 
conclusion that although Robert 

956
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:58,200
was most likely loyal, his 
character and judgment 

957
00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:01,400
requested, making him unfit to 
have access to classified 

958
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:03,500
material. 
His position as a government 

959
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:06,000
advisor was essentially 
terminated when his security 

960
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:09,300
clearance was revoked and many 
Americans began to view him. 

961
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:12,100
As a security risk both 
personally and professionally, 

962
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:15,200
Robert suffered greatly in the 
immediate wake of the hearings, 

963
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:17,800
many in the government and 
defense establishment. 

964
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:20,300
Now viewed, the man who had, 
once been one of America's most 

965
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,200
eminent scientists as a pariah, 
former co-workers were reluctant

966
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:27,400
to associate with someone who 
carried the stigma of having 

967
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:30,800
this security clearance. 
Revoked, Speaking invitations 

968
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,700
were withdrawn and job 
opportunities, vanished. 

969
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,700
However, the hearing also had 
wider ramifications for 

970
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:40,100
democracy and Science in America
other scientists were warned by 

971
00:47:40,108 --> 00:47:42,900
Robert's treatment that moral 
complexity, and independent 

972
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:46,300
thought were dangerous traits in
anyone wishing to work on 

973
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:47,900
matters of national 
significance. 

974
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,000
The case showed how easily 
political factors could override

975
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,000
expertise and how easily the 
demands of ideological 

976
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:57,000
Conformity could compromise. 
Scientific Integrity. 

977
00:47:57,000 --> 00:47:59,900
Robert was starting a new 
chapter in his life that would 

978
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:03,200
put his fortitude to the test 
and require him to reevaluate 

979
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,200
his identity and Mission. 
As he walked out of the hearing 

980
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:09,600
room, for the last time, having 
lost both his security clearance

981
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:13,900
and his position as a government
advisor, in a Democratic Society

982
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:17,300
Under Pressure, the young man 
who had constructed atomic bombs

983
00:48:17,300 --> 00:48:18,700
and the boy who had gathered 
rocks. 

984
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:22,000
Now represented the strength and
fragility of intellectual 

985
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:25,600
Independence, Robert was placed 
in a strange form of Exile, 

986
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,000
following the security hearings 
He was not exiled from the 

987
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:32,000
nation but he was essentially 
cut off from the government work

988
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:34,700
that had provided the greatest 
practical value to his 

989
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,600
scientific expertise. 
It was similar to being a master

990
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,300
Craftsman who was abruptly 
informed that his abilities were

991
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:42,600
no longer required for the most 
important projects. 

992
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:46,400
Abandoning him to work alone on 
his craft, While others made the

993
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:49,700
choices that were determine the 
course of events, both 

994
00:48:49,700 --> 00:48:53,700
practically and psychologically.
The change was abrupt Robert had

995
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:55,900
been at the Forefront of 
America's most significant 

996
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:58,400
scientific and policy debates 
for over 10 years. 

997
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,300
He had grown accustomed to 
receiving calls from government.

998
00:49:01,300 --> 00:49:04,500
Representatives request for 
advice on nuclear weapons 

999
00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:08,100
policy, and invitations to 
high-level meetings for the 

1000
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,100
first time since before the war,
the man who had been one of 

1001
00:49:11,100 --> 00:49:14,400
America's, most consulted 
experts found himself with 

1002
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:18,100
extended periods, of unbroken 
time, when the phone abruptly 

1003
00:49:18,100 --> 00:49:21,300
stopped ringing and the 
invitation stopped coming in The

1004
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:24,300
Institute for advanced study at 
Prince and served as a Haven 

1005
00:49:24,300 --> 00:49:27,400
during this trying time because 
of the institute's culture of 

1006
00:49:27,408 --> 00:49:30,900
intellectual Independence, 
Roberts, political issues had no

1007
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:33,900
bearing on his reputation there 
and his colleague, still 

1008
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:36,100
respected him for his scientific
accomplishments. 

1009
00:49:36,100 --> 00:49:39,400
Even in this Safe Haven though. 
Robert found it difficult to 

1010
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,500
understand the new meaning of 
his life and work, you know how 

1011
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:45,600
losing something significant can
occasionally reveal side of 

1012
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:48,100
yourself that were hidden or 
ignored while you were 

1013
00:49:48,100 --> 00:49:51,300
preoccupied with it Roberts. 
Exile from government service 

1014
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:55,100
compelled him to ReDiscover as 
Of himself that his work as a 

1015
00:49:55,108 --> 00:49:58,100
nuclear policy, adviser had 
obscured with new Vigor. 

1016
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:01,500
He went back to his physics, 
studies tackling Quantum field, 

1017
00:50:01,500 --> 00:50:03,800
Theory problems that were 
intellectually demanding but 

1018
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:07,500
wholly, unrelated to military 
uses, during this time, Robert 

1019
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:10,200
produced, some of his most 
imaginative and ambitious 

1020
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:12,900
scientific work. 
He could now focus on the kinds 

1021
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:15,800
of fundamental questions that 
initially Drew him to physics. 

1022
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:19,200
Freed from the pragmatic 
concerns that to dominate his 

1023
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:22,700
thinking, both during and after 
the war, whether the theoretical

1024
00:50:22,700 --> 00:50:25,600
framework of quantum mechanics, 
could be expanded to offer a 

1025
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:28,100
cohesive understanding of all 
the fundamental forces in 

1026
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:30,900
nature. 
What physicists now, refer to as

1027
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:34,400
a theory of everything was of 
particular interest to him. 

1028
00:50:34,400 --> 00:50:37,400
However, Robert also started to 
approach the relationship 

1029
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:41,300
between science and society and 
The Wider ramifications of 

1030
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:43,400
scientific knowledge in a more 
methodical manner. 

1031
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:46,600
He had a unique perspective on 
how scientific advancements 

1032
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,700
could be used to gain political 
and military power as well as 

1033
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:53,100
how scientists could be torn 
between their civic duties and 

1034
00:50:53,100 --> 00:50:56,600
their dedication to the truth. 
Thank to his experiences during 

1035
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,500
the project and the security. 
Hearing's Robert became one of 

1036
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:02,300
the first. 
Well, known scientists to write 

1037
00:51:02,300 --> 00:51:04,600
thoughtfully about what is now 
known as the social 

1038
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,900
responsibility of science, as a 
result of these Reflections. 

1039
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,300
He maintained that scientists 
could not merely seek knowledge 

1040
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:13,400
for its own sake without 
considering the potential 

1041
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,700
applications of that knowledge. 
He also cautioned Against The 

1042
00:51:16,708 --> 00:51:20,000
Perils of Permitting political 
factors to obstruct free speech 

1043
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,300
and scientific investigation. 
During this time, his writing 

1044
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:25,200
and speaking. 
Demonstrated a mind, still 

1045
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:28,400
struggling with the basic issues
that had captivated him since he

1046
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,700
was a young boy, but now 
bearing, the burden of 

1047
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:33,700
experience from witnessing the 
transformation of intangible 

1048
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:36,100
Concepts into revolutionary 
Technologies. 

1049
00:51:36,100 --> 00:51:39,300
The young man who had pondered 
the nature of reality, had grown

1050
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:42,100
into a man who recognized the 
dangers that could arise. 

1051
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,000
When people were able to alter 
reality at its most basic 

1052
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,000
levels, in addition to a 
lingering sense of loss and 

1053
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:51,300
dislocation Roberts, personal 
life in the 1950s. 

1054
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:55,600
And 1960s was characterized by a
slow recovery from the trauma of

1055
00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:58,500
the security hearings. 
He continued to be close to his 

1056
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:00,100
children and stayed married to 
Kitty. 

1057
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:02,200
Who had been there for him 
during the ordeal. 

1058
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:06,700
However, friends noticed that he
was now wary than before, that 

1059
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:09,100
the world was more hostile and 
unpredictable than he had 

1060
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:11,800
previously realized. 
Over time. 

1061
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,700
The scientific communities 
reaction to Robert's treatment 

1062
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:17,400
changed at first. 
A lot of scientists were 

1063
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,500
hesitant to support him because 
they were worried that doing so 

1064
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:23,700
would harm their own careers. 
However, more scientists 

1065
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:26,400
realized that the attack on 
Robert was actually an attack on

1066
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,600
the independence and integrity 
of science itself as the 

1067
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:33,300
political landscape started to 
shift in the late 1950s and 

1068
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:36,600
early 1960s. 
During this time, Robert's 

1069
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:39,200
writings and lectures Drew 
audiences interested in his 

1070
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:41,600
viewpoint on the ethical and 
political issues confronting 

1071
00:52:41,600 --> 00:52:45,800
contemporary society as well as 
his scientific discoveries, his 

1072
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:48,600
experience is a given him a 
unique authority to speak about 

1073
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:50,500
the relationship between power 
and knowledge. 

1074
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:54,100
In the modern world, making him 
a sort of Elder Statesman of 

1075
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:57,900
American intellectual life. 
Ironically Roberts exclusion 

1076
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:00,900
from government policy 
discussions occur just when his 

1077
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:02,300
insights could have been most 
useful. 

1078
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:05,700
The risk of nuclear war was 
becoming a constant aspect of 

1079
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:08,600
international relations. 
The nuclear arms race was 

1080
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:11,900
speeding up new weapons were 
being I looked that made the 

1081
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:14,400
atomic bombs of World War 2 seem
almost archaic. 

1082
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,600
The man who had contributed to 
the creation of this predicament

1083
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:20,000
was now, barred from 
participating, in attempts to 

1084
00:53:20,008 --> 00:53:23,400
control or remedy it. 
However, Roberts influenced 

1085
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:25,700
during this time came from his 
work, as a public intellectual, 

1086
00:53:25,700 --> 00:53:29,300
and teacher, rather than from 
his direct involvement in policy

1087
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:31,400
decisions. 
His writings and speeches 

1088
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:34,100
influenced to generation of 
scientists perspectives on their

1089
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:36,300
roles. 
And his example showed that 

1090
00:53:36,308 --> 00:53:39,800
intellectual Integrity could be 
upheld in the face of strong 

1091
00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:44,000
political pressure as the 1960s 
went on Robert started to get 

1092
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:46,900
credit for his scientific 
contributions without openly 

1093
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:48,400
criticizing the way the 
government. 

1094
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:50,500
Treated him. 
He was invited to deliver 

1095
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:53,900
significant lectures. 
Won prestigious honors and was 

1096
00:53:53,900 --> 00:53:56,700
progressively restored to his 
position as a respected member 

1097
00:53:56,700 --> 00:53:59,700
of American intellectual life. 
But in exchange for the 

1098
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:03,100
recognition, he agreed to stay 
out of the circles that made the

1099
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:05,600
most significant decisions 
regarding nuclear weapons. 

1100
00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:09,100
When the nuclear age, he helped 
create continued to unfold in 

1101
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,600
ways that exceeded even his Most
pessimistic predictions about 

1102
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:14,900
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 
and fulfilled. 

1103
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,100
Some of his worst fears the man 
who had once stood in the New 

1104
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:21,600
Mexico desert and watch the 
first atomic explosion was now 

1105
00:54:21,600 --> 00:54:24,900
watching from a distance, the 
boy who had once gather rocks on

1106
00:54:24,908 --> 00:54:27,100
Long Island beaches are 
transformed into something, 

1107
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:29,500
Robert could never have 
predicted as he approached his 

1108
00:54:29,500 --> 00:54:32,300
last year's. 
A living representation of the 

1109
00:54:32,300 --> 00:54:35,900
ethical dilemmas that occur when
political power and scientific 

1110
00:54:35,900 --> 00:54:39,300
knowledge, Collide the whole 
story of Humanity's journey into

1111
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:41,500
the nuclear age from the 
theoretical. 

1112
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:44,900
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic
weapons to the political Fallout

1113
00:54:44,900 --> 00:54:47,000
that was still being felt 
decades. 

1114
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:50,900
Later was etched in the mind of 
the elderly physicist strolling 

1115
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:54,000
through the peaceful streets of 
Princeton you know, how 

1116
00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:56,600
sometimes the most significant 
life lessons are revealed only 

1117
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:59,400
near the end when all of the 
different experiences and 

1118
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:02,700
decisions can be viewed as a 
part of a greater whole growing 

1119
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:05,300
awareness of what his remarkable
life had shown about the 

1120
00:55:05,300 --> 00:55:09,100
opportunities and risks faced by
any society that depends more 

1121
00:55:09,100 --> 00:55:11,900
and more on scientific knowledge
for its security and prosperity.

1122
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,500
Characterized Roberts. 
Later years has the political 

1123
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,500
landscape shifted and more 
American started to doubt, the 

1124
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:21,800
excesses of Cold War. 
Hysteria Roberts reputation 

1125
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,400
started to slowly recover in the
1960s. 

1126
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:28,200
But quickly gained momentum 
scientists, who had kept quiet 

1127
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:30,500
during his ordeal started to 
openly discuss. 

1128
00:55:30,500 --> 00:55:32,900
How Fair. 
His treatment was government 

1129
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:35,500
Representatives who had 
supported or Taken part in the 

1130
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,800
security hearings started to 
privately apologized for their 

1131
00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:41,000
involvement. 
In what was becoming viewed as a

1132
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,000
disgraceful chapter in American 
history, the government's 

1133
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:46,400
highest award for contributions 
to nuclear science. 

1134
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:50,300
The Enrico Fermi award was given
to Robert by President Lyndon 

1135
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:54,000
Johnson in 1963. 
The ceremony was meticulously 

1136
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:56,300
planned to honor Robert 
scientific accomplishments 

1137
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:59,200
without specifically criticizing
how the Eisenhower 

1138
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,300
Administration handled him. 
However, the symbolism was 

1139
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:05,700
clear, Robert was being honored 
for his contributions to 

1140
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:08,500
American Science by the same 
government that had labeled him.

1141
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,400
A security risk Roberts 
acceptance of the award 

1142
00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:14,300
demonstrated, the elegance and 
Nuance that had defined his 

1143
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:16,800
whole professional life. 
He could have taken the 

1144
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:20,100
opportunity to be resentful of 
how he was treated or to attack 

1145
00:56:20,100 --> 00:56:22,600
the political forces that had 
almost ruined his career. 

1146
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:26,800
Rather, he discussed the ongoing
difficulties that society and 

1147
00:56:26,800 --> 00:56:29,900
scientists face as they consider
the ramifications of nuclear 

1148
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,300
technology and other significant
scientific advancements. 

1149
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:36,500
Roberts latest scientific 
Endeavors, demonstrated his 

1150
00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:40,200
continuing interest in basic 
issues as well as his developing

1151
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:43,400
realization, that he was running
out of time to make significant 

1152
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:45,900
contributions. 
He kept considering the most 

1153
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:47,900
profound issues in theoretical 
physics. 

1154
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:51,400
But he also started to devote 
more of his time to instructing 

1155
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,700
and guiding the next generation 
of scientists who would continue

1156
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:55,800
the work. 
He had started. 

1157
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,600
During this time, his lectures 
were mastered works of 

1158
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:02,100
scientific communication that 
Blended technical Mastery with 

1159
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,500
the kind of wide range. 
In cultural perspective that had

1160
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:08,500
always been a Hallmark of his 
thought during these lectures 

1161
00:57:08,500 --> 00:57:10,800
students and colleagues 
frequently commented that they 

1162
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:13,000
felt as though they were 
watching someone who had 

1163
00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:16,000
accomplished a unique synthesis 
of philosophical, understanding,

1164
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:20,500
scientific knowledge and hard. 
One wisdom about human nature 

1165
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:23,700
Roberts impact on American 
Science went well beyond his 

1166
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:26,500
involvement in the Manhattan 
Project or his particular 

1167
00:57:26,500 --> 00:57:29,500
research contributions. 
He'd contributed to the 

1168
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:31,900
development of the idea that a 
scientist should be a public 

1169
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:35,500
intellectual who could explain 
difficult scientific Concepts to

1170
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:38,500
a wider audience and who had an 
obligation to consider the 

1171
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:41,500
social and political 
ramifications of scientific 

1172
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,400
advancements, a science and 
technology shape, modern, 

1173
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,100
society more and more. 
This model would become more and

1174
00:57:47,100 --> 00:57:49,600
more significant. 
During his time at Berkeley, 

1175
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,700
Robert trained a generation of 
physicists who would go on to 

1176
00:57:52,700 --> 00:57:55,100
make important contributions to 
American Science. 

1177
00:57:55,100 --> 00:57:58,300
Perhaps more significantly 
though they can continue his 

1178
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:01,800
method of conducting scientific 
research which placed a strong 

1179
00:58:01,800 --> 00:58:05,200
emphasis on teamwork. 
Intellectual diversity, and the 

1180
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:08,000
significance of comprehending, 
the larger context in which 

1181
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:11,900
scientific work is conducted the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

1182
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:14,700
physics served as a model for 
the structure and methodology of

1183
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:16,200
cutting-edge scientific 
research. 

1184
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:19,600
In his later years Roberts 
interpersonal, relationships 

1185
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,400
were characterized by a greater 
understanding of the familial 

1186
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,900
ties and friendships that had 
supported him during his darkest

1187
00:58:25,900 --> 00:58:27,900
moments with those closest to 
him. 

1188
00:58:27,900 --> 00:58:30,700
The man who had occasionally 
come across as distant and 

1189
00:58:30,700 --> 00:58:33,700
intellectually intimidating, 
became more approachable and 

1190
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:37,300
emotionally transparent friends 
observed that in ways that his 

1191
00:58:37,300 --> 00:58:40,800
prior emphasis on academic 
success may have obscured, his 

1192
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,200
experiences had taught him to 
Value loyalty and real human 

1193
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:46,400
connection. 
Some of the most profound 

1194
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:49,100
observations on science and 
Society, ever written by a 

1195
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:51,800
scientist were found in Roberts 
last years of life. 

1196
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:54,900
He wrote about the need for 
wisdom, to keep up with human 

1197
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:58,300
technical capabilities, the 
beauty and horror of scientific 

1198
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:00,900
discovery and the 
responsibilities that come with 

1199
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:03,300
knowledge future generations of 
scient. 

1200
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,100
Would consider their work and 
its implications differently as 

1201
00:59:06,100 --> 00:59:07,700
a result of these lectures and 
essays. 

1202
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:11,400
When Roberts health started to 
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 

1203
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:14,600
he approached his impending 
death with the same blend of 

1204
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:18,200
emotional nuance and 
intellectual curiosity that had 

1205
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:20,700
marked his approach to all of 
his other significant life 

1206
00:59:20,700 --> 00:59:23,100
challenges. 
He did not seem to see death as 

1207
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:26,500
a tragedy to be avoided at all 
costs but rather as another 

1208
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:31,800
mystery to be pondered That's 
62, Robert Oppenheimer passed 

1209
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:35,900
away from throat, cancer on 
February, 18th 1967, a legacy is

1210
00:59:35,900 --> 00:59:38,900
complicated and difficult. 
As the man himself was left 

1211
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:42,300
behind by the passing of the boy
who had collected rocks. 

1212
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:45,800
The young man who had learned 
Sanskrit the teacher, who had 

1213
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:48,500
revolutionized American 
theoretical physics, the 

1214
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:52,000
scientific administrator who had
planned the Manhattan Project 

1215
00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:55,000
and the public intellectual who 
had wrestled with the moral 

1216
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:58,300
implications of nuclear weapons.
Think about this, as you go to 

1217
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:00,900
bed tonight? 
Intelligent people are still 

1218
01:00:00,900 --> 01:00:03,200
awake today because of the 
questions that kept Robert, 

1219
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:05,800
Oppenheimer up at night. 
During his most trying times. 

1220
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,100
How can we strike a balance 
between seeking knowledge and 

1221
01:00:09,100 --> 01:00:10,700
being concerned about its 
implications? 

1222
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,400
What obligations do 
professionals have to society 

1223
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,400
and what obligations does 
society have to uphold 

1224
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:20,600
intellectual Freedom? 
How do we make informed choices 

1225
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:23,800
about technologies that have the
potential to drastically alter 

1226
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:26,800
human civilization? 
There are no simple answers to 

1227
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:29,400
these questions in Robert's 
life, but it does offer 

1228
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:33,200
something perhaps more valuable.
An example of how a thoughtful 

1229
01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:36,000
individual can wrestle with 
moral complexity without 

1230
01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:39,600
slipping into either naive 
idealism, or cynicism, the man 

1231
01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:41,700
who assisted in the development 
of nuclear weapons. 

1232
01:00:41,700 --> 01:00:44,900
Spent the remainder of his life,
attempting to comprehend and 

1233
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:48,600
explain the ramifications of his
actions, never escaping 

1234
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,500
responsibility. 
But also not letting guilt stop 

1235
01:00:51,500 --> 01:00:54,600
him from making further 
contributions to the welfare and

1236
01:00:54,608 --> 01:00:57,300
knowledge of humanity. 
Robert contributed to the 

1237
01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:00,200
creation of the atomic age, 
which is still developing today.

1238
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:03,700
Although nuclear weapons 
continue to pose a threat to 

1239
01:01:03,700 --> 01:01:06,100
human survival nuclear 
technology. 

1240
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:10,200
Also produces carbon free energy
and life-saving Medical 

1241
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:12,900
Treatments. 
The same scientific techniques. 

1242
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,800
That uncovered the mysteries of 
atomic structure are still 

1243
01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:18,800
producing new types of problems 
that we haven't yet learned to 

1244
01:01:18,800 --> 01:01:22,000
predict, or that may provide 
answers to Humanity's biggest 

1245
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:24,400
problems. 
Many of the same problems that 

1246
01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:26,800
Robert and his colleague's face 
during the Manhattan Project 

1247
01:01:26,800 --> 01:01:29,500
still face scientists. 
Today, who are developing 

1248
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,900
genetic engineering artificial 
intelligence and other 

1249
01:01:32,900 --> 01:01:36,200
game-changing Technologies. 
How do you continue potentially 

1250
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:38,500
useful research while being 
aware of its risks? 

1251
01:01:38,500 --> 01:01:42,100
How can one uphold scientific 
objectivity while admitting 

1252
01:01:42,100 --> 01:01:45,100
moral obligations? 
How do you explain complicated 

1253
01:01:45,100 --> 01:01:48,300
technical matters to the public 
and political leaders who have 

1254
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:51,300
to decide how these Technologies
should be developed and governed

1255
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:54,600
Roberts example in his little. 
There are no easy answers to 

1256
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:57,100
these questions. 
Anyone who chooses to work at 

1257
01:01:57,100 --> 01:01:59,300
the boundaries of human 
knowledge, cannot avoid them 

1258
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:02,500
conducting scientific. 
Searching a vacuum apart from 

1259
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:05,800
social and political influences 
is not a morally neutral. 

1260
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:09,200
Endeavor it occurs in human 
communities is supported by 

1261
01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:12,300
human institutions. 
And generates knowledge that can

1262
01:02:12,300 --> 01:02:14,800
be applied to both positive and 
negative human goals. 

1263
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:18,800
The young man who gathered rocks
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 

1264
01:02:18,800 --> 01:02:22,300
up to realize that Curiosity no 
matter how pure its original 

1265
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:24,400
motivation, always leads to 
power. 

1266
01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:27,800
And that power always raises 
issues of responsibility. 

1267
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:30,300
Perhaps the most distinctive 
feature of the Contemporary 

1268
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:33,100
scientific Endeavor. 
Is this shift from naive or to 

1269
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:36,400
moral complexity. 
But Roberts life will shows that

1270
01:02:36,400 --> 01:02:39,400
despite circumstances that could
be used as an excuse for 

1271
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,900
pessimism or hopelessness. 
It is possible to preserve human

1272
01:02:42,900 --> 01:02:46,900
decency, an intellectual 
Integrity, he never lost faith 

1273
01:02:46,900 --> 01:02:50,200
in the value of seeking the 
truth, even if doing so resulted

1274
01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:51,300
in knowledge, that was 
dangerous. 

1275
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:54,600
Even when his efforts were 
misinterpreted or dismissed by 

1276
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:57,400
political authorities, he never 
gave up on applying his 

1277
01:02:57,400 --> 01:02:59,100
knowledge to advance human 
welfare. 

1278
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:02,200
According to the Sanskrit, Text 
Robert Hood, read as a Young 

1279
01:03:02,208 --> 01:03:05,400
Man, wisdom is the result of 
realizing how everything is 

1280
01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:07,900
interconnected. 
And the obligations that follow 

1281
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:11,500
from that realization, he 
explored those ancient insights 

1282
01:03:11,500 --> 01:03:14,400
and applied them to contemporary
scientific knowledge throughout 

1283
01:03:14,400 --> 01:03:18,300
his career in a way. 
Humans who acquire the ability 

1284
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:21,800
to control these connections 
take on responsibilities that go

1285
01:03:21,808 --> 01:03:23,500
well beyond their immediate 
goals. 

1286
01:03:23,500 --> 01:03:26,500
The universe that physics 
reveals is in fact 

1287
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:30,300
interconnected at the most basic
levels as you fall asleep, you 

1288
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:33,500
may have a dream about a slender
young man standing on a Mesa, 

1289
01:03:33,500 --> 01:03:36,900
New Mexico, witnessing the first
artificial sunrise over the 

1290
01:03:36,900 --> 01:03:40,100
desert and realizing that 
everything has changed forever. 

1291
01:03:40,100 --> 01:03:43,300
All years later. 
You might dream of that same 

1292
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:46,100
person strolling through 
Princeton in the evening light. 

1293
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:49,600
Still thinking about issues of 
responsibility and knowledge 

1294
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,900
that have no definitive answers 
but require constant 

1295
01:03:52,900 --> 01:03:55,800
consideration from anyone 
concerned with the future of 

1296
01:03:55,808 --> 01:03:59,000
human civilization even though 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

1297
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:01,800
more than 50 years ago, the 
issues he brought up are still 

1298
01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:04,100
relevant today. 
Our world is shaped by 

1299
01:04:04,100 --> 01:04:06,900
technological, advancements, and
scientific discoveries. 

1300
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:09,800
That would have seemed magical 
to earlier Generations. 

1301
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:12,900
The decisions we make about how 
to use these advancements. 

1302
01:04:12,900 --> 01:04:16,100
Will determine the kind of world
we leave for future Generations.

1303
01:04:16,100 --> 01:04:19,600
The legacy of the boy who 
gathered rocks and went on to 

1304
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:22,100
become the man who helped 
discover the secrets of the atom

1305
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,200
is not a list of solutions, but 
rather a dedication to continue 

1306
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:29,900
to ask the right questions with 
wisdom, bravery and humility. 

1307
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:33,300
Remembering Roberts, example of 
how a thoughtful person can 

1308
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:36,300
engage with moral complexity 
while maintaining both 

1309
01:04:36,300 --> 01:04:40,300
intellectual honesty and hope 
for human wisdom is crucial as 

1310
01:04:40,300 --> 01:04:42,600
we grapple with the implications
of artificial intelligence, 

1311
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:46,800
climate change, genetic 
engineering and other trans 

1312
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:50,600
Technologies in our own time 
rest easy, knowing that 

1313
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:53,600
somewhere tonight someone is 
sitting at a computer or working

1314
01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:57,100
in a lab pushing the limits of 
human knowledge while grappling 

1315
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,200
with issues of accountability 
and consequence that bind them 

1316
01:05:00,200 --> 01:05:03,800
across decades to a theoretical 
physicist who wants stood in the

1317
01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:06,800
New Mexico desert and saw the 
world transformed in a burst of 

1318
01:05:06,800 --> 01:05:08,900
artificial light, there are 
still questions. 

1319
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:12,500
Each new generation takes on the
duty of interacting with them in

1320
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:16,400
a thoughtful and brave manner. 
And the greatest hope for our 

1321
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:17,900
future. 
As a species may be found in 

1322
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:21,200
that continuous dialogue between
human wisdom and curiosity. 

1323
01:05:25,500 --> 01:05:29,200
Now imagine yourself sitting in 
your favorite armchair in 1939, 

1324
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:33,000
perhaps with a lukewarm cup of 
tea on the side table as the 

1325
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,200
world prepares to undergo 
unprecedented transformations. 

1326
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,500
But the people who are about to 
change, it had no idea. 

1327
01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:41,900
They were writing the most 
expensive recipe ever. 

1328
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,700
The recipe required, 
approximately 130,000 

1329
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:49,900
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

1330
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:53,500
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

1331
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:57,100
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

1332
01:05:57,100 --> 01:05:59,900
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

1333
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:02,100
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

1334
01:06:03,500 --> 01:06:06,300
That's roughly what Leo silard 
felt when he heard that German 

1335
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,100
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

1336
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:12,500
Solid was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

1337
01:06:12,500 --> 01:06:14,700
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

1338
01:06:14,700 --> 01:06:18,000
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

1339
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:21,500
The amusing thing about salad is
that he was the kind of guy who 

1340
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:24,300
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

1341
01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:26,700
immediately realized, it might 
be dangerous and try to keep it 

1342
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,500
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

1343
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:33,300
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

1344
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:36,100
around New York, likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

1345
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:38,800
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

1346
01:06:38,800 --> 01:06:42,000
would listen that America needed
to outpace Germany in the atomic

1347
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:44,300
race. 
But you can't just walk into the

1348
01:06:44,308 --> 01:06:47,600
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

1349
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:51,100
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

1350
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:53,800
quickly. 
So, Sila did, what any 

1351
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:56,800
reasonable person would do? 
He got Einstein to write a 

1352
01:06:56,800 --> 01:06:59,900
letter. 
Apparently even in 1939 name 

1353
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:03,100
recognition held significant 
importance, Einstein, who 

1354
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:04,800
probably just wanted to work on 
his theories. 

1355
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:07,600
In peace, found himself 
accidentally becoming the 

1356
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:11,500
Godfather of the atomic age. 
He later recognized the irony 

1357
01:07:11,500 --> 01:07:14,700
given that he was a pacifist who
had previously expressed a 

1358
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:16,900
preference for being a light, 
housekeeper, over a physicist. 

1359
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:22,000
Rosevelt got the letter in 
October 1939, right around the 

1360
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:24,200
time, he was dealing with a 
dozen of other world ending 

1361
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,200
problems. 
You have to admire the man's 

1362
01:07:26,200 --> 01:07:28,800
ability. 
To prioritize most of us, get 

1363
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:31,800
overwhelmed choosing what to 
watch on streaming services, but

1364
01:07:31,800 --> 01:07:35,700
FDR was juggling potential, 
nuclear weapons, a World War and

1365
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:38,000
probably wondering if his 
morning coffee was strong enough

1366
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:40,800
for any of this. 
The initial response was about 

1367
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:43,700
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 
from a government bureaucracy. 

1368
01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:47,400
They formed a committee. 
Nothing conveys, the urgency of 

1369
01:07:47,400 --> 01:07:50,200
a world, changing scientific 
breakthrough more effectively 

1370
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:51,600
than the formation of a 
committee. 

1371
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:55,100
The Iranian committee as they 
called it met a few times. 

1372
01:07:55,100 --> 01:07:58,700
Allocated a whopping 6,000 
dollars for research, and 

1373
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:00,800
probably spent more on coffee 
than uranium. 

1374
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:03,700
It was the governmental 
equivalent of putting a Band-Aid

1375
01:08:03,700 --> 01:08:06,600
on a volcano. 
But here's where the story gets 

1376
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:08,900
intriguing in. 
That uniquely American Way. 

1377
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,300
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl, 

1378
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:15,500
Harbor happened. 
Suddenly the abstract concept 

1379
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:17,899
of, maybe we should look into 
this Atomic thing. 

1380
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,300
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

1381
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:23,300
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

1382
01:08:24,200 --> 01:08:27,300
And to General Leslie, Groves, a
man who had just finished 

1383
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,000
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

1384
01:08:30,008 --> 01:08:33,700
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

1385
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:36,700
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

1386
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:39,899
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

1387
01:08:39,899 --> 01:08:42,399
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

1388
01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:46,100
Groves was the kind of military 
mind who could look at an 

1389
01:08:46,100 --> 01:08:47,500
impossible task, and 
immediately. 

1390
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:51,300
Start figuring out how to make 
it slightly less impossible, one

1391
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:54,500
spreadsheet at a time. 
The beautiful absurdity of the 

1392
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:56,600
Manhattan Project was already 
becoming clear. 

1393
01:08:57,300 --> 01:09:00,100
You had theoretical physicists 
who could barely balance their 

1394
01:09:00,100 --> 01:09:02,800
checkbooks being asked to create
the most practical and 

1395
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:05,800
devastating weapon in history. 
While military men who 

1396
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:08,899
understood Logistics had to wrap
their heads around Concepts that

1397
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:12,000
sounded like they belonged in 
comic books and so began the 

1398
01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:15,300
most improbable collaboration in
human history where the marriage

1399
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:18,200
of pure science and applied 
paranoia would reshape 

1400
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:20,500
everything. 
Now, you might think that 

1401
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,700
assembling the world's greatest 
scientific Minds would be like 

1402
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,200
organizing a really intellectual
dinner party. 

1403
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,300
You'd be wrong. 
It was more like trying to hurt 

1404
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:31,500
cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

1405
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:34,500
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

1406
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:37,399
alarming tendency to argue about
theoretical physics at 

1407
01:09:37,399 --> 01:09:41,300
inappropriate volume's. 
General Groves bless his 

1408
01:09:41,300 --> 01:09:43,600
practical heart approached, this
challenge the way. 

1409
01:09:43,600 --> 01:09:46,500
Any good military man. 
Would he made lists? 

1410
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:51,300
Lots of lists of scientists list
of locations list of things they

1411
01:09:51,300 --> 01:09:54,500
need and probably a list of 
reasons why this was either the 

1412
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:56,200
best or worst assignment of his 
career. 

1413
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:00,300
He realized pretty quickly that 
managing brilliant people was 

1414
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,400
like, managing regular people 
except they could prove you 

1415
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:06,400
wrong with math. 
The first real breakthrough 

1416
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,200
came, when someone suggested 
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 

1417
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:13,000
to lead the scientific effort. 
Now, Oppenheimer was an 

1418
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:14,600
interesting choice. 
He was brilliant. 

1419
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:18,400
Absolutely, but he was also the 
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 

1420
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:21,300
at cocktail parties and had a 
habit of making everyone around 

1421
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:25,100
him feel slightly undereducated.
He was like that friend, who can

1422
01:10:25,100 --> 01:10:28,200
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

1423
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:32,000
fluency except in being annoying
at dinner parties. 

1424
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,100
He was about to become the most 
famous scientists in America. 

1425
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:38,000
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

1426
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:40,400
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

1427
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:43,700
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

1428
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:47,000
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

1429
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:48,200
need results. 
Now, please. 

1430
01:10:49,100 --> 01:10:51,400
He could talk to a theoretical 
physicist about quantum 

1431
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:54,200
mechanics in the morning and 
explain to a general why they 

1432
01:10:54,208 --> 01:10:55,700
needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

1433
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:59,300
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

1434
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:01,900
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

1435
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:05,400
rather than terrifying. 
But you can't run a massive 

1436
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:07,700
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

1437
01:11:07,700 --> 01:11:11,500
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

1438
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:15,100
space. 
They needed Secrets space really

1439
01:11:15,100 --> 01:11:18,100
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

1440
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:20,800
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

1441
01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:25,200
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

1442
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:26,800
location. 
So remote that it made the 

1443
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:29,100
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

1444
01:11:29,100 --> 01:11:32,700
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

1445
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:36,100
be perfect, The site was 
isolated enough, that any 

1446
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:38,800
accidental explosions would 
mostly just bother the local 

1447
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:41,900
Wildlife, but accessible enough 
that they could actually 

1448
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:44,900
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

1449
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:48,800
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

1450
01:11:48,800 --> 01:11:52,600
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

1451
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:55,000
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

1452
01:11:55,900 --> 01:11:58,600
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

1453
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:02,100
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

1454
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:05,200
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

1455
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:08,900
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

1456
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:12,100
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

1457
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:14,200
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

1458
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:17,500
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

1459
01:12:17,500 --> 01:12:20,700
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

1460
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:23,300
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

1461
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:27,700
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

1462
01:12:27,700 --> 01:12:30,800
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

1463
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:33,200
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

1464
01:12:33,208 --> 01:12:36,800
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

1465
01:12:36,800 --> 01:12:39,400
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

1466
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:42,700
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

1467
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:45,900
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

1468
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:48,000
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

1469
01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:51,700
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority found

1470
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:55,200
itself powering what looked like
the industrial equivalent of a 

1471
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:58,500
small Alien Invasion and they 
just had to trust that someone 

1472
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:00,900
somewhere knew what they were 
doing. 

1473
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:04,700
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

1474
01:13:04,700 --> 01:13:06,500
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

1475
01:13:06,500 --> 01:13:08,900
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

1476
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:11,200
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

1477
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:15,200
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

1478
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:17,200
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

1479
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,300
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

1480
01:13:20,300 --> 01:13:23,100
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

1481
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,000
thorough that you could work on 
the Manhattan Project for three 

1482
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:29,200
years and still have only the 
vaguest idea what you'd actually

1483
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:32,100
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

1484
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,000
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

1485
01:13:35,008 --> 01:13:38,200
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

1486
01:13:38,200 --> 01:13:41,800
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

1487
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:44,900
in temporary housing. 
The middle of the desert working

1488
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:47,800
on something that might either 
end the war or accidentally end.

1489
01:13:47,800 --> 01:13:50,500
Everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults. 

1490
01:13:50,500 --> 01:13:54,100
If summer, camp involved, 
nuclear physics and the fate of 

1491
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:56,300
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

1492
01:13:56,300 --> 01:13:58,900
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

1493
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:02,000
theoretical physics, can be 
interested in your dealing with 

1494
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:04,200
people who spend their days 
thinking about things. 

1495
01:14:04,200 --> 01:14:07,200
So small, you can't see them. 
Even with the most powerful 

1496
01:14:07,200 --> 01:14:10,800
microscopes yet these invisible 
things contain enough energy to 

1497
01:14:10,800 --> 01:14:13,800
level cities, it's like 
discovering that dust bunnies 

1498
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:16,100
under your couch could power 
your entire neighborhood. 

1499
01:14:16,100 --> 01:14:18,600
If only, you could figure out 
how to Convince them to 

1500
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:21,100
cooperate. 
The basic concept of nuclear 

1501
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:23,900
fission sounds almost simple. 
When you say it quickly, you 

1502
01:14:23,900 --> 01:14:27,200
take a uranium, atom, you split 
it, and it releases energy. 

1503
01:14:28,200 --> 01:14:30,700
But saying that is like saying 
baking a cake when you're 

1504
01:14:30,700 --> 01:14:33,400
actually trying to construct a 
12 tier wedding cake. 

1505
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:36,100
While blindfolded using 
ingredients, you've never seen 

1506
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:39,000
before and following a recipe 
written in a language that was 

1507
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:42,800
just invented yesterday. 
The first challenge was getting 

1508
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:46,300
the right kind of uranium 
natural, uranium is mostly 

1509
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:50,200
uranium 238, which is about as 
useful for making bombs as a 

1510
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:53,100
chocolate teapot. 
What they needed was uranium 

1511
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:57,000
235, which makes up less than 1%
of natural uranium. 

1512
01:14:57,000 --> 01:15:00,600
It's like needing to separate 
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 

1513
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:03,500
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 
M&M's are invisible. 

1514
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:06,400
They're trying to kill you and 
you can only tell them apart 

1515
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:08,400
using methods, that hadn't been 
invented yet. 

1516
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:11,600
The scientists at Oak Ridge 
approached. 

1517
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:14,400
This problem with the kind of 
methodical determination that 

1518
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:16,600
only comes from having 
absolutely no choice. 

1519
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:20,300
They tried several different 
separation methods, including 

1520
01:15:20,300 --> 01:15:23,200
one that involved giant Electro 
magnets called calutron. 

1521
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,700
These machines were enormous and
consumed so much electricity 

1522
01:15:26,700 --> 01:15:30,300
that they basically turned the 
separation of uranium Isotopes, 

1523
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:34,100
in to an industrial process. 
That could be seen from space of

1524
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:37,700
satellites had existed. 
Then however, uranium was not 

1525
01:15:37,700 --> 01:15:39,900
the soul option of available 
nuclear. 

1526
01:15:39,900 --> 01:15:43,400
Reactors could create plutonium 
an element absent in nature. 

1527
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,400
Plutonium was like, uranium's 
more complicated cousin, 

1528
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:51,000
potentially more powerful but 
also more difficult to work with

1529
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:53,900
and with a personality that 
could charitably be described as

1530
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:56,800
temperamental. 
Creating plutonium required 

1531
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,200
building nuclear reactors, which
brought its own special set of 

1532
01:16:00,208 --> 01:16:02,700
challenges. 
The first reactor was built 

1533
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:05,100
under the football stadium at 
the University of Chicago 

1534
01:16:05,100 --> 01:16:07,600
because apparently someone 
thought that the best place to 

1535
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:11,100
test Humanities first control. 
Nuclear chain reaction was 

1536
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,300
directly underneath a major 
American city. 

1537
01:16:14,100 --> 01:16:17,500
The physicists in charge of this
experiment in Rico Fermi was 

1538
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:20,100
reportedly betting on whether 
the reaction would stop when 

1539
01:16:20,100 --> 01:16:23,100
they wanted it to which shows 
how well they understood what 

1540
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:24,700
they were doing. 
Fairy. 

1541
01:16:24,700 --> 01:16:27,300
Incidentally was the kind of 
scientist who could calculate 

1542
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,500
complex physics problems in his 
head while other people were 

1543
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:31,900
still looking for their 
calculators. 

1544
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:35,100
He was also famous for his 
ability to estimate almost 

1545
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:38,300
anything, give him a few minutes
and some basic information. 

1546
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:40,900
And he could tell you 
approximately how many piano 

1547
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:44,200
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 
much energy would be released by

1548
01:16:44,208 --> 01:16:46,500
various theoretical nuclear 
explosions. 

1549
01:16:47,300 --> 01:16:49,700
This skilled turned out to be 
surprisingly useful. 

1550
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:52,700
When dealing with weapons that 
released more energy than anyone

1551
01:16:52,700 --> 01:16:56,000
had ever handled before the 
Chicago reactor worked. 

1552
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,800
Thankfully without accidentally 
eliminating the Midwest and it 

1553
01:16:59,800 --> 01:17:02,700
provided the proof of concept 
needed to build much larger 

1554
01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:06,400
reactors at Hanford. 
These reactors were designed to 

1555
01:17:06,400 --> 01:17:08,800
produce plutonium on an 
industrial scale. 

1556
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:12,400
Turning the abstract concept of 
artificially created elements 

1557
01:17:12,400 --> 01:17:15,700
into something measured in 
tonnes rather than microscopic 

1558
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:18,800
quantities. 
However, obtaining nuclear 

1559
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:20,300
material was only half the 
challenge. 

1560
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:24,100
The other half was figuring out 
how to make it explode in a 

1561
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:27,100
controlled predictable, way that
would release all that energy at

1562
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,200
exactly the right moment. 
This step turned out to be 

1563
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,100
significantly more complicated 
than anyone had anticipated. 

1564
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:36,600
Like the difference between 
lighting a candle and conducting

1565
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:38,900
a symphony, orchestra made 
entirely of Fire. 

1566
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:43,700
The simplest design called gun 
type worked by shooting, one 

1567
01:17:43,700 --> 01:17:46,400
piece of uranium in to another 
piece of uranium rapidly. 

1568
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:50,400
It was elegant in its Simplicity
like Nuclear Physics designed by

1569
01:17:50,400 --> 01:17:52,100
someone who really understood 
hammers. 

1570
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:57,000
But this method only worked with
uranium 235 and they didn't have

1571
01:17:57,000 --> 01:18:01,200
enough for more than one bomb. 
The plutonium bomb required, a 

1572
01:18:01,208 --> 01:18:04,800
completely different approach 
called implosion which involves 

1573
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,200
around a ball of plutonium with 
conventional explosive and 

1574
01:18:08,200 --> 01:18:10,600
detonating them all at. 
Exactly the same moment 

1575
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:13,900
compressing the plutonium until 
it reached critical mass. 

1576
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:17,600
Achieving this required such 
Precision that it would make 

1577
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:21,400
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 
If the timing was off by even a 

1578
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,400
few microseconds, the result 
would be an expensive dud 

1579
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:28,500
instead of a nuclear explosion. 
This was the kind of problem 

1580
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:31,700
that kept brilliant people awake
at night, staring at the ceiling

1581
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:34,600
and wondering if they were about
to change the world or just 

1582
01:18:34,600 --> 01:18:38,100
create the most elaborate 
failure in scientific history by

1583
01:18:38,100 --> 01:18:41,700
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 
scientists had been engaged in 

1584
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:44,400
the world's most expensive 
science project for over two 

1585
01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:48,500
years despite possessing, 
numerous theories calculations 

1586
01:18:48,500 --> 01:18:51,500
and mathematical equations. 
They remained uncertain. 

1587
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:55,400
If any of them would truly 
function It's akin to dedicating

1588
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:59,500
three years to the construction 
of a car, only to discover that 

1589
01:18:59,500 --> 01:19:01,500
you've never actually attempted 
to operate the key. 

1590
01:19:02,700 --> 01:19:05,700
The gun type uranium bomb was 
simple enough, that they felt 

1591
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:07,500
confident it would work without 
testing. 

1592
01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:11,300
This level of confidence in an 
untested, nuclear weapon was 

1593
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:15,300
either remarkably bold or 
extremely naive, depending on 

1594
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,800
how you looked at it. 
However, the plutonium implosion

1595
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:20,800
bomb presented a distinct 
challenge. 

1596
01:19:21,600 --> 01:19:24,000
It was so complex and 
temperamental that betting the 

1597
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:27,000
war on it without a test would 
have been like performing brain 

1598
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,100
surgery based on a cookbook, 
you'd return yourself. 

1599
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:33,300
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

1600
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:36,700
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

1601
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:38,500
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

1602
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:42,400
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

1603
01:19:42,408 --> 01:19:45,200
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

1604
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:46,000
enough. 
That if something goes 

1605
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:49,600
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

1606
01:19:49,600 --> 01:19:51,400
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

1607
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:54,800
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

1608
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:57,400
Mexico. 
Desert about 200 miles south of 

1609
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:00,600
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

1610
01:20:00,600 --> 01:20:04,200
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

1611
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:06,800
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

1612
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:08,300
you still have time for 
literature. 

1613
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:13,300
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

1614
01:20:13,300 --> 01:20:16,800
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

1615
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:20,600
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

1616
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:22,900
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

1617
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:25,900
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

1618
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:29,600
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

1619
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:31,100
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

1620
01:20:31,100 --> 01:20:35,100
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

1621
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:38,600
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

1622
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:41,900
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

1623
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:45,200
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

1624
01:20:45,200 --> 01:20:46,900
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

1625
01:20:47,700 --> 01:20:50,400
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

1626
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:52,500
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

1627
01:20:53,300 --> 01:20:56,000
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

1628
01:20:56,000 --> 01:20:59,100
safely? 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

1629
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:01,000
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

1630
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:04,800
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

1631
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:06,200
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

1632
01:21:06,900 --> 01:21:10,400
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

1633
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:13,200
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

1634
01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:15,900
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

1635
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:20,800
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

1636
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:23,600
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

1637
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,300
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

1638
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:30,600
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

1639
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:32,900
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

1640
01:21:32,900 --> 01:21:36,100
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

1641
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:39,100
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

1642
01:21:39,100 --> 01:21:42,100
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive 

1643
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:45,000
firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key scientists 

1644
01:21:45,000 --> 01:21:48,000
gathered at control bunker about
six miles from Ground Zero, 

1645
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:50,800
which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

1646
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:54,400
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

1647
01:21:54,400 --> 01:21:57,700
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion, they lay down on the 

1648
01:21:57,708 --> 01:22:00,900
ground, facing away from the 
blast site with instructions to 

1649
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:03,100
look only after the initial 
Flash and passed. 

1650
01:22:03,100 --> 01:22:05,800
It was like being told to watch 
the world's most important 

1651
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:10,800
Sunrise through your eyelids at 
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 

1652
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:14,000
with a force equivalent to about
21,000 tons of TNT. 

1653
01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:18,100
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

1654
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:21,600
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

1655
01:22:21,600 --> 01:22:24,400
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

1656
01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:28,300
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

1657
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:31,900
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

1658
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:35,400
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

1659
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:39,600
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

1660
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:42,300
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

1661
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:44,300
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

1662
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:47,400
Steel tower. 
That held the bomb vaporized 

1663
01:22:47,400 --> 01:22:50,400
along with everything else 
within a substantial radius of 

1664
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:53,100
ground zero in the space of a 
few seconds. 

1665
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:57,200
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

1666
01:22:57,200 --> 01:22:59,800
later said that as he watched 
the explosion aligned from the 

1667
01:22:59,808 --> 01:23:04,600
pagadi came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

1668
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:07,400
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

1669
01:23:07,400 --> 01:23:10,000
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual, give them

1670
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:12,900
the circumstances but it 
captured the magnitude of what 

1671
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:16,300
they had just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

1672
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:18,600
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

1673
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:22,900
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

1674
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:26,400
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

1675
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:29,700
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

1676
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:32,400
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

1677
01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:35,800
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

1678
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:38,700
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

1679
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:43,400
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico desert, the 

1680
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:46,500
scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity began 

1681
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:48,700
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

1682
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:51,400
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

1683
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:53,600
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

1684
01:23:53,600 --> 01:23:56,200
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

1685
01:23:56,200 --> 01:23:57,600
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

1686
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:01,300
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

1687
01:24:01,300 --> 01:24:05,800
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

1688
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:09,000
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

1689
01:24:09,000 --> 01:24:12,700
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

1690
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:16,300
deciding what to do with it. 
Press President Truman, who had 

1691
01:24:16,308 --> 01:24:19,000
inherited both the president's 
he and the Manhattan Project 

1692
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:22,000
from Roosevelt found himself in 
the position of having to make 

1693
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:25,600
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood imagine 

1694
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:28,900
being given the keys to a weapon
that could destroy cities and 

1695
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:31,000
being told to learn how to use 
it in a few weeks. 

1696
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:34,400
Truman was a practical man who 
preferred straightforward 

1697
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,500
problems with straightforward 
Solutions but there was nothing 

1698
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:39,300
straightforward about Atomic 
weapons. 

1699
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:43,100
The military estimates for the 
invasion of Japan were extremely

1700
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:46,900
sobering operation downfall as 
it was known, had the potential 

1701
01:24:46,900 --> 01:24:50,800
to cause over a million American
casualties and several million 

1702
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:53,600
Japanese deaths. 
These weren't abstract numbers 

1703
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:57,300
on a strategic planning document
they represented real people 

1704
01:24:57,300 --> 01:25:01,900
families and entire communities.
The alternative was using Atomic

1705
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:05,400
weapons against Japanese cities,
which would also kill enormous 

1706
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:08,400
numbers of civilians but might 
end the war quickly enough to 

1707
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:10,300
prevent an even larger 
catastrophe. 

1708
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:13,600
It's the kind of decision that 
would keep anyone awake at 

1709
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:17,000
night, the kind of moral 
calculation that has no clearly.

1710
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:19,500
Right answer. 
Do you choose the option that 

1711
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,800
kills fewer people overall, but 
involves using weapons of 

1712
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:26,100
unprecedented destructive power.
Or do you choose the 

1713
01:25:26,100 --> 01:25:29,100
conventional Invasion? 
That might ultimately cost more 

1714
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:32,100
lives but doesn't cross the 
threshold into nuclear warfare. 

1715
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:36,700
Some of the scientists involved 
in the Manhattan Project was 

1716
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:39,500
seriously reconsidering their 
involvement in its creation? 

1717
01:25:40,500 --> 01:25:43,700
Leo silard, who had started the 
whole thing with his worries 

1718
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:46,900
about German Atomic research. 
Now, found himself trying to 

1719
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:50,300
stop the use of the weapons. 
He had helped create he and 

1720
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:52,800
several other scientists 
petition Truman to demonstrate 

1721
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:56,700
the bombs power without using it
against populated areas, perhaps

1722
01:25:56,700 --> 01:26:00,000
by detonating it over an 
uninhabited area where Japanese 

1723
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:02,300
leaders could Witnesses 
destructive potential. 

1724
01:26:03,200 --> 01:26:06,000
But military planners argued 
that a demonstration might not 

1725
01:26:06,000 --> 01:26:09,400
be convincing enough to force 
Japanese surrender especially if

1726
01:26:09,408 --> 01:26:11,200
the bomb fail to detonate 
properly. 

1727
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:15,200
They had exactly two. 
Operational, Atomic weapons. 

1728
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:20,200
Little boy, the uranium bomb and
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and

1729
01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:22,900
using one for a demonstration, 
would leave them with only one 

1730
01:26:22,900 --> 01:26:26,600
weapon for actual combat use. 
It was like having two bullets 

1731
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,200
and wondering whether to file 
one into the air as a warning 

1732
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:32,000
shot. 
The decision-making process was 

1733
01:26:32,000 --> 01:26:34,500
complicated by the fact that 
many of the people involved 

1734
01:26:34,500 --> 01:26:37,700
still didn't fully understand 
what they were dealing with. the

1735
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:40,100
long term effects of radiation 
exposure were not well, 

1736
01:26:40,100 --> 01:26:43,200
understood the political 
implications of introducing 

1737
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:45,800
nuclear weapons to Warfare 
hadn't been fully considered 

1738
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:49,300
They were making decisions about
the future of human conflict 

1739
01:26:49,300 --> 01:26:53,300
with incomplete information and 
under enormous time pressure, 

1740
01:26:53,300 --> 01:26:56,600
Japanese resistance was fierce 
and showed no signs of 

1741
01:26:56,608 --> 01:26:59,100
diminishing. 
The battle of Okinawa had 

1742
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:02,100
demonstrated the terrible cost 
of invading fortified Japanese 

1743
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:05,400
positions, and intelligence 
suggested that the Japanese were

1744
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:08,300
preparing to defend their home 
islands with even greater 

1745
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:11,300
determination. 
Kamikaze attacks were increasing

1746
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,400
and frequency and intense City. 
From a purely military 

1747
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,800
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

1748
01:27:17,800 --> 01:27:21,100
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

1749
01:27:21,100 --> 01:27:23,900
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

1750
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:27,100
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argued that Japan was 

1751
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:29,700
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

1752
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:33,300
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

1753
01:27:33,300 --> 01:27:35,700
against Japan. 
Others suggested that the 

1754
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:38,900
primary motivation for using the
bombs was not to defeat Japan 

1755
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,700
but to demonstrate American 
nuclear capability to the Soviet

1756
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:45,300
Union. 
Thereby initiating the Cold War.

1757
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:50,100
The target selection process was
grimly, methodically military 

1758
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,200
planners wanted cities that were
militarily significant but had 

1759
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,400
not been heavily damaged by 
conventional bombing so that the

1760
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,100
effects of the atomic weapon 
could be clearly observed and 

1761
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:01,700
documented. 
They also wanted targets that 

1762
01:28:01,700 --> 01:28:04,600
would have maximum psychological
impact on Japanese leadership. 

1763
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:07,800
Final Target list. 
Included Hiroshima. 

1764
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:12,600
Kakura negata and Nagasaki. 
Kyoto was initially on the list 

1765
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:14,700
as well as Secretary of War. 
Henry Stimson. 

1766
01:28:14,700 --> 01:28:17,800
Reportedly removed it from 
consideration because he had 

1767
01:28:17,800 --> 01:28:20,300
visited the city and 
appreciated, its cultural and 

1768
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,600
historical significance. 
It's one of those small human 

1769
01:28:23,600 --> 01:28:27,500
moments that had enormous 
consequences, a single person's 

1770
01:28:27,500 --> 01:28:30,700
aesthetic, sensibility 
potentially saving a city and 

1771
01:28:30,700 --> 01:28:33,300
its hundreds of thousands of 
inhabitants from nuclear 

1772
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:36,600
destruction. 
As the decision deadline 

1773
01:28:36,600 --> 01:28:40,100
approached Truman was receiving 
advice from multiple directions,

1774
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:43,800
much of it contradictory 
military commanders wanted to 

1775
01:28:43,808 --> 01:28:45,800
use the weapons to save American
lives. 

1776
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:49,000
There was a divide among 
scientists between those seeking

1777
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:52,100
to demonstrate the bombs power 
and those advocating for its 

1778
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:56,200
decisive use. political advisors
were thinking about post-war 

1779
01:28:56,200 --> 01:28:59,700
relationships with both Japan 
and the Soviet Union in the end 

1780
01:28:59,700 --> 01:29:02,500
Truman, made the decision that 
he believed would end the war, 

1781
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:06,500
most quickly, and save the most 
lives overall whether he was 

1782
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:09,400
right or wrong as a question 
that historians and ethicist 

1783
01:29:09,400 --> 01:29:13,600
continue to debate today, But in
the summer of 1945, with 

1784
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:17,300
incomplete information and 
enormous pressure, he chose to 

1785
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:19,900
authorize the use of atomic 
weapons, against Japan. 

1786
01:29:20,700 --> 01:29:22,900
It was a decision that would 
define, not just the end of 

1787
01:29:22,908 --> 01:29:25,700
World War 2, but the beginning 
of the nuclear age on the 

1788
01:29:25,708 --> 01:29:31,300
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 

1789
01:29:31,300 --> 01:29:34,500
bomber named after the Pilot's 
mother took off from Tiny and 

1790
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:37,700
Ireland, carrying little boy, 
the uranium bomb that had never 

1791
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:40,500
been tested, but was expected to
work based on theoretical 

1792
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:43,100
calculations. 
It's important to take a moment 

1793
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:45,400
to appreciate the surreal nature
of this moment. 

1794
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:48,600
They were piloting. 
An untested nuclear weapon over 

1795
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:51,900
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 
three years of theoretical 

1796
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:54,900
physics, and Engineering to 
perform precisely as intended at

1797
01:29:54,900 --> 01:29:57,400
The crucial moment. 
Colonel Paul. 

1798
01:29:57,400 --> 01:30:00,900
Tibbets the pilot probably had 
the strangest job description in

1799
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:04,100
military history that morning. 
He was essentially a delivery 

1800
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:07,700
driver except his package could 
destroy an entire city and his 

1801
01:30:07,700 --> 01:30:11,100
route included flying over enemy
territory while carrying the 

1802
01:30:11,100 --> 01:30:13,700
most expensive and dangerous 
Cargo in human history. 

1803
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:17,400
The crew had been told, they 
were carrying a very powerful 

1804
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:20,400
bomb, but most didn't know they 
were about to witness the first 

1805
01:30:20,400 --> 01:30:24,000
use of nuclear weapons. 
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 

1806
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:26,800
as the primary target partly 
because it was an important 

1807
01:30:26,800 --> 01:30:29,700
military Center and partly 
because it had been largely 

1808
01:30:29,700 --> 01:30:32,900
spared from conventional bombing
making it ideal for observing 

1809
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:37,600
the effects of atomic weapons. 
The city had about 350,000. 

1810
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:41,300
People going about their morning
routines unaware that they were 

1811
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:43,000
about to witness a historic 
moment. 

1812
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:47,500
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 
Little boy, detonated about 

1813
01:30:47,500 --> 01:30:49,900
1,000,900 feet above the city 
center. 

1814
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:53,500
The explosion created a fireball
with temperatures exceeding. 

1815
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:56,500
Those at the center of the sun 
followed by a Shockwave that 

1816
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,100
destroyed virtually, everything 
within a one-mile radius. 

1817
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:03,500
The mushroom cloud. 
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the

1818
01:31:03,508 --> 01:31:05,500
Flash of light was visible for 
miles. 

1819
01:31:06,300 --> 01:31:09,800
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 
transformed into the epicenter 

1820
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:12,700
of the nuclear era. 
The immediate destruction was 

1821
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:16,100
almost incomprehensible 
buildings, simply vanished, 

1822
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:19,000
people who are close to the 
hyper Center were vaporized. 

1823
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:22,000
So quickly that their Shadows 
were burned into concrete and 

1824
01:31:22,000 --> 01:31:25,900
Stone Surfaces the intense heat,
the crushing force of the 

1825
01:31:25,908 --> 01:31:30,200
Shockwave or the collapse of 
buildings killed, others Tens of

1826
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:32,800
thousands died immediately and 
tens of thousands. 

1827
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:35,500
More would die in the following 
days and weeks from radiation 

1828
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:40,000
sickness Burns and injuries. 
Back in Washington, the news of 

1829
01:31:40,008 --> 01:31:42,500
Hiroshima, destruction was 
received with a mixture of 

1830
01:31:42,508 --> 01:31:46,700
relief satisfaction and growing 
awareness of what had just been 

1831
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,200
Unleashed. 
Truman announced the attack 

1832
01:31:49,200 --> 01:31:52,800
publicly explaining that the 
United States had developed the 

1833
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:56,000
new and revolutionary increase 
in destruction and warning, 

1834
01:31:56,000 --> 01:32:00,500
Japan to surrender or face A 
Reign of Ruin from the air, the 

1835
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:02,600
like of which has never been 
seen on the earth. 

1836
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:04,900
The Japan did not immediately 
surrender. 

1837
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:07,700
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

1838
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:10,100
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

1839
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:13,500
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

1840
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,800
tinian carrying fat, man, the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

1841
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:20,900
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura. 

1842
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:24,100
The cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

1843
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:29,100
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

1844
01:32:29,100 --> 01:32:33,500
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

1845
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:39,300
Fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 
on August 9th, mushroom cloud. 

1846
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:43,400
And another zone of complete 
devastation, The bomb was 

1847
01:32:43,408 --> 01:32:46,100
actually more powerful than 
little boy that the hilly 

1848
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:49,100
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the
destruction somewhat compared to

1849
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:52,700
the flat geography of Hiroshima.
The two atomic bombings killed 

1850
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:56,900
over 200,000 people, most of 
them civilians and demonstrated 

1851
01:32:56,900 --> 01:32:59,600
that the United States possessed
weapons of unprecedented 

1852
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:02,500
destructive power. 
More importantly, from a 

1853
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:05,400
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

1854
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:07,500
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

1855
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:11,200
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

1856
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:14,800
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

1857
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:16,800
changed. 
Emperor. 

1858
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:20,700
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

1859
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:25,300
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

1860
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:28,500
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

1861
01:33:28,500 --> 01:33:31,900
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

1862
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:34,500
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

1863
01:33:34,500 --> 01:33:38,000
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

1864
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:40,500
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

1865
01:33:40,500 --> 01:33:44,500
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

1866
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:47,400
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

1867
01:33:47,400 --> 01:33:50,900
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

1868
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:52,800
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

1869
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:56,900
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

1870
01:33:56,900 --> 01:34:00,000
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

1871
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:02,000
a significant shift in human 
history. 

1872
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:06,100
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

1873
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:09,400
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

1874
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:13,800
World War 2, But it also created
something else a world where the

1875
01:34:13,808 --> 01:34:16,100
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

1876
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:19,100
theoretically possible, where 
the stakes of international 

1877
01:34:19,100 --> 01:34:22,400
conflict had been raised beyond 
anything previously imaginable? 

1878
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:26,900
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki received, the 

1879
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:30,500
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

1880
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:33,800
work, came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

1881
01:34:33,800 --> 01:34:36,200
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

1882
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:39,100
challenge of nuclear weapons, 
but they had also created 

1883
01:34:39,100 --> 01:34:42,900
political and strategic 
challenges that would define in 

1884
01:34:42,900 --> 01:34:46,200
international relations for 
generations to come the atomic 

1885
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:49,600
age had arrived and there was no
going back when the celebration 

1886
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:52,400
parade ended and the newspaper. 
Stopped running headlines about 

1887
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,900
the miracle weapons that had 
ended the war The people who had

1888
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:58,100
created those weapons found 
themselves dealing with a 

1889
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:01,700
peculiar kind of Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

1890
01:35:01,700 --> 01:35:05,000
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

1891
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:08,500
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

1892
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:09,600
entirely. 
Sure. 

1893
01:35:09,600 --> 01:35:14,100
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, the Manhattan Project

1894
01:35:14,100 --> 01:35:17,500
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

1895
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:20,200
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

1896
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:22,000
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

1897
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:25,900
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

1898
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:28,800
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

1899
01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:31,200
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

1900
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:34,900
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

1901
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:36,700
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

1902
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:39,100
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

1903
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:42,800
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

1904
01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:46,200
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

1905
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:50,200
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

1906
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:53,100
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

1907
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:56,200
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

1908
01:35:56,200 --> 01:35:59,900
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

1909
01:35:59,900 --> 01:36:02,600
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

1910
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:05,100
nervous. 
Challenging to be a national 

1911
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:06,800
icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

1912
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:09,100
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

1913
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:11,700
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

1914
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:15,000
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

1915
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:17,400
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

1916
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:18,900
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

1917
01:36:19,900 --> 01:36:22,600
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

1918
01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:26,000
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

1919
01:36:26,000 --> 01:36:28,400
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

1920
01:36:28,400 --> 01:36:32,500
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

1921
01:36:32,500 --> 01:36:34,700
the weapons. 
They had helped create were too 

1922
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:36,200
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

1923
01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:40,000
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

1924
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:41,800
about war and international 
relations. 

1925
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:45,300
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

1926
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:48,200
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

1927
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:51,000
Destruction for everyone 
involved. it was like to 

1928
01:36:51,000 --> 01:36:53,200
discovering that winning an 
argument could result in both, 

1929
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:56,700
participants being struck by 
lightning, The traditional logic

1930
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:59,400
of warfare where you could 
defeat your enemies without 

1931
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:02,300
destroying yourself. 
No longer applied when nuclear 

1932
01:37:02,300 --> 01:37:05,700
weapons were involved. 
The Soviet Union which had been 

1933
01:37:05,708 --> 01:37:09,000
America's Allied during the war 
immediately began working on its

1934
01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:12,900
own nuclear weapons program. 
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 

1935
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:14,900
of leader who was comfortable 
with other countries having 

1936
01:37:14,900 --> 01:37:17,300
weapons. 
He didn't possess a specially 

1937
01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,200
weapons that could level entire 
cities. 

1938
01:37:20,100 --> 01:37:22,900
The race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

1939
01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:24,400
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

1940
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:28,100
A decade's long stand-off 
between superpowers armed with 

1941
01:37:28,100 --> 01:37:30,600
enough nuclear weapons to 
destroy each other. 

1942
01:37:30,600 --> 01:37:33,900
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

1943
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:36,300
Project. 
Watch this development with a 

1944
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:40,700
mixture of resignation and 
horror Many thought that nuclear

1945
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:44,400
weapons would be so obviously 
bad that no sane leader would 

1946
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:47,500
want to make more. 
In Stead, they discovered that 

1947
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:50,200
human nature was more 
complicated than nuclear physics

1948
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:53,100
and that the existence of 
nuclear weapons seem to make 

1949
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:56,000
other countries want nuclear 
weapons even more desperately. 

1950
01:37:56,900 --> 01:38:00,500
Nuclear testing became a regular
occurrence with both the United 

1951
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:04,000
States and the Soviet Union 
detonating increasingly powerful

1952
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:06,600
weapons in remote locations 
around the world. 

1953
01:38:07,700 --> 01:38:11,400
The hydrogen bomb developed in 
the early 1950s made the weapons

1954
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:14,600
used against Japan. 
Looks small by comparison, it 

1955
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:17,300
was comparable to the difference
between a firecracker and a 

1956
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,700
volcano with both having the 
potential to destroy human 

1957
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:24,500
civilization if misused The 
legacy of the Manhattan Project 

1958
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:28,300
extended far beyond military 
applications nuclear power. 

1959
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:31,700
Plants began generating 
electricity nuclear medicine, 

1960
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:35,500
revolutionized cancer treatment 
and radioactive isotopes became 

1961
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:37,300
essential tools for scientific 
research. 

1962
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:40,600
The same knowledge that had 
created the most destructive 

1963
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:43,400
weapons in history. 
Also led to innovations that 

1964
01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:46,300
saved lives and advanced human 
understanding of the natural 

1965
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:49,000
world. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

1966
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:52,400
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 
was the way it changed, how we 

1967
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:54,900
think about the relationship 
between science and Society. 

1968
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:59,900
Before 1945, most people viewed 
scientific research as 

1969
01:38:59,900 --> 01:39:03,200
inherently beneficial a pure 
pursuit of knowledge that 

1970
01:39:03,200 --> 01:39:05,000
inevitably led to human 
progress. 

1971
01:39:06,000 --> 01:39:09,400
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 
became clear that scientific 

1972
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,400
knowledge. 
Could be used for purposes that 

1973
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:14,100
were anything but beneficial and
that scientists had 

1974
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:17,000
responsibilities that extended 
beyond their Laboratories 

1975
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:21,300
Manhattan Project demonstrated 
that given enough resources, 

1976
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:23,700
brilliant people and sufficient 
motivation. 

1977
01:39:23,700 --> 01:39:26,600
Humans could solve or most any 
technical problem. 

1978
01:39:27,500 --> 01:39:30,300
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

1979
01:39:30,300 --> 01:39:32,600
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

1980
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:37,200
The scientists had successfully 
nuclear weapons, but they had 

1981
01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:39,200
also built a world where the 
continued. 

1982
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,000
Existence, of human, 
civilization depended on the 

1983
01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:45,700
wisdom and Restraint of 
political leaders. as you settle

1984
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:48,800
in for sleep tonight it's worth 
remembering that the story of 

1985
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,100
the Manhattan Project is 
ultimately a story about human 

1986
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:55,400
beings trying to solve an 
unprecedented problem under 

1987
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:58,700
enormous pressure making 
decisions with incomplete 

1988
01:39:58,700 --> 01:40:01,500
information and dealing with 
consequences, they couldn't 

1989
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:06,000
fully anticipate The scientists 
engineers and military 

1990
01:40:06,000 --> 01:40:08,500
personnel. 
Involved were not fundamentally 

1991
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:11,600
different from people today. 
They were just people trying to 

1992
01:40:11,600 --> 01:40:15,600
do their jobs in extraordinary. 
Circumstances, the atomic age 

1993
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:20,000
that began in the New Mexico. 
Desert in 1945 is still with us 

1994
01:40:20,000 --> 01:40:24,300
today and probably always will 
be the knowledge of how to split

1995
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:26,400
atoms and release enormous 
amounts of energy. 

1996
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:29,800
Cannot be uninvented, and the 
weapons created during the 

1997
01:40:29,800 --> 01:40:32,700
Manhattan Project of shape in 
international relations for over

1998
01:40:32,700 --> 01:40:35,600
70 years. 
But perhaps, that's not entirely

1999
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,400
a bad thing. 
The existence of nuclear weapons

2000
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:41,800
has made large-scale Wars 
between major Powers extremely 

2001
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,400
risky. 
Creating a strange kind of peace

2002
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:46,100
through the threat of mutual 
destruction. 

2003
01:40:46,100 --> 01:40:49,200
It's not the most comforting 
foundation for international 

2004
01:40:49,200 --> 01:40:51,500
stability, but it has worked so 
far. 

2005
01:40:58,000 --> 01:41:00,500
You wake up to the sound of 
waves, slapping against the 

2006
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:02,500
hull, like a worn hand, patting 
a dog. 

2007
01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:06,700
The sun is still undecided about
the day filtering through the 

2008
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:09,900
port hole in a lazy manner that 
evokes a desire to cover your 

2009
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:13,200
head with a blanket and revert 
to the Comforts of your own bed 

2010
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,500
at home, except your bed back 
home, didn't Rock like a cradle 

2011
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:18,400
being pushed by an enthusiastic 
toddler. 

2012
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:22,000
The hammock beneath you has 
molded itself to your body over 

2013
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:24,700
the months. 
Creating a cocoon that 

2014
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:26,900
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you've trained your spine, 

2015
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:28,600
to bend in ways, it was never 
meant to. 

2016
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:32,200
You've become a contortionist in
your sleep, which is either 

2017
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:36,400
impressive or concerning. 
The ship creaks and groans 

2018
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:39,700
around you a symphony of wood 
and rope that you've learned to 

2019
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:41,900
interpret like a musician 
interpreting music. 

2020
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,900
That particular squeak means the
Master's adjusting to the 

2021
01:41:45,900 --> 01:41:49,100
morning Breeze. 
The gentle Thump, Thump, Thump 

2022
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:53,100
is just the ship's way of saying
hello to the ways and that 

2023
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:56,400
ominous crack. 
Well, that's probably nothing. 

2024
01:41:56,400 --> 01:42:00,400
Probably your fellow Pirates are
stirring in their hammocks 

2025
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,800
creating a chorus of Grunts and 
snores that would make any 

2026
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:07,300
Barnyard proud Jenkins. 
For example, talks passionately 

2027
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:10,500
in his sleep about his mother's 
apple pie, as if he were 

2028
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:13,900
describing a hidden treasure. 
And there's Weatherby, who 

2029
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:16,700
snoring, Could Wake the Dead 
which is actually quite useful 

2030
01:42:16,700 --> 01:42:20,000
when you need to scare off any 
ghostly visitors, you stretch, 

2031
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:23,500
which is not for when you're 
suspended between two hooks and 

2032
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:26,500
trying not to dump yourself onto
the deck, like a sack of flour. 

2033
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:31,000
Key is to do it slowly. 
Like you're unfolding a map to 

2034
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,900
treasure except the treasure is 
just being able to feel your 

2035
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,800
toes again. 
The morning routine aboard. 

2036
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:39,400
A pirate ship is remarkably 
similar to any other morning 

2037
01:42:39,400 --> 01:42:42,300
routine, just with more 
splinters and a significantly 

2038
01:42:42,300 --> 01:42:45,300
higher chance of someone singing
sea shanties while brushing 

2039
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:47,700
their teeth. 
You've learned to appreciate 

2040
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:50,300
These Quiet Moments before the 
day truly begins. 

2041
01:42:50,300 --> 01:42:53,800
When the world feels manageable 
and your biggest concern is 

2042
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:56,500
whether the ship's cat, has 
decided to use your boots as a 

2043
01:42:56,500 --> 01:43:00,800
scratching post again. 
Speaking of the cat Duchess and 

2044
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:04,400
yes, she insists on the title. 
Positioned herself in the one 

2045
01:43:04,400 --> 01:43:07,400
spot where the morning sun 
creates a perfect rectangle of 

2046
01:43:07,400 --> 01:43:10,100
warmth on the deck. 
She's mastered the art of 

2047
01:43:10,100 --> 01:43:13,600
looking both Regal and utterly 
relaxed, which is frankly, 

2048
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:15,600
something you aspire to achieve 
your self. 

2049
01:43:16,300 --> 01:43:19,600
Dutchess doesn't worry about 
treasure maps or rival ships or 

2050
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:21,200
whether the biscuits have gone 
stale. 

2051
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:24,900
She simply locate her own area 
of sunlight and fully Embraces. 

2052
01:43:24,900 --> 01:43:28,900
It the smell of coffee drifted 
up from the galley, mixing, with

2053
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:31,700
the Salt Air, and the faint 
Center of tar, that never quite 

2054
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:34,500
leaves the ship. 
This combination should be 

2055
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,700
unpleasant yet. 
It has somehow become as 

2056
01:43:37,700 --> 01:43:39,500
comforting as your grandmother's
kitchen. 

2057
01:43:40,500 --> 01:43:42,500
Coffee on a pirate ship is 
serious business. 

2058
01:43:42,500 --> 01:43:46,600
It's the difference between a 
crew that can function and a 

2059
01:43:46,600 --> 01:43:49,100
crew that my accidentally sail 
into a reef because they thought

2060
01:43:49,100 --> 01:43:51,800
it was a cloud. 
You finally managed to extract 

2061
01:43:51,800 --> 01:43:54,500
yourself from the hammock 
without performing an impromptu 

2062
01:43:54,500 --> 01:43:58,000
acrobatic routine which is a 
small victory worth celebrating 

2063
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:00,500
your feet. 
Find the deck with the practice 

2064
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,200
of someone who has learned to 
walk on a Surface that's 

2065
01:44:03,200 --> 01:44:04,800
constantly trying to tip you 
over. 

2066
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:08,300
It's like learning to dance with
a partner who keeps changing the

2067
01:44:08,300 --> 01:44:12,600
steps but eventually you find 
the Rhythm The deck is already 

2068
01:44:12,600 --> 01:44:15,600
alive, with the gentle bustle of
mourning preparations. 

2069
01:44:15,600 --> 01:44:19,400
It's not the Frantic energy of 
battle or the intense focus of 

2070
01:44:19,400 --> 01:44:23,500
navigating a storm That the 
steady comfortable rhythm of 

2071
01:44:23,500 --> 01:44:27,100
people who know their place in 
the world, even if, that place 

2072
01:44:27,100 --> 01:44:29,300
happens to be on a wooden box, 
floating in the middle of 

2073
01:44:29,308 --> 01:44:32,500
nowhere, you make your way to 
the rail and look out at the 

2074
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,100
endless. 
Expanse of ocean painted in the 

2075
01:44:35,108 --> 01:44:38,700
soft colors of dawn. 
It's a view that never gets old.

2076
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:41,500
Even when you're having one of 
those days where you wonder what

2077
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:44,000
possessed you to think that a 
life of adventure was better 

2078
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,600
than a steady job with a 
predictable schedule and a roof 

2079
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:50,500
that didn't leak when it rained 
after coffee, that could strip 

2080
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:52,300
paint. 
But somehow tastes like liquid 

2081
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:54,800
motivation. 
You find yourself face to face 

2082
01:44:54,800 --> 01:44:58,500
with the daily reality that 
every pirate learns, but no one 

2083
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:02,500
ever mentioned in the stories. 
Ships require an enormous amount

2084
01:45:02,500 --> 01:45:05,900
of upkeep is like owning a 
house, except your house is 

2085
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:08,000
constantly trying to sink and 
takes you with it. 

2086
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:12,300
When it fails. 
Today's task is rope work which 

2087
01:45:12,300 --> 01:45:16,000
sounds simple Until you realize 
that a ship has more rope than a

2088
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:18,200
circus and most of it serves a 
purpose. 

2089
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:19,300
You're still trying to 
understand. 

2090
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:23,700
There's rope for the sails, for 
the rigging, rope for tying 

2091
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:25,800
things down and rope for tying 
them up. 

2092
01:45:26,500 --> 01:45:29,400
There's probably rope for tying 
rope to other Rope though. 

2093
01:45:29,400 --> 01:45:31,500
You haven't figured out the 
logic behind that particular 

2094
01:45:31,500 --> 01:45:35,500
system, yet you settle into the 
rhythm of splicing, your hands 

2095
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:37,900
moving with the muscle memory 
that comes from months of 

2096
01:45:37,900 --> 01:45:42,500
practice. it feels meditative in
a way similar to knitting, but 

2097
01:45:42,500 --> 01:45:44,700
with the added benefit of 
preventing you from drowning, 

2098
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:48,800
The rough hemp slides through 
your fingers and you find 

2099
01:45:48,800 --> 01:45:51,600
yourself appreciating the simple
satisfaction of creating 

2100
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:54,300
something useful from something 
that was falling apart. 

2101
01:45:56,000 --> 01:45:58,600
Weatherby Works beside you 
humming a tune. 

2102
01:45:58,608 --> 01:46:00,100
That might be a sea shanty or 
something. 

2103
01:46:00,100 --> 01:46:03,400
He made up his fingers move with
the confidence of someone who 

2104
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:05,800
has been doing this work since. 
Before you knew the difference 

2105
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:09,200
between port and starboard, he 
is the type of individual who 

2106
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:12,700
can effortlessly tie a bowline 
knot with his eyes closed often 

2107
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:14,300
doing so to demonstrate his 
skill. 

2108
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:18,800
The sun climbs higher, turning 
the deck into a broad expanse of

2109
01:46:18,808 --> 01:46:21,100
warmth. 
That makes you drowsy despite 

2110
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:25,000
the work you've learned to Value
these instances of uncomplicated

2111
01:46:25,000 --> 01:46:28,600
productivity where your hands 
are occupied, but your thoughts 

2112
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:32,000
are free to roam. 
There's something deeply 

2113
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,100
satisfying about maintenance 
work, about keeping the ship 

2114
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:37,600
running smoothly through small 
careful actions. 

2115
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:42,000
The ship's Carpenter Morrison 
appears with his toolbox, Which 

2116
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:44,600
is less a box and more. 
A portable Workshop that he 

2117
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,200
somehow managed to fit into a 
space, the size of a bread 

2118
01:46:47,200 --> 01:46:50,000
basket. 
He is examining a section of the

2119
01:46:50,000 --> 01:46:52,800
rail with the intense of a 
doctor listening to a heartbeat 

2120
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,100
running. 
His fingers along the wood grain

2121
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:58,300
like he's reading Grail 
carpentry on a ship is an art 

2122
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:00,700
form that requires equal, parts,
skill and creativity. 

2123
01:47:01,700 --> 01:47:03,300
You can't just run to the 
hardware store. 

2124
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:06,800
When something breaks you must 
adapt, and sometimes make would 

2125
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:09,900
do what it wasn't meant to do. 
Morrison has elevated. 

2126
01:47:09,900 --> 01:47:13,600
His craft to a form of Maritime 
magic coaxing, repairs from 

2127
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:15,800
scraps and making the impossible
seem routine. 

2128
01:47:15,800 --> 01:47:19,700
You watch him work noting how he
tests each piece of wood before 

2129
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:22,400
committing to a cut. 
How he adjusts his approach 

2130
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:25,100
based on the Grain and the 
weather and probably half a 

2131
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:26,900
dozen other factors. 
You have not learned to notice 

2132
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:29,300
yet. 
This work embodies the essence 

2133
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:33,000
of craftsmanship, transforming 
raw, materials and accumulated 

2134
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,500
knowledge into something, both 
functional and aesthetically 

2135
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:39,000
pleasing. 
The afternoon brings sale 

2136
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:40,800
maintenance which is like doing 
laundry. 

2137
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,100
If your laundry was the size of 
a house made of canvas that can 

2138
01:47:44,108 --> 01:47:47,300
have to stop arrows, you spread 
the sail across the deck 

2139
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:50,200
searching for tears and weak 
spots with the methodical 

2140
01:47:50,200 --> 01:47:53,000
patients of someone who 
understands that a, small 

2141
01:47:53,008 --> 01:47:56,100
problem ignored becomes a big 
problem at the worst possible 

2142
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:58,600
moment. 
Needle and thread become your 

2143
01:47:58,608 --> 01:48:01,600
tools of choice and you settle 
into the rhythm of mending. 

2144
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:04,500
Each Stitch is a small Act of 
Faith in the future. 

2145
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:07,700
A belief that this sale will 
carry you safely to whatever 

2146
01:48:07,700 --> 01:48:11,100
destination awaits. 
The workers repetitive but not 

2147
01:48:11,100 --> 01:48:13,100
monotonous require in just 
enough. 

2148
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:15,800
Attention to keep your mind 
engaged while leaving room for 

2149
01:48:15,800 --> 01:48:18,200
the kind of quiet. 
Contemplation, that comes 

2150
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:20,700
naturally when your hands are 
busy with familiar tasks. 

2151
01:48:22,000 --> 01:48:25,000
The other crew members work 
around you each focused on their

2152
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:27,600
tasks but moving in a 
coordinated dance that comes 

2153
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:29,300
from months of shared 
experience. 

2154
01:48:29,300 --> 01:48:31,900
There's Jenkins checking the 
water barrels. 

2155
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:34,500
Testing each one with the 
seriousness of a wine 

2156
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:37,100
connoisseur. 
There's Hutchins examining the 

2157
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:40,100
Cannons with a tender care of 
someone grooming a beloved Horse

2158
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,700
by evening. 
The ship feels renewed, not just

2159
01:48:43,700 --> 01:48:45,700
repairs. 
But somehow refreshed. 

2160
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:49,900
Feeling that comes from, putting
in honest, work from taking care

2161
01:48:49,900 --> 01:48:51,900
of something that takes care of 
you in return. 

2162
01:48:52,600 --> 01:48:55,800
The deck gleams in the Setting 
Sun and every rope is properly 

2163
01:48:55,800 --> 01:48:58,800
secured every sale. 
Properly mended and every tool 

2164
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:01,300
properly stowed. 
The Galley is a Marvel of 

2165
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:04,100
efficiency crammed into a space 
that would make a closet feel 

2166
01:49:04,100 --> 01:49:07,100
spacious. 
The cook a man called biscuit 

2167
01:49:07,100 --> 01:49:08,900
Pete for reasons that become 
apparent. 

2168
01:49:08,900 --> 01:49:12,000
The moment you taste his 
signature creation, has somehow 

2169
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:15,000
managed to turn this tiny wooden
box into a functioning kitchen. 

2170
01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:18,200
It's like watching someone 
perform surgery in a phone booth

2171
01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:22,300
except instead of saving lives. 
He's trying to make salt pork. 

2172
01:49:22,300 --> 01:49:24,600
Tastes like something you'd 
voluntarily put in your mouth. 

2173
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:27,400
You have come to appreciate 
Pizza Artistry. 

2174
01:49:27,400 --> 01:49:30,300
Well though it took some time to
realize that cooking on a ship 

2175
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,500
is less about creating culinary 
masterpieces and more about 

2176
01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:36,500
preventing scurvy while using 
ingredients that have the shelf 

2177
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:39,800
life of ancient cheese. 
The man can do things with heart

2178
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:43,100
attack that border on miraculous
transforming what is essentially

2179
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:46,400
edible cardboard into something 
that resembles actual food. 

2180
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:50,300
The morning meal serves as an 
exercise in Innovative 

2181
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:53,100
problem-solving. 
Pete takes yesterday's leftover 

2182
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:55,300
stew. 
Adds today's portion of salt 

2183
01:49:55,300 --> 01:49:58,500
pork throws in some mysterious 
spices that he guards more 

2184
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:01,500
carefully than treasure and 
somehow produces something that 

2185
01:50:01,500 --> 01:50:04,500
not only fills your belly, but 
actually tastes like he meant 

2186
01:50:04,500 --> 01:50:07,400
for it to taste that way. 
It's a masterful blend of 

2187
01:50:07,408 --> 01:50:10,700
Simplicity and Alchemy you eat. 
With the focused attention of 

2188
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:13,100
someone, who's learned that 
mealtimes are precious, things 

2189
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,000
not to be wasted on 
conversational contemplation. 

2190
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:19,700
The food is hot, it's 
substantial and it's infinitely 

2191
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:21,700
better than anything. 
You could produce yourself, 

2192
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:24,800
which makes Pete something of a 
wizard in your estimation. 

2193
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:28,300
The fact that he can do all this
while the ship rocks and rolls 

2194
01:50:28,300 --> 01:50:30,600
like a carnival ride, just adds 
to his Mystique. 

2195
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:33,900
After breakfast the day, 
stretches ahead, with the 

2196
01:50:33,900 --> 01:50:35,700
comfortable predictability of 
routine. 

2197
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,200
There's always something that 
needs doing on a ship but it's 

2198
01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:41,000
rarely urgent enough to create 
panic. 

2199
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:45,300
Instead, you settle into the 
steady rhythm of Maintenance and

2200
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,300
preparation that keeps 
everything running smoothly. 

2201
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:52,100
Today's project is organizing, 
the supply room which is like 

2202
01:50:52,100 --> 01:50:54,600
playing a 3-dimensional puzzle 
where all the pieces are 

2203
01:50:54,600 --> 01:50:57,100
different sizes and shapes and 
some of them smell questionable.

2204
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:02,200
Space is precious necessitating.
Every item to fit perfectly and 

2205
01:51:02,200 --> 01:51:06,000
accessibility is crucial when 
you need something urgently, You

2206
01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:09,400
work methodically creating order
from chaos, 1 barrel, and crated

2207
01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:12,600
time there's something deeply 
satisfying about this kind of 

2208
01:51:12,608 --> 01:51:16,400
work about creating systems that
make sense and will still make 

2209
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:18,500
sense. 
When you need the most, it's the

2210
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:21,200
kind of tasks that lets your 
mind wander while your hands 

2211
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:24,300
stay busy creating the perfect 
conditions for the kind of 

2212
01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:26,600
daydreaming that makes long days
pass quickly. 

2213
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:31,300
The afternoon brings inventory 
duties, which sounds tedious but

2214
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:33,800
is actually quite fascinating 
once you get into the rhythm of 

2215
01:51:33,800 --> 01:51:36,200
it. 
Every item tells a story about 

2216
01:51:36,200 --> 01:51:37,900
where the ship has been and 
where it's going. 

2217
01:51:37,900 --> 01:51:42,600
The Exotic spices of tropical 
ports and bustling markets the 

2218
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,800
roles of silk hint at wealthy 
merchants and profitable trades,

2219
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:49,600
even mundane items, like rope 
and Nails have their own stories

2220
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:52,900
to share about the Practical 
realities of Life at sea. 

2221
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:57,300
You meticulously catalog, each 
item aware that precise 

2222
01:51:57,300 --> 01:51:59,900
documentation can make the 
difference between being well 

2223
01:51:59,900 --> 01:52:02,600
prepared and unprepared during 
critical moments. 

2224
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:06,300
Its details work. 
That requires Focus but it's 

2225
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:10,500
also oddly meditative like 
counting beads on a rosary or 

2226
01:52:10,500 --> 01:52:13,400
stones on a beach. 
The ship's Rhythm becomes your 

2227
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:16,200
Rhythm as you work. 
The gentle roll and pitch that 

2228
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,200
once made you seek now feels 
natural like breathing. 

2229
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:22,200
You've learned to use the ship's
motion to your advantage, 

2230
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,900
letting it help you move heavy 
items and find your balance in 

2231
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:27,900
tight spaces. 
It's a dance. 

2232
01:52:27,900 --> 01:52:30,100
You've mastered without 
realizing you are learning the 

2233
01:52:30,100 --> 01:52:32,600
steps. 
Dinner is another of Pete's 

2234
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:34,400
creative. 
Triumphs this time involving 

2235
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,500
fish that was caught this 
morning and vegetables that have

2236
01:52:37,500 --> 01:52:40,900
somehow remained fresh despite 
being stored in conditions that 

2237
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,800
would challenge a root cellar. 
The meal is simple but 

2238
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:46,600
satisfying proof that good 
cooking is more about 

2239
01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:49,300
understanding your ingredients 
than having access to fancy 

2240
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:54,000
equipment. you eat as the sun 
sets painting, the sky and 

2241
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:57,400
colors, that would make any 
artist weep with their Envy The 

2242
01:52:57,400 --> 01:53:00,300
day feels complete in a way that
has nothing to do with 

2243
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:03,700
excitement or adventure and 
everything to do with the Deep 

2244
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:05,900
satisfaction of useful work. 
Well done. 

2245
01:53:07,000 --> 01:53:10,300
Feeling of contentment, with the
simple rhythms of daily life at 

2246
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:13,300
Sea creeps up on you. 
The morning brings one of those 

2247
01:53:13,300 --> 01:53:16,300
days when the wind decides to 
take a vacation leaving, you 

2248
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:18,800
floating on water. 
So still, it looks like polished

2249
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:23,000
glass the sails, hang limp, and 
dejected like laundry. 

2250
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:25,000
That's given up hope of ever 
getting dry. 

2251
01:53:25,900 --> 01:53:28,300
The kind of weather that makes 
you appreciate just how much 

2252
01:53:28,300 --> 01:53:31,600
progress depends on forces 
completely beyond your control 

2253
01:53:31,600 --> 01:53:34,300
in stories. 
Pirates, are always charging 

2254
01:53:34,300 --> 01:53:37,500
across the waves at Breakneck 
speed but the reality is that 

2255
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,300
sometimes you just sit there 
bobbing, like, a cork in a 

2256
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,200
bathtub waiting for nature to 
remember that it has a job to 

2257
01:53:43,200 --> 01:53:45,700
do. 
These become days, test your 

2258
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:49,800
patience in ways that Storms 
Never do because at least in a 

2259
01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:51,000
storm, you're busy trying, not 
to die. 

2260
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:54,500
You learn to adapt to the rhythm
of waiting which requires a 

2261
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,300
unique kind of skill. 
Some of the crew break out Dice 

2262
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,400
and cards, creating small, 
Circles of concentration and 

2263
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:03,200
friendly competition. 
Others, take up projects that 

2264
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:06,500
require time and attention 
whittling, mending clothes or 

2265
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:10,300
writing letters, they may never 
send Finding a task to occupy 

2266
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,100
your hands while accepting the 
fundamental truth, that you will

2267
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:14,600
reach your destination as 
crucial. 

2268
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:17,900
The ship takes on a different 
personality during these still 

2269
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:21,300
periods in the absence of the 
constant sound of wind and 

2270
01:54:21,300 --> 01:54:24,500
waves, you become aware of 
details often overlooked in the 

2271
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:26,900
overall chaos. 
The subtle changes in 

2272
01:54:26,900 --> 01:54:29,200
temperature calls the wood to 
expand and contract. 

2273
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,800
You hear the gentle sound of 
fish, leaping in the distance, 

2274
01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:36,900
the rigging adjusting to the 
ship's gentle movements as an 

2275
01:54:36,900 --> 01:54:39,800
almost musical quality. 
You find yourself working on a 

2276
01:54:39,808 --> 01:54:43,100
project that's been waiting for.
Just this kind of day, repairing

2277
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:45,200
a fishing net, that seemed 
better decades. 

2278
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:48,500
Its detailed work, that requires
patience and attention. 

2279
01:54:48,500 --> 01:54:53,000
Perfect for when time moves like
honey and winter, each knot is a

2280
01:54:53,008 --> 01:54:57,100
small meditation, each repair a 
minor Victory against the forces

2281
01:54:57,100 --> 01:54:58,300
that want to pull everything 
apart. 

2282
01:54:59,300 --> 01:55:01,500
Whether bee has stationed 
himself at the bow, with his 

2283
01:55:01,500 --> 01:55:03,600
fishing line, approaching the 
task. 

2284
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:06,400
With the serious concentration 
of someone who understands that 

2285
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:09,100
fresh fish can transform an 
ordinary day into something 

2286
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:11,900
special. 
He's got the patience of a monk 

2287
01:55:11,900 --> 01:55:14,200
and the optimism of someone who 
believes that. 

2288
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:16,700
The perfect fish is always just 
one Cast Away. 

2289
01:55:18,400 --> 01:55:21,200
The afternoon sun turns the deck
into a warm comfortable 

2290
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,700
workspace, you can spread out 
your projects and take your time

2291
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:27,700
with them. 
There's no rush no urgency. 

2292
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:31,700
Just the steady progression of 
small tasks that make the ship a

2293
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:34,400
little more comfortable, a 
little more efficient, a little 

2294
01:55:34,408 --> 01:55:39,000
more like home. 
The ship's catch us as claimed a

2295
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:41,700
spot in the shade where she can 
supervise the general activity 

2296
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:44,300
while staying cool. 
She's mastered the art of 

2297
01:55:44,300 --> 01:55:47,300
looking both alert and 
completely relaxed which is 

2298
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:50,500
frankly an inspiration. 
Duchess doesn't worry about 

2299
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:52,700
making progress or reaching 
destinations. 

2300
01:55:52,700 --> 01:55:55,500
She just finds the most 
comfortable spot available and 

2301
01:55:55,500 --> 01:55:59,200
makes it her own you work on the
net with the kind of focused 

2302
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:01,500
attention that comes naturally 
when you have nowhere else to be

2303
01:56:01,500 --> 01:56:05,400
and nothing else to do each 
section reveals new damage that 

2304
01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:08,200
needs attention but also shows 
you how well the original 

2305
01:56:08,200 --> 01:56:11,300
Craftsman is business, the 
repairs become a conversation 

2306
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:14,500
between you and the unknown 
person who made this net, your 

2307
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:17,700
modern, not joining his ancient 
ones in a pattern, that's both 

2308
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:21,100
functional and beautiful. 
The evening brings a slight 

2309
01:56:21,100 --> 01:56:23,700
breeze. 
Just enough to give the sales 

2310
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:27,300
something to work with. 
It's not much, but it's enough 

2311
01:56:27,300 --> 01:56:30,600
to create the illusion of 
progress and sometimes the 

2312
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:34,400
illusion is sufficient. 
Ship moves again slowly. 

2313
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:36,900
But surely as if it knows where 
it's going. 

2314
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:41,400
Dinner is enhance by Weatherby 
successful fishing Expedition, 

2315
01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:44,800
fresh fish that tastes like the 
ocean but in the best possible 

2316
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:46,900
way. 
Pete performs. 

2317
01:56:46,900 --> 01:56:50,600
His usual magic transforming 
simple ingredients into a feast 

2318
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:54,000
fit for a celebration. 
The meal is consumed with the 

2319
01:56:54,008 --> 01:56:56,300
satisfaction of people who 
earned their food through 

2320
01:56:56,300 --> 01:57:00,400
patience and persistence. 
As night falls, you realize that

2321
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:02,800
this day of a parent in activity
as actually been quite 

2322
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:06,800
productive, projects completed 
skills practice and patient 

2323
01:57:06,800 --> 01:57:10,000
exercise like a muscle that gets
stronger with use. 

2324
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:14,300
The ship is in better condition 
than it was this morning and so 

2325
01:57:14,300 --> 01:57:17,000
are you? 
Sometimes the best progress 

2326
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:20,300
happens when you're not even 
trying to make it evening on a 

2327
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:22,500
pirate ship, has a different 
quality than evening anywhere 

2328
01:57:22,500 --> 01:57:25,900
else as the sun, settles into 
the Horizon, like a coin, 

2329
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:28,700
dropped into a slot. 
The crew begins to gather on 

2330
01:57:28,700 --> 01:57:31,500
deck in the natural way that 
people do when the days work is 

2331
01:57:31,508 --> 01:57:34,100
done and the Knights rest is 
still hours away. 

2332
01:57:34,800 --> 01:57:37,900
This is a time for stories, 
although they are not the kind 

2333
01:57:37,900 --> 01:57:41,100
you might expect. 
Tales that get told aren't about

2334
01:57:41,108 --> 01:57:44,000
buried treasure or sword, 
fights, or dramatic rescues. 

2335
01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:48,000
Instead, there are about the 
small human moments that make up

2336
01:57:48,000 --> 01:57:51,000
a life at sea. 
Jenkins tells about the time he 

2337
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:53,800
tried to cook dinner for the 
crew and nearly set the ship on 

2338
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:56,200
fire demonstrating that good 
intentions. 

2339
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:58,500
And basic competence are not 
always the same thing. 

2340
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:01,300
Hutchins shares. 
His ongoing battle with a 

2341
01:58:01,308 --> 01:58:04,200
particular piece of rigging that
seems to determine to untie 

2342
01:58:04,200 --> 01:58:06,400
itself. 
No matter how many different 

2343
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:09,100
knots he tries. 
You've learned that every person

2344
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:11,200
on the ship has at least three 
different versions of 

2345
01:58:11,200 --> 01:58:13,700
themselves. 
There are three people who they 

2346
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:17,000
were before the sea who they 
want to be and who they are now.

2347
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:21,300
The stories that get shared in 
these evening, Gatherings are 

2348
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:24,000
usually about the gaps between 
these versions told with the 

2349
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:26,600
kind of humor that comes from 
having survived your mistakes 

2350
01:58:26,600 --> 01:58:29,600
Morrison. 
The ship's carpenter has a gift 

2351
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:32,100
for telling stories that sound 
completely unbelievable. 

2352
01:58:32,100 --> 01:58:35,800
But a delivered with such 
deadpan seriousness that you 

2353
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:39,000
can't help but think they might 
actually be true tonight. 

2354
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:41,600
He's recounting his attempt to 
build a chicken coupon deck, 

2355
01:58:41,600 --> 01:58:44,800
only to discover that chickens 
and ships have fundamentally 

2356
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:47,700
different ideas about what 
constitutes a stable Foundation.

2357
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:51,400
The mental image of Morrison 
chasing Escape chickens around 

2358
01:58:51,400 --> 01:58:53,000
the rigging. 
While trying to maintain his 

2359
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:55,300
dignity is worth the price of 
admission. 

2360
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:58,800
The social dynamics of a pirate 
ship, a more complex than 

2361
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:02,500
outside as might imagine. 
You're not just a crew, you're a

2362
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:05,700
floating Community, a small 
society that has to solve all 

2363
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:09,200
the problems that any society 
faces except your doing it on a 

2364
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:12,500
wooden platform surrounded by 
water with no option to leave if

2365
01:59:12,500 --> 01:59:15,600
things get uncomfortable. 
The task requires a particular 

2366
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:18,900
kind of diplomacy a way of 
handling, disagreements, that 

2367
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:21,400
acknowledges, everyone's 
Humanity, while keeping the 

2368
01:59:21,400 --> 01:59:23,600
peace. 
You've learned to appreciate the

2369
01:59:23,600 --> 01:59:26,700
unspoken rules that govern these
evening, Gatherings, no one 

2370
01:59:26,708 --> 01:59:29,000
talks about the obvious things, 
the dangers. 

2371
01:59:29,000 --> 01:59:32,300
The uncertain is the fact that 
you're all essentially homeless 

2372
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:34,100
and have chosen this life 
partly. 

2373
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:38,000
Because the alternative seemed 
worse, instead the conversation 

2374
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,600
flows around safer, topics 
techniques for splicing rope 

2375
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:45,300
theories, about weather patterns
and philosophical discussions 

2376
01:59:45,300 --> 01:59:49,100
about the best way to cook fish.
The ship's musical instruments, 

2377
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:51,100
make their appearance as the 
evening progresses. 

2378
01:59:51,100 --> 01:59:54,900
There's a fiddle that seemed 
better decades, a drum made from

2379
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:57,600
a barrel and some stretched 
leather and a wooden flute. 

2380
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:01,000
That produces a surprisingly 
Sweet Sound, despite its rough 

2381
02:00:01,000 --> 02:00:03,400
appearance. 
The music that emerges isn't 

2382
02:00:03,400 --> 02:00:06,600
polished or professional, but it
has a quality that connects 

2383
02:00:06,600 --> 02:00:09,100
everyone in a way that words 
sometimes can't. 

2384
02:00:10,000 --> 02:00:13,400
Whether he has a surprisingly 
powerful singing voice, which he

2385
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:16,500
uses to lead the crew through 
songs that everyone knows but no

2386
02:00:16,500 --> 02:00:19,600
one can remember learning. 
These aren't the dramatic. 

2387
02:00:19,600 --> 02:00:23,000
Sea shanties of Legend, but the 
working songs that help pass 

2388
02:00:23,000 --> 02:00:26,500
time and coordinate effort. 
These songs are about simple 

2389
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:29,800
repetitive tasks, such as 
hauling rope and raising sails, 

2390
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:31,400
which keep the ship moving 
forward. 

2391
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:34,900
You find yourself joining in 
your voice, blending with the 

2392
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:37,800
others in a Harmony, that is 
more enthusiastic than accurate.

2393
02:00:37,800 --> 02:00:41,100
This communal music making 
brings a profound sense of 

2394
02:00:41,100 --> 02:00:44,800
satisfaction, as it allows us to
create something that transcends

2395
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:48,400
our individual contributions. 
It's a reminder that humans are 

2396
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,000
social creatures that we need 
these connections to feel 

2397
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:55,300
complete The evening wins down 
gradually with no formal ending 

2398
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:58,500
but a natural dispersal as 
people drift off to their own 

2399
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:01,800
private spaces. 
Some head below to write in 

2400
02:01:01,800 --> 02:01:04,500
journals or letters. 
Others stay on Deck to enjoy the

2401
02:01:04,500 --> 02:01:07,200
night air and the spectacular 
display of stars that you can 

2402
02:01:07,200 --> 02:01:09,600
only see when you're far from 
any City Lights. 

2403
02:01:10,400 --> 02:01:12,300
The ship settles into its 
nighttime. 

2404
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:15,900
Rhythm the gentle creaking and 
swaying that will allow you to 

2405
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:17,900
sleep. 
As you make your way to your 

2406
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:20,800
hammock, you reflect on the 
evenings conversations and 

2407
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:23,600
realize that you've learned more
about your crewmates in a few 

2408
02:01:23,600 --> 02:01:26,700
hours of casual talk, and you 
might have in weeks of formal 

2409
02:01:26,700 --> 02:01:29,900
interaction, These evening 
Gatherings or where the real 

2410
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:33,100
business of building trust. 
And understanding happens where 

2411
02:01:33,100 --> 02:01:36,000
a group of individuals slowly 
transforms into something more 

2412
02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:38,200
like a family. 
This morning is different 

2413
02:01:38,200 --> 02:01:42,200
because it brings an unexpected 
lesson in navigation courtesy of

2414
02:01:42,200 --> 02:01:46,400
the ship's Navigator old Sam who
isn't actually that old but got 

2415
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:48,700
the nickname because he's been 
reading the Stars longer than 

2416
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:51,800
anyone else on board. 
Sam has decided it's time to 

2417
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:54,200
share some of his knowledge 
either because he is feeling 

2418
02:01:54,200 --> 02:01:56,500
generous or because he's 
realized that having backup 

2419
02:01:56,500 --> 02:01:59,800
Navigators might be a good idea.
You gather around the chart 

2420
02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:02,800
table which is really just a 
flat surface that's been pressed

2421
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:06,500
into Service as a classroom. 
Sam spreads out his charts with 

2422
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:10,000
the reverence of someone 
handling sacred texts which in a

2423
02:02:10,000 --> 02:02:13,400
way they are. 
The hand-drawn Maps, symbolized 

2424
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:16,100
the accumulated knowledge and 
wisdom of numerous Sailors who 

2425
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:18,700
have traversed, these Waters and
survive to share their 

2426
02:02:18,700 --> 02:02:22,600
experiences, Sam's approach to 
teaching as practical and 

2427
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:24,600
straightforward. 
He doesn't waste time with 

2428
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:27,200
theoretical explanations. 
When he can show you how to do 

2429
02:02:27,200 --> 02:02:29,800
something useful. 
You learn to read the wind 

2430
02:02:29,800 --> 02:02:32,600
patterns by watching the way the
waves form, and break you 

2431
02:02:32,600 --> 02:02:35,000
discover that clouds can tell 
you about whether that's still 

2432
02:02:35,000 --> 02:02:38,400
hours away and that the color of
the water often reveals what's 

2433
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:41,700
happening beneath the surface, 
the afternoon is dedicated to 

2434
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:45,100
knot tying, which sounds simple 
Until you realize that there are

2435
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:48,500
dozens of different knots each 
designed for a specific purpose.

2436
02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:51,900
The bowline, for instance, 
creates a loop that is not only 

2437
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:55,800
non-slip but also easily untied.
The clove hitch is perfect for 

2438
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:58,200
securing a rope to a post, the 
sheet. 

2439
02:02:58,200 --> 02:03:00,600
Bend connects two ropes of 
varying thicknesses. 

2440
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:04,400
Each knot has its personality. 
Its own particular combination 

2441
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:07,700
of strength and flexibility. 
You practice with the focused 

2442
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,200
attention of someone who 
understands that these skills 

2443
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:12,500
might someday be the difference 
between life and death. 

2444
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:15,400
Your fingers, learn the 
movements through repetition 

2445
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:18,200
developing the muscle memory 
that will let you tie these 

2446
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:20,700
knots in the dark in a storm 
Under Pressure. 

2447
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:25,200
His meditative work, the kind of
practice that quiets the mind 

2448
02:03:25,200 --> 02:03:27,600
while training. 
The hands Weatherby has 

2449
02:03:27,600 --> 02:03:30,200
appointed himself as your 
informal instructor in the art 

2450
02:03:30,200 --> 02:03:33,600
of splicing, which is like not 
tying more sophisticated cousin.

2451
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:37,700
Splicing involves unraveling the
individual strands of rope and 

2452
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:40,200
weaving them back together in 
patterns that create permanent 

2453
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:42,100
joints stronger than the 
original rope. 

2454
02:03:42,700 --> 02:03:45,100
Its intricate work. 
That requires patience and 

2455
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:47,100
precision. 
That the results are both 

2456
02:03:47,108 --> 02:03:50,500
functional and beautiful the 
ship itself becomes your 

2457
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:54,200
classroom as you learn to read 
its moods and needs every sound 

2458
02:03:54,200 --> 02:03:56,700
means something. 
Every movement, tells a story 

2459
02:03:57,500 --> 02:04:00,700
The way, the mask Flexes in the 
wind, the angle of the deck when

2460
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,800
the ship heals over the rhythm 
of the Waves against the hull, 

2461
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,300
all of these become part of your
vocabulary, a language that 

2462
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:10,000
speaks of wind and weather and 
the endless conversation between

2463
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:14,200
wood and water. you discover 
that maintenance is actually a 

2464
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:17,300
form of Education, each repair 
teaching you something about the

2465
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:20,200
ship's construction and the 
thinking that went into its 

2466
02:04:20,200 --> 02:04:24,500
design When you replace a worn 
piece of rigging, you learn 

2467
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:26,200
about the forces that cause the 
wear. 

2468
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:29,200
When you patch a leak, you 
understand better. 

2469
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:31,700
How water Finds Its way into the
smallest weakness. 

2470
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:35,300
The evening brings a different 
kind of lesson as Morrison. 

2471
02:04:35,300 --> 02:04:37,500
Demonstrates. 
The finer points of woodworking 

2472
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:41,700
with tools that are both simple 
and sophisticated, He shows you 

2473
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:44,500
how to read the grain of wood, 
how to work with its natural 

2474
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:46,400
strengths instead of fighting 
against them. 

2475
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:49,500
His hands move with the 
confidence of someone who spent 

2476
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:52,900
Years Learning to see what 
others Miss to find the hidden 

2477
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:55,600
potential in raw materials as 
your confidence. 

2478
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:58,900
Grows you begin carving, 
beginning with simple shapes 

2479
02:04:58,900 --> 02:05:00,500
that gradually become more 
complex. 

2480
02:05:01,600 --> 02:05:05,000
The wood responds to your touch 
revealing its character through 

2481
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:07,700
the resistance. 
It offers and the way it accepts

2482
02:05:07,700 --> 02:05:11,500
the blade, it's a conversation 
between Craftsmen and materials.

2483
02:05:11,500 --> 02:05:14,000
Each, cutting a word in an 
ongoing dialogue. 

2484
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,300
You realize that you've learned 
more in these few hours than in 

2485
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:20,700
weeks of formal instruction. 
The ships experienced crew 

2486
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:23,300
members have a gift teaching 
through demonstration and gentle

2487
02:05:23,300 --> 02:05:26,400
correction sharing their skills.
In a way that makes learning 

2488
02:05:26,400 --> 02:05:30,100
feel natural and inevitable new 
skills, boost your confidence 

2489
02:05:30,100 --> 02:05:32,800
and value to the crew. 
But more importantly, they 

2490
02:05:32,800 --> 02:05:35,900
connect you to the ship and its 
Community, the final light of 

2491
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:38,600
day, Paints the ocean in shades 
of gold and crimson. 

2492
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:42,100
And you find yourself at the 
ship's rail looking out at the 

2493
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:45,100
endless, expanse of water that 
has become your world. 

2494
02:05:45,100 --> 02:05:48,200
There's a moment of quiet 
contemplation, that comes 

2495
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:51,100
naturally at this time of day 
when the work is done and the 

2496
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:52,900
evening's activities, haven't 
yet begun. 

2497
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:56,200
When you can step back and 
consider the strange turns your 

2498
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:58,700
life. 
As you think about the person 

2499
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:01,900
you were before you came to see 
and how that person Might react 

2500
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:05,300
to seeing you now. 
The skills, you've learned the 

2501
02:06:05,300 --> 02:06:08,700
calluses on your hands, the way 
you automatically, adjust your 

2502
02:06:08,700 --> 02:06:11,500
balance to match. 
The ship's movement, these are 

2503
02:06:11,500 --> 02:06:15,100
all markers of transformation, 
evidence of how people change 

2504
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:17,700
when they are placed in new 
circumstances and give him time 

2505
02:06:17,700 --> 02:06:20,400
to adapt. 
The pirate's life you've 

2506
02:06:20,400 --> 02:06:22,900
discovered is less about 
Adventure and more about 

2507
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:25,600
adaptation. 
It's about learning to find 

2508
02:06:25,600 --> 02:06:28,400
satisfaction in simple 
accomplishments to appreciate 

2509
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:29,900
the small victories that keep 
life. 

2510
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:34,000
Moving forward, the successful 
repair of a sale, the perfect 

2511
02:06:34,000 --> 02:06:37,300
splicing a rope, the moment, 
when a difficult knot finally 

2512
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:41,000
comes together, these are the 
real Treasures, the daily 

2513
02:06:41,000 --> 02:06:43,700
rewards that make the larger 
challenges worthwhile. 

2514
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:47,500
You've learned that Community 
forms naturally among people who

2515
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:50,300
depend on each other for 
survival, but that it takes 

2516
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:53,800
conscious effort to maintain 
that community over time the 

2517
02:06:53,800 --> 02:06:56,500
evening, Gatherings the shared 
meals, the informal teaching 

2518
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:58,800
sessions. 
These are all ways of weaving 

2519
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:02,600
individual lives and to a larger
tapestry creating connections 

2520
02:07:02,600 --> 02:07:07,900
that go beyond mere cooperation.
The ship creaks and sighs around

2521
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:11,600
you settling into its nighttime 
with the familiar sounds that 

2522
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:13,400
have become as comforting as a 
lullaby. 

2523
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:17,500
You've learned to read these 
sounds to distinguish between 

2524
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:21,000
the normal settling of wood and 
rope and the unusual noises that

2525
02:07:21,000 --> 02:07:23,800
might signal problems. 
This awareness has become 

2526
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:26,700
instinctive part of the 
background Consciousness that 

2527
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:27,900
keeps you alert to your 
environment. 

2528
02:07:28,900 --> 02:07:31,900
You think about the myths and 
stories, that surround pirate 

2529
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:35,500
life, and how different the 
reality has turned out to be the

2530
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:39,400
romance of Adventure is real but
it's found in unexpected places 

2531
02:07:39,400 --> 02:07:43,500
in the satisfaction of honest 
work, in the beauty of sunset 

2532
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:46,600
over open water in the Deep 
contentment that comes from 

2533
02:07:46,600 --> 02:07:48,600
being part of something larger 
than yourself. 

2534
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:53,600
Treasure isn't gold or jewels 
that the accumulation of skills 

2535
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:56,100
and relationships and 
experiences that make you more 

2536
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,600
than you were before. 
The stars begin to appear first,

2537
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:02,900
a few scattered Points of Light,
then a magnificent display that 

2538
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:04,700
stretches from Horizon to 
Horizon. 

2539
02:08:04,700 --> 02:08:08,500
You've learned to use the stars 
for navigation, but you've also 

2540
02:08:08,500 --> 02:08:11,500
learned to appreciate them for 
their beauty for the way they 

2541
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:13,600
connect you to something vast 
and eternal. 

2542
02:08:14,200 --> 02:08:17,100
The same stars that guided 
ancient Sailors, still shine 

2543
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,000
down on you, making you part of 
a tradition that spans 

2544
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:22,800
centuries. 
As you prepare to head below for

2545
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:25,700
the night, you realize that you 
found something unexpected in 

2546
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:28,800
this life at sea. 
Not the excitement and danger 

2547
02:08:28,800 --> 02:08:31,200
that the stories promised but 
something more. 

2548
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:35,700
Valuable a sense of purpose, a 
feeling of belonging a deep 

2549
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:38,300
satisfaction that comes from 
honest work, and genuine 

2550
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,500
community, Ship has become more 
than a vehicle. 

2551
02:08:41,500 --> 02:08:44,700
It's become home. 
The hammock that once seemed 

2552
02:08:44,700 --> 02:08:47,600
foreign and uncomfortable. 
Now, welcomes, you with familiar

2553
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:50,700
Embrace, The Gentle rocking 
motion that once made you 

2554
02:08:50,708 --> 02:08:54,200
seasick now, soothes you to 
sleep, the sounds of the ship 

2555
02:08:54,200 --> 02:08:55,800
and the sea. 
That once, kept you awake. 

2556
02:08:55,800 --> 02:08:59,500
Now, former peaceful Symphony, 
that carries you into dreams, 

2557
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:02,700
you close your eyes and let the 
ship carry you forward into 

2558
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:05,000
whatever. 
Tomorrow might bring secure in 

2559
02:09:05,008 --> 02:09:07,200
the knowledge that you've 
learned to find contentment, in 

2560
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:09,500
the simple rhythms of daily life
at sea. 

2561
02:09:10,300 --> 02:09:13,100
The pirates life, when you're 
not looting, turns out to be 

2562
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:16,800
remarkably, similar to any other
life, filled with routine, tasks

2563
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:19,700
small pleasures and the ongoing 
challenge of building something 

2564
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,000
meaningful from the raw 
materials of time and 

2565
02:09:22,008 --> 02:09:25,600
Circumstance. 
The ocean continues, its Eternal

2566
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:28,900
conversation with the ship and 
you drift off to sleep cradled. 

2567
02:09:28,900 --> 02:09:32,000
In the arms of the sea that has 
become your teacher, your home, 

2568
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:34,800
and your pathway to 
understanding what it means to 

2569
02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:37,700
live deliberately in a world 
that's constantly in motion. 

2570
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:47,800
Linda's fan. 
Northumbria 793, uni in the 

2571
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:51,700
chapel of lindisfarne, Priory at
dawn Whispering, your usual 

2572
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:55,800
Latin prayers. 
Suddenly a distant, Thunderclap 

2573
02:09:55,800 --> 02:09:59,500
roles across the clear sky. 
You pause lips. 

2574
02:09:59,500 --> 02:10:02,400
Still, the sound comes again. 
Louder this time. 

2575
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:04,900
And now, you hear panicked. 
Shouts outside. 

2576
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:07,200
Shattering the morning. 
Peace Brother. 

2577
02:10:07,200 --> 02:10:09,300
Alfred bursts through the oak 
door. 

2578
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:12,200
Eyes wild. 
Raiders on the shore. 

2579
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:16,300
He gasps in an instant your 
world overturns you. 

2580
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:18,700
Leap up heart hammering and 
follow him out of the chapel 

2581
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:21,400
into chaos. 
At the top of the grassy due 

2582
02:10:21,400 --> 02:10:22,700
overlooking. 
The priorities Beach. 

2583
02:10:22,700 --> 02:10:25,900
You stumbled to a halt the sand 
where there was nothing moments 

2584
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:28,500
ago. 
Draws up Long Dragon proud 

2585
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:32,500
ships, dozens of armed, northmen
a swarming, ashore sunlight 

2586
02:10:32,500 --> 02:10:34,800
Glimpse offline, swords and axes
in their fists. 

2587
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:37,900
They move with a terrifying 
purpose spreading across, holy 

2588
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:41,800
Island, akin to a plague. 
A chill of unreality washes, 

2589
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:45,700
over you, the Pagan Vikings of 
rumor are here in the flesh as 

2590
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:49,500
real as the salt on your face. 
Screams Echo from the fields 

2591
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,000
below, a few of the laborers 
working for the vegetable 

2592
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:54,800
gardens, try to run but the 
strangers are upon them in 

2593
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:58,600
moments, you watch paralyzed as 
a furred Raider swings. 

2594
02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:01,500
His axe and Cleaves brother 
Ozarks shoulder to the Bone 

2595
02:11:01,500 --> 02:11:03,600
osri. 
Collapses with a scream cut 

2596
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:06,300
short, another Monk Is caught by
two Vikings. 

2597
02:11:06,300 --> 02:11:09,600
They pinion his arms and dragged
him toward the shore, ignoring 

2598
02:11:09,600 --> 02:11:12,600
his pleas. 
You think God help us, this 

2599
02:11:12,600 --> 02:11:14,200
can't be real, not on this 
sacred Island. 

2600
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:18,300
They're coming inside Abbott Ed 
Burke Bellows from the 

2601
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:20,800
courtyard. 
That last your legs. 

2602
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:25,100
Unlock you tear down the slope, 
toward the Stone Church sand 

2603
02:11:25,100 --> 02:11:28,700
slipping under your feet monks. 
In Woolen habits scatter in 

2604
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,600
every direction, some toward the
hills others, like you toward 

2605
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:35,500
the only Refuge you have the 
stature of Saint Cuthbert. 

2606
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:39,200
You dash through the arch 
doorway and several Brothers. 

2607
02:11:39,200 --> 02:11:43,100
Shove the heavy doors closed 
behind you, dozens of you huddle

2608
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:46,500
in the dim Sanctuary chests 
heaving Candlelight flickers 

2609
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:50,600
over pale terrified faces 
outside, the guttural, shouts of

2610
02:11:50,608 --> 02:11:54,900
the Vikings grow closer, the 
wooden doors shutter as the axe 

2611
02:11:54,900 --> 02:11:56,400
blades, begin to chop through 
them. 

2612
02:11:56,400 --> 02:12:01,300
A moment later the portal 
Splinter's apart Viking's flood 

2613
02:12:01,300 --> 02:12:05,000
into God's house and pandemonium
erupts, your shoved back against

2614
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:08,900
a cold stone column as panic and
Slaughter, fill the Nave one. 

2615
02:12:08,900 --> 02:12:11,900
Invader, lunges at among near 
the entrance and split his skull

2616
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:14,900
with an iron sword. 
And another snatchers, a golden 

2617
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:18,500
chalice from the older spilling 
holy wine across the flagstones 

2618
02:12:18,500 --> 02:12:23,000
a third Viking flips, open the 
enormous Bible and casually rips

2619
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:27,200
out its illuminated Pages 
laughing you cry out in wordless

2620
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:30,300
anguish at this desecration but 
your voice is lost in the 

2621
02:12:30,308 --> 02:12:32,900
Coffey. 
The sacred Sanctuary is 

2622
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:36,300
transformed into a Battleground 
a wiry Northman. 

2623
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:39,900
With a braided beard grabs You 
by The Robe he reeks of sweat 

2624
02:12:39,900 --> 02:12:42,900
and seawater. 
You raise your hands in a feeble

2625
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:45,900
plea but he just bares his teeth
and throws you to the floor, 

2626
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:49,400
your head strikes, the stone 
tiles and stars exploded in your

2627
02:12:49,408 --> 02:12:51,900
vision. 
Before you can recover, he 

2628
02:12:51,900 --> 02:12:55,400
pounces on your chest pinning, 
you cold iron, presses against 

2629
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,900
your throat as he draws a knife 
along your neck in that Frozen 

2630
02:12:58,900 --> 02:13:01,000
moment. 
You Glimpse at the earbud Lying 

2631
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,000
by the altar, in a pool of 
blood, his throat, cut his eyes,

2632
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:05,600
staring lifelessly at the 
ceiling. 

2633
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:09,000
The House of Prayer is filled 
with cries of the dying and 

2634
02:13:09,000 --> 02:13:12,000
wails of pain. 
The Northman snails something in

2635
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:14,100
his harsh tongue and raises his 
blade. 

2636
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:17,200
You squeeze your eyes shut and 
Babel a final prayer. 

2637
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:20,800
Steal flashes your prayer dies 
on your lips. 

2638
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:23,200
As the blade plunges down and 
everything goes dark. 

2639
02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:27,000
The scene unfolds on the sin 
River on the Frankish Coast in 

2640
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:29,800
845. 
You are pulling weeds in your 

2641
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:32,300
beanfield when The Village 
Church Bell, begins clanging 

2642
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:36,500
furiously, It is a misty Easter 
morning and that Bell should be 

2643
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:39,800
calling the faithful to mass not
ringing it alarm. 

2644
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:43,600
Straighten up dirt on your hands
and see neighbor's halting in 

2645
02:13:43,600 --> 02:13:46,000
their fields. 
Heads turned toward the sound. 

2646
02:13:46,900 --> 02:13:50,300
Through the river fog, a new 
sound, Rises a deep warhorn 

2647
02:13:50,300 --> 02:13:54,900
Blast from Downstream. 
Your blood runs cold, northmen a

2648
02:13:54,900 --> 02:13:56,600
shout from the hill by berners 
goat. 

2649
02:13:56,600 --> 02:14:00,400
Pasture confirms it ships on the
river instantly, the quiet 

2650
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:04,000
Frankish Hamlet, erupts into 
Panic, you drop your basket and 

2651
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:06,200
Sprint for your cottage heart. 
Thudding. 

2652
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,100
Your farm lies Exposed on the 
open flood plain. 

2653
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:11,700
There are no walls or soldiers 
to protect it. 

2654
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,100
Rumors of whispered of Viking 
raids along the coast recently 

2655
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:17,900
but you never imagined their 
dragon-headed boats on your 

2656
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:21,200
stretch of the sin yet. 
Now through the trees, you 

2657
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:23,800
Glimpse them long, Sleek ships 
with stripes. 

2658
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:28,300
Sails gliding up River carved. 
Beasts, adorning their prows by 

2659
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:30,700
the time you reach your yard 
chaos as overtaking. 

2660
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:34,400
The Village Family scream and 
Scattered snatching up children 

2661
02:14:34,400 --> 02:14:37,300
and whatever belongings. 
They can, carry nearly collide 

2662
02:14:37,300 --> 02:14:39,500
with your wife, as she rushes 
out of your cottage with your 

2663
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,100
two young daughters, clinging to
her skirts. 

2664
02:14:42,900 --> 02:14:45,500
Into the woods, you pant 
grabbing the girls hands. 

2665
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:48,200
The only hope is to hide in the 
Oak Forest beyond the fields. 

2666
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:51,800
Together you Sprint across the 
furrows, toward the tree line. 

2667
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:55,700
Your littlest daughter, Wales, 
and confusion, you scooped her 

2668
02:14:55,700 --> 02:15:00,300
into your arms and push on wood.
Behind you Rises a cacophony of 

2669
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:02,400
Terror. 
The warhorn Blairs again. 

2670
02:15:02,400 --> 02:15:04,800
And now you hear the 
blood-chilling howl of the 

2671
02:15:04,800 --> 02:15:06,800
Viking Battle Cry? 
Echoing down the sin. 

2672
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:10,400
As you reach the first trees, a 
handful of your braver 

2673
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:12,100
neighbors. 
Rushing the opposite direction 

2674
02:15:12,100 --> 02:15:14,600
clutching Rusty swords and wood 
axes. 

2675
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:17,600
They are determined to protect 
their homes at all costs. 

2676
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:21,100
Every instinct tells you to 
protect your farm, but one look 

2677
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:23,600
at your wife's terrified face. 
Propels, you deeper into the 

2678
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:25,400
underbrush, you cannot leave 
them. 

2679
02:15:25,400 --> 02:15:29,500
Not now. 
Suddenly a Burly shape crashes 

2680
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:32,900
through the brush ahead of 
Viking Scouts steps into your 

2681
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:37,100
path, gray eyes locking on you. 
He have to spare and you shove 

2682
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:39,200
your family behind. 
You raise your own only weapon, 

2683
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:41,100
a simple sickle with trembling 
hands. 

2684
02:15:42,100 --> 02:15:44,400
The northman's lips curl in a 
wolf fish grin. 

2685
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:49,100
He hurls his spear he twists 
aside but the Ironhead slashes a

2686
02:15:49,108 --> 02:15:52,000
fire gas across your upper arm 
you cry out. 

2687
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:55,600
Before the Viking can draw his 
sword, you charge it with a 

2688
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:58,600
desperate, yell swinging, your 
sickle, he bats aside your 

2689
02:15:58,600 --> 02:16:01,600
feeble strike and backhands you 
with his free arm, the blow 

2690
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:03,400
crashes into your jaw, like a 
mallet. 

2691
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:06,100
The forest tilts. 
You hit the ground, hard 

2692
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:08,700
tasting, blood days, you lift 
your head. 

2693
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:12,700
Your wife is trying to escape 
with the kids but more northmen 

2694
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:14,600
are coming from the trees. 
No. 

2695
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:19,700
Please you croak reaching out as
two Vikings Caesar by the hair 

2696
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:21,400
and drag your daughters from her
arms. 

2697
02:16:21,400 --> 02:16:25,400
You rent yourself up on one 
elbow but a booted foot slams 

2698
02:16:25,400 --> 02:16:27,600
between your shoulder blades. 
Crushing you to the dirt. 

2699
02:16:28,400 --> 02:16:30,500
A Norse Warrior, growls, 
something above you. 

2700
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:35,100
You catch only the word for 
slave, rough hands, yank, your 

2701
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:37,100
arms behind you, and bind your 
wrists. 

2702
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:40,500
With course rope, your village 
is tearing itself apart all 

2703
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:44,600
around you. 
Smoke Rises, be Your wife is 

2704
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:47,500
trying to escape with the kids, 
but more North men are coming 

2705
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:50,900
from the trees down. 
A few moments later. 

2706
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:53,000
A viking. 
Herds you and a doesn't other 

2707
02:16:53,000 --> 02:16:55,700
captives toward the river, a 
viking Yanks. 

2708
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:59,000
You along by a rope around your 
neck, your wife and children and

2709
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:04,100
nowhere in sight taken Dead, who
knows, hot tears of pain, and 

2710
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,200
rage blur your vision, but a 
powerful Yang on the tether 

2711
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:10,400
forces you onward. 
On the bank, the North Monroe 

2712
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:12,700
already loading prisoners and 
plunder onto their boats. 

2713
02:17:13,700 --> 02:17:16,500
Three other shopping Villages, 
shove your board and You by the 

2714
02:17:16,500 --> 02:17:20,100
ankle, as the as begin to pull 
in the Frankish Shore, a seeds, 

2715
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:24,100
you collapse against the hull. 
Everything you ever loved is 

2716
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:26,100
gone. 
The Vikings did not just raid 

2717
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:27,799
your farm. 
They have destroyed your life. 

2718
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:32,000
You close your eyes. 
Trembling with silent grief. 

2719
02:17:32,900 --> 02:17:35,600
Easter morning, sunlight 
Glitters, on the river, but for,

2720
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:38,900
you know, Resurrection will come
only, the, endless darkness of 

2721
02:17:38,907 --> 02:17:41,000
slavery. 
This story takes place in 

2722
02:17:41,000 --> 02:17:42,400
Ireland. 
During the 9th century. 

2723
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:46,600
You stand, Atop The Wooden ramp 
of your husband's Dune fought 

2724
02:17:46,600 --> 02:17:51,500
and watching dread as dark sails
dot the morning Horizon, the 

2725
02:17:51,500 --> 02:17:55,000
mid-morning sun, glints off the 
waves revealing three Viking, 

2726
02:17:55,000 --> 02:17:57,299
long ships heading up the coast,
towards your lands. 

2727
02:17:58,100 --> 02:18:00,500
A messenger had arrived at dawn 
with dire news. 

2728
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:04,799
The Northman sector Monastery 
Downer of confer and their ships

2729
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:07,700
was spotted in your Kingdom's. 
Water's the war horns, are now 

2730
02:18:07,708 --> 02:18:11,500
echoing along the cliffs. 
The Viking's are coming Below in

2731
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,400
the courtyard your household 
Warrior's, rushed to arm 

2732
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,000
themselves. 
Men snatch, Spears, and shields 

2733
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:20,200
from racks shouting to each 
other and offering quick prayer 

2734
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:22,700
to God. 
You clutch, the wooden railing 

2735
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:26,100
Knuckles, white, your husband 
Lord ayles is in the yard 

2736
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:29,100
pulling on his helmet. 
He catches your eye for a brief 

2737
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:32,100
moment and tries to muster a 
reassuring smile, but you both 

2738
02:18:32,100 --> 02:18:35,200
know what these Invaders do. 
You have heard Tales of their 

2739
02:18:35,200 --> 02:18:38,900
cruelty last winter refugees 
from the north told of nuns 

2740
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:42,299
violated amongst slaughtered. 
When the northmen attacked, our 

2741
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:46,799
marks sacred sites, Lord, it old
barks order's, and two dozen 

2742
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:49,299
mounted Warrior's, Gallop out 
through the gate to confront the

2743
02:18:49,308 --> 02:18:52,500
enemy on the beach. 
The remaining Defenders, stay to

2744
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:55,500
man, the fort's Palisade. 
You send up a silent prayer for 

2745
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:58,400
your husband and Kinsman as 
their war, cries fade toward the

2746
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:02,299
surf, Minutes later, distant 
screams and The Clash of metal 

2747
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:06,000
carry on the sea breeze. 
You Pace along the rampart heart

2748
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:08,500
in your throat. 
The sounds of battle die out. 

2749
02:19:08,500 --> 02:19:10,900
And for a moment there is Eerie 
silence. 

2750
02:19:10,900 --> 02:19:15,500
Suddenly a lone figure, one of 
your warriors comes sprinting 

2751
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:19,100
over the Sandy Ridge, toward the
fort, his tunic is soaked in 

2752
02:19:19,108 --> 02:19:21,299
blood. 
Closed the gate. 

2753
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,600
He shrieks eyes bulging with 
panic behind him. 

2754
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,400
A mob of Vikings appears 
pursuing like wolves on the 

2755
02:19:27,407 --> 02:19:30,299
hunt. 
The forts Captain curses in 

2756
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,000
orders, the gates barred. 
But even as your men shove, the 

2757
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:36,299
oak portal, the first northmen 
Rams in to it from outside. 

2758
02:19:37,299 --> 02:19:39,299
A desperate struggle ensues of 
the sally. 

2759
02:19:39,299 --> 02:19:41,600
Port Spears thrust through the 
Gap. 

2760
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:44,600
Axes hacking. 
The Defenders courage falters 

2761
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:48,000
when a massive Viking forces, 
the gator jar and cuts down a 

2762
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,600
guard in a single stroke. 
Within seconds, the enemy swarm 

2763
02:19:51,600 --> 02:19:56,700
inside screams fill the yard you
stumble back from the rampart as

2764
02:19:56,700 --> 02:20:00,300
chaos and golfs the fort. 
The surviving gods and servants 

2765
02:20:00,300 --> 02:20:04,000
horribly outnumbered, throw down
their weapons, or try to flee. 

2766
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:08,200
A hulking Viking with an iron 
helmet and braided blonde beard 

2767
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:11,700
strides past the bodies toward 
the keep He kicks open the doors

2768
02:20:11,700 --> 02:20:14,000
of your hall. 
You're still on the steps when 

2769
02:20:14,000 --> 02:20:17,900
he spots you his hard eyes flick
over your silk dress and the 

2770
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:21,300
gold brooch at your shoulder 
marking you as a noble woman. 

2771
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:24,000
Take her. 
He grunts to two of his men. 

2772
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:27,200
You step backward, trembling 
with rage and fear. 

2773
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:30,400
I am lady wearing of that we 
nail. 

2774
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:35,100
We can pay Ransom, you cry, try 
to sound commanding, One of the 

2775
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:38,500
Vikings Answers by swinging, the
back of his axe into your 

2776
02:20:38,508 --> 02:20:40,700
guardsman's scars, if swatting a
fly. 

2777
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:44,900
Blood splashes your gown, you 
scream. 

2778
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:48,900
An instant later, the blonde 
giant closes the distance and 

2779
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:53,400
Strikes you across the face with
a male hand, the world flashes 

2780
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:56,000
White. 
You find yourself sprawled on 

2781
02:20:56,000 --> 02:21:00,600
the ground is ringing before you
can move to Viking's haul up by 

2782
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,300
your arms. 
One roughly Yanks off your old 

2783
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:06,200
brooch and belt. 
The other bind your wrists with 

2784
02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:10,400
Rawhide around you the courtyard
is a Nightmare made real, your 

2785
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:14,000
husband's corpse lies in the 
Gateway nearly beheaded Flames 

2786
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:15,700
consumed. 
The thatched roof of the chapel 

2787
02:21:15,700 --> 02:21:18,600
all around the fort by the 
bodies of those who try to 

2788
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:20,700
defend it. 
The stable, boy, the cook and 

2789
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:24,900
even the old barred who were cut
down with out Mercy, Hot tears 

2790
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:28,600
of anger, fill your eyes with a 
surge of defiance you spit at 

2791
02:21:28,600 --> 02:21:31,400
the Viking. 
Chief's face, as he approaches a

2792
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:34,200
hush Falls over the Raiders. 
The blond giant wipes your 

2793
02:21:34,208 --> 02:21:36,600
spittle from his cheek, then 
grabs you by the throat 

2794
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:39,300
effortlessly. 
He lifts you until only your 

2795
02:21:39,300 --> 02:21:42,000
toes. 
Scrape the bloody mud, you gag 

2796
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:43,600
the edges of your vision 
dimming. 

2797
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:47,100
He holds you there face to face 
until you're Defiance crumbles 

2798
02:21:47,100 --> 02:21:50,600
into choking desperation. 
Finally, he releases his grip 

2799
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:52,600
and you dropped to your knees 
coughing. 

2800
02:21:53,600 --> 02:21:56,700
The onlookers chuckle ropes, a 
leashed around your neck and the

2801
02:21:56,700 --> 02:21:59,300
next of a handful of other 
captives, mostly young women who

2802
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:02,400
survived the slaughter. 
Your herded downhill, like 

2803
02:22:02,400 --> 02:22:05,500
cattle. 
Your beloved Dune once a proud 

2804
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:08,900
of Gaelic power is now a 
smoldering ruined with the dead 

2805
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:11,800
as the Vikings. 
March you to their boats bobbing

2806
02:22:11,800 --> 02:22:14,500
in the bay, you stumble in 
shock, barely feeling the 

2807
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:17,800
Pebbles under your bare feet. 
They shove you up a plank onto a

2808
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:21,100
ship's deck all around you 
Northman cheer at their Hall 

2809
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:25,800
coins chalices fine clothes 
horses and half a dozen sobbing 

2810
02:22:25,800 --> 02:22:30,000
Prisoners the ship pushes off 
under the afternoon sun as alls 

2811
02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:32,300
beat the water. 
You watch your home land recede 

2812
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,600
black smoke, cling to the sky 
from your burning Hall. 

2813
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:38,100
You resist the urge to scream as
you bite down. 

2814
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:39,900
On the gag, they force between 
your teeth. 

2815
02:22:39,900 --> 02:22:43,100
They have taken everything and 
everyone you love and enslaved 

2816
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:45,300
them. 
You try to pray but no Comfort 

2817
02:22:45,300 --> 02:22:47,600
comes. 
Only the Creak of the oars on 

2818
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:49,900
the cheers of your captors 
answer your silent, please. 

2819
02:22:50,800 --> 02:22:54,200
The gentle Hills of are fade 
from View and you realize with 

2820
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:56,800
crushing despair, that you will 
never set foot on your native 

2821
02:22:56,800 --> 02:22:59,500
soil again. 
You are bound for an unknown 

2822
02:22:59,500 --> 02:23:02,500
fate across the sea. 
Just another piece of plunder in

2823
02:23:02,508 --> 02:23:05,500
the Vikings hall. 
Furthermore, in coreland on the 

2824
02:23:05,508 --> 02:23:08,800
Baltic Coast in 854, Sound the 
Horn the sphere are coming. 

2825
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:13,000
The shout carries across your 
Baltic seaside village as Dawn 

2826
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:15,600
lichens, the sky. 
You snatch up your Spear and 

2827
02:23:15,600 --> 02:23:17,600
race from your Hut heart 
pounding. 

2828
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:20,000
From the cliff top. 
You see them? 

2829
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:22,800
A fleet of longships with 
stripes sails crowding. 

2830
02:23:22,800 --> 02:23:27,100
The bay Olaf the Swedish King 
has returned a year after your 

2831
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,000
people drove off his Danish 
allies in a previous raid this 

2832
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:33,800
time he's brought a much larger 
Force dozens of ships of 

2833
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:37,800
Warriors, a chill not a fear 
forms in your gut despite being 

2834
02:23:37,800 --> 02:23:41,200
Fierce Pirates themselves, the 
curonian vastly Outnumber you 

2835
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:45,200
today around you villagers 
scream and scramble men, grabbed

2836
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,000
weapons mothers hastily Usher. 
Children toward the woods, 

2837
02:23:48,000 --> 02:23:51,500
Inland you spot your younger 
brother throwing a sack of grain

2838
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:54,000
onto an ox cart, where your 
mother and little nieces Hudl, 

2839
02:23:54,700 --> 02:23:58,300
His preparing to evacuate the 
family, you class his arm and 

2840
02:23:58,300 --> 02:24:01,900
thrust your hunting knife into 
his hand, go get them to the 

2841
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:06,300
marshes. 
Go you urge He hesitates as in 

2842
02:24:06,300 --> 02:24:08,400
his eyes. 
Neither of you wants to part 

2843
02:24:08,400 --> 02:24:12,000
distant blast of the enemies 
horn jolts him into action with 

2844
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,200
a crack of the reins. 
He drives the cart toward the 

2845
02:24:14,208 --> 02:24:16,200
forest as fast as the ox can 
pull it. 

2846
02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:20,500
You send a brief prayer to pecun
of Thunder to guard them and to 

2847
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,700
give you strength now. 
Inside the timber Fort, that 

2848
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:26,200
crowns the hill. 
The remaining men form up. 

2849
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,800
You join a knot of stout farmers
and fishermen on the Palisade 

2850
02:24:29,800 --> 02:24:33,700
Spear and bow in hand. 
Your father the militia Chief 

2851
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:37,100
limp's past weeded in last 
year's battle shouting final 

2852
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:39,000
orders. 
Down the slope. 

2853
02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:42,600
The first wave of sphere Vikings
lands on the beach tall figures 

2854
02:24:42,600 --> 02:24:45,400
in male and helmets advance in 
disciplined lines behind her 

2855
02:24:45,400 --> 02:24:49,200
wall of shields, their War 
leader like King Olaf himself. 

2856
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:51,000
Marches at the front in a blue 
cloak. 

2857
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:54,300
His sword raised. 
Ragged handful of Corona 

2858
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:56,500
Defenders around you, exchange 
nervous glances. 

2859
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:59,200
This will undoubtedly be a 
battle to the end. 

2860
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:03,800
With a thunder of boots, the 
Viking host charges up the 

2861
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:06,500
hillside towards your walls. 
Loose arrows. 

2862
02:25:06,500 --> 02:25:09,700
Someone cries, you raise your 
bow and let fly. 

2863
02:25:10,400 --> 02:25:13,300
The sky darkens with a briefly 
from your side. 

2864
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:18,100
A few of the enemy fall pierced 
by Lucky shops, but an answering

2865
02:25:18,100 --> 02:25:20,200
storm of arrows whistles back at
once. 

2866
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:24,400
Barbed shafts into the throat of
the man beside you gurgles and 

2867
02:25:24,408 --> 02:25:28,200
collapses from the rampart Sling
Stone, smashes into your wooden 

2868
02:25:28,200 --> 02:25:30,800
shield with a heavy. 
The sound of a crack nearly 

2869
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:32,200
knocks. 
The object from your grip 

2870
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,400
before, you can blink the sphere
or at the ditch hurling 

2871
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:38,600
grappling hooks and axes, the 
Palisades shudders as dozens of 

2872
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:42,100
blades chop and pry at the logs.
They've breached the gate fall 

2873
02:25:42,100 --> 02:25:43,500
back. 
Comes a screen from your right. 

2874
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:46,700
You spin to see the main gate 
hanging and splinters and 

2875
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,300
Vikings pouring through the Gap.
Your father hurls a spear into 

2876
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:54,000
an onrushing radar but a Nordic 
axe hacks into his side and he 

2877
02:25:54,000 --> 02:25:56,200
goes down with a cry, rage and 
panic. 

2878
02:25:56,200 --> 02:25:59,500
Search through you, you've lost 
control of the walls, back to 

2879
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:01,600
the cape. 
You Bello, helping your wounded,

2880
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:05,000
father to his feet, a handful of
you Retreat from the rampart 

2881
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:08,000
sprinting, to the Old Stone 
Storehouse of the fort Center, 

2882
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:12,000
the closest thing to shelter 
remaining, The swedes flood into

2883
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:15,700
the courtyard and opposed you 
half drag half carry your 

2884
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:18,300
father. 
Toward the storehouse, doorway a

2885
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:21,400
glance over your shoulder. 
Reveals utter Carnage, our 

2886
02:26:21,400 --> 02:26:24,700
curonian Warrior's are being 
butchered where they stand the 

2887
02:26:24,700 --> 02:26:28,200
blacksmith, Irma swings, his axe
desperately, but three Vikings 

2888
02:26:28,200 --> 02:26:31,300
set upon him at once swords 
flashing, he falls in a spray of

2889
02:26:31,300 --> 02:26:33,700
blood, others drop their 
weapons, and beg for quarter, 

2890
02:26:33,700 --> 02:26:36,400
only to be cut. 
Down, without Mercy, we have 

2891
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,900
completed the fort Just steps 
from the storehouse, a powerful 

2892
02:26:39,908 --> 02:26:42,900
Blow from behind knocks. 
You sprawling a red bearded 

2893
02:26:42,900 --> 02:26:46,100
Viking looms over you. 
He had sprinted silently behind 

2894
02:26:46,100 --> 02:26:49,300
and struck you with a club, your
spear Falls from your hands. 

2895
02:26:49,300 --> 02:26:53,900
You roll onto your back, gasping
in pain, the Red Beard snarls, 

2896
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,500
something you don't understand 
and raises his sword to end. 

2897
02:26:56,500 --> 02:27:00,100
You behind him through the haze 
of smoke and dust. 

2898
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:02,200
You see a lot of Viking 
warriors. 

2899
02:27:02,200 --> 02:27:06,200
Forcing the last few captives, 
including a wounded, sobbing boy

2900
02:27:06,200 --> 02:27:09,400
to their knees at swordpoint, 
you know, it's over for your 

2901
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:12,300
village. 
The Vikings blade pauses in the 

2902
02:27:12,300 --> 02:27:15,000
air, as he notices your Fierce, 
and yielding glare. 

2903
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:17,900
For an instant, you see 
uncertainty in his eyes. 

2904
02:27:17,900 --> 02:27:21,600
Perhaps he expected pleading 
summoning your last strength, 

2905
02:27:21,600 --> 02:27:23,500
you spit a curse him in your 
native tongue. 

2906
02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:28,600
The red beards face Harden's 
with a swift brutal stroke, his 

2907
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:32,400
sword Falls searing pain, 
Cleaves your skull, the world 

2908
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,300
bursts into blinding, light and 
Agony, and then immediately 

2909
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:38,400
Fades to black as your life. 
Blood seeps, into the soil of 

2910
02:27:38,400 --> 02:27:40,800
your Homeland. 
The last feeling you experience 

2911
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:45,800
is a grim sense of satisfaction.
You did not beg The Northman may

2912
02:27:45,800 --> 02:27:48,300
have raised your village in 
slaved your kin but you would 

2913
02:27:48,308 --> 02:27:50,000
sooner die than live under their
Boot. 

2914
02:27:50,000 --> 02:27:53,200
And so you have you crouched 
behind a stack of Furs in the 

2915
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:56,500
Riverside Market stall, near 
North Eastern, Europe in 8, 6 5,

2916
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:01,500
Outside by the wharf. 
On the volkhov river frustrated 

2917
02:28:01,500 --> 02:28:05,600
voices, erupt into screams the 
varangian roofs have come to nov

2918
02:28:05,600 --> 02:28:07,800
grod's trade post again. 
And this time they aren't 

2919
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:10,400
leaving peacefully. 
Your people have been paying 

2920
02:28:10,400 --> 02:28:13,200
tribute in the form of goods and
silver to these Roost Vikings 

2921
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:14,900
for years and it was never 
enough. 

2922
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:18,200
Today, their Chieftain arrived 
with dozens of Warriors and 

2923
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:19,900
demanded double. 
The usual tribute. 

2924
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:23,500
You watched from a distance as 
the elders, humbly offered Furs,

2925
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:25,800
honey, and a chest of silver 
coins. 

2926
02:28:25,800 --> 02:28:29,200
Hoping to appease the northmen 
the varangian leader. 

2927
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:33,900
Only sneered even demanded 50, 
young men as slaves at that the 

2928
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,000
pretense of negotiation 
shattered and acts lodged in the

2929
02:28:37,000 --> 02:28:40,300
skull of one Brash Merchants who
immediately shouted in protest 

2930
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:43,900
and uproar ensued. 
Now, the air is filled with 

2931
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:48,100
panic, shouts, and The Clash of 
Steel from your hiding spot. 

2932
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:52,600
You peek out A flaxen head 
Viking smashes, a pottery stall 

2933
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:56,500
with his shield, sending shards,
flying and the pottery in across

2934
02:28:56,500 --> 02:28:59,000
the way. 
Another Norsemen overturns a 

2935
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:02,700
wagon of grain laughing as it, 
spills your precious Wares. 

2936
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:06,900
Find winter Furs, and carved 
walrus Ivory a likely lost a 

2937
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:09,000
pillage, but that is the least 
of your worries. 

2938
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:10,900
You grip. 
Along skinning knife. 

2939
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:15,100
The only weapon at hand, it's 
almost useless against fully 

2940
02:29:15,100 --> 02:29:17,300
armed, Raiders. 
But you refuse to surrender 

2941
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,700
without a fight, a spear 
suddenly flies overhead and 

2942
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:23,000
impales. 
A fleeing neighbor, just beyond 

2943
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:25,400
your stall. 
The man collapses with a 

2944
02:29:25,400 --> 02:29:29,300
gurgling scream, you bite your 
fist to stifle a whimper round 

2945
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,400
up, the rest of errands in his 
tongue. 

2946
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:36,100
You understand a little of it. 
Too much and Sprint past your 

2947
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:38,800
shelter making a break for the 
tree line but they don't get 

2948
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:41,200
far. 
One is skewered by a throne 

2949
02:29:41,200 --> 02:29:43,100
spear. 
The other is run down by a red 

2950
02:29:43,108 --> 02:29:45,700
bearded rust who slams him to 
the ground and clubs him 

2951
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:47,200
senseless with the butt of an 
axe. 

2952
02:29:48,100 --> 02:29:51,400
Your mind race or perhaps, you 
can slip away Along the 

2953
02:29:51,400 --> 02:29:54,700
riverbank amid the chaos. 
If only you can reach your boat,

2954
02:29:55,500 --> 02:29:58,100
Gathering your courage, you 
clutch your knife and prepare to

2955
02:29:58,100 --> 02:30:02,600
bolt you rise and a pair of iron
hands sees you from behind. 

2956
02:30:04,400 --> 02:30:07,600
Hiding like a rat. 
A hulking varangian. 

2957
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:11,000
In a wolf skin cloak Halls. 
You out into the open by your 

2958
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:13,700
tunic. 
You slash desperately with your 

2959
02:30:13,700 --> 02:30:17,700
knife, but he catches your wrist
with contemptuous ease and 

2960
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:20,900
twists, until the blade drops 
from your numb fingers. 

2961
02:30:21,700 --> 02:30:24,900
Let go of me. 
You snarl in slavonic, kicking 

2962
02:30:24,900 --> 02:30:28,600
at his shin in response. 
The Viking drives his knee into 

2963
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:31,800
your stomach. 
All Air rushes from your lungs. 

2964
02:30:31,800 --> 02:30:35,900
You double over gagging. 
Rough laughter rings out. 

2965
02:30:36,600 --> 02:30:39,200
The wolf cloaked Warrior forces 
you to your knees. 

2966
02:30:39,200 --> 02:30:43,200
Another Northman strides over 
with a length of rope working 

2967
02:30:43,200 --> 02:30:45,300
efficiently. 
They bind your wrist behind you,

2968
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:46,900
and loop another cord around 
your neck. 

2969
02:30:46,900 --> 02:30:50,300
You dimly realize that they are 
also tying up other survivors, 

2970
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,600
including a few young women and 
two wounded Elders elsewhere in 

2971
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:56,500
the market. 
They will soon heard you and 

2972
02:30:56,500 --> 02:30:58,900
align of captives toward the 
longships that are waiting. 

2973
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:03,500
A rope around your neck, links 
you to the prisoner ahead. your 

2974
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:08,400
cheeks burn with humiliation and
fury, but when a varangian jerks

2975
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:12,200
hard on the tether you stumble 
forward without resistance Your 

2976
02:31:12,200 --> 02:31:15,700
town Hedman and old friend of 
your father's sobs pitifully as 

2977
02:31:15,700 --> 02:31:19,200
he is dragged along beside you. 
He begs the Vikings in broken 

2978
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:23,100
North to spare his family, the 
chieftain ignores him, casually 

2979
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:26,500
wiping blood from his sword. 
At the riverbank the northmen 

2980
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:28,700
shove you in the others onto 
their boats, amid piles of 

2981
02:31:28,708 --> 02:31:32,600
plunder, the northmen force you 
to sit on the decking your 

2982
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:34,800
wrists and neck to a ring by the
masked. 

2983
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:38,800
Within minutes, the Almond push 
off and the current carries you 

2984
02:31:38,800 --> 02:31:40,900
away from the smoking ruins of 
your Marketplace. 

2985
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:45,200
As the ship turns down river, 
you catch a final glimpse of 

2986
02:31:45,200 --> 02:31:47,800
Novgorod. 
Wooden ramparts receding into 

2987
02:31:47,800 --> 02:31:50,800
the Morning Mist. 
Hot tears, blow your eyes. 

2988
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:52,600
You've heard? 
What comes next? 

2989
02:31:52,600 --> 02:31:55,900
The varangians will take you 
East to sell in the slave 

2990
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:59,500
markets of the Greeks or Arabs, 
perhaps that will be your fate 

2991
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:02,100
sold far from home never to 
return. 

2992
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:07,200
A blonde Viking guarding, the 
captives notices your tears, he 

2993
02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:11,000
smirks and mockingly, Patch your
cheek as one would a child you 

2994
02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:13,600
stare at him with hate. 
So intense it scares even you 

2995
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:17,000
but your Defiance only am uses 
him with a shrug. 

2996
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:19,500
He turns away to count, the 
silver coins piled at his feet. 

2997
02:32:20,500 --> 02:32:23,700
You sit in stunned silence as 
the boat carries you into the 

2998
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:26,300
unknown. 
In your mind, you see an image 

2999
02:32:26,300 --> 02:32:29,700
of your wife and young son as 
they were this morning, waving 

3000
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:30,900
goodbye. 
When you left for Market. 

3001
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:33,900
Are they alive? 
Will you ever see them again? 

3002
02:32:33,900 --> 02:32:36,300
A sob escapes before you can 
choke it back. 

3003
02:32:37,300 --> 02:32:40,000
The northman's laughed after 
Echoes across the water and you 

3004
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:42,800
silently cursed, the gods for 
abandoning you to these wolves. 

3005
02:32:43,500 --> 02:32:46,300
You realize that your life as a 
free man in Russia's land is 

3006
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:48,700
over. 
You are now just human cargo 

3007
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:52,200
another soul in slave beneath an
endless foreign Sky. 

3008
02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:58,000
Anglo Saxon England. 871. 
The ground shakes under the 

3009
02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:01,100
onrush of the enemy horde. 
From your position, Atop The 

3010
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:03,900
Timber Palisade, you see them 
coming across the fields, 

3011
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,100
hundreds of Danish Warriors 
advancing in a solid Shield 

3012
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:09,900
wall. 
Swallow against the terrorizing 

3013
02:33:09,900 --> 02:33:13,500
in your throat wessex's mustard,
every able man to defend this 

3014
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:15,500
town and still the north men 
outnumber. 

3015
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:18,400
You, they are battle cries carry
over the morning Breeze as they 

3016
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:21,900
close in you tighten, your 
sweaty grip on your spear Lord. 

3017
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:25,000
Ethel Reds Banner. 
A golden dragon on red, flutters

3018
02:33:25,000 --> 02:33:28,700
above the gate, a hopeful token 
but today you will have to make 

3019
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:30,600
a stand against the powerful 
Viking Army. 

3020
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:35,500
All night, we labored and still 
they come mutters ozric beside 

3021
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:36,900
you. 
Hefting his axe. 

3022
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:39,600
True. 
You in the townsfolk, spent the 

3023
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:42,300
Dark Hours reinforcing these 
crude walls with wagons and 

3024
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,400
debris. 
The women children and elderly 

3025
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,400
have been packed into the Stout 
Stone Church at the Town Center.

3026
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:51,100
The only building like to 
withstand and assault. 

3027
02:33:52,300 --> 02:33:54,300
You send a quick prayer 
heavenward for your wife, among 

3028
02:33:54,300 --> 02:33:56,300
them. 
If the Danes break through that 

3029
02:33:56,300 --> 02:34:00,000
church, will be their last 
refuge and perhaps a tomb, you 

3030
02:34:00,000 --> 02:34:02,100
force, the thought away, and 
refocus on the enemy. 

3031
02:34:02,900 --> 02:34:06,700
There was a sudden blast of a 
horn arrows suddenly whistle out

3032
02:34:06,708 --> 02:34:09,100
from the Viking line. 
Shields up. 

3033
02:34:09,100 --> 02:34:12,800
You shout, raising your wooden 
Shield overhead a black feather 

3034
02:34:12,800 --> 02:34:16,700
Arrow slams into it with a 
jarring thud a heartbeat later. 

3035
02:34:16,700 --> 02:34:20,600
A javelin Impalas, the comrade 
to your left, he slumps with a 

3036
02:34:20,600 --> 02:34:22,800
strangled groan. 
On your right. 

3037
02:34:22,800 --> 02:34:26,200
Another Saxon Shield is 
Shattered by a slung Stone. 

3038
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,900
Staggering him. 
As you brace yourself, the Danes

3039
02:34:29,900 --> 02:34:32,700
suddenly appear at the ditch 
their Roars, akin to those of 

3040
02:34:32,700 --> 02:34:35,400
beasts. 
Axes bite into the Palisade 

3041
02:34:35,400 --> 02:34:38,500
Timbers with furious Force, the 
whole wall Quivers. 

3042
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:41,500
Under the onslaught you jab, 
your spear downward through a 

3043
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:44,000
gap. 
The low, a wild bearded. 

3044
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:46,600
Raider is chopping madly at the 
logs before. 

3045
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:48,700
You can strike him, the Palisade
buckles. 

3046
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:51,600
They're through fall back. 
Someone screams behind you. 

3047
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:55,500
You were the main gate has been 
smashed open the Viking's 

3048
02:34:55,500 --> 02:34:57,900
inundate, the town with a 
torrent of Steel and rage 

3049
02:34:57,900 --> 02:35:00,300
Retreat to the church comes the 
order. 

3050
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:04,200
You fly down the ladder along 
with the few still living 

3051
02:35:04,200 --> 02:35:07,300
Defenders and Sprint toward the 
Stone Church at the center of 

3052
02:35:07,300 --> 02:35:09,800
town around. 
You all is better. 

3053
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:12,900
Panicked Villages clogged the 
Muddy Street fleeing for their 

3054
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:15,600
lives. 
A woman carrying a baby runs 

3055
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:18,800
right into a Danish aksman 
emerging from an ally, his blade

3056
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:21,200
flashes, and she drops in a 
spray of blood. 

3057
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:23,000
The infant wailing beside her 
corpse. 

3058
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:26,400
Flames crackle. 
One of the thatched roofs is a 

3059
02:35:26,400 --> 02:35:29,000
blaze pouring spoke into the 
morning sky. 

3060
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:32,900
Gasping you reach the church are
just as the last survivors 

3061
02:35:32,900 --> 02:35:37,300
shoved their way inside in, in 
you shout practically throwing a

3062
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:38,600
wounded old Bowman through the 
door. 

3063
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:41,400
The heavy oak doors, boom. 
Shut. 

3064
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,600
A second later dim. 
Dusty Candlelight illuminates. 

3065
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:47,700
The packed sanctuary. 
Terrified faces of women and 

3066
02:35:47,700 --> 02:35:50,200
children. 
A few bloodied men from the wall

3067
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:53,500
all huddled together. 
Stout doors, shutter and blows 

3068
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:56,200
from outside. 
You plant your feet among a half

3069
02:35:56,208 --> 02:35:58,700
dozen, others forming a ragged 
line at the entrance. 

3070
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:00,600
You grip your spear with both 
hands. 

3071
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:03,200
There is no. 
Where else to run with a 

3072
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:06,800
splintering crack the church 
doors, explode inward, a massive

3073
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:11,500
fur cloaked Dane, barges through
shield first, you and two others

3074
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:16,200
thrust, your Spears one pierces,
his thigh, the Viking Roars in 

3075
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:19,600
pain as he falls, but more push 
into the breach, dark shapes 

3076
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:23,000
flooding, the Sacred Space 
Northman lunges at you swinging 

3077
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:26,500
a sword, you parry with your 
Spears haft but the fourth 

3078
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:27,200
shears. 
It in two. 

3079
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:29,400
You raise his weapon for a 
killing blow? 

3080
02:36:29,400 --> 02:36:32,400
When was Rick your neighbor? 
Tackles him from the side. 

3081
02:36:32,400 --> 02:36:34,500
They crashed to the floor. 
Grappling. 

3082
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:38,100
You see the jacket broken end of
your Spear and stab it into 

3083
02:36:38,100 --> 02:36:40,100
another Vikings belly as he 
rushes passed. 

3084
02:36:40,100 --> 02:36:43,100
The Invader. 
Collapses shrieking all around 

3085
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:45,100
the church. 
Brutal Close, Quarters, combat 

3086
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:48,900
ranges, Pub benches, overturned 
screams and The Clash of Steel 

3087
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:51,300
Echo. 
Against stonewalls, a viking 

3088
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:54,300
acts in to old father Wilfred 
who was clutching a 

3089
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:54,900
processional? 
Cross. 

3090
02:36:54,908 --> 02:36:59,000
He drops without a sound near, 
the altar, two Dane's Corner, a 

3091
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:02,300
cluster of caring children. 
You see One races sword and a 

3092
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,300
small boy, crumples blooding 
across the flagstones. 

3093
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:09,300
The scene is hellish a wild 
slash catches you across the 

3094
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:12,100
side. 
White hot pan, Sears your ribs. 

3095
02:37:12,100 --> 02:37:16,100
You cry out and fall against the
altar, blood soaking, your torn 

3096
02:37:16,100 --> 02:37:17,900
tunic. 
The big Dane. 

3097
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:19,600
With the fur cloak looms over 
you. 

3098
02:37:19,600 --> 02:37:22,400
Now recovered from the earlier, 
spear wound and bent on Revenge.

3099
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:26,000
He lifts his two-handed sword. 
Eyes are light with Triumph. 

3100
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:30,200
You know, you are about to die. 
Summoning one, last surge of 

3101
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:34,200
strength, you lock eyes with him
and snarl, and godly Heathen has

3102
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:36,200
defiantly as your trembling 
voice allows. 

3103
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:40,200
The Dane hesitates momentarily 
surprised by your boldness, 

3104
02:37:40,200 --> 02:37:44,200
that's when a throne axles out 
of the Smoky air and buries 

3105
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:47,800
itself in his back, the Vikings 
eyes bulge, he topples forward 

3106
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:51,100
and crashes at your feet. 
Through swimming Vision, you 

3107
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,000
perceive Lord Alfred's red 
dragon Banner suddenly amidst 

3108
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:56,800
the melee. 
Saxon Warrior's pour into the 

3109
02:37:56,800 --> 02:37:59,800
church, through the shattered, 
doorway yelling war cries of 

3110
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:03,400
Wessex reinforcements by some 
miracle. 

3111
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:06,800
They arrived in time The 
remaining Vikings caught by 

3112
02:38:06,800 --> 02:38:09,600
surprise falter and then break 
under the fresh assault. 

3113
02:38:10,500 --> 02:38:13,600
Drive them out, a familiar voice
your cousin cuthbert's Bellows 

3114
02:38:13,600 --> 02:38:16,600
over the din within moments, the
northmen of fleeing back the way

3115
02:38:16,600 --> 02:38:19,300
they came cut down as they 
scrambled through the doors. 

3116
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:21,500
It's over. 
We have defeated them. 

3117
02:38:21,500 --> 02:38:24,900
You slump against the older 
Vision, blurred with tears of 

3118
02:38:24,900 --> 02:38:28,400
relief and pain, despite all the
odds, you have managed to 

3119
02:38:28,400 --> 02:38:32,400
survive this terrifying, Dawn 
alive, you slide down to sit on 

3120
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,800
the blood, slick floor all 
around a mingled, sobs of joy 

3121
02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:38,100
and mourning victory at Dreadful
cost. 

3122
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:41,900
Cuthbert rushes to your side and
presses a cloth to your bleeding

3123
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:43,400
wound. 
Hold on. 

3124
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:46,500
Cousin, he urges you manage a 
faint saamal. 

3125
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:51,700
Outside, the Viking war horn. 
Sounds a retreat Alfred's. 

3126
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:55,200
Men, shout in Triumph for top. 
The Battered walls, your town 

3127
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:59,400
still stands despite being 
battered burned and littered 

3128
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:03,400
with the dead, your town remains
unconquered, as Cuthbert helps 

3129
02:39:03,400 --> 02:39:05,700
you to your feet. 
You gaze over the Carnage inside

3130
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,100
the church and feel both grief 
and gratitude the Danes will 

3131
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:12,900
return you know they will and 
more blood will be shared but 

3132
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:15,900
not today today by the grace of 
God, you have witnessed The 

3133
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:18,500
Impossible the enormous Viking 
Army in Flight. 

3134
02:39:18,500 --> 02:39:23,100
You have survived a viking raid 
scarred exhausted half in shock.

3135
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:27,600
But alive, the final scenario in
the aftermath enslaved, takes 

3136
02:39:27,600 --> 02:39:31,400
place in the 9th century. 
Awakened Before Dawn to the tug 

3137
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:34,200
of the iron collar around your 
neck, you begin yet. 

3138
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:37,700
Another day in servitude, 
Slowly, you push yourself up 

3139
02:39:37,700 --> 02:39:41,100
from the straw on the firm clay 
floor of the barn every muscle 

3140
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:43,900
aches. 
Years of backbreaking toil under

3141
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:46,900
the Norsemen of left your body, 
noted with pain, you move 

3142
02:39:46,900 --> 02:39:48,800
carefully. 
So as not to Rattle, the short 

3143
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:51,900
chain attached to your collar, 
the household still sleeps. 

3144
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:53,800
And you dare not wake your 
masters. 

3145
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:57,300
Gray. 
Pre-dawn light seeps in through 

3146
02:39:57,300 --> 02:39:59,400
the wooden. 
Slats your thrall. 

3147
02:39:59,400 --> 02:40:02,800
A slave in this Viking farming 
Village, far from your Homeland 

3148
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:06,400
The cold iron ring riveted 
around your throat is the 

3149
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:09,700
permanent Mark of your bondage, 
reaching up, you touch the metal

3150
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:12,100
collar and remember the day it 
was forged in place by your 

3151
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:15,500
captors. 
Your hair is rapidly shorn, cut 

3152
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:17,500
short as another sign of your 
servitude. 

3153
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:22,000
Once you are a proud free person
with a family land and hope for 

3154
02:40:22,000 --> 02:40:25,200
the future. 
Now you are property outside. 

3155
02:40:25,200 --> 02:40:27,700
Rosters. 
Begin to Crow your heart jumps. 

3156
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:30,000
You must be at your chores 
before the north household 

3157
02:40:30,000 --> 02:40:34,300
awakens or risk a beating You 
Shuffle out of the barn on bare 

3158
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:36,100
feet. 
The morning air is damp and 

3159
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:39,500
chill as you hurry across the 
yard toward the well, two dark 

3160
02:40:39,500 --> 02:40:42,100
shape suddenly Sprint toward you
the guard dogs. 

3161
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:46,700
You freeze eyes down and extend 
your empty hands the dog sniff 

3162
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:50,300
and circle then Trot away. 
They recognize your scent by 

3163
02:40:50,300 --> 02:40:54,000
now, still your pulse races, 
you've seen those hounds tear 

3164
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:58,400
into runaways before buy First 
Lite, your hauling water from 

3165
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,100
the well to the long house. 
The routine of Labor gives you a

3166
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:04,800
fragile sense of order. 
You fill the trough for the 

3167
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:07,900
livestock, one bucket at a time.
Next you like arm Falls of 

3168
02:41:07,900 --> 02:41:11,400
firewood inside to rekindle the 
half your hands are a landscape 

3169
02:41:11,400 --> 02:41:15,400
of scars Burns. 
Calluses hard work is become 

3170
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:18,900
your own constant at times. 
You almost forget there was ever

3171
02:41:18,900 --> 02:41:22,300
a life before it almost while 
Gathering kindling. 

3172
02:41:22,300 --> 02:41:24,500
You catch sight of your 
reflection in a puddle outside, 

3173
02:41:24,500 --> 02:41:27,900
the kitchen shed a gaunt 
hollow-eyed face stares back. 

3174
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:32,000
Barely recognizable. 
As you unbidden memories flood 

3175
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:33,900
in. 
You see the day of your Villages

3176
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:38,000
fall flaming, roofs screaming, 
loved ones, and soared wielding 

3177
02:41:38,000 --> 02:41:40,800
figures storming through the 
chaos, your knees buckle. 

3178
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:42,800
You grip the shed wall to steady
yourself. 

3179
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:47,400
Last night was the same as every
night haunted by Nightmares of 

3180
02:41:47,400 --> 02:41:50,100
the raid you live. 
The moment you were spared. 

3181
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:53,100
If this existence can be called 
being spared, the moment of 

3182
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:56,000
Viking shoved, you into a chain 
incident of cutting, you down 

3183
02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:59,400
awake, you can push these 
thoughts aside while you labor, 

3184
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:01,800
but in sleep, you see your 
family's faces again. 

3185
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:05,400
You hear your little son's cry 
as the northmen dragon from your

3186
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:08,200
arms. 
You smell the blood and smoke a 

3187
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:09,900
sharp voice jolts you from your 
reverie. 

3188
02:42:10,600 --> 02:42:12,700
Get moving thrall. 
Snaps Astrid. 

3189
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:15,600
The farmer's wife, a major 
merging from the Longhouse with 

3190
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:18,400
a clay pitcher. 
You cringe and lower your gaze? 

3191
02:42:18,400 --> 02:42:22,100
Yes, mistress. 
You respond in Norse skirring to

3192
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:24,500
hold the door open for her. 
She shoves the picture into your

3193
02:42:24,508 --> 02:42:27,500
hands, fetch fresh water. 
And be quick when she growls, 

3194
02:42:27,500 --> 02:42:30,300
you bow your head and rush back 
to the well, clutching the 

3195
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:32,300
picture tightly to hide the 
Tremor in your fingers. 

3196
02:42:32,300 --> 02:42:36,100
Even after five years of 
slavery, that tone of contempt 

3197
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,300
still Burns as hot as ever 
tears, prick, your eyes as you 

3198
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:41,600
wind the well rope you. 
Blink them away. 

3199
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,400
Fiercely. 
Thralls life depends on his 

3200
02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:47,000
master's Goodwill. 
You've learned to show no hint 

3201
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:50,100
of anger or grief. 
But inside your soul Royals. 

3202
02:42:50,800 --> 02:42:53,500
Drawing up the heavy bucket. 
You mail, the silent prayer in 

3203
02:42:53,500 --> 02:42:56,900
your native tongue to God. 
Are you praying to the old gods?

3204
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:00,300
You'll no longer sure. 
You pray for strength to endure,

3205
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:02,700
this living death or the mercy 
of a quicker. 

3206
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:07,000
End the Sun, Crest The Horizon, 
Golden Light, spilling over the 

3207
02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:10,100
farm, you pause a moment 
squinting toward the Eastern 

3208
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:13,500
glow in your old life, Sunrise 
meant warmth, and promise. 

3209
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:17,300
Now, it just marks another day 
of chains, still feeling the 

3210
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:20,700
sun's Rays on your face, revive 
something in you, a distant 

3211
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:23,000
memory of freedom for a 
heartbeat. 

3212
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:25,800
You recall walking your Fields 
Dawn your little boy on your 

3213
02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:28,200
shoulders. 
The ache of lost nearly doubles 

3214
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:32,000
you over a bit of Truth. 
Sees your mind, the person you 

3215
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:35,300
were died on the day of the 
Viking raid, a distant laugh 

3216
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:38,700
from the long house Shakes You 
Back to Reality your Master's 

3217
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,200
are awake shoulders hunched, you
Hoist the pitcher and hurry to 

3218
02:43:42,200 --> 02:43:45,700
serve the As you Shuffle inside 
to pour Astrid's morning ale, 

3219
02:43:45,700 --> 02:43:48,600
she wrinkles her nose. 
He stink of sweat. 

3220
02:43:48,600 --> 02:43:51,800
She says, waving you off when 
you're done here, wash your 

3221
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,000
self. 
I won't have guests smelling a 

3222
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:57,300
filthy thrall. 
You not obediently and retreat. 

3223
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:00,200
Shame. 
Creeps overview but a spark of 

3224
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:02,100
something else. 
Indignation. 

3225
02:44:02,900 --> 02:44:06,300
Filthy, you spend hours each day
scrubbing, their floors and 

3226
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:08,800
laundering, their clothes. 
When would you even wash 

3227
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:11,600
yourself? 
But you swallow, the retort a 

3228
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:14,800
thrall with pride is a thrall 
with a Death Wish outside you 

3229
02:44:14,800 --> 02:44:16,600
dutifully Ladle water over your 
body. 

3230
02:44:16,600 --> 02:44:20,500
At the trough, the icy Splash 
makes you shiver you stare down 

3231
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:22,600
at the muddy ground and realize 
you feel nothing. 

3232
02:44:22,600 --> 02:44:25,900
None of the fire. 
That once filled your heart, the

3233
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:27,700
Vikings took everything from 
you. 

3234
02:44:27,700 --> 02:44:29,900
They even took the person you 
used to be. 

3235
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:34,400
In his place, stands this empty 
shell performing tasks on 

3236
02:44:34,400 --> 02:44:37,200
command, perhaps it would have 
been better to have died 

3237
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:40,800
fighting like so many others. 
Perhaps you are The Unlucky One 

3238
02:44:40,800 --> 02:44:43,700
for surviving. 
Hot tears well up and fall into 

3239
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:46,400
the dirt. 
You allow yourself a few ragged 

3240
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:49,200
breaths of Sorrow under the 
morning sun, which by now hangs,

3241
02:44:49,200 --> 02:44:53,000
bright in the sky, then you 
inhale, white, your eyes, and 

3242
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:54,500
gather the buckets for the next 
chore. 

3243
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:57,800
As you Hoist the yolk, onto your
shoulders, you catch a glimpse 

3244
02:44:57,800 --> 02:44:59,800
of the distant sea glittering be
on the cliffs. 

3245
02:45:00,700 --> 02:45:03,700
For one moment, a flicker of 
resolve cuts through your 

3246
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:07,100
despair one day. 
Think, one day, I'll be free 

3247
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:09,200
again. 
The thought is gone almost 

3248
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,800
before it Formed chased Away by 
years of brutal reality, but it 

3249
02:45:12,808 --> 02:45:17,100
lingers in your chest like an 
ember and Ash A harsh shout from

3250
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:19,000
The Smokehouse jolts, you back 
to duty. 

3251
02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:21,600
You lower your head and carry on
with your burdens. 

3252
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:25,600
In the yard, this is your world 
now, fear toil and memories that

3253
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:29,500
hurt more than any whip. 
In a way, your captors did not 

3254
02:45:29,508 --> 02:45:32,000
spare your life at all. 
They simply claimed it. 

3255
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:37,500
And so, you labor on a survivor 
in the Vikings wake living 

3256
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:39,900
day-to-day in a fate worse than 
death. 

3257
02:45:45,600 --> 02:45:48,100
Okay, check this out. 
You're stepping into the year 

3258
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:51,800
1066 and you've just witnessed 
the most successful hostile 

3259
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:53,800
Takeover. 
In English History, though, they

3260
02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:57,800
didn't call it that back then. 
William the Conqueror who 

3261
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:01,100
probably would have made an 
excellent corporate CEO has just

3262
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:04,700
defeated Harold at Hastings and 
suddenly everyone who matters is

3263
02:46:04,700 --> 02:46:07,400
speaking French. 
The Norman Court wasn't like the

3264
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,900
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 
Where Warriors might burst into 

3265
02:46:10,900 --> 02:46:13,700
song between courses and dogs 
wandered, freely among the 

3266
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:17,800
Russians know, William brought 
Continental sophistication to 

3267
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:21,200
England, which was rather like 
introducing fine wine to a group

3268
02:46:21,208 --> 02:46:23,300
of people who'd been perfectly 
happy with ale. 

3269
02:46:23,300 --> 02:46:27,100
You can imagine the culture 
shock, One day or an Anglo-Saxon

3270
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:30,500
Noble comfortable, in your 
familiar world of mead halls and

3271
02:46:30,508 --> 02:46:32,900
familiar customs. 
And the next day, there's a 

3272
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:35,700
French speaking King issuing 
orders in a language. 

3273
02:46:35,708 --> 02:46:37,500
That sounds like someone 
gargling honey. 

3274
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,200
The Normans didn't just conquer 
England, they redecorated it 

3275
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:45,800
entirely William's Court, moved 
constantly a medieval Roadshow 

3276
02:46:45,800 --> 02:46:48,000
that would have given Modern 
event planners nightmares. 

3277
02:46:48,000 --> 02:46:51,400
The Royal household packed up 
every few weeks and trudged from

3278
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:54,600
Castle to Castle carrying. 
Everything from the King's 

3279
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:56,300
favorite chair to the Royal 
toilet seat. 

3280
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:59,100
Yes, medieval kings had portable
toilet seats. 

3281
02:46:59,100 --> 02:47:02,500
Even conquerors need comfort. 
The domesday book, Williams 

3282
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:05,100
famous survey of England reads, 
like the world's most 

3283
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:08,500
comprehensive tax audit. 
Imagine teams of Norman, 

3284
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:11,400
Clarke's descending on English 
Villages like medieval 

3285
02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:15,300
accountants, counting every Pig,
chicken, and patch of turnips. 

3286
02:47:15,300 --> 02:47:18,300
The locals, must have watched 
these proceedings with the same 

3287
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:20,900
enthusiasm. 
Modern people show for tax 

3288
02:47:20,900 --> 02:47:22,900
season. 
What made the Norman Court 

3289
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:25,400
fascinating? 
Was that it was essentially a 

3290
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,100
startup that achieved success 
Beyond anyone's expectations. 

3291
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,700
William took a relatively small 
group of French Nobles and 

3292
02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:35,800
convinced them to cross the 
channel and reinvent an entire 

3293
02:47:35,800 --> 02:47:38,200
Kingdom. 
They brought new architecture, 

3294
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:41,900
new laws, new fashions. 
And most importantly, new ideas 

3295
02:47:41,900 --> 02:47:43,600
about how Royal courts should 
function. 

3296
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:46,500
The Norman's turn, the English 
Court into Europe's. 

3297
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:49,000
Most efficient government 
machine, they created a 

3298
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:51,300
bureaucracy. 
So organized that historians 

3299
02:47:51,300 --> 02:47:54,600
still Marvel at it today. 
Every penny was accounted for 

3300
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:58,600
every legal decision, recorded 
at every Royal progressed 

3301
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:02,600
planned with military precision.
The Saxons had been Jazz 

3302
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:05,900
musicians improvising freely and
following their instincts. 

3303
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:09,000
The Normans were a full 
orchestra playing from 

3304
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:12,500
carefully, written sheet music. 
What's remarkable is how quickly

3305
02:48:12,500 --> 02:48:16,100
the two cultures began to blend 
within a generation Norman, 

3306
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:18,800
Knights were marrying English 
heiresses and their children. 

3307
02:48:18,800 --> 02:48:21,400
Grew up by lingual. 
The court became a place where 

3308
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:25,000
French efficiency met English 
practicality creating something 

3309
02:48:25,000 --> 02:48:27,800
entirely new. 
You might say it was the 

3310
02:48:27,800 --> 02:48:29,700
Medieval equivalent of fusion 
Cuisine. 

3311
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,400
Except instead of mixing thigh 
and Mexican flavors, they were 

3312
02:48:33,400 --> 02:48:36,800
blending governmental systems. 
The castle became the symbol of 

3313
02:48:36,800 --> 02:48:39,300
this new order. 
These weren't just fortresses, 

3314
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:43,800
they were corporate headquarters
Law, Courts, tax, office's and 

3315
02:48:43,800 --> 02:48:46,400
luxury hotels. 
All rolled into massive Stone 

3316
02:48:46,400 --> 02:48:48,800
packages. 
You were entering the nerve 

3317
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:50,700
center of a kingdom. 
That was systematically 

3318
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:53,700
reorganizing from the ground up.
When you stepped into a Norman 

3319
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:56,100
Castle's. 
Great Hall fast, forward to the 

3320
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:59,100
plantagenets and you'll find 
yourself in what amounts to the 

3321
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:01,000
world's longest running family 
drama. 

3322
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:05,200
If the Normans were efficient to
administrators the plantagenets 

3323
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:08,000
were passionate performers, who 
happened to run a kingdom on the

3324
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:10,400
side. 
Henry the second, the first plan

3325
02:49:10,400 --> 02:49:13,900
at King inherited an Empire that
stretched from the Scottish 

3326
02:49:13,900 --> 02:49:17,400
borders to the Pyrenees. 
Managing this required him to be

3327
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:21,700
part politician, part, general 
part Diplomat and part traveling

3328
02:49:21,700 --> 02:49:24,600
salesman. 
He was constantly on the Move, 

3329
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:27,500
governing his vast territories, 
with the energy of someone who 

3330
02:49:27,500 --> 02:49:30,700
had far too much medieval 
coffee, if such a thing had 

3331
02:49:30,700 --> 02:49:33,700
existed, the plantagenet court 
was where politics became 

3332
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:35,600
personal in the most spectacular
ways. 

3333
02:49:35,600 --> 02:49:39,800
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor
of Aquitaine a woman who was 

3334
02:49:39,800 --> 02:49:41,600
essentially the power broker of 
her age. 

3335
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,900
Eleanor had already been queen 
of France before marrying Henry 

3336
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:47,400
bringing with her the 
sophisticated culture of 

3337
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:50,200
Southern France. 
She turned the English Court 

3338
02:49:50,200 --> 02:49:53,700
into a place where Troubadour 
sang Love Songs poets competed 

3339
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:55,900
for Royal favor and courtly 
romance. 

3340
02:49:55,900 --> 02:49:59,700
Flourished like exotic flowers, 
in a hot house but Eleanor and 

3341
02:49:59,700 --> 02:50:02,600
Henry's married was less romance
novel and more cycle. 

3342
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:06,700
Thriller They spent years, 
alternately partnering, an 

3343
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,700
ambitious political schemes and 
plotting each other's downfall. 

3344
02:50:09,700 --> 02:50:14,100
Their four Sons Henry, the young
king Richard, the lionheart 

3345
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:17,500
Jeffrey and John grew up 
watching their parents complex 

3346
02:50:17,500 --> 02:50:20,700
relationship and apparently 
decided that family Harmony was 

3347
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:23,000
overrated. 
The result was a royal family 

3348
02:50:23,000 --> 02:50:25,600
that treated succession planning
like a contact sport. 

3349
02:50:26,500 --> 02:50:28,900
The princes rebelled against 
their father formed. 

3350
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:31,900
A lion says with foreign Kings 
and generally behaved like 

3351
02:50:31,908 --> 02:50:35,400
teenagers with our armies. 
When Henry the young king died 

3352
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:39,000
in the 1183, he was technically 
still in Rebellion against his 

3353
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:41,300
father. 
Family, dinners must have been 

3354
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:44,700
extraordinarily awkward. 
Richard the first, the lionheart

3355
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,100
spent most of his Reign away 
from England crusading in the 

3356
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:49,700
Holy Land. 
He treated his kingdom, rather 

3357
02:50:49,700 --> 02:50:52,900
like a wealthy parent, might 
treat a trust fund a reliable 

3358
02:50:52,900 --> 02:50:54,500
source of income for more 
exciting. 

3359
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:58,500
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 
spoke little English and visited

3360
02:50:58,500 --> 02:51:00,800
England, perhaps twice during 
his ten-year Reign. 

3361
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:04,400
However, he continues to be one 
of England's, most renowned 

3362
02:51:04,400 --> 02:51:08,100
monarchs demonstrating that time
apart can truly deepen, one's 

3363
02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:11,400
affection, Then Came John. 
And if you've seen any movie 

3364
02:51:11,400 --> 02:51:13,400
about Robin Hood, you know, John
as the villain. 

3365
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:18,200
The real John was more complex 
than Hollywood suggests, less 

3366
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:21,200
cartoonishly evil more 
disastrously incompetent. 

3367
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:24,000
He succeeded in losing the 
majority of his French 

3368
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,800
territories facing 
excommunication from the pope 

3369
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,500
and inciting armed Rebellion 
among his own parents. 

3370
02:51:30,500 --> 02:51:33,900
In 1215, they literally cornered
him at Runnymede and made him. 

3371
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:37,000
Sign Magna carter which was 
medieval England's way of 

3372
02:51:37,008 --> 02:51:39,200
saying. 
We need to have a serious talk 

3373
02:51:39,200 --> 02:51:42,200
about your management style, the
plantation at court during 

3374
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:45,200
John's Reign likely felt like 
working for a startup in which 

3375
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:48,700
the CEO continually makes 
decisions that everyone knows 

3376
02:51:48,700 --> 02:51:50,600
will lead to failure. 
Yet. 

3377
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:52,400
No one can determine how to 
intervene. 

3378
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,300
The Barons ultimately took 
action establishing the first 

3379
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:58,600
formal limits on Royal power in 
English History. 

3380
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:02,700
John's son Henry III inherited 
this mess at age 9. 

3381
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:05,900
Growing up as a child. 
King meant that Henry's entire 

3382
02:52:05,900 --> 02:52:08,700
education in kingship. 
Came from watching Regents and 

3383
02:52:08,708 --> 02:52:11,500
advisors managed the kingdoms 
recovery from his father's 

3384
02:52:11,500 --> 02:52:14,600
disasters. 
Perhaps this explains why Henry 

3385
02:52:14,600 --> 02:52:18,300
developed such an obsession with
beautiful things, architecture 

3386
02:52:18,300 --> 02:52:20,700
art and luxury goods. 
That would make medieval 

3387
02:52:20,700 --> 02:52:24,100
Instagram followers, weep With 
Envy Henry, the third's court 

3388
02:52:24,100 --> 02:52:26,400
was where English Royal 
ceremonial really began to 

3389
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:29,900
flourish he reconstructed 
Westminster Abbey in the gothic 

3390
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:32,800
style, setting the stage for the
crowning of English monks for 

3391
02:52:32,808 --> 02:52:36,800
the ensuing 8th centuries, He 
collected art patronize 

3392
02:52:36,800 --> 02:52:39,800
Scholars, and turn the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

3393
02:52:39,800 --> 02:52:41,700
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

3394
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:45,000
The plantagenets established 
patterns that would echo through

3395
02:52:45,000 --> 02:52:48,100
English, Royal history, the 
tension between the king's 

3396
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,300
personal desires and his public 
duties. 

3397
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,600
The constant need to balance 
English interests against 

3398
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:56,800
Continental Ambitions and the 
recurring discovery, that even 

3399
02:52:56,800 --> 02:52:59,400
Kings must occasionally listen 
to their subjects, opinions 

3400
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:02,000
about governance. 
Edward the first arrived on the 

3401
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:04,500
throne, like someone finally 
reading the instruction manual 

3402
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:06,700
after generations of 
improvisation. 

3403
02:53:07,700 --> 02:53:09,800
Where his predecessors had 
stumbled through the 

3404
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:13,100
complexities of medieval 
kingship Edward approached the 

3405
02:53:13,108 --> 02:53:15,500
job with the systematic, 
thoroughness of a master 

3406
02:53:15,500 --> 02:53:18,500
Craftsman, you can picture 
Edward's Court as a place where 

3407
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:22,100
everything finally ran on time. 
This was a king who conquered 

3408
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:24,100
Wales. 
Not through dramatic, Cavalry 

3409
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:27,700
Charges, but through methodical 
strategic planning and Superior 

3410
02:53:27,700 --> 02:53:30,400
Logistics. 
He built a ring of castles that 

3411
02:53:30,400 --> 02:53:33,000
looked like they'd been designed
by someone, who'd studied every 

3412
02:53:33,000 --> 02:53:37,000
military engineering textbook 
ever written, which, in a sense,

3413
02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:40,400
Edward had the court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

3414
02:53:40,400 --> 02:53:41,800
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

3415
02:53:41,800 --> 02:53:46,000
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

3416
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:50,100
legislated He created new laws, 
reformed old ones and 

3417
02:53:50,100 --> 02:53:52,700
established legal procedures 
that lasted for centuries. 

3418
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:55,600
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

3419
02:53:55,600 --> 02:53:58,100
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance. 

3420
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:02,600
While other kings or lawmaking 
as a tedious, necessity, Edward 

3421
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:04,700
treated it as creative problem 
solving. 

3422
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:08,300
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony in to

3423
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:11,500
political theater, his conquest 
of Wales Coleman. 

3424
02:54:11,500 --> 02:54:14,500
In one of history's most 
effective publicity stunts, 

3425
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:18,200
presenting his infant son. 
Edward later, Edward the second 

3426
02:54:18,200 --> 02:54:20,800
to the Welsh as their prince of 
Wales. 

3427
02:54:21,700 --> 02:54:23,700
A native-born ruler who happened
to speak? 

3428
02:54:23,700 --> 02:54:27,200
No Welsh, but whose birth in 
carefull and castle made him. 

3429
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:29,400
Technically, Welsh enough to 
satisfy the political 

3430
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,000
requirements. 
The court during Edward's Reign 

3431
02:54:32,000 --> 02:54:34,800
felt like the headquarters of a 
successful consulting firm 

3432
02:54:34,800 --> 02:54:38,600
organized, purposeful, and 
slightly intimidating to 

3433
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:41,500
Outsiders. 
Foreign ambassadors, arrived 

3434
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:44,700
expecting medieval chaos and 
instead found Clarks who could 

3435
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:48,100
produce any document within 
minutes treasury officials who 

3436
02:54:48,100 --> 02:54:50,800
knew exactly how much money was 
available for any proposed 

3437
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:53,900
Venture and a king who actually 
read The Briefing papers, 

3438
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:56,700
Edwards relationship with 
Parliament illustrates his 

3439
02:54:56,700 --> 02:55:00,200
practical approach to politics. 
He didn't summon Parliament, 

3440
02:55:00,200 --> 02:55:02,900
because he believed in 
Democratic principles, such 

3441
02:55:02,900 --> 02:55:04,800
ideas were still centuries in 
the future. 

3442
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:08,400
He called Parliament because he 
needed money for his military 

3443
02:55:08,400 --> 02:55:11,700
campaigns and he discovered that
representatives were more likely

3444
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:15,400
to approve taxes if they felt 
consulted about how those taxes 

3445
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:18,600
would be spent. 
It was medieval crowdfunding 

3446
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:22,200
with a constitutional twist, the
courts daily routine, reflected 

3447
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:25,400
Edward systemic, nature morning,
councils dealt with 

3448
02:55:25,400 --> 02:55:28,300
administrative business. 
Afternoon sessions, handled 

3449
02:55:28,300 --> 02:55:31,400
legal, appeals, and evening's 
were reserved for diplomatic 

3450
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:35,000
reception, and cultural events. 
Even the Royal meals. 

3451
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:38,200
Followed precise protocols, not 
because Edward was particularly 

3452
02:55:38,200 --> 02:55:41,500
formal, but because he'd figured
out that consistent procedures. 

3453
02:55:41,500 --> 02:55:44,800
Prevented the sort of chaos that
had plagued earlier Reigns. 

3454
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,400
Edward's Queen Eleanor of 
Castile brought her own 

3455
02:55:48,400 --> 02:55:50,900
sophisticated household that 
merged seamlessly with the 

3456
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:53,900
English Court. 
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 

3457
02:55:53,900 --> 02:55:56,300
Royal wife. 
She was a political partner who 

3458
02:55:56,300 --> 02:55:59,400
managed extensive, Estates 
engaged in diplomatic 

3459
02:55:59,400 --> 02:56:02,700
negotiations and helped create 
the cultural atmosphere that 

3460
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:05,600
made Edwards Court. 
A magnet for European Talent. 

3461
02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:08,900
The famous Eleanor crosses. 
The elaborate monuments Edward 

3462
02:56:08,900 --> 02:56:12,000
directed at every place in his 
funeral procession rested on its

3463
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:14,900
way to Westminster. 
But just expressions of Royal 

3464
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:16,900
grief. 
They were architectural 

3465
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:19,100
advertisements for the 
plantagenet dynasties 

3466
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:22,400
sophistication and power. 
Each cross served as a visual 

3467
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,500
cue that those ruling. 
This Kingdom understood both in 

3468
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,800
motional depth, and artistic 
Excellence Edwards Court. 

3469
02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:31,200
Produced the administrative 
Innovation that allowed in 

3470
02:56:31,200 --> 02:56:34,400
England to function as a unified
Kingdom, rather Than a 

3471
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:37,700
collection of semi-independent 
regions, the Royal Chancery 

3472
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:40,000
developed standardized 
procedures for everything from 

3473
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:43,600
diplomatic correspondence. 
To land grants, the exchequer 

3474
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,000
refined accounting methods, that
tracked, Royale income with 

3475
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:48,300
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance. 

3476
02:56:48,300 --> 02:56:51,400
Bankers. 
When Edward died in 1307, he 

3477
02:56:51,400 --> 02:56:54,100
left his son a kingdom that 
functioned like a well-designed 

3478
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:57,600
machine unfortunately. 
As we'll discover, not every 

3479
02:56:57,600 --> 02:57:01,100
King was mechanically inclined. 
Edward the second inherited. 

3480
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:04,100
His father's efficient Kingdom 
and promptly, demonstrated. 

3481
02:57:04,100 --> 02:57:07,000
That governmental expertise 
isn't necessarily genetic. 

3482
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:11,300
If Edward the first Court had 
been a Precision, timepiece, his

3483
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:14,600
son's caught was more like an 
expensive watch that kept losing

3484
02:57:14,608 --> 02:57:16,800
time because the owner couldn't 
stop fiddling with the 

3485
02:57:16,808 --> 02:57:19,100
mechanism. 
The problem wasn't that Edward. 

3486
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:22,200
The second intelligence or 
education, he'd received the 

3487
02:57:22,208 --> 02:57:25,500
finest, medieval schooling of 
available and understood Royal 

3488
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:29,400
duties perfectly well in theory.
The problem was that Edward. 

3489
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:32,500
The second found the actual work
of King ship, monumentally 

3490
02:57:32,500 --> 02:57:35,200
boring. 
He preferred spending time with 

3491
02:57:35,200 --> 02:57:38,600
his close friends engaging in 
manual crafts and generally 

3492
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:41,500
behaving like someone who'd 
inherited a successful family 

3493
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,600
business but would rather be 
pursuing artistic interests. 

3494
02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:47,800
This created the medieval 
equivalent of an office where 

3495
02:57:47,800 --> 02:57:51,200
the CEO spends most of his time 
in the employee break room while

3496
02:57:51,200 --> 02:57:53,100
important decisions pile up on 
his desk. 

3497
02:57:54,000 --> 02:57:56,800
Edwards Court became a place 
where ambitious Nobles competed 

3498
02:57:56,800 --> 02:57:59,800
not for the king's attention 
regarding policy matters. 

3499
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:03,700
But for positions in his inner 
Social Circle, the situation 

3500
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:06,000
became complicated. 
When Edward developed an 

3501
02:58:06,000 --> 02:58:09,500
intensely close relationship 
with Piers gaveston, a young 

3502
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,200
nobleman who possessed, the 
medieval equivalent of magnetic 

3503
02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:16,200
charisma. 
Gaveston was witty stylish and 

3504
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:19,200
completely uninterested in the 
sort of respectful, deference 

3505
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,000
that other Nobles expected to 
receive from Royal favourites. 

3506
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:26,100
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 
within salting pet names and 

3507
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:28,600
generally behaved like someone 
who'd never read the handbook 

3508
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:31,500
on, medieval Court Politics, the
established nobility. 

3509
02:58:31,500 --> 02:58:34,300
Watch this relationship with the
mounting horror of senior 

3510
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:37,300
Executives discovering that the 
bosses college roommate has been

3511
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:38,700
appointed as their new 
supervisor. 

3512
02:58:39,700 --> 02:58:41,600
Galveston wasn't just 
inappropriate. 

3513
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,200
He was effective at making the 
traditional power Brokers, feel 

3514
02:58:45,200 --> 02:58:48,500
excluded, from important 
decisions, the court, split into

3515
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,800
factions, those who found the 
situation tolerable and those 

3516
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:55,900
who decidedly did not the result
was a series of political crises

3517
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:58,800
that read like medieval office 
politics taken to their logical 

3518
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,600
extreme. 
The Barons repeatedly forced 

3519
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:05,300
Edward to send gaveston into 
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 

3520
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:07,600
ways to bring him back and 
Galveston. 

3521
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:11,300
Repeatedly managed to offend 
everyone who mattered, the cycle

3522
02:59:11,300 --> 02:59:14,900
continued until 1312. 
When a group of girls decided to

3523
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:18,200
solve the problem permanently, 
by murdering gaveston Edwards 

3524
02:59:18,200 --> 02:59:20,800
reaction to his favorite death. 
Transformed him from an 

3525
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,800
ineffective, but harmless King 
in to a genuinely dangerous 

3526
02:59:23,800 --> 02:59:27,000
enemy. 
The gentle artistic Soul who 

3527
02:59:27,000 --> 02:59:30,500
preferred crafts to Conquest 
suddenly developed a talent for 

3528
02:59:30,500 --> 02:59:32,900
sustained Vengeance. 
That would have impressed his 

3529
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:35,300
Warrior. 
Father, the court became a place

3530
02:59:35,300 --> 02:59:38,800
where courteous calculated not 
just political Advantage, but 

3531
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:43,000
personal survival, the dispenser
family, Huey, The Elder and the 

3532
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:47,100
younger replaced gaveston as 
Edwards, closest advisors, but 

3533
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:50,800
they brought of charm and all of
his talent for making enemies. 

3534
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:55,500
The dispensers treated Royal 
favour as a license for systemic

3535
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:58,600
corruption, using their 
positions to acquire lands, 

3536
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:01,000
titles and wealth through 
methods that would have 

3537
03:00:01,000 --> 03:00:04,300
embarrassed medieval robber 
barons, meanwhile, Edwards, 

3538
03:00:04,300 --> 03:00:07,100
Queen, Isabella of France. 
Watched her husband's 

3539
03:00:07,100 --> 03:00:10,400
relationships with male 
favorites and gradual descent 

3540
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:13,500
into Political paranoia with the
patience of someone waiting for 

3541
03:00:13,500 --> 03:00:15,100
the right moment to file for 
divorce. 

3542
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:18,400
If such a thing had existed in 
medieval Royal marriage 

3543
03:00:18,400 --> 03:00:21,300
contracts, Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

3544
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:24,300
wife to political revolutionary,
deserves its own chapter, in any

3545
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:28,100
study of medieval character 
development, she began the reign

3546
03:00:28,100 --> 03:00:31,200
as a conventional, Royal 
consort, due totally producing 

3547
03:00:31,200 --> 03:00:32,500
heirs and managing her 
household. 

3548
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:38,000
By 1325, she had evolved into a 
master political strategist who 

3549
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:40,700
could give lessons in regime 
change to Modern intelligence 

3550
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,200
agencies her alliance with Roger
Mortimer. 

3551
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:46,700
One of England's, most powerful 
Barons created the medieval 

3552
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:48,100
equivalent of a shadow 
government. 

3553
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:51,200
Isabella and Mortimer 
established themselves in 

3554
03:00:51,200 --> 03:00:54,800
France, gathered military 
support and plan their invasion 

3555
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:56,500
of England with the thoroughness
that Edward. 

3556
03:00:56,500 --> 03:00:59,000
The second had never applied to 
actual governance. 

3557
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,500
When is Isabella's, forces 
landed in England, in 1326 

3558
03:01:02,500 --> 03:01:05,500
Edwards government collapsed 
with the speed of a house of 

3559
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:09,400
cards in a stiff breeze, the 
king who had spent 20 years 

3560
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:11,600
alienating. 
His most important supporters 

3561
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:15,000
discovered that loyalty cannot 
be stored like grain in a Royal 

3562
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:17,900
Warehouse. 
It spoils if neglected for too 

3563
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:22,600
long Edwards capture and forced 
abdication in 1327 ended one of 

3564
03:01:22,600 --> 03:01:25,400
the most psychologically complex
rains in English History. 

3565
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:27,900
His court had become a 
cautionary. 

3566
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:31,000
Tale about what happens when 
personal relationships override 

3567
03:01:31,000 --> 03:01:33,700
political judgment. 
And when kings forget that, 

3568
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:36,900
their private preferences cannot
be separated from their public 

3569
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:39,900
responsibilities Edward. 
The third inherited, a kingdom 

3570
03:01:39,908 --> 03:01:42,900
that desperately needed someone 
who actually wanted to be king. 

3571
03:01:43,800 --> 03:01:45,700
Fortunately, that's exactly what
they got. 

3572
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,400
Where his father had approached 
kingship, like a reluctant 

3573
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:52,800
employee showing up for a job. 
He'd never wanted Edward, the 

3574
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:55,800
third embraced royal power with 
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 

3575
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:58,100
been waiting his entire life for
the opportunity. 

3576
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:01,000
The court of Edward, the third 
felt like a medieval version of 

3577
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:03,400
Mission Control during an 
exciting Space Program. 

3578
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:07,000
Everything was focused on the 
great project of proving that 

3579
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:10,000
England could compete with 
France as a major European 

3580
03:02:10,000 --> 03:02:12,500
power. 
This required transforming 

3581
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:16,600
English, military capabilities 
diplomatic relationships and 

3582
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:19,700
cultural Prestige. 
Simultaneously Edward solution 

3583
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:22,000
was to turn Warfare into a 
combination of professional 

3584
03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:25,400
efficiency and chivalrous 
spectacle his court became the 

3585
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:27,100
headquarters for military 
innovations. 

3586
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,100
That would revolutionize 
European combat English 

3587
03:02:30,100 --> 03:02:33,300
longbowmen weren't just skilled 
archers, they were Precision 

3588
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:35,700
weapons specialist, whose 
training regiments would have 

3589
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:38,800
impressed modern Olympic 
coaches, the creation of the 

3590
03:02:38,800 --> 03:02:42,200
order of the Garter in 1348. 
Illustrate Edwards. 

3591
03:02:42,200 --> 03:02:45,700
Genius for combining practical 
politics with romantic imagery. 

3592
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:49,400
The Story Goes that Edward 
rescued, a lady's gutter that 

3593
03:02:49,400 --> 03:02:53,200
had fallen during a court dance,
declaring honey, sweaty, Molly 

3594
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:54,500
pass. 
Shame on him. 

3595
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:57,600
Who thinks evil of it? 
Whether this actually happened 

3596
03:02:57,600 --> 03:02:59,300
matters less than Edwards 
Insight. 

3597
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:02,400
That nightly honor needed 
institutional structure to 

3598
03:03:02,408 --> 03:03:05,400
remain politically useful. 
The Garter nights weren't just 

3599
03:03:05,408 --> 03:03:08,400
ceremonial appointments. 
They were Edwards Corps military

3600
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:11,700
and political leadership bound 
together by Oaths that merged 

3601
03:03:11,700 --> 03:03:13,700
personal loyalty with service to
the kingdom. 

3602
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:17,300
It was medieval team building 
with lasting constitutional 

3603
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:20,400
implications Edwards Court 
during the early phases of the 

3604
03:03:20,400 --> 03:03:23,100
100 Years War buzzed with the 
confidence of a successful 

3605
03:03:23,100 --> 03:03:24,800
startup. 
That's just secured major 

3606
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:29,600
funding the victory at crazy, in
1346 proved that English 

3607
03:03:29,600 --> 03:03:32,500
Tactical Innovations could 
defeat traditional French 

3608
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,500
military superiority The capture
of Cali. 

3609
03:03:35,500 --> 03:03:39,100
Gave Inland a permanent foothold
on the continent, the victory at

3610
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:42,200
quarter in 1356, where Edward 
son? 

3611
03:03:42,200 --> 03:03:44,500
The black prince captured. 
The French King himself 

3612
03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:48,000
Established the English Royal 
Family's reputation as Europe's 

3613
03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:51,600
Most formidable military Dynasty
but courts that revolve around 

3614
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:53,900
military success inevitable 
challenges. 

3615
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,700
When the victory stop coming. 
The black death, which reached 

3616
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,400
England in 1348, killed 
approximately 1/3 of the 

3617
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:04,300
population and disrupted. 
The economic systems. 

3618
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:06,400
That funded Edwards, Continental
ambitions. 

3619
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,000
Suddenly, the court found itself
managing not just military 

3620
03:04:10,000 --> 03:04:13,000
campaigns, but social 
Revolution, the plagues 

3621
03:04:13,000 --> 03:04:15,400
aftermath created labor. 
Shortages that gave surviving 

3622
03:04:15,400 --> 03:04:17,900
peasants, unprecedented 
bargaining power. 

3623
03:04:18,600 --> 03:04:21,500
Traditional social hierarchies 
began shifting in ways that made

3624
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:24,600
established Nobles nervous. 
The court had to navigate 

3625
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:27,700
between maintaining traditional 
Privileges and acknowledging New

3626
03:04:27,700 --> 03:04:31,200
Economic realities, Edward agent
to someone who learned that even

3627
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:33,900
successful Kings cannot control 
all the variables, that 

3628
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:37,400
determine their Reigns outcomes.
The energetic Warrior who 

3629
03:04:37,400 --> 03:04:40,600
launched England's bid for 
Continental Empire became a 

3630
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:42,500
somewhat Melancholy figure 
presiding over a kingdom. 

3631
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,500
That was simultaneously more 
powerful, and more troubled than

3632
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:47,700
it had. 
Been at his accession the court 

3633
03:04:47,700 --> 03:04:50,600
during Edwards, final Year's 
reflected this complexity. 

3634
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:54,500
Royal ceremony is maintained 
their magnificent diplomatic 

3635
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:57,100
negotiations. 
Continue to cross Europe and 

3636
03:04:57,100 --> 03:04:59,700
Military campaigns proceeded, 
according to established 

3637
03:04:59,700 --> 03:05:02,400
strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

3638
03:05:02,400 --> 03:05:05,500
routine, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions, underlying

3639
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:08,300
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

3640
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:10,700
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

3641
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:14,200
death in, 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

3642
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:18,000
plantation at system, Edward the
third had created a court 

3643
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:20,700
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

3644
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:23,500
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

3645
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:26,900
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

3646
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:29,100
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

3647
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:33,600
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

3648
03:05:33,600 --> 03:05:36,400
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

3649
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,000
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

3650
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,100
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

3651
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:46,200
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king 

3652
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:49,200
and instead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

3653
03:05:50,100 --> 03:05:52,500
If Edward the third's court 
would be focused outward. 

3654
03:05:52,500 --> 03:05:56,300
Toward Continental Conquest 
Richards, Court turned inward 

3655
03:05:56,300 --> 03:05:59,800
toward creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

3656
03:05:59,800 --> 03:06:03,100
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

3657
03:06:03,100 --> 03:06:06,400
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess you

3658
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,000
can imagine the confusion this 
caused among Nobles, who had 

3659
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:11,100
spent their entire careers 
preparing for careers, as 

3660
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:14,300
Knights and Military Commanders.
Suddenly they found themselves 

3661
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:17,000
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry 

3662
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,800
appreciating architectural 
Innovation, and navigating 

3663
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:24,000
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

3664
03:06:24,000 --> 03:06:27,600
than traditional relationships 
Richards, Court developed its 

3665
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:30,300
own aesthetic that Modern Art 
historian still study with 

3666
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:33,400
fascination The king, 
commissioned illuminated 

3667
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:35,200
manuscripts. 
That looked like medieval 

3668
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,900
graphic novels patronized 
architects who created buildings

3669
03:06:38,900 --> 03:06:41,700
that seemed to float. 
Despite being constructed from 

3670
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:45,000
heavy Stone and surrounded 
himself with intellectuals who 

3671
03:06:45,008 --> 03:06:48,700
treated political philosophy as 
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 

3672
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:51,100
dedication. 
The famous Wilton diptych 

3673
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,300
probably created for Richard's 
Court, captures the atmosphere 

3674
03:06:54,300 --> 03:06:58,400
perfectly Shows Richard being 
presented to the Virgin, Mary by

3675
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,500
his patron saints. 
But the paintings real subject 

3676
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:04,800
is the idea that Royal Authority
derives from Divine aesthetic 

3677
03:07:04,800 --> 03:07:06,600
judgment rather than military 
prowess. 

3678
03:07:07,400 --> 03:07:10,500
Richard looks less like a 
warrior more like a medieval art

3679
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:12,400
critic, whose discovered 
something, beautiful. 

3680
03:07:12,400 --> 03:07:16,800
This cultural revolution wasn't 
just decorative, understood that

3681
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:19,000
Royal Authority needed. 
New Foundations. 

3682
03:07:19,000 --> 03:07:21,400
Now that the Black Death had 
disrupted traditional social 

3683
03:07:21,400 --> 03:07:25,400
hierarchies if Kings could no 
longer rely on military force, 

3684
03:07:25,400 --> 03:07:28,300
and feudal, obligation to 
maintain power, they needed to 

3685
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:30,200
create new forms of prestige and
Authority. 

3686
03:07:31,300 --> 03:07:33,400
Richard's solution was to make 
the Royal Court. 

3687
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:36,700
So culturally magnificent, that 
association with it, became 

3688
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:39,900
irresistible to ambitious. 
Nobles, the result was a court 

3689
03:07:39,900 --> 03:07:42,700
where political negotiations 
felt like elaborate theatrical 

3690
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:46,500
performances, Richard developed 
ceremonies that turned routine 

3691
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:49,400
administrative tasks into 
rituals that demonstrated Royal 

3692
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:52,300
Authority through aesthetic 
Excellence, rather than raw 

3693
03:07:52,300 --> 03:07:54,600
power for an ambassadors 
arrived. 

3694
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:56,800
Expecting traditional medieval 
formality. 

3695
03:07:56,800 --> 03:07:59,400
And instead encountered 
governmental procedures that 

3696
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:02,900
seem designed by choreographers 
Richards personal style, 

3697
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:05,800
reflected, this approach he 
dressed with an attention to 

3698
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:07,100
detail. 
That would have impressed 

3699
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:09,900
Renaissance fashion designers 
spoke with the Precision of 

3700
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:13,300
someone who studied rhetoric as 
a fine art and carried himself 

3701
03:08:13,300 --> 03:08:16,400
with the conscience of a 
performer who understood that 

3702
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:19,600
every public appearance was a 
political statement, the king's 

3703
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:21,200
relationship with literature 
produced. 

3704
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:23,800
Some of the most important 
cultural developments in English

3705
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:26,600
History. 
Richard's, Court patronized 

3706
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:29,700
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 
Canterbury Tales captures the 

3707
03:08:29,700 --> 03:08:32,500
social complexity of late, 
medieval England with 

3708
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:35,400
psychological insight, that 
still amazes modern readers 

3709
03:08:35,400 --> 03:08:39,400
choruses position as a royal 
Customs, official allowed him to

3710
03:08:39,400 --> 03:08:43,200
observe English society from 
both aristocratic and Commercial

3711
03:08:43,200 --> 03:08:46,700
perspectives, giving his writing
a breath that purely academic 

3712
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:49,600
poets could not match. 
But Richards, aesthetic approach

3713
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:52,000
to King ship created, its own 
political challenges. 

3714
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:55,300
Nobles, who'd expected to 
advance their careers through 

3715
03:08:55,300 --> 03:08:58,000
military service. 
Found themselves competing in 

3716
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:02,100
cultural Arenas, where they felt
disadvantaged The court became a

3717
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:04,000
place where traditional 
Warriors, tried to master 

3718
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:07,900
skills, sophisticated 
conversation appreciation of 

3719
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:12,300
artistic subtlety, understanding
of literary references that seem

3720
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,100
to have little connection to the
Practical business of governing 

3721
03:09:15,100 --> 03:09:17,900
a kingdom. 
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 

3722
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:20,900
tested Richards, unconventional 
approach to Royal Authority. 

3723
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:24,300
When what Tyler, LED thousands 
of rebellious peasants to 

3724
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,400
London, demanding social, and 
economic reforms that would have

3725
03:09:27,408 --> 03:09:30,900
dismantled the feudal system. 
The 14 year old King Face, his 

3726
03:09:30,900 --> 03:09:35,000
first major, political crisis, 
His response, demonstrated both 

3727
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:38,000
the strengths and limitations of
his aesthetic approach to power,

3728
03:09:38,000 --> 03:09:41,300
which had met the rebels 
personally, using his Royal 

3729
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:44,400
presence and rhetorical skills 
to diffuse their immediate 

3730
03:09:44,400 --> 03:09:46,700
anger. 
For a moment, it seemed as if 

3731
03:09:46,708 --> 03:09:49,800
the young kings cultural 
sophistication might succeed, 

3732
03:09:49,800 --> 03:09:52,600
where traditional military 
responses would have failed. 

3733
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:56,300
But when Tyler was killed during
the negotiations, Richard's 

3734
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,400
promise of reforms was quickly 
forgotten and the Revolt was 

3735
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:02,600
suppressed with traditional 
violence, The Experience seems 

3736
03:10:02,600 --> 03:10:05,500
to have convinced Richard, that 
cultural Authority alone was not

3737
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:09,600
sufficient for Royal survival. 
His court during the 1399 

3738
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:16,500
political methods. 
Richard began demanding, new 

3739
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:19,100
forms of Royal reverence 
creating ceremonies that 

3740
03:10:19,108 --> 03:10:20,800
elevated. 
The king above traditional 

3741
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,100
feudal relationships, the famous
scene where Richard required 

3742
03:10:24,100 --> 03:10:27,200
Nobles, to approach his throne 
on their knees and address him. 

3743
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:30,900
Only when spoken to wasn't just 
Royal vanity, It was a 

3744
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:33,600
systematic attempt to 
reconstruct Royal Authority 

3745
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:36,600
along different lines that his 
predecessors had used. 

3746
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:40,000
Richard understood that if 
cultural Prestige was going to 

3747
03:10:40,008 --> 03:10:42,900
replace military dominance as 
the foundation of royal power, 

3748
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:46,900
then Royal dignity needed. 
Unprecedented protection by the 

3749
03:10:46,900 --> 03:10:49,600
late 1390. 
Richards Court had become a 

3750
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:52,300
place where aesthetic Excellence
co-existed with political 

3751
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:55,000
paranoia. 
The king who'd created 

3752
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:56,600
England's. 
Most culturally sophisticated 

3753
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:00,100
Royal household was 
simultaneously alienating the 

3754
03:11:00,100 --> 03:11:03,000
noble families who support he 
needed for political survival. 

3755
03:11:03,800 --> 03:11:06,500
The beautiful ceremonies and 
magnificent art were real 

3756
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:09,500
achievements but they couldn't 
substitute for the Practical 

3757
03:11:09,500 --> 03:11:12,700
political skills that successful
medieval King ship required. 

3758
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:15,500
When Henry, bowling broke 
deposed Richard of the second in

3759
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:18,200
1399. 
He faced a challenge that no 

3760
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:20,000
previous English. 
King had confronted. 

3761
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:23,900
How do you establish legitimacy 
when you've just proven that 

3762
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:26,700
Royal Authority isn't actually 
sacred Henry. 

3763
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,400
The 4th Court had to function 
simultaneously as a functioning 

3764
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:32,800
government and as a constant 
argument for why the lancastrian

3765
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:36,100
dynasty deserve to rule England,
the solution was to create a 

3766
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:39,200
court culture that emphasized 
practical competence over 

3767
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,600
aesthetic, magnificence. 
Where Richards Court had felt 

3768
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:44,600
like an art gallery. 
That occasionally conducted 

3769
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:47,900
government business Henry's 
Court, operated more like a 

3770
03:11:47,908 --> 03:11:51,000
well-run law firm that happened 
to be housed in Royal palaces 

3771
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:53,900
Henry, the fourth understood 
that his questionable claim to 

3772
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:55,600
the throne meant. 
He needed to govern more 

3773
03:11:55,600 --> 03:11:58,300
effectively than Kings with 
uncontested legitimacy. 

3774
03:11:59,400 --> 03:12:01,800
His Court established 
administrative procedures aimed 

3775
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:05,600
at showcasing Royal competence 
by ensuring visible efficiency. 

3776
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,300
Foreign ambassadors and domestic
Nobles alike could see that this

3777
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:13,600
government actually worked. 
Bills were paid on time. 

3778
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:17,500
Legal decisions were rendered 
promptly and Military campaigns 

3779
03:12:17,500 --> 03:12:19,300
were organized with professional
thoroughness. 

3780
03:12:19,300 --> 03:12:22,200
The lancastrian, courts 
relationship with Parliament 

3781
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:24,000
illustrates this practical 
approach. 

3782
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:27,500
Henry didn't call Parliament 
because he enjoyed legislative 

3783
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:30,700
debate but because he needed 
regular communication with the 

3784
03:12:30,700 --> 03:12:33,200
social groups who support 
maintained his Dynasty's 

3785
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:35,800
position. 
Parliamentary sessions during 

3786
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,300
Henry's Reign felt less like 
Royal ceremonies and more like 

3787
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:41,900
business meetings where 
practical people discussed, 

3788
03:12:41,900 --> 03:12:45,300
practical problems, this created
a court atmosphere, that was 

3789
03:12:45,300 --> 03:12:48,300
less visually spectacular than 
Richards, but more politically 

3790
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:51,200
sustainable. 
Henry's courtiers Advance their 

3791
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:54,000
careers through administrative 
competence military, 

3792
03:12:54,000 --> 03:12:56,900
Effectiveness and practical 
problem-solving rather than 

3793
03:12:56,900 --> 03:12:59,500
cultural sophistication or 
aesthetic sensitivity. 

3794
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:04,200
The change wasn't necessarily an
improvement England, lost some 

3795
03:13:04,200 --> 03:13:06,700
of the cultural achievements 
that Richard's patronage had 

3796
03:13:06,700 --> 03:13:08,700
fostered. 
It was more suited to the 

3797
03:13:08,700 --> 03:13:12,000
political realities of usurped 
King ship Henry, the 5th 

3798
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:14,600
inherited. 
This practical Court culture and

3799
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:17,700
applied it to the grandest 
possible project proofing. 

3800
03:13:17,700 --> 03:13:20,900
That the lancastrian dinasty 
could achieve military successes

3801
03:13:20,900 --> 03:13:23,700
that would justify its 
questionable Origins. 

3802
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:27,100
His court became the planing 
headquarters for the most 

3803
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:29,300
successful military campaign in 
English History. 

3804
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:32,900
The preparation for Henry's 
French campaigns reveals how the

3805
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:35,700
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 
into something resembling a 

3806
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:38,800
modern general staff. 
Every aspect of the Aging Court.

3807
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:42,800
Campaign Logistics intelligence 
gathering diplomatic 

3808
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:46,000
preparation. 
Financial planning was organized

3809
03:13:46,000 --> 03:13:47,800
with systematic attention to 
detail. 

3810
03:13:47,800 --> 03:13:50,200
That previous generations of 
English kings, and rarely 

3811
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:53,100
achieved Henry's Court. 
During the French campaigns. 

3812
03:13:53,100 --> 03:13:55,600
Must have felt like Mission 
Control during a successful 

3813
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:58,400
space program. 
Maps, covered the walls. 

3814
03:13:58,400 --> 03:14:02,100
Dispatches arrive daily from 
Agents throughout France and 

3815
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:03,900
treasury officials. 
Calculated. 

3816
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:06,600
The cost of maintaining English 
armies on foreign soil with 

3817
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:09,300
accounting Precision but would 
have impressed Renaissance 

3818
03:14:09,300 --> 03:14:11,800
Bankers. 
The victory at Agincourt in 

3819
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:15,300
1415, provided exactly the 
legitimacy, boost that Lancaster

3820
03:14:15,300 --> 03:14:17,900
and kingship needed. 
Henry had proven that. 

3821
03:14:17,900 --> 03:14:21,300
His dynasty could achieve 
military successes that rivaled 

3822
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:23,300
the greatest accomplishments of 
the plantagenets. 

3823
03:14:24,300 --> 03:14:26,800
The Court's practical approach 
to governance had produced 

3824
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:28,900
practical results. 
That no one could question. 

3825
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:31,900
But Henry's early death in 1422 
left. 

3826
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:35,100
His infant son, Henry, the sixth
to inherit both the French 

3827
03:14:35,100 --> 03:14:38,400
conquests and the systematic 
Court culture that had achieved 

3828
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:40,800
them. 
This created a fascinating 

3829
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:43,000
problem. 
What happens when a court 

3830
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:45,500
designed around practical 
competence is headed by someone 

3831
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:48,400
whose more interested in 
scholarly, Pursuits and 

3832
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,700
administrative efficiency Henry,
the sixth Court represents. 

3833
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:54,100
One of the most intriguing 
experiments in English, Royal 

3834
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:59,000
history, The King was genuinely 
Pious, intellectually gifted and

3835
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:02,000
temperamentally unsuited for the
aggressive political leadership 

3836
03:15:02,000 --> 03:15:05,600
that his father's Legacy 
required, his courtiers found 

3837
03:15:05,600 --> 03:15:08,400
themselves managing a kingdom on
behalf of someone who is more 

3838
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:11,200
interested in founding 
educational institutions that 

3839
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:14,600
maintaining military conquests. 
The result was a court where 

3840
03:15:14,600 --> 03:15:17,000
practical administrators 
gradually took over the 

3841
03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:19,700
functions that previous Kings 
had performed personality. 

3842
03:15:20,700 --> 03:15:23,300
This might have worked, if 
Henry's Nobles had been content 

3843
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,500
with administrative kingship, 
but many of them had their own 

3844
03:15:26,500 --> 03:15:28,700
ideas about how Royal Authority 
should function. 

3845
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:32,100
Henry, the 6th Court was too 
well, organized for its own 

3846
03:15:32,100 --> 03:15:35,400
good, which contributed to the 
start of the wars of the Roses. 

3847
03:15:36,400 --> 03:15:39,100
the efficient administrative 
systems that Henry the fourth 

3848
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:43,100
and Henry, the 5th had created 
to function even when the king 

3849
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:46,700
himself provided minimal 
leadership, This allowed 

3850
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,600
ambitious Nobles to use Royal 
administrative machinery for 

3851
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:52,500
their purposes turning the 
crowns own governmental 

3852
03:15:52,500 --> 03:15:55,300
Effectiveness against 
lancastrian Authority by the 

3853
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:58,700
1450s, the Lancaster Inn Court 
had become a place where formal 

3854
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,000
governmental procedures 
continued while actual political

3855
03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:05,500
power shifted toward Noble 
factions that were preparing for

3856
03:16:05,500 --> 03:16:08,400
Civil War. 
The courtiers who created 

3857
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:10,800
England's most efficient 
medieval government found 

3858
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,200
themselves managing the 
systematic destruction of the 

3859
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:15,900
dynasty they'd serve. 
So effectively head with the 

3860
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:19,000
fourth Court. 
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 

3861
03:16:19,000 --> 03:16:21,700
challenge of governing a kingdom
where everyone had just learned 

3862
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:24,400
that King's could be 
overthrowing by subjects with 

3863
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:27,100
sufficient military support and 
political determination. 

3864
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:30,200
The Orca solution was to create 
a royal. 

3865
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:34,200
The court was so magnificently 
impressive that people would 

3866
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:36,600
forget how recently, the dynasty
had come to power. 

3867
03:16:36,600 --> 03:16:39,500
Edward understood that 
successful usurpers, need to 

3868
03:16:39,500 --> 03:16:42,100
establish legitimacy, through 
demonstration, rather than 

3869
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:44,900
argument. 
His court became a showcase 

3870
03:16:44,900 --> 03:16:46,900
designed to prove. 
That York is kingship 

3871
03:16:46,900 --> 03:16:50,000
represented, not just political 
change, but cultural advancement

3872
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,800
every ceremony, every 
architectural project and every 

3873
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:57,400
diplomatic reception was planned
to demonstrate that this dynasty

3874
03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:00,200
governed with the sophistication
that justified. 

3875
03:17:00,200 --> 03:17:03,600
Its hold on power the orcas 
courts daily routine reflected 

3876
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:07,000
this strategy morning, 
administrative session's handled

3877
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:09,800
governmental business with the 
efficiency that maintained 

3878
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:11,900
continuity from Lancaster and 
practices. 

3879
03:17:11,900 --> 03:17:15,400
But after new in evening events,
showcased Royal magnificence 

3880
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:17,800
that surpassed anything in 
England had seen. 

3881
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:20,900
Since Richard the Second 
aesthetic experiments Edwards, 

3882
03:17:20,900 --> 03:17:24,100
personal style contributed 
significantly to his atmosphere.

3883
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:28,100
The King was exceptionally tall,
strikingly handsome and 

3884
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:30,800
possessed the sort of natural 
Charisma that made people want 

3885
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:34,900
to be associated with his court.
Foreign visitors, consistently 

3886
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,700
reported that Edward looked like
what they expected a king to 

3887
03:17:37,700 --> 03:17:41,500
look like which provided exactly
the sort of visual legitimacy 

3888
03:17:41,500 --> 03:17:44,600
that usurped dynasties 
particularly needed, but the 

3889
03:17:44,608 --> 03:17:46,600
yorkist courts. 
Real in Innovation was its 

3890
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:50,600
approached economic policy. 
Edward, the Fourth was the first

3891
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:54,000
English king to understand that 
Royal Authority in the late 15th

3892
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:56,600
century needed to be financially
self-sustaining. 

3893
03:17:57,800 --> 03:18:00,200
His court developed trading 
relationships, investment, 

3894
03:18:00,200 --> 03:18:03,400
strategies and revenue, 
generating systems that made the

3895
03:18:03,400 --> 03:18:06,600
crown less dependent on 
parliamentary grants than any 

3896
03:18:06,600 --> 03:18:09,600
previous medieval Dynasty. 
This economic independence 

3897
03:18:09,600 --> 03:18:12,700
allowed Edward to create a court
culture that combined political 

3898
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:17,100
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

3899
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:19,400
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

3900
03:18:19,400 --> 03:18:22,900
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

3901
03:18:22,900 --> 03:18:25,400
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

3902
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:28,800
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

3903
03:18:28,800 --> 03:18:32,100
aesthetic achievement reinforced
each other, rather than 

3904
03:18:32,100 --> 03:18:34,400
competing for Royal attention 
Edwards. 

3905
03:18:34,400 --> 03:18:37,900
Marriage, to Elizabeth Woodville
in 1464 illustrates both the 

3906
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:41,300
strengths and the complications 
of this approach Elizabeth 

3907
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:44,300
wasn't a foreign princess, whose
marriage would cement diplomatic

3908
03:18:44,300 --> 03:18:46,900
alliances. 
She was an English Widow whose 

3909
03:18:46,900 --> 03:18:49,400
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

3910
03:18:49,400 --> 03:18:52,000
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

3911
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:55,200
practical, but socially 
controversial, creating Court 

3912
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:58,000
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

3913
03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:01,500
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

3914
03:19:01,500 --> 03:19:04,600
created the medieval equivalent 
of nepotism concerns. 

3915
03:19:04,600 --> 03:19:07,100
But there are actual 
administrative competence was 

3916
03:19:07,100 --> 03:19:10,600
generally impressive. 
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 

3917
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:13,300
new energy and fresh 
perspectives, to court positions

3918
03:19:13,300 --> 03:19:16,100
that had sometimes, become 
routine under previous dynasties

3919
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:18,500
Edwards. 
Court during the 1470s 

3920
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:22,200
represented, the high point of 
yorkist achievement the king had

3921
03:19:22,200 --> 03:19:25,400
successfully combined military, 
Effectiveness administrative 

3922
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:28,400
competence and cultural 
sophistication in ways that seem

3923
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:31,700
to justify the walls of the 
Roses is necessary modernization

3924
03:19:31,700 --> 03:19:33,600
rather than destructive civil 
conflict. 

3925
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:43,700
The brief restoration of Henry, 
the 6th and 147th Underwood's 

3926
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:46,300
leadership. 
Henry's restored, Court felt 

3927
03:19:46,300 --> 03:19:49,400
archaic and ineffective compared
to the yorkist innovation's. 

3928
03:19:49,400 --> 03:19:53,200
The courtiers had recently 
experienced when Edward 

3929
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:56,500
returned, from exile to reclaim 
his throne, He found that many 

3930
03:19:56,500 --> 03:19:59,600
previously neutral Nobles and 
decided that Yorkies King ship 

3931
03:19:59,600 --> 03:20:02,400
was simply more impressive than 
Lancaster and Alternatives 

3932
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:07,300
Edwards sudden death in 1483 at 
age, 40 ended this experiment in

3933
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:09,700
systemic Royal magnificence 
before. 

3934
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:13,500
Its long-term Effectiveness 
could be fully evaluated His 

3935
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:15,600
brother. 
Richard the third inherited a 

3936
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:18,200
kingdom, where Court culture 
becomes Central to political 

3937
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,900
legitimacy. 
But where the specific elements 

3938
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:23,600
of that culture were closely 
associated with Edwards, 

3939
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:26,900
personal Charisma, and 
leadership, style Richard, the 

3940
03:20:26,900 --> 03:20:29,500
third's court represents. 
One of his most fascinating 

3941
03:20:29,500 --> 03:20:32,600
studies in the relationship 
between political Effectiveness 

3942
03:20:32,600 --> 03:20:35,800
and public perception. 
By most objective measures, 

3943
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:38,800
Richard was a competent 
administrator who governed 

3944
03:20:38,800 --> 03:20:41,000
England efficiently during his 
brief reign. 

3945
03:20:41,700 --> 03:20:44,100
His court maintained the 
organizational systems that 

3946
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:47,800
Edward had established. 
The cultural patronage that had 

3947
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:51,400
made Yorkies kingship impressive
and handled domestic and foreign

3948
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:54,700
policy with reasonable skill but
Richard's Court could never 

3949
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:57,900
escape the circumstances of his 
accession to power, The 

3950
03:20:57,900 --> 03:21:01,300
Disappearance of his nephews. 
Edward, the fifth and Richard 

3951
03:21:01,300 --> 03:21:05,400
Duke of York created suspicions 
that no amount of governmental 

3952
03:21:05,400 --> 03:21:09,200
competence could overcome 
Richard found himself managing a

3953
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:12,200
court where formal procedures 
continued, normally while 

3954
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,600
underlying political support 
steadily eroded, the irony of 

3955
03:21:15,608 --> 03:21:18,200
Richards Reign was that, he'd 
inherited the most sophisticated

3956
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:22,000
Royal Court in English History. 
At precisely the moment when 

3957
03:21:22,000 --> 03:21:25,600
courts are sophistication cease 
to matter, The yorkist 

3958
03:21:25,600 --> 03:21:29,000
Innovations in governmental 
efficiency cultural patronage 

3959
03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:32,500
and economic independence. 
Would genuine achievements but 

3960
03:21:32,500 --> 03:21:35,200
they couldn't compensate for 
fundamental questions about 

3961
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:39,000
dynastic legitimacy when Henry 
Tudor landed at Milford Haven in

3962
03:21:39,000 --> 03:21:42,100
1485. 
He represented not just another 

3963
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,900
dynastic claimant, but a return 
to the principle that Royal 

3964
03:21:45,900 --> 03:21:49,200
courts should be judged 
primarily on their political 

3965
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:52,200
Effectiveness rather than their 
cultural achievements. 

3966
03:21:53,500 --> 03:21:56,400
The Battle of Bosworth field 
ended the orcust experiment and 

3967
03:21:56,400 --> 03:21:59,600
began a new phase in English. 
Royal Court development Henry, 

3968
03:21:59,600 --> 03:22:03,100
the 7th Court after 1485 
functioned like a startup 

3969
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:05,700
company, whose founder 
understood that survival 

3970
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:09,300
required completely different 
strategies than those needed for

3971
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,200
initial success. 
Having won the crown through 

3972
03:22:12,200 --> 03:22:14,800
military Victory. 
Henry faced the challenge of 

3973
03:22:14,800 --> 03:22:17,200
establishing a dynasty that 
could maintain power through 

3974
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:19,200
means other than continued 
Warfare. 

3975
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:22,200
The early Tudor Court was 
deliberately modest compared to 

3976
03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:25,200
your kissed magnificence. 
Henry, understood that 

3977
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:28,600
impressive ceremonies and 
cultural patronage were luxuries

3978
03:22:28,600 --> 03:22:32,100
that usurped dynasties could 
afford only after establishing 

3979
03:22:32,100 --> 03:22:35,800
unquestioned legitimacy. 
His court focused on 

3980
03:22:35,800 --> 03:22:39,900
administrative competence 
financial responsibility and the

3981
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:42,300
systematic elimination of 
potential Rivals. 

3982
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,400
You can pick your Henry's Court 
as a place, where a countenance 

3983
03:22:45,400 --> 03:22:49,100
held higher status than poets, 
where treasury records received 

3984
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:51,900
more attention than 
architectural projects and where

3985
03:22:51,900 --> 03:22:55,300
every expenditure was evaluated 
for its contribution to dynastic

3986
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:59,000
security. 
This wasn't because Henry lacked

3987
03:22:59,000 --> 03:23:01,500
appreciation for cultural 
ceremony, but because he 

3988
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:05,000
understood the priorities that 
newly established dynasties must

3989
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,700
observe the courts daily routine
reflected. 

3990
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,700
These priorities morning 
sessions, dealt with financial 

3991
03:23:10,700 --> 03:23:12,000
planning. 
That would have impressed, 

3992
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:15,500
modern budget analysts. 
Afternoon meetings, handled 

3993
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:18,400
diplomatic correspondence. 
That gradually established 

3994
03:23:18,400 --> 03:23:21,400
England's credibility, with 
European powers who are still 

3995
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:23,300
uncertain about Tudor 
legitimacy. 

3996
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:27,100
Evening events were modest 
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal

3997
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:29,200
dignity without the 
extravagance. 

3998
03:23:29,200 --> 03:23:32,500
That might suggest governmental 
irresponsibility, Henry's 

3999
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:35,100
marriage to Elizabeth of York 
was, perhaps the most successful

4000
03:23:35,100 --> 03:23:36,800
political Alliance in English 
History. 

4001
03:23:37,700 --> 03:23:41,000
By uniting the yorkist and 
lancastrian claims Henry, 

4002
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,000
created a dynasty, whose 
legitimacy was based on National

4003
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:46,900
reconciliation rather than 
factional victory. 

4004
03:23:47,700 --> 03:23:50,200
The court became a place where 
former enemies worked together 

4005
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,800
on shared governmental projects 
demonstrating that the wars of 

4006
03:23:53,800 --> 03:23:57,100
the Roses are truly ended. 
The Tudor courts approached, a 

4007
03:23:57,100 --> 03:23:58,800
noble management was 
particularly innovative. 

4008
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:02,700
Rather than trying to eliminate 
powerful aristocratic families 

4009
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:06,300
Henry created systems, that 
channeled Noble ambition towards

4010
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:09,600
service to the crowd. 
Court positions became 

4011
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:11,900
opportunities for career 
advancement, that required, 

4012
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,700
demonstrated, loyalty and 
competence rather than 

4013
03:24:14,700 --> 03:24:18,300
hereditary privilege alone. 
This created a court atmosphere 

4014
03:24:18,300 --> 03:24:21,000
that combined traditional 
medieval higher Archie with 

4015
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:23,400
meritocratic elements that 
anticipated later. 

4016
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:26,900
Governmental developments. 
Noble birth remained important, 

4017
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:30,500
but actual responsibility was 
distributed based on proven 

4018
03:24:30,500 --> 03:24:32,800
ability to advance Tudor 
dynastic. 

4019
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,800
Interests Henry, the seventh 
success in establishing 

4020
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,100
Financial Independence for the 
crown had profound implications 

4021
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:42,600
for court culture. 
Unlike previous dynasties, that 

4022
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:45,400
needed to maintain parliamentary
support for regular Tax. 

4023
03:24:45,400 --> 03:24:48,900
Grants, the Tudor Court could 
plan long-term projects, without

4024
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:52,000
constant, negotiation, with 
potentially hostile legislative 

4025
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:54,600
assemblies. 
This financial autonomy allowed 

4026
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:57,500
Henry the 8th to inherit a court
that could support, dramatic, 

4027
03:24:57,500 --> 03:24:59,200
cultural and political 
Innovations. 

4028
03:25:00,100 --> 03:25:03,000
Where his father had necessarily
focused on consolidation and 

4029
03:25:03,000 --> 03:25:05,500
survival Henry. 
The 8th could pursue Grand 

4030
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:08,100
Ambitions that were transforming
English, Royal Authority and 

4031
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,500
fundamental ways Henry. 
The 8th Court represents the 

4032
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:14,000
moment when medieval King ship 
evolved into something 

4033
03:25:14,000 --> 03:25:17,800
recognizably modern The young 
king inherited, his father's 

4034
03:25:17,800 --> 03:25:21,100
financial resources and 
administrative competence but 

4035
03:25:21,100 --> 03:25:23,500
applied them to projects that 
would have seemed impossible to 

4036
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:26,900
previous generations of English.
Monarchs Henry, the 8th achieved

4037
03:25:26,900 --> 03:25:30,500
a dramatic change in Royal Court
culture as Illustrated in the 

4038
03:25:30,500 --> 03:25:32,600
field of the cloth of gold in 
1520. 

4039
03:25:33,700 --> 03:25:36,100
This meeting with Francis. 
The first of France was 

4040
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:39,100
essentially a three week. 
Festival that demonstrated 

4041
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:42,300
English wealth, cultural 
sophistication, and 

4042
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:45,000
technological capability. 
On a scale that amazed 

4043
03:25:45,000 --> 03:25:48,500
contemporary Observers. 
The temporary buildings, 

4044
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:51,400
constructed for the event, 
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 

4045
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:54,200
in their magnificence. 
But Henry's Court culture wasn't

4046
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:57,700
just about impressive displays, 
the king assembled intellectual 

4047
03:25:57,700 --> 03:26:00,300
and artistic talent that 
transformed England's cultural 

4048
03:26:00,300 --> 03:26:05,000
landscape, Thomas More hands, 
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 

4049
03:26:05,000 --> 03:26:08,200
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 
to creating a court that 

4050
03:26:08,208 --> 03:26:11,600
combined Renaissance Learning, 
artistic Innovation and 

4051
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:14,400
administrative efficiency and 
unprecedented ways. 

4052
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,700
The king's break with Rome in 
the 1530s transformed, the 

4053
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:19,400
English Court into something 
unprecedented. 

4054
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:23,000
A royal household that functions
simultaneously as a government 

4055
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:26,500
Headquarters, A Center of 
religious reform, and a cultural

4056
03:26:26,500 --> 03:26:29,600
laboratory experimenting with 
new forms of Royal Authority, 

4057
03:26:29,600 --> 03:26:32,900
Henry's Court during the 
Reformation years buzzed with 

4058
03:26:32,900 --> 03:26:35,400
the energy of people who 
understood, they were 

4059
03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:38,200
participating in his historical 
changes that would reshape 

4060
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:41,400
European civilization. 
Courteous found themselves 

4061
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:44,200
managing, not just traditional 
governmental business but also 

4062
03:26:44,200 --> 03:26:47,500
the systematic reorganization of
English religious life, the 

4063
03:26:47,500 --> 03:26:50,600
redistribution of monastic 
wealth, and the creation of new 

4064
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:52,300
legal Frameworks for Royal 
Supremacy. 

4065
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:55,200
The dissolution of the 
monasteries provided Henry's 

4066
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:57,500
court with resources that 
previous English kings could 

4067
03:26:57,500 --> 03:27:01,100
hardly have imagined. 
Certainly centuries of religious

4068
03:27:01,100 --> 03:27:03,700
patronage had given the crown 
control over vast. 

4069
03:27:03,700 --> 03:27:07,600
Estates architectural, Treasures
libraries and artistic 

4070
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:10,300
collections. 
The court became a place where 

4071
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,500
former monastic buildings, were 
converted into Royal residences 

4072
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:17,400
where illuminated manuscripts 
were repurposed for secular use 

4073
03:27:17,400 --> 03:27:20,600
and where centuries of religious
art were evaluated for their 

4074
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:24,400
potential contribution to Royal 
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 

4075
03:27:24,400 --> 03:27:26,100
role in managing these 
Transformations. 

4076
03:27:26,100 --> 03:27:28,900
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 
culture had evolved Beyond 

4077
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:30,400
traditional feudal 
relationships. 

4078
03:27:31,100 --> 03:27:34,400
Cromwell was neither a powerful 
nobleman, nor a church official,

4079
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:38,200
but a lawyer and administrator 
whose expertise in governmental 

4080
03:27:38,200 --> 03:27:39,900
procedure. 
Made him indispensable to 

4081
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:43,500
Henry's revolutionary projects. 
His rise to power illustrate. 

4082
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:46,700
How the Tudor Court had become a
meritocracy where technical 

4083
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:49,200
competence could overcome 
traditional social limitations. 

4084
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:53,000
Henry's six, marriages created a
court atmosphere where personal 

4085
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:56,200
relationships and political 
calculations became inseparably 

4086
03:27:56,200 --> 03:27:58,700
intertwined. 
Each wedding brought new 

4087
03:27:58,700 --> 03:28:02,600
families into Royal favor each 
divorce or execution eliminated 

4088
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:05,800
established Court, networks 
Niche, new Queen created 

4089
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:08,200
opportunities for ambitious 
courtiers to advance their 

4090
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:11,500
careers, through association 
with their household, the court 

4091
03:28:11,500 --> 03:28:13,600
during Henry's. 
Final years, had become a place 

4092
03:28:13,600 --> 03:28:16,800
where survival required constant
attention to the king's 

4093
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:18,700
changing. 
Moods shifting, political 

4094
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:21,200
alliances and evolving religious
policies. 

4095
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:25,300
Courteous developed the sort of 
psychological sensitivity, that 

4096
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:28,200
would have impressed. 
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning

4097
03:28:28,200 --> 03:28:32,200
to interpret, Royal gestures 
decode, ambiguous statements and

4098
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,300
anticipate policy changes before
they were officially announced. 

4099
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:38,800
Elizabeth, the first inherited a
kingdom, exhausted by religious 

4100
03:28:38,800 --> 03:28:41,100
upheaval and dynastic 
uncertainly. 

4101
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:44,700
Then spent 45 years transforming
her Court in to the most 

4102
03:28:44,700 --> 03:28:47,900
successful piece of political 
theater in European history. 

4103
03:28:48,900 --> 03:28:51,600
If Henry, the 8th Court had been
a workshop for religious and 

4104
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:54,800
political Innovation. 
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 

4105
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:57,300
where every day brought new 
performance is designed to 

4106
03:28:57,300 --> 03:29:00,200
demonstrate that England, had 
achieved, cultural and political

4107
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:02,400
greatness. 
You can imagine the challenge 

4108
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:05,000
Elizabeth faced as a young Queen
in 1558. 

4109
03:29:05,900 --> 03:29:08,500
She was unmarried in an age when
female rule was considered 

4110
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:12,200
unnatural religiously suspect in
a kingdom divided between 

4111
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:14,900
Catholic and Protestant, 
factions and politically 

4112
03:29:14,900 --> 03:29:17,400
vulnerable in a Europe where 
major Powers were actively 

4113
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:18,800
plotting. 
England's destruction. 

4114
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:21,700
Her solution was to create a 
court culture. 

4115
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:25,500
So dazzling, the domestic and 
foreign observers became too 

4116
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:28,200
fascinated by the spectacle to 
focus on the underlying 

4117
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:31,800
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan
Court operated on multiple level

4118
03:29:31,800 --> 03:29:34,500
simultaneously. 
The surface level was pure 

4119
03:29:34,500 --> 03:29:38,600
pageantry, elaborate costumes, 
complex ceremonies and artistic 

4120
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:41,300
displays that made Royal 
receptions feel like theatrical 

4121
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:44,600
performances. 
But underneath the spectacle was

4122
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:47,700
a sophisticated intelligence 
operation that gathered 

4123
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:51,100
information from across Europe, 
a diplomatic Network that played

4124
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,700
Major Powers against each other,
and an administrative system, 

4125
03:29:54,700 --> 03:29:57,200
that managed England's 
transformation into a major 

4126
03:29:57,208 --> 03:29:59,500
commercial. 
Power Elizabeth's, famous 

4127
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:02,400
progresses her annual tours 
through England's, Countryside 

4128
03:30:02,400 --> 03:30:06,900
illustrate this multi-layered 
approach perfectly From one 

4129
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:10,700
perspective, these were costly 
exercises in Royal vanity that 

4130
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,900
allowed the queen to enjoy 
magnificent Hospitality at her 

4131
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,600
subjects expense. 
From another perspective, they 

4132
03:30:16,600 --> 03:30:18,200
were systematic efforts to 
demonstrate. 

4133
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:21,600
Royal accessibility gather 
intelligence about local 

4134
03:30:21,600 --> 03:30:24,900
conditions and maintain personal
relationships with the noble 

4135
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:28,100
families, who support the crown 
needed for political stability. 

4136
03:30:28,100 --> 03:30:31,300
The progresses also served as 
mobile, advertisements for 

4137
03:30:31,300 --> 03:30:34,500
Elizabeth and achievement. 
When the Queens enormous 

4138
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:38,100
Entourage arrived at the country
estate local populations, could 

4139
03:30:38,100 --> 03:30:41,700
see for themselves, the wealth 
sophistication and cultural 

4140
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:44,800
confidence of their government. 
These visits were live 

4141
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:47,600
demonstrations that England 
under Elizabeth was prospering 

4142
03:30:47,600 --> 03:30:50,400
in ways that justified the 
religious and political changes 

4143
03:30:50,400 --> 03:30:53,200
of the previous generation, the 
courts relationship with 

4144
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:55,700
literature during Elizabeth's 
Reign created some of the 

4145
03:30:55,700 --> 03:30:58,100
greatest achievements in English
cultural history. 

4146
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:02,400
Edmond Spencer's. 
The fairy queen was essentially 

4147
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:04,800
an extended compliment to 
Elizabeth that happened to be 

4148
03:31:04,800 --> 03:31:06,300
written in some of the most 
beautiful. 

4149
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:09,600
Poetry in the English language, 
Christopher, Marlowe and William

4150
03:31:09,600 --> 03:31:12,700
Shakespeare wrote plays that 
explored themes, of power, and 

4151
03:31:12,700 --> 03:31:15,900
ambition, and political 
legitimacy with psychological 

4152
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:19,600
depth, that still amazes modern 
audience's, but this wasn't just

4153
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:21,900
Royal patronage of talented 
artists. 

4154
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:25,400
Elizabeth understood that 
cultural achievement was a form 

4155
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:28,100
of political power. 
And foreign ambassadors 

4156
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:30,700
attended, performance of 
Shakespeare's plays at court. 

4157
03:31:30,700 --> 03:31:33,300
They were witnessing 
demonstrations of English, 

4158
03:31:33,300 --> 03:31:36,200
intellectual sophistication that
carried diplomatic implications,

4159
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:38,900
the kingdom that could produce 
such art. 

4160
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:42,400
Was clearly not the backward, 
isolated nation, that hostile. 

4161
03:31:42,400 --> 03:31:45,700
European observers preferred to 
imagine the famous question of 

4162
03:31:45,700 --> 03:31:48,000
Elizabeth's, marriage, 
demonstrates Health thoroughly 

4163
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:50,600
she had integrated personal 
decisions with political 

4164
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,400
strategy. 
Every potential marriage 

4165
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:56,900
Alliance was simultaneously, a 
romantic possibility, a 

4166
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,100
diplomatic negotiation, and a 
piece of theatrical performance 

4167
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:02,500
designed to keep foreign powers 
guessing about English. 

4168
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:05,700
Intentions, the Queen's 
courtship with various suitors, 

4169
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:10,700
Philip the second of Spain Eric,
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 

4170
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:14,300
Charles of Austria and most 
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 

4171
03:32:14,300 --> 03:32:17,700
Leicester provided ongoing 
entertainment that distracted 

4172
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:19,800
attention from more sensitive 
political matters. 

4173
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:23,400
Elizabeth managed to keep 
multiple marriage, negotiations 

4174
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,600
active for decades without 
actually committing to any of 

4175
03:32:26,600 --> 03:32:30,300
them using romantic possibility.
As a diplomatic tool with 

4176
03:32:30,300 --> 03:32:33,800
unprecedented skill, the courts 
response to the Spanish Armada 

4177
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:36,900
in 1588. 
Showcased Elizabethan political 

4178
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:40,300
theater at his most effective. 
Elizabeth's appearance before 

4179
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:44,000
her troops at Tilbury, declaring
that she had the body of a 

4180
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,200
weakened feeble woman but the 
heart and stomach of a king was 

4181
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:50,300
political communication that 
transformed a potential military

4182
03:32:50,300 --> 03:32:53,500
disaster into a moment of 
national inspiration. 

4183
03:32:53,500 --> 03:32:56,400
The victory over the Spanish 
Armada validated, all of 

4184
03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:58,500
Elizabeth's, governmental 
strategies simultaneously, 

4185
03:32:58,500 --> 03:33:02,500
English Naval Innovations had, 
proven Superior to Spanish, 

4186
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:06,200
military tradition, Protestant 
religious conviction had 

4187
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:09,500
apparently received Divine 
approval, and Elizabeth's, son, 

4188
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:12,100
married status, which critics 
had long considered a national 

4189
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,300
weakness, suddenly appeared to 
be evidence of her unique 

4190
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:18,700
dedication to England's welfare,
the Elizabethan Court during the

4191
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:22,700
1590s felt like the headquarters
of a successful Revolution that 

4192
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:26,600
had exceeded, everyone's 
expectations England had become 

4193
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:29,500
a major European power despite 
lacking the traditional 

4194
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:34,200
resources, vast territories, 
massive population's, abundant 

4195
03:33:34,200 --> 03:33:37,300
precious metals that other 
powers relied upon for their 

4196
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:40,400
International influence. 
Elizabeth's achievement, was to 

4197
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:43,700
demonstrate that a relatively 
small Kingdom could compete with

4198
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:47,600
Continental Empires, through 
Superior organization, cultural 

4199
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:50,200
sophistication and political 
creativity. 

4200
03:33:51,100 --> 03:33:54,700
Her Court became the model that 
later English monarchs would 

4201
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:58,200
many attempt to emulate her, but
few can match her unique 

4202
03:33:58,200 --> 03:34:00,500
combination of theatrical Flair,
and practical. 

4203
03:34:00,500 --> 03:34:03,200
Effectiveness James, the first 
arrival in England. 

4204
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:07,400
In 1603 created a fascinating 
collision between Scottish Royal

4205
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:09,400
traditions and Elizabethan Court
culture. 

4206
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,300
James brought with him ideas 
about kingship. 

4207
03:34:12,300 --> 03:34:15,200
That were theoretically more 
sophisticated than Elizabeth's, 

4208
03:34:15,200 --> 03:34:18,300
practical approach, but proved 
less suited to English political

4209
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:21,000
realities. 
The Jacobian Court, resembled a 

4210
03:34:21,000 --> 03:34:24,000
university that had unexpectedly
taken on governmental duties. 

4211
03:34:24,800 --> 03:34:28,100
James was genuinely learned, he 
wrote books on political Theory,

4212
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:29,900
Theology and even Tobacco 
Control. 

4213
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:33,400
But his intellectual approach to
King ship, sometimes conflicted 

4214
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:36,200
with the Practical political 
skills that successful English 

4215
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:38,800
Monarchy required. 
You can picture the culture 

4216
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:41,100
shock that occurred. 
When James is Scottish court is 

4217
03:34:41,100 --> 03:34:43,800
encountered the complex, 
Protocols of Elizabethan Court 

4218
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:46,300
life. 
The Scots were accustomed to 

4219
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:48,900
more informal relationships 
between the king and his Nobles.

4220
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:52,100
While English courtiers had 
developed elaborate ceremonial 

4221
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:54,200
procedures. 
That treated Royal access as a 

4222
03:34:54,208 --> 03:34:57,600
carefully rationing privilege. 
The result was a court where two

4223
03:34:57,600 --> 03:35:00,500
different style of monarchy 
existed in constant tension. 

4224
03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:04,200
James preferred scholarly 
discussion and theoretical 

4225
03:35:04,200 --> 03:35:06,400
debate. 
While his English, courtiers 

4226
03:35:06,400 --> 03:35:09,100
were more comfortable with the 
sort of political theater that 

4227
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:10,800
had made Elizabeth reign 
successful. 

4228
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:14,100
The mixture produced some 
fascinating cultural 

4229
03:35:14,100 --> 03:35:17,000
achievements, but also political
complications that would 

4230
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:18,700
influence English history for 
Generations. 

4231
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:22,100
James is caught patronized, the 
translation of the Bible that 

4232
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:25,400
bears, his name. 
The King James version completed

4233
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,900
in 1611 which became one of the 
most influential works of 

4234
03:35:28,908 --> 03:35:32,900
English prose ever written. the 
king's personal involvement in 

4235
03:35:32,900 --> 03:35:35,800
this project demonstrates, how 
Jacobian caught culture, could 

4236
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,000
combine serious intellectual 
work with practical, political 

4237
03:35:39,000 --> 03:35:42,600
purposes, The new Bible 
translation was simultaneously, 

4238
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:45,700
a scholarly achievement, a 
religious statement, and a 

4239
03:35:45,708 --> 03:35:49,000
political document designed to 
establish Royal authority over 

4240
03:35:49,000 --> 03:35:51,700
English spiritual life. 
The courts relationship with 

4241
03:35:51,700 --> 03:35:54,200
theater during James's Reign. 
Produced some of Shakespeare's 

4242
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:59,400
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth
and the Tempest were all written

4243
03:35:59,400 --> 03:36:01,500
for Royal audiences. 
Who understood the political 

4244
03:36:01,500 --> 03:36:05,500
themes, these Works explored. 
When courtiers watched Macbeth's

4245
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:08,300
meditation on the relationship 
between ambition and legitimacy,

4246
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,500
they were seeing their own 
political concerns, reflected in

4247
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:14,700
dramatic, poetry of 
extraordinary power, but James 

4248
03:36:14,700 --> 03:36:17,100
is theoretical approach to 
monarchy created. 

4249
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,000
Practical problems that became 
increasingly serious as his 

4250
03:36:20,000 --> 03:36:23,000
reign progressed. 
His belief in the divine, right 

4251
03:36:23,000 --> 03:36:26,700
of kings was intellectually 
coherent, but politically and 

4252
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:29,100
practical in a kingdom, where 
Parliament had grown accustomed 

4253
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:31,200
to being consulted about major 
policy decisions. 

4254
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:35,300
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 
provided James with an 

4255
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:37,700
opportunity to demonstrate that 
his scholarly approach to 

4256
03:36:37,700 --> 03:36:41,300
kingship could handle serious, 
political crises his 

4257
03:36:41,300 --> 03:36:44,500
investigation of the conspiracy 
showed genuine detective skills 

4258
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,200
and his management of the 
aftermath demonstrated. 

4259
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:50,500
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 
and decisive action against 

4260
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:53,700
genuine threats. 
However, James is financial 

4261
03:36:53,700 --> 03:36:56,600
management created ongoing 
tensions that his son, Charles 

4262
03:36:56,600 --> 03:37:00,000
the first would inherit along 
with the crown. the Jack had 

4263
03:37:00,000 --> 03:37:02,600
been caught was expensive in 
ways that even Elizabeth 

4264
03:37:02,600 --> 03:37:06,700
magnificent progresses had not 
been James distributed titles 

4265
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:09,600
lands and pensions with 
generosity that reflected his 

4266
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:12,600
theoretical belief, that Royal 
magnificent was essential to 

4267
03:37:12,608 --> 03:37:15,500
monarchical dignity. 
But his practical accounting 

4268
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:18,300
skills were less impressive than
his theoretical knowledge, 

4269
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:21,900
Charles the first inherited, his
father's intellectual approached

4270
03:37:21,900 --> 03:37:24,900
King ship, but lacked James's 
political flexibility and 

4271
03:37:24,900 --> 03:37:28,000
personal charisma. 
Charles's Court, became a place 

4272
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:31,200
where theoretical Perfection was
pursued with systemic, 

4273
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:34,200
Dedication, that ignored the 
political compromises that 

4274
03:37:34,200 --> 03:37:36,900
successful monarchy, required. 
The Caroline. 

4275
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:40,300
Court during the 1630s achieved,
a level of artistic and cultural

4276
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:42,800
sophistication. 
That rivaled the greatest 

4277
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:46,700
European achievements, Anthony 
Van Dyke's, portraits of Charles

4278
03:37:46,700 --> 03:37:50,400
and his family created visual 
representations of Royal dignity

4279
03:37:50,400 --> 03:37:53,900
that still influence how we 
imagined 17th century monarchy 

4280
03:37:54,800 --> 03:37:57,300
The court musks designed by 
Inigo Jones. 

4281
03:37:57,300 --> 03:38:01,400
Combined architecture music 
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 

4282
03:38:01,400 --> 03:38:04,200
in ways that amazed contemporary
observers. 

4283
03:38:04,200 --> 03:38:07,500
But this cultural achievement 
existed in increasing tension, 

4284
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,500
with political realities, that 
Charles seemed determined to 

4285
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:13,400
ignore his court. 
Became a place where beautiful 

4286
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:17,000
ceremonies and magnificent art 
co-existed with governmental 

4287
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:20,000
policies that were 
systematically alienating, the 

4288
03:38:20,000 --> 03:38:21,600
social groups who support the 
English. 

4289
03:38:21,600 --> 03:38:24,900
Monarchy traditionally required 
the 11-year period, when Charles

4290
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:29,200
ruled without Parliament, the so
called personal rule from 1629 

4291
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:32,700
to 1640, transformed the Royal 
Court in to something 

4292
03:38:32,700 --> 03:38:34,300
unprecedented in English 
History. 

4293
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:37,700
A government that functioned 
independently of the legislative

4294
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:40,300
institutions that have been 
Central to English political 

4295
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:43,700
developments in medieval times 
Charles's Court during these 

4296
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,300
years operated with efficiency 
that would have impressed his 

4297
03:38:46,300 --> 03:38:49,100
Tudor predecessors. 
But its Effectiveness was 

4298
03:38:49,100 --> 03:38:52,400
undermined by growing popular 
conviction that the King was 

4299
03:38:52,400 --> 03:38:54,700
governing in ways that violated 
fundament. 

4300
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:57,600
Little English political 
Traditions, the court became 

4301
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:00,600
isolated from the broader 
political nation in ways that 

4302
03:39:00,600 --> 03:39:02,600
made future conflicts almost 
inevitable. 

4303
03:39:02,600 --> 03:39:06,000
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

4304
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:09,000
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

4305
03:39:09,000 --> 03:39:12,200
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

4306
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:15,500
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

4307
03:39:15,500 --> 03:39:18,400
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

4308
03:39:18,400 --> 03:39:21,500
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

4309
03:39:21,500 --> 03:39:24,300
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

4310
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,500
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

4311
03:39:27,500 --> 03:39:30,100
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

4312
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:33,600
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

4313
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:35,800
whether traditional governmental
functions. 

4314
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:39,000
Required traditional, Royal 
ceremony and protocols, Oliver 

4315
03:39:39,000 --> 03:39:41,200
cromwell's, government faced the
challenge of maintaining 

4316
03:39:41,200 --> 03:39:45,100
domestic order and international
respectability without the 

4317
03:39:45,100 --> 03:39:48,100
institutional structures that 
had supported English political 

4318
03:39:48,100 --> 03:39:51,600
Authority for centuries. 
The result was a series of 

4319
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:54,600
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

4320
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:58,300
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

4321
03:39:58,300 --> 03:40:00,900
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

4322
03:40:00,900 --> 03:40:03,900
when familiar Royal sermon is 
simply disappeared from public 

4323
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:06,800
life. 
No more Royal progresses through

4324
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:09,200
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

4325
03:40:09,200 --> 03:40:12,700
Celebrations, to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

4326
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:16,200
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

4327
03:40:16,200 --> 03:40:18,500
previous generations about 
political stability. 

4328
03:40:18,500 --> 03:40:22,100
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

4329
03:40:22,108 --> 03:40:24,500
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

4330
03:40:24,500 --> 03:40:28,100
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

4331
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:30,600
dignity that governmental 
authorities seem to require 

4332
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:34,400
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate.

4333
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:37,700
Formality important, stator 
occasions, still required, 

4334
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:41,100
public ceremonies and political 
Authority, still needed visible 

4335
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:42,900
demonstrations of its 
legitimacy. 

4336
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:45,500
Cromwell's, personal style 
reflected this challenge. 

4337
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:48,700
He rejected Royal titles and 
traditional monarchical 

4338
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:52,100
ceremonies but he lived in. 
Royal palaces used Royal 

4339
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:55,700
ceremonial objects and gradually
adopted many of the protocols 

4340
03:40:55,700 --> 03:40:57,000
that had previously been 
associated. 

4341
03:40:57,000 --> 03:41:00,600
With crowned Kings, the line 
between Republican leadership 

4342
03:41:00,600 --> 03:41:03,600
and monarchical Authority proved
more difficult to maintain than 

4343
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:05,100
theoretical political 
philosophy. 

4344
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:08,300
Had suggested the Commonwealth 
periods, cultural achievements 

4345
03:41:08,300 --> 03:41:11,400
were real but different from 
traditional Royal patronage. 

4346
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:15,400
John Milton's political writings
including the tenure of kings 

4347
03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:19,500
and magistrates and later 
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 

4348
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:22,400
of authority, rebellion and 
political legitimacy with 

4349
03:41:22,400 --> 03:41:25,700
intellectual depth that 
surpassed most Court sponsored 

4350
03:41:25,700 --> 03:41:28,300
literature. 
But these Works were produced 

4351
03:41:28,300 --> 03:41:31,600
despite governmental policy 
rather than because of Royal 

4352
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,200
encouragement, the absence of a 
Royal Court. 

4353
03:41:34,200 --> 03:41:36,700
Also affected English 
international relations in ways 

4354
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:39,700
that became increasingly 
problematic as the Commonwealth 

4355
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:43,200
period continued. 
European monarchs were reluctant

4356
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,500
to treat cromwell's government 
as a legitimate equal partly, 

4357
03:41:46,500 --> 03:41:48,400
because it lacked the ceremonial
structures. 

4358
03:41:48,400 --> 03:41:50,600
That traditional diplomacy 
required for normal 

4359
03:41:50,600 --> 03:41:55,000
International relationships. 
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 

4360
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:57,700
son, Richard briefly attempted 
to continue the Commonwealth 

4361
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:00,800
system, but the experiment 
quickly, demonstrated that 

4362
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:04,100
Republican government, required 
personal Authority, that could 

4363
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,100
not be inherited through family 
succession. 

4364
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:09,600
The irony was that affective 
Republican leadership seemed to 

4365
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:11,900
require many of the same 
qualities that successful 

4366
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:14,600
monarchy demanded. 
Charles the second's returned to

4367
03:42:14,608 --> 03:42:17,800
England in 1660 created, one of 
the most remarkable 

4368
03:42:17,800 --> 03:42:19,700
transformations in English Court
history. 

4369
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:23,900
The king had spent his Exile in 
French and Dutch courts. 

4370
03:42:23,900 --> 03:42:26,100
That had continued developing 
while England. 

4371
03:42:26,100 --> 03:42:29,900
Experimented with republicanism 
When Charles established his 

4372
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:32,800
restored Court, he brought 
Continental innovation's that 

4373
03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:34,800
revolutionized English Royal 
culture. 

4374
03:42:34,800 --> 03:42:38,200
The restoration Court felt like 
a party that had been postponed 

4375
03:42:38,200 --> 03:42:41,400
for 11 years and was finally 
being celebrated with 

4376
03:42:41,400 --> 03:42:45,400
accumulated and enthusiasm. 
Charles understood that his 

4377
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:47,700
restoration needed to 
demonstrate, not just political 

4378
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:51,300
legitimacy, but cultural 
superiority over the Republican 

4379
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:53,400
experiment that a temporarily 
replaced. 

4380
03:42:53,400 --> 03:42:56,300
Traditional, monarchy, you can 
picture the excitement that must

4381
03:42:56,300 --> 03:42:59,100
have filled London when familiar
Royal ceremonies returned to 

4382
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:02,400
English public life. 
The coronation procession caught

4383
03:43:02,400 --> 03:43:05,500
celebrations and Royal 
progresses provided Visual 

4384
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:08,000
Evidence that normal political 
order had been restored. 

4385
03:43:09,000 --> 03:43:11,700
But Charles's Court was more 
than just a return to pre-civil 

4386
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:13,700
war Traditions. 
It was an upgrade that 

4387
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:17,000
incorporated the best features 
of European Royal culture, the 

4388
03:43:17,000 --> 03:43:20,000
king's personal style, reflected
his Continental education, 

4389
03:43:20,700 --> 03:43:24,100
Charles was witty sophisticated 
and possessed, the sort of easy 

4390
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:26,500
charm that made people want to 
spend time in his presence. 

4391
03:43:27,400 --> 03:43:30,000
His court became a place where 
conversation was considered an 

4392
03:43:30,000 --> 03:43:33,100
art form where scientific 
discussion co-existed with 

4393
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:36,100
theatrical entertainment and 
where English cultural life 

4394
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,100
reconnected with broader 
European developments, the Royal

4395
03:43:39,108 --> 03:43:42,400
Society. 
Founded in 1660 illustrates how 

4396
03:43:42,400 --> 03:43:45,600
the restoration courts supported
intellectual achievements that 

4397
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:49,500
combined practical utility with 
cultural Prestige, when is Isaac

4398
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:52,400
Newton, Christopher Wren, and 
Robert Hooke conducted their 

4399
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:55,200
experiments under Royal 
patronage, they were advancing 

4400
03:43:55,200 --> 03:43:56,800
human knowledge. 
While simultaneously 

4401
03:43:56,800 --> 03:44:00,700
demonstrating that the English 
Monarchy supported the sort of 

4402
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:03,700
scientific progress, that was 
transforming European 

4403
03:44:03,700 --> 03:44:06,500
civilization. 
Charles's Court was also where 

4404
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:10,600
English theater achieve some of 
its greatest successes The Kings

4405
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:13,200
enthusiastic support for 
dramatic performance is helped 

4406
03:44:13,200 --> 03:44:15,800
create the conditions that 
produced restoration comedy. 

4407
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:20,200
Theatrical form that combines 
sophisticated social observation

4408
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:23,300
with entertainment that appealed
to both courtly and popular 

4409
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:26,000
audiences. 
But the restoration courts, most

4410
03:44:26,000 --> 03:44:29,000
significant Innovation was its 
approach to religious diversity.

4411
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:33,000
Charles's personal Catholic 
sympathies were balanced by his 

4412
03:44:33,000 --> 03:44:35,600
political understanding. 
That England required, 

4413
03:44:35,600 --> 03:44:38,100
Protestant Royal Authority for 
domestic stability. 

4414
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:41,400
His court became a place where 
religious differences were 

4415
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:43,800
managed through practical 
tolerance rather than 

4416
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:46,700
theoretical. 
Resolution this created a court 

4417
03:44:46,700 --> 03:44:48,300
atmosphere. 
That was more intellectually 

4418
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:50,700
diverse than England had 
experienced since before the 

4419
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:55,200
Reformation, Catholic's 
anglicans and various Protestant

4420
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:57,700
denominations, all found places 
in court life. 

4421
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:01,000
Though, their relationships were
sometimes tense and always 

4422
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:05,000
politically complicated. 
The Great Fire of London in 1666

4423
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:08,300
provided Charles's court with an
opportunity to demonstrate Royal

4424
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:10,400
leadership during a genuine 
National crisis. 

4425
03:45:11,400 --> 03:45:14,600
The king's personal involvement 
in firefighting efforts and his 

4426
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:17,400
support for Christopher. 
Wren's rebuilding plans showed 

4427
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:20,000
that the restored monarchy could
provide effective practical 

4428
03:45:20,000 --> 03:45:23,600
leadership, as well as 
ceremonial magnifiscents James. 

4429
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,900
The second succession in 1685 
created immediate tension 

4430
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:30,100
between the court culture that 
Charles had established and 

4431
03:45:30,100 --> 03:45:32,400
James's determination to restore
Catholicism. 

4432
03:45:32,400 --> 03:45:37,000
As England's official religion. 
James had inherited his brother 

4433
03:45:37,000 --> 03:45:40,000
sophisticated court system but 
lacked Charles's political 

4434
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:42,900
sensitivity about the religious 
compromises that the English 

4435
03:45:42,900 --> 03:45:45,400
Monarchy required. 
The Jacobite Court during 

4436
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,300
James's brief Reign felt like a 
place where people were waiting 

4437
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:50,400
for something dramatic to happen
though. 

4438
03:45:50,400 --> 03:45:52,400
No one was quite sure. 
What formed that drama would 

4439
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:55,700
take James's policies, 
systematically alienated. 

4440
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,100
The Protestant political 
establishment that had supported

4441
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:00,900
his brothers restoration, while 
his court ceremonies 

4442
03:46:00,900 --> 03:46:04,000
increasingly emphasized, 
Catholic religious elements that

4443
03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:07,100
made most English observers 
nervous, when William of Orange 

4444
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:11,200
landed in England, in 1688 
James's Court collapsed with 

4445
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:14,300
startling speed. 
The king who had inherited the 

4446
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:16,500
most sophisticated Royal 
household in English. 

4447
03:46:16,500 --> 03:46:19,600
History, found himself with 
almost no domestic political 

4448
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:21,700
support. 
When the crisis finally arrived,

4449
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:25,500
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 
fundamentally changed. 

4450
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:28,200
The relationship between 
English, Royal courts and 

4451
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:31,600
political Authority. 
William the third and Mary, the 

4452
03:46:31,600 --> 03:46:34,500
second established to court 
system that operated within 

4453
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:37,700
constitutional limitations that 
would have seemed impossible to 

4454
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:39,500
earlier generations of English. 
Monarchs. 

4455
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:42,600
The new Royal Court had to 
function simultaneously as a 

4456
03:46:42,608 --> 03:46:45,800
ceremonial Center that 
maintained monarchical dignity 

4457
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:49,000
and as a governmental 
institution that acknowledged 

4458
03:46:49,000 --> 03:46:51,600
parliamentary Supremacy over 
major policy decision. 

4459
03:46:53,000 --> 03:46:55,700
This required developing new 
protocols that preserved Royal 

4460
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,400
Prestige, while respecting the 
political realities, that the 

4461
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:00,000
Glorious Revolution had 
established. 

4462
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,200
You can imagine the delicate 
balance that caught officials 

4463
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:05,300
needed to maintain during the 
transitional period. 

4464
03:47:06,300 --> 03:47:09,400
Royal ceremonies still needed to
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,

4465
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:12,600
but they couldn't suggest that 
the crowned Authority that 

4466
03:47:12,600 --> 03:47:15,300
Parliament. 
Now controlled foreign diplomats

4467
03:47:15,300 --> 03:47:18,200
still needed to be received with
suitable formality but 

4468
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:21,700
diplomatic policies required, 
legislative approval in ways 

4469
03:47:21,700 --> 03:47:24,800
that complicated traditional 
Royal prerogatives, the 

4470
03:47:24,800 --> 03:47:27,900
Hanoverian succession in 1714 
brought another Continental 

4471
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,000
influence to English Court 
culture, But George, the first 

4472
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,400
Court face, the additional 
challenge of astonishing 

4473
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:36,800
legitimacy for a dynasty with 
limited English connections. 

4474
03:47:37,600 --> 03:47:40,200
The early Georgian Court 
compensated for this linguistic 

4475
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,500
and cultural Distance by 
developing ceremonial procedures

4476
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:46,900
that emphasize constitutional 
propriety rather than personal 

4477
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:49,000
Charisma. 
George the second Court 

4478
03:47:49,000 --> 03:47:51,500
achieved, a more comfortable 
balance between German Royal 

4479
03:47:51,500 --> 03:47:53,900
traditions and English 
constitutional requirements. 

4480
03:47:54,700 --> 03:47:57,500
The king spoke better English 
than his father understood 

4481
03:47:57,500 --> 03:48:01,000
English, political customs, more
thoroughly and created a court 

4482
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:02,800
atmosphere that successfully 
combined. 

4483
03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:06,500
Continental sophistication with 
domestic political sensitivity, 

4484
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:09,000
but it was during George. 
The third's, long Reign that the

4485
03:48:09,000 --> 03:48:12,300
Georgian Court System reached 
its mature form George. 

4486
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:14,600
The third was the first Hannah 
Varian Monarch who was 

4487
03:48:14,600 --> 03:48:18,000
thoroughly English in education 
temperament and political 

4488
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:21,500
understanding, his court became 
the template for constitutional 

4489
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:24,400
monarchy that would influence 
British royal culture for the 

4490
03:48:24,408 --> 03:48:28,200
next two centuries, the Georgian
courts daily routine reflected 

4491
03:48:28,200 --> 03:48:32,000
these constitutional limitations
Morning sessions, dealt with 

4492
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:34,400
ceremonial business. 
That maintained Royal dignity 

4493
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:36,800
without challenging 
parliamentary Authority. 

4494
03:48:37,700 --> 03:48:40,300
After noon, meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4495
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:43,300
That required coordination with 
government ministers who were 

4496
03:48:43,300 --> 03:48:46,000
responsible to Parliament. 
Rather than to the crown alone, 

4497
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:48,800
George the third's court, during
the American Revolution, 

4498
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:52,600
demonstrates how constitutional 
monarchy functioned during major

4499
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:55,800
political crises, the king 
personally oppose American 

4500
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:59,000
independence, but his court had 
to manage a military conflict 

4501
03:48:59,000 --> 03:49:01,100
that was primarily directed by 
ministers. 

4502
03:49:01,100 --> 03:49:02,200
Who are accountable to 
Parliament. 

4503
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:05,300
Royal Authority and 
parliamentary government 

4504
03:49:05,300 --> 03:49:08,600
operated in parallel rather than
in the hierarchical relationship

4505
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:10,500
that had characterized earlier 
periods. 

4506
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,800
The Court's response to George 
the third's periodic, mental 

4507
03:49:13,800 --> 03:49:17,300
illness created unprecedented 
constitutional challenges that 

4508
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:21,800
required improvised Solutions, 
The Regency crisis of 1788 

4509
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:24,900
forced parliament in the Royal 
household to develop procedures 

4510
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:26,900
for managing governmental 
continuity. 

4511
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:29,700
When the Monarch was unable to 
perform his constitutional 

4512
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:32,100
duties. 
These experiences established 

4513
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:34,500
precedence that would prove 
crucial during the formal 

4514
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:37,100
Regency period from 1811 to 
1820. 

4515
03:49:37,100 --> 03:49:39,900
When the future, George the 
fourth governed on his father's 

4516
03:49:39,900 --> 03:49:42,800
behalf. 
The Regency Court represented, 

4517
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:45,000
the full flowering of Georgian 
Royal culture. 

4518
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:49,400
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 
expensive enough to scandalize 

4519
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:52,700
contemporary critics, George the
fourth's court as Prince, Regent

4520
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:55,700
achieved, a level of cultural 
patronage that rivaled the 

4521
03:49:55,708 --> 03:49:58,900
greatest European achievements. 
The rebuilding of the royal 

4522
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:01,800
Pavilion at Brighton, the 
planning of Regent Street and 

4523
03:50:01,800 --> 03:50:04,700
Regents Park in London. 
And the support for artists 

4524
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:08,200
writers and musicians, created a
court culture that combined 

4525
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:10,900
aesthetic achievement with 
constitutional propriety 

4526
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,400
Victoria's accession in 1837 
created a dramatic 

4527
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:17,600
transformation in English Court 
culture that reflected broader 

4528
03:50:17,600 --> 03:50:21,200
changes in social attitudes, 
economic relationships and 

4529
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:25,500
Imperial responsibilities, The 
18 year old Queen inherited, a 

4530
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:27,600
court system that had been 
designed for Georgian Royal 

4531
03:50:27,600 --> 03:50:30,600
lifestyle but would need to 
accommodate Victorian moral 

4532
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:32,700
expectations and Global Imperial
duties. 

4533
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,800
The early, Victorian Court faced
the challenge of establishing 

4534
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:38,700
respect for a young female 
Monarch in an age. 

4535
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:41,100
When political Authority was 
generally associated with 

4536
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:44,500
masculine leadership. 
Victorious solution was to 

4537
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:47,400
create a court culture that 
emphasized moral Authority, 

4538
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:51,200
domestic virtue and Imperial 
responsibility rather than the 

4539
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:54,200
personal Charisma or cultural 
sophistication that had 

4540
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:56,000
characterized earlier. 
Royal Traditions. 

4541
03:50:56,000 --> 03:50:58,900
You can imagine the dramatic 
change in the caught atmosphere 

4542
03:50:58,900 --> 03:51:00,800
that Victoria's moral standards 
produced. 

4543
03:51:01,700 --> 03:51:05,000
When Georgian Court life had 
celebrated wit sophistication 

4544
03:51:05,000 --> 03:51:07,700
and a certain tolerance for 
personal Scandal. 

4545
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:12,200
Victorian Court culture, 
emphasized, Duty propriety and 

4546
03:51:12,200 --> 03:51:14,700
the sort of moral earnestness 
that would have made earlier 

4547
03:51:14,700 --> 03:51:18,000
generations of courtiers, deeply
uncomfortable, Victoria's 

4548
03:51:18,000 --> 03:51:21,700
married to Prince Albert in 1840
established the partnership that

4549
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:24,200
would define Victorian Royal 
culture for the next two 

4550
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:26,700
decades. 
Albert Braut, German 

4551
03:51:26,700 --> 03:51:29,400
thoroughness, and intellectual 
seriousness to English Court 

4552
03:51:29,400 --> 03:51:32,900
life, creating an atmosphere 
where governmental efficiency 

4553
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:36,500
cultural patronage, and moral 
Improvement, were pursued with 

4554
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,700
systemic dedication. 
The Victorian courts approach to

4555
03:51:39,708 --> 03:51:41,700
ceremonial Innovation 
illustrates this. 

4556
03:51:41,700 --> 03:51:45,300
New seriousness of purpose. 
The great exhibition of 1851 

4557
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:49,400
organized under Albert's 
leadership was simultaneously a 

4558
03:51:49,400 --> 03:51:52,000
celebration of British 
industrial achievement the 

4559
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:53,600
demonstration of Imperial 
wealth. 

4560
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,100
And a moral statement about the 
benefits of international 

4561
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:58,700
cooperation and technological 
progress. 

4562
03:51:58,700 --> 03:52:02,000
Albert's influence on court 
culture, extended far beyond 

4563
03:52:02,000 --> 03:52:05,400
ceremonial occasions, he 
reorganized Royal finances. 

4564
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:08,700
Modernized Royal Estates and 
established new standards for 

4565
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,400
the sort of cultural patronage 
that the monarchy should provide

4566
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:15,200
The prince consort treated Royal
duties with the systematic 

4567
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:16,900
attention to detail that 
successful. 

4568
03:52:16,900 --> 03:52:20,000
Businesses required applying 
commercial principles to 

4569
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:23,600
monarchical responsibilities the
courts, daily routine during 

4570
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:26,300
Albert's lifetime reflected. 
This business like approach 

4571
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:29,500
morning sessions handled 
administrative business with 

4572
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:31,900
efficiency. 
That would have impressed Tudor 

4573
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:35,100
bureaucrats after noon meetings,
dealt with the charitable 

4574
03:52:35,100 --> 03:52:38,300
organizations educational 
institutions and cultural 

4575
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:40,900
projects that have become 
Central to Victorian Royal 

4576
03:52:40,900 --> 03:52:44,800
identity Victoria's grief after 
Albert's death in 1861, 

4577
03:52:44,800 --> 03:52:47,800
transformed the court. 
Once again this time in ways 

4578
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:51,800
that created long-term problems 
for monarchical Prestige, the 

4579
03:52:51,800 --> 03:52:54,900
Queen's withdrawal from public 
ceremonial duties meant that the

4580
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:58,000
Victorian Court maintained its 
administrative functions while 

4581
03:52:58,000 --> 03:52:59,700
losing much of its symbolic 
visibility. 

4582
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,900
The court during Victoria's 
widowhood operated like a 

4583
03:53:02,900 --> 03:53:06,100
governmental Department, whose 
chief executive had chosen to 

4584
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:09,300
work from home. 
While Royal business proceeded, 

4585
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:12,900
efficiently, the ceremonial 
aspects of monarchy which served

4586
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:15,900
as public demonstrations of 
constitutional continuity. 

4587
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:19,000
Saw a significant reduction, 
this created opportunities for 

4588
03:53:19,000 --> 03:53:21,400
other members of the royal 
family, particularly the Prince 

4589
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:24,100
of Wales, the future. 
Edward the seventh to develop, 

4590
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:26,400
alternative approaches to Royal 
public life. 

4591
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:30,500
Edwards caught in Waiting became
a center for the sort of social 

4592
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,100
activities that Victoria's 
morning had eliminated from 

4593
03:53:33,100 --> 03:53:36,100
official Royal culture. 
The tension between Victoria's 

4594
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:39,200
withdrawn approach and Edwards 
social style created two 

4595
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,900
different models of Royal 
behavior that coexisted 

4596
03:53:41,900 --> 03:53:44,500
uncomfortably within the same 
constitutional system. 

4597
03:53:45,500 --> 03:53:48,900
The Queen's moral Authority was 
unquestioned, but her son's 

4598
03:53:48,900 --> 03:53:51,300
understanding of Royal 
ceremonial requirements, seemed 

4599
03:53:51,300 --> 03:53:54,400
more suited to practical, 
political needs Victoria's 

4600
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:58,200
golden jubilee in 1887 and 
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 

4601
03:53:58,200 --> 03:54:00,900
demonstrated that the Queen's 
moral Authority. 

4602
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:02,900
Had created a new form of 
monarchical. 

4603
03:54:02,900 --> 03:54:06,500
Prestige these celebrations were
just British occasions. 

4604
03:54:06,500 --> 03:54:09,800
They were Imperial festivals. 
That demonstrated how Victorian 

4605
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:12,300
Royal culture had expanded to 
Encompass Global 

4606
03:54:12,300 --> 03:54:14,800
responsibilities. 
The Victorian courts final 

4607
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:18,000
achievement was establishing the
Constitutional framework that 

4608
03:54:18,000 --> 03:54:20,700
would allow the British Monarchy
to survive the Democratic 

4609
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:22,500
transformation of the 20th 
century. 

4610
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,600
Victoria's combination of moral 
Authority, Imperial 

4611
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:29,900
responsibility, and 
constitutional propriety created

4612
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:33,300
a template for monarchical. 
Relevance that proved adaptable 

4613
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:36,200
to changing political 
circumstances as we reach the 

4614
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:38,700
end of our gentle Journey 
Through the centuries of Royal 

4615
03:54:38,700 --> 03:54:40,500
courts. 
You might find yourself 

4616
03:54:40,500 --> 03:54:43,500
reflecting on how these ancient 
patterns still echo in 

4617
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:46,500
contemporary life. 
The challenges that medieval 

4618
03:54:46,500 --> 03:54:49,900
kings faced balancing personal 
desires with public 

4619
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:52,900
responsibilities managing 
competing interest groups, 

4620
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:55,700
adapting traditional 
institutions to changing 

4621
03:54:55,700 --> 03:54:59,900
circumstances remain remarkably 
familiar to anyone who observes 

4622
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:02,200
modern politics or 
organizational leadership 

4623
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:05,300
English, Royal courts of old 
from William the Conqueror as 

4624
03:55:05,300 --> 03:55:08,700
efficient Norman Administration 
to Victoria's moral Imperial 

4625
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:11,100
Authority. 
Illustrating Humanities 

4626
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,300
continuing experiment, with the 
relationship between individual 

4627
03:55:14,300 --> 03:55:16,200
Authority and Collective. 
Governance. 

4628
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:20,000
Each generation discovered that 
successful leadership required a

4629
03:55:20,008 --> 03:55:23,700
dapping inherited Traditions to 
contemporary realities while 

4630
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,300
maintaining enough continuity to
preserve institutional 

4631
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:28,700
legitimacy. 
Perhaps, the most striking 

4632
03:55:28,700 --> 03:55:32,700
pattern is how consistently 
English, Royal courts, served as

4633
03:55:32,708 --> 03:55:34,300
Laboratories for political 
innovation. 

4634
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,100
The Magna Carta emerged from 
King John's administrative 

4635
03:55:38,100 --> 03:55:40,500
failures Parliament developed 
from Edward. 

4636
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:44,100
The first financial needs the 
Reformation Grew From Henry, the

4637
03:55:44,108 --> 03:55:48,100
8th personal circumstances, and 
constitutional monarchy evolved 

4638
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:50,500
from the Glorious revolutions, 
political Necessities. 

4639
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:52,800
These weren't planned 
developments Guided by 

4640
03:55:52,808 --> 03:55:55,800
theoretical political 
philosophy, they were practical 

4641
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:59,300
solutions to immediate problems,
created by people who were 

4642
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:02,000
trying to make inherited 
governmental systems work under 

4643
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:05,900
changing circumstances. 
The Genius of English political 

4644
03:56:05,900 --> 03:56:09,000
development was its capacity to 
transform temporary expedience 

4645
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:12,900
into permanent constitutional 
principles, the human Stories 

4646
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:16,400
Behind These institutional 
changes, Eleanor of aquitaine's 

4647
03:56:16,400 --> 03:56:19,400
political sophistication, 
Richard the Second aesthetic 

4648
03:56:19,400 --> 03:56:23,000
innovation's Elizabeth, the 
first theatrical statecraft and 

4649
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:25,100
Charles the second's, 
Continental sophistication. 

4650
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:28,800
Remind us that political systems
are ultimately expressions of 

4651
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:31,800
individual personality 
interacting with historical 

4652
03:56:31,800 --> 03:56:34,400
circumstance. 
As you settle deeper into your 

4653
03:56:34,408 --> 03:56:37,100
comfortable spot. 
Tonight, you might consider how 

4654
03:56:37,100 --> 03:56:39,800
these Royal courts created, the 
governmental Traditions that 

4655
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:42,100
still influence Democratic 
societies today. 

4656
03:56:43,200 --> 03:56:45,900
The idea that political 
Authority requires popular 

4657
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:49,900
consent, that governmental power
should be limited by law and 

4658
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,000
that cultural achievement, 
enhances political legitimacy, 

4659
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,900
these Concepts developed through
centuries of experimentation in 

4660
03:56:56,900 --> 03:56:59,800
Royal households that were 
trying to solve practical, 

4661
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:01,300
problems of leadership and 
governance. 

4662
03:57:01,300 --> 03:57:04,400
The English Royal courts 
Evolution from medieval warrior 

4663
03:57:04,400 --> 03:57:08,100
Kings to constitutional monarchs
reflects Humanities broader 

4664
03:57:08,100 --> 03:57:10,600
journey toward more 
sophisticated forms of social 

4665
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:13,600
organization. 
Each generation built upon 

4666
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:16,600
previous achievements while 
adapting to New Challenges, 

4667
03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:20,100
creating institutional, 
continuity that allowed gradual 

4668
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:23,700
transformation rather than 
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 

4669
03:57:23,700 --> 03:57:26,500
as you drift towards sleep, you 
carry with you, the stories of 

4670
03:57:26,500 --> 03:57:30,800
nearly 1,000 years of human 
creativity adaptation and the 

4671
03:57:30,800 --> 03:57:34,500
endless fascinating complexity 
of people learn to live together

4672
03:57:34,500 --> 03:57:38,500
in organized societies. 
Sweet dreams and may your rest 

4673
03:57:38,500 --> 03:57:41,300
be as peaceful as a medieval 
Monastery Garden on a quiet 

4674
03:57:41,308 --> 03:57:50,500
summer evening. 
Burst common dental dispatched. 

4675
03:57:50,500 --> 03:57:54,300
His emissaries to Pope Urban. 
The second in 1095, he hardly 

4676
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:55,900
imagined his diplomatic 
Outreach. 

4677
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:58,200
Would unleash two centuries of 
Bloodshed across three 

4678
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:00,800
continents. 
The bees and tine ruler merely 

4679
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:03,900
sought military assistance 
against the seljuk Turks who had

4680
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:06,700
claimed significant portions of 
Anatolia following the Battle of

4681
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:10,100
man's akert. 
What transpired instead was the 

4682
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:12,800
weaponization of religious 
further on an unprecedented 

4683
03:58:12,800 --> 03:58:15,700
scale. 
Pope Urban the second's response

4684
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:18,700
at the Council of Claremore 
transcended mere strategic 

4685
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:21,800
calculation. 
The papacy having emerged from 

4686
03:58:21,800 --> 03:58:23,900
the investiture controversy with
its Authority. 

4687
03:58:23,900 --> 03:58:27,300
Diminished saw an opportunity 
Urban speech. 

4688
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:31,100
So often sanitized in modern 
retellings, was a masterclass in

4689
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,900
medieval propaganda deploying 
fabricated, atrocity stories in 

4690
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:38,800
a scatological fearmongering. 
He falsely claimed that Eastern 

4691
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:42,000
Christians face systematic 
extermination and that Muslim 

4692
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:44,800
forces were desecrating. 
Christian holy site in ways that

4693
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:46,800
historical records simply do not
support. 

4694
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:50,300
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.
Inspire. 

4695
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:54,000
You Urban proclaimed to the 
assembled nobility and clergy 

4696
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:57,200
invoking. 
Not biblical compassion, but 

4697
03:58:57,200 --> 03:59:01,500
rather carolingian Conquest. 
First Crusade was marketed not 

4698
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:04,900
merely as a defensive action but
as a path to spiritual and 

4699
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:08,800
material Redemption, Urban 
Innovation was profound, he 

4700
03:59:08,800 --> 03:59:11,800
offered plenary indulgences 
complete Absolution from 

4701
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,100
temporal punishment for sins to 
those who took up arms. 

4702
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:18,600
This spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

4703
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:21,300
from a sin. 
Requiring Penance in to a means 

4704
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:24,400
of achieving it. 
What historians often overlooked

4705
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,600
is how the Crusades emerged 
precisely when Europe was 

4706
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:30,900
experiencing its first sustained
period of economic growth since 

4707
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:32,700
the collapse of the Western 
Roman Empire. 

4708
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:36,100
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

4709
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:39,400
creating population, pressures, 
and land, scarcity, among the 

4710
03:59:39,400 --> 03:59:42,300
noble classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

4711
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:44,900
served the interests of younger 
Sons disinherited, by 

4712
03:59:44,900 --> 03:59:48,300
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

4713
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:51,200
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

4714
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:53,800
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

4715
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:57,200
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

4716
03:59:57,200 --> 03:59:58,700
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

4717
03:59:58,700 --> 04:00:02,700
The hermit These popular 
movements largely written out of

4718
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,000
triumphalist narrative conducted
the first programs against 

4719
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:09,000
Jewish communities across the 
Rhino land in cities. 

4720
04:00:09,000 --> 04:00:13,200
Like, worms mints and cologne. 
Thousands of Jews were 

4721
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:17,600
slaughtered when they refused 
forced baptism, Bishop Albert of

4722
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:19,300
Mainz his eyewitness account 
notes. 

4723
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:23,600
That Unless they chose baptism 
the Crusaders, killed the women,

4724
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:25,400
as well as the men and nursing 
infants. 

4725
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,300
This violence wasn't an 
aberration, but a logical 

4726
04:00:29,300 --> 04:00:32,100
extension of a worldview that 
regarded non-christians as 

4727
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,400
legitimate targets. 
When these irregular forces 

4728
04:00:35,400 --> 04:00:38,400
reached Byzantine territory, 
they subjected Orthodox 

4729
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:41,500
Christian communities to 
pillaging an assault revealing 

4730
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:43,400
how quickly religious 
justifications could be 

4731
04:00:43,408 --> 04:00:45,300
abandoned when plunder was at 
stake. 

4732
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:48,900
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 
supposed allies. 

4733
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:52,800
Hastily transported the 
Bosphorus where most were 

4734
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:56,500
promptly must Sacred by seljuk 
forces at silvertoe an episode 

4735
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:59,700
sympathetic Chronicles 
strategically minimized, the 

4736
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:02,500
military contingents that 
followed led by figures like 

4737
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:06,300
Godfrey of bouillon Raymond of 
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto

4738
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:10,200
were hardly more disciplined. 
They extorted Provisions from 

4739
04:01:10,200 --> 04:01:13,500
Byzantine cities and refused to 
swear the customary feudal, 

4740
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:17,000
Oaths to alexios exposing the 
political Ambitions that drove 

4741
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:20,000
many Crusade leaders. 
Their journey through Anatolia 

4742
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:24,000
was marked by tactical blunders 
an internal power struggles, 

4743
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:26,600
that somehow escaped the 
sanitized Chronicles produced by

4744
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:28,500
clerical. 
Propaganda's like, culture of 

4745
04:01:28,508 --> 04:01:30,800
sharks. 
What emerges from primary 

4746
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:34,600
sources is not a Divine Mission,
but a chaotic military 

4747
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:38,900
Expedition Riven by competing 
interests logistical failures of

4748
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:40,900
gears and strategic in 
coherence. 

4749
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:44,800
The Crusaders weren't unified by
shared purpose so much as 

4750
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:47,800
trapped in a mutual dependency 
of hostile territory. 

4751
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,300
There are eventual success 
against overwhelming odds and 

4752
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:54,300
Antioch and Jerusalem odd. 
More to factional divisions 

4753
04:01:54,300 --> 04:01:58,000
among their Muslim opponents. 
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 

4754
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:02,000
and sheer desperation than to 
divine intervention or military 

4755
04:02:02,000 --> 04:02:05,700
brilliant's. the mythologizing 
began almost immediately 

4756
04:02:05,700 --> 04:02:09,400
transforming a brutal campaign 
of Conquest into a miraculous 

4757
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:13,400
Triumph of Faith, the fall of 
Jerusalem on July the 15th, 1099

4758
04:02:13,400 --> 04:02:17,500
stanzas, perhaps the single most
notorious episode of the entire 

4759
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,900
crusading era, The typical 
narrative, describes the 

4760
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:24,200
conquest as exceptionally 
brutal, even by medieval 

4761
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:28,200
standards, but seldom examines, 
the cycle mechanics that enabled

4762
04:02:28,200 --> 04:02:31,300
such violence or its broader, 
implications for Crusader 

4763
04:02:31,300 --> 04:02:34,200
governance. 
When the city's defenses, 

4764
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:37,400
finally buckled after a 
month-long Siege Crusader 

4765
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:40,900
forces, moved methodically 
through the streets Raymond of 

4766
04:02:40,900 --> 04:02:44,300
agile and I witness described 
the scene at the Temple mount. 

4767
04:02:45,100 --> 04:02:48,400
Men Road in blood up to their 
knees and Bridal Reigns in the 

4768
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:51,500
temple of Solomon. 
Men rode in blood up to their 

4769
04:02:51,500 --> 04:02:54,000
knees. 
This was not the chaotic 

4770
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:57,300
friends, often depicted in 
popular accounts archaeological,

4771
04:02:57,300 --> 04:03:00,200
evidence indicates a systematic 
execution of the city's 

4772
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:03,600
inhabitants, The Crusade as 
corralled civilians into 

4773
04:03:03,600 --> 04:03:07,200
confined spaces, synagogues, 
mosques and Courtyards, where 

4774
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:08,700
they could be efficiently 
despatched. 

4775
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:12,100
What's missing from many 
accounts is how this violence 

4776
04:03:12,100 --> 04:03:14,700
was ritualized. 
Survivors, reported, the 

4777
04:03:14,708 --> 04:03:17,600
Crusaders singing, hymns and 
religious canticles during the 

4778
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:19,800
massacre. 
Their Bloodshed wasn't merely 

4779
04:03:19,800 --> 04:03:23,900
strategic, but performative, a 
violent liturgy symbolizing, the

4780
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:28,100
purification of Sacred Space. 
When Godfrey of Boolean entered 

4781
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,100
the Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre, he did so Barefoot 

4782
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:34,200
and impenitent Garb even as his 
followers continued, their 

4783
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,200
bloody work. 
This ritualized violence 

4784
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:39,500
established a template, that 
would be repeated throughout the

4785
04:03:39,500 --> 04:03:42,600
crusading, period. 
The immediate aftermath revealed

4786
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:44,800
the contradictions inherent in 
the Crusader project. 

4787
04:03:45,700 --> 04:03:48,000
Having secured Christianity's 
holiest sites. 

4788
04:03:48,000 --> 04:03:51,700
Most Crusaders fulfilled their 
vowels and returned to Europe. 

4789
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:55,100
Only a small fraction remained 
to hold these conquests. 

4790
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:58,700
The kingdom of Jerusalem, that 
emerged was a precarious entity 

4791
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:01,700
and narrow Coastal strip. 
Perpetually on the defensive, 

4792
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:05,000
never possessing the demographic
depth to secure its existence 

4793
04:04:05,000 --> 04:04:07,600
without constant reinforcement 
from Europe. 

4794
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:10,700
The governance structures 
established by the remaining 

4795
04:04:10,700 --> 04:04:14,000
Crusaders have been romanticized
as a model of feudal efficiency.

4796
04:04:14,800 --> 04:04:18,400
The reality was Far Messier, the
Frankish nobility that ruled. 

4797
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:21,000
The kingdom refused meaningful 
integration with the local 

4798
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:23,500
population. 
While other conquerors 

4799
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:26,000
throughout history had typically
intermarried with indigenous 

4800
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:29,900
Elites to secure their rule, the
Crusader States maintained rigid

4801
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:33,700
social segregation even Eastern.
Christians were relegated to 

4802
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:36,300
secondary status creating a 
two-tiered society that 

4803
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:39,000
undermines the Kingdom's 
legitimacy among its subjects. 

4804
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,800
perhaps, most revealing was the 
Crusader States economic 

4805
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:46,900
Foundation Despite religious 
justifications the kingdom of 

4806
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:50,100
Jerusalem quickly demonstrated 
its fundamentally extractive 

4807
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:53,000
nature. 
The Italian Maritime republics 

4808
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:56,700
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 
established, commercial quarters

4809
04:04:56,700 --> 04:05:00,300
in coastal cities, turning holy 
war into profitable Enterprise? 

4810
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:03,900
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between East

4811
04:05:03,900 --> 04:05:07,100
and West, transforming religious
pilgrimage into a commercial 

4812
04:05:07,100 --> 04:05:09,900
activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

4813
04:05:09,900 --> 04:05:13,300
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

4814
04:05:13,300 --> 04:05:16,900
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

4815
04:05:16,900 --> 04:05:19,800
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

4816
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:22,200
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

4817
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:24,400
system that differed little from
serfdom. 

4818
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:27,800
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

4819
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:32,800
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

4820
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:35,900
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

4821
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:38,800
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

4822
04:05:38,800 --> 04:05:41,000
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

4823
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:45,100
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and governance

4824
04:05:45,100 --> 04:05:47,300
realities widened with each 
passing decade. 

4825
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:51,500
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

4826
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:54,800
their origins in the religious 
Warfare Crusader leaders 

4827
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:57,700
regularly formed alliances with 
Muslim Powers against rival. 

4828
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:01,700
Christian factions Baldwin fur, 
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 

4829
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,600
against Damascus. 
The principality of Antioch 

4830
04:06:04,600 --> 04:06:09,000
allied with a leppo against 
these expedient Arrangements 

4831
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:12,100
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

4832
04:06:12,100 --> 04:06:14,700
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

4833
04:06:15,400 --> 04:06:18,200
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was, neither the 

4834
04:06:18,200 --> 04:06:21,200
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist, historiographies, 

4835
04:06:21,200 --> 04:06:24,700
Norther passive, acceptance 
suggested by Colonial narrative,

4836
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:28,900
a logical evidence reveals 
creative forms of resistance and

4837
04:06:28,900 --> 04:06:31,800
accommodation. 
Local Christians, maintain their

4838
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,400
religious practices while 
adapting to new political 

4839
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,900
realities Muslim communities, 
preserve their identities. 

4840
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:41,600
Through parallel institutions 
Jewish communities, though, 

4841
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,300
devastated by the initial 
Conquest, eventually 

4842
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:46,500
re-established themselves, and 
peripheral areas. 

4843
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:50,100
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 
a lasting impact due to its 

4844
04:06:50,100 --> 04:06:52,500
brutality. 
For Muslim populations 

4845
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:55,000
throughout the region. 
It represented not just a 

4846
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:58,200
military defeat, but a profound 
betrayal of intercommunal. 

4847
04:06:58,200 --> 04:07:01,300
Norms that are generally 
protected, civilian populations,

4848
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,100
during Warfare. 
The psychological impact 

4849
04:07:04,100 --> 04:07:07,800
reverberated far, beyond the 
immediate victims creating a 

4850
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:10,800
narrative of existential threat,
that would fuel counter Crusades

4851
04:07:10,800 --> 04:07:13,800
for generations to come. 
Most striking was the Kingdom's 

4852
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:17,400
diplomatic pragmatism despite 
their origins in the religious 

4853
04:07:17,400 --> 04:07:20,700
Warfare Crusader leaders 
regularly formed alliances with 

4854
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:24,300
Muslim Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin fur, 

4855
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:26,900
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

4856
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:30,300
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

4857
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:34,800
these expedient Arrangements 
exposed the fundamentally 

4858
04:07:34,800 --> 04:07:38,200
political nature of Institutions
and supposedly dedicated to 

4859
04:07:38,200 --> 04:07:41,200
defending the faith. 
The indigenous response to 

4860
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:44,300
Crusader rule was neither the 
uniform hostility portrayed in 

4861
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:47,300
nationalist historiographies, 
nor the passive acceptance 

4862
04:07:47,300 --> 04:07:51,800
suggested by Colonial narratives
arcade logical, evidence reveals

4863
04:07:51,800 --> 04:07:54,000
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

4864
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:57,600
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

4865
04:07:57,600 --> 04:08:01,000
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

4866
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:03,600
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

4867
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:07,300
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

4868
04:08:07,300 --> 04:08:10,000
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

4869
04:08:10,000 --> 04:08:13,200
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

4870
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:15,000
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

4871
04:08:15,800 --> 04:08:17,700
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

4872
04:08:17,700 --> 04:08:21,100
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

4873
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:24,000
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

4874
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:26,500
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

4875
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:30,300
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

4876
04:08:30,308 --> 04:08:33,600
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

4877
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:36,300
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come. 

4878
04:08:36,300 --> 04:08:40,100
Pope Innocent the third who had 
authorized The Crusade initially

4879
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:42,600
expressed shock but quickly 
accepted the reality 

4880
04:08:42,600 --> 04:08:46,500
legitimizing, the conquest, as 
Divine judgment on Greeks 

4881
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:49,900
schismatics, this theological 
flexibility demonstrated how 

4882
04:08:49,900 --> 04:08:53,700
easily crusading ideology could 
be retrofitted to justify naked 

4883
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:55,400
aggression against fellow 
Christians. 

4884
04:08:56,700 --> 04:08:59,800
The Latin Empire established in 
Constantinople would last less 

4885
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:03,000
than six decades, but the breach
between eastern and western 

4886
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:06,900
Christianity, proved permanent 
The Children's Crusade and 

4887
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:09,500
Fourth Crusade, bookended a 
crucial transition. 

4888
04:09:09,500 --> 04:09:13,100
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

4889
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:16,200
for military assistance of old 
into an Institutional framework.

4890
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:19,800
That could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

4891
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:22,200
properly sanctioned by asked 
authorities. 

4892
04:09:23,200 --> 04:09:24,800
The victims of crusading 
violence. 

4893
04:09:24,800 --> 04:09:28,900
Now, included Eastern, 
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,

4894
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:32,200
Christian Heretics and political
opponents of the papacy. 

4895
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:36,400
Jerusalem had become almost 
incidental to a movement that 

4896
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:39,000
had developed its own. 
Internal logic of sacred 

4897
04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:42,100
violence, the Islamic response 
to the Crusades challenges 

4898
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:44,200
simplistic narratives of 
religious polarization. 

4899
04:09:45,300 --> 04:09:48,800
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed.
The First Crusade, not as an 

4900
04:09:48,800 --> 04:09:52,000
existential religious threat, 
but as merely, another Byzantine

4901
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:54,700
backed incursion into a 
politically fragmented region. 

4902
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:58,200
The limited resources committed 
to resisting the initial 

4903
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:00,500
Invasion. 
Reflected this miscalculation. 

4904
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:05,100
Only gradually did a coherent 
counter Crusade, ideology emerge

4905
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:07,900
transforming, localized 
resistance into a pan-islamic 

4906
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:11,100
response. 
The early Muslim worlds disunity

4907
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:16,200
was, its critical vulnerability.
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the

4908
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:19,300
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 
engaged in bitter rivalry with 

4909
04:10:19,300 --> 04:10:21,500
the Abbasid caliphate centered 
in Baghdad. 

4910
04:10:22,500 --> 04:10:25,500
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 
fragmenting into competing 

4911
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:27,900
Emirates. 
These divisions allowed the 

4912
04:10:27,900 --> 04:10:30,900
numerically inferior Crusaders 
to establish footholds in 

4913
04:10:30,900 --> 04:10:33,600
territories, that might 
otherwise have been easily 

4914
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:36,500
defended. 
The first systematic. 

4915
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:40,500
Intellectual response came from 
Ali IBN to here al-salami, who 

4916
04:10:40,500 --> 04:10:45,700
composed the book of holy war 
around 11:05 Al-salami 

4917
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:48,200
interpreted the Crusader 
Invasion as Divine punishment 

4918
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:50,200
for Muslim disunity and moral 
laxity. 

4919
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:54,100
Particularly the abandonment of 
jihad as a communal obligation. 

4920
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:58,100
His work received limited 
attention in his lifetime, but 

4921
04:10:58,100 --> 04:11:00,600
established conceptual 
Frameworks that later leaders 

4922
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:05,000
would deploy more effectively. 
Ahmad, Aiden zengi, the Turkish 

4923
04:11:05,000 --> 04:11:07,500
at most solo, and Aleppo 
represented. 

4924
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:09,600
The first phase of organized. 
Counter Crusade. 

4925
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,500
His recapture of a desert in 
1144. 

4926
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:16,500
The first major Crusader state 
to fall inspired a new 

4927
04:11:16,508 --> 04:11:19,800
Consciousness among the elites 
zeng's propaganda. 

4928
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:23,800
Portrayed him as a mujahid holy 
Warrior, rather than merely a 

4929
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:27,400
territorial ruler. 
His assassination in 1146 

4930
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:31,100
prevented further advances, but 
his son, Nora Dean continued, 

4931
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:34,600
this ideological project. 
Neurodin Innovations were 

4932
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:37,600
structural rather than merely 
rhetorical he systematically. 

4933
04:11:37,600 --> 04:11:41,400
Redirected religious endowments 
Wok to fund military campaigns 

4934
04:11:41,400 --> 04:11:44,500
against the Crusader states. 
He sponsored the construction of

4935
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:49,200
madrasas religious schools that 
promoted Jihad ideology while 

4936
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:52,400
commissioning architectural 
projects like the minbar pulpit 

4937
04:11:52,400 --> 04:11:54,500
intended for Jerusalem's 
Al-Aqsa. 

4938
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:58,300
Mosque after its recapture this 
material culture of counter 

4939
04:11:58,300 --> 04:12:01,600
Crusade created tangible symbols
around which resistance could 

4940
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:04,300
coalesce. 
The Byzantine seljuk peace 

4941
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:08,400
treaty of 1160 allowed neurodin 
to focus exclusively on the 

4942
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:11,300
Latin States creating 
unprecedented pressure on the 

4943
04:12:11,300 --> 04:12:14,400
kingdom of Jerusalem. 
When noura Dean's forces 

4944
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:17,300
intervened in fatimids, 
succession struggles, his 

4945
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:21,900
Kurdish, General, Salah Dean 
Saladin eventually, emerged as 

4946
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:24,800
ruler of Egypt, creating a 
united front against the 

4947
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:27,500
Crusader States for the first 
time salad. 

4948
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:30,300
Ins complex Legacy has been, 
distorted, by both Western 

4949
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:34,500
Romanticism and modern Arab 
nationalism contemporary 

4950
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:36,500
evidence suggests. 
He was neither the Chevelle. 

4951
04:12:36,500 --> 04:12:39,800
Rick Paragon portrayed by Sultan
Scott Nora, Proto nationalist, 

4952
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:42,300
hero. 
His initial campaigns 

4953
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:46,500
prioritized eliminating and 
securing his own destiny in 

4954
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:49,800
trusts only after consolidating 
power did. 

4955
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:52,400
He fully Embrace counter Crusade
as his Central purpose? 

4956
04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:56,200
The Battle of Hatton in 1187 
represented. 

4957
04:12:56,200 --> 04:12:59,100
The culmination of Decades of 
strategic preparation and 

4958
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,700
ideological development 
Saladin's victory was not merely

4959
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:06,100
military but psychological the 
capture of the True Cross, and 

4960
04:13:06,100 --> 04:13:09,100
mass execution of Templar. 
And Hospital Knights 

4961
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:11,900
symbolically reversed the 
humiliation of Jerusalem's fall 

4962
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,700
nearly a century earlier. 
When Jerusalem surrendered later

4963
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:19,300
that year saladin's calculated 
clemency toward its Christian 

4964
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:22,200
inhabitants. 
Explicitly contrasted with the 

4965
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:26,600
1099 Massacre establishing moral
superiority within the conflicts

4966
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:30,100
narrative. 
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 

4967
04:13:30,100 --> 04:13:33,700
1192 revealed the changed 
dynamics of the conflict. 

4968
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:38,100
Despite mobilizing the full 
resources of England, France, 

4969
04:13:38,100 --> 04:13:42,000
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 
Expedition secured, only a 

4970
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:45,300
narrow Coastal strip, and 
negotiated access to Jerusalem 

4971
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:49,000
for pilgrims. this limited 
outcome, despite unprecedented 

4972
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:53,200
investment in Illustrated, the 
counter Crusades of the Muslim 

4973
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:55,600
world had developed 
institutional resilience against

4974
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:58,800
external aggression, while 
crusading had become a fiscally 

4975
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:00,900
ruinous obligation for European 
monarchs. 

4976
04:14:01,700 --> 04:14:04,400
Less acknowledged in traditional
narratives is how the counter 

4977
04:14:04,400 --> 04:14:07,900
Crusade transformed Islamic 
institutions, the military 

4978
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:11,500
dominance of slave Soldier, 
mamluk units, accelerated during

4979
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:14,300
this period, eventually 
culminating in the mamluk 

4980
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:17,800
sultanate that would deliver the
final blow to Crusader presence 

4981
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:20,900
in the Levant. 
Religious endowments were 

4982
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:23,800
increasingly militarized, 
diverting resources from civil 

4983
04:14:23,800 --> 04:14:26,700
development. 
Political legitimacy became 

4984
04:14:26,700 --> 04:14:30,400
increasingly tied to Auntie, 
Frankish credentials narrowing 

4985
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:32,500
the space for pragmatic 
coexistence. 

4986
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:36,700
The Aruba Dynasty established by
Saladin initially maintained his

4987
04:14:36,700 --> 04:14:40,200
balanced approach, but gradually
succumb to internal rivalries. 

4988
04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:43,400
When are you bid rulers? 
Negotiated the surrender of 

4989
04:14:43,400 --> 04:14:46,100
Jerusalem to Frederick the 
second during the sixth crusade 

4990
04:14:46,100 --> 04:14:49,200
in 12:29. 
They faced intense opposition 

4991
04:14:49,200 --> 04:14:51,400
from religious Scholars and the 
general population. 

4992
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:56,800
The city was retaken by aw bid 
forces in 1244, demonstrating 

4993
04:14:56,800 --> 04:15:00,600
how counter Crusade ideology had
become self-sustaining, able to 

4994
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:03,000
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

4995
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:06,800
The Mongol invasions of the 
mid-13th century initially 

4996
04:15:06,800 --> 04:15:09,100
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

4997
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,200
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

4998
04:15:12,208 --> 04:15:15,800
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

4999
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:20,000
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

5000
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:22,500
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

5001
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:26,100
mamluks of Egypt who had 
overthrown the ibids, the mamluk

5002
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:29,500
victory at Angela in 1260 halted
Mongol advancement. 

5003
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:32,500
And paradoxical reinforced 
counter Crusade ideology by 

5004
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:35,200
linking it to broader resistance
against foreign domination. 

5005
04:15:36,200 --> 04:15:38,900
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

5006
04:15:38,908 --> 04:15:42,800
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory and a mamluk 

5007
04:15:42,800 --> 04:15:45,900
stall, Sultan baibars, and his 
successors. 

5008
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:54,100
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli
to 1289 and finally a Cree 1291 

5009
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:57,000
eliminated Latin presence in the
Levant. 

5010
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:00,400
These campaigns were marked by 
meticulous planning 

5011
04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:04,200
technological innovation, 
particularly in Siege Warfare 

5012
04:16:04,200 --> 04:16:07,600
and strategic ruthlessness. 
The century is long. 

5013
04:16:07,600 --> 04:16:10,600
In counter had transformed both 
Islamic military organization 

5014
04:16:10,600 --> 04:16:13,400
and religious thought, creating 
new paradigms that would 

5015
04:16:13,400 --> 04:16:16,500
influence Muslim societies for 
generations to come the 

5016
04:16:16,500 --> 04:16:19,000
brutality of the Crusades 
extended beyond the battlefield 

5017
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:20,900
into the realm of cultural 
Warfare. 

5018
04:16:22,000 --> 04:16:25,500
While physical violence a media 
victims, the crusading movements

5019
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:29,000
of salt on cultural identity and
knowledge produced casualties 

5020
04:16:29,000 --> 04:16:32,400
that would never be counted. 
This dimension of Crusader 

5021
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:36,800
brutality remains under explored
overshadows shadowed by more 

5022
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:39,000
visually, dramatic aspects of 
military conflict. 

5023
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,300
The library of Tripoli 
reportedly containing over 3, 

5024
04:16:42,300 --> 04:16:45,800
million volumes represented one 
of the medieval world's greatest

5025
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:49,400
repositories of knowledge. 
Crusaders systematically 

5026
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:51,000
destroyed. 
This Irreplaceable collection 

5027
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:56,500
when they captured the city in 
1189 Raymond of agile who had 

5028
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:59,200
earlier glorified the bloodbath 
that Jerusalem described this 

5029
04:16:59,200 --> 04:17:02,400
destruction as necessary because
many texts contained The 

5030
04:17:02,400 --> 04:17:06,300
Abominable teachings of Muhammad
the specific targeting of 

5031
04:17:06,308 --> 04:17:09,800
libraries was not incidental but
ideological an attack on 

5032
04:17:09,800 --> 04:17:14,300
knowledge systems that challenge
Latin Christian exclusivity The 

5033
04:17:14,300 --> 04:17:17,000
Crusaders cultural program 
extended to the built 

5034
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:20,000
environment. 
Upon capturing Jerusalem, they 

5035
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:22,500
immediately converted the Dome 
of the Rock in to a church 

5036
04:17:22,500 --> 04:17:26,500
called templum domini and also 
mosque in to Temple and Solomon.

5037
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:29,900
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

5038
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:31,300
editions. 
That overlaid Christian 

5039
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:35,000
symbolism onto Hispanic sacred 
spaces art historians of 

5040
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:37,500
documented, how Crusader 
modifications deliberately 

5041
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:40,900
obscured or to face Islamic 
inscription while preserving 

5042
04:17:40,900 --> 04:17:43,200
architectural elements. 
That could be incorporated into 

5043
04:17:43,200 --> 04:17:46,000
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence. 

5044
04:17:46,000 --> 04:17:48,300
Characterized the Crusaders 
States throughout their 

5045
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:51,100
existence. 
Despite ruling predominantly 

5046
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:53,300
arabic speaking population for 
Generations. 

5047
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:56,500
Most Frankish Nobles, never 
learned the language of their 

5048
04:17:56,500 --> 04:17:59,200
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

5049
04:17:59,200 --> 04:18:02,900
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

5050
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:07,000
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

5051
04:18:07,000 --> 04:18:10,600
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

5052
04:18:10,600 --> 04:18:14,200
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

5053
04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:16,200
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

5054
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:20,000
The Crusaders ideological 
impact, extended beyond the 

5055
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:23,100
immediate conflict zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

5056
04:18:23,100 --> 04:18:26,600
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

5057
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:29,000
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

5058
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:32,500
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

5059
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:35,900
providing templates for 
persecuting, domestic minorities

5060
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:39,600
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

5061
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:43,400
the Cross of broad. 
The fourth letter in Council of 

5062
04:18:43,408 --> 04:18:47,500
1215, which formalised much 
crusading theology also. 

5063
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:49,700
Mandated, that Jews were 
distinctive clothing, 

5064
04:18:49,700 --> 04:18:52,800
institutionalizing their 
otherness intellectual 

5065
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:55,300
casualties included, the 
severing of philosophical and 

5066
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,200
scientific exchanges that have 
previously flourished across 

5067
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,200
religious boundaries. 
The translation movement 

5068
04:19:01,200 --> 04:19:04,700
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 
which had transmitted critical 

5069
04:19:04,700 --> 04:19:08,700
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 
commentaries facing suspicion. 

5070
04:19:09,700 --> 04:19:12,800
As crusading ideology, hardened 
boundaries, between Christian 

5071
04:19:12,800 --> 04:19:14,200
and Muslim. 
Intellectual worlds 

5072
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:17,200
opportunities for cross 
fertilization diminished 

5073
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:20,600
delaying European access to 
crucial classical knowledge for 

5074
04:19:20,600 --> 04:19:23,000
Generations. 
Even artistic production was 

5075
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:26,500
militarized, the Shah sonderland
initially composed before the 

5076
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:29,700
first crusade was expanded and a
modified to incorporate 

5077
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:32,800
crusading themes. 
Transforming a regional conflict

5078
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:35,700
into an existential struggle 
between Christianity and Islam. 

5079
04:19:36,800 --> 04:19:39,700
This literary weaponization 
created, cultural templates. 

5080
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:42,200
That would influence European 
perceptions of Muslims for 

5081
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:44,900
centuries. 
Similar Charles similar 

5082
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,800
Transformations occurred in 
Visual Arts, where depictions of

5083
04:19:47,808 --> 04:19:50,900
Muslims became increasingly, 
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 

5084
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:53,100
manuscript illumination and 
church, sculpture. 

5085
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:56,600
Women's experiences During the 
crusading period revealed 

5086
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,000
particularly complex, dimensions
of cultural violence. 

5087
04:19:59,900 --> 04:20:04,300
Anaconda's Alexia documents, how
female nobles were forced into 

5088
04:20:04,300 --> 04:20:07,600
marriages with Crusader leaders 
creating bloodline claims to 

5089
04:20:07,600 --> 04:20:11,100
Eastern territories. 
In the Crusade Estates policies,

5090
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:14,500
regarding intermarriage shifted.
According to demographic 

5091
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:18,100
necessity, rather than 
principled acceptance, local 

5092
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:20,800
Christian families permitted 
temporary accommodations with 

5093
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:23,200
Frankish women when they were 
scared, but these are 

5094
04:20:23,208 --> 04:20:25,200
Arrangements remained 
exceptional rather than 

5095
04:20:25,200 --> 04:20:28,200
normative. 
The cultural Legacy of Crusader 

5096
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:31,000
brutality survived long after 
the military conflicts ended, 

5097
04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:35,400
the Portuguese and Spanish 
Voyages of Discovery explicitly 

5098
04:20:35,400 --> 04:20:38,500
framed, their Enterprises as 
extensions of crusading with 

5099
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,400
Columbus carrying a crusader 
Banner when he landed in the 

5100
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:43,800
Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

5101
04:20:43,800 --> 04:20:45,800
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews. 

5102
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,000
In Iberia following the 
Reconquista were directly 

5103
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:51,300
transported to the Americas. 
Informing Colonial practices 

5104
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:54,000
toward indigenous populations 
the papal. 

5105
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:57,000
Bulls that divided the new world
between European powers, 

5106
04:20:57,000 --> 04:21:01,200
explicitly referenced crusading,
precedence in the Muslim world. 

5107
04:21:01,200 --> 04:21:04,400
The cultural memory of Crusader 
aggression created enduring 

5108
04:21:04,400 --> 04:21:06,800
suspicion toward Western 
intellectual Traditions. 

5109
04:21:06,800 --> 04:21:10,700
The early openness toward Greek 
philosophical traditions which 

5110
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:13,600
had produced figures like 
avicenna and a vero's face 

5111
04:21:13,600 --> 04:21:16,400
increasing resistance within 
Muslim intellectual circles. 

5112
04:21:17,300 --> 04:21:20,200
theological positions that 
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 

5113
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:23,400
identity gained prominence over 
those that had sought common 

5114
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:27,200
philosophical ground with other 
traditions, This cultural 

5115
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:29,800
retrenchment represented a 
significant loss for 

5116
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:33,100
intellectual exchange across 
civilizational boundaries. 

5117
04:21:33,100 --> 04:21:37,400
Perhaps most profoundly the 
Crusades transformed religious 

5118
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:41,100
violence from an incidental 
feature of political conflict in

5119
04:21:41,100 --> 04:21:43,000
to a central expression of 
devotional. 

5120
04:21:44,100 --> 04:21:46,900
By sanctifying Warfare through 
elaborate theological 

5121
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:50,100
Frameworks, the movement created
templates for religious 

5122
04:21:50,100 --> 04:21:54,000
militancy that transcended its 
immediate historical context. 

5123
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:58,000
These templates proved 
remarkably adaptable capable of 

5124
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:00,800
being invoked in radically 
different circumstances across 

5125
04:22:00,800 --> 04:22:03,700
centuries. 
The cultural brutality of the 

5126
04:22:03,700 --> 04:22:06,700
Crusades thus extended far 
beyond the immediate violence of

5127
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:09,700
conquest and occupation 
reshaping how religious 

5128
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:12,000
communities understood 
themselves in relation to 

5129
04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:14,300
others. 
When the Crusaders Rule people 

5130
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:17,000
had to deal with intimate forms 
of violence every day that are 

5131
04:22:17,008 --> 04:22:19,600
often left out of stories that 
are mostly about battles. 

5132
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:23,100
These daily acts of violence, 
which hurt, people's bodies, 

5133
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:26,300
families, and spiritual lives, 
were part of life for 

5134
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:28,000
indigenous. 
People living on Crusader 

5135
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,300
allowance evidence from 
archaeology court, records and 

5136
04:22:31,300 --> 04:22:34,400
non-latin, Chronicles shows 
patterns of dominance that went 

5137
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:36,200
beyond regular military 
operations. 

5138
04:22:36,200 --> 04:22:39,000
Movement itself became a tool of
control. 

5139
04:22:39,000 --> 04:22:42,500
The Crusader States set up 
complex networks of internal 

5140
04:22:42,500 --> 04:22:45,500
checkpoints that made it hard 
for Palestinian Farmers to get 

5141
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:48,900
to their farms and crops. 
Toll booths made it costly for 

5142
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:52,500
locals to travel between towns. 
These limits, significantly 

5143
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:55,700
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 
routes transforming religious 

5144
04:22:55,700 --> 04:22:57,900
Journeys into periods of 
frequent harassment and 

5145
04:22:57,900 --> 04:23:02,100
financial demands. 
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 

5146
04:23:02,100 --> 04:23:04,800
moving through Crusader lands 
and wrote about how Muslim 

5147
04:23:04,800 --> 04:23:06,400
Travelers were detained. 
Without a reason. 

5148
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:09,900
Had their goods taken away and 
were physically abused at these 

5149
04:23:09,900 --> 04:23:13,500
border areas. 
Physical punishment and crusader

5150
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:15,800
law systems. 
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 

5151
04:23:16,500 --> 04:23:19,400
The Lira disa sees caught 
records show that the sentences 

5152
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,700
to francs and Native Christians 
were very different and the 

5153
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:25,300
sentences given to Muslims and 
Jews were even tougher. 

5154
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:28,100
Frankish people who broke 
property laws were usually 

5155
04:23:28,100 --> 04:23:31,100
fined, but native people who 
broke the law could be 

5156
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:34,100
mutilated. 
Written reports of different 

5157
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:36,700
punishments are backed up by 
archaeological evidence from 

5158
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:39,900
burial sites. 
Skeletal remains show patterns 

5159
04:23:39,900 --> 04:23:43,600
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 
consistent with judicial 

5160
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:46,400
torture. 
That are more common in non-fish

5161
04:23:46,400 --> 04:23:49,700
cemeteries. 
Under Crusader rule home's 

5162
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:53,300
turned into dangerous places 
Latin settlers were given more 

5163
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:54,700
property rights than native 
people. 

5164
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:58,100
And Native landowners were often
turned into tenants on land that

5165
04:23:58,100 --> 04:23:59,500
their families had owned for 
Generations. 

5166
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:04,100
In cities housing was separated 
with Muslims and Eastern 

5167
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:07,100
Christians, living in separate 
areas that got more crowded as 

5168
04:24:07,100 --> 04:24:11,000
Latin settlers moved in and took
the best spots. how to logical 

5169
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:14,000
digs in a Creator and tire 
during the Crusader era show, 

5170
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:16,700
the Stark difference between the
large Frankish compounds and the

5171
04:24:16,708 --> 04:24:20,000
more crowded native areas 
Getting to water, which was 

5172
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:22,800
important in the temperature of 
the Levant became another way of

5173
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,800
controlling people. 
The Crusader government changed,

5174
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:29,100
the flow of water to help Latin 
towns and military bases, which 

5175
04:24:29,100 --> 04:24:32,900
messed up traditional irrigation
systems in Jerusalem systems 

5176
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:36,300
were increasingly reserved for 
Frank issues, these restrictions

5177
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,000
meant that native people had to 
drive farther to get water. 

5178
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:42,800
This hydraulic colonialism 
entirely changed, farming 

5179
04:24:42,800 --> 04:24:45,900
methods, and Community habits 
that are developed over 100s of 

5180
04:24:45,908 --> 04:24:47,600
years to make the best use of 
water. 

5181
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,900
During the Crusades religious 
experience, changed in big ways,

5182
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:56,600
Muslims and Jews could practice 
their faiths, but there were 

5183
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:58,800
many restrictions in many 
places. 

5184
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:03,400
Going to the mosque was limited.
So Muslims from rural areas 

5185
04:25:03,400 --> 04:25:06,300
often had to go to cities for 
Friday prayers where they could 

5186
04:25:06,300 --> 04:25:09,500
be watched more closely. 
In places where there were many 

5187
04:25:09,500 --> 04:25:12,600
Christians, the call to prayer 
at hand was not allowed. 

5188
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:16,400
The band stopped a key part of 
Muslim life. 

5189
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:19,900
Jewish community's had to deal 
with new rules about building 

5190
04:25:19,900 --> 04:25:23,700
and fixing up synagogues. 
Hockey's logical evidence showed

5191
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:26,700
that Jewish religious buildings 
were purposely left out of urban

5192
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:30,300
makeover projects. 
There were many problems for 

5193
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:33,600
Christian villages in the East, 
theoretically they shared the 

5194
04:25:33,600 --> 04:25:36,500
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,
their distinct religious 

5195
04:25:36,500 --> 04:25:39,100
beliefs, and liturgical 
practices were increasingly 

5196
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:42,800
undermining each other. 
The Latin, patriarchy regularly 

5197
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:46,200
replaced Orthodox, Bishops with 
Latin appointed ones disrupting 

5198
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:48,500
the historical lines of 
succession within the church. 

5199
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,100
Latin power stepped in and took 
away the religious freedom of 

5200
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:56,600
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 
Coptic Christians, their actions

5201
04:25:56,600 --> 04:25:58,800
caused divisions Within These 
Christian communities, that 

5202
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:02,200
lasted longer than the Crusader 
States themselves, during the 

5203
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:05,100
Crusades, it was challenging to 
start a family and be sexual. 

5204
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:09,600
When Latin men married, local. 
Christian, women, especially it 

5205
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:12,400
caused complicated legal 
questions about inheritance and 

5206
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:15,500
Status these unions placed their
children in a challenging 

5207
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:19,500
situation frequently facing 
abuse from both sides for 

5208
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:21,200
Muslim. 
Women being Crusaders made the 

5209
04:26:21,200 --> 04:26:24,800
more vulnerable Contemporary, 
Islamic legal, opinions, known 

5210
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:27,700
as fatawa discussed the 
prevalence of abuse against 

5211
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:31,500
women by Crusader troupes, these
papers, demonstrate the struggle

5212
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:33,500
of communities to maintain their
Unity amid. 

5213
04:26:33,500 --> 04:26:37,800
Systematic dominance under the 
Crusader senior real system work

5214
04:26:37,800 --> 04:26:41,200
in agriculture changed. 
Native American farmers would 

5215
04:26:41,200 --> 04:26:45,100
give a new responsibilities such
as working as corvey on Crusader

5216
04:26:45,100 --> 04:26:47,900
building projects to meet the 
needs of European markets. 

5217
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:49,900
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

5218
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:53,700
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

5219
04:26:53,700 --> 04:26:55,200
processing were given more 
attention. 

5220
04:26:56,100 --> 04:26:58,700
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

5221
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:01,000
these changes had long lasting 
effects on the environment. 

5222
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:04,300
Such as more soil, erosion, and 
tree loss that changed the 

5223
04:27:04,300 --> 04:27:08,000
levantine landscape forever. 
Every day conversations were 

5224
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:11,700
full of linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

5225
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:14,600
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

5226
04:27:14,600 --> 04:27:17,100
translators. 
More business contracts, 

5227
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:20,400
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

5228
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:22,400
business. 
Over Generations. 

5229
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:26,400
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

5230
04:27:26,400 --> 04:27:29,200
indigenous communities fought to
keep up their literary and 

5231
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:31,600
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

5232
04:27:31,600 --> 04:27:34,200
programs. 
Medical Care showed and 

5233
04:27:34,200 --> 04:27:36,200
strengthened the Order of things
and Society. 

5234
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:39,600
Historical records. 
Praise the hospital's by the 

5235
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:42,900
military orders but most of 
their clients were pilgrims and 

5236
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:46,100
settles from Latin America. 
Native people, relied on 

5237
04:27:46,100 --> 04:27:48,800
traditional networks of healing 
that had fewer means when the 

5238
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:52,900
Crusaders were in charge, 
Archaeological evidence from 

5239
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:55,900
Cemetery sites shows that the 
health of native people. 

5240
04:27:55,900 --> 04:27:58,900
In those areas, got worse during
the Crusader time. 

5241
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:02,500
Skeletal pathologies show that 
they were malnourished and sick 

5242
04:28:02,500 --> 04:28:05,700
more than people who lived there
before the Crusaders, these 

5243
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:08,200
kinds of personal violence were 
not just a side effect of 

5244
04:28:08,208 --> 04:28:11,200
Crusader rule. 
They were what it was the 

5245
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:13,400
Crusader States. 
Didn't just keep their power by 

5246
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:16,300
the winning battles. 
They also kept it by enforcing 

5247
04:28:16,300 --> 04:28:19,600
daily rules of body control, 
space, separation and spiritual 

5248
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:22,600
disturbance. 
When Saladin took back Jerusalem

5249
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:25,800
in 1187, who was just as 
important that he lifted these 

5250
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:28,700
daily restrictions on movement 
worship and property ownership, 

5251
04:28:28,700 --> 04:28:30,500
as it was that he won the war 
itself. 

5252
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:34,100
Native people's support for his 
troops wasn't based on some 

5253
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:37,100
vague theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

5254
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:38,900
personal violence of crusade a 
rule. 

5255
04:28:38,908 --> 04:28:43,200
The Crusades continued to be 
violent after 8 refill in 1291 

5256
04:28:43,200 --> 04:28:46,900
diplomatic relations religious 
discourse, and cultural memory 

5257
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:49,500
still echo. 
Its effects understanding the 

5258
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,400
crusading movements Legacy 
demands appreciating how its 

5259
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:55,000
violence altered institutions 
and mentalities throughout 

5260
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:57,600
civilization. 
Generating patterns that 

5261
04:28:57,600 --> 04:28:59,900
remained today diplomatic 
consequences. 

5262
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:05,300
Followed immediately. 
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, gazan 

5263
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:09,000
Khan issued piece over here to 
European nations, offering 

5264
04:29:09,000 --> 04:29:11,700
United action against the 
mamluks and creating distrust, 

5265
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:15,100
Pope Boniface, the 8th wondered 
if Islam had tainted. 

5266
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,800
The Mongols Christianity, this 
diplomatic setback showed how 

5267
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:21,900
much crusading ideology has 
limited cross, civilizational, 

5268
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,900
cooperation pragmatic. 
Coalitions, were nearly 

5269
04:29:24,900 --> 04:29:27,500
unimaginable due to the 
religious Warfare Paradigm 

5270
04:29:27,500 --> 04:29:30,600
crusading violence. 
Set permanent precedence in 

5271
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:33,800
European politics, special 
levies, for expeditions 

5272
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:37,100
generated new fiscal mechanisms 
that increased state power, 

5273
04:29:37,900 --> 04:29:40,600
Henry, the second of England, 
imposed the salad and tie in 

5274
04:29:40,600 --> 04:29:44,800
1188 one of the early systematic
National taxes in medieval 

5275
04:29:44,800 --> 04:29:47,500
Europe. 
Financial advances, outlasted 

5276
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,100
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

5277
04:29:50,900 --> 04:29:54,400
External cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

5278
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:56,600
crusading. 
Laws, were assimilated in 

5279
04:29:56,600 --> 04:29:59,600
European communities, domestic 
religious minorities. 

5280
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:02,800
Gradually adopted fourth lateran
Council restrictions against 

5281
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:05,900
enemies of the faith. 
The medieval Inquisition used 

5282
04:30:05,900 --> 04:30:08,900
existing methods to locate and 
suppress Muslim resistance, and 

5283
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:11,300
conquered regions. 
Crusades were used against 

5284
04:30:11,300 --> 04:30:14,400
cathars and Southern France. 
Pagan people in North Eastern 

5285
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:16,600
Europe and people opponents in 
Italy. 

5286
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:20,400
European societies, handled 
internal diversity differently. 

5287
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:24,400
Due to this procedural Legacy. 
Colonial expansions after the 

5288
04:30:24,400 --> 04:30:28,400
15th century expressly cited, 
Crusades Portuguese, armies 

5289
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:30,700
deliberately continued. 
The Crusades when they took 

5290
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:35,400
Suter in North Africa, in 1415. 
Columbus thought his journeys 

5291
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:38,400
would revive the possibility of 
spring Jerusalem by a voiding 

5292
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:43,600
Muslim controlled territory. 
People bulls that directly cited

5293
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:47,200
crusading Powers Justified the 
Spanish conquest of the Americas

5294
04:30:47,200 --> 04:30:49,700
by providing indigenous 
Americans. 

5295
04:30:49,700 --> 04:30:53,200
With foundations, for battle 
against Muslims, the memory of 

5296
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:55,800
Crusader assault affected, 
ottoman Institutions, and 

5297
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:59,100
diplomacy the millets system 
which United religious 

5298
04:30:59,100 --> 04:31:01,100
minorities under their 
leadership with relative 

5299
04:31:01,100 --> 04:31:04,800
autonomy, was partially a 
response to Crusader subjugation

5300
04:31:04,800 --> 04:31:07,600
of Eastern Christians. 
Ottoman, diplomatic 

5301
04:31:07,600 --> 04:31:09,400
correspondence, with European 
nation. 

5302
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:13,200
Sometimes invoked Crusader 
atrocities to frame current 

5303
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:16,300
disputes. 
The sultanate to Sacred site 

5304
04:31:16,300 --> 04:31:19,400
contradicted, the Crusader 
Narrative of Freedom, the 

5305
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:22,000
Crusades caused significant 
theological and institutional 

5306
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:25,100
damage to Eastern Christians 
Eastern Christians, who 

5307
04:31:25,100 --> 04:31:27,700
acknowledged people Authority, 
while keeping their liturgical 

5308
04:31:27,700 --> 04:31:30,500
Customs. 
Formed unih churches, dividing, 

5309
04:31:30,500 --> 04:31:32,200
Orthodox, community's 
permanently. 

5310
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,000
The Maronite Church in Lebanon, 
the Greek Catholic Church in 

5311
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:39,300
Syria and Palestine and the 
Armenian Catholic Church of 

5312
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:41,400
evolved from these difficult 
talks, between Eastern, 

5313
04:31:41,400 --> 04:31:45,100
Christians and Latin Authority. 
Modern Middle Eastern. 

5314
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,400
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by
these ecclesiastical divisions 

5315
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:52,000
political identities, Jewish 
communities across Europe, saw 

5316
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:54,300
the Crusades as a major break 
with Christianity. 

5317
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:58,000
The first Crusades targeted 
brutality against Rhineland 

5318
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,600
Villages devastated, centuries 
old Jewish study centres and 

5319
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:03,200
caused a steady, Eastward 
migration. 

5320
04:32:04,200 --> 04:32:06,900
Sacred, poetry put him 
commemorated. 

5321
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:09,000
These massacres preserving their
memory. 

5322
04:32:10,000 --> 04:32:12,600
Theological links between 
crusading and anti-jewish 

5323
04:32:12,600 --> 04:32:15,900
violence, set precedence for 
successive persecutions. 

5324
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:21,700
Including expulsions, from 
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 

5325
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:25,800
Spain. 49092, cultural Legacy. 
Created lasting symbols 

5326
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:28,400
nationalist. 
Colonial and religious groups 

5327
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:30,200
used the Crusader cross for 
centuries. 

5328
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:34,000
The Swedish flag used during the
northern Crusades and the 

5329
04:32:34,008 --> 04:32:36,600
International Red Cross flag. 
Paradox. 

5330
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:41,400
Klee a humanitarian symbol The 
Crusade across These visual 

5331
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:44,600
continuity, show How Deeply 
crusading iconography shaped 

5332
04:32:44,600 --> 04:32:47,300
European culture. 
Often without historical 

5333
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:49,800
context. 
Literary and artistic 

5334
04:32:49,800 --> 04:32:52,800
depictions. 
Skewed stories medieval epic 

5335
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,200
poems. 
Like the song of Roland made 

5336
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,300
Muslims into monsters shaping 
European perceptions for 

5337
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:01,400
Generations. 
Renaissance paintings of Moors 

5338
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:05,099
used Crusader iconography. 
These cultural Productions 

5339
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,800
actively maintained differences 
between Christian Europe and the

5340
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:11,099
Muslim world. 
Modern nationalism in the 19th 

5341
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:13,300
century, politicized crusading 
memory. 

5342
04:33:13,900 --> 04:33:16,800
European Colonial powers in the 
Middle East Justified their 

5343
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,599
presence with Crusader Tales. 
Press coverage, purposely 

5344
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:23,800
evoked, Crusader imagery when 
British general Allenby invaded 

5345
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:27,300
Jerusalem in 1917. 
Syrian French mandate 

5346
04:33:27,300 --> 04:33:29,700
authorities rebuilt. 
Crusader Castle's as proof of 

5347
04:33:29,707 --> 04:33:33,400
their dominance Arab nationalist
organizations, defined their 

5348
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:36,700
struggle as continuing saladin's
liberation of Jerusalem in 

5349
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:39,599
response to Colonial 
appropriation political 

5350
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:42,300
discourse about the Crusade 
shows their unfinished business.

5351
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:45,700
The immediate uproar, 
demonstrated the lasting impact 

5352
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:47,900
of the term. 
When President George W, bush, 

5353
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:52,500
referred to the war on terror, 
as a crusade in 2001, extremist 

5354
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:55,200
movements in Western and Muslim 
countries, use crusading 

5355
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:58,400
iconography showing the 
conflicts enduring relevance to 

5356
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:01,599
Modern Problems. 
Excavations continued to reveal 

5357
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:05,500
Crusade of violence's material 
Legacy, recent excavations at 

5358
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:09,099
caesarea, maritima found, 
Frankish, and Christian Mass, 

5359
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,800
Graves from baybars, 1265 
Conquest, the bone remains 

5360
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:16,599
indicate hurried burial after 
systematic execution, echoing 

5361
04:34:16,599 --> 04:34:19,599
Crusader tactics at Jerusalem 
about two centuries before 

5362
04:34:20,599 --> 04:34:24,000
Popular culture romanticizes, 
but this archaeological record 

5363
04:34:24,000 --> 04:34:26,800
is sobering. 
Many Eastern Mediterranean 

5364
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:29,599
tourism economies whitewash, 
Crusader, Bloodshed by 

5365
04:34:29,599 --> 04:34:33,500
commodifying their past. 
Crusader castles like crac de 

5366
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,800
Chevalier in Syria and Belvoir 
in Israel are portrayed as 

5367
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:39,900
architectural Marvels rather 
than military weaponry. 

5368
04:34:40,700 --> 04:34:43,599
This limited commemoration shows
continued difficulties in 

5369
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:46,900
confronting Crusader brutality 
and its effects on Western 

5370
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,599
Middle Eastern relations. 
A pistol melodically, the 

5371
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:53,400
Crusades changed how different 
civilizations perceived 

5372
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:56,300
themselves and others. 
This time hardened religious 

5373
04:34:56,300 --> 04:35:00,300
identities Associated territory 
with confession and Sanctified 

5374
04:35:00,300 --> 04:35:03,800
violence in defense of Faith, 
all of which continued to impact

5375
04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:07,599
contemporary conflicts. 
The Crusades changed the 

5376
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:09,900
conceptual terrain of 
international contacts. 

5377
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:12,400
True revolutionary, historical 
events. 

5378
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:14,900
Create new paradigms that last 
beyond their immediate 

5379
04:35:14,900 --> 04:35:18,599
influence, By this metric, the 
Crusades violence was one of 

5380
04:35:18,608 --> 04:35:21,599
history's. 
Most significant events after 

5381
04:35:21,599 --> 04:35:24,900
nearly a millennium Urban. 
The second fatal sermon at 

5382
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:28,000
Claremont continues to impact 
our world because it cuts to the

5383
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:31,000
heart of how civilizations 
identify themselves and others. 

5384
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:33,900
Crucifer violence. 
Hans modern discourse. 

5385
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:37,099
As the Middle East struggles 
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 

5386
04:35:37,099 --> 04:35:39,400
grapples with religious and 
cultural identity. 

5387
04:35:40,200 --> 04:35:41,800
The dressing. 
This history is enduring 

5388
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:44,500
legacies requires understanding 
its complexity Beyond 

5389
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:48,099
triumphalist, narratives and 
simplistic condemnations The 

5390
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:50,900
Crusades cruelty was a 
revolutionary historical process

5391
04:35:50,900 --> 04:36:00,099
with lasting effects. 
Imagine a Sea of Grass that goes

5392
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,900
on forever Beyond every Horizon,
you can think of. 

5393
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,800
This is the Eurasian steppe a 
huge area of Rolling, 

5394
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:09,300
grasslands, that make the 
American Great Plains look like 

5395
04:36:09,300 --> 04:36:13,000
a law in the suburb here, where 
the ground curves away into 

5396
04:36:13,000 --> 04:36:16,000
nothingness and the sky seems 
close enough to touch lived, 

5397
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:18,099
people who would eventually 
change the whole world. 

5398
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:21,200
But when they woke up each 
morning to milk their horses, 

5399
04:36:21,200 --> 04:36:23,099
they had no idea what they were 
doing. 

5400
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:25,900
They wouldn't call the Mongol 
steppes Prime real estate. 

5401
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:29,300
There are no fertile river. 
Valleys like the Nile in Egypt, 

5402
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:32,400
no, protective Mountain Rangers 
like the Alps and Switzerland, 

5403
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:34,700
and no Forest like those that 
covered Europe. 

5404
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,599
In the Middle Ages. 
Instead, you had grass that 

5405
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:40,300
never ended and change color 
with the seasons, like a living 

5406
04:36:40,308 --> 04:36:42,500
carpet. 
In the spring it would turn 

5407
04:36:42,500 --> 04:36:45,500
green so bright that it hurt 
your eyes in the Summer. 

5408
04:36:45,500 --> 04:36:49,300
Waves of golden grain rippled in
the wind all the time in the 

5409
04:36:49,308 --> 04:36:52,400
fall it turned copper and bronze
and in the winter snow and 

5410
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:55,000
ice-covered it which could kill 
a traveler who wasn't ready in a

5411
04:36:55,008 --> 04:36:57,700
few hours. 
But if you knew how to read this

5412
04:36:57,700 --> 04:37:01,000
landscape, if you knew its 
rhythms and respected, its harsh

5413
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:04,400
Beauty, the steps could give you
things that farming communities 

5414
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:06,900
might never understand the grass
fed. 

5415
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:10,099
A lot of cows sheep goats and 
horses people got everything 

5416
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:12,800
they needed from these animals 
milk for drinking and making 

5417
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:17,400
cheese meat for protein, hide 
for clothes, and shelter, and 

5418
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:19,900
wolf a warmth on those cold 
winter nights, when the 

5419
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:22,099
temperature could drop. 
So low, that your breath froze 

5420
04:37:22,099 --> 04:37:25,000
before it left your mouth, the 
people who lived in this 

5421
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:28,599
difficult landscape were Nomads,
but that word doesn't do justice

5422
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:30,300
to how advanced their way of 
life was. 

5423
04:37:30,300 --> 04:37:33,000
Instead of thinking of them as 
homeless people who are 

5424
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:36,000
wandering around, think of them 
as highly specialized mobile 

5425
04:37:36,000 --> 04:37:39,000
communities, that had mastered, 
the art of living in harmony 

5426
04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:41,700
with their surroundings. 
They didn't just wander around 

5427
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:44,000
the steps. 
They followed old migration 

5428
04:37:44,000 --> 04:37:45,800
routes that had been improved 
over time. 

5429
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:49,400
They moved their herds to new 
pastures with the same care that

5430
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:52,099
farmers do. 
When they rotate their crops, a 

5431
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:54,599
typical Mongol family owned, 
maybe 100 different kinds of 

5432
04:37:54,608 --> 04:37:58,099
animals and taking care of this.
Mobile wealth required skills 

5433
04:37:58,099 --> 04:37:59,599
that would impress a modern 
Rancher. 

5434
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:02,500
You needed to know which grasses
were best for different animals 

5435
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:05,800
at different times of the year. 
How to find water in a place 

5436
04:38:05,808 --> 04:38:08,500
where Rivers were hard to find 
how to guess what? 

5437
04:38:08,500 --> 04:38:11,200
The weather would be like, and 
how to protect your herds from 

5438
04:38:11,200 --> 04:38:15,200
both people, who wanted to steal
them and wools that followed the

5439
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:18,400
migrations, like Shadows the 
girl, which is what people 

5440
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,099
today, call a yurt, was the best
building for this way of life. 

5441
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:24,300
Think about a house that could 
be put together or taken apart 

5442
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:28,099
in less than an hour moved by a 
few camels and keep a family of 

5443
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:30,900
six warm and dry in both the 
heat of Summer and the cold of 

5444
04:38:30,908 --> 04:38:33,200
Winter. 
The jail was like a small house 

5445
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:36,300
that could be moved around. 
It was about the same way as a 

5446
04:38:36,300 --> 04:38:38,800
small car and could stand up to 
wins that would flatten. 

5447
04:38:38,800 --> 04:38:41,900
Most modern tents, the inside of
a jeer was set up like a 

5448
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:43,900
well-designed yacht with 
everything in. 

5449
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:47,900
Its right place, the fire pit 
which provided heat light and a 

5450
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:49,800
place to cook meals was in the 
center. 

5451
04:38:49,800 --> 04:38:53,099
When you walked in men's things 
were on the left and women's 

5452
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:56,900
things were on the right this 
Arrangement showed how each Had 

5453
04:38:56,900 --> 04:38:59,500
its own important, but different
role in the Maddox Society. 

5454
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,700
The back of the G which was 
directly across from the door, 

5455
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:06,200
was the place of honor where 
important guests sat and Family 

5456
04:39:06,200 --> 04:39:09,000
Treasures were shown off but 
maybe the most interesting thing

5457
04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:11,700
about life on the steps was how 
it changed, the people who lived

5458
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:13,599
there. 
Imagine growing up in a world 

5459
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,400
where your backyard was 
literally endless when you learn

5460
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:18,800
to ride before. 
You could walk well and where 

5461
04:39:18,800 --> 04:39:21,300
you had to be able to read 
weather patterns and clouds and 

5462
04:39:21,300 --> 04:39:25,000
find your way across grasslands 
with no tracks using only the 

5463
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:26,400
stars and your knowledge of the 
land. 

5464
04:39:26,400 --> 04:39:29,900
Subtle Contours Mongol kids 
learned skills, that would seem 

5465
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:33,099
like superpowers to people who 
live in the suburbs today they 

5466
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:36,099
could ride horses bareback at 
full speed and shoot Arrows with

5467
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:39,100
deadly accuracy. 
They could live for days on just

5468
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:42,600
mayor's milk and dried meat. 
They could find water in places,

5469
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:45,600
where others only saw grass that
went on forever and they could 

5470
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:47,400
travel hundreds of miles of 
land. 

5471
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:49,200
That looked the same without 
getting lost. 

5472
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:51,500
This wasn't just a way to get in
shape. 

5473
04:39:51,500 --> 04:39:55,300
It was also a way to get your 
mind in shape living on the 

5474
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:58,500
steps taught you that The world 
was big that there were always 

5475
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:01,800
new places to go and that you 
had to be able to change quickly

5476
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:04,200
to stay alive. 
It taught you to be independent,

5477
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,600
but it also talked you to Value 
the strong ties of family and 

5478
04:40:07,600 --> 04:40:09,100
tribe. 
That could mean the difference 

5479
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:12,200
between life and death. 
When winter storms, hit or 

5480
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:15,500
enemy, Raiders came the steps 
also taught you something else, 

5481
04:40:15,500 --> 04:40:19,000
the borders were made up that 
the grass didn't care about the 

5482
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:22,000
claims of sedentary people and 
that being able to move around 

5483
04:40:22,000 --> 04:40:25,300
was more important than any 
fixed fortification when the 

5484
04:40:25,300 --> 04:40:27,700
tribes of the steps. 
Finally found a leader who could

5485
04:40:27,708 --> 04:40:30,600
bring them all together into one
terrifyingly, powerful Army, 

5486
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:34,400
these lessons would be very 
important but that's not the end

5487
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,800
of our story for now, picture 
those thousands of nomadic 

5488
04:40:37,800 --> 04:40:40,700
families living on the vast. 
Grasslands each following their 

5489
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:42,900
own old Perthes. 
Each keeping their own 

5490
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:45,600
relationships with neighboring, 
tribes, and each. 

5491
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,700
Living a life that was both 
free, and limited harsh, and 

5492
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:51,100
beautiful, and simple, and very 
complex. 

5493
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:53,100
The steps were like a huge 
school. 

5494
04:40:53,100 --> 04:40:55,900
Where students learned, how to 
survive ride horses. 

5495
04:40:56,400 --> 04:41:00,000
Predict the weather Care for 
Animals and fight everyone who 

5496
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:02,500
grew up there, learned skills, 
that would have taken, European 

5497
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:05,900
Knights years to learn if they 
could learn them at all and 

5498
04:41:05,900 --> 04:41:08,400
every now and then one of the 
scattered graduates would come 

5499
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,000
along, who could see, past the 
normal tribal boundaries. 

5500
04:41:11,000 --> 04:41:13,800
This person could picture 
bringing all the people of the 

5501
04:41:13,808 --> 04:41:16,100
grass, sea together into 
something bigger and stronger 

5502
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:18,200
than any Kingdom that stayed in 
one place. 

5503
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:21,600
Someone like that was about to 
be born, but anyone watching 

5504
04:41:21,600 --> 04:41:23,300
would not have thought it was a 
good thing. 

5505
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:26,600
He would be born into a harsh 
world that had already shaped 

5506
04:41:26,600 --> 04:41:29,700
many generations of nomadic 
children, but the skills and 

5507
04:41:29,700 --> 04:41:32,100
points of view that landscape 
taught him would help him build 

5508
04:41:32,100 --> 04:41:34,400
the biggest empire in history, 
that was all connected. 

5509
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:38,100
The steps were ready. 
They just didn't know it yet in 

5510
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:41,400
1162 on what was probably a 
normal spring morning in the 

5511
04:41:41,400 --> 04:41:44,400
heart of Mongolia. 
Child was born, who would grow 

5512
04:41:44,400 --> 04:41:47,600
up to scare half the world and 
bring the other half together? 

5513
04:41:48,400 --> 04:41:51,600
His birth name was TAMU gin, 
which means ironworker in 

5514
04:41:51,600 --> 04:41:53,800
English. 
This was a practical name for a 

5515
04:41:53,808 --> 04:41:56,900
practical people, but it didn't 
suggest that this baby would 

5516
04:41:56,900 --> 04:41:59,500
grow up to make anything more 
important than horseshoes or 

5517
04:41:59,500 --> 04:42:02,500
Arrow points. 
The chapter headings in early, 

5518
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:05,700
life story are very harsh like 
those in a medieval Survival 

5519
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:08,500
Guide. 
Yes, again, his father was a 

5520
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:11,000
minor tribal leader, you could 
think of him as the head of a 

5521
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:13,600
small family business, in an 
industry where most business 

5522
04:42:13,600 --> 04:42:16,800
problems were sold with arrows. 
When temujin was about nine 

5523
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:20,700
years old rivals, poisoned his 
father, leaving the family, in a

5524
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:23,300
dangerous situation, like sheep 
without a Shepherd in a land 

5525
04:42:23,308 --> 04:42:24,900
full of wolves. 
What happened? 

5526
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,500
Next was the kind of childhood, 
that could either completely 

5527
04:42:27,500 --> 04:42:30,800
break someone or make them 
incredibly strong tems. 

5528
04:42:30,800 --> 04:42:34,100
Family was basically kicked out 
by their former allies and left 

5529
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,000
to fend for themselves in a 
society where being alone, often

5530
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:39,500
meant death. 
Imagine a family that suddenly 

5531
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:42,000
has no home or friends in a 
world, where your neighbor's 

5532
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:44,600
might think you are more useful 
as a slave than as an equal 

5533
04:42:44,600 --> 04:42:48,000
during these tough years, young 
learned lessons that would 

5534
04:42:48,000 --> 04:42:50,000
change. 
The way he led and built his 

5535
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:53,300
Empire for the rest of his life.
He learned that loyalty based on

5536
04:42:53,308 --> 04:42:55,300
blood or tradition could go 
away. 

5537
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:58,500
As soon as things changed, he 
learned that being able to make 

5538
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:00,600
new friends with people who may 
have been enemies. 

5539
04:43:00,600 --> 04:43:03,200
Yesterday was often the key to 
Staying Alive. 

5540
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:06,300
Most importantly, he learned 
that the traditional tribal 

5541
04:43:06,300 --> 04:43:10,200
system was deeply flawed because
it had endless fights strict 

5542
04:43:10,200 --> 04:43:13,800
hierarchies and couldn't unite 
against common threats during 

5543
04:43:13,800 --> 04:43:15,600
these years in the wilderness to
mujin. 

5544
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:18,500
Also learned something else. 
He had a special ability to get 

5545
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:21,200
people to follow him even when 
they didn't have a good reason 

5546
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:23,400
to do. 
So even when his family had to 

5547
04:43:23,408 --> 04:43:26,700
eat roots and catch fish with 
their hands, he still managed to

5548
04:43:26,700 --> 04:43:29,500
get people to follow him, who 
thought he was worth betting, 

5549
04:43:29,500 --> 04:43:31,800
their Futures on. 
It was the kind of charm that 

5550
04:43:31,808 --> 04:43:33,300
you couldn't learn or passed 
down. 

5551
04:43:33,300 --> 04:43:36,600
You either had it or you didn't,
Temujin. 

5552
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:38,600
Had a lot of it. 
It was like watching someone 

5553
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:40,500
climb a mountain. 
While everyone else was still 

5554
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:43,700
arguing about which way to go. 
He went from being an outcast to

5555
04:43:43,700 --> 04:43:46,400
being the leader of his tribe to
mujin built. 

5556
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:49,300
A coalition of followers through
alliances victories and shared 

5557
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:51,500
goals. 
These followers were not tied 

5558
04:43:51,500 --> 04:43:54,300
together by traditional tribal 
loyalties, but by something new 

5559
04:43:54,300 --> 04:43:58,500
shared ambition and neutral 
benefit temujin, knew something 

5560
04:43:58,508 --> 04:44:01,600
that most leaders on the step, 
didn't the old way of fighting 

5561
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:03,900
all the time between tribes 
wasn't just wasteful. 

5562
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:06,500
It was also harmful to the 
tribes themselves. 

5563
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:10,000
The sedentary kingdoms around 
the steps were getting stronger 

5564
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:13,500
and more united while the Mongol
tribes 40 each other over old 

5565
04:44:13,500 --> 04:44:16,900
grudges and grazing rights, the 
Gin Dynasty ruled Northern 

5566
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:20,300
China, the Western sheer ruled, 
the Silk Road, corridors and 

5567
04:44:20,300 --> 04:44:23,100
different Central Asian Powers 
were spreading their power into 

5568
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:25,800
areas where Nomads used to live 
timijan. 

5569
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:27,900
Thought the answer was to do 
something that had never been 

5570
04:44:27,900 --> 04:44:30,200
done before. 
Bring all the tribes together, 

5571
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:32,900
under one leader who could 
direct their combined military 

5572
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:36,800
power outward inward. 
It was like Testing that every 

5573
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:38,800
small family business in a 
troubled industry. 

5574
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:41,200
Come together to form one 
well-run Corporation. 

5575
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:44,700
But the negotiations were done 
with swords and the final 

5576
04:44:44,700 --> 04:44:47,800
agreements were made with blood.
Oaths, it took Decades of 

5577
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:50,500
political maneuvering that would
have impressed Machiavelli to 

5578
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,600
bring the two sides together. 
Temujin formed alliances with 

5579
04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:56,200
former enemies. 
Broke promises, when he needed 

5580
04:44:56,200 --> 04:45:00,600
to took useful ideas from tribes
here defeated and slowly built a

5581
04:45:00,600 --> 04:45:03,200
military and political system. 
That went beyond the usual step 

5582
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:06,500
groups, the decimal system of 
organizing, the military was one

5583
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:10,200
of his most important, new ideas
temujin, didn't organize his 

5584
04:45:10,200 --> 04:45:13,300
troops along traditional tribal 
lines which would have kept old 

5585
04:45:13,300 --> 04:45:15,700
loyalties and feuds alive 
instead. 

5586
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:21,200
He broke his army up into groups
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000 

5587
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:23,900
Warriors from different tribes 
who sworn new, Oaths of loyalty 

5588
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:27,000
to him personally it was like 
getting rid of all the old high 

5589
04:45:27,000 --> 04:45:29,800
school cliques and making new 
ones based on common goals and 

5590
04:45:29,800 --> 04:45:32,900
of past friendships. 
There were many great things 

5591
04:45:32,900 --> 04:45:35,700
about this system. 
It kept anyone tribe from 

5592
04:45:35,708 --> 04:45:38,600
getting too strong in the larger
group, it made Warriors from 

5593
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:42,200
different tribes work together 
which slowly broke down old 

5594
04:45:42,200 --> 04:45:44,800
tribal prejudices. 
It was most important because it

5595
04:45:44,808 --> 04:45:48,300
made a new identity Mongol that 
went beyond the old tribal 

5596
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:50,600
divisions and made. 
Everyone feel like they were 

5597
04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:53,700
part of the bigger project 
temujin had done, something that

5598
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:55,900
had never been done. 
Before in the recorded history 

5599
04:45:55,900 --> 04:46:00,000
of the steps by 1206, he had 
brought almost all of the Mongol

5600
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:02,700
tribes together, under his own 
leadership at a big meeting 

5601
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:06,300
called a coral tie, the tribal 
leaders formally recognized him 

5602
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:08,700
as their supreme leader and gave
him a new name. 

5603
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:13,000
That reflected his unprecedented
achievement Genghis Khan, which 

5604
04:46:13,000 --> 04:46:15,400
means Universal ruler or ruler 
of all. 

5605
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:18,700
It was like watching a small 
town business owner, become the 

5606
04:46:18,700 --> 04:46:21,400
CEO of a multi-national 
corporation. 

5607
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,300
Except this corporation's, 
business model was to conquer 

5608
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:28,200
new markets and growing to every
available Market the tribes that

5609
04:46:28,208 --> 04:46:30,500
lived on the steps had come 
together to form a single 

5610
04:46:30,500 --> 04:46:33,000
military force. 
That could project power over 

5611
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:36,100
long distance, as with a speed 
and efficiency that would change

5612
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:39,100
the way wars were fought. 
But Genghis, Khan didn't just 

5613
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:40,300
bring the Mongol tribes 
together. 

5614
04:46:41,200 --> 04:46:44,100
After he fixed the problem of 
division within the group, he 

5615
04:46:44,100 --> 04:46:47,000
quickly turned his attention to 
threats and chances from outside

5616
04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:49,800
the same strategic thinking that
had helped him. 

5617
04:46:49,808 --> 04:46:52,500
Bring the steps together, was 
now focused on the sedentary 

5618
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:54,200
kingdoms, that were next to his 
new Empire. 

5619
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:57,400
If the Mongols were stronger, 
when they were United than when 

5620
04:46:57,400 --> 04:46:59,800
they were split up, then they 
would be even stronger. 

5621
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:02,300
When they conquered their 
neighbors, the change was 

5622
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:05,900
complete, the boy who had once 
caught fish with his bare hands 

5623
04:47:05,900 --> 04:47:08,200
and lived on the streets, had 
become the leader of the most 

5624
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,700
powerful army in the world, 
settled people at long seen the 

5625
04:47:11,700 --> 04:47:14,000
steps as a place where Annoying 
Barbarian raids happened. 

5626
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:16,500
Soon. 
They would be the starting point

5627
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:19,200
for a series of Conquest that 
would change the political map 

5628
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:21,500
of Eurasia. 
The grass he had found its 

5629
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,000
Captain and the winds were good 
for a long trip. 

5630
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:28,100
Imagine the first time Genghis 
Khan looked past the steps at 

5631
04:47:28,100 --> 04:47:31,100
the settled kingdoms that had 
always seemed so far away and 

5632
04:47:31,100 --> 04:47:34,100
safe behind their walls. 
It must have felt like a small 

5633
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:37,100
business owner who was doing 
well, suddenly realizing that 

5634
04:47:37,100 --> 04:47:40,300
their local market was just the 
beginning that there were huge, 

5635
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:42,800
untapped opportunities waiting, 
just beyond their current 

5636
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:46,200
Horizon's in this case though, 
the business would grow through 

5637
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:50,200
Cavalry Charges and see Jenkins.
The Mongols first, big Target 

5638
04:47:50,200 --> 04:47:53,500
was the western gear Kingdom, 
which ruled over the Silk Road 

5639
04:47:53,500 --> 04:47:55,100
trade routes. 
That went through what is now 

5640
04:47:55,100 --> 04:47:58,300
Northwestern China. 
This decision showed how smart 

5641
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:01,500
Genghis Khan was instead of 
attacking the strongest 

5642
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,300
neighbors right away. 
He started with a kingdom that 

5643
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:07,400
was rich enough to be worth, 
conquering but not strong enough

5644
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:10,600
to threaten his Empire's 
existence for an army that had 

5645
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:12,200
mostly used mobile tactics 
before. 

5646
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:15,600
The Western Seattle campaign was
like a graduate level course in 

5647
04:48:15,600 --> 04:48:18,000
Siege Warfare. 
The Mongols learned that they 

5648
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:21,100
usual hit-and-run tactics. 
Which worked well against other 

5649
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:24,600
nomadic foes didn't work as well
against cities with high walls 

5650
04:48:24,600 --> 04:48:27,900
and supplies for long sieges. 
So like all successful 

5651
04:48:27,900 --> 04:48:31,900
businesses do when they face new
problems, they changed learned 

5652
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:35,600
and came up with new ideas. 
The Mongol Army change from 

5653
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:38,200
being a nomadic Force to 
something more like a modern 

5654
04:48:38,200 --> 04:48:41,600
combined arms military in just a
few years, they hired Engineers 

5655
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:45,100
from lands, they take over 
learned how to use Chinese Siege

5656
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:48,500
methods, and learned how to use 
catapults, battering, rams, and 

5657
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,200
other specialized tools. 
It was like seeing a motorcycle 

5658
04:48:51,200 --> 04:48:53,900
gang suddenly gain the 
logistical skills of a 

5659
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:56,900
professional Army while still 
being able to move and be 

5660
04:48:56,900 --> 04:48:59,400
aggressive. 
The Mongols didn't just use the 

5661
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:02,200
same military tactics as 
everyone else, they made them 

5662
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:04,300
better. 
Their Siege operations became 

5663
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:06,800
famous for how quickly and 
effectively they worked. 

5664
04:49:06,800 --> 04:49:09,600
European armies might take 
months to break down a single 

5665
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:12,900
Fortress, but Mongol forces 
could sometimes take whole 

5666
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:16,300
cities in just a few days. 
By using both traditional Siege 

5667
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:19,000
tactics and new engineering and 
psychological warfare methods. 

5668
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:22,300
The Mongol armies full range of 
skills was shown when they took 

5669
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:24,100
over the Jinn Dynasty in 
northern China. 

5670
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:27,400
This wasn't a small border 
Kingdom like Western Sia. 

5671
04:49:27,400 --> 04:49:31,100
It was one of the most advanced 
civilizations in the world with 

5672
04:49:31,100 --> 04:49:34,000
the Great Wall protecting it and
armies that had been perfecting 

5673
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:35,600
their skills for hundreds of 
years. 

5674
04:49:35,600 --> 04:49:39,200
The Gin Dynasty ruled Overland 
that was home to millions of 

5675
04:49:39,200 --> 04:49:43,300
people protected by hundreds of 
fortified cities and backed by 

5676
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:45,900
economic resources that were 
much bigger than anything. 

5677
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,400
The steps could produce but the 
Mongols methodically toured 

5678
04:49:49,400 --> 04:49:51,100
down. 
This Old Kingdom just like 

5679
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:52,900
mechanics. 
Take apart a complicated 

5680
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:54,200
machine. 
They know how to fix. 

5681
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:57,700
They attacked from directions 
that the Chinese didn't expect, 

5682
04:49:57,700 --> 04:49:59,900
which let them get around the 
Great Wall. 

5683
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:03,000
They also use captured gin 
Engineers to improve their own 

5684
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:06,400
Siege techniques and a mix of 
military pressure and diplomatic

5685
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:09,300
maneuvering to slowly cut off 
gin Defenders from their 

5686
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:11,500
possible. 
Allies people living at the 

5687
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:14,100
time, couldn't believe how 
quickly these conquests happened

5688
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:17,800
within a few years of the 
Mongols arrival kingdoms that 

5689
04:50:17,800 --> 04:50:20,000
had been around for years would 
be gone. 

5690
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:22,900
It was like watching someone 
play a video game at a faster 

5691
04:50:22,900 --> 04:50:25,000
speed. 
But the results were real and 

5692
04:50:25,000 --> 04:50:27,700
would last forever. 
The Mongol War Machine had done,

5693
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:30,100
something that military 
theorists would spend hundreds 

5694
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:33,400
of years trying to figure out it
had the perfect mix of speed 

5695
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:38,300
Firepower, organization and 
flexibility at the same time on 

5696
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:40,300
the Western Front. 
Mongol troops were moving into 

5697
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:42,200
Central Asia, in the same 
methodical way. 

5698
04:50:42,200 --> 04:50:45,100
The Mongols conquest of the 
quarries meet Empire. 

5699
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:46,900
Which ruled over a lot of what 
is now? 

5700
04:50:46,900 --> 04:50:50,600
Iran Afghanistan and Central 
Asia showed another side of 

5701
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:53,600
their strategic thinking. 
They could run multiple 

5702
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:56,900
campaigns at the same time over 
long distance, as while keeping 

5703
04:50:56,900 --> 04:51:00,400
widely separated forces in sink,
The Diplomatic incident that 

5704
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:02,800
turned into a full blown. 
War started this Western 

5705
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:06,800
campaign almost by accident. 
The cars made Shaw made a big 

5706
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:08,900
mistake when he killed Mongol 
trade envoys. 

5707
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,800
This was like, declaring war on 
what was already the most 

5708
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:13,300
dangerous military group in the 
world. 

5709
04:51:14,100 --> 04:51:17,000
Genghis, Khan's answer was 
quick, clear and completely 

5710
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:21,300
devastating in just three years.
The choirs made Empire was 

5711
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:24,900
completely destroyed. 
Its cities were in Ruins and its

5712
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:28,000
people were either spread out or
taken in by the growing Mongol 

5713
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:30,200
system. 
What was so impressive about 

5714
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:33,000
these conquests was how the 
Mongols were able to keep 

5715
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:36,600
control of such large areas 
while still expanding most 

5716
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:39,500
empires in history have hit 
natural limits, where the costs 

5717
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:41,500
of expansion were higher than 
the benefits. 

5718
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:45,200
However, the Mongols seemed to 
have sold this basic Problem by 

5719
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:48,500
combining flexible 
Administration with effective 

5720
04:51:48,500 --> 04:51:51,200
military action. 
The Mongols usually used in 

5721
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:53,000
changed local government 
systems. 

5722
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:55,500
In stead of trying to force a 
single system of government. 

5723
04:51:55,500 --> 04:51:58,600
On all of their lands. 
Chinese territories were still 

5724
04:51:58,600 --> 04:52:01,500
run by modified version of 
traditional Chinese bureaucracy 

5725
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:05,100
and Central Asian regions, kept 
their own cultural and religious

5726
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:08,400
practices under Mongol rule it 
was like running a multinational

5727
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,200
company where each regional 
office could keep its own 

5728
04:52:11,200 --> 04:52:14,300
corporate culture while making 
sure that all of the companies 

5729
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:17,200
strategies work together. 
This flexible Administration 

5730
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:19,200
went along with the 
communication system that was 

5731
04:52:19,200 --> 04:52:22,600
very new for its time. 
The yam was the Mongol Postal 

5732
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:24,800
System. 
It built a network of relay 

5733
04:52:24,800 --> 04:52:27,600
stations that could send 
messages across the Empire fast 

5734
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:29,800
faster than any other. 
Of communication. 

5735
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:33,300
It used to take months for a 
message to get from Mongolia to 

5736
04:52:33,300 --> 04:52:37,500
Eastern Europe, but now it only 
takes weeks, this made it easier

5737
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:40,200
for the central government to 
keep control over areas that 

5738
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:43,800
were thousands of miles apart. 
The psychological consequences 

5739
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:46,800
of these conquests were possibly
more significant than their 

5740
04:52:46,800 --> 04:52:49,700
military implications. 
The Mongols showed that distance

5741
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:52,400
was no protection against a 
well-organized and motivated 

5742
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:55,200
force that new tactics could 
break through traditional 

5743
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:57,900
fortifications. 
And that people who sedentary 

5744
04:52:57,900 --> 04:53:00,300
societies have thought were 
primitive barbarians could 

5745
04:53:00,300 --> 04:53:04,100
conquer entire civilizations. 
The Mongol Empire was bigger 

5746
04:53:04,100 --> 04:53:07,000
than the continental United 
States and growing quickly by 

5747
04:53:07,000 --> 04:53:09,500
the time. 
Genghis, Khan died in 1227. 

5748
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:13,700
It stretched from Korea to the 
Caspian Sea, but this was only 

5749
04:53:13,700 --> 04:53:17,000
the start Genghis, Khan's 
successes would continue to grow

5750
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:19,600
the system. 
He had built eventually creating

5751
04:53:19,600 --> 04:53:22,200
an Empire that stretched from 
Eastern Europe to the Pacific 

5752
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:24,900
Ocean and changed. 
The course of human history. 

5753
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:28,100
The great expansion changed, not
only the political map of 

5754
04:53:28,100 --> 04:53:31,700
Eurasia, but also what people 
thought and Empire could be the 

5755
04:53:31,700 --> 04:53:34,300
Mongols showed that nomadic 
Society could not only compete 

5756
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:37,300
with settled civilizations, but 
they could also be better at 

5757
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:39,500
military. 
Effectiveness administrative 

5758
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:41,700
efficiency and controlling 
territory. 

5759
04:53:42,400 --> 04:53:44,000
Grass. 
Sea had turned into an ocean. 

5760
04:53:44,000 --> 04:53:46,900
And its waves were crashing 
against Shores that had never 

5761
04:53:46,900 --> 04:53:49,700
felt their power before. 
Imagine, waking up one morning 

5762
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:52,600
to find out that your city, your
region, or even, your whole 

5763
04:53:52,600 --> 04:53:55,800
country had been taken over by 
the biggest empire in history, 

5764
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:59,200
almost overnight during the 13th
and 14th centuries. 

5765
04:53:59,200 --> 04:54:02,900
Millions of people in Eurasia 
lived like this, The prizing for

5766
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,200
many of them it wasn't as bad as
you might think at its peak. 

5767
04:54:06,200 --> 04:54:09,200
The Mongol Empire was less like 
a typical Conquest State and 

5768
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:12,200
more like an ancient version of 
a multinational corporation with

5769
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:15,200
very good management. 
The Mongols figured out how to 

5770
04:54:15,200 --> 04:54:17,800
keep Central Authority. 
While allowing local flexibility

5771
04:54:17,800 --> 04:54:21,300
how to bring together different 
cultures without losing. 

5772
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,400
What made them valuable and how 
to make systems that were both 

5773
04:54:24,400 --> 04:54:27,200
efficient and adaptable. 
These are things that many 

5774
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:30,700
modern organizations still have 
trouble with most people's daily

5775
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:33,300
lives in, the Empire went on as 
they had before the conquest. 

5776
04:54:33,300 --> 04:54:36,200
But there were some big changes 
that anyone who was paying 

5777
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:37,900
attention, would have noticed 
right away. 

5778
04:54:37,900 --> 04:54:40,400
Trade was safer and more 
profitable than it. 

5779
04:54:40,400 --> 04:54:43,700
Had been in hundreds of years 
with the Mongol Postal System 

5780
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:48,100
news ideas and new things could 
travel across huge distances at 

5781
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:51,200
speeds never seen before. 
Instead of relying on the 

5782
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:54,400
arbitrary decisions of local 
rulers legal disputes could be 

5783
04:54:54,400 --> 04:54:57,500
settled through standardized 
procedures, the famous Silk 

5784
04:54:57,500 --> 04:55:00,800
Road, which had connected 
Eastern West for centuries, but 

5785
04:55:00,800 --> 04:55:04,000
had often been interrupted by 
Warfare and banditry became 

5786
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:06,400
under Mongol protection. 
What we might think of, as the 

5787
04:55:06,400 --> 04:55:08,800
world's first truly 
International highway system, 

5788
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:12,200
Merchants could travel from 
Venice to Beijing, more safely 

5789
04:55:12,200 --> 04:55:15,100
than a medieval, European could 
travel from one city to another 

5790
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:18,600
in their own kingdom. 
This commercial security had a 

5791
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:20,900
big impact on how people lived 
every day in the Empire. 

5792
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,600
Chinese silk became available in
Europe at prices, that the new 

5793
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:27,900
middle class could afford 
Islamic astronomical tools made 

5794
04:55:27,900 --> 04:55:30,800
their way to Mongol courts where
they changed the way people 

5795
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:32,600
navigated and kept track of 
time. 

5796
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:35,900
The first information revolution
happened when European metal 

5797
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:39,100
working technique's, moved East 
and Asian printing technology 

5798
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:41,800
moved West. 
But the Mongol Empires attitude 

5799
04:55:41,800 --> 04:55:45,200
toward religious and cultural 
diversity was probably the most 

5800
04:55:45,200 --> 04:55:48,300
interesting thing about life 
under their rule medieval 

5801
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:50,500
governments often required 
people to follow the same 

5802
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:52,800
religion in order to be loyal to
the government. 

5803
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:55,800
The Mongols on the other hand 
practiced. 

5804
04:55:55,800 --> 04:55:58,300
What we now call 
multi-culturalism long before 

5805
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:02,200
the idea was even thought of 
nestorian, Christians Muslims, 

5806
04:56:02,200 --> 04:56:05,500
Buddhists confucians towers and 
adherence of traditional 

5807
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:09,600
Shamanism all occupied positions
within the Imperial framework 

5808
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:13,800
This tolerance wasn't just a 
nice idea, it was a practical 

5809
04:56:13,800 --> 04:56:16,200
need. 
The Mongol Empire was so big and

5810
04:56:16,200 --> 04:56:19,200
so different that it would have 
taken resources that even the 

5811
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:21,800
Mongols didn't have to try to 
make everyone follow the same 

5812
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:25,400
religion or culture in Stead, 
they made systems that let 

5813
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:28,000
different groups keep their own 
Traditions while also taking 

5814
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:29,800
part in the larger Imperial 
project. 

5815
04:56:30,700 --> 04:56:33,500
It created a kind of 
Cosmopolitan culture that didn't

5816
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,700
come back until the modern era 
Persian poets could work with 

5817
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:39,200
Chinese Engineers Islamic 
scholars. 

5818
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:42,100
Could argue philosophy with 
Buddhist monks and European 

5819
04:56:42,100 --> 04:56:45,400
Merchants could learn advanced 
math from Arab mathematicians. 

5820
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:47,900
In Mongol cities, it was like 
living in an old-fashioned 

5821
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:51,100
version of an International 
University town, but the campus 

5822
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:54,800
was half the world. 
Architecture during Mongol rule 

5823
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:58,100
exemplified this cultural 
amalgamation buildings mixed 

5824
04:56:58,100 --> 04:57:00,900
parts from different styles to 
make completely new Styles. 

5825
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:03,200
Islamic archers could support 
Chinese. 

5826
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:06,900
Roofs Persian tile work. 
Could decorate them and European

5827
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:09,600
silver could pay for them. 
These were just random 

5828
04:57:09,600 --> 04:57:12,000
combinations. 
They were carefully, thought out

5829
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:14,700
Integrations, that showed how 
different style of art could 

5830
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:17,300
work together to make each other
better in stead of worse. 

5831
04:57:17,300 --> 04:57:21,100
The Mongols also changed, the 
way people ate, the traditional 

5832
04:57:21,100 --> 04:57:23,600
nomadic diet of meeting. 
Dairy was improved by adding 

5833
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,800
foods and cooking methods from 
all over the Empire Mongol 

5834
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:31,000
kitchens started using Chinese 
spices, Persian fruits, European

5835
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:34,300
grains, and cooking methods that
have been used in isolation for 

5836
04:57:34,300 --> 04:57:37,100
years. 
But now mixed together to make 

5837
04:57:37,100 --> 04:57:40,400
completely new ways of cooking. 
The Assa was the Mongol legal 

5838
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:42,800
system. 
It was a complete and flexible 

5839
04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:46,100
way to get Justice, the Mongols 
usually didn't force a single 

5840
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:48,000
legal code on all of their 
territories. 

5841
04:57:48,000 --> 04:57:51,100
In Stead, they let local legal 
Traditions continued while 

5842
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:54,100
setting up general rules. 
That made sure important things 

5843
04:57:54,100 --> 04:57:56,000
stay the same. 
It was like having a 

5844
04:57:56,000 --> 04:57:59,000
constitution that protected 
basic rights while letting 

5845
04:57:59,000 --> 04:58:02,200
states keep their own rules and 
traditions compared to most 

5846
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:05,800
other civilizations at the time,
women had a relatively High 

5847
04:58:05,800 --> 04:58:09,200
status in Mongol Society. 
Mongol women could own land 

5848
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:12,900
trade and even sometimes make 
political decisions when the 

5849
04:58:12,908 --> 04:58:16,500
Empire took over areas where 
women had fewer rights Mongol 

5850
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,400
influence often led to slow 
improvements in their legal and 

5851
04:58:19,400 --> 04:58:22,200
social status, the Mongols 
supported education and 

5852
04:58:22,200 --> 04:58:24,800
scholarship because they knew 
that running such a large empire

5853
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:28,100
required Advanced knowledge 
systems they built libraries 

5854
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,800
helped people translate between 
languages and paid for scholarly

5855
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:34,100
exchanges that sped up the 
spread of knowledge across 

5856
04:58:34,100 --> 04:58:37,500
cultural lines Arabic 
translation of Chinese medical 

5857
04:58:37,500 --> 04:58:40,400
texts. 
Persian translation of Islamic 

5858
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,400
mathematical treatises and 
European astronomical 

5859
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:45,800
observations added to Asian Star
Charts. 

5860
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:49,600
This cross-cultural exchange was
shown in the art of the Mongol. 

5861
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,900
Period painter started using 
techniques and subjects from 

5862
04:58:52,900 --> 04:58:55,000
different Traditions making 
works. 

5863
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:57,400
That would have been impossible 
without the mixing of cultures 

5864
04:58:57,400 --> 04:59:00,700
that the Empire made possible. 
Musicians, tried out, different 

5865
04:59:00,700 --> 04:59:03,700
instruments and scales from all 
over the world, creating new 

5866
04:59:03,700 --> 04:59:06,300
ways to express themselves that 
were based on many different 

5867
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,600
musical styles historians. 
Now, agree that the Mongol 

5868
04:59:09,600 --> 04:59:12,400
Empire set the stage for the 
first truly global economy. 

5869
04:59:13,100 --> 04:59:14,900
This is perhaps the most 
important thing. 

5870
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:18,700
It did ideas products and new 
ways of doing things could 

5871
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:22,400
travel farther than ever before 
this economic integration meant 

5872
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:24,600
that things happening in one 
part of the Empire could have 

5873
04:59:24,600 --> 04:59:27,900
effects right away in places, 
thousands of miles away. 

5874
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:30,700
This was the first time this 
kind of economic 

5875
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,400
interconnectedness happened for 
the average person. 

5876
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:36,300
Living under Mongol rule, these 
changes may not have been 

5877
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:38,200
immediately apparent in their 
daily lives. 

5878
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:41,000
But their cumulative impact was 
transformative. 

5879
04:59:41,000 --> 04:59:43,600
You are more likely to find 
foreign Goods in your local 

5880
04:59:43,600 --> 04:59:46,900
market here. 
News from far away, places meet 

5881
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,400
people from different cultures 
and get ideas. 

5882
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:51,500
And new things that had come 
from far away. 

5883
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:54,600
The Mongol empire built 
something that had never been 

5884
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:58,200
done before in human history. 
The civilization that was truly 

5885
04:59:58,200 --> 05:00:01,400
Cosmopolitan, connecting 
cultures that had been cut off 

5886
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:04,400
from each other for a long time.
It was an early version of 

5887
05:00:04,400 --> 05:00:07,600
globalization run by people who 
had always thought that the 

5888
05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:11,200
whole world was just grass sky 
and the occasional tribe next 

5889
05:00:11,200 --> 05:00:13,400
door. 
The Mongols learned to think 

5890
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:16,500
about big areas and long 
distance is in the steps now, 

5891
05:00:16,500 --> 05:00:19,100
they had used that point of view
to build a political and 

5892
05:00:19,100 --> 05:00:22,100
economic system that made the 
world smaller and more connected

5893
05:00:22,100 --> 05:00:25,200
than it had ever been before the
signs of trouble. 

5894
05:00:25,200 --> 05:00:28,500
In the Mongol, Empire started 
out small, like clouds slowly 

5895
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:30,200
covering up a perfect spring 
day. 

5896
05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:33,900
But they grew into a storm 
system that changed the weather 

5897
05:00:33,900 --> 05:00:36,600
patterns for Good. 
By the end of the 13th century, 

5898
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:51,000
the Empire that had seemed 
unbreakabull family business has

5899
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:54,300
to deal with What happens when 
people who weren't involved in 

5900
05:00:54,300 --> 05:00:57,200
making the vision have to carry 
it out, Genghis, Khan's, 

5901
05:00:57,200 --> 05:00:59,500
grandsons and great-grandsons 
received an Empire. 

5902
05:00:59,500 --> 05:01:02,800
But they also had the impossible
job of keeping units to cross 

5903
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:04,600
land. 
So, large that it took months 

5904
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:06,500
for messages to get from one 
into the other. 

5905
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:09,400
It was like trying to run a 
modern business with medieval 

5906
05:01:09,400 --> 05:01:12,200
communication tools, but each 
part of the business, had its 

5907
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:14,900
own Army and its own ideas about
how to move forward. 

5908
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:17,800
Strategically the Empire 
structure which had been 

5909
05:01:17,800 --> 05:01:20,900
brilliantly adapted to Rapid 
growth turned out to be less 

5910
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,300
useful for long-term management.
The Mongol system worked great 

5911
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:27,400
when they were new lands to 
conquer a new resources to share

5912
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:29,800
among the different branches of 
the Imperial family. 

5913
05:01:29,800 --> 05:01:33,400
But when expansion slowed down 
partly, because they had run out

5914
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:36,700
of neighbors, who were easy to 
conquer, the Empire started to 

5915
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:40,000
have the same kind of internal 
competition that it used to have

5916
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:42,700
the against enemies. 
Imagine a family that got rich 

5917
05:01:42,700 --> 05:01:45,100
by always expanding their 
business into new markets. 

5918
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:49,200
Then all of a sudden they found 
themselves in a situation where 

5919
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:52,600
they had taken over all the 
markets, the energy that Once 

5920
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:53,800
gone into growing, the family 
business. 

5921
05:01:53,800 --> 05:01:57,200
Now turned Inward and different 
family members started fighting 

5922
05:01:57,200 --> 05:01:59,500
over, who would control the 
resources that were already 

5923
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:01,600
there. 
The Mongol Empire was basically 

5924
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:04,700
going through the biggest family
business fight in history, but 

5925
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:07,000
the family members were in 
charge of land, the size of 

5926
05:02:07,008 --> 05:02:09,800
modern countries and had 
professional armies to back up 

5927
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:12,500
their arguments. 
As the empire, grew fights over 

5928
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:14,800
who would take over became more 
bitter and complicated. 

5929
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,900
Genghis, Khan was able to get 
people to do what he wanted 

5930
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:19,900
because of his strong 
personality and Military 

5931
05:02:19,900 --> 05:02:22,000
success. 
But his descendants had to 

5932
05:02:22,008 --> 05:02:24,700
compete for loyalty among 
subordinates who had their own 

5933
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:26,900
Regional interests and cultural 
identities. 

5934
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:29,300
There was like, seeing the 
corporate culture that a 

5935
05:02:29,300 --> 05:02:32,600
charismatic founder had worked 
hard to build slowly fall apart 

5936
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:35,100
as different regional managers 
started to follow their own 

5937
05:02:35,100 --> 05:02:38,400
goals, as the Mongol military 
campaigns became less effective,

5938
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:40,900
the famous Unity that had made 
them. 

5939
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:44,300
So effective began to break down
into a patchwork of competing 

5940
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:46,900
interests. 
The Yuan dynasty in China, the 

5941
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:50,200
ilani in Persia the golden horde
in Eastern Europe and the 

5942
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:52,100
chagatai khanate in Central 
Asia. 

5943
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:55,200
All said they were under the 
great Khan's rule in Mongolia. 

5944
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:59,500
But in reality, they acted more 
and more like independent Powers

5945
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:02,800
with their own foreign policies,
and Military goals sociologist. 

5946
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:05,400
Now, call the process that made 
this political fragmentation 

5947
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:09,500
worse, cultural accommodation. 
This means that the Mongol 

5948
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:12,300
rulers slowly adopted the 
customs and views of the people.

5949
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:15,900
They ruled the Mongol khans in 
China, started to think and act 

5950
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:18,400
like Chinese Emperors. 
The ones in Persia started to 

5951
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:21,600
act like Persian Court members 
and the ones in Russia started 

5952
05:03:21,600 --> 05:03:24,100
to run their countries in ways 
that were similar to how things 

5953
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:25,900
were done in their own 
countries. 

5954
05:03:25,900 --> 05:03:28,700
It was a natural change that 
made them better rulers of their

5955
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:32,500
own areas, but it also made them
less Mongol and less dedicated 

5956
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:36,300
to keeping the empire together. 
Changing religions was a big 

5957
05:03:36,300 --> 05:03:39,200
part of this cultural. 
Change some Mongol rulers, 

5958
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,200
followed the main religions in 
their areas such as Buddhism. 

5959
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:45,800
In some places, Islam, in others
and Christianity and still 

5960
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,600
others. 
At first, the Empire's religious

5961
05:03:48,600 --> 05:03:50,300
diversity was one of its 
strengths. 

5962
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:53,900
However, as different branches 
of the Imperial family developed

5963
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:57,100
different, religious beliefs, 
and cultural identities, it 

5964
05:03:57,100 --> 05:04:00,700
became a source of division. 
The Empire's economy was also 

5965
05:04:00,700 --> 05:04:02,300
starting to show signs of 
stress. 

5966
05:04:02,300 --> 05:04:06,100
The Mongol system relied heavily
on tribute from conquered lands 

5967
05:04:06,100 --> 05:04:10,300
and money made from trade over 
long distance as But as 

5968
05:04:10,300 --> 05:04:13,300
political Unity broke down 
trade, routes became less safe, 

5969
05:04:13,300 --> 05:04:17,100
and collecting tribute became 
harder and more expensive, local

5970
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:18,700
officials. 
Whether they were Mongols or 

5971
05:04:18,708 --> 05:04:21,800
locals started, keeping more of 
the money, they collected for 

5972
05:04:21,800 --> 05:04:23,400
themselves. 
Instead of sending it to the 

5973
05:04:23,400 --> 05:04:26,600
central treasury changes in 
technology in the military. 

5974
05:04:26,600 --> 05:04:30,100
Also hurt the Mongols advantages
people who lived near the 

5975
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:33,000
Mongols and their subjects. 
Slowly started to use the new 

5976
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:36,900
ideas and Siege Warfare and 
military organization that had 

5977
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:38,400
made. 
The Mongols unbeatable in the 

5978
05:04:38,400 --> 05:04:42,000
13th century gunpowder weapons, 
which had first give him Mongol 

5979
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:43,900
troops. 
A big Edge became more common 

5980
05:04:43,900 --> 05:04:47,200
and advanced the military 
strategies that were once only 

5981
05:04:47,200 --> 05:04:50,100
known to the Mongols became 
known to everyone making the 

5982
05:04:50,100 --> 05:04:53,300
playing field more even between 
the Matic and set entry forces, 

5983
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:56,600
the Mongols began to feel the 
effects of Empire building on 

5984
05:04:56,600 --> 05:04:59,200
their population, which was 
perhaps the most important 

5985
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:02,000
thing. 
When Genghis, Khan started his 

5986
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:05,500
conquests, the original Mongol 
population was probably no more 

5987
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,000
than a million people. 
Even with the help of Allied 

5988
05:05:08,000 --> 05:05:10,800
tribes, and hired Health 
helpers, ethnic Mongols were 

5989
05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:12,500
still a small group in their own
Empire. 

5990
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:17,300
As time went on into marriage 
and cultural assimilation, made 

5991
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:20,500
it harder and harder to define 
or keep a Mongol identity 

5992
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:23,300
climate change. 
Also contributed to the Empire's

5993
05:05:23,300 --> 05:05:26,200
slow decline, but its effects 
were small and took a long time 

5994
05:05:26,208 --> 05:05:29,600
to show the medieval warm 
period, which had made it easier

5995
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:32,600
for steppe Nomads to live during
the Empire's growth phase was 

5996
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,200
ending and the weather was 
getting cooler and more. 

5997
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,400
Unpredictable, these changes 
made it harder for Nomads to 

5998
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:41,300
live their traditional way of 
life and the grasslands that 

5999
05:05:41,308 --> 05:05:44,200
used to support large Mongol. 
Populations in their herds 

6000
05:05:44,200 --> 05:05:48,100
became less able to support them
natural, disasters and disease 

6001
05:05:48,100 --> 05:05:50,200
outbreaks but even more strain 
on the Empire's. 

6002
05:05:50,200 --> 05:05:53,500
Administrative systems, the 
black death, which killed 

6003
05:05:53,500 --> 05:05:55,700
millions of people. 
In Eurasia in the 14th century 

6004
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:59,000
hit Mongol lands a specially 
hard because the trade routes 

6005
05:05:59,000 --> 05:06:02,200
that had made the Empire Rich. 
Also helped spread the disease, 

6006
05:06:02,200 --> 05:06:05,600
the play outbreaks that killed 
so many people in the Empire 

6007
05:06:05,600 --> 05:06:09,000
made it harder to keep political
Unity at a time when it was 

6008
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:12,000
getting harder to do. 
So by the early 14th century, 

6009
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,800
the Mongol Empire which had Once
been a single entity had split 

6010
05:06:15,800 --> 05:06:18,800
into four separate karnatz. 
These connotes still had 

6011
05:06:18,800 --> 05:06:21,600
diplomatic relations with each 
other but they didn't work 

6012
05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:23,800
together on military or economic
issues anymore. 

6013
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:27,500
It was like seeing a successful 
multi-national company, slowly, 

6014
05:06:27,500 --> 05:06:30,500
break up into separate Regional 
companies have the same 

6015
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:34,300
corporate history, but different
business plans and Market goals.

6016
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,300
The change didn't have to be bad
for the people who lived in 

6017
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:41,100
areas that used to be Mongol. 
Many areas continue to do well 

6018
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:43,500
under their new Mongol, 
descended ruling classes. 

6019
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:47,000
The Empire's cultural exchanges 
and technological advances 

6020
05:06:47,000 --> 05:06:49,200
continue to shape growth across 
Eurasia. 

6021
05:06:49,200 --> 05:06:52,400
But the political Unity that had
made the Empire's most amazing 

6022
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,500
accomplishments possible, safe, 
long-distance trade, the quick 

6023
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,900
spread of new ideas and an 
unprecedented mixing of cultures

6024
05:06:59,900 --> 05:07:03,100
was slowly fading away like salt
in water. 

6025
05:07:03,100 --> 05:07:06,100
The steps which used to be the 
starting point for World 

6026
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:09,600
Conquest were slowly returning 
to their traditional role as the

6027
05:07:09,608 --> 05:07:13,000
home of nomadic tribes. 
The big test of building a 

6028
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:16,300
nomadic Empire was coming to an 
end but its effects would last 

6029
05:07:16,300 --> 05:07:19,000
for 100s of years. 
It wasn't like watching a 

6030
05:07:19,000 --> 05:07:21,500
building fall down when the 
Mongol Empire fell apart. 

6031
05:07:21,500 --> 05:07:24,500
It was more like watching a 
river system slowly. 

6032
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:27,400
Change course, with some 
channels drying up and others 

6033
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:30,400
cutting New Path through 
different types of land by the 

6034
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:33,200
14th century, the political 
Unity that had once stretched 

6035
05:07:33,200 --> 05:07:36,600
from Korea to Hungary was 
breaking up into smaller easier 

6036
05:07:36,600 --> 05:07:39,400
to manage Parts. 
Each part was changing to Fit 

6037
05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:42,000
the needs and opportunities of 
the area, which would have been 

6038
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:44,200
Unthinkable. 
During the Empire's expansionist

6039
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:47,100
phase the unity in China had 
problems. 

6040
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:49,800
That showed how Mongol rule 
didn't work in societies that 

6041
05:07:49,800 --> 05:07:52,400
were settled. 
The Mongol Khan had inherited 

6042
05:07:52,400 --> 05:07:54,500
the world's most advanced 
bureaucratic system. 

6043
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,300
That they were still different 
from the Chinese people. 

6044
05:07:57,300 --> 05:08:00,600
They ruled in terms of culture 
and ethnicity, it was like being

6045
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,400
the CEO of a company, whose 
culture, you respected, but 

6046
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,300
never fully understood. 
And you were in charge of people

6047
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:08,600
who knew much more about how the
business worked. 

6048
05:08:08,600 --> 05:08:11,400
The new did the WAN rulers. 
Tried a lot of different things 

6049
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:13,100
to stay in power and do their 
jobs. 

6050
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:17,400
Well, Some people like Kublai 
Khan Embrace Chinese culture, so

6051
05:08:17,400 --> 05:08:20,500
much that they became Chinese 
Emperors with Mongol ancestry. 

6052
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:23,800
Some people tried to keep Mongol
traditions and identity while 

6053
05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:27,300
using Chinese ways of running 
things, others try to rule by 

6054
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:29,900
keeping Mongol and Chinese 
elements separate, but still 

6055
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:32,500
connected to each other. 
None of these methods worked 

6056
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:35,500
perfectly in the long run. 
The Mongol rulers looked less 

6057
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:38,600
and less like real, heirs to 
Genghis Khan's Legacy as they 

6058
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:41,900
got used to Chinese culture and 
more they insisted on keeping 

6059
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:44,000
Mongol culture separate the 
more. 

6060
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:47,100
They pushed away the Chinese 
people whose help was needed for

6061
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:50,900
good governance. it was a 
classic problem of Imperial rule

6062
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:54,700
that didn't have a perfect 
answer in 1368, the Ming Dynasty

6063
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:57,700
overthrew, the Yuan Dynasty, 
which ended Mongol political 

6064
05:08:57,700 --> 05:09:01,200
control over China, However, 
Mongol influence on Chinese 

6065
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:03,400
culture and institutions did not
end. 

6066
05:09:03,400 --> 05:09:06,600
The Mongol period brought about 
changes in Chinese military 

6067
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:10,300
organization, administrative 
practices, and even building 

6068
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:11,800
styles that are still seen 
today. 

6069
05:09:11,800 --> 05:09:15,900
The new Ming rulers were against
Mongols that they quietly used 

6070
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:18,600
many of the same government 
methods that had worked well for

6071
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:21,000
the UN in the western parts of 
the old Empire. 

6072
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:23,400
On the other hand, different 
patterns of Decline and 

6073
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:26,800
adaptation were happening. 
The ilkan art in Persia fell 

6074
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:30,000
apart in the 1330s. 
Breaking up into many smaller 

6075
05:09:30,000 --> 05:09:33,300
kingdoms and city-states, but 
Persian culture, which had been 

6076
05:09:33,308 --> 05:09:35,600
greatly shaped by Mongol ways of
running things. 

6077
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:39,100
And tasting art kept growing in 
ways that showed this mix of 

6078
05:09:39,100 --> 05:09:42,600
cultures, the Mongol period left
a lasting mark on Persian, 

6079
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:46,300
miniature painting architecture 
and literature the golden horde 

6080
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:48,400
which ruled over a lot of 
Eastern Europe and Russia, 

6081
05:09:48,400 --> 05:09:51,100
lasted longer than some other 
parts of the Empire. 

6082
05:09:51,100 --> 05:09:54,600
This was partly because its 
lands were better suited to a 

6083
05:09:54,600 --> 05:09:57,500
traditional nomadic lifestyle 
and partly because it didn't 

6084
05:09:57,500 --> 05:09:59,100
have to deal with as much 
pressure to. 

6085
05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:02,600
A simulate culturally, but even 
the golden horde slowly change 

6086
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:04,100
from its original Mongol 
identity. 

6087
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:07,200
It became more turkic in 
language and Islamic in 

6088
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,900
religion, but it kept some of 
its traditional nomadic 

6089
05:10:09,900 --> 05:10:13,300
political systems. 
The fate of Mongolia itself may 

6090
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:15,500
have been the most powerful 
symbol of how the Empire 

6091
05:10:15,500 --> 05:10:18,200
changed. 
The country that started the 

6092
05:10:18,208 --> 05:10:21,300
biggest Conquest in history 
slowly, went back to its old 

6093
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:24,800
ways of organizing tribes and 
moving around with the seasons. 

6094
05:10:24,800 --> 05:10:27,700
The big cities that had been 
built to run the Empire, like 

6095
05:10:27,700 --> 05:10:31,400
karakorum the capital and others
were either abandoned or turned 

6096
05:10:31,400 --> 05:10:34,600
into small trading posts. 
The administrative system that 

6097
05:10:34,600 --> 05:10:37,800
used to coordinate activities, 
across half the world was cut 

6098
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:41,000
back to only managing the 
Affairs of small nomadic groups.

6099
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:44,300
But calling this process 
declined might be misleading 

6100
05:10:44,300 --> 05:10:47,300
because it makes it sound like 
something valuable was lost in. 

6101
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:49,200
A lot of ways. 
What was happening was more like

6102
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:52,700
a Natural Evolution, where the 
Empire's best ideas were kept 

6103
05:10:52,700 --> 05:10:55,100
and changed and it's less useful
parts. 

6104
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:56,700
Were allowed to fade away on 
their own. 

6105
05:10:56,700 --> 05:10:59,200
For a long time. 
After the Mongol Empire fell 

6106
05:10:59,200 --> 05:11:02,300
apart its Postal System, 
continued to have an effect on 

6107
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:05,700
communication networks across 
Eurasia, the decimal military 

6108
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:08,700
structure that Genghis, Khan had
established became the norm for 

6109
05:11:08,700 --> 05:11:12,300
armies across China and Europe. 
The legal principles found in 

6110
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:14,300
the Yasir, still had an effect 
on the law. 

6111
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,900
In many of the states that came 
after it, trade networks and 

6112
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:21,300
cultural exchanges that thrived 
under Mongol protection created 

6113
05:11:21,300 --> 05:11:24,900
patterns, that lasted long into 
the modern era the time when the

6114
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:28,100
Mongols ruled Russia which later
Russian historians called the 

6115
05:11:28,100 --> 05:11:32,000
Mongol yoke actually helped 
Russian power grow and become 

6116
05:11:32,000 --> 05:11:34,700
more centralized. 
When Russia started its own 

6117
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:38,200
Imperial expansion, the Russian 
princes who acted as middlemen 

6118
05:11:38,200 --> 05:11:41,200
between the golden horde and the
local people learned a lot about

6119
05:11:41,200 --> 05:11:45,200
how to run a government fight 
Wars and make deals the 

6120
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:46,800
strategies and organizational 
methods. 

6121
05:11:46,800 --> 05:11:49,400
That Ivan the Terrible used to 
take over Mongol successor 

6122
05:11:49,400 --> 05:11:52,600
states in the 16th century. 
The first used by the Mongols 

6123
05:11:52,600 --> 05:11:54,600
themselves. 
It was like watching a 

6124
05:11:54,600 --> 05:11:56,200
successful business model 
slowly. 

6125
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,100
Spread through an industry. 
The company that came up with 

6126
05:11:59,100 --> 05:12:02,100
the new ideas might be bought 
out or replace by competitors. 

6127
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:05,600
But the ideas themselves would 
still have an effect on how the 

6128
05:12:05,600 --> 05:12:08,400
whole industry worked. 
The Mongol Empires political 

6129
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:10,300
system was too ambitious to last
forever. 

6130
05:12:10,900 --> 05:12:13,500
But its changes to government 
the military and the economy 

6131
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:16,500
became permanent parts of 
Eurasian civilization. 

6132
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:19,900
The Empire changed a lot because
of disease, but not always in 

6133
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:22,800
the way you might think the 
black death, which killed about 

6134
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:25,800
one third of the people, in many
parts of Eurasia in the 14th 

6135
05:12:25,800 --> 05:12:29,100
century, messed up, the usual 
social and economic ties in the 

6136
05:12:29,108 --> 05:12:32,200
areas that used to be part of 
the Mongol Empire, but it also 

6137
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:35,400
made it possible for people to 
move up in society and for 

6138
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:38,000
institutions to change in ways 
that might not have been 

6139
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:39,800
possible. 
If things had been more stable, 

6140
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:42,900
the plague years caused a 
demographic disaster, in many 

6141
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:45,100
areas, which led to a lack of 
workers. 

6142
05:12:45,100 --> 05:12:48,300
This gave the workers who 
survived more power to negotiate

6143
05:12:48,300 --> 05:12:51,900
and move up in society old 
hierarchies became less rigid, 

6144
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:55,600
New Economic ties, formed and 
political systems changed to 

6145
05:12:55,600 --> 05:12:57,300
fit. 
The new situation, the 

6146
05:12:57,300 --> 05:12:59,800
combination of Mongol in 
Innovations and changes brought 

6147
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:03,200
on by the plague permanently 
changed the rigid social systems

6148
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:05,400
that have been common in many 
societies. 

6149
05:13:05,400 --> 05:13:08,200
Before the Mongols, the Mongol 
empires of effects on the 

6150
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:11,200
environmental had long-lasting 
effects that went Well, beyond 

6151
05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:14,200
its political life. 
The Mongol Empires growth 

6152
05:13:14,200 --> 05:13:17,600
brought about big changes and 
trade routes land, use patterns 

6153
05:13:17,600 --> 05:13:21,100
and population movements, these 
changes have long-lasting 

6154
05:13:21,100 --> 05:13:24,000
effects on the environment. 
Some areas that lost a lot of 

6155
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:26,300
people during the conquest 
period, stayed sparsely 

6156
05:13:26,300 --> 05:13:30,400
populated for many years, which 
let forests grow back and animal

6157
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:33,200
populations recover in ways that
affected later patterns of 

6158
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,200
settlement and development. 
Most importantly, the Mongol 

6159
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:38,800
period set up ways for people to
talk to each other over long 

6160
05:13:38,800 --> 05:13:41,400
distances and share their 
cultures that are still 

6161
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:44,100
important in world history. 
Today, the notion that 

6162
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,000
Innovations Artistic Styles, 
religious Concepts and 

6163
05:13:47,008 --> 05:13:50,100
Commercial practices. 
Could disseminate swiftly over 

6164
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,600
extensive distances and idea 
that was groundbreaking in the 

6165
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:56,600
13th century. 
Volt into a fundamental 

6166
05:13:56,600 --> 05:14:00,100
principle of global functioning 
the Mongol empire built. 

6167
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:03,700
What was basically the first 
Global Information Network, Even

6168
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:07,300
though the Empire itself fell 
apart the networks, it had set 

6169
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,200
up kept moving ideas. 
New things across cultural Lines

6170
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:13,500
by the 15th century, the 
different successor states to 

6171
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:16,000
the Mongol empire were following
their own Paths of development 

6172
05:14:16,000 --> 05:14:19,600
that were influenced by their 
Mongol roots and the conditions 

6173
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:22,400
in their own areas. 
The timurid empire in Central 

6174
05:14:22,400 --> 05:14:25,500
Asia mixed Mongol military 
customs with Persian cultural 

6175
05:14:25,500 --> 05:14:28,500
sophistication and Islamic 
religious devotion. 

6176
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:32,000
The Crimean Karnataka kept its 
nomadic political structures 

6177
05:14:32,000 --> 05:14:35,100
while adjusting to the changing 
political landscape of Eastern 

6178
05:14:35,100 --> 05:14:37,500
Europe. 
The northern un stayed in charge

6179
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:40,500
of Mongolia, keeping the 
traditional culture of the steps

6180
05:14:40,500 --> 05:14:42,700
while adapting to having less 
land control. 

6181
05:14:42,700 --> 05:14:45,900
These successor states were just
weak copies of the original 

6182
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:48,400
Empire. 
It was successful changes to the

6183
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:51,400
way things were, each had 
figured out how to keep the most

6184
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:53,000
important part of the Mongol 
culture. 

6185
05:14:53,000 --> 05:14:56,200
While also learning new skills, 
that help them do well in their 

6186
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:58,800
own environments. 
It was like seeing a big company

6187
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:02,000
successfully break up into 
smaller parts, that then became 

6188
05:15:02,000 --> 05:15:03,600
successful businesses on. 
Their own. 

6189
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:07,600
The slow change in Mongol 
identity, mirrored, these larger

6190
05:15:07,600 --> 05:15:10,500
trends of adaptation and growth 
by the 15th century. 

6191
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:13,400
The term Mongol had evolved into
a cultural and political 

6192
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:15,700
Concept. 
In addition to its ethnic 

6193
05:15:15,700 --> 05:15:19,200
connotation individuals, lacking
direct biological ties to the 

6194
05:15:19,208 --> 05:15:22,500
original Mongol tribes. 
Could assert a Mongol identity. 

6195
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:25,500
If they embraced Mongol, 
political Customs military 

6196
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:29,200
practices or cultural values. 
On the other hand, people of 

6197
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:32,200
Mongol descent who had fully 
integrated into Chinese Persian,

6198
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:35,500
or other cultural systems. 
May no longer identify as Mongol

6199
05:15:35,500 --> 05:15:38,800
in any significant way. 
One of the original Empires best

6200
05:15:38,800 --> 05:15:41,600
features was its ability to 
change identity categories. 

6201
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:45,900
This flexibility still helps 
Mongol success of state's it 

6202
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:48,200
helped them get talented and 
loyal people from different 

6203
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:49,800
groups. 
While still staying connected to

6204
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:52,900
the famous Mongol Legacy. 
It was a kind of cultural 

6205
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:56,100
branding that lasted a long time
and could change with the times.

6206
05:15:56,100 --> 05:15:58,900
The long end of the Mongol 
Empire wasn't a tragedy. 

6207
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:02,400
It was a natural change from one
type of organization to another 

6208
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:04,300
that was better suited to new 
condition. 

6209
05:16:05,100 --> 05:16:06,800
The Empire had done what it 
needed to do. 

6210
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:10,800
It had linked areas that had 
been cut off from each other set

6211
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:14,500
up new ways for people to trade 
and share culture and shown that

6212
05:16:14,500 --> 05:16:17,000
nomadic societies. 
Could build and run complex 

6213
05:16:17,000 --> 05:16:19,200
governments across a whole 
continent. 

6214
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:22,400
As you snuggle deeper into your 
blanket and think about how your

6215
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:26,200
own Cozy home is an example of 
years of improvements in 

6216
05:16:26,200 --> 05:16:29,300
building Heating and Furnishing 
that came from many different 

6217
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:31,600
cultures. 
You might think about how the 

6218
05:16:31,600 --> 05:16:35,000
Mongol Empire's greatest 
achievement was not Conquering 

6219
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:38,200
the world, but bringing it 
together. 700 years ago, the 

6220
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:41,700
Mongols trade communication and 
cultural exchange networks 

6221
05:16:41,700 --> 05:16:44,500
across Eurasia. 
These networks laid the 

6222
05:16:44,500 --> 05:16:46,700
groundwork for the global 
interconnectedness. 

6223
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:50,100
We take for granted today, as 
you get ready for bed in a world

6224
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:52,100
where you can order things from 
halfway around the world. 

6225
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,100
With a few clicks, talk to 
people on different continents, 

6226
05:16:55,100 --> 05:16:58,300
right away and learn about 
thousands of different cultures.

6227
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,700
You are living with the 
consequences of choices made by 

6228
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:04,900
nomadic herders on the Asian, 
steppes 7th century ago, the 

6229
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:08,000
Mongol Empires impact on Modern 
Life is so deeply ingrained in 

6230
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:11,000
our world today that we hardly 
ever think about it, like 

6231
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:13,700
background music that sets, the 
mood of a room without drawing 

6232
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:16,700
attention to itself. 
The most obvious Legacy is the 

6233
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:19,300
political borders and ethnic 
groups of today's countries. 

6234
05:17:19,300 --> 05:17:22,900
The vastness of Russia's land 
shows patterns of growth that 

6235
05:17:22,900 --> 05:17:25,800
started during the Mongol 
period, the borders of China. 

6236
05:17:25,800 --> 05:17:28,300
Today, include areas that were 
brought together into a single 

6237
05:17:28,300 --> 05:17:31,500
state during the United States, 
the different cultures in 

6238
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:34,100
Central Asian countries, are a 
result of people moving around 

6239
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:37,300
and settling their during the 
Mongol conquests the Mongol 

6240
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:40,200
Empire's Legacy shaped even the 
United States, which didn't 

6241
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,000
exist at the time. 
For example, the horses that 

6242
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:46,200
Change planes in Indian culture 
were descendants of animals that

6243
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:48,800
nomadic people had bred and 
improved and the 

6244
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:51,700
Transcontinental trade networks 
that European explorers. 

6245
05:17:51,700 --> 05:17:55,300
Found in the Americas were based
on patterns that were first 

6246
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:59,000
established along the Silk Road,
the genetic Legacy is just a 

6247
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:03,500
strong Modern DNA studies show 
that about one in every 200 men 

6248
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:05,200
alive today, has genetic 
markers. 

6249
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:07,500
That can be traced back to the 
Mongol Empire. 

6250
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:10,600
The highest concentrations of 
these markers are in areas that 

6251
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:13,800
were once part of the Empire, 
this isn't just interesting from

6252
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:16,700
a historical point of view. 
It's proof of cultural 

6253
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:20,400
integration on a scale that 
hadn't been seen before and 

6254
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,400
wouldn't be seen, again until 
the modern era, the Mongol 

6255
05:18:23,400 --> 05:18:25,700
Empire mixed people from 
different parts of the world who

6256
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:27,600
had been living apart for 
thousands of years. 

6257
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:32,100
This made the first truly Global
gene pool, but the genetic 

6258
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:34,900
mixing was only one part of a 
larger cultural blending that 

6259
05:18:34,900 --> 05:18:37,100
still affects everything from 
food to buildings. 

6260
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:41,100
Mongol cities were the first 
places where Chinese Persian 

6261
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:44,100
Central Asian and European 
cooking Styles met on a large 

6262
05:18:44,108 --> 05:18:46,300
scale. 
This is where Fusion cooking, 

6263
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:48,600
which mixes ingredients and 
techniques from different, 

6264
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:51,300
cultures began. 
The architectural styles of 

6265
05:18:51,300 --> 05:18:54,100
many, Asian cities, still show 
design ideas that were developed

6266
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:56,800
during the Mongol period. 
When Builders had to make 

6267
05:18:56,800 --> 05:18:59,700
buildings that could meet a wide
range of cultural needs and 

6268
05:18:59,700 --> 05:19:02,800
tastes, the Mongol influence can
be seen in the language itself. 

6269
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:06,300
Hundreds of words in dozens of 
languages, can be traced back to

6270
05:19:06,300 --> 05:19:09,000
the Mongols or to the cultural 
mixing that happened. 

6271
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:11,800
While the empire was around. 
The Mongols came up with new 

6272
05:19:11,800 --> 05:19:14,400
ideas and institutions that are 
still used in military 

6273
05:19:14,400 --> 05:19:17,300
administrative and trade-related
language across Eurasia 

6274
05:19:17,300 --> 05:19:20,400
languages that were never 
directly under Mongol rule was 

6275
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:23,400
still affected by the increased 
trade and cultural exchange that

6276
05:19:23,400 --> 05:19:26,300
came with it, the Mongols way of
being tolerant of other 

6277
05:19:26,300 --> 05:19:29,300
religions set examples, that 
still affect how we think about 

6278
05:19:29,300 --> 05:19:33,200
religious freedom and cultural 
diversity today, in the 13th 

6279
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:35,300
century. 
The idea that political loyalty 

6280
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:39,200
and religious belief could be 
separated was re it is still 

6281
05:19:39,200 --> 05:19:41,500
controversial in some parts of 
the world today. 

6282
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:44,800
The Mongol example showed that 
having different religions in a 

6283
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:47,500
big political group, can be a 
strength instead of a weakness. 

6284
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:51,300
Mongol influences can also be 
seen in educational and 

6285
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:54,100
intellectual Traditions the 
focus on practical knowledge. 

6286
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:57,400
The blending of different 
scholarly traditions, and the 

6287
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:00,000
translation movements that 
thrived with Mongol support 

6288
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,400
created ways for Scholars to 
share ideas, that shape the 

6289
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,700
growth of universities 
libraries, and scholarly 

6290
05:20:06,700 --> 05:20:09,700
networks across Eurasia, the 
Renaissance in Europe. 

6291
05:20:09,700 --> 05:20:12,800
The last flowering of the 
Islamic golden age, and the 

6292
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:16,500
technological advances of Ming 
China, all built on ideas that 

6293
05:20:16,500 --> 05:20:19,300
were made Stronger by cultural 
exchanges between the Mongols 

6294
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:22,400
and other cultures, the way 
modern military are organized. 

6295
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:25,300
Still shows the effects of new 
ideas that the Mongol Army came 

6296
05:20:25,300 --> 05:20:28,600
up with the decimal system of 
military units, the use of 

6297
05:20:28,608 --> 05:20:31,600
different weapon systems and 
tactics, the focus on 

6298
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:35,200
communication and mobility and 
the use of psychological warfare

6299
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:37,700
techniques. 
All became standard military 

6300
05:20:37,700 --> 05:20:41,500
practices that still affect how 
modern armies organized and 

6301
05:20:41,500 --> 05:20:44,100
deployed the way. 
NATO organizes its military 

6302
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:47,000
forces is based on the same 
ideas that help the Mongol 

6303
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:49,800
Empire turn Warriors For many 
different cultures into 

6304
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:53,100
effective fighting units, the 
trade networks, that the Mongols

6305
05:20:53,100 --> 05:20:56,400
protected and grew are where the
idea of a global economy that 

6306
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:59,800
connects all modern Nations 
comes from during the Mongol 

6307
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:02,400
period, it was shown on a 
continental scale that Goods 

6308
05:21:02,400 --> 05:21:05,800
services and information should 
be able to move freely across 

6309
05:21:05,800 --> 05:21:09,100
political borders, that economic
relationships, could cross 

6310
05:21:09,100 --> 05:21:12,900
cultural and religious lines, 
and that Prosperity depended on 

6311
05:21:12,900 --> 05:21:14,700
keeping peaceful trading 
relationships. 

6312
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,600
The principles that were first 
used in the Mongol Commercial 

6313
05:21:17,600 --> 05:21:20,700
Code, are still used in modern 
international trade law, which 

6314
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:23,700
focuses on standardizing 
procedures and ways to settle 

6315
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:27,300
disputes Mongol invasions even 
changed how we think about 

6316
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:30,500
geography and Maps. 
The maps that helped Europeans. 

6317
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:33,300
Explore the Americas used 
geographical information that 

6318
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:36,700
Mongol leaders had collected and
kept safe the Age of Exploration

6319
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:39,000
was made possible by advances in
astronomy. 

6320
05:21:39,000 --> 05:21:42,300
Now, navigation and surveying 
that were built on intellectual 

6321
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:44,600
foundations that were 
strengthened by scholarly 

6322
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,100
exchanges. 
During the Mongolia, the Mongol 

6323
05:21:47,100 --> 05:21:50,100
Empire showed that cult Will 
diversity and political Unity 

6324
05:21:50,100 --> 05:21:52,900
could work together instead of 
against each other, which is 

6325
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:54,300
perhaps the most important 
thing. 

6326
05:21:54,300 --> 05:21:57,000
This lesson is especially 
important for today's 

6327
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,400
multinational States and 
international groups that need 

6328
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:02,900
to find a balance between local 
freedom and central control the 

6329
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:05,400
European Union, the United 
Nations and other modern 

6330
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:08,400
organizations face the same 
basic problem, that the Mongols 

6331
05:22:08,400 --> 05:22:11,800
did how to keep good government 
in places, where people speak 

6332
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:14,600
different languages, follow 
different religions and have 

6333
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:18,800
different cultural Traditions. 
The Mongol solution, keeping 

6334
05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:20,900
central control, over important 
tasks. 

6335
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:23,400
While letting local groups, have
some freedom in cultural and 

6336
05:22:23,400 --> 05:22:26,100
religious matters. 
Still affects how modern 

6337
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:27,900
organizations deal with this 
problem. 

6338
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,500
Mongol administrators were the 
first to use these ideas on a 

6339
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:35,100
large scale in federal systems 
of government international law 

6340
05:22:35,100 --> 05:22:37,200
and Multinational corporate 
structures. 

6341
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:40,000
The Empire's methods for 
Innovation and Technology 

6342
05:22:40,000 --> 05:22:43,100
transfer set trends that still 
affect how new ideas spread 

6343
05:22:43,100 --> 05:22:45,400
around the world. 
The Mongols were the first to 

6344
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:48,700
systematically transfer 
technology by actively looking 

6345
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:52,000
for useful new ideas. 
Adapting them to fit their needs

6346
05:22:52,000 --> 05:22:54,200
and spreading them across their 
lands. 

6347
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,300
The Mongol period was the first 
time that people came up with 

6348
05:22:57,300 --> 05:23:00,100
ideas, for research and 
development, International 

6349
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:03,000
scientific collaboration. 
And the quick spread of new 

6350
05:23:03,000 --> 05:23:06,600
technologies around the world as
you drift off to sleep, you 

6351
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:09,200
might think about how the pillow
under your head is probably made

6352
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:11,100
of materials from many different
countries. 

6353
05:23:11,100 --> 05:23:14,100
How the building around you is 
built using methods that were 

6354
05:23:14,100 --> 05:23:17,600
developed in many different 
cultures and how the electronic 

6355
05:23:17,600 --> 05:23:20,700
devices nearby can connect you 
to people and information from 

6356
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:23,400
all over the world. 
All of these modern convenience 

6357
05:23:23,400 --> 05:23:25,900
is a on the same idea. 
That led to the Mongols 

6358
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:28,500
expansion. 
The societies are stronger and 

6359
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:30,500
more successful when they are 
connected to each other. 

6360
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:34,000
Instead, of being cut off from 
each other, the Mongol Empire 

6361
05:23:34,000 --> 05:23:37,200
didn't last as a government, but
its idea of a world where 

6362
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:39,700
everything is connected. 
Did we all live in the world? 

6363
05:23:39,700 --> 05:23:43,300
The Mongols dreamed of a world 
where distance doesn't stop 

6364
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:44,500
people from talking to each 
other. 

6365
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:48,300
When new ideas spread quickly 
across cultures, where people 

6366
05:23:48,300 --> 05:23:50,800
from different backgrounds, can 
work together to reach common 

6367
05:23:50,800 --> 05:23:53,700
goals and where the resources 
and knowledge of different 

6368
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:56,500
societies can be combined to 
make something better than the 

6369
05:23:56,500 --> 05:23:58,800
sum of its parts. 
Before you fall asleep. 

6370
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:01,700
Think back to those wide open 
grasslands where our story 

6371
05:24:01,700 --> 05:24:04,900
began, not the Mongolia of 
tourist attractions and modern 

6372
05:24:04,900 --> 05:24:08,400
cities, but the endless steppe 
were a few nomadic families used

6373
05:24:08,400 --> 05:24:10,900
to live in harmony with rhythms 
that are older than written 

6374
05:24:10,900 --> 05:24:13,000
history. 
Think about how the endless 

6375
05:24:13,000 --> 05:24:16,900
grass Moved In Waves under a 
huge sky and how that landscape 

6376
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,100
changed the people who would 
later change half the world is 

6377
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:23,300
very calming to end this story 
where it began with the wind 

6378
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:26,100
blowing through the grass and 
The feeling of endless space 

6379
05:24:26,100 --> 05:24:29,900
stretching Beyond every Horizon.
The Mongol Empire came and went 

6380
05:24:29,908 --> 05:24:33,300
conquered and fell apart, but 
the steps are still very much 

6381
05:24:33,300 --> 05:24:36,600
like they were when to mujin 
First learned to ride the grass,

6382
05:24:36,600 --> 05:24:40,000
still grows the season, still 
change from the harsh cold of 

6383
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:43,200
winter to the short warmth of 
Summer and somewhere in that 

6384
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,300
vastness heard us still lead 
their animals along paths that 

6385
05:24:46,300 --> 05:24:47,900
have been used for thousands of 
years. 

6386
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:51,100
But now, you know, that this 
seemingly empty landscape was 

6387
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:52,800
actually the beginning of one of
history's. 

6388
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:56,200
Most interesting experiments in 
how people can work together. 

6389
05:24:56,200 --> 05:25:00,200
Those scattered tribes living in
felt tents and following their 

6390
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:03,300
herds across vast grasslands 
were able to create something 

6391
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:06,400
new a government that could 
bring together people from 

6392
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,500
different backgrounds. 
Over long distances, an economic

6393
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:12,400
system that linked markets that 
have been cut off from each 

6394
05:25:12,400 --> 05:25:16,100
other, and a cultural framework 
that let different civilizations

6395
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:18,500
learn from each other while 
still keeping their own 

6396
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:20,900
identities. 
The story of the Mongol Empire 

6397
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:24,000
is really about how people can 
connect with each other, when 

6398
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:26,900
there are no more, Barriers 
between them and instead there 

6399
05:25:26,900 --> 05:25:30,600
are networks of exchange and 
cooperation it's about the power

6400
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:33,200
of being able to move around in 
a world that often thinks 

6401
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,600
stability is more important. 
The benefits of being able to 

6402
05:25:36,600 --> 05:25:40,200
change in societies that often 
value tradition over new ideas 

6403
05:25:40,200 --> 05:25:44,100
and the idea that people from 
outside may have answers to 

6404
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:46,300
problems that people from 
within, haven't been able to 

6405
05:25:46,300 --> 05:25:49,600
solve historians today, 
sometimes argue about whether 

6406
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:52,200
the Mongol conquests were one of
the greatest things that people 

6407
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:54,500
have ever done. 
One of the worst things that 

6408
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:57,200
people have ever done. 
The answer is probably both 

6409
05:25:57,200 --> 05:26:00,800
like, with most hard historical 
questions cities were destroyed 

6410
05:26:00,800 --> 05:26:03,800
and people had to move, but new 
cities would build a new chances

6411
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:07,400
were made old ways of life were 
changed, but new ways of 

6412
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:10,200
expressing culture came from the
mixing of traditions that were 

6413
05:26:10,200 --> 05:26:13,900
once separate. 
Political systems fell apart but

6414
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:17,000
new institutions that were more 
open and useful often took their

6415
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:19,300
place. 
It seems clear that the Mongol 

6416
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:22,300
period sped up human progress in
ways that still affect our world

6417
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:24,400
today. 
The cultural exchanges, 

6418
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:28,100
technological advancements and 
institutional experiments that 

6419
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,800
transpire during the Empire's 
duration established paradigms 

6420
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,200
that influence. 
The Renaissance, the Scientific 

6421
05:26:34,200 --> 05:26:38,500
Revolution and the Contemporary 
global economy. 700 years later,

6422
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,200
we are still dealing with the 
effects of decisions, made in 

6423
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:44,400
Mongol councils. 
The Mongol story teaches us that

6424
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:47,900
human societies can change and 
adapt more than we think. 

6425
05:26:47,900 --> 05:26:51,000
They can the same species that 
had spent thousands of years. 

6426
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:54,600
Building isolated agricultural 
societies was able to build and 

6427
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:58,100
run a continental Empire that 
worked well, overlong distances 

6428
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:01,000
and across cultures the same 
groups that had been fighting 

6429
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:04,100
and competing for what seemed 
like forever found that they 

6430
05:27:04,100 --> 05:27:06,100
could work together to reach 
bigger goals. 

6431
05:27:07,100 --> 05:27:09,700
This ability to change gives us 
hope for the problems. 

6432
05:27:09,700 --> 05:27:12,600
We face around the world. 
If no magic heard us, could 

6433
05:27:12,600 --> 05:27:15,500
figure out how to govern areas 
from Korea to Hungary, while 

6434
05:27:15,500 --> 05:27:17,700
respecting, the cultural 
autonomy of hundreds of 

6435
05:27:17,708 --> 05:27:20,700
different groups. 
Maybe modern societies can find 

6436
05:27:20,700 --> 05:27:24,100
ways to deal with climate 
change, economic inequality, and

6437
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:27,000
political fragmentation. 
That seemed just as hard to deal

6438
05:27:27,000 --> 05:27:30,300
with from where we are now, the 
Mongol Empire also shows us that

6439
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:33,000
some of the most important, new 
ideas in history of come from 

6440
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:36,100
places, we didn't expect. 
It wasn't the urban Elites of 

6441
05:27:36,108 --> 05:27:39,200
established civilization who 
changed Warfare Administration, 

6442
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:42,700
and international relations. 
It was no medic Outsiders, who 

6443
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:44,800
looked at the same problems from
a whole new angle. 

6444
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:48,300
This means that experts, today 
might not be taking seriously 

6445
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:50,700
the ideas and communities that 
could help solve today's 

6446
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:53,300
problems. 
You might find comfort in the 

6447
05:27:53,300 --> 05:27:55,000
thought of that. 
Endless Blue Sky. 

6448
05:27:55,000 --> 05:27:57,300
Over the steps. 
As you fall asleep, it's the 

6449
05:27:57,300 --> 05:28:00,200
same sky that watched over. 
Mongol heard as 800 years ago 

6450
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:02,800
and the same sky, that covers 
your own home to night. 

6451
05:28:02,800 --> 05:28:06,600
That sky is seen the rise and 
fall of Empires, the movement of

6452
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:10,400
people growth of technologies 
that have changed human life and

6453
05:28:10,400 --> 05:28:12,300
the slow growth of the connected
world. 

6454
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:16,500
We live in now, but it is also 
seen quieter times like families

6455
05:28:16,500 --> 05:28:19,800
gathering around cooking fires, 
kids learning to ride horses. 

6456
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:23,300
Elders telling stories that 
passed down cultural Knowledge 

6457
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,100
from one generation to the next 
and regular people. 

6458
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,700
Making the small choices that 
when added together changed the 

6459
05:28:29,700 --> 05:28:32,700
course of human history, the 
grand sweep of Empires and 

6460
05:28:32,700 --> 05:28:35,800
conquests is important. 
But some of the small acts of 

6461
05:28:35,808 --> 05:28:39,600
Bravery creativity and kindness 
that make big changes in history

6462
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:41,800
possible. 
The Mongol Empire is no longer 

6463
05:28:41,800 --> 05:28:44,800
around but its ideas about what 
people can do, are still around.

6464
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:48,100
The Mongol period was when these
ideas first took shape. 

6465
05:28:48,600 --> 05:28:51,000
The different cultures can 
enrich each other instead of 

6466
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,100
threatening each other that 
geographical barriers don't have

6467
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:57,100
to become social barriers. 
That Innovation can come from 

6468
05:28:57,100 --> 05:29:01,300
both isolation and synthesis and
that societies can be organized 

6469
05:29:01,300 --> 05:29:02,900
in ways that benefit all their 
members. 

6470
05:29:02,900 --> 05:29:06,400
Instead of just their Elites, 
these ideas continue to inspire 

6471
05:29:06,400 --> 05:29:09,800
efforts to make the world more 
fair and connected to night, as 

6472
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:12,200
you fall asleep, in a world 
where Mongolian traditional 

6473
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:15,200
music might be playing through 
your speakers Kashmir from 

6474
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:18,200
Central Asian goats might be 
warming, your shoulders and the 

6475
05:29:18,208 --> 05:29:20,800
spices in your evening team 
might have come from trade 

6476
05:29:20,800 --> 05:29:24,200
routes first used by Mongol 
Merchants your experience in the

6477
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:27,900
everyday Legacy of The Amazing 
Experiment in, how to organize 

6478
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,900
people that started on the steps
over 800 years ago, sweet dreams

6479
05:29:31,900 --> 05:29:35,400
of wide, open spaces and endless
Horizons of people. 

6480
05:29:35,400 --> 05:29:38,200
Realizing they have more in 
common than they thought and of 

6481
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,700
how humans can always change 
create and connect with each 

6482
05:29:41,700 --> 05:29:43,700
other. 
No matter what barriers seem to 

6483
05:29:43,700 --> 05:29:46,100
be in the way. 
The story of the Mongol Empire 

6484
05:29:46,100 --> 05:29:49,900
is really asked story, it's the 
Story of how people learn to get

6485
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:52,000
along on a planet that belongs 
to all of us. 

6486
05:29:52,800 --> 05:29:54,400
Sleep. 
Well, under the sky that never 

6487
05:29:54,400 --> 05:30:02,700
ends. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

6488
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,000
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

6489
05:30:05,000 --> 05:30:07,200
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

6490
05:30:07,200 --> 05:30:10,100
American history. 
Perhaps, you and your parents, 

6491
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:12,100
whom the Disney song About Davy 
Crockett. 

6492
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:14,600
The frontier hero with the 
coonskin cap. 

6493
05:30:16,100 --> 05:30:18,900
Instead of starting with bear 
wrestling or political speeches,

6494
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:22,300
the true tale of David Crockett 
begins with the Restless lad who

6495
05:30:22,300 --> 05:30:25,400
couldn't settle into anything 
and he was far more fascinating 

6496
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:29,200
than any myth. 
David sometimes known as Davey 

6497
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:33,500
until the politicians have their
hands on him was born in 1786, 

6498
05:30:33,500 --> 05:30:36,200
into a nomadic family, in a 
one-room cabin in. 

6499
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:37,600
What is now Eastern? 
Tennessee. 

6500
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:42,100
John his father was the type of 
man who would constantly looked 

6501
05:30:42,100 --> 05:30:43,600
to the adjacent Valley for 
brighter. 

6502
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:46,900
Prospects, young David likely 
assumed that having a permanent 

6503
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:49,500
address was something that only 
other people experience because 

6504
05:30:49,500 --> 05:30:51,000
the Crockett's packed up and 
moved. 

6505
05:30:51,000 --> 05:30:55,000
So frequently now it's easy to 
pick your rugged outdoorsy kids 

6506
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:57,900
growing up on the frontier but 
David was really quite the 

6507
05:30:57,900 --> 05:31:01,200
eccentric. 
Unlike his peers, David appeared

6508
05:31:01,200 --> 05:31:04,000
to have an aversion to sitting 
still even though they were 

6509
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:06,700
learning to plow fields, and 
tend to livestock school. 

6510
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,500
As he knew, it seemed to snug as
a pair of pine bark shoes. 

6511
05:31:09,500 --> 05:31:12,000
And his thoughts ran amuck like 
a free chicken. 

6512
05:31:12,900 --> 05:31:16,000
Formal education wasn't for him.
After only four days of class, 

6513
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,800
this decision would come back to
haunt him years later when he 

6514
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:21,900
struggled to sound adult in 
letters to his wife. 

6515
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:27,400
At the tender age of 13 David's 
father, likely distraught 

6516
05:31:27,400 --> 05:31:29,200
rented. 
Him out to a cattle driver 

6517
05:31:29,200 --> 05:31:33,400
Envision yourself as a 13 year 
old, who is unexpectedly, tasked

6518
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:36,400
with transporting, 100 of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

6519
05:31:36,400 --> 05:31:39,600
land. 
David learned that cows had 0 

6520
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:43,200
regardless person's timetable or
dignity as he trudged through 

6521
05:31:43,200 --> 05:31:45,400
muck for months while sleeping 
under the stars. 

6522
05:31:46,500 --> 05:31:48,800
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

6523
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,400
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

6524
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:55,900
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

6525
05:31:55,900 --> 05:31:58,700
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

6526
05:31:58,708 --> 05:32:02,000
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on and 

6527
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:04,400
had grown to three inches. 
By the time he reached home, 

6528
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:08,700
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

6529
05:32:08,700 --> 05:32:10,300
where everyone could write their
names. 

6530
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:13,200
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

6531
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:14,700
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

6532
05:32:15,700 --> 05:32:17,300
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. 

6533
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:19,600
He'd pay off the family's 
obligations. 

6534
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:23,000
If he could go back to school. 
Imagine a classroom full of 

6535
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:27,000
seven year olds with 15 year old
David crammed in his knees. 

6536
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:30,300
Banging the small desk trying to
learn his letters at a time when

6537
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:32,800
other boys is age were already 
planning marriage and starting 

6538
05:32:32,800 --> 05:32:35,300
families. 
Although it must have been 

6539
05:32:35,300 --> 05:32:38,100
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

6540
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:40,700
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

6541
05:32:40,700 --> 05:32:43,400
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

6542
05:32:44,400 --> 05:32:47,600
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

6543
05:32:47,600 --> 05:32:49,500
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready. 

6544
05:32:50,200 --> 05:32:54,000
At the age of 16, he had found a
job with a nearby farmer where 

6545
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:57,500
he could support his family and 
begin to shape his future even 

6546
05:32:57,500 --> 05:33:00,100
when things became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

6547
05:33:00,100 --> 05:33:03,100
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

6548
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:05,800
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

6549
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:09,400
or the toughest worker but he 
had something else in those 

6550
05:33:09,400 --> 05:33:12,000
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

6551
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:15,300
towering lanky boy with a normal
hands and a wicked grin. 

6552
05:33:15,300 --> 05:33:17,100
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

6553
05:33:17,100 --> 05:33:20,700
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

6554
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:24,200
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

6555
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:27,500
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned from 

6556
05:33:27,508 --> 05:33:29,900
frontiersmen. 
But he had all the making of an 

6557
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:33,500
outlaw, an innate desire to 
strike off on his own and the 

6558
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:36,700
growing suspicion that the easy 
way out might not be the best 

6559
05:33:36,700 --> 05:33:39,300
choice. 
Delving, further into our 

6560
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:41,600
narrative. 
Let us discuss how a young, 

6561
05:33:41,600 --> 05:33:43,500
David discovered, a profound 
truth. 

6562
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:47,500
The ability to bring joy to 
another person's life is nearly 

6563
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:49,400
as valuable as their material 
needs. 

6564
05:33:49,400 --> 05:33:53,300
Almost there, David was smitten 
with a girl from the 

6565
05:33:53,300 --> 05:33:55,700
neighborhood named Polly Finley.
When he was 19 years old. 

6566
05:33:56,500 --> 05:33:58,800
Polly the daughter of a fairly 
well-off farmer. 

6567
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:01,800
Had her misgivings about this 
clumsy young man who couldn't 

6568
05:34:01,800 --> 05:34:05,100
seem to commit to a career. 
She wasn't your typical Frontier

6569
05:34:05,100 --> 05:34:08,600
woman though by local standards.
She was actually quite refined. 

6570
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:11,700
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 
tactic. 

6571
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:14,900
David would attend social events
in the hope of winning her over 

6572
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:16,900
with his impressive, 
storytelling, abilities. 

6573
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:19,600
And more importantly, his still 
developing practical 

6574
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:22,400
capabilities. 
The catch was that David had 

6575
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,000
never mastered accurate shooting
to you. 

6576
05:34:25,000 --> 05:34:28,900
This may not appear significant 
but in 1805 Tennessee, a guy who

6577
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:32,200
fail to strike his Target was as
valuable as a chocolate teapot. 

6578
05:34:33,200 --> 05:34:34,800
David realized he was in over 
his head. 

6579
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:36,900
When Polly's, father proposed 
they go hunting together. 

6580
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:40,200
It was a test of David 
suitability as a possible son in

6581
05:34:40,200 --> 05:34:42,600
law. 
There are after he did what any 

6582
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:44,100
reasonable young man in love, 
would do. 

6583
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,100
He practiced until his ears, 
rang Non-Stop and his shoulder 

6584
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:51,500
turn purple from overuse 
whenever he had a spare moment, 

6585
05:34:51,500 --> 05:34:54,900
he would borrow rifles beg for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

6586
05:34:54,900 --> 05:34:56,300
that would remain still long 
enough. 

6587
05:34:56,900 --> 05:34:59,600
David transformed the entire 
County into his own private 

6588
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:03,300
range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts and 

6589
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:05,600
trees. 
He was able to thread, a 

6590
05:35:05,600 --> 05:35:09,500
50-yard, musket, ball needle, by
the time, he wed Polly in 1806, 

6591
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:13,600
a testament to his perseverance.
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

6592
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:16,300
near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

6593
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,800
a curse for David though. 
She brought stability, poly. 

6594
05:35:19,800 --> 05:35:22,400
Also introduced expectations to 
his Restless temperament. 

6595
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:24,800
No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

6596
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,900
It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

6597
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:30,300
foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

6598
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:34,000
The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

6599
05:35:34,000 --> 05:35:35,700
responsibilities was before 
David. 

6600
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:38,700
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

6601
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:42,400
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

6602
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:46,100
with a bounty of wild turkey 
bare and deer that would feed 

6603
05:35:46,100 --> 05:35:49,700
the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

6604
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:53,900
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

6605
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:56,300
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

6606
05:35:56,300 --> 05:36:00,300
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

6607
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:03,300
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

6608
05:36:03,300 --> 05:36:06,200
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

6609
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:09,500
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

6610
05:36:09,500 --> 05:36:13,000
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

6611
05:36:13,000 --> 05:36:15,200
occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

6612
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:19,800
But David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

6613
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:22,600
tracking animals through dense 
forests and across rushing 

6614
05:36:22,600 --> 05:36:25,300
streams. 
He had an almost miraculous 

6615
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:28,800
knack for reading the forest for
seeing when and where animals 

6616
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:32,700
would be and how they would act.
When David returned from hunting

6617
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:35,400
trips with tales, that were too 
Fantastical to be true. 

6618
05:36:35,400 --> 05:36:39,300
His neighbors started to take 
note Bears that he had pursued 

6619
05:36:39,300 --> 05:36:41,500
for several days. 
Prior to, obtaining, the ideal 

6620
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,600
photograph using, just his 
patients and knowledge of the 

6621
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:47,100
deers habits. 
He had successfully brought them

6622
05:36:47,100 --> 05:36:49,800
within Arms, Reach. 
He seemed to have the power to 

6623
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,400
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his
turkey calls. 

6624
05:36:52,400 --> 05:36:55,400
The unintended consequence of 
David's Rising profile. 

6625
05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:58,200
As a hunter though, was that 
others began looking to him to 

6626
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:02,000
fix their own issues as well. 
Animals in Danger from a wolf 

6627
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:04,300
pack, Dave Crockett should be 
summoned. 

6628
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:07,000
Strange, Footprints surrounding 
the chicken coop. 

6629
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:10,700
He'll take care of it. 
Unidentified rumbling in the 

6630
05:37:10,708 --> 05:37:13,800
forest later at night. 
Hopefully, my point is clear. 

6631
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:17,400
The ability to narrate stories 
was what set David apart from 

6632
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:19,800
other Adept Hunters along with 
the meat. 

6633
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:22,000
He brought home exciting new 
experiences. 

6634
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,100
Even among Dane, hunting trip 
would seem like an epic 

6635
05:37:25,100 --> 05:37:26,600
adventure when he was in his 
element. 

6636
05:37:26,600 --> 05:37:30,400
What would all the close calls 
flashes of Genius planning and 

6637
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:33,300
of course, the occasional 
idiotic move that almost cost 

6638
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:36,100
him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

6639
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:38,300
even old Tales sound thrilling 
and new. 

6640
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:40,700
So even though Polly would roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

6641
05:37:40,700 --> 05:37:43,800
intently. 
When David was in his 

6642
05:37:43,808 --> 05:37:47,100
mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

6643
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:51,800
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

6644
05:37:51,808 --> 05:37:54,800
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

6645
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:57,400
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

6646
05:37:57,400 --> 05:38:00,200
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

6647
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:01,900
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

6648
05:38:01,900 --> 05:38:03,700
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

6649
05:38:04,500 --> 05:38:07,000
David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

6650
05:38:07,000 --> 05:38:09,900
Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

6651
05:38:09,900 --> 05:38:13,500
frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

6652
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:15,700
Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

6653
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:19,100
Modifications. 
That would radically all to 

6654
05:38:19,100 --> 05:38:22,300
David's life occurred in 1813. 
David joined. 

6655
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:25,600
The Tennessee militia as a Scout
during the creek War which broke

6656
05:38:25,600 --> 05:38:28,600
out in Alabama, along with many 
other young, men seeking 

6657
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:32,400
excitement, stable employment 
and an opportunity to serve 

6658
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:35,800
their Nation. 
Unlike in the movies, this will 

6659
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:37,800
wasn't somewhere like military 
Expedition. 

6660
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:41,700
David devoted most of his time 
to sloping through marshes 

6661
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,500
searching for Creek, fighters 
who are more familiar with the 

6662
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,800
area than he was and discovering
that military food was 

6663
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:50,800
infinitely worse than anything. 
He had ever prepared himself. 

6664
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:54,500
However, David learned, an 
important lesson, during his 

6665
05:38:54,500 --> 05:38:57,800
time in the military, he was 
born with leadership skills. 

6666
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:01,900
His fellow troops, relied on him
for guidance, confidence in his 

6667
05:39:01,900 --> 05:39:05,400
judgment in high-stakes 
situations, and inspiration when

6668
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:09,200
time seemed bleacked As a 
leader, he didn't believe in 

6669
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,500
barking out commands and 
expecting followers to follow 

6670
05:39:12,500 --> 05:39:16,400
suit, instead, he set a good 
example by treating everyone 

6671
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:19,900
with the same laid-back. 
Respect he'd learned to value in

6672
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:22,700
a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

6673
05:39:22,700 --> 05:39:26,000
death. 
After serving his Country, David

6674
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:29,300
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

6675
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:31,900
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

6676
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:34,800
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

6677
05:39:34,800 --> 05:39:37,400
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

6678
05:39:37,400 --> 05:39:41,400
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

6679
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,000
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

6680
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:46,500
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

6681
05:39:46,500 --> 05:39:48,800
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

6682
05:39:48,800 --> 05:39:53,100
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

6683
05:39:53,100 --> 05:39:56,600
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns in 

6684
05:39:56,600 --> 05:40:00,200
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

6685
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:03,400
life difficult for the people 
who would manage to establish a 

6686
05:40:03,400 --> 05:40:06,500
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

6687
05:40:06,500 --> 05:40:10,300
there, most people either hoped 
it would go away or summoned a 

6688
05:40:10,300 --> 05:40:12,300
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

6689
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:17,600
When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity bear hunting, he

6690
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:19,400
came to see maybe more than 
simply a hobby. 

6691
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:23,300
It could be a full-fledged 
Enterprise the meat from bears 

6692
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:27,000
was highly prized their fat 
could be processed into oil for 

6693
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:30,500
using cooking and lighting and 
their fur was constantly sought 

6694
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:33,300
after. 
So when farms and municipalities

6695
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,500
needed help with a bear problem,
they would call David, who 

6696
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:38,300
became something of a specialist
in the field. 

6697
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:42,800
He was meticulous and to be 
honest, slightly obsessed when 

6698
05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:46,300
it came to hunting bears. 
David would take on the role of 

6699
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:49,500
a naturalist studying certain 
Bears, observing and studying 

6700
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:53,200
their behaviors for several days
or weeks before devising tactics

6701
05:40:53,200 --> 05:40:55,300
that were adapted to their 
unique personalities. 

6702
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:58,700
Yes, the Bears personalities. 
David maintained. 

6703
05:40:58,700 --> 05:41:02,500
The each one was unique with its
own set of peculiarities tastes 

6704
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:05,500
and degrees of brainpower. 
The outcomes were remarkable 

6705
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:10,600
David killed. 58 bears in one. 
Very fruitful winter, Just one 

6706
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:14,600
season, not cross a number of 
years, he was able to become so 

6707
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:18,200
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

6708
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:20,500
one in a day or less before 
moving on to the next. 

6709
05:41:21,400 --> 05:41:23,600
The title that David felt 
somewhat humiliating yet 

6710
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:27,600
gratifying was bear hunter of 
the district, a Monica, that his

6711
05:41:27,600 --> 05:41:28,900
neighbors began to use about 
him. 

6712
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:32,600
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the path to success

6713
05:41:32,600 --> 05:41:35,300
in the beer industry. 
David's hunting trips became 

6714
05:41:35,300 --> 05:41:38,900
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lasting weeks. 

6715
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:42,100
It must have been incredibly 
challenging for poly to manage 

6716
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:45,000
their household and raise their 
children, all by herself. 

6717
05:41:45,000 --> 05:41:47,800
The more muddy and wild smelling
David would come home. 

6718
05:41:47,800 --> 05:41:50,800
After his bare exploits, the 
more varied feelings Polly would

6719
05:41:50,808 --> 05:41:55,200
have During his time, spent 
hunting bears, David also began 

6720
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:58,300
to rise from the status of Local
Hero to that of legendary figure

6721
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:01,300
in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

6722
05:42:01,300 --> 05:42:03,400
amusing anecdotes made him a 
popular speaker. 

6723
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:06,900
And people started asking him to
parties only to hear about his 

6724
05:42:06,900 --> 05:42:09,500
travels. 
When David realized, he could 

6725
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:12,100
take his life's events and 
transform them into stories. 

6726
05:42:12,100 --> 05:42:15,200
That could Captivate an 
audience, he had a great 

6727
05:42:15,200 --> 05:42:18,500
aptitude for performing. 
David never felt the need to 

6728
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:20,900
embellish his hunting 
achievements, which is an 

6729
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:23,900
intriguing aspect. 
It was astonishing enough that 

6730
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:26,700
it was true. 
However, he did hone an ability 

6731
05:42:26,700 --> 05:42:28,500
to paint vivid pictures of Every
Day. 

6732
05:42:28,500 --> 05:42:32,000
Life bringing drama and humor to
what others might perceive as 

6733
05:42:32,000 --> 05:42:35,800
dull happening. 
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 

6734
05:42:35,800 --> 05:42:38,900
into a Titanic, showdown between
humanity and the natural world. 

6735
05:42:38,900 --> 05:42:41,000
Replete with terrifying, 
moments. 

6736
05:42:41,000 --> 05:42:44,600
Brilliant moments. 
And more often than not at least

6737
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:47,300
one instance of David's actions 
that were ingenious at the 

6738
05:42:47,308 --> 05:42:49,400
moment, but almost cost him his 
life. 

6739
05:42:50,100 --> 05:42:52,900
As we wind down for the next 
chapter, it's important to 

6740
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:56,100
discuss how sometimes we have no
choice but to start over 

6741
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:58,100
regardless of how prepared we 
are. 

6742
05:42:58,900 --> 05:43:01,700
While David was expecting to 
become famous in his hometown, 

6743
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:05,000
for his bear hunting exploits, 
he unexpectedly gained a 

6744
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:07,300
reputation as someone who could 
solve problems and get things 

6745
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:09,500
done. 
Because of his Stellar 

6746
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:12,100
reputation, his neighbor's 
elected him to the position of 

6747
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:16,000
magistrate in 1817. 
And magistrate was effectively a

6748
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:18,300
municipal judge who presided 
over smaller cases and 

6749
05:43:18,300 --> 05:43:20,900
disagreements. 
Just to refresh your memory, 

6750
05:43:20,900 --> 05:43:24,200
David's official education was 
limited to a few months in a 

6751
05:43:24,200 --> 05:43:27,500
one-room schoolhouse. 
So when he was suddenly tasked 

6752
05:43:27,500 --> 05:43:30,500
with interpreting laws and 
administering Justice, it was 

6753
05:43:30,508 --> 05:43:33,300
like expecting someone who had 
never piloted an airplane to 

6754
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,500
ride horses. 
However, David brought his usual

6755
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:38,600
mix of modesty and common sense 
to the task. 

6756
05:43:38,600 --> 05:43:42,600
He had a really relaxed demeanor
in court fairness practical 

6757
05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:46,600
Solutions, and David skill in 
mediating disputes amongst 

6758
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:48,100
squabbling. 
Neighbors were more important 

6759
05:43:48,100 --> 05:43:50,400
than complicated and procedures 
and legal presses. 

6760
05:43:51,300 --> 05:43:54,100
David would advise the disputing
Farmers to go for a walk over 

6761
05:43:54,108 --> 05:43:57,100
the contested ground and try to 
come to an agreement when they 

6762
05:43:57,108 --> 05:43:58,500
were arguing over? 
Who owned? 

6763
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:02,300
What David may substitute 
Community work for a fine where 

6764
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:04,500
the offender is unable to pay 
the original amount. 

6765
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:07,400
His rulings were mostly 
reasonable and Equitable, 

6766
05:44:07,400 --> 05:44:09,900
however, they lacked legal 
sophistication. 

6767
05:44:11,200 --> 05:44:13,600
Greater political prospects 
arose as a result of the 

6768
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:16,200
Magistrate Office. 
No one could have been more 

6769
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:19,100
surprised than David when he was
elected to the Tennessee State 

6770
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:23,500
Assembly in 1821. 
Present in the state. 

6771
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:26,400
Capital was a man whose 
constituency was represented by 

6772
05:44:26,400 --> 05:44:28,800
someone who continued to 
struggle with language and 

6773
05:44:28,800 --> 05:44:31,800
spelling. 
However, Dave's political 

6774
05:44:31,800 --> 05:44:34,000
ideology was surprisingly 
uncomplicated. 

6775
05:44:34,000 --> 05:44:37,400
The government had to assist 
Common People involving actual 

6776
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:39,900
issues, not add further Birds to
their lives. 

6777
05:44:40,700 --> 05:44:44,300
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

6778
05:44:44,300 --> 05:44:47,500
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

6779
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,700
about the issues at hand, rather
than delivering linksy 

6780
05:44:50,700 --> 05:44:53,000
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

6781
05:44:53,000 --> 05:44:56,700
classical figures and legalese. 
Regardless of party pressure. 

6782
05:44:56,700 --> 05:45:00,200
He usually voted according to 
his conscience, which included 

6783
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:02,900
supporting legislation that 
would help low income households

6784
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:05,800
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

6785
05:45:05,808 --> 05:45:10,700
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

6786
05:45:10,700 --> 05:45:14,200
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

6787
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:16,800
children alone after poly passed
away in 1815. 

6788
05:45:17,700 --> 05:45:20,900
A devastating loss befell him 
with poly as his Rock. 

6789
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:23,400
He was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

6790
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:26,200
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

6791
05:45:26,200 --> 05:45:29,000
disoriented without her and it 
had nothing to do with 

6792
05:45:29,000 --> 05:45:32,900
navigating the terrain hunting 
farming, raising children and 

6793
05:45:32,900 --> 05:45:35,600
attending to his political 
responsibilities were. 

6794
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:38,000
All things that David attempted 
to handle on his own for a 

6795
05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:39,500
period. 
It was a hopeless. 

6796
05:45:39,500 --> 05:45:42,700
Predicament David sought a 
systems after realizing, he 

6797
05:45:42,700 --> 05:45:45,300
couldn't give his children, the 
attention, they required due to 

6798
05:45:45,300 --> 05:45:48,500
his busy lifestyle. 
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 

6799
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:50,800
with two children when he wed 
her in 1816. 

6800
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:54,700
Elizabeth had the patient's 
competence and practicality to 

6801
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:57,200
manage, David's unorthodox, 
professional trajectory. 

6802
05:45:58,200 --> 05:46:00,400
While the blended family Dynamic
was harmonious. 

6803
05:46:00,400 --> 05:46:03,600
David's aspirations for public 
office were intensified. 

6804
05:46:03,600 --> 05:46:08,400
He became a United States 
senator in 1827, David Crockett,

6805
05:46:08,400 --> 05:46:10,400
who had spent his whole life in 
the woods and small. 

6806
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:14,100
Frontier towns, suddenly found 
himself navigating the complex 

6807
05:46:14,100 --> 05:46:17,100
political landscape of the 
nation's capital when he was 

6808
05:46:17,100 --> 05:46:19,900
elected to the House of 
Representatives, which required 

6809
05:46:19,900 --> 05:46:22,300
him to leave Tennessee for 
extended periods of time to 

6810
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:25,700
serve in Washington DC, A dinner
parties. 

6811
05:46:25,700 --> 05:46:29,000
This towering unassuming 
Congressman would tell tales 

6812
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:32,000
about his bear hunts and 
appeared genuinely bewildered by

6813
05:46:32,000 --> 05:46:35,200
the complex, social conventions 
that dictated political life. 

6814
05:46:35,900 --> 05:46:38,500
The members of Washington 
Society were at a lost to 

6815
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:40,900
understand him. 
The folksy demeanor of David 

6816
05:46:40,900 --> 05:46:43,100
blight is acute intellect and 
strong ideals. 

6817
05:46:43,100 --> 05:46:46,700
His colleagues had assumed, he 
was a knife Frontiersman, who 

6818
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:50,300
was easily influenced Land 
policy was the central political

6819
05:46:50,300 --> 05:46:53,100
problem for David. 
Poor households were having a 

6820
05:46:53,100 --> 05:46:55,700
hard time getting Farmland. 
He thought while Rich 

6821
05:46:55,700 --> 05:46:59,500
speculators were buying up large
tracks for investment People who

6822
05:46:59,500 --> 05:47:03,100
had been living on and improving
land without legal title known 

6823
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:06,200
as squatters would be granted 
the right to acquire that land 

6824
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:07,800
at reasonable prices through the
law. 

6825
05:47:07,800 --> 05:47:10,800
He suggested. 
Although David saw it as a 

6826
05:47:10,808 --> 05:47:14,300
matter of basic Justice, it 
pitted him against influential 

6827
05:47:14,300 --> 05:47:16,100
groups that favored the status 
quo. 

6828
05:47:16,100 --> 05:47:20,300
David won over voters, but 
alienated powerful politicians 

6829
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:21,900
with his support for common 
settlers. 

6830
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:25,000
David became more and more 
alienated within his own 

6831
05:47:25,000 --> 05:47:27,500
political party. 
As he fought against certain of 

6832
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:30,600
President, Andrew Jackson's 
policies, especially the Indian 

6833
05:47:30,600 --> 05:47:33,400
Removal Act which he believed to
be morally, reprehensible, 

6834
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:38,000
Ironically, David actually had 
very complex political ideas 

6835
05:47:38,000 --> 05:47:40,200
despite how simple they appeared
to him. 

6836
05:47:40,900 --> 05:47:45,200
Democracy, he realized entailed 
more than just majority rule it 

6837
05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:47,600
entailed defending the rights of
the defenseless. 

6838
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:50,300
He thought the government should
look out for everyone's best 

6839
05:47:50,300 --> 05:47:52,300
interests. 
Not just the wealthy and 

6840
05:47:52,300 --> 05:47:54,900
Powerful. 
Politicians who favored easier 

6841
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:57,300
Arrangements. 
They weren't novel Notions, but 

6842
05:47:57,300 --> 05:48:00,200
they were uncomfortable. 
David came to terms with the 

6843
05:48:00,200 --> 05:48:03,500
fact that his time as Tennessee 
politician, was likely numbered 

6844
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:07,000
by the early 1830s. 
He lost popularity due to his 

6845
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:10,500
rejection of popular ideas and a
master and army of foes, due to 

6846
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:14,300
his unwavering adherence to his 
principles adapting to political

6847
05:48:14,300 --> 05:48:18,100
reality or forging, a new route 
entirely would shape the 

6848
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:22,200
remainder of his life. as you 
settle in, for this section of 

6849
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:26,100
David's Journey, you'll find out
how at the same time, it can be 

6850
05:48:26,100 --> 05:48:29,500
freeing and terrible to stand up
for your beliefs, even if it 

6851
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:33,400
means losing everything you've 
worked for David stay in the 

6852
05:48:33,400 --> 05:48:36,100
nation's capital was as 
entertaining as watching a fish 

6853
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:38,900
scale, a tree. 
It was his job to represent his 

6854
05:48:38,900 --> 05:48:42,600
constituents vote on legislation
and serve on committees. 

6855
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:46,000
He felt like he was speaking a 
different language when it came 

6856
05:48:46,000 --> 05:48:47,600
to the culture of political 
manipulation. 

6857
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:52,100
David adamantly refused to let 
the political ramifications of 

6858
05:48:52,100 --> 05:48:54,000
his votes, influences 
decision-making. 

6859
05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:57,800
In contrast to his fellow 
lawmakers who established 

6860
05:48:57,800 --> 05:49:00,200
coalitions and traded votes like
poker chips. 

6861
05:49:01,100 --> 05:49:04,000
When David's beliefs were in 
line with public opinion, this 

6862
05:49:04,000 --> 05:49:06,900
strategy was effective. 
Nevertheless, it proved 

6863
05:49:06,900 --> 05:49:09,900
Troublesome when they were not 
Most of his tendency 

6864
05:49:09,900 --> 05:49:12,700
constituents wanted Native 
American territories opened for 

6865
05:49:12,700 --> 05:49:15,500
white colonization. 
Therefore they supported the 

6866
05:49:15,500 --> 05:49:19,300
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 
Not because he was a specialty 

6867
05:49:19,300 --> 05:49:22,500
Progressive on racial Problems 
by today's standards but because

6868
05:49:22,500 --> 05:49:25,500
David had met and respected 
Native Americans as individuals 

6869
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,400
he was a posed to it. 
He thought it was morally, 

6870
05:49:28,400 --> 05:49:31,500
reprehensible to forcefully, 
uproot entire communities from 

6871
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:34,500
their ancient homelands. 
Classic David Crockett, 

6872
05:49:34,500 --> 05:49:38,800
passionate direct and totally at
variants with political Acumen. 

6873
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:41,000
That was his opposition in 
Congress. 

6874
05:49:42,300 --> 05:49:44,900
Concerning the distinction 
between what is legally required

6875
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:48,900
and what is morally, acceptable.
He spoke about Cherokee family, 

6876
05:49:48,900 --> 05:49:51,900
he had known as well as 
Government dishonesty and broken

6877
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:54,400
promises. 
Despite his colleague's 

6878
05:49:54,400 --> 05:49:57,200
courteous listening. 
They ultimately voted to have 

6879
05:49:57,200 --> 05:50:00,500
him removed from office even 
while David's vote, didn't sway,

6880
05:50:00,500 --> 05:50:02,700
the result. 
It did demonstrate that he was 

6881
05:50:02,700 --> 05:50:05,200
unreliable when it came to 
supporting party policies. 

6882
05:50:06,000 --> 05:50:08,800
There were covid, but effective 
efforts by the political Elite 

6883
05:50:08,800 --> 05:50:12,000
to undermine David. 
More trustworthy members were 

6884
05:50:12,000 --> 05:50:15,300
given committee assignments. 
Important meeting invitations, 

6885
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:18,600
were misplaced his colleagues 
and Congress no longer sought 

6886
05:50:18,600 --> 05:50:22,600
his advice on proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

6887
05:50:22,608 --> 05:50:26,000
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

6888
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:27,600
removed from the political 
process. 

6889
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:31,300
David faced political 
persecution in his home state of

6890
05:50:31,308 --> 05:50:34,300
Tennessee due to his stance 
against Indian relocation. 

6891
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:37,900
His detractors said, he'd been 
entangled in the corruption of 

6892
05:50:37,900 --> 05:50:41,100
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

6893
05:50:41,100 --> 05:50:45,000
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. although 

6894
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:48,100
David had changed while serving 
in Congress, it was not in the 

6895
05:50:48,100 --> 05:50:51,100
manner, his detractors had 
envisioned and this fact made 

6896
05:50:51,100 --> 05:50:54,400
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

6897
05:50:54,400 --> 05:50:57,300
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

6898
05:50:57,300 --> 05:50:59,500
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

6899
05:50:59,500 --> 05:51:02,200
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

6900
05:51:02,200 --> 05:51:05,200
He is seen co-workers vote for 
initiatives, they were 

6901
05:51:05,200 --> 05:51:08,000
personally against just because 
it suited their political 

6902
05:51:08,000 --> 05:51:10,500
agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

6903
05:51:10,500 --> 05:51:13,900
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

6904
05:51:13,900 --> 05:51:17,900
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

6905
05:51:17,900 --> 05:51:20,500
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

6906
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:24,800
important to him. as usual David
remained unyielding in the face 

6907
05:51:24,800 --> 05:51:28,100
of political pressure, He did 
not learn to moderate his views 

6908
05:51:28,100 --> 05:51:32,400
or compromise, more skillfully. 
Rather, he got more vocal he 

6909
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:34,900
started traveling around 
Tennessee, giving talks in which

6910
05:51:34,900 --> 05:51:38,200
he details, his voting record. 
The reasons for his opposition 

6911
05:51:38,200 --> 05:51:41,300
to popular ideas and his 
Newfound, knowledge of the inner

6912
05:51:41,300 --> 05:51:44,800
workings of government. 
Though, entertaining David had a

6913
05:51:44,808 --> 05:51:48,400
natural talent for storytelling.
These remarks were political 

6914
05:51:48,400 --> 05:51:51,600
suicide. 
Campaigning for the 1833. 

6915
05:51:51,600 --> 05:51:54,700
Election was a bloodbath. 
There was no shortage of 

6916
05:51:54,700 --> 05:51:57,500
ammunition for David's 
detractors, his stance against 

6917
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:00,500
popular initiatives. 
His many trips out of Tennessee,

6918
05:52:00,500 --> 05:52:05,100
while in Congress, and his ties 
to controversial causes For 

6919
05:52:05,100 --> 05:52:07,500
someone whose whole sense of 
self was based on serving the 

6920
05:52:07,508 --> 05:52:10,000
people being portrayed, as an 
alien who had become 

6921
05:52:10,000 --> 05:52:12,700
disconnected from everyday, life
must have been extremely 

6922
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,900
hurtful. 
David retaliated with Candor and

6923
05:52:15,900 --> 05:52:18,700
humor, which proved in effective
against a well-organized, 

6924
05:52:18,700 --> 05:52:22,200
political enemy, no matter, the 
political Fallout, he pledged to

6925
05:52:22,200 --> 05:52:25,400
keep voting, his conscience and 
told voters, just how he felt 

6926
05:52:25,400 --> 05:52:29,700
about a variety of subjects. 
It was Noble base on principles 

6927
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:33,100
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

6928
05:52:33,100 --> 05:52:35,000
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

6929
05:52:35,000 --> 05:52:38,900
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

6930
05:52:38,900 --> 05:52:43,100
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

6931
05:52:43,100 --> 05:52:46,500
young nor too old to retire 
gracefully but two old to start 

6932
05:52:46,500 --> 05:52:49,300
over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

6933
05:52:49,300 --> 05:52:50,900
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

6934
05:52:52,100 --> 05:52:54,500
Elizabeth remained patient 
regarding their financial 

6935
05:52:54,500 --> 05:52:57,200
condition. 
Although David was disappointed,

6936
05:52:57,200 --> 05:53:01,000
he was also liberated from 
unattainable expectations as a 

6937
05:53:01,000 --> 05:53:04,000
result of his loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

6938
05:53:04,000 --> 05:53:06,500
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

6939
05:53:06,500 --> 05:53:09,100
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

6940
05:53:10,000 --> 05:53:12,900
It had been years since he could
do or say anything he wanted 

6941
05:53:12,900 --> 05:53:15,600
without worrying about how it 
might affect his chances of 

6942
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:18,600
winning the next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

6943
05:53:18,600 --> 05:53:21,500
Independence, was Financial 
instability public 

6944
05:53:21,500 --> 05:53:24,400
disillusionment, and the 
realization that his time in 

6945
05:53:24,400 --> 05:53:28,800
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

6946
05:53:28,800 --> 05:53:31,800
opportunities. 
Texas that enormous Western 

6947
05:53:31,800 --> 05:53:34,600
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

6948
05:53:34,600 --> 05:53:38,400
started to play on David's mind.
To all appearances. 

6949
05:53:38,400 --> 05:53:41,300
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

6950
05:53:41,300 --> 05:53:44,000
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

6951
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,800
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

6952
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:51,300
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

6953
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:55,200
may pave the way for a new and 
perhaps more significant one. 

6954
05:53:56,000 --> 05:53:57,900
David pondered his next move for
months. 

6955
05:53:57,900 --> 05:54:01,000
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

6956
05:54:01,000 --> 05:54:05,000
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

6957
05:54:05,000 --> 05:54:07,500
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

6958
05:54:07,500 --> 05:54:10,300
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broken 

6959
05:54:10,300 --> 05:54:13,800
releasing him but also leaving 
him with no idea where to go. 

6960
05:54:14,800 --> 05:54:18,100
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

6961
05:54:18,100 --> 05:54:20,400
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him. 

6962
05:54:20,400 --> 05:54:23,700
Elizabeth observed as Peter 
paced around their cabin 

6963
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:25,800
starting and then abandoning 
projects. 

6964
05:54:27,200 --> 05:54:30,400
David usually came up with the 
solution if Tennessee wasn't 

6965
05:54:30,400 --> 05:54:32,600
interested in him. 
He'd look for another place. 

6966
05:54:32,600 --> 05:54:36,100
That was when Americans were 
looking for a location to start 

6967
05:54:36,100 --> 05:54:39,400
over where land was inexpensive 
and Prospects were endless. 

6968
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:41,500
Many began to hear stories of 
Texas. 

6969
05:54:41,500 --> 05:54:44,900
The Mexican government was 
actively courting American 

6970
05:54:44,900 --> 05:54:48,600
settlers by Distributing large 
tracks of land to those families

6971
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:52,400
who were ready to uproot and go.
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 

6972
05:54:52,400 --> 05:54:55,500
beginnings for David who lived 
his whole life seeking 

6973
05:54:55,500 --> 05:54:58,700
opportunity. 
It was not just personal reasons

6974
05:54:58,700 --> 05:55:02,000
that led David to textus. 
Something major was about to 

6975
05:55:02,000 --> 05:55:03,400
happen. 
According to his political 

6976
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:06,000
instincts, and he had been 
keeping up with the news about 

6977
05:55:06,000 --> 05:55:08,800
the escalating tensions, between
the Mexican Government and 

6978
05:55:08,800 --> 05:55:12,000
American settlers. 
The settlers dissatisfaction 

6979
05:55:12,000 --> 05:55:15,300
with Mexican policies. 
Such as those that limited local

6980
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:19,400
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 
among settlers restricted 

6981
05:55:19,400 --> 05:55:23,400
immigration was growing. 
Conflicts where regular people 

6982
05:55:23,400 --> 05:55:26,100
were caught between their 
everyday demands and Faraway 

6983
05:55:26,100 --> 05:55:28,600
government policies were Echoes 
of those that have molded 

6984
05:55:28,600 --> 05:55:33,800
David's own political career. 
He saw in late 1835, David set 

6985
05:55:33,800 --> 05:55:35,900
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

6986
05:55:35,900 --> 05:55:40,400
He intended to serve the area 
perhaps purchased some land and 

6987
05:55:40,400 --> 05:55:43,100
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

6988
05:55:43,900 --> 05:55:46,500
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

6989
05:55:46,500 --> 05:55:50,600
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

6990
05:55:50,600 --> 05:55:54,400
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

6991
05:55:54,408 --> 05:55:57,400
disagreements about right and 
wrong David had never been Adept

6992
05:55:57,400 --> 05:56:00,700
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

6993
05:56:00,700 --> 05:56:03,800
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

6994
05:56:03,800 --> 05:56:06,200
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

6995
05:56:06,208 --> 05:56:08,100
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

6996
05:56:08,100 --> 05:56:11,600
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

6997
05:56:11,600 --> 05:56:14,600
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

6998
05:56:14,600 --> 05:56:17,900
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

6999
05:56:17,900 --> 05:56:21,100
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

7000
05:56:22,000 --> 05:56:24,100
Hardware working couples wanting
a better life for their 

7001
05:56:24,100 --> 05:56:26,800
children. 
The settlers David met mirrored,

7002
05:56:26,800 --> 05:56:29,900
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 
They want Solitude to cultivate 

7003
05:56:29,900 --> 05:56:32,800
land, engage in trade, and Rule 
themselves rationally. 

7004
05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:37,000
However, Mexican policies that 
appeared more intent on 

7005
05:56:37,000 --> 05:56:38,600
controlling them than helping 
them. 

7006
05:56:38,600 --> 05:56:41,500
Grow, were becoming more and 
more frustrating for them. 

7007
05:56:43,000 --> 05:56:45,800
David came away from his talks 
with these families with the 

7008
05:56:45,808 --> 05:56:49,000
conviction that the settlers 
would require Leaders with 

7009
05:56:49,000 --> 05:56:52,700
expertise in both military 
strategy and political reality 

7010
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:54,700
in the event of an impending 
battle. 

7011
05:56:55,700 --> 05:56:58,900
The timing of David's arrival. 
In Texas was impeccable, though,

7012
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:02,300
he could not have predicted it. 
The tense situation had quickly 

7013
05:57:02,300 --> 05:57:04,800
developed between the Mexican 
authorities and the settlers 

7014
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:08,500
dissolving, the Mexican Congress
and advancing for total control 

7015
05:57:08,500 --> 05:57:10,800
General. 
Santa Anna jeopardized the 

7016
05:57:10,800 --> 05:57:13,800
minimal autonomy that had 
initially attracted American 

7017
05:57:13,800 --> 05:57:16,700
Immigration. 
The Texans who had just begun to

7018
05:57:16,700 --> 05:57:19,900
organize resistance, were in 
need of prominent political and 

7019
05:57:19,900 --> 05:57:22,500
Military personalities. 
You might provide credibility to

7020
05:57:22,500 --> 05:57:26,500
their cause the scenario seemed 
like an opportunity for David to

7021
05:57:26,500 --> 05:57:30,700
put his Political experience and
knowledge to use for causes in 

7022
05:57:30,700 --> 05:57:33,800
which he truly believed. 
The Texas settle as were 

7023
05:57:33,800 --> 05:57:36,800
demanding much, they simply 
wanted to be able to follow 

7024
05:57:36,800 --> 05:57:39,300
their own Traditions when it 
came to government freely 

7025
05:57:39,300 --> 05:57:41,900
practiced, their religion and 
have a say in matters that 

7026
05:57:41,900 --> 05:57:45,200
directly touch them. 
Now that he was away from home 

7027
05:57:45,200 --> 05:57:48,200
politics, David could endorse 
the same causes. 

7028
05:57:48,200 --> 05:57:52,100
He had fought for in Congress. 
San Antonio was Under Siege when

7029
05:57:52,100 --> 05:57:56,800
David arrived in February 1836 
as general, Santa Anna's Mexican

7030
05:57:56,800 --> 05:58:00,100
Army's closed in the small 
Garrison sought sanctuary in the

7031
05:58:00,108 --> 05:58:03,900
Alamo a former mission. 
With only 200 Defenders up 

7032
05:58:03,900 --> 05:58:07,000
against thousands of Mexican 
forces, the situation was Dire. 

7033
05:58:07,700 --> 05:58:10,500
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

7034
05:58:10,500 --> 05:58:14,100
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

7035
05:58:14,100 --> 05:58:18,200
victory was possible. 
For David, staying in the Alamo 

7036
05:58:18,200 --> 05:58:21,000
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

7037
05:58:21,000 --> 05:58:22,800
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

7038
05:58:22,800 --> 05:58:26,600
His years spent hunting alone 
in, perilous Wilderness his 

7039
05:58:26,600 --> 05:58:29,900
lessons in leadership, under 
duress, from military duty, and 

7040
05:58:29,900 --> 05:58:32,400
the lessons he had learned about
the value of sticking up for 

7041
05:58:32,400 --> 05:58:36,700
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

7042
05:58:36,700 --> 05:58:39,500
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

7043
05:58:39,500 --> 05:58:42,600
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

7044
05:58:42,600 --> 05:58:46,500
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 
Military significance of David's

7045
05:58:46,500 --> 05:58:48,400
Presence at the Alamo. 
Cannot be overstated. 

7046
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:51,500
He was willing to put his 
reputation on the line for 

7047
05:58:51,500 --> 05:58:54,900
Texas's Independence, and he had
served as a congressman in the 

7048
05:58:54,900 --> 05:58:58,100
United States. 
His ruling bolstered support for

7049
05:58:58,100 --> 05:59:01,100
the text, of course, and showed 
that the war was about National 

7050
05:59:01,100 --> 05:59:04,400
issues of self-governance and 
personal freedom, rather than 

7051
05:59:04,400 --> 05:59:07,900
Petty Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood, 

7052
05:59:07,900 --> 05:59:10,600
his chances of survival were 
limited as the Mexican Army, 

7053
05:59:10,600 --> 05:59:13,900
encircled the Alamo, but he was 
also wise enough to know that 

7054
05:59:13,900 --> 05:59:18,000
values not survival are often 
more essential and that it's 

7055
05:59:18,000 --> 05:59:20,900
better to lose a battle than to 
lose a life for a greater cause 

7056
05:59:21,700 --> 05:59:24,000
The Restless youngsta suddenly 
had something to stand for. 

7057
05:59:24,000 --> 05:59:27,700
I'll link the evening together. 
Is coming to a close and with 

7058
05:59:27,700 --> 05:59:30,600
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

7059
05:59:30,600 --> 05:59:33,800
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

7060
05:59:33,800 --> 05:59:36,300
became an enduring emblem of the
American bravery in 

7061
05:59:36,300 --> 05:59:39,200
Independence. 
From February 23rd until March 

7062
05:59:39,200 --> 05:59:43,700
6th. 1836 the Alamo was besieged
for 13 days. 

7063
05:59:43,700 --> 05:59:47,500
A former Congressman seeking A 
New Beginning, David Crockett 

7064
05:59:47,500 --> 05:59:50,400
became a similar of Common 
People prepared to give their 

7065
05:59:50,400 --> 05:59:53,200
all for the idea of 
self-determination during those 

7066
05:59:53,200 --> 05:59:56,300
two weeks. 
A complicated man who had spent 

7067
05:59:56,300 --> 05:59:59,300
50 years trying to balance 
practical demands with moral 

7068
05:59:59,300 --> 06:00:01,300
beliefs. 
The David who fought at the 

7069
06:00:01,308 --> 06:00:04,000
Alamo was nothing like the 
legendary figure with the 

7070
06:00:04,000 --> 06:00:06,600
coonskin cap. 
Inside the Alamo. 

7071
06:00:06,600 --> 06:00:10,200
David had a dual purpose 
bolstering morale and providing 

7072
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:13,200
Military Support. 
His background as a scout in the

7073
06:00:13,208 --> 06:00:14,900
creek. 
Ward made him an asset for 

7074
06:00:14,900 --> 06:00:18,200
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

7075
06:00:18,200 --> 06:00:20,000
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale. 

7076
06:00:20,000 --> 06:00:22,700
In what everyone knew would be 
their last days. 

7077
06:00:22,700 --> 06:00:26,800
Picture, this David was keeping 
his fellow Defenders motivated, 

7078
06:00:26,800 --> 06:00:29,700
during those long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

7079
06:00:29,700 --> 06:00:32,600
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

7080
06:00:34,000 --> 06:00:36,700
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict, the precise 

7081
06:00:36,700 --> 06:00:39,300
circumstances of David's demise 
a murky at best. 

7082
06:00:39,300 --> 06:00:42,800
A generation of Americans was 
inspired by his presence at the 

7083
06:00:42,808 --> 06:00:46,300
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

7084
06:00:46,300 --> 06:00:50,000
were worth dying for We also 
know that he died fighting and 

7085
06:00:50,000 --> 06:00:52,600
never surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

7086
06:00:52,600 --> 06:00:55,500
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

7087
06:00:56,200 --> 06:00:59,200
Fascinatingly though. 
The real David Crockett started 

7088
06:00:59,200 --> 06:01:01,800
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away. 

7089
06:01:02,700 --> 06:01:04,800
And that is what truly defines 
his legacy. 

7090
06:01:05,600 --> 06:01:08,400
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

7091
06:01:08,400 --> 06:01:11,500
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

7092
06:01:11,508 --> 06:01:13,200
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

7093
06:01:13,200 --> 06:01:16,400
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

7094
06:01:16,400 --> 06:01:20,100
River dry, and beat his weight 
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 

7095
06:01:20,900 --> 06:01:24,300
Even though the real David most 
likely never sported, Kim cat, 

7096
06:01:24,300 --> 06:01:27,900
it came to symbolize him, a 
meticulous and principled, 

7097
06:01:27,900 --> 06:01:30,000
politician became a naive 
Frontiersman. 

7098
06:01:31,000 --> 06:01:33,200
What this change reveals about 
the way Americans have 

7099
06:01:33,200 --> 06:01:35,500
historically treated their 
Heroes as significant. 

7100
06:01:36,300 --> 06:01:39,200
A Heroes should be simple and 
are symbols, should be obvious. 

7101
06:01:40,100 --> 06:01:42,900
The complicated real life. 
David Crockett who had 

7102
06:01:42,900 --> 06:01:46,500
difficulty spelling but had 
strong moral convictions was on 

7103
06:01:46,500 --> 06:01:48,100
accomplished Hunter and a 
brilliant. 

7104
06:01:48,100 --> 06:01:51,200
Political thinker was too 
complicated for simplistic 

7105
06:01:51,200 --> 06:01:55,600
mythology. because of this, you 
became a cartoon character in 

7106
06:01:55,600 --> 06:01:59,200
popular culture, which 
oversimplified him Despite this 

7107
06:01:59,200 --> 06:02:02,100
a crucial aspect of the 
historical, David managed to 

7108
06:02:02,100 --> 06:02:05,400
evade the myths regardless of 
the numerous urban legends 

7109
06:02:05,400 --> 06:02:07,800
surrounding him. 
The fundamental truth that 

7110
06:02:07,800 --> 06:02:10,900
captivated audiences. 
The common people are capable of

7111
06:02:10,900 --> 06:02:13,000
extraordinary Deeds that 
principles. 

7112
06:02:13,000 --> 06:02:16,600
Take precedence over political 
expediency and that at times 

7113
06:02:16,600 --> 06:02:19,800
during the right thing demands 
giving up everything remain 

7114
06:02:19,800 --> 06:02:22,800
powerful. 
The impact that David had on 

7115
06:02:22,800 --> 06:02:25,100
American society did not see 
with his death. 

7116
06:02:25,100 --> 06:02:28,800
A regular guy thrown into 
extraordinary circumstances who 

7117
06:02:28,800 --> 06:02:32,400
Rises to the occasion, he became
an archetype of the reluctant 

7118
06:02:32,400 --> 06:02:34,800
hero. 
Throughout American story 

7119
06:02:34,800 --> 06:02:38,000
telling for over two centuries 
characters like Jimmy Stewart 

7120
06:02:38,000 --> 06:02:40,900
from Frank, Capra, films, and 
contemporary politicians. 

7121
06:02:40,900 --> 06:02:43,200
Who highlight their humble 
Origins have repeated. 

7122
06:02:43,200 --> 06:02:44,900
David's example of honest 
leadership. 

7123
06:02:45,800 --> 06:02:48,100
The way, David dealt with the 
conflict between Prague 

7124
06:02:48,100 --> 06:02:51,100
pragmatic politics and moral 
convictions, is what gives his 

7125
06:02:51,100 --> 06:02:54,900
story modern relevance? 
Compromises inevitable in 

7126
06:02:54,900 --> 06:02:57,800
effectively to ship, but he was 
also aware that there are 

7127
06:02:57,800 --> 06:03:00,200
certain beliefs that must never 
be compromised. 

7128
06:03:00,200 --> 06:03:03,400
The ups and downs of striving 
for moral Integrity. 

7129
06:03:03,400 --> 06:03:06,700
In intricate, political 
institutions are laid bare by 

7130
06:03:06,700 --> 06:03:09,900
his political career. 
The lesson we may learn from 

7131
06:03:09,900 --> 06:03:13,400
David's tragic political career 
is that he was never effective 

7132
06:03:13,400 --> 06:03:15,500
because he refused to compromise
his ideals. 

7133
06:03:16,200 --> 06:03:19,100
That seeming failure. 
However, became something far 

7134
06:03:19,100 --> 06:03:22,600
more substantial when he died at
the Alamo David, by laying down 

7135
06:03:22,600 --> 06:03:25,900
his life, for the independence 
of Texas demonstrated that there

7136
06:03:25,900 --> 06:03:27,900
are values higher than political
power. 

7137
06:03:27,900 --> 06:03:31,500
And that true citizens of a 
Democratic Society are willing 

7138
06:03:31,500 --> 06:03:34,200
to put their personal interests 
on the back burner in order to 

7139
06:03:34,208 --> 06:03:38,800
uphold greater ideals. 
Think about David's rise from a 

7140
06:03:38,800 --> 06:03:42,000
fidgety youngster to an American
icon as you drift off to sleep 

7141
06:03:42,000 --> 06:03:44,700
tonight. 
He was never able to settle down

7142
06:03:44,700 --> 06:03:48,300
become politically powerful or a
massive substantial riches. 

7143
06:03:49,200 --> 06:03:51,800
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

7144
06:03:51,800 --> 06:03:55,200
own, moral compass that he'd 
utilized his talents for causes,

7145
06:03:55,200 --> 06:03:57,600
he believed in, and that he had 
not backed down. 

7146
06:03:57,600 --> 06:04:00,300
When faced with the final test 
was something more significant 

7147
06:04:00,300 --> 06:04:02,700
to him. 
Instead of being the heroic 

7148
06:04:02,700 --> 06:04:06,100
frontiersmen, portrayed in 
popular culture, the real David 

7149
06:04:06,100 --> 06:04:09,700
Crockett was a multi-faceted 
imperfect human being who 

7150
06:04:09,700 --> 06:04:12,300
demonstrated that regular 
individuals are capable of 

7151
06:04:12,300 --> 06:04:14,300
remarkable acts of moral 
bravery. 

7152
06:04:15,100 --> 06:04:17,100
Being heroic isn't about having 
it all together. 

7153
06:04:17,100 --> 06:04:19,900
It's about having the courage to
fight for what you think is, 

7154
06:04:19,900 --> 06:04:21,700
right? 
No matter the cost. 

7155
06:04:22,500 --> 06:04:24,500
His narrative serves as a 
reminder of this. 

7156
06:04:25,400 --> 06:04:28,100
As we wrap up our evening 
together, it's worth reflecting 

7157
06:04:28,100 --> 06:04:30,500
on how we all encounter 
situations where we have to 

7158
06:04:30,508 --> 06:04:33,400
decide between doing what's easy
and what's right? 

7159
06:04:33,400 --> 06:04:36,300
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

7160
06:04:37,100 --> 06:04:39,600
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

7161
06:04:39,600 --> 06:04:43,600
Bedrock of our Democratic and 
free society as David Crockett's

7162
06:04:43,600 --> 06:04:46,900
account hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

7163
06:04:46,900 --> 06:04:49,500
being heroic does not 
necessitate a coonskin cap. 

7164
06:04:49,500 --> 06:04:52,100
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

7165
06:04:52,100 --> 06:04:53,300
your own moral compass.