How Pocket Watches Changed History Forever! | Boring History For Sleep

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Howdy my friends. 
Tonight. 

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We're exploring the Forgotten 
history of the pocket watch. 

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A symbol of time status and 
craftsmanship that once ruled 

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daily life, long before 
smartphones or wristwatches, the

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pocket. 
Watch was both a tool and a 

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treasure. 
It marked, train schedules, 

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business deals and personal 
moments. 

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So before we explore this 
together, take a moment to drop 

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a like And subscribe if you 
enjoy the effort pushed here, 

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daily, Also, please let me know 
where you're tuning in from and 

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what time it is for you as I 
love seeing how this connects us

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all together. 
Now, dim those pesky lights, 

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grab your comfy spot and let's 
ease into our journey here 

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tonight, shall we? 
Most likely you're wearing a 

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watch at the moment perhaps it's
cleverly buzzing on your wrist 

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to remind you of meeting's and 
to keep track of your steps 

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maybe it's a classic watch that 
your father gave. 

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You the kind that ticks in a 
nice way when you press it to 

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your ear? 
the pocket, watch a small 

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mechanical Marvel that sat for 
centuries in the hearts of 

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farmers Emperors and everyone 
else in between is the 

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grandfather of all personal 
timepieces, the invention of the

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pocket watch was not a sudden 
horological miracle. 

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Know it gradually, as most good 
things do. 

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Clockmakers were working in 
their workshops in the early, 

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1500s attempting to reduce the 
enormous Tower, clocks that 

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ruled European cities. these 
initial attempts were roughly as

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accurate as a sundial during a 
thunderstorm and as portable as 

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a small refrigerator, When 
someone whom historians still 

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disagree about figured out how 
to make a mainspring small 

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enough to fit in something, you 
could actually carry. 

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That was the real breakthrough. 
This was more than just 

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engineering, it was like, 
packing, a water wheels, Force 

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into a biscuit size object, the 
Revolutionary idea behind those 

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early pocket watches was that 
time was no longer bound by 

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location. 
They were cumbersome. 

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Heavy devices that hung from 
chains like portable anvils, 

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it's critical to comprehend what
this meant prior to the 

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invention of pocket watches time
was determined by the sound of 

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church bells, the Town Square 
and the cycle of sunrise and 

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sunset. 
All of a sudden time itself 

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could be owned by Regular 
People. 

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They were able to plan meetings 
schedule, appointments divide 

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their days into manageable 
chunks and perhaps most 

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importantly, arrived subtly 
late. 

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The first pocket watches, were 
expensive luxury items that most

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people couldn't afford in a 
year, they were mechanical 

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wonders conversation starters 
and Status, symbols, that gave 

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their owners. 
The impression that they were 

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carrying a piece of the future, 
Rich Merchants wore them as 

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symbols of their success and 
Kings gathered them like 

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precious gems. 
This is where the story starts 

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to get interesting, though. 
The pocket watch was not 

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exclusive for very long. 
As is the case with most 

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high-end products Craftsman 
discovered ways to improve lower

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the cost and increase their 
dependability. 

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By the 1600s middle class 
professionals were simple 

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timepieces and by the 1700s even
farmers were using their watches

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to determine when it was time 
for their afternoon naps. 

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The initial designs were 
endearingly. 

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Floored some clocks were so bad 
at keeping time that their 

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owners had to wind them several 
times a day but they still 

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showed up everywhere either 
fashionably late or 

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embarrassingly early. 
The faces were frequently, 

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artistic Creations. 
Such as intricate enamel, 

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paintings of mythological 
characters, pastoral Landscapes 

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or loved ones, portraits Having 
one was similar to having a 

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small Gallery in your best 
pocket. 

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The way these early pocket 
watches altered people's 

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perspectives on their days is 
what most intrigues me about 

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them in the past. 
You might have said, I'll meet 

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you when the sun is halfway down
the sky today. 

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You could say, I'll meet you at 
3:50 this accuracy, 

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revolutionized social life 
travel and Commerce. 

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In ways, their creators could 
never have predicted Tower 

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clocks were never able to 
achieve the same level of 

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personalization as the pocket 
watch like feeding a pet. 

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You wind the device each morning
you dozed off while listening to

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its steady tick. 
Not only did you lose track of 

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time when it broke, but you also
lost a friend. 

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A cymbals of Love. 
Husbands, gave them to wives. 

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Fathers handed them down to sons
and lovers traded them. 

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By the late, 1600s anyone who 
wanted to be respected, had to 

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have a pocket watch. 
Keeping up with a world that was

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starting to move at a more 
mechanical Pace was more 

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important than simply keeping 
time. 

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When the 1700s arrived pocket 
watches entered, what could be 

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described as their awkward 
adolescents. 

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They were becoming increasingly 
sophisticated but they still 

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needed to mature. 
Fundamental idea was sound, but 

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the way it was carried out, 
needed Improvement. 

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It takes a lot of work. 
Accuracy was the primary issue, 

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the accuracy of early pocket 
watches was comparable to that 

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of weather forecasts. 
That is they were accurate 

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enough to maintain interest, but
inaccurate enough to create 

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serious issues, it's possible 
for a merchant who gets to the 

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market and our early to find out
that his watch has been running 

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fast for the past three days or 
Worse. 

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His watch might decide to take 
an unplanned break, causing him 

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to miss a crucial meeting. 
The story becomes wonderfully 

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obsessive at this point 
clockmakers throughout Europe 

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were enrolled. 
With a task of Designing the 

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perfect pocket watch Like 
musical virtuoso's, they were 

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creating time itself one ticket 
at a time rather than Symphonies

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the balance wheel, a tiny 
rotating component that became 

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the beating heart of any high 
quality pocket. 

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Watch was the Breakthrough. 
Consider it the more portable 

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smaller cousin of the pendulum 
time could be divided into 

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remarkably accurate segments by 
this tiny device which 

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oscillating back and forth with 
such regularity. 

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Delicate precisely balanced and 
calibrated, with the accuracy of

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a Master, Chef measuring spices,
the best balance Wheels with the

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cells works of art. 
The Undisputed masters of 

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pocket. 
Watch accuracy were English 

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clockmakers. 
Specially those based in London 

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They created methods for 
creating gears that were so 

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smooth. 
They didn't seem to tick but 

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rather whispered It produced 
such Exquisite cases that 

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affluent clients purchased them 
for their visual appeal as much 

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as their ability to tell time. 
But in surprising ways the Swiss

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transformed, the sector Swiss 
Artisans started thinking about 

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mass production while the 
English concentrated on making 

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the most Exquisite and accurate 
timepieces for the affluent. 

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They created methods for 
producing Dependable, pocket 

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watches that the average working
person could afford. 

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There were significant societal 
repercussions from this 

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democratization of timekeeping. 
A factory worker. 

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Could now own the same kind of 
Precision Watches his boss for 

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the first time in human history.
Both could arrive at exactly the

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same time and know they were on 
time, but this didn't exactly 

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level the playing field because 
the worker had a plain steel 

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watch and the boss still had a 
gold one. 

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That was encrusted with 
diamonds. 

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Additionally, the pocket watch 
emerged as a key component of 

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the professional culture. 
Teachers used them to organize 

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their lessons, doctors use them 
to time patients, pulses and 

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lawyers use them to build by the
hour. 

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Time is money was no longer 
merely a catchphrase. 

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It was a quantifiable fact that 
you could grasp in your hand. 

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The most endearing thing about 
pocket watches from the 18th 

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century is how their designers 
couldn't help, but add tiny 

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details that made them fun to 
own even though they had no 

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functional use. 
On the hour, some performed, 

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little Melodies others. 
Had miniature astronomical 

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displays that. 
Displayed the planets positions 

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or the moon's phases. 
A handful of aspirational 

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artists, produced timepieces 
with numerous complications, 

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mechanical elements, that could 
record the day of the week, the 

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date, and even leap years. 
These were portable 

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Entertainment Systems, rather 
than merely watches. 

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You could surreptitiously check.
Not only the time but also where

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the Saturn was in the right 
Celestial alignment for making 

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crucial business decisions. 
During lengthy carriage rides or

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dull social gatherings. 
The cases themselves were 

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transformed into artistic 
canvases. 

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They were adorned with elaborate
designs family, crests and 

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significant inscriptions by 
talented engravers. 

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Touching personal messages like 
to my beloved Son on his wedding

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day. 
In memory of faithful service or

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occasionally just time flies, 
but memories remain a found on a

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lot of pocket watches from this 
era. 

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The railroad, which was invented
in the early 1800s would 

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fundamentally alter how people 
perceive time, all of a sudden, 

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taking a few minutes off, was 
not only inconvenient, but also 

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potentially fatal. 
You see, approximate timing was 

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perfectly acceptable, when 
long-distance travel was 

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primarily accomplished by horse 
and carriage. 

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Passengers, just waited. 
If the afternoon stage was 

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running late. 
You catch the next one tomorrow 

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or the day. 
After, if you missed the 

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previous one, time was still 
pliable and forgiving trained. 

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However, altered all of that, 
they followed time tables that 

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were measured in minutes rather 
than ours more significantly 

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there were on the same tracks 
which meant that two trains that

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were even slightly behind 
schedule. 

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Could end up sharing a section 
of railroad at the same time, 

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which would never totally lead 
to disastrous outcomes. 

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The pocket, watch industry. 
Grew to meet the unprecedented. 

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Demand for accurate. 
Timekeeping that resulted from 

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this? 
Conductors engineers and 

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stationers were required by 
railroad companies to wear 

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watches that adhere to stringent
accuracy requirements. 

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These were precise devices that 
needed to maintain time within 

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seconds not minutes. 
So they weren't just any pocket 

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watches The railroad pocket 
watch evolved into a symbol of 

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expertise, large sturdy and 
built to continue operating 

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precisely and spite of the 
frequent jarring and vibration 

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of train travel. 
These timepieces were the norm 

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because a conductor had to 
rapidly check the time even in 

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low light or while traveling at 
a high speed. 

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They had faces that were bold 
and easy to read. 

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Railroad companies set up 
complex synchronization systems 

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because they took accuracy in 
time keeping very seriously. 

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Railroad workers would be able 
to adjust their watches to match

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the Master Clock, by using the 
telegraph, to transmit, official

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time. 
Signals at Major stations. as a 

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result, a truly standardized 
time system that covered great 

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distance is established for the 
first time in human history, it 

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had a huge social impact prior 
to the invention of railroads, 

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each Town, maintained its own 
local time which was typically 

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determined by the time the sun 
rose this implied, that it might

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be 11:47 in Philadelphia and 
1213 in Boston at noon in New 

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York, This had little bearing on
day-to-day existence. 

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It was chaos for railroad. 
Scheduling pocket watches, 

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became the tools that enabled 
the standardized time zones that

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were imposed by the railroads, 
all of a sudden millions of 

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people were adjusting their 
daily routines to the mechanical

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accuracy of their own 
timepieces, rather than the sun 

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or church bells. 
Significant advancements in the 

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production of pocket watches. 
Also occurred during this time. 

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In order to simplify repairs and
increase manufacturing 

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efficiency. 
American companies such as 

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Wolfman Elgin started 
manufacturing watches with 

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interchangeable parts. 
Each watch was no longer. 

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A one of a kind handcrafted 
object rather, they were 

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Precision engineered products 
that were simple to maintain and

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could be assembled rapidly. 
The railroad standard pocket 

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watch Rose to prominence as a 
symbol of industrial accuracy in

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America. 
These watches were constructed 

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to endure, the harsh conditions 
of railroad, work passed, 

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stringent testing and received 
accuracy certification. 

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They were all so beautiful 
items, even the most practical 

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railroad watch. 
Had tasteful hands, well-crafted

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numerals and cases that were 
both practical and beautiful. 

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However, the way that pocket 
watches became ingrained in 

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professional identity was 
perhaps the most intriguing 

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development of this era. 
The railroad man's watch 

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represented, his dependability, 
accuracy and dedication to 

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safety. 
It was more than just a tool 

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00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,500
since being able to tell the 
exact time was essential to 

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their professional reputation. 
These men would spend their own 

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money on the best watches. 
They could afford. 

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The practice of inspecting and 
certifying watches was also 

234
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:11,100
started during the railroad 
pocket. 

235
00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:13,900
Watch era. 
Professional watch, inspectors, 

236
00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:17,400
were hired by railroad companies
to regularly, check timepieces 

237
00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:19,800
to make sure they adhere to the 
stringent requirements needed 

238
00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,900
for safe operation. 
As a result, a culture of 

239
00:12:22,908 --> 00:12:25,800
superior horology, was 
established, which impacted 

240
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:27,400
watchmaking for many years to 
come. 

241
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:31,100
One could refer to the late 19th
and early 20th centuries as the 

242
00:12:31,100 --> 00:12:34,700
Golden Age of the pocket. 
Watch At this time, the 

243
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,000
technical and cultural 
significance of these mechanical

244
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,600
wanders. 
Peaked Pocket watches were more 

245
00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:42,200
than just timepieces. 
During this time, they were 

246
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,900
technological Marvels family, 
heirlooms, and statements all 

247
00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:48,000
combined into one sophisticated 
package. 

248
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,300
The diversity was astounding for
a few dollars. 

249
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:53,800
You could purchase a 
straightforward Dependable, 

250
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:56,900
watch or you could commission a 
work of art that took years to 

251
00:12:56,900 --> 00:12:59,100
complete and cost more than a 
house. 

252
00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:02,800
This air is luxury timepieces 
were true remarkable. 

253
00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:06,000
Even today the intricate 
timepieces made by Master 

254
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:10,200
Craftsmen seem almost magical in
addition to telling you the time

255
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,300
some watches can also tell you 
the date the day of the week, 

256
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:17,100
the month, the year, and the 
moon phase, others had Manute 

257
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:20,100
repeaters which were devices 
that when a button was pressed 

258
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:23,100
would chime out the time so that
you could determine the hour 

259
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:26,900
even in total darkness Perpetual
calendars that automatically 

260
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:29,600
corrected for leap years and 
would stay accurate for 

261
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:32,400
centuries without human 
correction were among the most 

262
00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:35,600
ambitious pieces. 
These were merely timepieces. 

263
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,800
They were tiny mechanical 
computers that were designed to 

264
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,700
track the intricate details of 
our calendar system with amazing

265
00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:44,900
accuracy. 
However, not only the affluent 

266
00:13:44,900 --> 00:13:48,300
adopted pocket watches during 
the Heyday Working Class. 

267
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:50,900
People could now, afford 
Dependable timepieces, thanks to

268
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:53,700
mass production techniques. 
And owning a watch, came to be 

269
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,200
seen as a sign of respectability
and responsibility. 

270
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:00,400
When a young man got his first 
pocket watch, he was taking part

271
00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:03,400
in a milestone as important as 
getting his first job or suit. 

272
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:06,700
The pocket watch was an integral
part of Every Day, Life. 

273
00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:09,800
Winding your watch. 
Each morning was a meditative 

274
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:11,600
way to connect with your own 
timepiece. 

275
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:14,700
You would check the time 
throughout the day by using a 

276
00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:17,900
familiar motion to reach into 
your vest pocket and pull out 

277
00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:21,100
the watch by its chain. 
This wasn't merely practical. 

278
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,300
It was a little act that showed 
the world that you were a person

279
00:14:24,308 --> 00:14:26,400
who appreciated accuracy and 
timeliness. 

280
00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:29,700
The chains themselves turned 
into fashion accessories. 

281
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:33,200
Some were straightforward and 
practical While others were all 

282
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,300
Nate pieces of jewelry with 
meaningful, charms decorative 

283
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:41,100
fobs, and intricate links. 
The socially conservative men, a

284
00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:43,500
Watch chain was frequently. 
One of the few pieces of jewelry

285
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:45,200
they could wear without looking 
garish. 

286
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:47,800
Interesting. 
Tales about the owners of these 

287
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:49,600
pocket watches can be found in 
their cases. 

288
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:53,300
Numerous ones had initials 
family crests or private 

289
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:55,700
messages and graved on the 
summoned. 

290
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:58,400
Hinged backs that opened to 
reveal pictures of loved ones. 

291
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:02,300
Making them portable private 
shrine's the way that pocket 

292
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:05,500
watches from this era became 
stores of meaning and memory is 

293
00:15:05,500 --> 00:15:09,500
what makes them so poignant 
Father, would pass his watch to 

294
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:12,200
his son and tell him about its 
past exploits. 

295
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,600
It is possible for a wife to 
have a romantic inscription, 

296
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:19,200
engraved on her husband's watch 
immigrants, brought timepieces 

297
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,000
that, link them to the nation's,
they had left behind and 

298
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,300
soldiers carried watches, that 
brought them back to their 

299
00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:27,200
Homeland. 
During this Heyday, the quality 

300
00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:30,600
of manufacturing was exceptional
American firms, like Hamilton 

301
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,700
Waltham and Illinois as well as 
Swiss produces protect Philip 

302
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:37,900
and Vashon. 
Ontar were creating watches that

303
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:40,400
were not only precise but so 
long lasting. 

304
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:43,800
More than a century later. 
Many pocket watches from this 

305
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,700
era, still functional, which 
speaks volumes about the 

306
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:50,200
craftsmanship of their creators 
and the resilience of mechanical

307
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,700
engineering. 
In ways that are difficult to 

308
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:55,900
imagine today, the pocket watch 
also became essential to 

309
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:58,700
professional life. 
They were used by doctors to 

310
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:02,900
track treatment outcomes and 
time patients, pulses attorneys 

311
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:04,100
charge. 
Their clients according to the 

312
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:07,500
exact timing of their 
consultations Factory managers 

313
00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:11,300
use stopwatch accuracy to 
coordinate, shift changes, A 

314
00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:13,100
pocket. 
Watch a necessary tool that 

315
00:16:13,100 --> 00:16:16,700
structured and organized daily. 
Life was the smartphone of its 

316
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:18,700
time. 
Some of the most fascinating 

317
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:21,900
Tales From The Golden Age 
feature, unsung heroes, who 

318
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:24,600
depended on pocket watches in 
ways, their creators, never 

319
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,900
imagined. 
Despite the fact that we 

320
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:29,800
frequently associate them with 
affluent gentleman, wearing top,

321
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:34,300
hats consider nurses, Nurses 
found that pocket watches were 

322
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:37,500
crucial instruments for patient 
monitoring during a time when 

323
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,600
the medical field was becoming 
more scientific. 

324
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,300
They used to call Nate patient 
care track pulse rates and time 

325
00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:45,700
medication intervals, by 
pinning. 

326
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,500
Tiny sophisticated watches, the 
forerunners of contemporary 

327
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:51,200
nursing watches to their 
uniforms. 

328
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:54,800
Since precise timing could mean 
the difference between life and 

329
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:57,600
death. 
These women, many of whom were 

330
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,800
from low-income families 
invested their own funds in high

331
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,800
quality timepieces. 
The relationship between rural 

332
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:06,400
mail carriers and pocket watches
became almost mystical. 

333
00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:09,700
These postal workers used a 
combination of landmarks 

334
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:13,900
Instinct and exact timing to 
navigate before GPS or even 

335
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:15,599
trustworthy roadmaps were 
available. 

336
00:17:16,500 --> 00:17:19,200
The carrier might be aware that 
the walk from the Johnson Farm 

337
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:23,099
to the creek took precisely 17 
minutes and that it took an 

338
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:26,599
additional 12 minutes to get to 
the Miller residents, they used 

339
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,300
their pocket watches as 
navigational aids to keep track 

340
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:31,800
of their schedules while 
traveling miles on country roads

341
00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:33,200
in a variety of weather 
conditions. 

342
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:37,400
Most astonishingly blind people 
found that their pocket watches 

343
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,700
can be used as highly Advanced 
to assistive technology. 

344
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:42,900
In order to directly feel the 
hands position. 

345
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:46,500
Many pocket watches from the era
had cases that could be opened 

346
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,000
with one hand. 
The first tactile timepieces in 

347
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,000
history were made possible by 
certain watches that were 

348
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,200
specially made with the Rays 
hands and numerals. 

349
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:58,800
A pocket watch became a means of
preserving Independence and 

350
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,100
navigating social situations 
with the Assurance. 

351
00:18:01,100 --> 00:18:03,600
For those who are unable to rely
on visual cues. 

352
00:18:04,500 --> 00:18:07,000
Pocket watches and the mining 
industry developed a unique 

353
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:10,100
relationship. 
Miners depended on sturdy 

354
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:11,800
timepieces. 
That could endure harsh 

355
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:15,300
conditions because they worked 
deep underground where natural 

356
00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:17,700
light never reached and shift 
schedules were essential for 

357
00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:19,800
safety. 
Because they knew that 

358
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:22,600
synchronized timing could 
prevent accidents, and 

359
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,900
coordinate rescue operations, 
mining companies frequently 

360
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:29,300
included watches as part of 
their safety equipment, to 

361
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:32,200
maintain the exact timing needed
for their Beacon operations. 

362
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:35,300
Like housekeepers those loan 
Protectors of coastal. 

363
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:39,400
Safety used pocket watches every
light house, had a distinct 

364
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,200
pattern of light. 
A particular series of flashes 

365
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:45,600
that made it easier for ships to
locate them Lighthouse Keepers 

366
00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:49,100
became proficient at using their
pocket watches to maintain these

367
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:51,900
life-saving rhythms because 
maintaining these patterns 

368
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,400
required Split Second timing. 
These professional applications 

369
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,000
are intriguing because they 
drove innovation in watchmaking 

370
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,300
and unanticipated ways. 
Watches that were easy to 

371
00:19:01,308 --> 00:19:04,800
sterilize when necessary for 
nurses timepieces that could 

372
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:07,700
withstand explosions and 
cave-ins were necessary for 

373
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:11,000
minors. watches that could 
remain accurate in severe 

374
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:12,800
weather conditions were 
essential for Lighthouse 

375
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:16,900
keepers, In response 
manufacturers created customized

376
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:19,600
designs. 
To guard against Industrial 

377
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,300
Equipment. 
Some watches had antimagnetic 

378
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:26,000
Shields others, had reinforced 
cases that were resilient to 

379
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,600
severe physical harm. 
Using radiant based paint that 

380
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:33,300
glowed in total darkness. 
A few companies produced pocket 

381
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:36,700
watches with glowing hands and 
numerals but they were unaware 

382
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:39,500
of the potential health hazards 
associated with this invention. 

383
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,900
Innovation was still fueled by 
the railroad sector, but in more

384
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:47,600
complex ways, Some of the most 
sophisticated mechanical 

385
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,400
engineering of this era was 
found in the railroad pocket 

386
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,000
watches. 
Despite the physical demands of 

387
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,100
railroad work. 
Temperature, fluctuations, and 

388
00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:58,400
continuous vibration. 
They had to maintain precise 

389
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,300
time. 
Railroad approved timepieces had

390
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:03,900
to remain accurate within 
seconds over weeks or months, 

391
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:06,500
which was a very demanding 
testing process. 

392
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,900
However, the most heartwarming 
Tales are probably those of 

393
00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:13,300
regular people who discovered 
extraordinary significance in 

394
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:16,200
their pocket watches. 
According to some stories, 

395
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,000
immigrant sold, almost 
everything, they owned but 

396
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,000
retained their family watches as
reminders of their former homes.

397
00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:24,700
Veterans. 
Who maintained routines that 

398
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,000
aided in their reintegration 
into society by using their 

399
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,800
military issued pocket watches 
Farmers, who use Swiss Clockwork

400
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:34,100
Precision to time everything 
from livestock feeding, 

401
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:36,700
schedules to crop plantings 
challenges. 

402
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:39,500
In the early 20th century would 
drastically alter how people 

403
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:43,000
interacted with their watches. 
The world had never before seen 

404
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,500
such demands for precise timing 
as it did during the Great War. 

405
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:49,700
As it was, then known an 
unprecedented level of 

406
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:53,200
coordination was needed for 
military operations, barrages of

407
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:55,100
artillery had to be timed to the
second. 

408
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,400
Cross miles of Battlefield 
infantry. 

409
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:02,300
Advances had to be coordinated. 
Everyone had to follow the same 

410
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:04,900
exact schedule in order for 
units to communicate with one 

411
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,200
another. 
Military leaders initially 

412
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,600
believed that conventional 
pocket watches would satisfy 

413
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:13,600
these requirements. 
After all for decades railroad 

414
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,200
companies and other Industries 
had benefitted greatly from 

415
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,500
these timepieces. 
However, the limitations of 

416
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,700
pocket base time, keeping were 
soon exposed by the realities of

417
00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:26,100
trench warfare. 
When carrying equipment crawling

418
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,800
through mud or operating heavy 
machinery, soldiers found that 

419
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,500
it was frequently impossible to 
reach into a pocket to check the

420
00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:35,700
time. 
Even worse removing a pocket 

421
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,400
watch, could reveal a soldiers 
location to enemy of Observers. 

422
00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:42,400
Military personnel needed a 
discrete and Speedy way to check

423
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:46,100
the time unexpectedly women's 
watches provided, the answer 

424
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:49,600
watchmakers have been making 
tiny wristwatches for decades 

425
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:51,900
mostly As jewelry for affluent 
women. 

426
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:55,100
Serious men. 
Tended to dismiss these bracelet

427
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:58,000
watches as frivolous decorations
and viewed them as feminine 

428
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,100
accessories. 
However, social convention was 

429
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:05,400
overruled by military necessity.
At first soldiers, used 

430
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,400
makeshift leather bands or even 
bits of wire to strap, tiny 

431
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:13,000
watches to their wrists. 
They found that in addition to 

432
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,100
being more practical wrist, warn
timepieces were also more 

433
00:22:16,100 --> 00:22:19,900
accurate than pocket watches and
combat situations, the change 

434
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:22,700
took time throughout the war, 
many Military Officers, 

435
00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:25,400
preferred conventional pocket 
watches over wrist watches 

436
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,300
because they were seen as 
unmanly. 

437
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:31,100
However, in listed men, rapidly 
embraced wrist warned timepieces

438
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:33,500
as necessary gear after 
encountering the Practical 

439
00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:37,000
realities of contemporary 
Warfare, This change reflected a

440
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,500
wider shift in how people lived 
and worked, not just to change 

441
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:43,100
in fashion. 
Compared to the leisurely, 

442
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,100
Victorian era that gave rise to 
pocket. 

443
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:48,700
Watch culture, the post-war 
world was quicker more mobile 

444
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:51,500
and more demanding. 
Wristwatches were more 

445
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:54,700
appropriate for the more active 
lifestyles of women, who joined 

446
00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:57,300
the work force in previously 
unheard of numbers during the 

447
00:22:57,300 --> 00:22:59,800
war. 
Workers in factories, found that

448
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:02,600
timepieces worn on the wrist 
were less likely to snag on 

449
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,000
equipment outdoor enthusiasts, 
an athletes discovered that 

450
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,600
wristwatches were more useful 
for keeping track of physical 

451
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,300
activities. 
But first, the watch industry, 

452
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:14,700
opposed this shift manufacturers
were reluctant to give up their 

453
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:17,200
Decades of experience in 
developing pocket. 

454
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,200
Watch technology. 
However, adaptation was 

455
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:22,400
ultimately compelled by consumer
demand. 

456
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,700
Businesses started producing 
wrist watches with the same 

457
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:28,800
accuracy and dependability that 
had made pocket watches popular 

458
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:32,400
but the change didn't happen. 
All at once pocket, watches 

459
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:34,900
continued to be popular among 
specific age groups and 

460
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,600
professions throughout the 1920s
and 1930s. 

461
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,000
Because railroad rules, had not 
yet been changed to allow 

462
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:43,000
wristwatches. 
Railroad employees. 

463
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,500
Still preferred them. 
Compared to their wrist. 

464
00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:48,400
Warn counterparts older 
gentlemen regarded pocket 

465
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,100
watches as more formal and 
dignified. 

466
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,400
An intriguing generational, 
divide resulted from this. 

467
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,700
While their Elders saw pocket 
watches as symbols of tradition 

468
00:23:57,700 --> 00:24:00,300
and sophistication. 
Young people embraced 

469
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:02,700
wristwatches as symbols of 
modernity and progress. 

470
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,800
Choosing between a wristwatch 
and a pocket watch as evolved 

471
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:09,400
into a subtly expressed 
statement about your values and 

472
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,100
position in a world that is 
changing quickly. 

473
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:16,300
This transition became even more
complicated as a result of the 

474
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,200
Great Depression long after 
wristwatches, had gained 

475
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,400
popularity, many families 
continued to use inherited 

476
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:25,400
pocket watches because they 
could not afford new timepieces,

477
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,300
as a result pocket watches 
started to be linked to both 

478
00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:31,800
tradition and improvisation. 
Ironically some of the most 

479
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:33,600
inventive pocket watch, designed
ever. 

480
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:37,200
Produced were also influenced by
the economic pressure desperate 

481
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,200
to keep their market share 
manufacturers started creating 

482
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,200
watches. 
That could be Warners the wrist 

483
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,100
and pocket watches. 
These adaptable Styles included 

484
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:48,000
detachable cases that can be 
strapped to the wrist or worn on

485
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:52,100
chains as needed by the 1940s. 
It was clear that pocket watches

486
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,200
would become commonplace 
timepieces, The post-war 

487
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,100
economic boom made new 
wrist-worn timepieces affordable

488
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:01,400
for nearly everyone and World 
War 2 accelerated, the adoption 

489
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,900
of wristwatches for evidently 
practical reasons, but rather 

490
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,900
than just Vanishing something 
intriguing occurred, unexpected 

491
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,900
places gave pocket watches new 
life and they took on 

492
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:14,800
significance that their original
designers, never intended. 

493
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,700
They evolved into wedding tokens
retirement, gifts and graduation

494
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,700
presents item selected for their
symbolic value rather than their

495
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:25,600
usefulness. 
In addition to passing on a 

496
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,800
timepiece, a grandfather who 
gave his grandson his pocket 

497
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:30,900
watch was also in parting, a 
link to an alternative 

498
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:33,900
perspective on time. 
Those early proponents of 

499
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:37,500
pocket, watch accuracy, railroad
companies, gradually loosen 

500
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:39,900
their standards for allowing 
certified wristwatches. 

501
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:44,800
However, out of habit, pride in 
their jobs and sincere, love for

502
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,600
these mechanical companions, 
they had depended on for decades

503
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:51,000
many veteran railroad workers, 
kept carrying pocket, watches 

504
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,900
During this period of 
transition, the medical field 

505
00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:57,800
developed a complex relationship
with pocket watches of its own. 

506
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,400
Many older doctors still carried
pocket watches as a sign of 

507
00:26:01,408 --> 00:26:03,900
their professional Authority and
ties to Medical tradition. 

508
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:07,700
While nurses had mostly shifted 
to wrist warn timepieces and pin

509
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:10,400
on watches. 
The situation for watchmakers 

510
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:12,900
was intriguing. 
Although there was still a 

511
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:15,900
significant need for repair and 
maintenance services, the market

512
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:17,900
for new pocket watches had all 
but vanished. 

513
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:21,500
This led to the development of a
specialized craft, that was more

514
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:24,700
concerned with maintaining 
already existing timepieces then

515
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:28,100
with making new ones. 
Master horologist took on the 

516
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,500
role of vintage auto mechanics, 
preparing devices that were too 

517
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:33,900
valuable and significant to be 
abandoned but were no longer 

518
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:37,000
being produced. 
Unexpectedly, pocket watches 

519
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,000
started to show up in Counter 
Culture movements in the 1960s 

520
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,400
and 1970s. 
Adopting pocket watches as a 

521
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,600
symbol of individualism and a 
link to pre-industrial values. 

522
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:49,600
Young people rejected the 
Conformity of conventional 

523
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,400
wristwatches. 
This wasn't about Nostalgia 

524
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:55,500
rather, it was about 
demonstrating that you worked on

525
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:58,700
your own time in dependent of 
the fast-paced nature of 

526
00:26:58,700 --> 00:27:01,700
contemporary business life. 
Collectors started to 

527
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:04,400
acknowledge pocket watches as 
authentic works of art and 

528
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:08,500
historical relics museums began 
collecting important examples. 

529
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:11,000
For their permanent collections 
auction houses. 

530
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,300
Began holding specialty sales 
with timepieces from well known 

531
00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:17,600
manufacturers. 
Once commonplace items became 

532
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,100
cultural. 
Treasures, deserving of 

533
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,800
preservation and study 
Mechanical timepieces appeared 

534
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:25,900
even more outdated with the 
quartz revolution of the 1970s 

535
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,500
and the digital watch, boom of 
the 1980s. 

536
00:27:28,500 --> 00:27:32,000
However, this advancement in 
technology also brought 

537
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,300
attention to the unique 
qualities of conventional 

538
00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:36,800
mechanical watches, a well-kept 
pocket. 

539
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,900
Watch symbolized durability 
Artistry, and the joy of 

540
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:42,700
possessing, something that was 
made to last for Generations in 

541
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:45,400
a world of throwaway 
Electronics, pocket watches. 

542
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:47,900
Now, hold a special place in how
we relate to time and 

543
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:50,200
Technology. 
They are both outdated and 

544
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:52,900
Timeless, deeply significant and
impractical. 

545
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:55,700
Some artists continue to create 
new ones. 

546
00:27:55,700 --> 00:27:59,900
Typically as collectors, 
Specialties or luxury goods, we 

547
00:27:59,900 --> 00:28:03,600
still purchase, sell restore and
cherish vintage examples. 

548
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:07,000
The most amazing aspect of the 
pocket watch narrative is how 

549
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,300
these mechanical Contraptions 
influenced and produced are 

550
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:12,400
contemporary conception of 
personal time. 

551
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,400
Prior to pocket, watches time 
was governed by local clocks 

552
00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:17,900
church, bells and organic 
rhythms. 

553
00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:21,200
Time became precise 
individualized and portable 

554
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,200
after pocket, watches your 
continuing a tradition. 

555
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:26,800
That started, when early 
clockmakers, tried to fit the 

556
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,800
power of a tower clock into a 
pocket sized device. 

557
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:33,000
Every time you look at your 
Smartwatch or check the time on 

558
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,600
your phone. 
The basic human need to carry 

559
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:40,200
time with us, personalize it, 
and use it to plan our lives, 

560
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:43,500
with the people and activities. 
We care about has not changed 

561
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:46,200
despite the significant 
advancements in technology. 

562
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:49,800
We learned from the pocket. 
Watch that mechanical accuracy 

563
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:52,700
could be beautiful. 
That time could be owned and 

564
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:54,500
that being on time could be a 
virtue. 

565
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,600
We're still learning how those 
lessons influence the modern 

566
00:28:57,600 --> 00:28:59,700
world. 
It's not bad for a tiny metal 

567
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:01,400
disc that fits neatly in your 
pocket. 

568
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:08,600
Picture this. 
You're standing on a wooden dock

569
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,500
somewhere along the Norwegian 
Coast around 950 ad watching 30 

570
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:14,400
AUD. 
Bearded men load supplies onto. 

571
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,700
What looks like an oversized 
canoe with delusions of 

572
00:29:16,708 --> 00:29:19,400
grandeur. 
This ship is your ride for the 

573
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:21,900
next several months. 
A viking longship. 

574
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:24,600
That's about as comfortable as 
sleeping on a park bench during 

575
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,000
a thunderstorm. 
You'd probably expect something 

576
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:30,000
impressive, right? 
Perhaps you were expecting a 

577
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,700
Majestic vessel with towering 
mass and spacious quarters. 

578
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:36,900
Well surprise your new home 
measures roughly 75 feet long 

579
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:41,300
and maybe 15 feet wide at its 
broadest point that smaller than

580
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,100
most modern two bedroom 
apartments your sharing it with 

581
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,400
30 other people who have not 
discovered deodorant yet. 

582
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:49,800
The whole thing, it's so low. 
In the water that you could 

583
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:52,000
practically drag your fingers in
the sea while. 

584
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:55,600
Sitting on the side, the ship 
itself is actually a Marvel of 

585
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,000
engineering though, your back 
won't appreciate that. 

586
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,300
Fact. 
After the first week built from 

587
00:30:00,308 --> 00:30:03,700
overlapping Oak planks held 
together with Iron rivets, it's 

588
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:06,200
designed to flex with the waves 
rather than fight them. 

589
00:30:06,900 --> 00:30:09,500
Think of it, as the medieval 
equivalent of a yoga instructor 

590
00:30:09,500 --> 00:30:12,900
incredibly flexible. 
But that doesn't mean you want 

591
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:14,800
to spend months pressed up 
against one. 

592
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:17,900
Your sleeping Arrangements would
make a college dorm room. 

593
00:30:17,900 --> 00:30:21,200
Look luxurious, there are no 
beds, no hammocks. 

594
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,500
Just a thin layer of animal hide
between you and the wooden deck.

595
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:28,800
Everyone sleeps, wherever they 
can obtain space, which usually 

596
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,200
means curled up next to the guy 
who has been eating nothing. 

597
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,200
But salted, fish onions for 
three weeks. 

598
00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:37,100
The ship rocks constantly even 
in calm weather. 

599
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:39,200
Creating a gentle swaying 
motion. 

600
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,900
That sounds romantic Until you 
realize it never ever stops. 

601
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:47,200
These long ships are both very 
strong and very fragile, which 

602
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:48,400
is their most interesting 
feature. 

603
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:52,300
They are capable of maneuvering 
through enormous wave and rough.

604
00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:55,200
Seas effortlessly gliding across
the water. 

605
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,900
However, a misstep on a loose 
plank can quickly lead to an 

606
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:00,900
unexpected immersion in the 
North Atlantic. 

607
00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:05,300
The Vikings built these ships to
be fast and maneuverable not 

608
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:07,500
comfortable which becomes 
painfully obvious. 

609
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,300
The moment you try to find a 
spot to sit that doesn't involve

610
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:13,700
someone's elbow. 
In your ribs storage spaces at 

611
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:16,800
such a premium that every inch 
matters, your personal 

612
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,100
belongings. 
Assuming you have any be on the 

613
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:22,300
clothes on your back, get 
stuffed into whatever, tiny Gap,

614
00:31:22,300 --> 00:31:25,600
you can discover, Most of your 
fellow passengers have brought 

615
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:27,500
along weapons tools and trading 
Goods. 

616
00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:30,700
All of which take precedence 
over luxury items like extra 

617
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:33,300
clothing or anything resembling 
comfort. 

618
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,500
The ship's sides aligned with 
shields, when you're not rowing,

619
00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:39,400
which serves the dual purpose of
protection and decoration. 

620
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,700
It looks impressive from a 
distance like a floating rainbow

621
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:44,500
of War gear. 
Up close. 

622
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,800
However, you realize the shields
also double as dinner tables, 

623
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:52,100
cutting boards and makeshift 
pillows medieval multi-tasking 

624
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:55,500
at its finest. 
What strikes you most about life

625
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:57,900
aboard is how exposed Everything
feels. 

626
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:02,300
There's no privacy No Escape 
From the elements and absolutely

627
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:05,000
no, where to hide when that 
person who brought the fermented

628
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:09,300
shark, starts opening his lunch.
The ocean stretches endlessly in

629
00:32:09,300 --> 00:32:12,000
every direction and your tiny 
wooden World. 

630
00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:16,000
Feels both insignificant and 
miraculous floating on all that 

631
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,800
vastness The crew moves around 
the ship with practiced ease 

632
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:23,000
stepping over sleeping bodies 
and ducking under ropes with the

633
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,000
grace of dancers who perfected 
their routine through sheer 

634
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:29,300
necessity. 
You meanwhile, spend most of 

635
00:32:29,300 --> 00:32:32,100
your time, trying not to trip 
over the various bits of rope 

636
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:36,300
sale and Humanity scattered 
across every available surface 

637
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:40,000
as you settle in for your first 
night aboard, listening to The 

638
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:43,100
Creeks of wood and the slap of 
waves against the hull. 

639
00:32:43,100 --> 00:32:46,400
You begin to understand that 
this journey will test every 

640
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:50,300
assumption you've ever had about
Comfort privacy and personal 

641
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:53,700
space. 
Welcome to Viking travel where 

642
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:56,800
the journey truly is the 
destination mainly because 

643
00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:59,800
you'll spend so much time 
getting their morning, aboard of

644
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,000
Viking, longship arrives, 
whether you're ready or not 

645
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,800
usually announced by someone 
stepping on your leg while 

646
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,100
heading to the side of the boat 
for their morning concert 

647
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:11,800
institutional. privacy, as you 
quickly, discover is a concept 

648
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,000
as foreign of Vikings as indoor 
plumbing, which is to say, 

649
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:19,400
completely non-existent Your 
daily routine begins with the 

650
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:22,700
delightful realization, that 
everything you own is damp. 

651
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:25,900
The North Sea has a way of 
making itself known through 

652
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,700
every Gap in the ship's 
construction and moisture 

653
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:30,500
becomes your constant 
compliance. 

654
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,900
Your clothes feel perpetually 
clammy, your bedding, squelches 

655
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:38,100
when you move, and even your 
thoughts seem to develop a thin 

656
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:40,400
layer of condensation. 
Breakfast. 

657
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,800
If you can call it, that 
consists of whatever dried 

658
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,600
salted or pickled, Provisions. 
Haven't gone stale overnight. 

659
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:50,800
the Vikings were masters of food
preservation, mainly because 

660
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:54,000
they had to be Fresh food, 
deteriorates rapidly, in an 

661
00:33:54,008 --> 00:33:56,800
environment dominated by 
saltwater and there are no 

662
00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,100
convenient options for dining 
such as a medieval fast food 

663
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,500
establishment. 
You'll become intimately 

664
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:05,500
acquainted with hardtack a 
biscuit, so tough. 

665
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:09,100
It could probably stop an arrow 
in battle and frequently serves 

666
00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:11,699
double duty as both food and 
construction material for, 

667
00:34:11,699 --> 00:34:15,100
emergency ship repairs. 
The ship's fresh water supply 

668
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:18,400
lives in wooden barrels that 
take up precious space but 

669
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:20,800
represent the difference between
life and a very young 

670
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:24,300
comfortable death. 
Water is rationed carefully and 

671
00:34:24,300 --> 00:34:27,900
you learned to appreciate every 
slightly stale wooden flavored 

672
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:30,199
sip. 
Beer also, makes an appearance 

673
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:33,300
in these barrels, not because 
the Vikings were party animals, 

674
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:36,400
but because fermented beverages 
stayed safe to drink longer than

675
00:34:36,408 --> 00:34:39,699
plain water. 
Alcohols miraculous ability to 

676
00:34:39,699 --> 00:34:42,300
ensure food safety. 
During the medieval area is 

677
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:45,600
truly remarkable. 
Personal hygiene becomes an 

678
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:47,800
exercise in creativity and 
compromise. 

679
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:51,400
You might get to wash your face 
and hands with seawater, which 

680
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:53,500
leaves your skin feeling? 
Like you've been rubbing it with

681
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,900
sandpaper but at least removes 
some of the accumulating Grime. 

682
00:34:56,900 --> 00:34:58,900
Hair washing happens when it 
rains. 

683
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:01,300
Assuming you can position 
yourself to catch the runoff, 

684
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:04,500
the remainder of the time, one 
can only hope that others share 

685
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:06,300
a similar level of odor as one 
self. 

686
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,800
The toilet situation. 
Deserves special mention if only

687
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,500
because it's so memorably awful.
The head consists of a bucket or

688
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,100
a hole cut in a plank that hangs
over the side of the ship. 

689
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,100
Using it requires timing, the 
waves correctly, maintaining 

690
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:24,200
your balance and praying that 
the wind doesn't shift Direction

691
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:28,300
at an opportune moment. 
Privacy means hoping everyone 

692
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:31,000
else has politely looking the 
other way, which they usually 

693
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,700
are have been through this 
awkward dance themselves. 

694
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,600
Clothing serves multiple 
purposes Beyond, basic modesty, 

695
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:41,900
your cloak doubles as a blanket.
Your boots work as pillows and 

696
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,800
your belt holds everything from 
eating utensils to emergency 

697
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:48,100
rope. 
Viking's dressed in layers wall 

698
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,900
and linen primarily. 
Which sounds practical Until you

699
00:35:50,908 --> 00:35:53,200
realize that wet wool. 
Smells like a combination of 

700
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,400
wet, dog. 
And regret and takes forever to 

701
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:59,900
dry in the perpetually human. 
Medical Care. 

702
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:02,300
Consists mainly of hoping 
nothing goes seriously wrong 

703
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:05,200
because your options are limited
to whatever Herbal Remedies 

704
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,300
someone thought to bring along 
plus the time on a tradition of 

705
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:11,500
walking it off. 
Minor cuts are treated with 

706
00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:13,100
whatever clean-ish cloth is 
available. 

707
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,700
While more serious injuries, 
require creative problem solving

708
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:21,200
and a lot of optimism The ships 
Rhythm dictates everything, when

709
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,900
the wind picks up, everyone not 
actively sailing tries to stay 

710
00:36:24,900 --> 00:36:27,900
out of the way of the crew 
managing the sale and steering 

711
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:30,400
when it dies down. 
You might discover yourself 

712
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,100
grabbing an ore and contributing
to the collective effort of 

713
00:36:33,108 --> 00:36:35,600
making the boat move forward 
through sheer muscle power. 

714
00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:38,500
There's no such thing as a 
passenger on a viking. 

715
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,400
Longship. 
Everyone can contribute 

716
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,600
something, even if it's just 
staying quiet while other people

717
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:47,600
work, whether becomes your 
constant Obsession, you learn to

718
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:50,100
read clouds. 
Like ancient scriptures watching

719
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,100
for signs of storms. 
That could turn your already 

720
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,500
uncomfortable journey into a 
genuinely life threatening 

721
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:58,100
situation. 
The ship handles rough Seas 

722
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:02,200
remarkably well but remarkably. 
Well still means getting thrown 

723
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,700
around like laundry in a washing
machine, while trying to keep 

724
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:07,700
your meager possessions from 
disappearing overboard, living, 

725
00:37:07,700 --> 00:37:10,600
in close quarters with 30, other
people, for months, at a time 

726
00:37:10,608 --> 00:37:13,700
requires a delicate social 
balance, that would challenge 

727
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:15,800
even the most experienced 
Diplomat. 

728
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,900
Imagine your least favorite 
family reunion, except it, never

729
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:23,600
ends everyone's armed and 
there's nowhere to escape for a 

730
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:25,800
breather. 
The ship operates under a 

731
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:28,400
strict, but unspoken hierarchy 
that keeps things from 

732
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:32,900
descending into complete chaos. 
The captain, usually, the ship's

733
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:36,500
owner and the one who organized 
this particular Adventure sits 

734
00:37:36,500 --> 00:37:39,900
at the top of the food chain. 
His word is law, mainly because 

735
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:42,700
he is the one who knows, how to 
navigate and everyone else would

736
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:45,500
prefer not to die. 
Horribly at sea below him, 

737
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:48,500
experienced Sailors and 
warriors, command respect 

738
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:50,800
through competence. 
And the occasional display of 

739
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:52,300
superior armrest wrestling 
ability. 

740
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,700
Your social standing aboard ship
depends on a complex, mix of 

741
00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:00,800
factors, your fighting ability, 
your usefulness and sailing the 

742
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:02,800
ship. 
How much you contributed to 

743
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,200
funding the Expedition. 
And whether you've managed to 

744
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:09,100
annoy everyone within the first 
week, Respect gets earned 

745
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:11,400
through actions. 
Not birth, though. 

746
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:12,800
Being related to someone 
important. 

747
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:16,500
Certainly doesn't hurt your 
cause Conflict resolution 

748
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:19,400
happens through a combination of
peer pressure, practical 

749
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,000
necessity and the ever-present 
threat of being thrown 

750
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,100
overboard. 
Minor disputes. 

751
00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:27,600
Get settled through negotiation,
major ones through combat and 

752
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:29,500
really serious problems through 
the captain's. 

753
00:38:29,500 --> 00:38:33,600
Absolute Authority. 
Democracy has its place but not 

754
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:36,000
when you're trying to outrun a 
storm or navigate through 

755
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,500
unfamiliar Waters the ship 
develops its own culture within 

756
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:43,000
days of departure. 
Inside jokes emerge from shared 

757
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,500
misery. 
Nicknamed get assigned based on 

758
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,800
embarrassing incidents or 
distinctive habits and informal 

759
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:50,700
rules. 
Develop about everything from 

760
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,200
who gets to sleep where to how 
long someone can spend at the 

761
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:55,800
ship's limited washing 
facilities. 

762
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,600
These Unwritten laws become as 
important as any formal code of 

763
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:02,200
conduct. 
Storytelling serves as both 

764
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,000
entertainment and social glue. 
During the long boring stretches

765
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:07,800
between exciting moments of 
Terror. 

766
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:10,400
The Vikings were Master 
storytellers. 

767
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:13,900
An evening's often featured 
elaborate Tales of heroic Deeds,

768
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:17,300
mythical creatures and 
Adventures both real and 

769
00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,100
imagined. 
These stories serve multiple 

770
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:23,800
purposes, they pass time, 
preserve cultural knowledge and 

771
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,600
provide a socially acceptable 
way for people to brag about 

772
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,600
their accomplishments without 
seeming to obnoxious about it. 

773
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,200
Gambling provides another outlet
for social interaction and 

774
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,500
tension, release. 
Dice games, contests of 

775
00:39:37,508 --> 00:39:40,200
strength, and betting on 
everything from weather patterns

776
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,100
to Wildlife, sightings help. 
Break up the monotony. 

777
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:47,100
Vikings would bet on practically
anything, partly for 

778
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,300
entertainment and partly because
small Stakes competition helps, 

779
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:53,300
establish social dynamics 
without resorting to actual 

780
00:39:53,300 --> 00:39:55,900
violence. 
Personal space becomes an 

781
00:39:55,908 --> 00:39:59,700
negotiated commodity. 
Your designated sleeping spot is

782
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:02,700
sacred territory but everything 
else is open for communal. 

783
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:06,300
Use learning to respect others. 
Few possessions while protecting

784
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:09,200
your own requires diplomatic 
skills, that would impress 

785
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:11,700
modern United Nations, 
peacekeepers. 

786
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:16,000
The golden rule of aboard ship 
is simple, don't mess with other

787
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:19,800
people's stuff and they probably
won't mess with yours food. 

788
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,600
Sharing follows, strict 
protocols based on contribution,

789
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:27,500
status and practical necessity 
Everyone eats from common stores

790
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:29,300
butt. 
Portion, sizes, and food 

791
00:40:29,300 --> 00:40:30,800
quality. 
Reflect your position in the 

792
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,800
ship's hierarchy. 
The captain eats better than the

793
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:37,000
newest crew member, but everyone
gets fed, because a hungry crew.

794
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:38,500
Member is a dangerous crew 
member. 

795
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,200
Despite the cramped conditions, 
romance, occasionally blossoms 

796
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:46,200
will be it with considerable 
creativity and absolute 

797
00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:49,400
discretion. 
Most ships are all male Affairs.

798
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,500
But mixed Expeditions do happen.
Especially for trading voyages 

799
00:40:53,500 --> 00:40:56,900
or family, migrations, any 
romantic entanglements. 

800
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,800
Need to stay extremely low. 
To avoid disrupting ship 

801
00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:02,400
Dynamics because jealousy in 
close quarters. 

802
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,800
Can turn deadly fast. 
The constant proximity means 

803
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:08,500
that everyone learned. 
Everyone else is habits both 

804
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,200
good and deeply annoying. 
You discover who snores you 

805
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:15,800
talks in their sleep, who has 
digestive issues and who insists

806
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:18,500
on sharpening their weapons at 
dawn every single day. 

807
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:21,500
Tolerance, becomes a crucial 
survival skill. 

808
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:24,900
Just as important as mastering 
not tying or reading the wind 

809
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:29,300
arguments, when they happen to 
escalate quickly in the confined

810
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,400
space, but they also resolved 
faster because there's literally

811
00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:36,100
no where to go to nurse grudges,
you learn to apologize, quickly,

812
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:39,900
forgive readily and pick your 
battles cautiously because the 

813
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,800
person you're fighting with 
today, might be the one halling 

814
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:45,700
you back aboard tomorrow. 
When you fall overboard, finding

815
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:49,000
your way across thousands of 
miles of open ocean without GPS.

816
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,800
Compass or even accurate Maps 
requires skills that border on 

817
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,700
the supernatural. 
Viking Navigators called c-wise 

818
00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:59,800
for good reason, relied on a 
combination of experience 

819
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:03,200
observation and what modern 
people might generously call 

820
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:06,700
educated, guessing your 
Navigator watches, everything 

821
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:11,000
the color and behavior of waves,
the direction of wind patterns, 

822
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:15,000
the flight Paths of seabirds, 
and the position of stars when 

823
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,200
they're visible through the 
Perpetual cloud cover. 

824
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,900
His memorized the location of 
every Landmark along familiar 

825
00:42:20,900 --> 00:42:24,500
coasts and can estimate distance
traveled by the feel of the 

826
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,700
ship's motion through the water.
It's like being Guided by 

827
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,000
someone who's turned 
environmental awareness into a 

828
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:33,000
superpower. 
The sun Compass when you can see

829
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:37,000
the sun provides basic 
directional guidance. a Cloudy 

830
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,100
Skies which describe about 80% 
of your sailing time require 

831
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,700
more creative, navigation 
techniques, Your Navigator might

832
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:47,800
use a Sunstone a piece of 
Iceland spa that can locate the 

833
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:51,000
sun's position even through 
heavy clouds by analyzing 

834
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,100
polarized light. 
It sounds like magic and 

835
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:58,000
honestly it is Predicting, the 
weather becomes crucial not just

836
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:01,100
for comfort. 
Storm clouds building on the 

837
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:04,100
horizon might give you a few 
hours warning to find shelter or

838
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:06,500
prepare. 
For rough Seas, you'll navigate 

839
00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:08,500
to Reed's, cloud. 
Formations like other people 

840
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:12,900
read newspapers, interpreting 
subtle changes in color shape, 

841
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:15,100
and movement, predict what's 
coming next. 

842
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:17,500
He's right. 
More often than modern 

843
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:20,300
meteorologists. 
Mainly because his life depends 

844
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:23,300
on accuracy. 
Coastal navigation, relies 

845
00:43:23,300 --> 00:43:27,200
heavily, on pilotage the art of 
recognizing specific landmarks 

846
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:31,800
watercolors and geographical 
features, your Navigator has 

847
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:34,300
spent years memorizing, the 
appearance of coastlines, from 

848
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:37,900
specific distances and angles 
that distinctive Headland. 

849
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:41,700
The particular shade of green 
water near a river, mouth all 

850
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:44,300
the way mountains line up in the
distance, all serve as 

851
00:43:44,300 --> 00:43:48,500
navigational signposts on the 
medieval Maritime Highway Open 

852
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,900
ocean navigation, challenges the
skills to the utmost extent. 

853
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:55,300
Without land references, your 
Navigator estimates position 

854
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,400
through dead reckoning. 
Calculating distance and 

855
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:00,400
Direction, traveled from a known
starting point. 

856
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:04,800
It requires constant attention 
to speed, wind direction, and 

857
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:07,100
the subtle clues that indicate 
current and drift. 

858
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:11,600
One smaller in calculation 
compounded over days or weeks 

859
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:15,100
can leave you hundreds of miles 
from where you think you are the

860
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:18,200
ship's shallow draft while 
uncomfortable for passengers 

861
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:20,800
provides crucial navigational 
advantages. 

862
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:24,100
You can sale in water's too 
shallow for most other vessels. 

863
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:27,700
Follow coastlines closely and 
pull up on beaches for overnight

864
00:44:27,700 --> 00:44:30,400
stops. 
This ability to hug the shore 

865
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:33,300
whenever possible. 
Reduces the need for Pure open 

866
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:36,900
ocean navigation, and provides 
regular opportunities to correct

867
00:44:36,900 --> 00:44:41,100
course using familiar landmarks.
Sea conditions, tell experienced

868
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,800
Sailors, volumes about location,
and weather patterns the size 

869
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:48,500
spacing and direction of waves 
indicate proximity to land depth

870
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:50,800
of water and approaching weather
systems. 

871
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:54,400
You'll navigate it can estimate 
distance from Shore by observing

872
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:58,500
how waves behave, larger swells 
suggest deep water and distance 

873
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:01,100
from Land. 
While shorter choppier waves 

874
00:45:01,100 --> 00:45:04,800
often indicate shallow areas or 
nearby coastlines, While life 

875
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:06,600
serves as another navigational 
tool. 

876
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:10,500
Certain seabirds Ranger only 
specific distance is from Shore.

877
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:14,100
So spotting particular, species 
tells you roughly how far you 

878
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:17,800
are from Land, the direction 
birds fly in the evening often 

879
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:21,100
points toward their nesting 
areas on Shore, even floating 

880
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:24,700
debris provides Clues. 
Freshly broken branches suggest 

881
00:45:24,700 --> 00:45:28,500
proximity to rivers or storm 
damage coastlines, time 

882
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:31,900
measurement, relies on natural 
rhythms, rather than clocks the 

883
00:45:31,900 --> 00:45:36,100
Navigator tracks Days by sunset 
and sunrise estimates hours by 

884
00:45:36,100 --> 00:45:39,100
the sun's position. 
When visible engages travel time

885
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:41,500
by familiar reference points 
when following known routes, 

886
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,500
it's imprecise by modern 
standards, but adequate for 

887
00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:47,800
navigation, that focuses more on
reaching general areas than 

888
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:51,400
specific coordinates. 
Everything goes wrong storms. 

889
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,600
Blow you off course, clouds 
obscure Celestial navigation 

890
00:45:54,600 --> 00:45:56,500
AIDS and you lose track of your 
position. 

891
00:45:56,500 --> 00:45:59,700
Survival depends on The 
Navigators ability to make 

892
00:45:59,700 --> 00:46:01,800
educated guesses and gradually 
work. 

893
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:05,000
Back toward known Waters. 
Your tasks might involve 

894
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:08,400
following bird flight patterns 
toward Land watching for changes

895
00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:11,200
in watercolor. 
That indicate shallow areas or 

896
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,100
simply maintaining consistent 
Direction until you encounter 

897
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,200
recognizable Coastline. 
The psychological pressure on 

898
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:20,600
Navigators is enormous, 
everyone's life depends on their

899
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:24,000
expertise and there's no backup 
system if they make serious 

900
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,000
errors. 
Most Navigators train for 

901
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,500
decades before attempting major 
voyages, learning their craft 

902
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:33,800
through apprenticeship, with 
experience c-wise captains, who 

903
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:36,300
passed down knowledge 
accumulated over generations of 

904
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:39,500
Maritime exploration. 
The common perception of Vikings

905
00:46:39,500 --> 00:46:42,600
as mindless barbarians, ravaging
Europe overlooks. 

906
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:45,300
The fact that they were among 
the most sophisticated Traders, 

907
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:48,800
and entrepreneurs of their era, 
your longship serves as both 

908
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:52,200
transportation and a mobile 
Warehouse carrying goods. 

909
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:54,900
That will be traded sold or 
occasionally acquired through 

910
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:58,800
less diplomatic means across a 
commercial network spanning from

911
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,700
Greenland to Constantinople. 
Trade goods packed into every 

912
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,900
available inch of ship space 
represent months of planning and

913
00:47:05,900 --> 00:47:08,700
investment. 
Amber from the Baltic Coast 

914
00:47:08,700 --> 00:47:13,600
walrus ivory from the Arctic 
Silver from Arabic coins iron 

915
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,800
weapons and tools fur from 
northern animals and slaves, 

916
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:21,000
captured in raids all jostle for
storage space with your personal

917
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,700
belongings. 
The ship resembles, a floating 

918
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:26,300
department store, specializing 
in luxury goods and human 

919
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:28,800
misery. 
Your trading Expeditions follow 

920
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,100
established routes connecting, 
Scandinavia with the rest of the

921
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:34,700
Medieval World. 
The Eastern route takes you 

922
00:47:34,700 --> 00:47:37,800
down, Russian rivers to 
Constantinople and the Byzantine

923
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:41,600
empire were Nordic Amber and 
furs are exchanged for silk 

924
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:46,200
spices and Byzantine gold. 
The Western route leads to 

925
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:50,000
Britain, Ireland and France. 
Where Viking Goods meet Roman 

926
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:53,700
influenced markets hungry for 
Northern Specialties, each route

927
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:57,300
requires different Navigation, 
skills, trade, languages and 

928
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:01,900
diplomatic approaches. raiding, 
despite its dramatic reputation 

929
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,900
often serves as just another 
form of aggressive business, 

930
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:09,800
negotiation, Many raids actually
begin as trading Expeditions 

931
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:12,800
that turn violent, when 
negotiations breakdown or when 

932
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:15,900
the Vikings realized, they can 
take what they want, more easily

933
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:18,900
than they can buy it. 
The line between Trader and 

934
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:22,600
radar shifts depending on 
circumstances opportunity and 

935
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:24,900
the relative strength of 
potential trading partners. 

936
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:27,600
The economics of Viking 
Expeditions. 

937
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:32,200
Require careful calculation of 
risks and rewards ships crew, 

938
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,500
provisions and trade goods. 
Represent significant upfront 

939
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,300
investment, often. 
Requiring multiple investors 

940
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:40,500
pooling resources for major 
expeditions. 

941
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:43,900
Profits get divided, according 
to complex formulas, based on 

942
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:47,200
investment participation and 
predetermined agreements that 

943
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:49,900
would impress. 
Modern Venture capitalists your 

944
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:52,500
crew includes specialists in 
various forms of Commerce. 

945
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:55,200
Beyond Simple muscle, powered 
intimidation. 

946
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:58,700
Some members speak, multiple 
languages and understand foreign

947
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:01,000
Customs. 
Others have expertise in 

948
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,800
evaluating precious metals and 
trade goods and a few possessed.

949
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,700
The Diplomatic skills necessary 
for negotiating with foreign 

950
00:49:07,700 --> 00:49:11,500
merchants and local rulers. 
Successful Viking Expeditions 

951
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:14,200
require as much business Accu as
martial prowess. 

952
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,500
Markets and foreign ports 
operate, according to local 

953
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,600
Customs, that your crew has 
learned through experience and 

954
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:24,100
cultural Exchange. 
Understanding religious to booze

955
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:27,200
social hierarchies and seasonal 
trading patterns makes the 

956
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:30,500
difference between profitable 
Comer and diplomatic disasters. 

957
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:35,000
Vikings develop remarkable 
cultural adaptability adjusting 

958
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:37,300
their approach based on whether 
they're dealing with Christian 

959
00:49:37,300 --> 00:49:40,800
monasteries Islamic merchants or
Pagan tribal leaders. 

960
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:44,400
Currency varies dramatically 
across your trading Network 

961
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:48,000
Arabic, silver coins, circulate,
widely and provide, a relatively

962
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:52,500
stable, medium of exchange, but 
many transactions rely on barter

963
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:55,000
systems, where goods are 
exchanged directly for other 

964
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,700
Goods. 
Your Navigator might trade Amber

965
00:49:57,700 --> 00:50:01,400
for silk in Constantinople then 
exchange that Silk for silver in

966
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:04,700
Kiev, then convert silver into 
iron tools in Norway. 

967
00:50:05,700 --> 00:50:08,500
Its medieval international 
finance at its most complex. 

968
00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:12,500
Slave trading, unfortunately 
represents a major component of 

969
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:15,000
Viking. 
Commodus captives taken in 

970
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,300
raids, become valuable trade. 
Goods specially in markets, 

971
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:20,600
where labor shortages create 
demand for workers. 

972
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,800
The Viking's Geographic position
between slave producing regions 

973
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:26,800
and labor. 
Hungry markets makes them 

974
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,800
natural middle men in this 
horrific but economically 

975
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:33,100
important trade quality control 
become crucial when your 

976
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:36,600
reputation affects future 
trading opportunities, diluted 

977
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,600
silver, inferior, weapons or 
slaves, who die in transport 

978
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:43,400
damaged relationships with 
trading partners, and reduced 

979
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:45,100
profitability of future 
expeditions. 

980
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:49,500
Successful Viking, Merchants 
maintain quality standards, not 

981
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:52,600
because of altruism but because 
repeat business requires 

982
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:55,900
satisfied customers. 
Competition comes from other 

983
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:59,200
Viking Crews local, merchants 
and established trading. 

984
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:01,300
Networks that predate Viking 
involvement. 

985
00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:05,700
Success requires finding Market,
niches, developing reliable, 

986
00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:08,800
Supply, chains and building 
relationships with key trading 

987
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:11,800
partners. 
Some Viking specialize in 

988
00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:14,700
particular routes or Goods 
becoming known for specific 

989
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:16,800
expertise, that commands premium
prices. 

990
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:20,600
Whether a navigation delays, can
destroy profit margins by 

991
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:23,700
missing seasonal markets or 
arriving after competitors of 

992
00:51:23,700 --> 00:51:27,000
saturated demand. 
Your trading Expedition operates

993
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:30,400
on tight schedule, dictated by 
sailing Seasons Market cycles 

994
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:33,200
and religious festivals that 
affect local Commerce. 

995
00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:36,900
Timing becomes as important as 
the quality of goods, being 

996
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:41,100
traded investment 
diversification, across multiple

997
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:43,500
Expeditions. 
And trade goods, wealthy 

998
00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:46,500
Vikings, rarely put all their 
resources into single Ventures. 

999
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:49,700
Instead participating in 
multiple Expeditions with 

1000
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:51,600
different destinations and 
objectives. 

1001
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:55,200
Its medieval portfolio 
management designed to maximize 

1002
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:58,200
returns while minimizing the 
chance of total Financial ruin 

1003
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:01,700
life of Viking. 
Longship reduces existence to 

1004
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:05,800
its most basic elements, staying
warm, staying fed, staying dry, 

1005
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:08,900
and staying alive. 
The small victories that 

1006
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:12,100
punctuate your journey. 
A successful fishing Expedition 

1007
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:15,400
a day of favorable, wind or 
simply waking up without 

1008
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,800
someone's foot in your face. 
Become Monumental celebrations 

1009
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:20,900
in the context of your floating 
hardship. 

1010
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:24,500
Fishing provides both food and 
entertainment during the long 

1011
00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:27,700
stretches of Ocean Travel. 
Lines trail behind the ship 

1012
00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:31,100
constantly tended by whoever 
isn't actively sailing or 

1013
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:32,500
rowing. 
Catching. 

1014
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:34,700
Fish means, fresh protein to 
supplement. 

1015
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:38,200
The monotonous diet of preserved
Foods, plus the excitement of 

1016
00:52:38,200 --> 00:52:40,500
successfully outwitting sea 
creatures with medieval 

1017
00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:43,200
technology, the entire crew 
celebrates. 

1018
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:46,300
When someone lands a 
particularly large specimen, not

1019
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:49,000
just, because it means better 
eating, but because it breaks 

1020
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:53,600
the TDM of another identical day
at sea, Cooking happens over a 

1021
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:57,100
small fire contained in a sand 
filter box, the ship's kitchen, 

1022
00:52:57,100 --> 00:53:01,400
dining room and social Center. 
All rolled into one cramped, 

1023
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,500
Smoky space. 
The fire provides warmth light 

1024
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:09,600
and the ability to prepare hot 
food, making it arguably the 

1025
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:12,200
most important feature of the 
ship, besides the hull itself. 

1026
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,900
Keeping the fire going in. 
Rough weather requires constant 

1027
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:20,200
attention and no small amount of
skill, since a stray wave or 

1028
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:22,900
sudden gust of wind can 
extinguish your only source of 

1029
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:26,500
cooked food and warmth. 
Water collection becomes an 

1030
00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:28,600
obsession. 
During rainy weather, every 

1031
00:53:28,600 --> 00:53:31,700
available container gets pressed
into service to catch precious, 

1032
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:34,900
fresh water, from cooking pots 
to empty helmets. 

1033
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:38,500
You learn to position containers
strategically to catch runoff 

1034
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:41,100
from the sale and everyone 
develops an almost Supernatural 

1035
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:44,400
ability to wake up when rain 
starts falling, no matter how 

1036
00:53:44,400 --> 00:53:47,700
exhausted they are. 
Fresh water tastes like the most

1037
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:51,200
luxurious beverage ever created.
When you've been rationing stale

1038
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:54,600
barrel water for weeks, 
entertainment relies heavily on 

1039
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,900
human creativity and social 
interaction riddles, word games,

1040
00:53:58,900 --> 00:54:02,200
and contests of memory help pass
time during calm weather. 

1041
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:06,700
Physical competitions, armrest 
wrestling balancing contests or 

1042
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:10,400
games of skill with weapons, 
provide excitement and help 

1043
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:14,600
maintain fighting Fitness. music
when someone has brought along 

1044
00:54:14,600 --> 00:54:17,500
an instrument transforms 
evening, gatherings in to 

1045
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:21,000
something approaching 
civilization maintenance tasks 

1046
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:23,600
occupy much of the cruise 
attention during daylight hours.

1047
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:28,200
The ship requires constant care 
bailing water that seeps through

1048
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,700
the hull adjusting rigging and 
repairing equipment, damaged by 

1049
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:35,700
salt, spray and constant use 
these tasks provide structure to

1050
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,900
otherwise formless days and give
everyone something productive to

1051
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:41,500
do. 
The ship becomes like a needy 

1052
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:44,400
pet, that requires constant 
attention to keep it healthy and

1053
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:47,600
functional personal rituals and 
superstitions developed to cope 

1054
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:50,000
with the psychological stress of
prolonged, Ocean Travel. 

1055
00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:53,200
Some crew members develop 
elaborate morning routines, 

1056
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:56,200
others create personal 
ceremonies around meals or 

1057
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:59,500
navigation checks these 
behaviors while sometimes 

1058
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:02,400
appearing irrational, provide 
psychological anchors in an 

1059
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:04,600
environment where every day 
Blends into the next. 

1060
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:07,300
Sleep becomes both escape and 
challenge. 

1061
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:11,200
Despite cramped conditions and 
constant motion exhaustion, 

1062
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:13,800
enables sleep, but regular 
interruptions from whether 

1063
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:17,200
changes navigation emergencies 
or natural calls interrupt rest.

1064
00:55:18,100 --> 00:55:20,300
You learn to fall asleep, 
quickly, when opportunity 

1065
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:23,600
presents itself and to function 
effectively on fragmented, sleep

1066
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:25,800
patterns, that would leave 
modern people completely 

1067
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:29,200
dysfunctional. 
Whether protection requires 

1068
00:55:29,200 --> 00:55:32,800
constant at adaptation and 
creativity. your clothing layers

1069
00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:36,100
are adjusted throughout the day 
as conditions, change adding 

1070
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:39,200
garments, when wind picks up, 
removing them when physical 

1071
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:42,700
work, generates heat and 
rearranging everything when rain

1072
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:46,100
starts falling Staying 
reasonably dry and warm becomes 

1073
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:49,200
a full-time occupation that 
requires as much attention as 

1074
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:53,000
any other survival skill. 
Small luxuries take on enormous 

1075
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,700
psychological importance, a 
piece of preserved fruit, a 

1076
00:55:56,700 --> 00:55:59,500
drink of wine or even a few 
minutes of privacy become 

1077
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:02,000
treasured experiences. 
That provide disproportionate 

1078
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:04,400
happiness. 
You learned to save a tiny 

1079
00:56:04,400 --> 00:56:06,600
Pleasures because they represent
the only breaks from an 

1080
00:56:06,608 --> 00:56:08,900
otherwise relentlessly austere 
existence. 

1081
00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:12,300
Social bonds strengthened 
through shared hardship and 

1082
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:15,900
mutual dependence, the people, 
you might have ignored or slight

1083
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:19,000
on land become crucial allies in
the struggle for daily survival.

1084
00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:22,600
Helping someone repair their 
gear shareing food during 

1085
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:25,400
shortages or simply providing 
companionship during 

1086
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:27,400
particularly difficult. 
Whether creates relationships 

1087
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:32,600
that last long after the voyage 
ends negotiation, tradition and 

1088
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,600
occasional Force resolve, 
territorial disputes over 

1089
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:39,100
sleeping, Space storage areas 
and access to the fire. 

1090
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,000
Your personal space shrinks to 
whatever you can physically 

1091
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:46,700
defend but everyone understands 
the necessity of respecting 

1092
00:56:46,700 --> 00:56:48,500
others. 
Minimal claims to shipboard, 

1093
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:52,400
real estate violating, these 
unspoken agreements threatens, 

1094
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,500
the social fabric that keeps the
entire Enterprise functional. 

1095
00:56:55,500 --> 00:56:59,500
The site of familiar Coastline 
after months at Sea triggers, 

1096
00:56:59,500 --> 00:57:02,600
emotions, that land, lubbers 
struggled to understand your 

1097
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:04,700
home Shores. 
Previously, taken for granted 

1098
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:09,000
now appear as the most beautiful
landscape ever, created the 

1099
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,200
simple Prospect of sleeping on 
Solid Ground eating fresh food 

1100
00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:15,600
and enjoying privacy comes 
almost overwhelming in its 

1101
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:18,200
appeal. 
Landfill requires, careful 

1102
00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:21,700
planning and execution. 
Your shallow draft longship can 

1103
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:24,400
beat almost anywhere but 
choosing the right spot. 

1104
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:28,000
Involves considering Tides 
weather local politics and the 

1105
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:29,500
condition of your crew and 
cargo. 

1106
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:33,500
A successful Landing represents 
the culmination of months, of 

1107
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:36,300
navigation, survival and 
teamwork. 

1108
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:39,700
But it's also when many 
Expeditions face, their greatest

1109
00:57:39,700 --> 00:57:42,800
risks from local authorities or 
competing Viking groups. 

1110
00:57:43,500 --> 00:57:46,800
Unloading transforms the ship 
from a cramped living space back

1111
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:49,600
into a cargo vessel. 
Trade goods that have been 

1112
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:51,400
carefully protected throughout 
the journey. 

1113
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:54,800
Now, get evaluated sorted and 
prepared for local markets. 

1114
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:57,200
The Amber. 
That seemed so precious during 

1115
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,400
storms now faces the harsh 
reality of market prices and 

1116
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,700
trading negotiations. 
Some Goods may have deteriorated

1117
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:06,600
during the voyage turning 
expected profits into 

1118
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:10,100
disappointing losses. 
Your crew disperses according to

1119
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:12,900
predetermined agreements and 
personal relationships developed

1120
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:16,600
during the voyage, Some members 
came aboard as Hired Hands and 

1121
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:19,400
departed with their wages. 
Others invested in the 

1122
00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:22,900
Expedition and await their share
of profits and a few of become 

1123
00:58:22,900 --> 00:58:25,500
close companions who will 
maintain relationships long 

1124
00:58:25,500 --> 00:58:26,900
after the ship returns to 
Harbor. 

1125
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:31,000
The social bonds forged in 
hardship, often proved more 

1126
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,700
valuable than the material, 
gains from trade reintegration 

1127
00:58:34,700 --> 00:58:37,700
into land-based society requires
psychological adjustment. 

1128
00:58:37,700 --> 00:58:41,800
Almost as significant, as the 
original departure months of 

1129
00:58:41,808 --> 00:58:45,200
communal, living shared 
hardship, and constant motion. 

1130
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:47,800
Leave you changed in ways that 
become apparent. 

1131
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,300
Only when you try to resume 
normal life, your tolerance for 

1132
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,200
petty complaints, and minor 
inconveniences has increased 

1133
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,400
dramatically while your patience
for people who have an 

1134
00:58:57,400 --> 00:58:59,000
experienced. 
Real hardship may have decreased

1135
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,800
proportionally. 
Stories from your Voyage become 

1136
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:04,100
valuable social currency in your
home Community. 

1137
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:07,600
Tales of storms, you survived, 
strange lands. 

1138
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:10,400
You visited and dangers. 
You overcame entertain 

1139
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:13,100
audience's and establish your 
reputation as someone who has 

1140
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:14,600
seen the world beyond the 
familiar. 

1141
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:19,200
Repetition refines these 
stories, gradually transforming 

1142
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:22,400
them from raw experience and to 
polish narrative, that may bear 

1143
00:59:22,400 --> 00:59:24,500
only a passing resemblance to 
actual events. 

1144
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,200
The practical skills learned 
aboard ship, navigation, 

1145
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:31,100
seamanship, trading combat and 
survival. 

1146
00:59:31,100 --> 00:59:34,700
Make you more valuable to your 
community and more attractive 

1147
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:37,700
for future expeditions. 
Knowledge of foreign languages 

1148
00:59:37,700 --> 00:59:41,000
custards and market conditions 
required during your travels 

1149
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:43,700
opens opportunities for 
employment with other 

1150
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:47,300
Expeditions or local Merchants 
engaged in Long Distance trade. 

1151
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:51,000
Physical changes from months of 
difficult, living become visible

1152
00:59:51,000 --> 00:59:54,100
to friends and family. 
Your hands are more calloused, 

1153
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:57,200
your face more weathered, and 
your body adapted to the 

1154
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:01,300
physical demands of Life at sea.
These changes servers permanent 

1155
01:00:01,300 --> 01:00:04,400
reminders of your journey and 
Mark, you as someone who has 

1156
01:00:04,400 --> 01:00:07,600
endured, what many people cannot
imagine attempting Financial 

1157
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:10,200
outcomes vary dramatically 
depending on the Expedition. 

1158
01:00:10,200 --> 01:00:13,900
Success, your initial investment
and market conditions at 

1159
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:17,300
Journey's End, some crew members
return wealthy enough to buy 

1160
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:19,600
Farms or ships of their own 
others. 

1161
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:22,700
Barely cover their expenses and 
a few face Financial ruin. 

1162
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:24,500
If the voyage encounters serious
problems. 

1163
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:27,700
The Viking economy rewards. 
Success handsomely. 

1164
01:00:27,700 --> 01:00:31,200
But punishes failure harshly. 
Planning for future Expeditions 

1165
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,100
often begins before the current 
Voyage is completely finished 

1166
01:00:34,100 --> 01:00:37,800
successful trips generate demand
for repeat Journeys, while 

1167
01:00:37,800 --> 01:00:40,100
Lessons Learned suggest 
improvements for next time. 

1168
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:44,000
The ship requires maintenance 
and modifications crew members 

1169
01:00:44,000 --> 01:00:46,500
need replacement or Recruitment 
and trade goods. 

1170
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:49,400
Must be selected based on 
experience with foreign markets,

1171
01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:53,000
your transformed perspective on 
risk, comfort and Human 

1172
01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:56,100
Relationships, effects, 
decisions about future Life 

1173
01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:58,400
Choices. 
Some people observe that 

1174
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:01,400
land-based existence feels 
limiting After experiencing the 

1175
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:04,800
freedom and intense of Ocean 
Travel While others discover 

1176
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:07,100
that one. 
Major Expedition, satisfies 

1177
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:11,100
their desire for adventure 
permanently The Voyage changes, 

1178
01:01:11,100 --> 01:01:14,200
everyone but not always in 
predictable directions. 

1179
01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:19,000
The cycle of departure journey 
and return that defines Viking, 

1180
01:01:19,000 --> 01:01:22,700
Expeditions reflects, larger 
patterns in medieval life where 

1181
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:27,300
travel was dangerous expensive 
and transformative your months 

1182
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:29,800
aboard, the longship represent, 
not just a business venture or 

1183
01:01:29,808 --> 01:01:33,200
Adventure, but a rite of passage
that separates those who dream 

1184
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,100
about distant places from those 
who have actually seen them 

1185
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:38,800
years later when the pain is 
gone. 

1186
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:40,900
And the prophets are spent. 
All that remains, is the 

1187
01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:43,700
knowledge that you succeeded in.
One of the hardest Endeavors of 

1188
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:47,000
your time, you crossed vast 
Ocean's in a wooden ship 

1189
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:50,600
survived storms, that could have
killed you traded with foreign 

1190
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:53,900
people in distant lands and 
returned home to tell the tale. 

1191
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:57,900
In a time when the majority of 
people rarely Venture more than 

1192
01:01:57,908 --> 01:02:00,900
a few miles from their 
birthplace, this accomplishment 

1193
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:04,600
alone distinguishes you as a 
unique individual, someone who 

1194
01:02:04,600 --> 01:02:07,500
chose the extraordinary over the
ordinary and persevere to share 

1195
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:14,900
the story. 
The man history would call. 

1196
01:02:14,900 --> 01:02:20,200
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius
on September the 23rd 63 BCE in 

1197
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:22,800
a modest neighborhood. 
On the Palatine Hill, though. 

1198
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:25,600
His lineage, traced, to Once, 
influential equestrian, family, 

1199
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,400
Few guests, he'd one day. 
Transformed Rome from a republic

1200
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:31,800
steeped in centuries of 
tradition into something new. 

1201
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:36,000
By Heritage, he was Julius 
Caesar's grand-nephew, but the 

1202
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:39,200
link hardly guaranteed, a grand 
Destiny as a child. 

1203
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:43,600
Gaius Octavius was overshadowed 
by civil Strife that had already

1204
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:46,400
scarred. 
The Republic politicians viewed 

1205
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:50,400
in the Senate while distant. 
Generals Sula Pompey, and 

1206
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:54,600
eventually Caesar vied for 
Supremacy, young Octavius, lost 

1207
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:57,700
his father, early, leaving him 
under the care of a determined 

1208
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:01,200
mother at Tia and a circle of 
influential relatives. 

1209
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:05,200
She recognized her son's 
potential but also grasped the 

1210
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:08,300
swirl of political tension that 
might devour him if he didn't 

1211
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:13,000
maneuver cleverly, Like 
adolescents, Octavius had 

1212
01:03:13,000 --> 01:03:15,000
gleaned, that survival, in Rome 
demanded. 

1213
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:19,900
Alliance's Strategic marriages 
and unwavering loyalty at least 

1214
01:03:19,900 --> 01:03:23,100
publicly. 
In private one, had to maintain 

1215
01:03:23,100 --> 01:03:26,700
a flexible mindset. 
You read oratory studied Roman 

1216
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:29,400
law, and learned to interpret 
the subtle power plays Among 

1217
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,400
Senators. 
Observers described him as quiet

1218
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:35,600
watchful and possessed of a 
composure Beyond his years. 

1219
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:40,700
The biggest shift in his 
fortunes came in 46 BCE when 

1220
01:03:40,700 --> 01:03:45,000
Julius Caesar fresh from 
triumphs and Gaul and a decisive

1221
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:49,300
Civil War, Victory adopted 
Octavius as his posthumous son 

1222
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:52,800
and designated heir. 
Caesar brought the teenager to 

1223
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:56,200
Spain for a minor campaign, 
giving him a taste of military 

1224
01:03:56,200 --> 01:03:58,400
life. 
The young man seriousness 

1225
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:00,600
impressed Caesar's aides, 
though. 

1226
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,600
Few predicted that this untested
youth could ever fill Caesar's 

1227
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:06,600
sandals indeed? 
Caesar himself was at the Apex 

1228
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:10,800
of power, proclaiming reforms 
and holding lavish triumphs He 

1229
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:14,200
restructured the Senate and 
extended citizenship to many to 

1230
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:18,000
sum heated close to monarchy 
rumors whispered, he might 

1231
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:22,300
declare himself King. 
Then came The Ides of March 44 

1232
01:04:22,300 --> 01:04:27,200
BCE Cesar fell under 23 knife 
thrusts in the Senate betrayal 

1233
01:04:27,200 --> 01:04:31,100
orchestrated by supposed friends
like Brutus and Cassius while 

1234
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:34,100
studying in a Greek city 
Octavius received news of 

1235
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:38,200
Caesar's assassination. 
At first, he revealed the 

1236
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:41,100
consequence was not only the 
Lost of a powerful figure in his

1237
01:04:41,100 --> 01:04:43,700
life but also a Potential Threat
to his security. 

1238
01:04:43,700 --> 01:04:48,300
He learned, however, that sees 
as will name him are it was an 

1239
01:04:48,300 --> 01:04:51,000
astonishing leap for someone 
barely out of adolescents. 

1240
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:54,100
Many Roman Elites dismissed him 
as a mere Pawn. 

1241
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:58,000
Mark, Antony Caesars longtime 
Ally seemed the natural 

1242
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:00,800
inheritor of Caesar's Legacy 
overshadowing. 

1243
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:03,600
The youth But Octavius was no 
Pawn. 

1244
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:06,900
He returned to Italy with 
measured caution adopting. 

1245
01:05:06,900 --> 01:05:10,800
The name Gaius Julius Caesar 
octavianus, commonly shortened 

1246
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:14,400
to Octavian flaunting that he 
was Caesar's son in every sense,

1247
01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:19,000
but blood His presence, ignited,
Roman politics, Antony 

1248
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,600
charismatic, and bold, tried 
dismissing him as the boy, while

1249
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:26,200
the Senate still reeling from 
Seasons to dictatorship sought 

1250
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:29,100
to exploit friction between 
Antony and Octavian. 

1251
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:33,700
The entire city priest for 
another civil war Octavian 

1252
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,800
played a subtle game forming 
alliances with Seasons 

1253
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:40,200
Veteran's, Distributing funds, 
from season's estate and 

1254
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:42,000
projecting an image of filial 
piety. 

1255
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:45,300
In the meantime, Octavian 
experimented with the Senate 

1256
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,200
suggesting that he might back 
them in their opposition to 

1257
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:51,700
Anthony aspirations. 
A pivotal moment occurred, when 

1258
01:05:51,708 --> 01:05:55,000
Cicero there are renowned orator
who harbored animosity towards 

1259
01:05:55,000 --> 01:05:58,600
Antony realized that Octavian 
could potentially serve as a 

1260
01:05:58,608 --> 01:06:02,400
useful instrument. 
Cistro scathing speeches known 

1261
01:06:02,400 --> 01:06:05,700
as the philippics lambasted, 
Antony as a new Tyrant. 

1262
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:09,200
He portrayed Octavian as a 
necessary Bullock to restore the

1263
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:12,000
Republic. 
Perhaps Cicero believed he could

1264
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,900
guide this youth like a puppet. 
Yet octavian's mild demeanor 

1265
01:06:15,900 --> 01:06:20,500
Master decisive streak using the
Senate's endorsement, he raised 

1266
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,900
Legions to confront Anthony. 
Culminating and skirmishes near 

1267
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:27,000
mutina ashke in Northern Italy, 
though. 

1268
01:06:27,000 --> 01:06:30,700
Anthony survived the scuffles 
burnished octavian's reputation.

1269
01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:34,400
He was no figurehead but the 
alliance of convenience between 

1270
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:36,800
Octavian and the Senate didn't 
last. 

1271
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:42,400
The cunning youth recognized the
Senate's hypocrisy, they wanted 

1272
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:45,200
to destroy Anthony but had 
little interest in truly 

1273
01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:48,900
elevating him. 
So Octavian pivoted, forging the

1274
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:52,800
second triumvirate with Anthony 
and lepidus in 43 BC. 

1275
01:06:54,600 --> 01:06:57,300
This formal packed was sealed 
with the legal authority to 

1276
01:06:57,300 --> 01:07:00,400
reshape the state. 
Through proscription lists. 

1277
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:03,100
A purge enemies. 
Including Cicero. 

1278
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:06,400
The Triumph is divided, the 
Roman World among themselves 

1279
01:07:06,400 --> 01:07:10,800
leopard Africa, Antony the East 
and Octavian, the West. 

1280
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,600
The teenage up started to the 
Pinnacle of power in Just over a

1281
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:19,900
year since Caesar's murder. 
Rome reeled uncertain, if this 

1282
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:23,200
triumphant would restore order 
or simply replicate the horrors 

1283
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,800
of path civil conflicts. 
As Octavian settled into his 

1284
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:30,400
portion of the Empire, he 
realized the West Italy Gaul. 

1285
01:07:30,400 --> 01:07:32,700
And Spain would test his 
capacity for governance. 

1286
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:37,100
He faced rebellious Legions 
distrust from veterans and a 

1287
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:40,800
public exhausted by War. 
Meanwhile, Anthony pursued 

1288
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:44,200
campaigns in the East forging 
ties with Cleopatra of Egypt. 

1289
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:49,100
Lepidus drifted into irrelevance
the seeds for fresh rivalry was 

1290
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:51,500
sown. 
Thus began a pivotal chapter in 

1291
01:07:51,500 --> 01:07:55,000
which Octavian would refine his 
political Acumen balancing 

1292
01:07:55,000 --> 01:07:57,000
brutality with Promises of 
stability. 

1293
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:01,400
From there, the path to becoming
Augustus the revered first 

1294
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:06,400
citizen of Rome would be paved 
by cunning alliances and a 

1295
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:08,700
strategic mind that never 
blinked a compromise or 

1296
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:11,400
confrontation. 
Having seized power in the 

1297
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:14,600
second triumvirate. 
Octavian found himself juggling 

1298
01:08:14,600 --> 01:08:17,000
alliances with two older more 
seasons. 

1299
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,600
Strong men and lepidus lepidus 
though. 

1300
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,000
Nominally part of their ruling 
Coalition soon, revealed himself

1301
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:27,399
incompetent in handling. 
The African province's Anthony 

1302
01:08:27,399 --> 01:08:29,200
posed a far more formidable 
presence. 

1303
01:08:29,200 --> 01:08:33,200
Commanded Legions, loyal to 
seize his memory, yearned for 

1304
01:08:33,200 --> 01:08:36,200
Glory in the eastern and more 
crucial was forging a personal 

1305
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:38,899
and political bond with 
Cleopatra the seventh, the 

1306
01:08:38,899 --> 01:08:42,700
charismatic Queen of Egypt. 
This Union combined Antony's 

1307
01:08:42,700 --> 01:08:44,800
martial reputation with 
Cleopatra's wealth, and 

1308
01:08:44,808 --> 01:08:48,200
strategic position an alliance 
that might overshadow, anything.

1309
01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:52,800
Octavian could muster in Italy 
in Rome Octavian projected, a 

1310
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:55,399
measured calm claiming to 
restore order to the Western 

1311
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:58,200
provinces. 
He oversaw land distributions to

1312
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:01,000
Veterans and often messy 
process, that displaced 

1313
01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:04,000
countless small farmers and 
generated local resentment. 

1314
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:07,899
He skillfully transformed, these
forced resettlement into acts of

1315
01:09:07,899 --> 01:09:11,500
generosity expecting each set of
Veteran to Express gratitude. 

1316
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:17,800
With each step, Octavian built a
personal loyalty Network parting

1317
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:20,000
ways with older Elites who stood
in his way. 

1318
01:09:20,899 --> 01:09:24,600
This era remained soaked in the 
blood of prescription though. 

1319
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:27,600
Some historians note, that the 
violence receded once? 

1320
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:31,300
The triumvirate had purged, the 
most threatening opposition By 

1321
01:09:31,300 --> 01:09:35,899
41, to 40, BC tensions exploded 
between Octavian and Anthony 

1322
01:09:35,899 --> 01:09:40,800
supporters in Perugia near 
modern-day Peru, Lucia, Santona,

1323
01:09:40,800 --> 01:09:45,100
Anthony's, brother, and Fuller. 
And his wife led a Revolt hoping

1324
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:49,500
to reassert antonyms in Italy. 
Octavian's Legions besieged 

1325
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:51,899
Perugia starving the rebels into
surrender. 

1326
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:55,800
The city's inhabitants suffered,
a cruel Fate, The Siege left 

1327
01:09:55,808 --> 01:09:59,000
them starving. 
And after Victory Octavian 

1328
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:03,000
ordered harsh reprisals while 
Antony himself was absent in the

1329
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:06,400
East this event, underscored the
deepening Rift within the 

1330
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:10,000
triumvirate. 
Despite these skirmishes Anthony

1331
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:13,400
and Octavian, patched things up 
temporarily at the Treaty of 

1332
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:17,600
Brenda in 40 BCE. 
Dividing, spheres of influence 

1333
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:20,900
and new to the deal. 
Anthony married Octavian. 

1334
01:10:20,900 --> 01:10:25,200
Sister Octavia, a gesture meant 
to Signal familial Harmony. 

1335
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:29,900
But the truce felt shaky those 
close to the corridors of power 

1336
01:10:29,900 --> 01:10:33,700
since the deeper competition for
the Ultimate Prize Undisputed 

1337
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:38,500
control of Rome indeed, as 
Anthony returned East resuming, 

1338
01:10:38,500 --> 01:10:41,100
his romance with Cleopatra and 
planning campaigns against 

1339
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:44,800
Parthia. 
Octavia lingered behind a lonely

1340
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:46,700
Testament to the alliances 
fragility. 

1341
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:50,500
Back in Rome, octavian's 
attentions turned to Naval 

1342
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:54,500
struggles sextus Pompey, son of 
the famous Pompey. 

1343
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:58,300
The great controlled Sicily, and
menaced Italy's grain Supply, 

1344
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:02,100
with a pirate Fleet with famine 
threatening Rome Octavian 

1345
01:11:02,100 --> 01:11:05,900
recognized, he needed a strong 
Admiral Enterprises a gripper, 

1346
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:10,000
his most trusted lieutenant and 
a brilliant Naval mine together.

1347
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:13,700
They reconfigured, Roman Naval 
strategy, training, fresh, Crews

1348
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:18,700
and building Advanced ships by 
36 BC e a gripper defeated sex 

1349
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:22,100
does Pompeii in a series of 
engagements notably at no 

1350
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:25,600
lockers this Victory brought 
Sicily under Octavian sway. 

1351
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:29,000
Securing vital grain roots to 
feed Italy's population. 

1352
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:32,900
Meanwhile, leopardus foolishly. 
Tried to flex power in Sicily, 

1353
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:35,200
but his Legions defected to 
Octavian. 

1354
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:39,200
Lepidus was stripped of 
triumphal power and exiled to a 

1355
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:41,900
minor religious post leaving. 
Just two men left from the 

1356
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:46,600
original triumvirate Octavian 
and Antony each commanding vast 

1357
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:49,800
terrorist Tories each suspicious
of the others ambitions. 

1358
01:11:50,700 --> 01:11:52,800
Anthony's Eastern campaigns fed 
poorly. 

1359
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:57,500
His attempt to conquer pathia in
36, BCE ended in a costly 

1360
01:11:57,500 --> 01:12:00,500
Retreat Cleopatra. 
Determined to preserve her 

1361
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:04,700
influence financed, his next 
moves, forging a mutual interest

1362
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:08,200
in controlling the Eastern 
Mediterranean Anthony openly 

1363
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:11,600
acknowledged Cleopatra's 
children one father by Julius, 

1364
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:15,500
Caesar others by himself and 
showered them with territorial 

1365
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:19,500
grants in Roman eyes, his 
donations of Alexandria looks 

1366
01:12:19,500 --> 01:12:22,300
scandalous. 
Bestowing Roman conquered lands 

1367
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,700
to Cleopatra's brood was 
borderline trees and rumors. 

1368
01:12:25,700 --> 01:12:28,800
Proliferated in Rome that 
Cleopatra had Bewitched Antony, 

1369
01:12:28,800 --> 01:12:32,200
that he aimed to set up a 
parallel Empire in the East with

1370
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:35,800
her, as co-ruler. 
Octavian sees the propaganda 

1371
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,700
Advantage. 
He depicted Antony as a man in 

1372
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:43,400
by an Egyptian, seductress 
Betraying Roman Traditions, the 

1373
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:47,100
Roman populace weary of foreign 
entanglements and suspicious of 

1374
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:50,200
Queen's from the East. 
Responded to such rhetoric. 

1375
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:54,700
Octavian skillfully, spun 
Cleopatra as a threat to Rome, 

1376
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:57,300
sovereignty and Anthony as a 
traitor, lost Oriental 

1377
01:12:57,300 --> 01:12:59,900
decadence. 
To formalize the brake. 

1378
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,200
Octavian had the Senate revoke 
Anthony's powers in 32 BCE. 

1379
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:07,700
Spurred by the revelations that 
Anthony's will recognize 

1380
01:13:07,700 --> 01:13:11,600
Cleopatra's children as heirs. 
The Final Countdown to Civil 

1381
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:14,500
War. 
Was underway Octavian though. 

1382
01:13:14,500 --> 01:13:19,400
Lacking Antony's battle hardened
image had a gripper In 31 BCE 

1383
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:22,900
the decisive confrontation 
loomed off the coast of Greece, 

1384
01:13:22,900 --> 01:13:26,600
the site would be active where 
Anthony and Cleopatra mustard 

1385
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,300
their combined Fleet against 
octavian's forces led by a, 

1386
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:32,400
gripper, the stage was 
Monumental two. 

1387
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:35,300
Massive fleet's jostling for 
strategic advantage in the 

1388
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:37,800
ionian sea. 
And the outcome was set to 

1389
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:39,500
determine the fate of the Roman 
world. 

1390
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:42,300
With Cleopatra by Anthony 
sighed. 

1391
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:45,400
Everything was on the line 
Victory might reshape the 

1392
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:49,100
Mediterranean power map, but if 
Anthony fell, so much 

1393
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,800
Cleopatra's dream of an Eastern 
Empire in the lead-up to actium,

1394
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:56,400
desertion played down to his 
ranks morale sank, as men 

1395
01:13:56,400 --> 01:13:58,900
realized clear Patrick's 
presence, overshadowed purely 

1396
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:03,400
Roman concerns in contrast. 
Octavian's message was Chris. 

1397
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:07,800
Preserve Rome from a foreign 
Queen's grass, the family of 

1398
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:10,400
legionaries pin their hopes on 
his victory, for stability, 

1399
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,700
clouds of tension. 
Gathered poised to break in the 

1400
01:14:13,708 --> 01:14:15,800
greatest naval. 
Showdown Rome had seen in 

1401
01:14:15,800 --> 01:14:19,400
Generations by now. 
Octavian's transformation from 

1402
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:22,000
an underestimated youth to a 
political Colossus was 

1403
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,800
unmistakable yet, he still had 
to seize final legitimacy from 

1404
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:31,200
the swirling chaos of War. 
Actium September 2nd, 31 BCE 

1405
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:34,900
Rome's future hinged on the 
ionian Seas choppy Waters. 

1406
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:39,300
Antony's Fleet bolstered by 
clear patra's Egyptian squadrons

1407
01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,600
faced off against octavian's 
ships under agrippa's. 

1408
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:47,100
Command many expected an even 
fight, both sides fielded 

1409
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:51,000
formidable War galleys, but 
intangible factors loomed large 

1410
01:14:51,000 --> 01:14:55,100
morale, discipline, and the 
Stark difference in leadership 

1411
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:59,100
Unity by midday, the swirling 
melee erupted? 

1412
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:02,800
The grippers Nimble vessels 
employed better tactics, staying

1413
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:05,600
mobile and exploiting the 
heavier less maneuverable 

1414
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,700
designs of Antony's ships. 
Cleopatra. 

1415
01:15:08,700 --> 01:15:11,600
Lingard, in the distance her 
presence more symbolic than 

1416
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:14,600
military. 
Decisive in a dramatic twist 

1417
01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:17,700
Cleopatra abruptly. 
With Drew her Squadron mid 

1418
01:15:17,700 --> 01:15:20,000
battle. 
Perhaps panicked by the 

1419
01:15:20,000 --> 01:15:23,600
unfolding chaos or following a 
secret plan seeing her Sail 

1420
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,400
Away. 
Antony torn between loyalty to 

1421
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:29,900
his Roman forces and Devotion to
clear Patra abandoned, the fight

1422
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:32,600
to chase after her. 
With their Commander gone. 

1423
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:35,000
The remaining ships collapsed 
and confusion. 

1424
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:38,200
The gripper snatched a decisive 
Victory. 

1425
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:41,800
The Battered remnants of Anthony
Fleet either surrendered or 

1426
01:15:41,800 --> 01:15:44,700
burned. 
The news rapidly disseminated. 

1427
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:49,700
And Cleopatra had absconded 
condemning thousands of soldiers

1428
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:53,200
to an unwinnable battle. 
This Victory altered Rome's, 

1429
01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:56,200
destiny. 
KTM wasn't just a naval Triumph 

1430
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:58,300
it shattered. 
The last credible threat to 

1431
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:01,400
octavian's ascendancy. 
Over the following months, 

1432
01:16:01,400 --> 01:16:05,500
Octavian, pursued Antony and 
Cleopatra to Egypt by August 

1433
01:16:05,500 --> 01:16:12,400
30th, their fate was sealed, 
upon discovering the rumored 

1434
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:15,400
death of Cleopatra, and Antony 
collapsed onto his sword 

1435
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:19,800
overcome with despair Cleopatra,
witnessing, the city overrun and

1436
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:23,200
refusing to be paraded. 
As a captive in Rome reportedly 

1437
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:27,300
took her life, her method of 
venomous as to her breast became

1438
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,600
legendary, With that ptolemaic 
Egypt. 

1439
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,700
The last Hellenistic Kingdom 
ended falling under Roman 

1440
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:35,800
control, having neutralized 
every rival. 

1441
01:16:35,800 --> 01:16:40,600
Octavian returned to Rome in 
2019 BC triumphant the gates of 

1442
01:16:40,600 --> 01:16:45,000
Janus symbolizing Wars presence 
be shut indicating piece across 

1443
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,800
the empire for the first time in
ages, the Senate exhausted. 

1444
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:52,500
By Decades of civil Strife 
pinned their hopes on this young

1445
01:16:52,500 --> 01:16:56,500
Victor, they held him as 
imperative commander and 

1446
01:16:56,500 --> 01:16:59,600
showered him with honors. 
But Octavian realized the 

1447
01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:02,900
critical lesson from Caesar's 
demise openly brandishing 

1448
01:17:02,900 --> 01:17:06,500
monarchical power, risked 
stirring, Republican resentment,

1449
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,000
he needed a new blueprint for 
dominance. 

1450
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:11,700
Something that would calm old 
fears while granting him 

1451
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,900
absolute Authority. 
This Balancing Act would Define 

1452
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:19,500
his next steps in 27, BCE 
Octavian performed a grand 

1453
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:22,400
gesture. 
He ceremoniously returned power 

1454
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:26,200
to the Senate and people of Rome
an act broadcast as humility 

1455
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:29,400
even though the real levers of 
control remained in his hands. 

1456
01:17:29,400 --> 01:17:33,500
The Senate Keen to maintain 
stability, bestowed upon him. 

1457
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:37,800
The name of gustus, meaning 
revered or venerable This moment

1458
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:40,800
signaled the official birth of 
the principal of veneer of 

1459
01:17:40,808 --> 01:17:44,200
Republican tradition. 
Cloaking a de facto monarchy or 

1460
01:17:44,200 --> 01:17:47,100
gustus accepted title's 
carefully prints. 

1461
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:51,300
First Citizen Emperor, Commander
in Chief, pontifex Maximus, 

1462
01:17:51,300 --> 01:17:54,300
Chief priests and others 
combined. 

1463
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:57,200
These roles gave him an 
assailable control over the 

1464
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:02,200
Army, religion and State A wave 
of reforms followed or gustus, 

1465
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:04,900
reorganized the legions 
stationed them in province's 

1466
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:07,600
under long term command in their
loyalty was to him. 

1467
01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:11,500
Personally he restructured 
provincial governance, reducing 

1468
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:13,200
corruption by rotating 
officials. 

1469
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:17,100
More of the Senate oversaw, 
peaceful province's, while the 

1470
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:19,300
emperor kept to direct rule over
troubled spots. 

1471
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:23,600
Professional Civil Service 
emerged by freedmen and 

1472
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:25,800
equestrians loyal to the 
emperor's system. 

1473
01:18:25,800 --> 01:18:29,500
This team quietly undercut, the 
old aristocratic networks that 

1474
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:33,200
once jockeyed for magistracy's 
diminishing potential Rebellion 

1475
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:37,600
from senatorial upstarts. 
Culturally Augustus, recognized 

1476
01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:40,800
the power of propaganda. 
He sponsored Monumental building

1477
01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:43,700
projects. 
Proclaiming He found Rome a city

1478
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:45,900
of brick and left it a city of 
marble. 

1479
01:18:46,900 --> 01:18:50,200
Temples were restored, public 
baths, constructed and 

1480
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,200
aqueducts. 
Extended visible tokens of a new

1481
01:18:53,208 --> 01:18:58,400
golden age. poets like Virgil 
Horus and Ovid flourished under 

1482
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:01,900
Imperial patronage weaving 
narratives of Rome's, glorious 

1483
01:19:01,900 --> 01:19:05,400
Heritage, and the necessity of a
singular leader, the aired 

1484
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:08,800
recast Trojan, myth to bolster 
the idea of a Divine Destiny, 

1485
01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:12,200
culminating and Augustine rule 
Yet not all were content. 

1486
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:15,200
Some whispered that this 
restored Republic was merely 

1487
01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:17,000
subjugation under a cunning 
autographed. 

1488
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:20,700
Traditionalist beimed, the end 
of the truly free consoles and 

1489
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:22,100
Tribune's. 
Others. 

1490
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:25,300
Recalling the terror of endless 
Civil Wars, found solace in the 

1491
01:19:25,308 --> 01:19:28,300
Pax Romana that. 
Augustus offered occasional 

1492
01:19:28,300 --> 01:19:32,100
conspiracies, flared, typically 
from disillusion Noble's, or 

1493
01:19:32,100 --> 01:19:35,400
neglected, generals or gustus. 
Handled them discreetly. 

1494
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:38,600
Exiling troublemakers or 
co-opting them with honors 

1495
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:43,300
rarely did open Rebellion for 
Testament to how thoroughly he'd

1496
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:45,500
integrated power in everyday 
life. 

1497
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:50,200
Sense of renewal pervaded 
Farmers returned to Fields trade

1498
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,500
routes, revived and legionaries 
redeployed to secure, Frontiers 

1499
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:56,800
from Germany to Syria. 
The Border Wars never ceased 

1500
01:19:56,800 --> 01:20:00,300
entirely, but within the heart 
of the Empire Travelers, found 

1501
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:03,700
Road safer and commerce. 
Steadier, the younger generation

1502
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:07,100
lacking first-hand memories of 
the Republic simply accepted 

1503
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:09,400
that Rome's Fortune, lay in a 
stable principal. 

1504
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:14,500
Indeed, many became Ardent 
supporters naming children gears

1505
01:20:14,500 --> 01:20:18,300
or Lucius. 
After Augustus chosen Aires by 

1506
01:20:18,300 --> 01:20:22,200
the close of the 20s bcce or 
gustus was effectively King in 

1507
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:24,200
all. 
But name the Senate still 

1508
01:20:24,200 --> 01:20:28,200
convened, magistrate still took 
office but real decisions were 

1509
01:20:28,200 --> 01:20:30,700
funneled to him. 
Some historians label the 

1510
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,100
period. 
The dawn of the Roman Empire, 

1511
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:36,600
there were gustas himself stuck 
to Republican, slogans, He had 

1512
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,600
forged a new political order 
that would endure for centuries.

1513
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:42,100
Bridging. 
The fierce independence of old 

1514
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,500
Rome with the pragmatic 
necessity of a single guiding 

1515
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:47,100
hand. 
The cost. 

1516
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:51,300
The cost lay in the fleeting 
illusions of Republican Liberty,

1517
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:55,500
but after generation of civil 
conflict, many Romans gladly 

1518
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:58,700
paid that price. 
As Augustus Consolidated 

1519
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:02,400
Authority, he turned to ensuring
the stability of his succession,

1520
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:05,800
no, small feat in a state, once 
steeped in the tradition of 

1521
01:21:05,800 --> 01:21:09,500
elected magistracy. 
With no biological son from his 

1522
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:12,200
marriages. 
Augustus tried weaving a family 

1523
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:15,700
Dynasty through strategic 
adoptions and marriages his only

1524
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:18,400
child, Julia became a political 
Pawn. 

1525
01:21:18,400 --> 01:21:22,500
Married off to potential. 
Heirs to cement alliances first 

1526
01:21:22,500 --> 01:21:26,300
came marked Ellis, augustus's 
nephew, then a gripper his 

1527
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:30,200
trusted General and companion 
and later Tiberius his Stern 

1528
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:33,900
capable steps on The Empire 
watched these unions with 

1529
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:37,600
Fascination hoping that a 
suitable successor, might emerge

1530
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:42,000
to prolong the Pax, Romana. 
Meanwhile, Augustus took a hands

1531
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:44,000
on approach to moral and social 
reforms. 

1532
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:47,100
He championed legislation 
encouraging marriage and 

1533
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:50,300
childbirth among Romans Elite 
penalizing, adultery and 

1534
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,900
childlessness publicly these 
laws, aim to revive traditional 

1535
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:56,700
Roman virtues. 
Populating the Empire with 

1536
01:21:56,700 --> 01:22:00,800
Upright Citizens privately they 
served as a moral anchor for the

1537
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:03,200
new regime. 
Contrasting with the preceding 

1538
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:05,600
Decades of bloody infighting and
public decadence. 

1539
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:09,800
Critics grumbled that Augustus 
medaled too far into personal 

1540
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:12,500
lives, yet. 
Many recognized the sense of 

1541
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:15,600
direction and unity. 
He sought to impose on the 

1542
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,200
Frontiers. 
The Empire's expansion sea sword

1543
01:22:18,200 --> 01:22:20,800
between Triumph and tragedy 
along the Rhine. 

1544
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:24,400
Augustus installed Garrison's to
keep the Germanic tribes at Bay 

1545
01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:28,000
in the East Stabler alliances 
with client Kings, prevented 

1546
01:22:28,000 --> 01:22:31,600
major upheavals yet, not all 
expansions succeeded. 

1547
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:36,100
The infamous variant disaster in
90 CE so three, Roman Legions 

1548
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:39,000
annihilated in the Tito Berg 
Forest by Germanic Warriors 

1549
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:43,400
under arminius Rome reeled at 
the blow losing about 15,000 

1550
01:22:43,400 --> 01:22:47,300
men, Augustus Shattered, by the 
news was said to roam, his 

1551
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:51,100
Palace, crying quintilius. 
Varus, give me back my Legions. 

1552
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:55,300
The defeat force him to abandon 
major Conquest in Germania 

1553
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:57,500
Shifting, The Boundary to the 
Rhine. 

1554
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:01,800
This trauma, proved the Empire 
had limits or gustus recognized 

1555
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,300
that consolidating existing, 
provinces might matter more than

1556
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:09,200
indefinite Conquest. 
Politically the principate 

1557
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:13,600
outward face promoted consensus,
the Senate passed glowing 

1558
01:23:13,600 --> 01:23:17,900
decrees awarding Augustus 
Tribune, power for Life, letting

1559
01:23:17,900 --> 01:23:19,800
him veto or proposed 
legislation. 

1560
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:24,100
He used these Powers sparingly, 
at least in the public eye freed

1561
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:26,900
of immediate threats. 
Augustus's Reign embraced, 

1562
01:23:26,900 --> 01:23:30,300
pageantry Grand triumphal 
arches, elaborate religious 

1563
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:34,000
festivals and coinage bearing. 
His image with the title, father

1564
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:37,400
of the Fatherland, Roman 
Aristocrats vied to outdo each 

1565
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:39,100
other in praising. 
The Imperial household, 

1566
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:42,600
sometimes exaggerating their 
Devotion to secure favor. 

1567
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:46,000
Meanwhile the popularist reveled
in the improved City 

1568
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:49,100
infrastructure. 
Circuses and public, Banquets 

1569
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:53,100
bread and circuses, indeed, they
were gustus Pride at himself or 

1570
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:54,700
not indulging, in personal 
extravagance. 

1571
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,900
He lived relatively simply in a 
house on the Palatine. 

1572
01:23:57,900 --> 01:24:01,700
Not in a gilded Palace yet 
within his family Strife. 

1573
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:05,500
Simmered his daughter, Julia 
stuck in strategic marriages 

1574
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:08,800
rebelled through scandalous 
conduct she partied with 

1575
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:10,800
younger. 
Patricians rumor said she 

1576
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:13,300
engaged in Affairs. 
That ridiculed augustus's moral 

1577
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:16,000
edicts. 
Ultimately, he exiled his own 

1578
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,700
daughter a move, he found deeply
painful, but sore as necessary 

1579
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:23,200
to preserve the regime's moral 
Authority, the public gossiped 

1580
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:27,800
concluding that even August, the
Paragon of virtue couldn't tame 

1581
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:29,400
personal scandal in his 
household. 

1582
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:33,100
Another blow came when favored 
grandsons died young. 

1583
01:24:33,800 --> 01:24:35,800
Fracturing. 
The carefully plotted succession

1584
01:24:35,800 --> 01:24:38,400
line, Tiberius or steering 
aloof. 

1585
01:24:38,400 --> 01:24:41,300
Gradually merged as the likely 
are though farther. 

1586
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:44,600
And stepson had an uneasy 
dynamic. in the realm of 

1587
01:24:44,608 --> 01:24:47,900
culture, a golden age, 
flourished, also the 

1588
01:24:47,900 --> 01:24:51,600
retrospective label claimed 
Patronage from Augustus and his 

1589
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:55,100
confidence, like messiness 
supported literary talents, who 

1590
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:58,400
produced enduring works. 
Virgils are neared wove. 

1591
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:02,300
Trojan Legends into Rome's, 
Destiny, subtly legitimizing, 

1592
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:06,100
Augustine rule as fate Olivia 
wrote Monumental history is 

1593
01:25:06,100 --> 01:25:09,000
praising Roman virtues. 
Carefully tiptoeing around the 

1594
01:25:09,008 --> 01:25:13,200
Civil Wars that had cemented the
principle of its vs Charmed 

1595
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:17,100
readers with witty takes on love
and mythology until his exile 

1596
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:20,100
for unspecified in discretion. 
For perhaps, for offending the 

1597
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:23,600
Imperial, moral code, the 
tension between creative freedom

1598
01:25:23,600 --> 01:25:27,600
and political lines became a 
Hallmark of the IRS art Master 

1599
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:30,700
sculptors and Architects, 
harnessed Greek, influences, 

1600
01:25:30,700 --> 01:25:33,700
producing distinctive Roman 
designs, that still Grace, 

1601
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:37,400
surviving ruined, the ARA 
patches celebrating August and 

1602
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:41,000
peace stands. 
As a prime example, By the dawn 

1603
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:44,500
of the first century CE 
augustus's principate had 

1604
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,600
reigned over two decades of 
relative stability, children 

1605
01:25:47,600 --> 01:25:50,800
grew up knowing no Civil War, a 
remarkable shift from older 

1606
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:53,300
Generations. 
The memory of the Republic's 

1607
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,500
Freedom drifted into Nostalgia 
for some While, others. 

1608
01:25:56,500 --> 01:25:59,300
Believe that a single guiding 
figure was the best bulwark 

1609
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:03,700
against future, chaos, indeed, 
many equestrians and Senators 

1610
01:26:03,700 --> 01:26:05,500
quietly. 
Recognized, they were better off

1611
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:08,000
under predictable Central rule 
than risking the 

1612
01:26:08,008 --> 01:26:11,200
unpredictability of competitive 
elections that often spiraled 

1613
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:13,000
into assassinations or civil 
conflict. 

1614
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:16,500
Yet the question of the Empire's
longevity remained. 

1615
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:20,600
If Augustus died unexpectedly 
would type beerus or another 

1616
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:21,800
figure. 
Hold the empire together. 

1617
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:25,000
Could the principal Outlast one 
man's lifetime? 

1618
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:28,300
In the Twilight of his Reign or 
gustus. 

1619
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:31,700
Orchestrated, subtle transitions
of authority to Tiberius 

1620
01:26:31,700 --> 01:26:35,200
confirming Powers. 
Gradually He hoped to avoid the 

1621
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:37,300
abrupt vacuum that had ensnared 
Caesar. 

1622
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:40,600
Whether the Roman world was 
truly ready for a dynastic, 

1623
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:43,600
monarchy a concept. 
So alien to its older, 

1624
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:47,100
Republican ethos was an open 
question, but there was no 

1625
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:51,000
turning back the age of Augustus
had irreversibly shaped a Roman 

1626
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:53,500
identity now into twined with a 
single rulers. 

1627
01:26:53,500 --> 01:26:56,100
Guiding hand. 
By 14 CE. 

1628
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:59,600
Augustus was an aging figure his
hair had grade. 

1629
01:26:59,600 --> 01:27:03,500
His health grew freiler yet his 
grip on power remained firm. 

1630
01:27:04,000 --> 01:27:07,600
He'd spent decades refining, the
prince mechanics, ensuring his 

1631
01:27:07,608 --> 01:27:11,400
direct, or indirect control over
the military legal, and 

1632
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,900
religious spheres. 
Mentally, he pondered the last 

1633
01:27:14,900 --> 01:27:18,500
Act of his storied life. 
If the principate was to endure,

1634
01:27:18,500 --> 01:27:22,400
he needed Tiberius his 
designated successor to 

1635
01:27:22,400 --> 01:27:26,200
seamlessly assumed control. 
Some suspected Tiberius 

1636
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:30,000
possessed, neither Augustus 
Charisma, nor compassion but 

1637
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:32,400
there was no other candidate 
left with enough legitimacy. 

1638
01:27:33,200 --> 01:27:36,400
That summer, Augustus embarked 
on a journey with Tiberius to 

1639
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:40,400
Southern Italy. 
It was a symbolic Handover or 

1640
01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:43,400
perhaps it was simply a final 
inspection tour along the way 

1641
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:45,500
his health. 
Deteriorated quickly. 

1642
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:48,900
Near Nola the place of his 
father's death decades. 

1643
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:52,500
Prior he lingered in bed, 
occasionally conversing with 

1644
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:56,000
Tiberius and others from his 
retinue according to tradition. 

1645
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:59,600
His last words, carried, a hint 
of the theatrical flourish 

1646
01:27:59,600 --> 01:28:02,500
comparing life to a play, in 
imploring them to applaud. 

1647
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:16,200
If he had performed. 
Well on August 19th, 14th news 

1648
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:19,200
of his death. 
Spread swiftly in Rome, a tide 

1649
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,800
of mourning ensued, the Senate 
declared him, a god Divas or 

1650
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:25,900
guster's, continuing, a trend 
that had begun with season's 

1651
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:29,100
defecation. 
The city's populace, which had 

1652
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:31,800
never experienced an adult life 
without him as a guiding 

1653
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:35,600
presence face. 
Uncertain times, rituals, 

1654
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:39,300
eulogies and processions offered
the veneer of continuity. 

1655
01:28:40,300 --> 01:28:42,300
Tiberius stepped into the role 
of Princess. 

1656
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,800
Observing the formalities. 
That'll Guster to established 

1657
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:49,500
among the masses grief. 
Mingled with apprehension. 

1658
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:53,400
No single figure had done more 
to shape the new era of Pax. 

1659
01:28:53,400 --> 01:28:57,700
Romana In the subsequent months,
the city of Rome processed 

1660
01:28:57,700 --> 01:28:59,500
augustus's memory in different 
ways. 

1661
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,800
Loyal Senators, commissioned 
arches and statues. 

1662
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,800
Families were counted how their 
grandparents had lived through 

1663
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:09,500
Civil Wars until August, 
restored order, Freedmen who had

1664
01:29:09,508 --> 01:29:12,500
worked in his administration 
wept or exploited, the 

1665
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:15,800
transition to jockey for new 
positions across the provinces 

1666
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:19,100
local Elites who had thrived 
under August and patronage 

1667
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:21,900
worried whether Tiberius would 
maintain the same approach. 

1668
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:26,100
Despite the news, unsettling the
legions, they remained loyal to 

1669
01:29:26,100 --> 01:29:29,100
the new emperor. 
Some among the legions expected 

1670
01:29:29,100 --> 01:29:33,100
bonuses or reforms leading to 
brief mutinies in the Rhine and 

1671
01:29:33,100 --> 01:29:36,300
pannonia. 
Tiberius in his capable nephew 

1672
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:40,000
germanicus. 
Resolved them As Time passed 

1673
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:44,000
historians began weaving 
augustus's Reign into Grand 

1674
01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:47,900
narratives, some like Levy had 
already praised him in near 

1675
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:50,600
Mythic terms. 
Others were more subdued 

1676
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:53,600
ignoring that while Augustus 
ended civil Strife. 

1677
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:57,300
He'd also strangled the old 
Republican Liberties a new 

1678
01:29:57,308 --> 01:30:01,700
generation born under, however, 
only understood the Republic 

1679
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:05,300
through ancestral stories. 
They took for granted that a 

1680
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:08,400
single figure guided State 
policy minted coins with their 

1681
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:12,500
face and overshadowed Senate. 
The heritage of Civil Wars 

1682
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:16,000
receded into second-hand 
accounts leaving Augustus as an 

1683
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:18,600
almost fatherly figure in the 
Roman psyche, the man who 

1684
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:21,500
brought peace? 
The deeper subtleties of his 

1685
01:30:21,508 --> 01:30:24,600
rule, his cunning manipulations 
the purges that built the 

1686
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:27,600
principate. 
The clandestine power plays were

1687
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:31,300
overshadowed by the public 
facade of piety tradition and 

1688
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:34,700
moderation. 
Indeed, the final version of his

1689
01:30:34,700 --> 01:30:36,800
life story shaped by his 
supporters. 

1690
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:40,200
Cultivated an image of a 
reluctant ruler who accepted 

1691
01:30:40,200 --> 01:30:44,400
power only for the public good. 
Detractors existed. 

1692
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:47,700
But they rarely had a platform 
to challenge the official line 

1693
01:30:47,700 --> 01:30:51,000
over. 
Centuries subsequent Emperors 

1694
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:54,500
embraced or distanced themselves
from Augustine ideals. some 

1695
01:30:54,500 --> 01:30:57,300
attempted to emulate his 
delicate balance, While others 

1696
01:30:57,300 --> 01:31:00,500
fail, allowing cruelty or 
extravagance to overshadow 

1697
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:04,400
statesmanship An essential 
Augustine Legacy was the ongoing

1698
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:08,200
Pax, Romana a relative peace 
that span from Britain to the 

1699
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:10,800
Freight's though. 
Wars on the Frontiers never 

1700
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:14,700
vanished Germanic raids revolts 
in Judea tensions. 

1701
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:18,000
With pathya, the Empire's core 
heartlands prospered. 

1702
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:21,800
Trade routes, thrived carrying 
goods from a cross, the 

1703
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:25,400
Mediterranean and Beyond, while 
Roman law code extended deeper 

1704
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:28,400
into newly integrated 
communities, The stability 

1705
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,900
boosted, population growth, 
Urban Development, and cultural 

1706
01:31:31,900 --> 01:31:34,700
exchange fostering an 
environment where future 

1707
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:38,000
historians philosophers, and 
Architects, found the resources 

1708
01:31:38,000 --> 01:31:40,400
to flourish in subsequent 
centuries. 

1709
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:44,000
Christians, when they emerged in
the Empire pointed to the 

1710
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:47,300
stable, Roman roads under 
Augustine, expansions as an 

1711
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:49,600
inadvertent Gateway for their 
missionaries to travel. 

1712
01:31:50,400 --> 01:31:53,600
Even mundane aspects 
standardized coinage. 

1713
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:57,400
Consistent administrative 
provinces owed much to the 

1714
01:31:57,400 --> 01:32:01,900
Augusta blueprint Emperors like 
trajan and Hadrian centuries 

1715
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:05,500
later, recognized that forging a
stable rule required. 

1716
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:09,100
A delicate dance, not entirely 
different from augustus's 

1717
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:13,000
approach securing, the Loyalty 
of armies appearing with Senate 

1718
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:15,800
and wooing. 
The populace, the memory of all 

1719
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:17,900
gustus. 
Therefore served as an archetype

1720
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:21,800
for the good Emperor, never mind
that the path to his power was 

1721
01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:23,300
littered with cunning and 
bloodshed. 

1722
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:27,000
Ultimately, Augustus success lay
in Melbourne, contradictory in 

1723
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:29,800
pulses. 
He revived old festivals, yet 

1724
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:33,200
rewrote the political structure.
He promised the Senate respect 

1725
01:32:33,200 --> 01:32:36,400
yet, controlled them with 
cunning Championed moral 

1726
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:39,400
reforms, yet exiled, his 
daughter due to a scandal, the 

1727
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:43,000
story of his life remains a 
mosaic of ambition, altruism 

1728
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,200
caution. 
And ruthlessness, without him 

1729
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:49,900
roam might have shattered under 
repeated Civil Wars with him, 

1730
01:32:49,900 --> 01:32:53,400
the Republic mutated into an 
Empire anchored by one man's 

1731
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:56,000
Authority that delicate 
compromise. 

1732
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:58,700
Monarchy dressed in Republican 
costume carried. 

1733
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:02,700
Rome forward for Generations, 
shaping Western history in ways.

1734
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:06,200
No one in the Smoky Senate Halls
of yesteryear could have fully 

1735
01:33:06,200 --> 01:33:10,700
foreseen. long after augustus's 
death, the Roman World, recited 

1736
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:13,700
Legends of his early days from 
the moment, he claimed Caesars 

1737
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:18,100
inheritance to the final, 
quieting of civil strife, poets 

1738
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:21,100
retold, how we found Roman 
chaos, and forged a new dawn of 

1739
01:33:21,108 --> 01:33:25,000
order even ordinary citizens 
traveling along roads line with 

1740
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:28,700
his Milestone, The Echoes of an 
emperor who merged subtlety with

1741
01:33:28,700 --> 01:33:32,500
power Yet historians then are 
now debate whether Augustus 

1742
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:35,900
truly believed in the facade of 
Republican restoration or simply

1743
01:33:35,900 --> 01:33:37,700
harnessed it to quell potential 
opposition. 

1744
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:42,300
The notion of restoring, the 
Republic was more than political

1745
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:44,000
spin. 
It was a psychological 

1746
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:47,000
necessity. 
Romans had long prided 

1747
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:50,000
themselves on hating Kings, 
since the Etruscan monarchy was 

1748
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:54,300
expelled centuries earlier by 
adopting titles like Prime caps 

1749
01:33:54,300 --> 01:33:58,000
first among equals and parading 
virtues such as modesty. 

1750
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:02,500
Augustus defected the Specter of
tyranny, He decorated official 

1751
01:34:02,500 --> 01:34:04,600
ceremonies with illusions of 
senatorial. 

1752
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:08,600
Collaboration in practice 
though, every key office and 

1753
01:34:08,600 --> 01:34:12,100
Province was under his watchful 
eye by centralizing, the means 

1754
01:34:12,100 --> 01:34:15,700
to wage War II controlling 
Legions. 

1755
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:20,300
He rendered any Senator LED 
Rebellion almost impossible This

1756
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:23,700
system had its share of 
paradoxes freed from the cycle 

1757
01:34:23,700 --> 01:34:25,900
of Civil Wars. 
The Senate could resume its 

1758
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:29,200
dignified debates on laws 
awarding, triumphs or passing 

1759
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:32,200
judgments, but only so far as it
aligned with the emperor's 

1760
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:35,300
overarching interests. 
Youngest Senators, who never 

1761
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:38,200
experienced the chaotic, 
Republic found comfort in the 

1762
01:34:38,208 --> 01:34:41,300
principate security, they 
advance in a structured career 

1763
01:34:41,300 --> 01:34:44,900
path, Cuesta Prater console 
under Augustus and oversight 

1764
01:34:44,900 --> 01:34:47,000
freed from the anxiety of 
violent. 

1765
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:50,200
Contests, a pivoted to 
administrative tasks like 

1766
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:52,700
refining legal codes or 
sponsoring public games. 

1767
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:56,200
These changes drain some 
Vitality from senatorial life 

1768
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:59,200
but also eliminated. 
The lethal rivalries that wants 

1769
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:03,600
stained Roman politics in blood.
Religious Transformations. 

1770
01:35:03,600 --> 01:35:07,600
Also underscored his Reign, the 
Imperial cult venerating the 

1771
01:35:07,600 --> 01:35:11,700
emperor's family took root in 
the provinces temples to divers 

1772
01:35:11,700 --> 01:35:15,600
Julius the deified Julius Caesar
dotted Asia Minor and Gaul 

1773
01:35:15,600 --> 01:35:17,900
bridging local Traditions with 
Roman identity. 

1774
01:35:19,500 --> 01:35:22,000
Just carefully navigated the 
line between piety and 

1775
01:35:22,008 --> 01:35:25,400
blasphemy, never outright 
demanded worship of himself in 

1776
01:35:25,400 --> 01:35:29,100
Italy, but in distant provinces 
cult centers. 

1777
01:35:29,100 --> 01:35:33,000
Proclaiming his Divine status 
arose This practice fostered. 

1778
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:36,700
Unity as local Elites built 
shrines to Augustus to Curry 

1779
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:39,300
favor. 
Blending indigenous Gods with 

1780
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:40,500
Roman Imperial? 
Reverence. 

1781
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:45,200
On a personal level or Gus's 
household, dramas, had shaped 

1782
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:48,600
his paternalistic posture toward
the Empire, The Heartbreak with 

1783
01:35:48,600 --> 01:35:52,900
Julia, the succession Fiasco's, 
and the manipulative marriages 

1784
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:54,900
taught him. 
That absolute power came at the 

1785
01:35:54,900 --> 01:35:57,900
cost of familial strain. 
Ancient gossip blinds. 

1786
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:00,900
He was cold or unfeeling to 
those who fell out of favor. 

1787
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:05,100
But cleaning from the letters 
that survived we see glimpses of

1788
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:07,900
a man torn between fatherly 
instincts and political 

1789
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:10,800
necessity. 
He exiled those he loved to 

1790
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,200
maintain the moral facade. 
He'd cultivated for the public 

1791
01:36:13,200 --> 01:36:16,900
real or staged that posture 
anchored the moral Authority 

1792
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:20,000
behind his social reforms. 
Nor were the provincial 

1793
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:24,300
expansions always peaceful in 
the Spanish interior Augustine 

1794
01:36:24,300 --> 01:36:27,800
generals waged campaigns to 
quell tribes that refused Roman 

1795
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:30,000
oversight. 
The Alpine passes were brought 

1796
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:33,600
under direct Roman control to 
secure transalpine trade routes.

1797
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:37,900
Fortress lines, sprung up along 
the Danube to repel or monitor 

1798
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:40,800
to the Restless stations. 
These expansions were not 

1799
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:42,800
offered by Grand triumphal 
procession. 

1800
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:45,800
Augustus himself, rarely took 
personal credit. 

1801
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:48,900
Preferring to let generals hold 
subdued ceremonies. 

1802
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:52,200
He recognized that the Empire 
needed no flamboyant displays 

1803
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:56,700
reminiscent of early Warlords. 
Instead stable Frontiers a 

1804
01:36:56,700 --> 01:37:00,100
robust Commerce Network and the 
Pax Romana sense of normalcy, 

1805
01:37:00,100 --> 01:37:01,800
proved enough to maintain public
favor. 

1806
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:06,200
When Tiberius finally, stepped 
into the Imperial role, most 

1807
01:37:06,200 --> 01:37:09,800
people expected continuity. 
The new emperor inherited not 

1808
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:12,900
just the institutions, but also 
the attitudes, Augustus had, 

1809
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,600
sown Tiberius adhered to many 
Augustine precedents though. 

1810
01:37:16,600 --> 01:37:19,000
His personal style was more 
reclusive and severe. 

1811
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:22,500
The senatorial class realized 
that augustus's blueprint. 

1812
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:25,900
And Emperor of a shadowing, the 
facade of a free republic would 

1813
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,400
continue. 
No, major push to resurrect a 

1814
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:32,200
purely, Republican system 
emerged, some die-hard 

1815
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:34,100
Republicans, still existed in 
the shadows. 

1816
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:37,200
But after Decades of peace and 
the empires continued growth, 

1817
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,000
the majority accepted the 
principal, as The New Normal. 

1818
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:45,100
Cross centuries, augustus's 
memory sword to near Mythic 

1819
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:48,600
Empress from near to 
Constantine, either invoke or 

1820
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,200
reshaped August. 
And Tropez on coinage. 

1821
01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:53,900
They displayed genealogical ties
or spelled out. 

1822
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,700
Slogans reminiscent of August 
and virtues, Augustus itself 

1823
01:37:57,700 --> 01:38:00,500
became more than a name. 
It was an honorific for all 

1824
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:05,100
subsequent Emperors signifying. 
The same revered status writers,

1825
01:38:05,100 --> 01:38:08,500
compiled accounts of his Reign, 
both praising his modesty and 

1826
01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:12,400
hinting at cunning The next 
generation's face, their crises 

1827
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:16,500
Caligula's Mania the Jewish 
revolts or the year of the four 

1828
01:38:16,500 --> 01:38:18,800
Emperors. 
Yet, Augustus, caesarea stood 

1829
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:22,900
out as time of relative Harmony,
even if precariously balanced 

1830
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:25,700
Looking back from a vantage 
point centuries. 

1831
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:29,400
Later historian, seal gustus is 
the pivot from a fractious 

1832
01:38:29,400 --> 01:38:34,200
Republic to a stable. 
If autocratic Empire Freed from 

1833
01:38:34,208 --> 01:38:37,500
crippling Civil Wars, the 
Mediterranean World blossomed in

1834
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:40,200
trade and culture. 
The seeds of an architectural 

1835
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:42,300
Revolution. 
Took root in Rome's, new 

1836
01:38:42,300 --> 01:38:45,200
monuments, bridging Greek 
Artistry with Roman engineering.

1837
01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:48,300
And though the principate of 
eventually shifted toward more 

1838
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:52,200
Evert Emperors like Caligula or 
domitian, Augustine model, never

1839
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:55,300
vanished. 
The notion of a first citizen 

1840
01:38:55,300 --> 01:38:57,900
quietly. 
Sustaining, the illusions of 

1841
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:02,100
senatorial dignity underpinned. 
The Empire's structure until the

1842
01:39:02,100 --> 01:39:06,700
West crumbled centuries later. 
Augustus's example, subtle 

1843
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:10,900
multifaceted and deeply embedded
in Roman tradition, remains a 

1844
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:13,200
testament to how a single 
individual can reshape the 

1845
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:14,900
trajectory of an entire 
Civilization. 

1846
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:19,200
Now, with Millennia gone. 
Since augustus's death, we 

1847
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:22,700
possess a panoramic view of his 
life and Legacy avantage Point 

1848
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:25,400
that reveals both the glimmering
Heights and the murky Corners 

1849
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:29,600
his youthful cunning harnessed 
after sees as assassination. 

1850
01:39:30,500 --> 01:39:32,800
Established a pattern of 
strategic alliances and 

1851
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,700
Relentless ambition. 
That Fierce Drive, paved his 

1852
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,400
scent from an underestimated are
to the architect of Rome's first

1853
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:44,100
imperial system, but behind the 
luminescent facade of the Pax. 

1854
01:39:44,100 --> 01:39:48,600
Romana one notices, the ashes of
Republican Liberties, countless 

1855
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:51,900
casualties of prescriptions and 
a well-managed propaganda 

1856
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:54,000
machine. 
Smoothing over the sharp edges 

1857
01:39:54,000 --> 01:39:57,800
of absolute power modern 
Scholars, often debate, whether 

1858
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:01,600
he was a benevolent autocrat or 
a slime manipulator, who 

1859
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:04,500
exploited War weariness to 
install, a monarchy in all, but 

1860
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:07,100
name. 
The truth likely straddles are 

1861
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:11,400
delicate boundary, augustus's 
reforms streamlining, taxation 

1862
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:15,100
professionalizing, the Army and 
encouraging moral and cultural 

1863
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:18,600
Revival point to a genuine 
desire for a robust enduring 

1864
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:21,600
order. 
However, he did not hesitate to 

1865
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:24,000
use lethal measures when they 
strengthened his position. 

1866
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:27,800
For every Temple. 
He built there was a political 

1867
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:31,000
rival, he sighed or a province 
subjugated under Roman 

1868
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:34,500
Authority. 
In rhetorical terms, Augustus 

1869
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:38,400
was no flamboyant, orator but 
his Mastery in setting the 

1870
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:40,400
narrative. 
He let others speak 

1871
01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:45,000
extravagantly on his behalf 
poets, loyal Senators provincial

1872
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:48,500
allies and rarely contradicted. 
The glowing accounts that cast 

1873
01:40:48,500 --> 01:40:53,100
him as Jerome savior over time. 
This cultivated Persona sank, 

1874
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:57,000
deep into Rome's Collective 
psyche, even the Senate once 

1875
01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:00,200
proud and fractious resigned to 
his overarching, presence 

1876
01:41:00,200 --> 01:41:03,200
content to pass decrees 
endorsing him as father of the 

1877
01:41:03,208 --> 01:41:06,800
Fatherland. 
The city's plebeians exhausted 

1878
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,400
by previous turmoil, embrace, 
the peace and spectacle Grand 

1879
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:14,000
gladiatorial games, public 
feasts in the distribution of 

1880
01:41:14,000 --> 01:41:16,800
grain. 
With daily lifeless precarious 

1881
01:41:16,800 --> 01:41:19,900
who dared demand the intangible 
freedoms of an older era. 

1882
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:24,300
Augustus's family tragedies, 
especially around succession. 

1883
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:28,400
Highlight, the precarious nature
of hereditary rule The 

1884
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:30,700
difference between the 
principate carefully, curated 

1885
01:41:30,700 --> 01:41:33,400
for sad and personal heartbreak,
ran Stark. 

1886
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:37,300
The Exiles of Julia and Olivia, 
along with the disgraced heirs, 

1887
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:39,500
who died. 
Prematurely pointed to a regime 

1888
01:41:39,508 --> 01:41:42,500
that valued moral discipline and
uniformity over personal 

1889
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:47,100
Indulgence this was the official
narrative in private, some 

1890
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,300
cunning courtiers thrived 
Whispering half truths to 

1891
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:53,700
maintain favor, this Dynamic 
would plague future Emperors 

1892
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,800
from tiberias suspicious 
watchfulness to Narrows 

1893
01:41:56,800 --> 01:42:00,300
flamboyant, paranoia 
Architectural logically, we see 

1894
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:02,200
Augustine Footprints across the 
empire. 

1895
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:06,300
The city of Rome was adorned 
with the Forum of Augustus, the 

1896
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:10,100
Temple of Mars, Altar and the 
ARA patches each a testament not

1897
01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:13,100
just to religious devotion. 
But to the Synergy between art 

1898
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:16,500
and political messaging in 
provincial cities from Spain to 

1899
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:20,900
Asia Minor local Elites mirrored
Augustine Styles erecting 

1900
01:42:20,900 --> 01:42:23,000
temples to the Imperial cult and
adopting. 

1901
01:42:23,000 --> 01:42:26,100
Roman architectural motifs this 
cultural assimilation 

1902
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:29,700
contributed to the forging of a 
Roman identity that transcended 

1903
01:42:29,700 --> 01:42:32,000
narrow tribal or local 
loyalties. 

1904
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:36,000
Even in the Greek East where 
Hellenic culture had once over 

1905
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:39,900
shadowed Rome's age. 
Catalyzed a new synthesis, 

1906
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:43,500
merging Greek Traditions with 
Roman rule under the notion of a

1907
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:47,700
shared Pax, Romana When 
analyzing augustus's Reign One 

1908
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:50,700
can't ignore the question of how
it impacted future governance, 

1909
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:53,100
the next four centuries of Roman
history. 

1910
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:55,500
Revolve around the tension 
between the illusions of 

1911
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:58,400
Augustine modesty and the 
realities of Emperors who 

1912
01:42:58,400 --> 01:43:00,600
demanded worship or indulged 
capricious. 

1913
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:04,200
Whims the five good Emperors 
from nerva to Marcus. 

1914
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:08,700
Aurelius, try to Echo Aston 
virtues focusing on stoic 

1915
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:12,200
Administration and Public Works 
others, like Caligula or 

1916
01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:15,200
Commodus. 
Abandoned the pretenses exposing

1917
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:17,900
the Empire to the rawness of 
untempered or toxicity. 

1918
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:21,400
Through all these fluctuations, 
the concept of the princess, 

1919
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:25,800
never truly vanished. 
Only mutated eventually morphing

1920
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:30,800
into the openly acknowledged 
Dominus by the time of Daya In 

1921
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:34,500
popular imagination, or gustus 
remains a figure to a sculptor 

1922
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,000
who took the shards of a 
fractured Republic and molded 

1923
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,600
them into something new. 
He didn't just pacify Rome, he 

1924
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:44,000
re-envisioned its institution, 
so thoroughly that later. 

1925
01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:46,700
Romans struggled to imagine 
returning to the old ways. 

1926
01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:50,900
Even centuries after the Western
Empire fell Echoes of his 

1927
01:43:50,900 --> 01:43:53,300
centralized governance 
influenced medieval and modern 

1928
01:43:53,300 --> 01:43:57,500
States, his name or gustus 
became short-handed for 

1929
01:43:57,508 --> 01:44:00,100
adjustable firm Overlord. 
The weight of that 

1930
01:44:00,100 --> 01:44:02,200
transformation cannot be 
overstated. 

1931
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:06,000
Rome Grew From city-state to 
World empire under the shadows 

1932
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:09,600
of the triumvirates, and the 
many Civil Wars culminating in a

1933
01:44:09,608 --> 01:44:13,300
regime that For Better or Worse.
Outlasted a thousand nuances of 

1934
01:44:13,300 --> 01:44:17,700
politics, ultimately, augustus's
greatest Triumph was forging. 

1935
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:19,800
A stable system. 
Where once only Warlords 

1936
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:23,000
contended, his greatest cost was
the Republican spirit that 

1937
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:26,500
withered in the process replaced
by an Empire reliant on one 

1938
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:30,100
man's judgment, whether that 
trade was worthwhile, depends on

1939
01:44:30,108 --> 01:44:33,800
the lens of perspective, those 
craving order and prosperity 

1940
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,300
will those lamenting lost Civic 
freedoms. 

1941
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:40,600
Even now his story stands as a 
masterclass in political 

1942
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:44,400
reinvention of how flexible 
ambition tempered by paternal 

1943
01:44:44,400 --> 01:44:47,000
imagery can reconstruct a 
government from ashes. 

1944
01:44:47,000 --> 01:44:49,400
And so ends the tale of 
Augustus. 

1945
01:44:49,400 --> 01:44:53,800
The understated youth turned in 
territory who quietly slipped a 

1946
01:44:53,800 --> 01:44:56,400
monarchy into ROM's, heart while
draping it in the garments of 

1947
01:44:56,400 --> 01:44:59,200
tradition. 
With that, cunning he forever, 

1948
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:01,300
we shape the course of Western 
Civilization. 

1949
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:09,800
Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted, 8 Hour luxury, 

1950
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:13,600
you want new in another life, 
instead, you dozed fitfully 

1951
01:45:13,600 --> 01:45:17,500
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

1952
01:45:17,508 --> 01:45:21,000
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large, moving through 

1953
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:25,000
the brush outside and the gentle
snoring of your cavemen curled 

1954
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:27,300
around the dying, Embers of last
night's fire. 

1955
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:31,200
Your bed is a carefully arranged
pile of Furs and dried grasses. 

1956
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,500
Positioned just far enough from 
the cave mouth to avoid the 

1957
01:45:34,508 --> 01:45:35,200
morning. 
Chill. 

1958
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:37,700
But close enough to make a quick
Escape if needed. 

1959
01:45:37,700 --> 01:45:40,100
Yes. 
Escape plans were part of 

1960
01:45:40,108 --> 01:45:43,400
interior decorating back. 
Then, the stone beneath you has 

1961
01:45:43,400 --> 01:45:46,300
been worn Smooth by countless 
nights of human body seeking 

1962
01:45:46,300 --> 01:45:49,000
comfort and honestly it's not 
terrible. 

1963
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:53,000
Once you pile on enough, Mammoth
hide stretching your arms 

1964
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:56,200
carefully because that shoulder 
you wrenched wrestling, a 

1965
01:45:56,200 --> 01:45:58,300
particularly stubborn root 
vegetable last week. 

1966
01:45:58,300 --> 01:46:01,800
Still protests You notice the 
familiar ache in your lower 

1967
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:04,500
back. 
Living in the Paleolithic era 

1968
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:08,400
was essentially a continuous low
intensity exercise regiment that

1969
01:46:08,400 --> 01:46:11,100
would leave modern Fitness 
Enthusiast feeling both envious 

1970
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:14,400
and exhausted. 
The fire pit still glows faintly

1971
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,700
in the center of your cave home.
Keeping it alive through the 

1972
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:20,700
night was everyone's 
responsibility because starting 

1973
01:46:20,700 --> 01:46:23,900
a new fire from scratch was 
about as far as performing 

1974
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:26,900
surgery with stone tools, which 
come to think of it. 

1975
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:30,000
Sometimes happened you pad over 
on bare feet that have 

1976
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:32,000
developed, Souls tougher than 
any boot leather. 

1977
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,400
Adding a few small branches to 
Coke the Flames back to life. 

1978
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:38,800
The morning ritual begins with 
checking your body from new 

1979
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:41,600
aches, Cuts or mysterious 
bruises that appeared overnight.

1980
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:45,400
Living near nature, often 
results in it leaving its mark 

1981
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:48,700
on your shin or forearm. 
Today's inventory reveals a 

1982
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:50,900
scratch on your thumb from 
yesterday's Flint, knapping 

1983
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,100
session and a tender spot on 
your hip where you misjudge the 

1984
01:46:54,108 --> 01:46:57,100
height of a boulder. 
This is a common occurrence, 

1985
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:00,600
your stomach announces itself 
with a rumble that Echoes 

1986
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:04,300
slightly off the cave walls. 
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 

1987
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:07,000
refrigerator mainly because 
refrigerators won't be invented 

1988
01:47:07,000 --> 01:47:11,100
for another 40,000 years or so, 
instead your morning meal 

1989
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:15,200
depends entirely on yesterday's 
success at Gathering hunting or 

1990
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:17,500
the ancient art of convincing 
someone else to share their 

1991
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:19,900
food. 
You peer outside, the cave 

1992
01:47:19,900 --> 01:47:23,000
entrance, squinting against the 
growing daylight, the world 

1993
01:47:23,000 --> 01:47:27,000
stretches out before you in 
Endless, green broken by Rocky 

1994
01:47:27,000 --> 01:47:29,800
outcropping, and the distant 
glimmer of the river that serves

1995
01:47:29,800 --> 01:47:32,500
as your neighborhood's. 
Main Street, grocery store and 

1996
01:47:32,500 --> 01:47:36,200
Community Center. 
All rolled in to one, the air is

1997
01:47:36,200 --> 01:47:39,900
the center of pine resin damper 
and something that might be 

1998
01:47:39,900 --> 01:47:42,200
Smoke From Another group's fire 
miles away. 

1999
01:47:43,100 --> 01:47:46,100
Where the prediction was a 
survival skill back then, not 

2000
01:47:46,100 --> 01:47:50,400
casual conversation, you scan 
the sky with the intensity of a 

2001
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,100
meteorologist. 
Reading Cloud patterns like a 

2002
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:56,300
morning newspaper. 
Those wispy streaks to the West 

2003
01:47:56,300 --> 01:47:59,500
suggest wind later which could 
mean Rain by evening. 

2004
01:48:00,300 --> 01:48:02,100
The thought makes you mentally 
catalog. 

2005
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:05,700
The caves water containers, 
mostly animal, bladders, and 

2006
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:08,300
carefully shaped gourds that 
took weeks to perfect. 

2007
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,500
A sound from deeper in the cave,
indicates your companions are 

2008
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:15,500
stirring. 
There's grack who snoring, could

2009
01:48:15,500 --> 01:48:17,500
wake the dead and occasionally 
did wake the living? 

2010
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:20,900
It inconvenient moments. 
He's already sitting up running 

2011
01:48:20,900 --> 01:48:23,600
thick fingers through hair. 
That defies any attempt at 

2012
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:26,200
styling, not that styling 
products were readily available.

2013
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:31,200
Beside him mirror stretches like
a cat, a movement's graceful 

2014
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,300
despite sleeping on Stone and 
fur. 

2015
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:37,500
The day ahead holds the usual 
uncertainty food needs to be 

2016
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:41,000
found tools require maintenance 
and Somewhere Out There 

2017
01:48:41,000 --> 01:48:43,900
opportunities and dangers 
waiting equal measure. 

2018
01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:48,500
But first, there is the simple 
joy of living in a world where 

2019
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:51,600
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 
triumphs against the challengers

2020
01:48:51,600 --> 01:48:55,200
your feet, find their way to the
cave entrance and you stand 

2021
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:57,900
there for a moment breathing in 
the morning are that tastes 

2022
01:48:57,900 --> 01:48:59,500
cleaner than anything you could 
imagine. 

2023
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:03,800
The sun climbs, higher 
promising, warmth later and 

2024
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:07,100
somewhere in the distance, a 
bird calls with the kind of pure

2025
01:49:07,100 --> 01:49:10,200
joy, that makes you remember. 
Why being alive even in the 

2026
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:14,200
Stone Age, has its moments of 
absolute perfection finding 

2027
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,300
breakfast in the Paleolithic era
was like playing the world's 

2028
01:49:17,300 --> 01:49:20,300
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

2029
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:22,300
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

2030
01:49:23,400 --> 01:49:26,900
You step outside the cave bare 
feet, immediately registering 

2031
01:49:26,900 --> 01:49:29,500
the temperature and texture of 
the ground information. 

2032
01:49:29,500 --> 01:49:32,600
Your modern brain would dismiss 
but your ancient instincts 

2033
01:49:32,600 --> 01:49:36,300
catalog automatically, The 
morning dew is settled on 

2034
01:49:36,300 --> 01:49:40,100
everything, turning spider, webs
into dual masterpieces and 

2035
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:42,600
making certain rocks. 
Slippery enough to turn a casual

2036
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:44,600
stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session. 

2037
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:48,200
Having experienced this lesson 
first hand, several times. 

2038
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,900
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

2039
01:49:51,900 --> 01:49:53,900
Remains the Same in the stone 
ages as it does. 

2040
01:49:53,900 --> 01:49:56,400
Everywhere else. 
You'll stomach rumbles again, 

2041
01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:59,600
more insistently. 
This time, you've noticed that 

2042
01:49:59,600 --> 01:50:02,400
the human digestive system 
doesn't care about the 

2043
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:04,400
historical significance of your 
situation. 

2044
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:08,600
It's simply craves food. 
Ideally as soon as possible. 

2045
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,700
This morning's breakfast menu 
depends entirely on your 

2046
01:50:11,700 --> 01:50:14,200
knowledge of what's edible vs. 
What's decorative versus? 

2047
01:50:14,200 --> 01:50:17,000
What's deadly? 
It's like being a contestant on 

2048
01:50:17,000 --> 01:50:20,300
the world's most dangerous 
cooking show. 20 yards from the 

2049
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:22,200
cave, you spot a cluster of 
berry bushes. 

2050
01:50:22,200 --> 01:50:25,100
That wasn't there yesterday 
actually they were there 

2051
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:27,900
yesterday but your brain is 
still learning to see food 

2052
01:50:27,900 --> 01:50:32,400
sources and of just green stuff.
The berries are small and dark 

2053
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:35,900
purple and past the preliminary 
tests birds have been eating 

2054
01:50:35,900 --> 01:50:38,200
them without falling over and 
they smell, right? 

2055
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:42,100
You taste one carefully letting 
the flavor register fully before

2056
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:44,400
committing to a handful. 
They are sweet. 

2057
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,200
Slightly tart and have a texture
that suggests. 

2058
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:50,400
They won't cause immediate 
digestive Rebellion success. 

2059
01:50:51,300 --> 01:50:54,800
Gathering enough to satisfy your
hunger, you remain vigilant for 

2060
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:58,300
potential opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

2061
01:50:58,300 --> 01:51:01,300
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

2062
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:02,900
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

2063
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:06,400
Near the berry bushes. 
A cluster of what you've learned

2064
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:08,400
are. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

2065
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:10,100
soil. 
Digging them up. 

2066
01:51:10,100 --> 01:51:13,300
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week, an Excavating 

2067
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:16,100
Roots turns out to be excellent 
exercise for muscle groups. 

2068
01:51:16,100 --> 01:51:19,900
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

2069
01:51:19,900 --> 01:51:21,900
and tastes vaguely, like 
potatoes. 

2070
01:51:21,900 --> 01:51:24,500
If potatoes had been designed by
someone, who'd only heard a 

2071
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:26,000
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

2072
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:30,400
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 

2073
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:32,300
the peculiar way. 
That rabbits pretend to be 

2074
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:34,500
invisible by remaining. 
Absolutely, still. 

2075
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:38,300
Your hand moves slowly toward 
the throwing stick tucked into 

2076
01:51:38,300 --> 01:51:41,900
your woven grass belt. rabbit 
would be a protein upgrade of 

2077
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:44,800
this morning's vegetarian fare 
but hunting requires a 

2078
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,600
combination of skill luck and 
the kind of patients that 

2079
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:51,200
doesn't come naturally when your
stomach is demanding immediate 

2080
01:51:51,200 --> 01:51:54,900
attention, The throwing stick is
a Marvel of Stone Age, 

2081
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:57,600
engineering basically a 
carefully balanced, wooden 

2082
01:51:57,600 --> 01:52:00,300
projectile that you've practiced
with until your shoulder aches. 

2083
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:04,500
The wrap it remains motionless 
probably calculating its odds of

2084
01:52:04,508 --> 01:52:06,900
Escape versus the energy cost of
sudden movement. 

2085
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:09,900
You shift your weight slowly 
raise. 

2086
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,500
The stick with movements, smooth
enough, not to trigger the 

2087
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,600
rabbits flight response, then a 
branch cracks somewhere behind 

2088
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:17,800
you. 
Probably Greg, stumbling around 

2089
01:52:17,800 --> 01:52:21,100
looking for his breakfast and 
the rabbit vanishes in a blur of

2090
01:52:21,108 --> 01:52:24,800
brown fur and indignation. 
You're throwing sticks sails 

2091
01:52:24,800 --> 01:52:28,400
through empty air and lands with
a disappointed thud against a 

2092
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:31,100
tree trunk. 
So much for upgraded protein. 

2093
01:52:32,300 --> 01:52:35,900
You retrieve the stick mentally 
adding practice hunting, in 

2094
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:39,200
areas with fewer clumsy 
companions to your growing list 

2095
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,600
of survival improvements. 
The berries and Roots will have 

2096
01:52:42,600 --> 01:52:45,300
to suffice for now. 
Supplemented by the memory of, 

2097
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:47,600
yes, today's successful fishing 
Expedition. 

2098
01:52:48,700 --> 01:52:51,500
Walking back toward the cave. 
You notice Mira has discovered a

2099
01:52:51,508 --> 01:52:54,300
bird's nest with eggs. 
The kind of find that makes 

2100
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,700
everyone's morning. 
Significantly brighter eggs are 

2101
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:00,500
perfect food packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

2102
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:02,900
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

2103
01:53:02,900 --> 01:53:06,600
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster 

2104
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:09,800
feet especially when the parents
are larger birds with strong 

2105
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:13,200
opinions about Eggo ship the 
morning meal, shapes up, to be a

2106
01:53:13,200 --> 01:53:16,700
combination of your berries and 
Roots, shared eggs and some 

2107
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:19,600
leftover fish that crack managed
not to eat entirely yesterday. 

2108
01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:23,200
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

2109
01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:26,400
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

2110
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:29,100
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

2111
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:30,600
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

2112
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:34,500
On a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

2113
01:53:34,500 --> 01:53:39,100
slowly savoring flavors that are
simple direct and somehow more 

2114
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:42,700
satisfying than you expected. 
The food tastes like work. 

2115
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:46,100
Like success. 
Like the peculiar Pride, that 

2116
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:48,500
comes from feeding yourself 
through knowledge and effort, 

2117
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:51,600
rather than convenience your 
stomach, settles into 

2118
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:53,900
contentment. 
And the day ahead seems more 

2119
01:53:53,900 --> 01:53:57,400
manageable with breakfast 
accomplished, the sun rises 

2120
01:53:57,400 --> 01:53:59,800
higher warming, the rocks, and 
your shoulders. 

2121
01:54:00,600 --> 01:54:03,000
Somewhere in the distance. 
You can hear the river calling 

2122
01:54:03,000 --> 01:54:05,900
with Promises of fish and the 
kind of morning bath that wakes 

2123
01:54:05,900 --> 01:54:08,600
up every nerve ending at once. 
After breakfast. 

2124
01:54:08,600 --> 01:54:11,800
Your attention, turns to the 
Daily maintenance tasks that 

2125
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:15,500
keeps Stone Age life functional 
your toolkit needs inspection 

2126
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:18,700
and in a world where the nearest
hardware store won't exist for 

2127
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:21,800
several Millennia. 
Tool maintenance isn't optional.

2128
01:54:21,800 --> 01:54:25,400
Its survival. 
You settle onto a Flat Rock that

2129
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:28,400
serves as your workbench 
spreading out your collection of

2130
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,300
implements with the care of a 
surge in a instruments. 

2131
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:35,100
There's the knife you chip from 
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 

2132
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:37,900
still sharp enough to slice 
through high but showing tiny 

2133
01:54:37,900 --> 01:54:40,000
Nicks from yesterday's routing 
Expedition. 

2134
01:54:40,000 --> 01:54:43,300
You've bound the spear tip which
required three attempts to 

2135
01:54:43,308 --> 01:54:47,300
perfect, to its wooden shaft 
with such meticulous, cine that 

2136
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:50,800
it almost appears decorative. 
Flint, knapping the art of 

2137
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:54,300
striking stone with stone to 
create sharp edges requires the 

2138
01:54:54,308 --> 01:54:57,600
kind of focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like,

2139
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:01,700
multitasking, you choose a piece
of flint testing its weight and 

2140
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:03,900
density with fingers that have 
learned to read Stone like 

2141
01:55:03,900 --> 01:55:07,100
others, read books. 
The hammer Stone fits perfectly 

2142
01:55:07,100 --> 01:55:10,800
in your palm its surface one 
Smooth by countless impacts. 

2143
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:15,100
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

2144
01:55:15,108 --> 01:55:20,100
feet with a tiny click success. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

2145
01:55:20,100 --> 01:55:23,700
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

2146
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:26,100
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

2147
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:33,600
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

2148
01:55:33,600 --> 01:55:35,500
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

2149
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,500
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

2150
01:55:39,200 --> 01:55:42,300
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, wave 

2151
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:45,600
is for just a moment, and the 
Hammerstone catches, the Flint 

2152
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:48,900
at the wrong angle, instead of a
clean chip, a large chunk breaks

2153
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:51,400
away, taking half your emerging 
Blade with it. 

2154
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:55,000
The Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

2155
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:57,700
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

2156
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:01,200
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined Flint aside 

2157
01:56:01,200 --> 01:56:04,200
and reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself, that failure

2158
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:05,800
is just another word for 
practice. 

2159
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:10,400
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

2160
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:12,700
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

2161
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:16,600
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

2162
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:20,200
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharp enough to make you 

2163
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:23,400
respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

2164
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:27,100
just making new implements your 
spare shaft has developed a 

2165
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,400
small crack near The Binding. 
We kind of flaw that could turn 

2166
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:32,800
a hunting trip into a disaster. 
If left unattended. 

2167
01:56:33,600 --> 01:56:35,100
You unwrap the sin, you 
carefully. 

2168
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:38,400
It's too valuable to waste and 
examine the crack more closely. 

2169
01:56:38,400 --> 01:56:42,000
The split runs with the wood 
grain, which is positive news 

2170
01:56:42,000 --> 01:56:45,500
across grain crack would mean 
starting over with a new shaft. 

2171
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:49,700
You select a thin strip of wet 
hide and wrap it tightly around 

2172
01:56:49,700 --> 01:56:52,200
the damaged area. 
Pulling the wood fibers back 

2173
01:56:52,200 --> 01:56:55,200
together. 
Once it dries, the hide will 

2174
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:58,300
shrink creating a repair 
stronger than the original wood.

2175
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:02,000
Stone Age. 
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 

2176
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:05,100
the adhesive and the tape fire 
maintenance demands, its 

2177
01:57:05,100 --> 01:57:08,300
attention. 
The coals from last night of 

2178
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:11,500
settled into a bed of Embers, 
perfect for cooking but needing 

2179
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:15,500
encouragement to Flame up again.
You add small kindling, dry 

2180
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:19,200
grass thin Twigs strips of birch
bark, that catch fire. 

2181
01:57:19,200 --> 01:57:20,700
Like they were designed for the 
purpose. 

2182
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:24,900
The Flames respond eagerly 
crackling to life with the kind 

2183
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:26,600
of enthusiasm. 
That makes you appreciate 

2184
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:29,800
Humanities ancient partnership 
with controlled combustion. 

2185
01:57:30,800 --> 01:57:34,000
Keeping the fire alive was a 
community responsibility that 

2186
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,600
rotated among the caves 
inhabitants today, is your turn 

2187
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,200
to be the firekeeper, which 
means feeding it, regularly 

2188
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:43,600
banking the coals for cooking 
and most importantly, never 

2189
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,500
letting it die completely. 
Starting a fire from scratch. 

2190
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:51,000
Using flint and steel, or rather
flint and iron pyrite. 

2191
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:54,700
Since steel won't be invented 
for quite a while is possible, 

2192
01:57:54,700 --> 01:57:58,700
but exhausting you practice the 
Fire Starting technique anyway 

2193
01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:00,700
because redundancy keeps you 
alive. 

2194
01:58:01,500 --> 01:58:05,000
Strike Flint against pyrite, 
directing the Sparks into a nest

2195
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:07,200
of the finest driest in the, you
can prepare. 

2196
01:58:08,200 --> 01:58:12,000
Cedar bark worked into soft 
fibers Birch, fungus and dried 

2197
01:58:12,000 --> 01:58:13,000
grass. 
So fine. 

2198
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:16,500
It's almost powder. 
The Sparks catch glowing like 

2199
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:20,600
tiny stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, Coke's them into 

2200
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:24,200
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing, but skill 

2201
01:58:24,200 --> 01:58:27,000
and persistence. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

2202
01:58:27,000 --> 01:58:30,000
satisfaction. 
That's hard to describe in a 

2203
01:58:30,008 --> 01:58:33,000
world where most things are 
uncertain being able to create 

2204
01:58:33,000 --> 01:58:35,400
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

2205
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,600
Which from the perspective of 
any other animal, you suppose it

2206
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:41,900
is. 
Your morning's work spreads out 

2207
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:46,000
around you newly sharpened 
tools, repaired weapons a 

2208
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:48,400
healthy fire and the kind of 
competence that builds 

2209
01:58:48,400 --> 01:58:51,000
confidence. 
These aren't glamorous tasks, 

2210
01:58:51,000 --> 01:58:53,400
but they form the foundation 
that makes everything else 

2211
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:56,500
possible. 
Every sharp edge, every strong 

2212
01:58:56,500 --> 01:58:59,700
binding, and every glowing coal 
represents the difference 

2213
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:01,600
between thriving and merely 
surviving. 

2214
01:59:02,400 --> 01:59:05,600
The sun has climbed higher while
you worked and the warmth feels 

2215
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:09,100
good on your shoulders. 
In the distance, you can hear 

2216
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:12,000
water running over rocks. 
The river calling with Promises 

2217
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:14,600
of fish and the kind of cooling 
bath that makes hot work. 

2218
01:59:14,600 --> 01:59:18,100
While the river beckons with the
sound of water moving over 

2219
01:59:18,100 --> 01:59:21,600
Stone's a constant murmur that 
serves as the soundtrack to your

2220
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:24,100
daily life you gather your 
fishing equipment. 

2221
01:59:25,100 --> 01:59:28,900
Spear with a particularly point 
a net woven from plant fibers 

2222
01:59:28,900 --> 01:59:32,300
that took weeks to complete and 
the kind of optimism that comes 

2223
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:34,900
from successful, fishing 
experiences mixed with 

2224
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:37,600
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

2225
01:59:38,300 --> 01:59:40,700
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

2226
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:44,000
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

2227
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,000
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

2228
01:59:47,000 --> 01:59:50,400
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

2229
01:59:50,400 --> 01:59:52,500
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

2230
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:55,200
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

2231
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,900
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

2232
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:02,100
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

2233
02:00:02,100 --> 02:00:06,200
when you're picking mud out of 
uncomfortable places. your 

2234
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:08,400
fishing spot is a bend in the 
river where the current slows 

2235
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:11,700
and deepens creating a natural 
pool where fish tend to gather 

2236
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:14,800
The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

2237
02:00:14,800 --> 02:00:18,200
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

2238
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:20,300
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

2239
02:00:20,308 --> 02:00:23,200
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

2240
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:27,000
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

2241
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:28,600
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

2242
02:00:28,600 --> 02:00:31,300
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

2243
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:34,100
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

2244
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:37,200
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

2245
02:00:37,200 --> 02:00:40,700
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

2246
02:00:40,700 --> 02:00:43,600
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

2247
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:47,000
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

2248
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:49,500
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

2249
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,700
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

2250
02:00:52,700 --> 02:00:55,000
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

2251
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:57,900
to maintain its place in the 
current it's perfectly 

2252
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:00,700
positioned for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

2253
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:04,600
complex physics of refraction 
water resistance and the fishes 

2254
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:07,000
likely Escape Route all while 
maintaining the balance 

2255
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:09,800
necessary not to fall off your 
rock in to the river. 

2256
02:01:09,800 --> 02:01:12,700
You raise the spear slowly 
muscles. 

2257
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:15,200
Remembering the thousands of 
practice throws that have taught

2258
02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:17,500
your arms, the proper Ark and 
release point. 

2259
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:22,500
The fish remains steady. 
Focused on something Upstream 

2260
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:24,600
that might be food drifting down
with the current. 

2261
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:28,800
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet opportunity

2262
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:32,100
assuming your aim is improved 
since yesterday somewhat 

2263
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:35,100
embarrassing performance. 
The spear leaves your hand, with

2264
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:38,700
the smooth motion of long, 
practice, cutting through air, 

2265
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:42,600
and then water with barely a 
splash. success appears certain 

2266
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:45,900
for a moment, then physics 
asserts itself in the form of 

2267
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,200
water refraction and your spear 
passes harmlessly beneath the 

2268
02:01:49,200 --> 02:01:53,400
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 
of indignant motion that somehow

2269
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:57,000
manages to look reproach for, 
Retrieving the spear requires 

2270
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:59,600
wading into water that 
shockingly cold, despite the 

2271
02:01:59,600 --> 02:02:02,800
warm air, the river is a 
collection of smooth Stones, 

2272
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:06,600
Some steady and reliable others.
Perfectly designed to shift, 

2273
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:10,000
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

2274
02:02:10,000 --> 02:02:13,600
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

2275
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:16,700
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

2276
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:19,400
rocks and deeper, watering a 
Wade. 

2277
02:02:19,400 --> 02:02:21,100
That brings the river level to 
mid-thigh. 

2278
02:02:21,100 --> 02:02:24,600
The cold is invigorating in the 
way that makes you immediately 

2279
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:27,500
understand why some people 
voluntarily take cold showers. 

2280
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:31,300
While simultaneously making you 
question their sanity, your 

2281
02:02:31,300 --> 02:02:33,900
muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

2282
02:02:33,900 --> 02:02:36,400
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick, efficiency, rather than 

2283
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:40,700
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

2284
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:43,800
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

2285
02:02:43,800 --> 02:02:46,200
warm Stone. 
The net offers different 

2286
02:02:46,200 --> 02:02:50,100
possibilities less, Precision 
required but demanding perfect 

2287
02:02:50,100 --> 02:02:52,400
timing, and the ability to read 
fish Behavior. 

2288
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:53,900
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

2289
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:57,600
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

2290
02:02:57,600 --> 02:02:59,500
that indicate where fish are 
likely to swim. 

2291
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:02,700
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

2292
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:06,800
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison, they're 

2293
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:09,200
following some underwater logic.
That makes perfect sense to them

2294
02:03:09,200 --> 02:03:11,000
and appears completely random to
you. 

2295
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:14,700
The net requires positioning 
Downstream from their path then 

2296
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:16,700
patients, while they swim into 
range. 

2297
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:21,000
You slip into the water again, 
moving with exaggerated care to 

2298
02:03:21,000 --> 02:03:23,700
avoid sending vibrations through
the riverbed that would scatter 

2299
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:26,700
your targets. 
The fish continue their 

2300
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:29,400
mysterious choreography, 
occasionally coming 

2301
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:32,700
tantalizingly close to your nets
range before veering away. 

2302
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:34,400
As if they've suddenly 
remembered important 

2303
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:37,800
appointments, elsewhere, finally
the school's wandering path. 

2304
02:03:37,800 --> 02:03:39,500
Brings them directly towards 
your position. 

2305
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:42,900
You raise the Nets slowly 
waiting for the moment. 

2306
02:03:42,900 --> 02:03:46,000
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

2307
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:48,900
space. 
The technique is takes precise 

2308
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:51,100
timing. 
If you act to early, the fish 

2309
02:03:51,100 --> 02:03:53,700
will scatter, and if you act too
late, they will have already 

2310
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:56,800
passed through. 
Now the net sweeps through water

2311
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:00,300
and fish with satisfying 
efficiency, and suddenly you're 

2312
02:04:00,300 --> 02:04:03,400
holding breakfast, lunch and 
possibly dinner in woven plant 

2313
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:05,900
fibers. 
The fish flip and struggle with 

2314
02:04:05,900 --> 02:04:09,100
understandable urgency and you 
wait quickly to short to 

2315
02:04:09,100 --> 02:04:11,400
transfer them, to the woven 
basket that serves as your 

2316
02:04:11,408 --> 02:04:13,400
portable container. 
Success. 

2317
02:04:13,400 --> 02:04:16,400
Tastes like cold river water and
feels like the quiet 

2318
02:04:16,400 --> 02:04:19,000
satisfaction of having fed 
yourself through skill and 

2319
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:21,200
patience. 
The morning's fishing has 

2320
02:04:21,200 --> 02:04:24,500
provided enough protein for the 
day plus extra to share with 

2321
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,100
your cavemen who may have had 
less luck with their own food 

2322
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,400
Gathering expeditions. 
Walking back toward the cave, 

2323
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,200
basket efficient one hand and 
wet fishing gear in the other, 

2324
02:04:33,200 --> 02:04:36,600
you reflect on the peculiar 
satisfaction of having succeeded

2325
02:04:36,600 --> 02:04:38,800
at something. 
Your ancestors would recognize 

2326
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:42,500
and approve of There's something
deeply right about providing 

2327
02:04:42,500 --> 02:04:45,000
food through your own efforts 
even when those efforts 

2328
02:04:45,000 --> 02:04:47,700
occasionally involve falling 
into Cold War water, while 

2329
02:04:47,700 --> 02:04:50,700
chasing fish that seemed to mock
your hunting skills, the 

2330
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:53,700
afternoon sun has reached that 
perfect angle, where it warms 

2331
02:04:53,700 --> 02:04:56,400
without burning. 
Your successful fishing 

2332
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,800
Expedition has left. 
You feeling confident enough to 

2333
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:00,700
venture further from the cave 
than usual. 

2334
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:04,600
Today seems like an ideal time 
to explore the valley Beyond The

2335
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:07,300
Ridge where rumor delivered by a
traveling group. 

2336
02:05:07,300 --> 02:05:10,700
Last week suggests, there might 
be fruit trees and possibly 

2337
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:13,700
deposits of the particularly 
good Flint that makes Superior 

2338
02:05:13,700 --> 02:05:17,400
tools. you gather exploration 
supplies with the methodical 

2339
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:19,900
care of someone who's learned 
that preparation, prevents most 

2340
02:05:19,900 --> 02:05:24,200
disasters and improvisation 
handles the rest, Your pack 

2341
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:27,100
consists of a large hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

2342
02:05:27,100 --> 02:05:30,200
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

2343
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:32,200
multi-purpose knife. 
That's sharp enough to be 

2344
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:35,500
useful, but not so precious, 
you'd weep if you lost it and 

2345
02:05:35,500 --> 02:05:39,400
cordage woven from plant fibers,
that serves approximately 600 

2346
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:41,100
different functions in Stone Age
life. 

2347
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:44,700
The ridge requires a climb that 
would be considered moderate 

2348
02:05:44,700 --> 02:05:47,700
exercise in modern terms, but 
feels more like a full body 

2349
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:49,600
workout. 
When you're carrying supplies 

2350
02:05:49,600 --> 02:05:52,300
and watching for loose rocks, 
that could turn an afternoon 

2351
02:05:52,300 --> 02:05:55,700
hike into a medical emergency, 
your route follows, what might 

2352
02:05:55,700 --> 02:05:58,200
charitably be called a path, 
really? 

2353
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:00,800
Just a series of animal tracks 
connected by your own 

2354
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:03,300
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

2355
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:06,400
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge. 

2356
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:10,000
We paused to catch your breath 
and immediately understand why 

2357
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:11,900
your ancestors developed such 
impressive. 

2358
02:06:11,900 --> 02:06:15,600
Cardiovascular systems. 
Every activity in Paleolithic 

2359
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:19,400
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

2360
02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:22,600
a sadistic sense of humor and a 
deep commitment to building 

2361
02:06:22,600 --> 02:06:24,400
character through physical 
challenge. 

2362
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:27,900
The view from the Ridgetop makes
the climb worthwhile. 

2363
02:06:28,500 --> 02:06:31,400
The valley spreads below, you 
like a green carpet dotted, with

2364
02:06:31,408 --> 02:06:34,200
Silver Streams, and dark patches
that might be Groves of the 

2365
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:36,900
fruit trees. 
You'll seeking in the distance 

2366
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:39,700
smoke rises from what's probably
another group's fire. 

2367
02:06:39,700 --> 02:06:42,700
Reminding you that you're not 
alone in this vast landscape 

2368
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:46,000
just temporarily out of the 
shouting range of your neighbors

2369
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:49,200
descending, into the valley 
proves trickier than the ascent 

2370
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:52,500
gravity, assists your progress 
with the kind of helpful. 

2371
02:06:52,500 --> 02:06:55,800
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatens to turn a control 

2372
02:06:55,800 --> 02:06:57,600
dissent into an uncontrolled 
tumble. 

2373
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,200
You pick your way, carefully 
down the slope using trees and 

2374
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:03,700
rock outcroppings as handholds 
and trying. 

2375
02:07:03,700 --> 02:07:06,300
Not to think about how much 
easier going down is than 

2376
02:07:06,300 --> 02:07:08,900
climbing. 
Back up will be The valley floor

2377
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:11,900
reveals itself to be a mixed of 
opportunity and complexity. 

2378
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:16,700
Yes, there are fruit trees. 
Several varieties you recognize,

2379
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,500
and a few that require the kind 
of careful testing that 

2380
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:21,600
determines whether their food or
decoration. 

2381
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:24,600
The good news is many trees are 
heavy with ripe fruit. 

2382
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,400
The challenging news. 
Is that your apparently not the 

2383
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:30,500
first to discover this resource 
Fresh Tracks in the software 

2384
02:07:30,500 --> 02:07:33,100
near the largest fruit Grove. 
Tell a story that makes your 

2385
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:37,300
survival instincts pay clothes 
for attention The large paw 

2386
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:40,900
prints, indicating a predator 
rather than prey are so recent 

2387
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:45,000
that their edges remain sharp 
bear, most likely and probably 

2388
02:07:45,000 --> 02:07:47,800
still in the area since Bears 
tend to stay near excellent food

2389
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:49,900
sources until they've exhausted 
them completely. 

2390
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:53,500
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

2391
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:57,000
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients. 

2392
02:07:57,000 --> 02:07:58,900
That would improve everyone's 
diet significantly. 

2393
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:03,300
The bear represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

2394
02:08:03,308 --> 02:08:06,600
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

2395
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:11,200
well for the smaller participant
wisdom, suggests Retreat, hunger

2396
02:08:11,200 --> 02:08:14,600
suggests negotiation Pride. 
Suggest your probably 

2397
02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:17,700
overthinking the whole 
situation, you compromised by 

2398
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:20,200
gathering fruit from trees on 
the periphery of the Grove 

2399
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:23,800
working quickly. 
But quietly ears tuned for any 

2400
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:26,500
sounds that might indicate your 
about to have an unexpected and 

2401
02:08:26,500 --> 02:08:28,200
counter with the local bear 
population. 

2402
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:32,200
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

2403
02:08:32,200 --> 02:08:35,500
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves. 

2404
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:37,800
Bring a momentary pause to 
listen for approaching 

2405
02:08:37,800 --> 02:08:40,500
footsteps, but they considerably
more than yours. 

2406
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:44,200
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

2407
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:46,700
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of these reach,

2408
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:49,700
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

2409
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:51,400
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

2410
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:53,700
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

2411
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:55,800
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

2412
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,300
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

2413
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:03,300
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

2414
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:06,600
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

2415
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:09,900
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

2416
02:09:09,900 --> 02:09:13,600
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

2417
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:16,300
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

2418
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:20,100
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

2419
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:22,800
its presence. 
So dramatically after several 

2420
02:09:22,800 --> 02:09:25,100
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears, 

2421
02:09:25,100 --> 02:09:28,900
You can conclude that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

2422
02:09:28,900 --> 02:09:31,500
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

2423
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:34,800
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

2424
02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:37,300
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

2425
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:40,000
Your pack. 
Now contains enough fruit to 

2426
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,000
supplement several meals plus 
the kind of story that will 

2427
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:45,300
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire. 

2428
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:48,700
The discovery of the Flint 
deposits proves anti-climactic, 

2429
02:09:48,700 --> 02:09:52,500
after the fruit tree Adventure, 
yes, the stone is excellent 

2430
02:09:52,500 --> 02:09:54,500
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

2431
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:57,200
working with. 
Yes there's enough to supply 

2432
02:09:57,200 --> 02:10:01,100
your tool making needs for 
months and yes it's located in 

2433
02:10:01,100 --> 02:10:04,600
an easy to access outcropping 
that doesn't require negotiating

2434
02:10:04,600 --> 02:10:08,000
with large carnivals. 
You gather several Prime pieces 

2435
02:10:08,000 --> 02:10:11,700
of Flint testing each for 
quality and selecting those most

2436
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:13,500
likely to produce Superior 
tools. 

2437
02:10:14,400 --> 02:10:17,000
The additional weight in your 
pack reminds you that the return

2438
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:20,100
Journey will be more challenging
than the trip down, but a good 

2439
02:10:20,108 --> 02:10:23,800
Flint is worth the extra effort.
The afternoon light has begun 

2440
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:26,600
its slow slide toward evening. 
By the time you start the 

2441
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:30,000
return, climb your pack. 
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 

2442
02:10:30,000 --> 02:10:32,300
makes the ascent feel like a 
full body strength, training 

2443
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:35,300
session, designed by someone who
believes suffering, builds 

2444
02:10:35,300 --> 02:10:39,500
character each step up the ridge
requires deliberate effort and 

2445
02:10:39,500 --> 02:10:42,200
you find yourself developing a 
new appreciation for the concept

2446
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,700
of pack weight distribution, the
return to your cave feels like 

2447
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:47,400
coming home. 
After a successful Adventure, 

2448
02:10:47,400 --> 02:10:50,900
your pack heavy with the days 
discoveries and your body 

2449
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:53,200
pleasantly worn out from useful 
exertion. 

2450
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:57,400
Later afternoon, light filters 
through the trees with that gold

2451
02:10:57,400 --> 02:10:59,800
and quality. 
That makes everything look like.

2452
02:10:59,800 --> 02:11:02,300
It's been painted by someone who
understands the beauty of 

2453
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:05,800
natural illumination. 
Your cavemen have been busy 

2454
02:11:05,800 --> 02:11:09,000
during your absence Mira has 
constructed what appears to be a

2455
02:11:09,008 --> 02:11:12,900
fish drying rack from carefully 
arranged branches, and several 

2456
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:14,900
of yesterday's catch in neat 
rows. 

2457
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,400
Slowly transforming into 
preserve protein that will last 

2458
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:22,100
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

2459
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:24,500
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

2460
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:27,600
And what looks like sinew though
his projects often remain 

2461
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:29,300
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

2462
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:33,000
The fruit, you've gathered 
creates immediate excitement. 

2463
02:11:33,000 --> 02:11:37,100
Fresh fruit has been scarce 
lately and the variety you've 

2464
02:11:37,100 --> 02:11:39,400
brought back include several 
types that none of you have 

2465
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,200
tasted before. 
This leads to the careful ritual

2466
02:11:42,200 --> 02:11:44,300
of testing new foods, small 
amounts. 

2467
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:48,100
First attention paid to flavor 
and any immediate reactions, 

2468
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,100
then waiting to see if your 
digestive system approves of the

2469
02:11:51,108 --> 02:11:54,500
Innovation, the unknown fruits, 
turn out to be pleasantly sweet 

2470
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:57,600
with a slightly tart finish and 
your stomach accepts them 

2471
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:00,900
without protest. 
Excess dinner will be 

2472
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:02,800
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

2473
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,500
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

2474
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:10,900
perishable food into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

2475
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:13,000
Discovery. 
Generates a different kind of 

2476
02:12:13,000 --> 02:12:17,200
enthusiasm grack examined. 
Each piece with the focused 

2477
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:21,000
attention of an expert testing 
density in Grain structure with 

2478
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:24,100
techniques, you're still 
learning Good, Flint means 

2479
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:27,400
better tools which means more 
successful hunting and Gathering

2480
02:12:27,400 --> 02:12:30,500
which means improved odds of 
thriving rather than merely 

2481
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:33,100
surviving. 
His evening approaches, the 

2482
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:36,000
ritual of fire. 
Building begins today's fire 

2483
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:38,100
will be larger than usual partly
for cooking. 

2484
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:40,900
The varied Foods, you've all 
gathered partly for the social 

2485
02:12:40,900 --> 02:12:43,700
warmth that comes from sitting 
around Flames while sharing the 

2486
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:47,500
day's experiences, you add a 
portion of fuel and soon the 

2487
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,500
cave, entrance glows with 
cheerful light pushing back, the

2488
02:12:50,500 --> 02:12:54,000
growing Darkness outside cooking
in the Stone, Age requires 

2489
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,900
timing attention and acceptance,
the Precision isn't always 

2490
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:00,300
possible. 
The fish cooked quickly on hot 

2491
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:02,600
Stones, placed near the fire, 
their flesh. 

2492
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:05,500
Turning from translucent to 
opaque with the kind of 

2493
02:13:05,500 --> 02:13:08,200
straightforward honesty, that 
makes you trust the process 

2494
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:12,000
routes require longer cooking. 
They are buried in coal and 

2495
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,100
covered with more coal until the
hard starch becomes something 

2496
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:19,000
approaching tender. 
The fruit needs, no cooking but 

2497
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:21,600
some of it gets wrapped in 
leaves and placed near the fires

2498
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,400
Edge, where gentle heat, 
concentrates the flavors and 

2499
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:26,900
creates something resembling of 
primitive desert. 

2500
02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:30,100
The result tastes like 
concentrated summer. 

2501
02:13:30,900 --> 02:13:34,000
Sweet and warm and satisfying. 
In ways that make you understand

2502
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:36,700
why humans developed such 
elaborate relationships with 

2503
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:39,600
food preparation. 
Meal time in your small 

2504
02:13:39,600 --> 02:13:42,300
community follows informal. 
Protocols, that balanced 

2505
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:46,500
individual needs with group 
Harmony Everyone shares the food

2506
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:48,400
based on their contributions and
needs. 

2507
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:51,600
Today's successful. 
Fishing Expedition earns you a 

2508
02:13:51,600 --> 02:13:52,900
larger portion of the evening 
meal. 

2509
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:55,600
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

2510
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:58,300
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

2511
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:01,000
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

2512
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:04,300
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

2513
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:07,400
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

2514
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:09,000
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

2515
02:14:09,000 --> 02:14:14,500
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically Mirror

2516
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:17,500
explains her fish, drying 
technique learned from a group 

2517
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:20,600
they encountered several weeks 
ago who came from a region where

2518
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:23,800
preservation methods had evolved
to handle seasonal variations in

2519
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:26,600
food. 
Availability, Your adventure in 

2520
02:14:26,608 --> 02:14:29,200
the fruit Grove gets recounted 
with the kind of embellishment 

2521
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:32,300
that turns a minor mishap into 
an entertaining story. 

2522
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:35,900
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

2523
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:39,600
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

2524
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:44,700
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins, not with 

2525
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:47,900
deliberating saturation, but 
with the natural tendency to 

2526
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:50,500
make it experiences more 
engaging, when sharing them with

2527
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:54,200
others, As full Darkness, 
settles outside the cave 

2528
02:14:54,200 --> 02:14:56,900
entrance. 
Fire becomes the center of your 

2529
02:14:56,900 --> 02:15:00,400
small world. 
It's light creates a circle of 

2530
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:03,500
warmth and safety. 
That makes the vast night seemed

2531
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:06,900
manageable rather than 
threatening The Flames danced 

2532
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,200
with hypnotic patterns that 
capture attention in ways that 

2533
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:13,200
television won't manage to 
duplicate for several thousand 

2534
02:15:13,200 --> 02:15:15,700
years. 
The evenings work continues 

2535
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:18,100
around the fire. 
You begin shaping, one of the 

2536
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:21,000
new Flint pieces into what will 
eventually become a superior 

2537
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:23,400
knife. 
The careful chip by chip 

2538
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:26,700
process, made easier by good 
light, and comfortable seating 

2539
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:30,800
on, fur covered rocks. 
Mera works on cordage twisting, 

2540
02:15:30,800 --> 02:15:33,700
plant fibers into strong rope, 
using techniques that require 

2541
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:36,800
consistent tension and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

2542
02:15:36,800 --> 02:15:39,700
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

2543
02:15:39,700 --> 02:15:41,400
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

2544
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:44,500
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

2545
02:15:44,500 --> 02:15:48,000
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

2546
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:50,500
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

2547
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,800
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

2548
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:57,000
Age, Crafts People. 
The fire settles into steady 

2549
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:00,700
coals as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

2550
02:16:00,700 --> 02:16:04,000
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

2551
02:16:04,000 --> 02:16:06,300
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

2552
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,500
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

2553
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:13,200
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

2554
02:16:13,200 --> 02:16:17,300
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

2555
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:21,000
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls, 

2556
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:24,200
calling across the valley, the 
distance of something large, 

2557
02:16:24,200 --> 02:16:27,200
moving through the river and the
rustle of small creatures going 

2558
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,900
about their nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

2559
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:33,200
when heard from the safety of 
your fillet cave. 

2560
02:16:33,200 --> 02:16:36,799
They're simply the soundtrack of
a world that continues its 

2561
02:16:36,799 --> 02:16:40,299
complex business, regardless of 
human concerns, the transition 

2562
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:43,299
from active evening to restful 
night, happens gradually in your

2563
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:47,100
Stone Age World marked, not by 
clocks or schedules but by the 

2564
02:16:47,100 --> 02:16:50,900
natural rhythm of fire settling 
into Coles and bodies growing 

2565
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,700
heavy with the days accumulated.
Fatigue, The work around the 

2566
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:57,600
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

2567
02:16:57,600 --> 02:17:00,600
understand that some tasks are 
improved by patients rather than

2568
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:03,900
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

2569
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:06,500
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

2570
02:17:06,500 --> 02:17:10,000
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

2571
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:12,700
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

2572
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:16,000
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

2573
02:17:16,900 --> 02:17:19,799
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

2574
02:17:19,799 --> 02:17:23,200
percussion that blends with the 
soft sounds of your companions 

2575
02:17:23,200 --> 02:17:26,400
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

2576
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:29,299
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

2577
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:32,900
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

2578
02:17:32,900 --> 02:17:35,400
tension that comes from 
practiced hands and focused. 

2579
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:38,900
Attention, she tests each 
section by pulling against it 

2580
02:17:38,900 --> 02:17:41,900
with a full strength nodding 
with satisfaction when the 

2581
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:44,299
fibers hold without stretching 
or breaking. 

2582
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,799
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

2583
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:51,100
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

2584
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:54,900
Grax hide preparation. 
Has reached the stage where the 

2585
02:17:54,900 --> 02:17:57,799
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

2586
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:00,700
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

2587
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,700
it where morning you won't reach
but are can continue to 

2588
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:06,400
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

2589
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:09,000
unhurried, Precision of someone 
who's learned that rushing this 

2590
02:18:09,000 --> 02:18:12,500
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

2591
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:15,200
effort. 
Fire has settled into the 

2592
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:17,700
perfect state for banking hot 
coals. 

2593
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:20,299
That will retain heat through 
the night, while being easily, 

2594
02:18:20,299 --> 02:18:23,799
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the cold 

2595
02:18:23,799 --> 02:18:26,600
carefully, covering them with a 
layer of Ash that will insulate 

2596
02:18:26,600 --> 02:18:28,900
with without smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

2597
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,700
arrangement with stones that 
will radiate absorbed heat and 

2598
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:35,900
long after the Flames disappear.
Your sleeping area beckons with 

2599
02:18:35,900 --> 02:18:38,000
the promise of rest. 
After a day filled with 

2600
02:18:38,000 --> 02:18:42,000
successful activities, the first
of being arranged for maximum 

2601
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:45,100
comfort with extra padding 
beneath your hip and shoulder. 

2602
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:47,900
The pressure points that 
determine whether you wake 

2603
02:18:47,900 --> 02:18:50,600
refreshed or spend the night 
shifting position in search of 

2604
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:54,400
elusive comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

2605
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:58,100
Arrangement, the days experience
is Replay in your mind with the 

2606
02:18:58,100 --> 02:18:59,900
satisfaction that comes from 
time. 

2607
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:03,500
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing the 

2608
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:06,299
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

2609
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:09,900
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

2610
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:12,600
others, in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

2611
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:16,799
characterizes Stone Age life The
sounds of your companions 

2612
02:19:16,799 --> 02:19:19,200
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

2613
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:21,299
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

2614
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,299
Soft movements. 
As furs are adjusted, the quiet 

2615
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:28,700
breathing, that indicates 
relaxation and the occasional 

2616
02:19:28,700 --> 02:19:31,700
contented sigh that suggest 
everyone is pleased with the 

2617
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:34,799
days accomplishments. 
These are the sounds of security

2618
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:37,799
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

2619
02:19:39,000 --> 02:19:42,000
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

2620
02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:45,100
patterns and alcohols from 
somewhere across the valley. 

2621
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,100
It's voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

2622
02:19:48,100 --> 02:19:49,900
and still. 
The river. 

2623
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:53,500
Murmurs its constant song a 
liquid soundtrack that says 

2624
02:19:53,500 --> 02:19:57,100
reliable as sunrise and equally 
soothing Somewhere in the 

2625
02:19:57,100 --> 02:20:00,300
distance, a wolf howls, not the 
threatening sound of nearby 

2626
02:20:00,300 --> 02:20:03,300
danger, but the distant 
communication of creatures going

2627
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:06,200
about their own business in 
their territory, the darkness 

2628
02:20:06,200 --> 02:20:08,000
beyond your cave, entrance isn't
empty. 

2629
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:11,700
The full of life following 
rhythms older than human memory.

2630
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,800
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue 
nocturnal prey, night-blooming 

2631
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:19,300
Plants release fragrances that 
attract night flying insects, 

2632
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:22,300
and the complex web of 
relationships that sustains this

2633
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:25,500
ecosystem continues without 
pause or fanfare. 

2634
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:30,400
From your perspective enveloped 
in warm furs with a banked fire 

2635
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,600
nearby and trusted companions 
within reach the night. 

2636
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,100
Feels protective rather than 
threatening Your cave has become

2637
02:20:37,100 --> 02:20:38,800
home in the most fundamental 
sense. 

2638
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:42,700
A place where you belong, where 
you're safe, where you can rest 

2639
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:46,300
without constant vigilance. 
Sleep approaches with the gentle

2640
02:20:46,300 --> 02:20:50,100
inevitability of Tides or 
Seasons natural processes that 

2641
02:20:50,100 --> 02:20:52,100
don't require your participation
or permission. 

2642
02:20:52,900 --> 02:20:56,400
Your breathing deepens matching 
the slow rhythm of complete 

2643
02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:59,400
relaxation. 
The days minor aches and 

2644
02:20:59,408 --> 02:21:02,700
tensions dissolve into the kind 
of profound rest that comes from

2645
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:06,000
physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

2646
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:08,500
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

2647
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:12,800
Dreams, when they come filled 
with the textures and colors of 

2648
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:16,000
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

2649
02:21:16,000 --> 02:21:18,800
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

2650
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:21,700
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

2651
02:21:21,700 --> 02:21:25,400
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

2652
02:21:25,400 --> 02:21:28,200
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds. 

2653
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:30,500
There are the peaceful 
processing of a life lived in 

2654
02:21:30,508 --> 02:21:32,700
harmony with immediate tangible 
realities. 

2655
02:21:32,700 --> 02:21:37,300
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

2656
02:21:37,300 --> 02:21:39,600
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

2657
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:42,300
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

2658
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:45,500
morning, ready to kill into 
flame, when the new day begins 

2659
02:21:45,500 --> 02:21:47,500
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

2660
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:50,800
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

2661
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:54,500
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

2662
02:21:54,500 --> 02:21:57,400
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

2663
02:21:57,400 --> 02:22:00,700
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

2664
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:04,700
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

2665
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:07,700
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

2666
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:10,400
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

2667
02:22:10,400 --> 02:22:14,000
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

2668
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:17,400
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

2669
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:20,500
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

2670
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:23,900
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

2671
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:28,200
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

2672
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:33,100
to be. found restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

2673
02:22:33,108 --> 02:22:36,600
natural world, that remains your
home your challenge and your 

2674
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:40,500
endless source of both struggle 
and wonder, In the depths of 

2675
02:22:40,508 --> 02:22:44,100
night, your cave becomes a 
pocket of human warmth in the 

2676
02:22:44,108 --> 02:22:47,900
vast, coolness of the world. 
The banked fire glows like a 

2677
02:22:47,908 --> 02:22:51,200
gentle heartbeat steady and 
reassuring. 

2678
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:55,300
Your breathing synchronizes with
the ancient rhythms that have 

2679
02:22:55,300 --> 02:22:57,500
guided human rest for countless 
Generations. 

2680
02:22:57,500 --> 02:23:02,700
Slow deep peaceful. 
Breaths that carry away the days

2681
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:05,400
tension and prepare your body 
for tomorrow's Adventures. 

2682
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:08,900
The first beneath you hold the 
days, accumulated warmth, 

2683
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,300
creating a cocoon of comfort 
that makes the stone floor. 

2684
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:15,700
Feel almost luxurious your 
muscles, relax, completely 

2685
02:23:15,700 --> 02:23:19,000
releasing the subtle tensions 
that come from constant 

2686
02:23:19,000 --> 02:23:22,800
awareness, constant Readiness 
and constant engagement with the

2687
02:23:22,808 --> 02:23:25,500
world that demands your full 
attention during waking hours. 

2688
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:30,000
Sleep when it finally claims you
completely is the kind of rest 

2689
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:33,800
that modern humans rarely 
experienced uninterrupted by 

2690
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:36,100
artificial lights. 
Electronic sounds. 

2691
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,400
All the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

2692
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,600
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

2693
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:45,600
purpose. 
Complete restoration of body and

2694
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:49,100
mind preparing you for another 
day of the most essential human 

2695
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:53,700
activities, finding food, 
creating shelter, making tools. 

2696
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:56,000
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

2697
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,000
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

2698
02:24:00,600 --> 02:24:03,600
The night passes peacefully 
around your small community. 

2699
02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:07,000
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

2700
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:10,200
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity, an evening 

2701
02:24:10,208 --> 02:24:12,100
spent in productive 
companionship. 

2702
02:24:12,900 --> 02:24:15,900
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

2703
02:24:15,900 --> 02:24:18,400
activities while within your 
cave. 

2704
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:22,300
Three humans Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

2705
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:26,800
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

2706
02:24:27,800 --> 02:24:30,800
Tomorrow will bring you 
challenges new discoveries and 

2707
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:33,600
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

2708
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:37,200
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

2709
02:24:38,300 --> 02:24:42,000
But tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

2710
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:45,600
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

2711
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:50,000
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

2712
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:59,400
truest home Thomas Jefferson was
born on April 13th 1743 at 

2713
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:01,500
Shadwell a plantation in the 
Virginia. 

2714
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:05,300
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

2715
02:25:05,300 --> 02:25:08,000
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

2716
02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:11,500
adventurous spirit. 
His mother Jane Randolph came 

2717
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:14,800
from a prominent family. 
Growing up a mid Rolling Hills 

2718
02:25:14,800 --> 02:25:18,700
and dense forests young Thomas 
embraced the frontier ethos even

2719
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:21,400
as he absorbed the Gentile, 
expectations of the colonial 

2720
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,000
Gentry. 
He delighted and for horseback 

2721
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:27,100
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

2722
02:25:27,108 --> 02:25:29,500
intellectual debate. 
Cuttsia, visiting tutors. 

2723
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:34,000
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

2724
02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:36,700
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved. 

2725
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:40,400
Workforce forming its backbone 
Peter Jeff Jefferson owned and 

2726
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:42,600
slaved laborers and Thomas grew 
up. 

2727
02:25:42,608 --> 02:25:45,800
Witnessing the institution's 
daily operations and uneasy 

2728
02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:47,800
inheritance. 
That would later spark internal 

2729
02:25:47,800 --> 02:25:51,500
conflict in his adult years but 
as a child he balanced field 

2730
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:53,100
observation with classical 
studies. 

2731
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:57,300
His father died when Thomas was 
14 leaving him, a sizeable 

2732
02:25:57,300 --> 02:26:00,900
estate but also the burden of 
paternal absence this 

2733
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:03,800
responsibility shaped him and 
stilling a drive for 

2734
02:26:03,808 --> 02:26:05,900
self-reliance and scholarly 
achievement. 

2735
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:10,400
Around age 17 Jefferson enrolled
at the College of William and 

2736
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:13,500
Mary and Williamsburg immersed 
himself in philosophy 

2737
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:17,400
mathematics and the law studying
under influential mentors, like 

2738
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:20,900
George Wythe late-night reading 
sessions at the Royal Governor's

2739
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,000
Palace Library fostered, his 
fascination with Enlightenment 

2740
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:27,500
thinkers, John Locke, 
Montesquieu and others, their 

2741
02:26:27,500 --> 02:26:29,700
calls for reason, over 
tradition, resonated with 

2742
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:33,900
Jefferson who scoured texts on 
government science and ethics. 

2743
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:38,100
He also cultivated his violin 
skills, joining small music, 

2744
02:26:38,100 --> 02:26:40,700
Gatherings that balance his 
rigorous academic schedule. 

2745
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:44,900
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

2746
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:49,100
wise forging, a bond that melded
legal with ethical inquiry. 

2747
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:52,700
This training hammered him. 
The notion that laws must be 

2748
02:26:52,708 --> 02:26:55,700
grounded in rational principles.
Not arbitrary. 

2749
02:26:55,700 --> 02:27:00,600
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track
of tensions Brewing between the 

2750
02:27:00,600 --> 02:27:03,600
colonies and Britain. 
Attending assembly is where 

2751
02:27:03,600 --> 02:27:07,200
Taxation and representation and 
Royal the Gentry, even then 

2752
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:10,600
Jefferson's reflective nature. 
Showed he was not the most 

2753
02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:13,000
boisterous voice. 
That is private letters. 

2754
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:15,700
Revealed a keen sense of 
Injustice of parliaments 

2755
02:27:15,700 --> 02:27:19,700
intrusions by 1767. 
He began practicing law. 

2756
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,300
After being admitted to the bar.
You frequently represented small

2757
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,200
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

2758
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:29,500
in customs and forcement. 
Observers noted his calm 

2759
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:33,200
demeanor, meticulous, arguments 
and persuasive writing. 

2760
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:37,000
He built a reputation as a 
reliable Advocate who valued 

2761
02:27:37,000 --> 02:27:40,800
Clarity over theatrics. 
That skill set would soon extend

2762
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:44,700
to political life as Colonial 
unrest over the Stamp Act and 

2763
02:27:44,700 --> 02:27:48,300
Townsend duties escalated. 
parallel to his legal career, 

2764
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:52,600
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion
of Monticello his future 

2765
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:55,000
architectural, Masterpiece 
perched, on a hill near 

2766
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:58,200
Shadwell, he had begun designing
the house in his early twenties 

2767
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:02,200
referencing palladian, styles 
gleaned from books, The 

2768
02:28:02,200 --> 02:28:05,400
properties Vantage offered 
sweeping views symbolizing for 

2769
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,600
Jefferson both intellectual 
curiosity and the potential of 

2770
02:28:08,600 --> 02:28:11,100
the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

2771
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:14,700
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

2772
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:18,200
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

2773
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:21,400
rooms. 
Monticello was not just a home 

2774
02:28:21,400 --> 02:28:25,000
that a living laboratory for 
architecture, Horticulture and 

2775
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:29,000
personal reflection. 
Reflection. 

2776
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:33,800
In 1769, he won a seat in the 
Virginia House of Burgesses 

2777
02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:36,500
marking his formal entry into 
public affairs. 

2778
02:28:36,500 --> 02:28:40,400
He arrived in a tense climate 
radical voices called for 

2779
02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:43,800
boycotts of British goods 
Jefferson though quietly spoken 

2780
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:45,600
sided with the emerging 
Patriots. 

2781
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:48,800
He penned resolution's decrying 
British ovary, though. 

2782
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:51,100
Initially mild in tone over 
time. 

2783
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:54,200
His pain would sharpen as London
doubled down on the colonial 

2784
02:28:54,200 --> 02:28:57,800
Authority around this era, he 
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,

2785
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:01,700
a young Widow, famed for musical
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 

2786
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:06,600
They married on New Year's Day 
at 1772, forging, a partnership 

2787
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:08,500
that would shape Jefferson's 
personal life. 

2788
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:12,600
She joined him at Monticello, 
her health was fragile. 

2789
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:15,600
They spent tranquil moments 
reading or playing Duets 

2790
02:29:15,600 --> 02:29:18,800
Jefferson on violin. 
Martha on hops, Accord. 

2791
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:22,700
Their bond was tender yet 
overshadowed by the mortality 

2792
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:25,500
rates of the period. 
Over their decade together. 

2793
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:29,200
Martha bought children, but only
two daughters survived to adult 

2794
02:29:29,200 --> 02:29:31,200
hood her eventual. 
Passing left. 

2795
02:29:31,200 --> 02:29:34,200
Jefferson in deep mourning and 
likely influenced his future 

2796
02:29:34,200 --> 02:29:37,100
emotional Reserve. 
Early in the 17th century. 

2797
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,400
Jefferson found himself on the 
brink of a more significant, 

2798
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:43,700
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 
Party erupted. 

2799
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:46,800
The British closed, the port of 
Boston and the call for 

2800
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:50,900
intercolonial Unity, grew louder
Jefferson's pain influenced by 

2801
02:29:50,900 --> 02:29:54,000
his legal background, and 
Enlightenment convictions would 

2802
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:57,100
soon craft arguments that 
soared, Beyond local assemblies.

2803
02:29:58,600 --> 02:30:01,200
Fate was guiding him toward the 
epicenter of revolutionary 

2804
02:30:01,200 --> 02:30:04,200
debate where he'd become a 
pivotal voice, championing 

2805
02:30:04,200 --> 02:30:07,600
Independence, and articulating, 
a new model of governance for 

2806
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:11,800
now, though, he was a Virginia 
notable poised methodical and 

2807
02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:14,800
quietly determined with 
Monticello as both sanctuary and

2808
02:30:14,800 --> 02:30:18,600
symbol of evolving ideals 
Jeffers, political instincts, 

2809
02:30:18,600 --> 02:30:22,000
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

2810
02:30:22,000 --> 02:30:26,000
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

2811
02:30:26,000 --> 02:30:30,300
rights of British America. 
A pamphlet addressing colonial 

2812
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:33,200
grievances. 
Though less famous than later 

2813
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:34,600
texts. 
It signaled. 

2814
02:30:34,600 --> 02:30:38,100
A decisive shift arguing. 
That Parliament had no authority

2815
02:30:38,100 --> 02:30:40,000
to govern the colonies without 
their consent. 

2816
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,900
This stance radical for its time
circulated. 

2817
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:47,100
Widely some older Patriots, 
found at Brash, but for 

2818
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:49,800
Jefferson it was a matter of 
logical extension. 

2819
02:30:49,800 --> 02:30:53,700
If reason and natural rights 
were Universal, British claims 

2820
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:57,900
to Dominion flouted moral law, 
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 

2821
02:30:57,900 --> 02:31:01,900
talents sending him in 1774 to 
the second continental congress 

2822
02:31:01,900 --> 02:31:05,100
in Philadelphia the environment 
crackled with possibility, 

2823
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:08,700
Delegates from 13 colonies 
debated, whether to petition the

2824
02:31:08,700 --> 02:31:11,700
crown, or brace for 
Independence, Jefferson stoic, 

2825
02:31:11,700 --> 02:31:15,600
Presence overshadowed by the 
fiery rhetoric of John Adams, or

2826
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:18,400
the gravitas of Benjamin 
Franklin, masked his deep 

2827
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,100
convictions. 
He served on committees drafting

2828
02:31:21,100 --> 02:31:24,200
formal statements, the 
skirmishers around Lexington and

2829
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:26,100
Concord flared into the 
Revolutionary War. 

2830
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:30,700
The push for full Independence 
intensified In June 1776. 

2831
02:31:30,700 --> 02:31:34,000
The Congress appointed a 
five-man committee to draft a 

2832
02:31:34,000 --> 02:31:36,100
declaration asserting. 
The colonies break from Britain 

2833
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:40,600
despite his relative youth 
Jefferson was chosen with atoms.

2834
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:44,000
And frankly among the others, 
they recognize his gift for 

2835
02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:47,000
articulate Pros, honed by years,
of reading, and lightning 

2836
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:49,500
treaters as hold up in a second 
floor. 

2837
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,700
Apartment Jefferson wrote 
feverishly for two weeks. 

2838
02:31:53,600 --> 02:31:56,800
You produced a text that merged 
lock-in philosophy with a 

2839
02:31:56,800 --> 02:32:01,300
distinctly American context, 
championing life, liberty, and 

2840
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:04,900
the pursuit of happiness. 
The phrase soared Beyond local 

2841
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:07,700
grievances, to a universal 
principle of individual rights 

2842
02:32:07,700 --> 02:32:10,300
Adams and Franklin made slight 
edits. 

2843
02:32:10,300 --> 02:32:14,200
And the Congress after heated 
debate adopted, a final version 

2844
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:18,100
on July 4th, 1776, thus 
Jefferson's words became the 

2845
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:21,200
Bedrock statement of a nascent 
Nation although the final text 

2846
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:23,500
moderated, some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery. 

2847
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:27,800
Speaking of slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

2848
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,400
even then he condemned the slave
trade in an early draft of the 

2849
02:32:31,400 --> 02:32:34,800
Declaration that passage was cut
under pressure from Southern 

2850
02:32:34,800 --> 02:32:37,100
delegates. 
Personally owned enslaved 

2851
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:40,900
individuals, at Monticello over 
time, he penned theoretical 

2852
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,500
critiques of slavery as morally 
corrosive yet, he never 

2853
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:48,500
comprehensively freed his own, 
this Paradox rarely resolved 

2854
02:32:48,500 --> 02:32:52,100
would haunt his legacy. 
Despite disclaiming the system 

2855
02:32:52,100 --> 02:32:55,600
as an abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

2856
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:58,400
Ran deep. 
Following the declaration's 

2857
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,400
adoption jeffersson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

2858
02:33:01,400 --> 02:33:04,600
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes. 

2859
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:07,700
He championed this establishment
of the Anglican Church. 

2860
02:33:07,700 --> 02:33:10,600
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

2861
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:13,500
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

2862
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:15,500
concentrated wealth, and certain
families. 

2863
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:19,500
Such measures including the 
Statute for Religious Freedom. 

2864
02:33:19,500 --> 02:33:22,500
Would become pillars of 
Jefferson's vision of Republican

2865
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:26,700
Society, a place where personal 
conscience reigned and inherited

2866
02:33:26,700 --> 02:33:30,100
privileged dwindled Yet 
implementing them stirred, 

2867
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:33,400
resistance from tradition-bound 
legislators during the war. 

2868
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:38,900
Jefferson served as Virginia's 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 

2869
02:33:38,900 --> 02:33:43,300
tenure overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

2870
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:47,000
him in ways that writing never 
had. he faced logistical, chaos,

2871
02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:50,700
troop shortages, meager 
supplies, and Loyalists 

2872
02:33:50,700 --> 02:33:54,200
uprisings, British forces, under
Benedict, Arnold raided, 

2873
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:58,100
Richmond, nearly capturing 
Jefferson at Monticello Critique

2874
02:33:58,100 --> 02:34:01,400
of his governorship circulated 
branding him ineffective or 

2875
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,400
hesitant Under Pressure, the 
damaged his reputation but the 

2876
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:07,900
walls chaos left no easy 
solutions for any leader. 

2877
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:12,600
In 1781 after stepping down, 
Jefferson retreated to 

2878
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:16,600
Monticello battered in spirit. 
Personal realm also dealt in 

2879
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,300
blows heartbreak. 
At the death of his wife Martha 

2880
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:22,100
in 1782. 
She had endured multiple 

2881
02:34:22,100 --> 02:34:24,900
difficult pregnancies and her 
final days. 

2882
02:34:24,900 --> 02:34:28,200
Saw Jefferson nearly 
inconsolable, her deathbed 

2883
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:30,900
request that he not remarried. 
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 

2884
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:34,800
He burned their correspondence 
and act reflecting deep grief, 

2885
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,800
and a desire for privacy. 
The father of two surviving 

2886
02:34:37,800 --> 02:34:41,300
daughters, he turned inward 
focusing on writing notes, on 

2887
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:44,000
the state of Virginia, a 
comprehensive, look at his 

2888
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:46,800
regions geography, economy and 
Moors sprinkled with 

2889
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:51,200
philosophical musings that text 
published years, later revealed,

2890
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:54,000
both his intellectual scope, and
the racial theories that many 

2891
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:59,200
modern readers find troubling. 
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 

2892
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:02,300
felt the weight of personal loss
and the uncertainty of the new 

2893
02:35:02,300 --> 02:35:04,600
Confederation. 
He took a seat in the 

2894
02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:07,700
Continental Congress. 
Forging ahead with legislative 

2895
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:10,400
tasks. 
The faint outlines of a more 

2896
02:35:10,408 --> 02:35:14,000
stable federal government were 
forming and so we see Jefferson 

2897
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:18,200
father of the Declaration parted
from his wife and certain about 

2898
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:21,700
the new nation's trajectory, but
steadfast in pursuit of Reason 

2899
02:35:21,700 --> 02:35:25,200
based governance. 
His next chapter, beckoned a 

2900
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:28,100
diplomatic role in Europe, 
giving him advantage on global 

2901
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:29,700
politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

2902
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:32,000
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

2903
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:37,200
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging hot break 

2904
02:35:37,200 --> 02:35:40,500
revolutionary ideals and the 
complexities of forging a stable

2905
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:44,700
Republic from scratch. 
In 1784 Congress appointed 

2906
02:35:44,700 --> 02:35:46,500
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France. 

2907
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:49,800
Succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 
representing the fledgling. 

2908
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:53,800
United States abroad. 
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 

2909
02:35:53,800 --> 02:35:56,600
found the city teeming with 
Enlightenment further, 

2910
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:01,300
intellectual salons, Noble, 
flamboyance, despite missing 

2911
02:36:01,300 --> 02:36:04,200
Monticello's quiet Hills. 
He savored the chance to 

2912
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,100
cultivate ties with European 
thinkers and push for commercial

2913
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:08,500
treaties. 
Beneficial to the US. 

2914
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:12,200
He immersed himself in French 
culture, tending theater, 

2915
02:36:12,200 --> 02:36:15,200
frequenting scientific 
demonstrations and forging 

2916
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:17,600
friendships with luminaries like
the Marquee de Lafayette. 

2917
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:22,400
This diplomatic post sharp and 
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 

2918
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,800
He observed how Europe's 
monarchical structures, stifled 

2919
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:29,200
personal freedoms reinforcing 
his belief that the American 

2920
02:36:29,200 --> 02:36:31,900
Express experiment in Republican
governance was unique 

2921
02:36:31,900 --> 02:36:35,100
impressions. 
At the same time, he recognized 

2922
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:37,700
that Europe's manufacturing, 
base dwarfed, that of the US. 

2923
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:41,600
He lobbied European states to 
accept American exports, 

2924
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:45,200
specially tobacco and Timba, 
hoping to reduce Reliance on 

2925
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:49,000
British Markets. 
Negotiations proved slow but 

2926
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:50,800
Jefferson's calm intellect 
helped. 

2927
02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:54,500
Cultivate Goodwill. 
While in Paris Jefferson also 

2928
02:36:54,500 --> 02:36:57,800
served as a cultural conduit, he
introduced French Elites to 

2929
02:36:57,808 --> 02:37:01,200
American plants and produce 
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 

2930
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:05,800
pecan trees in return. 
He noted French architecture and

2931
02:37:05,800 --> 02:37:08,400
engineering, particularly the 
building of canals and 

2932
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:09,800
mechanisms. 
Flour Mills. 

2933
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:13,300
Letters home brimmed with ideas 
for implementing such 

2934
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:16,600
Innovations in the new United 
States reflecting, his 

2935
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:19,300
unwavering desire to see his 
homeland flourish. 

2936
02:37:20,000 --> 02:37:22,200
He also studied the nascent 
politics swirling. 

2937
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,500
In France though, few predicted 
how rapidly the monarchy would 

2938
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:29,200
topple in the coming years, on a
personal note, Jefferson's time 

2939
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,000
in France was laced with 
paternal obligations. 

2940
02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:34,600
He brought his daughter Patsy 
later. 

2941
02:37:34,600 --> 02:37:37,700
Joined by young daughter Polly 
to ensure they had a European 

2942
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:40,500
education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

2943
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:42,900
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

2944
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:47,600
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

2945
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:49,500
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

2946
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:53,400
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship, but many 

2947
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:54,700
conclude that she bought 
children. 

2948
02:37:54,700 --> 02:37:58,000
Father, father by Jefferson 
while details remain partly 

2949
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:01,500
opaque the power imbalance 
underscore the moral complexity 

2950
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:03,600
is overshadowing, his public 
championing of Liberty. 

2951
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:08,300
In 1789 as the French 
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 

2952
02:38:08,300 --> 02:38:10,700
initially celebrated the wave of
Reform. 

2953
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:13,400
He saw parallels, with 
America's, recent independent 

2954
02:38:13,400 --> 02:38:17,000
struggle, welcoming calls to 
curb aristocratic privilege. 

2955
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,800
Yet, the revolution's escalation
when moderate hopes gave way to 

2956
02:38:20,808 --> 02:38:25,500
the reign of terror alarmed him.
Before that radical shift, he 

2957
02:38:25,500 --> 02:38:29,100
had already departed, France. 
recalled to serve as the first 

2958
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,700
Secretary of State under a 
President, George Washington in 

2959
02:38:31,700 --> 02:38:36,900
1790 His Paris sojourn ended 
with a me of admiration for 

2960
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:39,700
French Enlightenment and unease 
at the extremes. 

2961
02:38:39,700 --> 02:38:43,100
Their Revolution might unleash. 
Returning to the US Jeff's. 

2962
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:45,500
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

2963
02:38:45,500 --> 02:38:48,900
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

2964
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:51,900
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

2965
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:53,400
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

2966
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:57,500
Jeffers Jefferson, conversely 
favored, robust State autonomy, 

2967
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:00,600
and warmer relations with 
France, their clashes anchored, 

2968
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:02,600
the birth of America's first 
party system. 

2969
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:07,800
The Federalists led by Hamilton 
advocated centralization while 

2970
02:39:07,800 --> 02:39:11,500
the Democratic Republicans, led 
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian

2971
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,700
base, to democracy and suspicion
of concentrated Federal power. 

2972
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:19,200
During this cabinet period, 
Jefferson navigated multiple 

2973
02:39:19,200 --> 02:39:23,600
crises tensions with Britain 
over Frontier, forts uncertain 

2974
02:39:23,600 --> 02:39:26,200
alliances with 
post-revolutionary, France and 

2975
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:29,400
domestic Strife, like the 
Whiskey Rebellion championed 

2976
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:33,000
free trade and a minimal Navy. 
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a

2977
02:39:33,000 --> 02:39:35,500
standing army. 
Deep philosophical differences, 

2978
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:38,600
turned personal, prompting 
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 

2979
02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:41,400
in 1793 soon. 
He built a political Network 

2980
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:44,200
harnessing sympathetic 
newspapers to shape public 

2981
02:39:44,200 --> 02:39:46,400
opinion. 
This Dynamic signaled, the 

2982
02:39:46,408 --> 02:39:49,500
future of American politics, 
where partisan alignments would 

2983
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:54,500
drive policy discourse. 
By 1796 the Schism was public 

2984
02:39:54,500 --> 02:39:58,100
Jefferson found himself running 
for president against John Adams

2985
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:00,600
though. 
Somewhat reluctantly, he lost 

2986
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:02,400
narrowly and became Adams's 
vice. 

2987
02:40:02,400 --> 02:40:04,900
President a job lacking much 
real power. 

2988
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:08,600
From the Senate's, Vantage 
Jefferson observed Adams as 

2989
02:40:08,600 --> 02:40:11,500
president and acting laws like 
the Alien and Sedition Acts 

2990
02:40:11,500 --> 02:40:13,600
which Jefferson deemed 
Chronicle. 

2991
02:40:13,600 --> 02:40:17,100
Furious covertly authored the 
Kentucky, resolution's 

2992
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:19,600
suggesting State's could nullify
unconstitutional. 

2993
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:23,700
Federal statutes, the move 
introduced a heated debate, over

2994
02:40:23,700 --> 02:40:27,700
federal state relations critics,
labeled its subversive, but 

2995
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:31,900
Jefferson saw it as safeguarding
the Spirit of 76, thus by the 

2996
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:35,700
cusp of the 1800 election. 
Jefferson embodied a republican 

2997
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:39,600
Champion for agrarian liberties.
Suspicious of federalist 

2998
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:42,500
centralization. 
Yet, he also carried personal 

2999
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,400
baggage from his enslaver 
background and the complexities 

3000
02:40:45,400 --> 02:40:48,800
of his private life. 
The stage was set for a pivotal 

3001
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,000
showdown in US politics with the
country's future Direction at 

3002
02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:55,600
stake in a swirl of partisan 
editorials and backroom deals. 

3003
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:58,500
The election would test whether 
the fledging Republic, could 

3004
02:40:58,500 --> 02:41:02,200
survive, a peaceful transition 
of power, or devolve into rang 

3005
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:04,600
core. 
Jefferson's calm. 

3006
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:06,700
But determined approach. 
Once again, pressed him into a 

3007
02:41:06,700 --> 02:41:09,700
central role, bridging 
Enlightenment ideals and the 

3008
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:11,900
gritty realities of parties and 
brawls. 

3009
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:15,200
The election of 1800 brought 
turmoil. 

3010
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:19,800
John Adams, sought re-election, 
Hamilton's Federalists loomed in

3011
02:41:19,800 --> 02:41:22,400
Jefferson's Democratic. 
Republicans Consolidated around 

3012
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:24,800
him. 
The campaign was vitriolic 

3013
02:41:24,800 --> 02:41:29,000
filled with accusations, 
Federalists called Jefferson and

3014
02:41:29,000 --> 02:41:31,900
atheist. 
Radical Republicans branded 

3015
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:35,600
Adams a monarchist. 
In an era before direct popular 

3016
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:38,800
ballots electors, cast votes for
President and Vice President. 

3017
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:42,700
In a complicated procedure, a 
tire merged between Jefferson 

3018
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:46,100
and his running, mate, Aaron 
Burr, each receiving, the same 

3019
02:41:46,100 --> 02:41:49,000
number of electoral votes. 
The House of Representatives 

3020
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:53,200
control by Federalists had to 
break the tie days of tense. 

3021
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:56,300
Balloting ensued. 
Ultimately, with Hamilton's 

3022
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:58,600
reluctant nod. 
Jefferson triumphed. 

3023
02:41:59,100 --> 02:42:01,000
The ordeal spurred, the 12th 
Amendment. 

3024
02:42:01,800 --> 02:42:05,000
In future presidential and vice 
presidential candidates had 

3025
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:07,800
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

3026
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:13,700
Thus Jefferson assumed the 
presidency in 1801 his inaugural

3027
02:42:13,700 --> 02:42:15,700
address. 
Famously extolled Unity. 

3028
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,600
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

3029
02:42:19,200 --> 02:42:21,200
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

3030
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:23,400
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

3031
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,900
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

3032
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:30,100
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned, under the Sedition 

3033
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:32,400
Act. 
Aimed for a wise and Frugal 

3034
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:35,500
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

3035
02:42:35,500 --> 02:42:38,300
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

3036
02:42:39,100 --> 02:42:42,100
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

3037
02:42:42,100 --> 02:42:43,900
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

3038
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:47,600
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

3039
02:42:47,600 --> 02:42:53,200
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars and expectedly offered to 

3040
02:42:53,200 --> 02:42:55,400
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

3041
02:42:56,500 --> 02:43:00,300
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 
Constitution provided no 

3042
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:02,700
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

3043
02:43:03,500 --> 02:43:06,800
Here the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

3044
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:10,300
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars. 

3045
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:13,300
The US acquired a domain 
stretching from the Mississippi 

3046
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:17,100
River to the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold stroke ensured control

3047
02:43:17,100 --> 02:43:20,200
of the Mississippi's, crucial 
Port of New Orleans and opened a

3048
02:43:20,200 --> 02:43:23,900
frontier for expansion 
westerners rejoiced, the 

3049
02:43:23,900 --> 02:43:27,000
Federalists borked claiming it 
diluted the eastern states 

3050
02:43:27,000 --> 02:43:29,800
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded, 

3051
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:33,500
blending principle with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

3052
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:35,700
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

3053
02:43:35,700 --> 02:43:39,100
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 
Meriwether Lewis, his former 

3054
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,300
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri River 

3055
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:46,500
to the Pacific coast. 
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey map 

3056
02:43:46,500 --> 02:43:50,400
to Roots documented flora and 
fauna and engaged with 

3057
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:53,800
indigenous Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

3058
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:57,300
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

3059
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:00,800
Enlightenment ideals the 
Expedition success fueled 

3060
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:03,500
national pride and curiosity 
about the continents vast 

3061
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:06,100
potential. 
Yet, it also signified new 

3062
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:07,700
tensions with tribal 
communities. 

3063
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:11,200
As more settlers pressed 
Westwood domestically, Jefferson

3064
02:44:11,200 --> 02:44:14,800
face to control vs, he disliked 
the existence of the bank of the

3065
02:44:14,808 --> 02:44:16,900
United States. 
But tolerated, it when 

3066
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:20,800
expedient, he slashed Federal 
budgets forcing some, in the 

3067
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:23,500
Navy to protest that the 
nation's sea defenses, weakened.

3068
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:27,900
Furthermore, the issue of 
slavery, persisted Jefferson's 

3069
02:44:27,900 --> 02:44:31,000
personal writings described it 
as a moral and political Hazard.

3070
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:34,500
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

3071
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:38,600
championed Federal abolition 
Indeed, the 1807 law. 

3072
02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:40,300
Banning the importation of 
enslaved. 

3073
02:44:40,300 --> 02:44:43,700
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

3074
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:46,200
Mr. Critical chance to push for 
more sweeping reforms. 

3075
02:44:47,200 --> 02:44:50,000
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

3076
02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:54,200
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

3077
02:44:54,200 --> 02:44:57,100
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors into their

3078
02:44:57,100 --> 02:45:01,000
navies incense, Jefferson tried 
economic Warfare. 

3079
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:03,000
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

3080
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:07,400
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

3081
02:45:07,400 --> 02:45:10,900
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

3082
02:45:10,900 --> 02:45:14,900
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

3083
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:17,500
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

3084
02:45:17,500 --> 02:45:21,600
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

3085
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:24,400
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year. 

3086
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:28,900
In office, in 1809, he handed 
the president to his close, Ally

3087
02:45:28,900 --> 02:45:32,100
James Madison, quietly, retiring
to Monte cello. 

3088
02:45:32,100 --> 02:45:36,700
His two term shape, the US 
expanded territory a stable 

3089
02:45:36,700 --> 02:45:41,200
political identity but also 
heightened Regional tensions his

3090
02:45:41,200 --> 02:45:44,800
approach mix of lofty. 
Republican ideals on occasional 

3091
02:45:44,800 --> 02:45:49,800
pragmatic contradictions, left a
complex imprint People revered 

3092
02:45:49,800 --> 02:45:52,700
him as a philosophical 
statement, but criticized his 

3093
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:56,100
moral inconsistencies. 
He parted from Washington DC, 

3094
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:59,200
Warren from the tribulations of 
governance yet proud, he had 

3095
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:01,500
preserved, a measure of 
individual liberty and doubled 

3096
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:04,400
the nation size without 
large-scale War back at 

3097
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:07,500
Monticello the next chapter in 
Jefferson's life would revolve 

3098
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,900
around the pursuit of knowledge 
founding a university and 

3099
02:46:10,900 --> 02:46:13,400
hosting endless visitors 
intrigued by the sage of the 

3100
02:46:13,408 --> 02:46:16,400
revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

3101
02:46:16,400 --> 02:46:18,600
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

3102
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:22,100
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

3103
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:26,100
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

3104
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:29,700
the place, he loved surrounded 
by invention's fields of crops 

3105
02:46:29,700 --> 02:46:33,700
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

3106
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:36,700
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

3107
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:38,500
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

3108
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:41,700
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not equate to 

3109
02:46:41,700 --> 02:46:46,100
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

3110
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:50,200
of sage of Monticello receiving 
statement foreign visitors in 

3111
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:53,500
Curious Travelers, he 
corresponded wide widely shaping

3112
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:56,600
discourse on her American 
identity and preserving his 

3113
02:46:56,600 --> 02:47:00,600
Revolution era repute. the 
estate itself, reflected his 

3114
02:47:00,600 --> 02:47:05,100
Restless creativity expansions 
to the house Pavilions and 

3115
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:07,700
elaborate of gardens for 
experimental horticulture 

3116
02:47:08,400 --> 02:47:10,900
Visitors often found him in his 
library or tinkering with 

3117
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:13,200
mechanical gadgets, like a 
polygraph machine that 

3118
02:47:13,200 --> 02:47:17,000
duplicated his handwriting. 
His thirst for Innovation, 

3119
02:47:17,000 --> 02:47:20,800
remained undimmed. 
However, Monticello's finances 

3120
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:23,500
were precarious. 
Jefferson indulged in 

3121
02:47:23,500 --> 02:47:27,500
architectural, whims financed 
extended family and endured the 

3122
02:47:27,508 --> 02:47:31,600
fluctuating price of tobacco 
debts mounted specially as he 

3123
02:47:31,608 --> 02:47:33,700
refused to scale back a gracious
lifestyle. 

3124
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:38,200
Slavery under pinned 
Monticello's operation with over

3125
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:41,600
100, in slaved individuals 
performing the labor Jefferson 

3126
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:45,000
supervised them recording births
tasks and schedules with 

3127
02:47:45,000 --> 02:47:48,000
methodical detail yet Behind 
These ledgers Lake. 

3128
02:47:48,000 --> 02:47:51,800
Human lives subjected to force 
servitude He recognized the 

3129
02:47:51,800 --> 02:47:54,900
moral Quagmire, but rationalized
it with incrementalist 

3130
02:47:54,900 --> 02:47:57,200
arguments, or deferrals, to 
Future Generations. 

3131
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:01,000
This tension complicated, his 
Public Image as a champion of 

3132
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:03,600
Liberty. 
One of his crowning, retirement.

3133
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:05,800
Achievements was founding the 
University of Virginia. 

3134
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:09,400
Jefferson felt older 
institutions clung to religious 

3135
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:11,300
influences or archaic 
curricular. 

3136
02:48:11,300 --> 02:48:14,900
He envisioned a secular campus, 
emphasizing modern languages, 

3137
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:17,800
science and abroad base liberal 
education. 

3138
02:48:18,600 --> 02:48:21,200
Persuading, the Virginia 
legislature to back it required 

3139
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,900
political finesse. 
He personally designed the 

3140
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:27,200
campus layout with a central 
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman

3141
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:30,800
Pantheon flanked by academical 
Village Pavilions. 

3142
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:34,200
Construction began in 
Charlottesville near Monticello 

3143
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:39,300
around 1817, even in his 70s, 
Jefferson frequently visited, 

3144
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:42,600
the site, checking architectural
details, conferring with 

3145
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:47,000
Builders and selecting faculty 
Aimed to cultivate enlightened 

3146
02:48:47,000 --> 02:48:49,800
citizen leaders for a republic 
that demanded knowledge base 

3147
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:52,700
self-governance. 
Meanwhile, National issues, 

3148
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:55,800
still beckoned as an elder 
Statesman of the democratic 

3149
02:48:55,800 --> 02:48:59,100
Republican party. 
Jefferson provided advice to 

3150
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:02,200
Madison and later to Monroe, he 
supported the Louisiana 

3151
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,900
purchases expansion further 
welcoming new States into the 

3152
02:49:05,908 --> 02:49:08,600
Union. 
However, the War of 1812 with 

3153
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:11,500
Britain tested his conviction 
about limited government and a 

3154
02:49:11,508 --> 02:49:15,200
small military eliminated that 
some Federalists Enclave seemed 

3155
02:49:15,200 --> 02:49:18,200
willing to undermine National 
Unity, especially in the 

3156
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:21,000
Northeast. 
Letters, show him, torn between 

3157
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:23,900
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

3158
02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:28,300
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

3159
02:49:28,300 --> 02:49:31,900
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

3160
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:33,600
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

3161
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:36,900
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

3162
02:49:36,900 --> 02:49:40,300
correspondents for years. 
But in retirement, both 

3163
02:49:40,300 --> 02:49:43,700
recognized a mutual bond shaped 
by the revolution's intensity 

3164
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:46,300
through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

3165
02:49:46,300 --> 02:49:50,100
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

3166
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:53,300
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

3167
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:56,600
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

3168
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:00,100
The Revival of their friendships
stands as a testament to the 

3169
02:50:00,108 --> 02:50:03,600
capacity for a bridging old 
political Rifts in these 

3170
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:06,200
letters, Jefferson revealed his 
abiding optimism. 

3171
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:08,700
That the American experiment 
though in perfect. 

3172
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:11,200
Would endure. 
If guy did by reason and 

3173
02:50:11,200 --> 02:50:14,300
virtuous leadership, Yet. 
Personal sorrow. 

3174
02:50:14,300 --> 02:50:17,900
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 
several of his children enduring

3175
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:21,000
repeated heartbreak. 
The Monticello household was no,

3176
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:21,800
quiet. 
Domain. 

3177
02:50:21,800 --> 02:50:26,400
Grandchildren ran about extended
relative sought financial aid, 

3178
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:29,600
and guests arrived unannounced 
to glean a moment with the 

3179
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:32,400
iconic founder. 
You wore the mask of a 

3180
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:35,700
benevolent patriarch? 
But Diaries hint at bouts of 

3181
02:50:35,708 --> 02:50:39,100
melancholy, the precarious 
economy pressed him to mortgage 

3182
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:42,000
properties and he relied on 
lines of credit that threatened 

3183
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:46,100
to up in the estate. the image 
of Monticello as a microcosm of 

3184
02:50:46,100 --> 02:50:49,200
Republican, Enlightenment 
concealed, a precarious Ledger 

3185
02:50:49,200 --> 02:50:53,900
balancing As Jefferson neared 80
he took pride in the University 

3186
02:50:53,900 --> 02:50:55,100
of Virginia's nearing 
completion. 

3187
02:50:56,000 --> 02:50:59,000
He personally, selected some 
Library materials established 

3188
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:02,200
faculty guidelines and wrote 
about its potential to transform

3189
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:06,900
the American Education. 
In 1825, the university opened 

3190
02:51:06,900 --> 02:51:10,500
to its first class of students. 
Jefferson's dream had become 

3191
02:51:10,500 --> 02:51:13,400
real. 
A secular institution dedicated 

3192
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:18,200
to free inquiry unencumbered by 
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 

3193
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:20,600
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

3194
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:23,600
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

3195
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:29,800
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

3196
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:32,200
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

3197
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:33,900
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

3198
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:38,300
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow yearned 

3199
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:40,200
to see. 
July, 4th, 1826. 

3200
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:43,600
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

3201
02:51:44,700 --> 02:51:48,400
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

3202
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:51,700
Jefferson, both passed away on 
that date with Jefferson dying 

3203
02:51:51,700 --> 02:51:54,600
in the early afternoon. 
The Synergy of these two 

3204
02:51:54,600 --> 02:51:57,000
revolutionaries departing on the
nation's half-century. 

3205
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:00,900
Mark cemented a legend. 
Thus Thomas Jefferson's 

3206
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:02,500
retirement was no quiet 
Twilight. 

3207
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:05,000
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

3208
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,800
educational reform and 
reflection on the revolution's 

3209
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:10,900
Legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

3210
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:13,900
estate, weighed by debt, a 
family overshadowed, by the 

3211
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:16,800
institution of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

3212
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:20,400
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

3213
02:52:20,400 --> 02:52:24,400
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

3214
02:52:24,400 --> 02:52:27,900
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

3215
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:30,600
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

3216
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:34,200
that still Define the American 
ethos in the immediate wake of 

3217
02:52:34,208 --> 02:52:38,400
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed over his legacy,

3218
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:42,000
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

3219
02:52:42,008 --> 02:52:44,600
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

3220
02:52:44,600 --> 02:52:47,900
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

3221
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:51,400
championed religious freedom. 
Others, lambasted his 

3222
02:52:51,400 --> 02:52:54,600
inconsistencies, a 
self-proclaimed, a galatian, who

3223
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:57,900
held in slave laborers, an 
Enlightenment thinker, who let 

3224
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:00,000
personal finances, descend into 
chaos. 

3225
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:04,200
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

3226
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:06,700
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

3227
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,900
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect soon faced Financial 

3228
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:12,500
turmoil. 
His heirs, struggled to pay his 

3229
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,300
debts, they sold land and 
eventually auctioned off 

3230
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:19,000
furniture in slaved individuals 
fracturing, the community that 

3231
02:53:19,000 --> 02:53:22,600
had sustained the plantation. 
Monticello changed hands 

3232
02:53:22,600 --> 02:53:25,900
multiple times deteriorating 
until the early 20th century. 

3233
02:53:25,900 --> 02:53:28,700
When the Thomas Jefferson 
Foundation, Acquired and 

3234
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:31,900
restored it, symbolically 
reassembling his architectural 

3235
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:33,600
dream as an American heritage 
site. 

3236
02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:37,100
This restoration also reignited 
debates about the everyday 

3237
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,800
realities of enslaved, families,
who once toiled their 

3238
02:53:39,808 --> 02:53:44,000
culminating in renewed, emphasis
on their stories, a dimension 

3239
02:53:44,000 --> 02:53:46,300
historically, muted in the 
veneration of Jefferson 

3240
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,200
Meanwhile the broader American 
public constructed, a Mythic 

3241
02:53:50,200 --> 02:53:54,300
image of Jefferson in the 19th 
century, as political parties 

3242
02:53:54,300 --> 02:53:58,000
shifted references to 
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 

3243
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:02,800
praising, his emphasis on small 
government minimal taxes and the

3244
02:54:02,800 --> 02:54:07,000
righteousness of Rural Life. 
Andrew Jackson supporters invoke

3245
02:54:07,000 --> 02:54:09,900
Jefferson as a figure who 
championed the Common Man. 

3246
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:13,500
But historians recognize that 
Jefferson's own approach to 

3247
02:54:13,500 --> 02:54:17,000
governance was more nuanced than
populist idealists claimed. 

3248
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:20,800
He recognized the necessity of 
compromise and occasionally 

3249
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:24,200
invoked strong Federal measures 
specially in foreign affairs. 

3250
02:54:25,200 --> 02:54:28,100
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

3251
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:31,500
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder who 

3252
02:54:31,500 --> 02:54:35,400
believed in educated citizenry. 
Debates around the founders, 

3253
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:39,200
intentions sword with 
Jefferson's letters cited by all

3254
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:40,900
sides. 
Archival. 

3255
02:54:40,900 --> 02:54:42,900
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

3256
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:46,600
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

3257
02:54:46,600 --> 02:54:49,400
and his Dynamic shift from 
localist to expansionist. 

3258
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:51,600
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

3259
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:54,200
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

3260
02:54:54,200 --> 02:54:59,100
Paragons but flawed Statesmen 
shaped by urgent demands in 

3261
02:54:59,100 --> 02:55:02,400
scholarship, the 1970s and 
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 

3262
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:05,100
of inquiry, focusing on 
Jefferson's relationship. 

3263
02:55:05,100 --> 02:55:08,800
With Sally Hemming's DNA 
evidence in the late 1990s, 

3264
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:11,800
pointed strongly to him 
fathering his children. 

3265
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:15,400
This Revelation forced a 
national reevaluation of the so 

3266
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:18,700
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized. 

3267
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:22,300
Others found it. 
Holy unsurprising in retrospect 

3268
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,300
it underscored the complexities 
swirling, under his polished 

3269
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:29,300
philosophical veneer from a man 
who wrote all men are created 

3270
02:55:29,300 --> 02:55:33,300
equal reconciling these. 
Two Realms intellectual champion

3271
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:36,400
of Liberty and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

3272
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,100
never straightforward, academic 
attention. 

3273
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:42,500
Also Del deeper into his 
political philosophy, jeffos 

3274
02:55:42,500 --> 02:55:46,200
notion of an Empire of Liberty. 
Intel degra in experimentation 

3275
02:55:46,200 --> 02:55:49,300
across the continent. 
Yet it set the stage for Native 

3276
02:55:49,300 --> 02:55:52,300
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

3277
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:55,800
new territories, While he 
personally doubted, the morality

3278
02:55:55,800 --> 02:55:57,800
of forcibly taking indigenous 
lands. 

3279
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:01,400
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

3280
02:56:02,200 --> 02:56:05,700
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that stoked tensions for 

3281
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:09,800
Generations culminating and 
forced relocations today. 

3282
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:14,000
Some reevaluate Jefferson's role
in establishing moral Frameworks

3283
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:16,600
that facilitated expansion at 
other Zoom events. 

3284
02:56:17,500 --> 02:56:20,300
In popular memory, Jefferson's 
Memorial in Washington. 

3285
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:25,500
DC opened in 1943 still stands 
as a testament to his rhetorical

3286
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,800
Brilliance visitors, read 
excerpts from the Declaration of

3287
02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:32,000
Independence and letters on the 
rotunda's walls underscoring. 

3288
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,700
His luminous call for equality 
and freedom of conscience. 

3289
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:38,500
The monument ionically does not 
portray the full tangle of 

3290
02:56:38,508 --> 02:56:42,700
contradictions, yet more in Seas
intuitive programs. 

3291
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:45,700
And now incorporating nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

3292
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:49,200
achievements and moral failing, 
side by side, Amid these 

3293
02:56:49,200 --> 02:56:52,000
controversies Jefferson's 
intellectual achievements. 

3294
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:55,100
Remain uncontested. 
His articulation of natural 

3295
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:58,100
rights and the notion that 
legitimate government stems from

3296
02:56:58,100 --> 02:57:00,300
the consent of the governed 
carved. 

3297
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:02,700
A philosophical Bedrock for 
modern democracies worldwide 

3298
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:05,500
Educators, and politicians 
continue. 

3299
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:08,900
Citing him to justify policy 
from religious tolerance to 

3300
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:13,100
public education. meanwhile 
University of Virginia stands as

3301
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:15,200
living reminder of his 
conviction that knowledge, 

3302
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:19,600
Fosters responsible governance, 
Its rotunda overshadowing. 

3303
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,200
The lawn keeps the spirit of 
Enlightenment learning alive. 

3304
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:27,500
Hence to centuries on Thomas, 
Jefferson remains as complicated

3305
02:57:27,500 --> 02:57:30,300
as the era, he shaped luminous 
author. 

3306
02:57:30,300 --> 02:57:34,600
Democracy's founding Creed 
overshadowed by glaring 

3307
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:38,100
contradictions on race and 
personal conduct His life 

3308
02:57:38,100 --> 02:57:41,800
prompts reflection on how lofty 
ideals can Clash with ingrained,

3309
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:44,100
social structures and personal 
entanglements. 

3310
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:46,700
For many Americans and observes 
abroad. 

3311
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:49,900
Grappling with Jeffrey Jefferson
is akin to grappling with the 

3312
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:53,900
nation's owner identity built on
Noble declarations yet. 

3313
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,700
Intimately entangled in 
unresolved in Justice's the 

3314
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:00,200
conversation. 
He started continues bridging 

3315
02:58:00,200 --> 02:58:03,500
history and contemporary debates
on Liberty equality and the 

3316
02:58:03,500 --> 02:58:07,200
messy reality is in between 
Thomas Jefferson's life, invites

3317
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:10,300
Reflections on how Visionary 
ideals intersect with the flawed

3318
02:58:10,300 --> 02:58:13,900
scope of practical living. 
He exemplifies the possibility 

3319
02:58:13,900 --> 02:58:17,800
that one can be intellectually 
gifted deeply principled yet. 

3320
02:58:17,800 --> 02:58:21,600
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

3321
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:23,300
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

3322
02:58:23,300 --> 02:58:26,800
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

3323
02:58:26,800 --> 02:58:30,700
Each of facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

3324
02:58:30,700 --> 02:58:33,800
personal convictions with 
structural constraints at 

3325
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:36,700
Monticello his architectural 
flourishes, highlight, how 

3326
02:58:36,700 --> 02:58:39,700
creativity can transform 
personal space into a canvas of 

3327
02:58:39,700 --> 02:58:43,400
experimentation. 
Secret passages rotating book, 

3328
02:58:43,400 --> 02:58:47,400
stands an advanced ventilation, 
remind us that even domestic 

3329
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:49,200
life can become a playground of 
innovation. 

3330
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:52,300
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

3331
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:56,700
including Home and Office, But 
Monticello underscores, how 

3332
02:58:56,700 --> 02:58:58,400
Comfort can rely on unseen 
labor? 

3333
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:02,700
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
in slave men and women forced to

3334
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:06,200
cater to Jefferson's designs. 
This reality, cautions that 

3335
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:08,900
technological or aesthetic 
progress can co-exist with 

3336
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:12,000
ethical failings. 
Jefferson's public service. 

3337
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:15,700
From drafting the Declaration to
guiding foreign policy 

3338
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:18,800
underscores the power of 
well-crafted language. 

3339
02:59:18,800 --> 02:59:22,300
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

3340
02:59:22,300 --> 02:59:25,600
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

3341
02:59:25,600 --> 02:59:28,500
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

3342
02:59:28,500 --> 02:59:31,400
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

3343
02:59:31,400 --> 02:59:35,100
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

3344
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:38,600
Jefferson's example of firms 
that carefully chosen language 

3345
02:59:38,600 --> 02:59:40,800
can galvanized or fractionally 
divided. 

3346
02:59:41,700 --> 02:59:45,000
His success in bridging disputes
among the founders, suggest the 

3347
02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:48,900
value of measured compromise at 
the same time, your deal of the 

3348
02:59:48,908 --> 02:59:51,600
1800 election warns us that 
parts and ship can nearly 

3349
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:55,000
fracture a young democracy. 
One cannot ignore the deeper 

3350
02:59:55,000 --> 02:59:58,100
moral debate, how man, 
proclaiming Universal rights are

3351
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:01,600
held the structure of slavery. 
Modern readers might view that 

3352
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:03,200
as an irredeemable 
contradiction. 

3353
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:06,900
Alternatively, one might 
interpret it as historical 

3354
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:08,900
caution. 
That even well-intentioned 

3355
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:12,100
reformers can remain captive to 
entrenched economic and social 

3356
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:14,900
norms. 
Jefferson's story prominently 

3357
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:16,700
highlights. 
The difference between personal 

3358
03:00:16,700 --> 03:00:20,300
moral Clarity in institutional, 
inertia, it compels us to 

3359
03:00:20,300 --> 03:00:22,800
question our complicity in 
modern systems that might 

3360
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:24,300
conflict with our professed 
values. 

3361
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:28,100
Additionally, Jefferson's 
championing of religious freedom

3362
03:00:28,100 --> 03:00:31,100
stands out. 
He insisted that each person's 

3363
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:33,000
beliefs Beyond governmental 
reach. 

3364
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:37,000
Stance that shape, not just 
America, but Global Norms on 

3365
03:00:37,000 --> 03:00:39,600
religious liberty. 
The Statute for Religious 

3366
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,000
Freedom. 
In Virginia though, overshadowed

3367
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:45,100
by the declaration's fame. 
Seated, the principle that 

3368
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:48,500
government cannot coerce 
spiritual conviction today. 

3369
03:00:48,500 --> 03:00:52,400
As debates on religious 
Expressions swirl worldwide, his

3370
03:00:52,400 --> 03:00:54,800
early push for disestablishment 
remains relevant. 

3371
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:58,800
Another subtle Dimension is 
Jefferson's approach to 

3372
03:00:58,800 --> 03:01:02,100
educational Frameworks, founding
the University of Virginia 

3373
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:05,200
mirrored his conviction that 
informed populace anchors, a 

3374
03:01:05,200 --> 03:01:08,300
stable Republic. 
He favored broad curricula from 

3375
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:11,500
ancient languages to Modern 
Sciences, rejecting Church 

3376
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:14,400
oversight. 
That model resonates in ongoing 

3377
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:17,300
dialogues about academic 
freedom, the role of public 

3378
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:20,600
universities, and how to equip 
citizens for complex Global 

3379
03:01:20,600 --> 03:01:23,300
realities. 
His notion that education 

3380
03:01:23,300 --> 03:01:25,800
Fosters self rule might be more 
pertinent than ever. 

3381
03:01:26,700 --> 03:01:30,700
In his final years weighed down 
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 

3382
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:34,000
how personal miscalculation can 
overshadow public triumphs? 

3383
03:01:34,000 --> 03:01:37,600
The man who shaped a nation 
wrestled with monetary woes 

3384
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:40,600
culminating in Monticello's 
partial liquidation after his 

3385
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,600
death. 
Story, underscores that bright 

3386
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:45,800
Minds can still fall in everyday
management. 

3387
03:01:46,700 --> 03:01:48,700
For modern professionals 
approaching midlife. 

3388
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:52,100
The caution is clear. 
Brilliant, in some Arenas does 

3389
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:55,800
not inoculate against practical.
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 

3390
03:01:55,800 --> 03:02:00,600
coinciding with John Adams's on 
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 

3391
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:04,300
close to their entwined sagas. 
Observers then Marvel at 

3392
03:02:04,300 --> 03:02:07,400
providence's timing interpreting
it as a sign of national 

3393
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:10,200
destiny. 
The solemn passing of two 

3394
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:12,900
revolutionary Architects on the 
Republic's half-century Mark 

3395
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:15,100
remains a striking historical 
coincidence. 

3396
03:02:16,000 --> 03:02:18,000
Yet behind that. 
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 

3397
03:02:18,000 --> 03:02:20,700
The more tangible truth, they 
were aging Patriots. 

3398
03:02:20,700 --> 03:02:22,700
Who parted with an American 
still in flux. 

3399
03:02:22,700 --> 03:02:26,500
Fragile, expanding, and 
grappling with unsolved 

3400
03:02:26,500 --> 03:02:29,900
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 
they set forth would guide and 

3401
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:34,200
haunt subsequent Generations in 
deciding how, or whether to 

3402
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:39,700
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as

3403
03:02:39,700 --> 03:02:43,500
a mosaic liberation's poet, 
contradictory slave owner 

3404
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:48,000
Visionary statement, flawed care
taker of finance's and father of

3405
03:02:48,000 --> 03:02:49,800
an institution championing 
reason. 

3406
03:02:50,700 --> 03:02:54,000
His life story holds up a mirror
to the interplay of aspirational

3407
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:56,600
and compromise. 
The swirl of high-minded, 

3408
03:02:56,600 --> 03:03:00,000
principal amid pragmatic, 
gambles for many that reflection

3409
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:03,500
remains instructive inviting us 
to measure our convictions 

3410
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:05,000
against the structures. 
We inhabit. 

3411
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:07,700
In confronting Jefferson's 
complexities. 

3412
03:03:07,700 --> 03:03:11,000
We do not just revisit a 
Founding Father, we confront the

3413
03:03:11,000 --> 03:03:14,100
universal tension of forging, a 
just Society in an imperfect 

3414
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:17,300
world and that conversation 
spurred by the man from 

3415
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:19,300
Monticello remains as vital as 
ever. 

3416
03:03:25,300 --> 03:03:27,400
Picture yourself settling into a
worn leather. 

3417
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:30,700
Chair by crackling fire holding 
a steaming mug of something 

3418
03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:34,000
warm. 
Now, let me tell you about a 

3419
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:36,500
time, when your biggest medical 
worry, wasn't whether your 

3420
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:37,800
insurance would cover a 
procedure. 

3421
03:03:37,800 --> 03:03:40,400
But whether the local barber 
surgeon had remembered to 

3422
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,600
sharpen, his saw that morning, 
you're about to step into the 

3423
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:47,000
wonderfully bizarre, world of 
medieval medicine, where logic 

3424
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:49,500
took a permanent vacation and 
Common Sense. 

3425
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:51,800
Apparently got lost somewhere 
around the 5th Century. 

3426
03:03:51,800 --> 03:03:54,900
This book isn't just any old 
history lesson. 

3427
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:58,200
It's a gentle stroll through 
Humanity's, most creative 

3428
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:01,100
attempts at staying alive. 
Back when people thought your 

3429
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:04,100
personality was determined by, 
how much yellow bile you had 

3430
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:07,400
sloshing around inside you 
imagine waking up in the year, 

3431
03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:11,000
1347 with a headache today. 
You might reach for some 

3432
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:15,000
ibuprofen and call it good. 
But in medieval times, well, 

3433
03:04:15,000 --> 03:04:17,900
first someone would need to 
examine the color of your urine,

3434
03:04:17,900 --> 03:04:21,200
preferably while holding it up 
to the Morning Light, like a 

3435
03:04:21,200 --> 03:04:22,700
Somalia of evaluating a fine 
wine. 

3436
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:26,600
Next, they would determine the 
direction of the wind consult, 

3437
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:29,600
the position of Mars and 
potentially drill a small hole 

3438
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:31,600
in your skull to release any 
evil spirits. 

3439
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:34,600
The headache remedy might 
involve wearing a necklace made 

3440
03:04:34,600 --> 03:04:38,400
of peony roots or better yet. 
Having someone read Latin poetry

3441
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:42,000
to your forehead. medieval folks
lived in a world where 

3442
03:04:42,000 --> 03:04:44,800
everything interconnected in the
most intricate ways possible, 

3443
03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:48,400
your health depended not just on
what you ate or how much you 

3444
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:51,700
exercise but on whether you'd 
angered any Saints lately. 

3445
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:55,000
If you'd be looking at too many 
beautiful women apparently 

3446
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:58,200
hazardous to male health, or 
whether you'd committed the 

3447
03:04:58,200 --> 03:04:59,800
grave sin of bathing to 
frequently. 

3448
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,600
The medieval medical toolkit, 
resembled a combination of a 

3449
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:07,800
spice rack a garden shed and a 
church all combined with a 

3450
03:05:07,800 --> 03:05:11,000
generous dose of Wishful 
Thinking, Physicians of the time

3451
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:14,200
and I use that term loosely 
carried around bags for filled 

3452
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:16,500
with dried herbs that smelled 
like your grandmother's attic 

3453
03:05:16,500 --> 03:05:19,800
mysterious powders that might 
have been anything from ground 

3454
03:05:19,800 --> 03:05:21,700
pearls to pulverize unicorn 
horn. 

3455
03:05:21,700 --> 03:05:24,600
Spoiler alert. 
It was usually just regular old 

3456
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:27,700
horn and an impressive 
collection of sharp objects that

3457
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:29,200
would make a modern surgeon 
week. 

3458
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:32,200
But here's what makes this all 
so endearing. 

3459
03:05:32,200 --> 03:05:35,800
These weren't stupid people. 
They were working with the best 

3460
03:05:35,800 --> 03:05:38,700
information they had which 
admittedly was wasn't much. 

3461
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:41,900
They looked at the human body. 
Like it was a mysterious black 

3462
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:45,000
box that occasionally made 
alarming noises and they did 

3463
03:05:45,000 --> 03:05:47,200
their level best to figure out 
what all the buttons did 

3464
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:49,600
occasionally. 
They encountered luck. 

3465
03:05:50,400 --> 03:05:52,700
More often. 
Well, let's just say that 

3466
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:55,800
surviving medieval medicine was 
almost as challenging as 

3467
03:05:55,800 --> 03:05:58,800
surviving medieval diseases. 
The beautiful thing about 

3468
03:05:58,800 --> 03:06:01,600
medieval medical beliefs is how 
thoroughly they committed to 

3469
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:04,200
their theories. 
When they concluded that all 

3470
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:06,700
illness, stemmed from an 
imbalance of four bodily, fluids

3471
03:06:06,700 --> 03:06:09,400
known as humans. 
They delve deeply into this 

3472
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:11,700
particular area of logic 
everything. 

3473
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,800
And I mean, everything got 
explained through this lens 

3474
03:06:14,800 --> 03:06:17,700
feeling sad. 
If you're feeling sad, it's 

3475
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,700
likely to an abundance of black 
bile angry. 

3476
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:23,600
And doubtedly there is an 
abundance of yellow bile in 

3477
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:25,800
love. 
Oh, that's just your blood 

3478
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:29,100
getting a bit too enthusiastic 
as you sink into your chair in 

3479
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:30,700
the fire pops. 
You may wonder how people 

3480
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:34,200
survive back then, the answer 
lies in a blend of exceptional. 

3481
03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:38,400
Human fortitude, serendipitous 
circumstances and the remarkable

3482
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:40,100
ability of the human body to 
self-heal. 

3483
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:44,500
Even when we attempt to disrupt 
this process, so pour yourself, 

3484
03:06:44,500 --> 03:06:47,400
another cup of whatever's 
warming your hands and let's 

3485
03:06:47,400 --> 03:06:51,400
continue this journey together. 
We're going to delve into a 

3486
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:53,600
world where medical treatment 
was a blend of theater, 

3487
03:06:53,600 --> 03:06:57,900
chemistry experiments and 
religious ceremonies and yet 

3488
03:06:57,900 --> 03:07:01,700
somehow miraculously people 
continued to improve. 

3489
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:05,600
Let's talk about the Cornerstone
of medieval medicine, the theory

3490
03:07:05,600 --> 03:07:08,900
of the four humors, think of it 
as the medieval equivalent of 

3491
03:07:08,900 --> 03:07:12,500
personality tests except instead
of asking whether you're more of

3492
03:07:12,508 --> 03:07:15,800
a dog person or a cat person, 
they were checking how much 

3493
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:18,000
phlegm you were producing and 
whether your blood was feeling 

3494
03:07:18,000 --> 03:07:22,900
particularly sanguine that day. 
you had four main characters, in

3495
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:28,000
this bodily, drama blood, phlegm
yellow, bile and black bile, 

3496
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:30,900
These were just random fluids 
sloshing around. 

3497
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:33,700
Inside you. 
Oh no they were sophisticated 

3498
03:07:33,700 --> 03:07:37,200
complex substances that 
determined everything from your 

3499
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:40,700
mood to your favorite color to 
whether you are likely to become

3500
03:07:40,700 --> 03:07:43,000
a successful Merchant or a 
Melancholy poet. 

3501
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,700
Blood stood Out Among the group.
If you had too much blood, you 

3502
03:07:47,700 --> 03:07:51,700
were sanguine cheerful 
optimistic and probably the life

3503
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:55,800
of every medieval party. 
Sanguine folks were supposedly 

3504
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:59,600
hot and moist and evil medicine 
was surprisingly concerned with 

3505
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:03,000
everyone's internal temperature 
and humidity levels with Rosie 

3506
03:08:03,000 --> 03:08:05,700
cheeks and an unfortunate 
tendency to be overly trusting. 

3507
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,100
Cure for excess. 
Blood was refreshingly 

3508
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:11,600
straightforward, just remove 
some of it. 

3509
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:15,400
Medieval Physicians approach, 
bloodletting with the enthusiasm

3510
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:18,400
of a wine enthusiast, discussing
a particularly excellent 

3511
03:08:18,400 --> 03:08:21,900
vintage. 
Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 

3512
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:24,200
steady type too much phlegm 
made. 

3513
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:28,000
You phlegmatic slow thoughtful 
and about as exciting as 

3514
03:08:28,000 --> 03:08:29,700
watching paint dry in a 
monastery. 

3515
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:33,900
Phlegmatic people were cold and 
moist, which sounds deeply 

3516
03:08:33,900 --> 03:08:35,200
unpleasant when you put it that 
way. 

3517
03:08:36,000 --> 03:08:38,800
They were the reliable ones, the
people you'd want doing your 

3518
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:40,800
taxes. 
If medieval people had taxes, 

3519
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:42,000
the way we understand them 
today. 

3520
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:46,900
Yellow bile served as the 
Catalyst literally, it was hot 

3521
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:48,900
and dry. 
And if you had too much of it, 

3522
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:52,600
you became choleric quick, 
tempered, and ambitious, and 

3523
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:55,000
probably the type who would 
challenge someone to a duel, 

3524
03:08:55,008 --> 03:08:57,700
over a perceived, slight about 
your horse collar. 

3525
03:08:57,700 --> 03:09:00,600
People were natural leaders, 
which was convenient because 

3526
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:03,800
they were all so natural. 
Arguers, black bile was the 

3527
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:07,600
emotional side of medieval 
humors too much black bile made.

3528
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:12,100
You melancholic sad artistic and
prone to staring whistle out of 

3529
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:13,700
Windows. 
While composing tragic. 

3530
03:09:13,700 --> 03:09:18,500
Poetry about unrequited love. 
Melancholic people were cold and

3531
03:09:18,500 --> 03:09:21,900
dry and they were often 
incredibly intelligent though. 

3532
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:24,300
They used that intelligence 
primarily to contemplate. 

3533
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,300
The fundamental sadness of 
existence. 

3534
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:28,900
Now here's where it gets really 
interesting. 

3535
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:33,400
Your humoral balance could 
change based on your age diet. 

3536
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:35,400
The season and Mercury's 
position. 

3537
03:09:35,400 --> 03:09:37,800
Yes. 
Medieval medicine was also 

3538
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:41,100
surprisingly astrological. 
A perfectly balanced person 

3539
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:44,000
would have, just the right 
amount of each humor creating a 

3540
03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:47,300
kind of internal Harmony that 
would make them healthy wise and

3541
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:49,100
probably insufferably 
well-adjusted. 

3542
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,500
The Practical implications of 
this system were enormous 

3543
03:09:52,500 --> 03:09:56,100
medieval Physicians, didn't just
treat diseases, they treated 

3544
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:59,000
entire personality types. 
They wouldn't just give you 

3545
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:02,000
herbs and send you off. 
If you were sad, first, they 

3546
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:03,900
determine that. 
You obviously had too much black

3547
03:10:03,900 --> 03:10:07,000
bile, then they'd prescribe a 
complete lifestyle, overhaul 

3548
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:09,300
designed to heat you up in your 
out of it. 

3549
03:10:10,000 --> 03:10:12,600
Such an intervention might 
involve eating different foods 

3550
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:16,000
or hot moist things to 
counteract all that cold dry 

3551
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:18,900
black bile. 
Changing your exercise routine, 

3552
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,300
moving to a different climate or
even taking up a more cheerful 

3553
03:10:22,300 --> 03:10:25,000
profession. 
Medieval medicine was nothing. 

3554
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:28,800
If not holistic, though there 
are of it included factors that 

3555
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:32,200
modern medicine, might consider 
slightly irrelevant like the 

3556
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,800
moral character of your 
ancestors and whether you'd been

3557
03:10:34,800 --> 03:10:36,600
exposed to Too Much Moonlight 
recently. 

3558
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:41,600
The beauty of the humoral system
was its elegant Simplicity every

3559
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:44,300
medical problem had a clear 
cause and a logical solution. 

3560
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:47,300
Are you experiencing symptoms of
illness? 

3561
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,200
Clearly, your humors were 
imbalanced, pushing your humors 

3562
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,200
back into balance. 
Was the simple treatment, akin 

3563
03:10:54,200 --> 03:10:57,200
to adjusting the settings on a 
complex biological thermostat. 

3564
03:10:57,200 --> 03:11:01,200
Of course, the challenge was 
figuring out exactly which jokes

3565
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:05,200
were misbehaving and by how much
This process required 

3566
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,900
considerable skill or at least a
great deal of confidence which 

3567
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,500
explains why medieval Physicians
devoted so much time to 

3568
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:16,200
examining bodily, fluids with 
the same intense as wine critics

3569
03:11:16,200 --> 03:11:19,100
at a tasting competition, and 
imagine you're not feeling well 

3570
03:11:19,100 --> 03:11:22,400
in medieval times, so you decide
to visit the local physician. 

3571
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:26,300
As you enter their chamber, you 
anticipate to setting akin to a 

3572
03:11:26,300 --> 03:11:30,200
modern doctors office, but in 
Stead you encounter a scene akin

3573
03:11:30,200 --> 03:11:32,500
to a hybrid of an alchemist 
laboratory and a fortune, 

3574
03:11:32,500 --> 03:11:35,200
tellers parlor. 
Replete with jars filled with 

3575
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:39,200
unidentifiable floating objects.
Your medieval doctor would want 

3576
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,500
to see your urine first, not 
your insurance card or medical 

3577
03:11:42,500 --> 03:11:45,700
history. 
Not just a small sample mind you

3578
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:47,700
but a nice. 
Big flask of the stuff. 

3579
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:49,800
Preferably your first morning 
production. 

3580
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:52,300
When it was at its most 
diagnostically informative, 

3581
03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:56,000
medieval Physicians were 
absolutely obsessed with urine 

3582
03:11:56,000 --> 03:11:59,000
and they had elevated its 
examination to an art form that 

3583
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:01,100
would make modern lab 
technicians jealous. 

3584
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,300
They possess special floss known
as matures. 

3585
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:08,000
Specifically designed for urine 
examination and they would 

3586
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:11,200
scrutinize these flasks as if 
they were evaluating precious 

3587
03:12:11,200 --> 03:12:15,600
gems. 
The color Clarity smell and even

3588
03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:18,300
the way it settled in the flask 
could tell them everything they 

3589
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:19,700
needed to know about your 
condition. 

3590
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:23,700
If your urine had an unusual 
color, it could reveal a 

3591
03:12:23,700 --> 03:12:25,400
multitude of diagnostic 
possibilities. 

3592
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:29,100
Red, you're in might indicate 
too much blood clearly while 

3593
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:31,700
dark urine suggested and excess 
of black bile. 

3594
03:12:31,700 --> 03:12:35,300
If your urine was particularly 
aromatic that, could mean your 

3595
03:12:35,300 --> 03:12:37,400
kidneys were working over time 
or possibly. 

3596
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:40,500
That you'd be needing too much 
garlic which was apparently a 

3597
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:44,100
medical concern worth noting. 
Some Physicians claimed, they 

3598
03:12:44,100 --> 03:12:46,900
could tell not just what was 
wrong with you, but also predict

3599
03:12:46,900 --> 03:12:50,100
your future health, your 
romantic prospects and whether 

3600
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,200
your crops would do well that 
year all from a single flask of 

3601
03:12:53,200 --> 03:12:56,400
morning urine, but urine was 
just the beginning. 

3602
03:12:56,400 --> 03:13:00,200
Medieval doctors were also 
intrigued by your pulse but 

3603
03:13:00,200 --> 03:13:02,900
their interpretation was more 
imagined to todays. 

3604
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:06,000
They didn't just count beats per
minute, they analyzed the 

3605
03:13:06,008 --> 03:13:09,100
quality of the pulse, its Rhythm
its strength and its character. 

3606
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:12,600
A pulse could be described as 
jumping like a grasshopper 

3607
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:15,500
creeping like a snake or flowing
like honey. 

3608
03:13:15,500 --> 03:13:18,600
And each of these poetic 
descriptions supposedly revealed

3609
03:13:18,600 --> 03:13:20,600
different aspects of your 
internal condition. 

3610
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:25,400
Your complexion was another 
crucial diagnostic tool medieval

3611
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:27,200
Physicians. 
Could read your face, like a 

3612
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:29,300
map. 
Finding clues in the color of 

3613
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:32,700
your cheeks, the brightness of 
your eyes and the texture of 

3614
03:13:32,700 --> 03:13:36,800
your skin. a ruddy complexion 
might indicate too much blood 

3615
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:40,800
while a pale one appearance 
suggested insufficient vital 

3616
03:13:40,800 --> 03:13:44,500
Heat They paid particular 
attention to your nose, which 

3617
03:13:44,500 --> 03:13:47,500
they believed was directly 
connected to your brain and 

3618
03:13:47,500 --> 03:13:50,200
therefore, a reliable indicator 
of your mental state. 

3619
03:13:51,600 --> 03:13:54,700
The examination process also 
involved a considerable amount 

3620
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:56,600
of what we might call lifestyle 
counseling. 

3621
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:00,100
Your physician would want to 
know about your diet, your 

3622
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,400
sleeping habits, your emotional 
state, and your recent 

3623
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:06,400
activities. 
Have you been exposed to any 

3624
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:09,000
strong emotions lately? 
How do you eaten anything 

3625
03:14:09,000 --> 03:14:12,200
particularly heating or cooling?
Have you been in the presents of

3626
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:14,300
anyone with suspicious humeral 
imbalances? 

3627
03:14:15,300 --> 03:14:18,000
They were all so deeply 
interested in your dreams which 

3628
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:20,500
they considered windows in to 
your internal state. 

3629
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:24,200
Dreaming about water might 
indicate excess phlegm while 

3630
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:26,700
dreams of fire could suggest too
much yellow bile. 

3631
03:14:27,600 --> 03:14:30,500
If you dreamed about flying, 
that was clearly a sign that 

3632
03:14:30,500 --> 03:14:33,700
your natural heat was trying to 
escape your body, which required

3633
03:14:33,700 --> 03:14:36,600
immediate cooling therapy. 
Medieval Physicians. 

3634
03:14:36,600 --> 03:14:39,700
Also paid attention to your 
astrological sign and the 

3635
03:14:39,708 --> 03:14:42,900
current position of the planets.
Your health was intimately 

3636
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:46,000
connected to Celestial movements
and a good physician would 

3637
03:14:46,000 --> 03:14:48,400
consult Star Charts before 
making any major treatment 

3638
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,000
decisions. 
If Mars was in an aggressive 

3639
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:53,600
position, it might not be the 
best time for bloodletting. 

3640
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,700
While a favorable Venus might 
enhance the effectiveness of 

3641
03:14:56,700 --> 03:15:00,100
love potions. 
Prescribed for melancholy The 

3642
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:03,800
diagnostic process could take 
hours involving detailed 

3643
03:15:03,800 --> 03:15:06,400
questioning, careful, 
observation and quite a bit of 

3644
03:15:06,400 --> 03:15:10,000
thoughtful stroking of beards. 
Medieval Physicians were 

3645
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:13,200
apparently required to have 
impressive facial hair by the 

3646
03:15:13,200 --> 03:15:15,000
end of it. 
Your physician would have a 

3647
03:15:15,008 --> 03:15:17,100
complete picture. 
Not just of your physical 

3648
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,500
condition, but of your moral 
character, your spiritual State 

3649
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:22,500
and your place in the cosmic 
order. 

3650
03:15:22,500 --> 03:15:25,600
Now we come to perhaps the most 
famous and from our modern 

3651
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:28,800
perspective, most alarming 
aspect of medieval medicine 

3652
03:15:28,800 --> 03:15:32,400
bloodletting If you lived in 
medieval times, you would have 

3653
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:35,700
seen this practice as often as 
we see a spare in now headache. 

3654
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:39,500
It's time to administer some 
bloodletting fever. 

3655
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:42,800
Undoubtedly there is an 
abundance of blood present. 

3656
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:44,700
Are you experiencing a mood 
swing? 

3657
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:48,500
Clearly, your blood needs some 
attention, the logic behind 

3658
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:51,900
bloodletting was actually quite 
elegant in a Wasted medieval 

3659
03:15:51,900 --> 03:15:53,900
sort of way. 
Remember those four jokes we 

3660
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:56,900
talked about will blood was the 
most active and abundant of 

3661
03:15:56,900 --> 03:15:59,900
these and medieval Physicians 
believe that most illnesses were

3662
03:15:59,900 --> 03:16:03,200
caused by having too much of it.
So the obvious solution was to 

3663
03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:05,900
remove the excess like letting 
air out of an over-inflated 

3664
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:09,600
balloon except the balloon was 
you and the air was your life 

3665
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:12,400
force. 
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 

3666
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:15,500
just a matter of making a small 
cut and collecting a couple too.

3667
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:17,900
Oh no. 
They had elevated it to a 

3668
03:16:17,908 --> 03:16:21,900
sophisticated art with multiple 
techniques specialized tools and

3669
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:25,400
elaborate theories about timing 
and technique, you could choose 

3670
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:28,500
from various bloodletting 
methods, like, selecting items 

3671
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:30,300
from a deeply disturbing medical
menu. 

3672
03:16:30,300 --> 03:16:34,000
There was Venice section, which 
involved making strategic cuts 

3673
03:16:34,000 --> 03:16:37,700
into major veins, Medieval 
Physicians had mapped out the 

3674
03:16:37,700 --> 03:16:41,100
human body like roadmap. 
Identifying the best veins for 

3675
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:43,700
different conditions. 
Arm Vans were good for head 

3676
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:45,900
problems leg veins helped with 
abdominal issues. 

3677
03:16:45,900 --> 03:16:48,900
And there were specific veins 
that were thought to be 

3678
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:50,900
connected to different organs 
through. 

3679
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:53,100
Invisible Pathways, that made 
perfect sense. 

3680
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:54,700
If you didn't think about them, 
too hard. 

3681
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:58,500
Then there was cupping, which 
involved placing heated cups on 

3682
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:00,200
your skin to draw blood to the 
surface. 

3683
03:17:01,100 --> 03:17:03,100
The cups would create suction as
they cooled. 

3684
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:06,600
Pulling your skin up into little
domes and supposedly drawing out

3685
03:17:06,600 --> 03:17:09,500
the problematic blood along with
whatever evil humors were 

3686
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:12,200
causing your trouble. 
occasionally, they'd make small 

3687
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,400
Cuts, first turning the cupping 
session into a more efficient, 

3688
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:18,600
blood extraction process, 
Bleachers were the Gentile 

3689
03:17:18,600 --> 03:17:21,500
option, considered more refined 
and controlled than crude 

3690
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,300
cutting. 
Medieval Physicians maintained 

3691
03:17:24,300 --> 03:17:27,700
collections of medical leeches. 
Like modern doctors, keep death 

3692
03:17:27,700 --> 03:17:31,000
Scopes, and they had strong 
opinions about leech, quality 

3693
03:17:31,000 --> 03:17:33,600
and technique. 
A good Leach, should be hungry, 

3694
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:37,100
but not desperate active, but 
not overly aggressive and 

3695
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:40,000
preferably sourced from clean 
running water rather than 

3696
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:43,700
stagnant ponds. 
The timing of bloodletting was 

3697
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:46,700
crucial and required Consulting 
multiple sources of information.

3698
03:17:48,000 --> 03:17:51,400
The phase of the moon mattered, 
certain phases, were better for 

3699
03:17:51,400 --> 03:17:54,400
bloodletting than others. 
The astrological sign was 

3700
03:17:54,400 --> 03:17:57,400
important as the current 
position of various planets. 

3701
03:17:58,100 --> 03:18:01,200
The season, affected the quality
of your blood and even the time 

3702
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:03,500
of day could influence the 
success of the procedure. 

3703
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:07,100
Medieval Physicians had 
elaborate charts showing the 

3704
03:18:07,100 --> 03:18:09,400
best time to bleed from 
different parts of the body. 

3705
03:18:10,300 --> 03:18:12,900
Spring was generally beneficial 
for bloodletting because that's 

3706
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:16,000
when blood was thought to be 
most active like sap rising in 

3707
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:18,500
trees. 
But she had to be careful not to

3708
03:18:18,500 --> 03:18:21,000
overdo it during hot summer 
months when your natural heat 

3709
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:24,100
was already elevated. 
The amount of blood removed was 

3710
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,000
determined by a complex 
calculation involving your age 

3711
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:30,300
Constitution. 
The nature of your illness and 

3712
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:34,200
various environmental factors. 
Young strong, people could 

3713
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:36,700
handle more bloodletting than 
elderly or weak individuals. 

3714
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:38,900
Someone with a sanguine 
temperament. 

3715
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:41,000
Might need more aggressive 
treatment than someone who is 

3716
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:44,100
naturally phlegmatic. 
What's remarkable is, how 

3717
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:46,100
enthusiastic people were about 
this treatment? 

3718
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:49,800
Bloodletting wasn't something. 
You endured it was something you

3719
03:18:49,800 --> 03:18:52,000
looked forward to like a 
medieval spa day. 

3720
03:18:52,700 --> 03:18:55,000
People would schedule regular 
bloodletting session as 

3721
03:18:55,000 --> 03:18:57,700
preventive medicine, and 
Physicians, would recommend it 

3722
03:18:57,700 --> 03:18:59,800
for everything from preventing 
illness to improving your 

3723
03:18:59,808 --> 03:19:01,900
complexion, to enhancing your 
mental clarity. 

3724
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:05,800
Barber surgeons who combined 
haircutting with minor medical 

3725
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,800
procedures advertised their 
bloodletting Services alongside 

3726
03:19:08,800 --> 03:19:12,300
their grooming options, you 
could get a shave a haircut and 

3727
03:19:12,300 --> 03:19:16,300
have some excess blood removed 
all in one convenient visit The 

3728
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:19,600
traditional barber pole with his
red and white stripes, actually 

3729
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,000
represents bloodied bandages 
wrapped around a pole, a 

3730
03:19:23,000 --> 03:19:25,000
cheerful, reminder of the 
professions medical heritage. 

3731
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:28,400
The social aspect of 
bloodletting was also important.

3732
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:32,100
It was often performed in groups
turning medical treatment into a

3733
03:19:32,108 --> 03:19:35,300
social event where people could 
catch up on local gossip while 

3734
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,400
having their humors rebalanced 
wealthy families, would 

3735
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:41,200
sometimes hire Physicians to 
perform bloodletting session for

3736
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,100
the entire household. 
Like, hosting a very specialized

3737
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:47,600
dinner party, medieval medicine 
cabinets were incredibly chaotic

3738
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:50,400
causing a modern Pharmacy, to 
shudder and confusion. 

3739
03:19:51,200 --> 03:19:53,900
Imagine opening a medieval 
Physicians bag and finding 

3740
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:57,400
everything from dried Beatles to
powdered unicorn horn, which was

3741
03:19:57,400 --> 03:19:59,600
actually narwhal Tusk. 
But don't tell anyone. 

3742
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:03,000
Alongside herbs that might 
actually work and substances 

3743
03:20:03,000 --> 03:20:05,800
that definitely wouldn't. 
But smelled intriguing enough to

3744
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:09,500
seem medicinal the medieval 
approach to herbal medicine, was

3745
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:12,900
refreshingly inclusive. 
If something existed in nature, 

3746
03:20:12,900 --> 03:20:15,400
someone had probably tried using
it as medicine. 

3747
03:20:16,400 --> 03:20:20,400
This approach led to an enormous
farmer that included, not just 

3748
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:23,400
plants. 
But also animal parts minerals 

3749
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:26,500
and substances that defied easy 
categorization. 

3750
03:20:27,700 --> 03:20:30,900
Medieval Physicians, were like 
enthusiastic collectors, who 

3751
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:33,600
never met a potential remedy. 
They didn't want to try it at 

3752
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:36,600
least once. 
For instance the theory act 

3753
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:40,600
regarded as the ultimate remedy 
could contain anywhere from 60 

3754
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:43,200
to 100 different ingredients 
depending on the maker. 

3755
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:47,100
The recipe included vipers 
flesh, which had to be prepared 

3756
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:52,200
in a very specific way. 
Opium various spices herbs and 

3757
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:54,700
enough other ingredients to 
stock a small Apothecary. 

3758
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:58,100
In some cities, the complex 
process of making Theory act 

3759
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,200
became a public event. 
Drawing crowds to witness the 

3760
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:03,700
master apothecary's performed. 
Their mysterious Magic. 

3761
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,800
But most medieval remedies were 
more accessible built around 

3762
03:21:07,800 --> 03:21:10,800
herbs and plants that grew 
locally and could be prepared in

3763
03:21:10,800 --> 03:21:12,700
any reasonably well equipped 
kitchen. 

3764
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:16,300
People expected, medieval 
Housewives to understand, basic 

3765
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,800
herbal medicine, just as modern 
parents, understand basic first 

3766
03:21:19,800 --> 03:21:22,200
aid. 
They maintained herb gardens 

3767
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:25,100
with plants, specifically chosen
for their medicinal properties 

3768
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:28,500
and they passed down recipes and
techniques through generations 

3769
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:30,800
of women who took their healing 
responsibilities. 

3770
03:21:30,800 --> 03:21:34,900
Seriously, Willow bark was used 
for pain relief and actually 

3771
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,300
worked, because it contains 
salicin a compound related to 

3772
03:21:38,300 --> 03:21:41,000
aspirin. 
Medieval people didn't know why 

3773
03:21:41,000 --> 03:21:44,300
it worked, but they knew it did,
which was good enough for 

3774
03:21:44,300 --> 03:21:47,300
practical purposes. 
Similarly, digitalis from 

3775
03:21:47,300 --> 03:21:50,100
foxglove was used for heart 
problems and while it was 

3776
03:21:50,100 --> 03:21:53,200
dangerously easy to overdose on,
it was actually an effective 

3777
03:21:53,200 --> 03:21:57,100
cardiac medication. 
But for every real remedy, there

3778
03:21:57,100 --> 03:22:00,100
were many that were Pure Fantasy
dressed up in medical terms. 

3779
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:03,300
people prescribed powdered 
pearls for melancholy, 

3780
03:22:03,300 --> 03:22:06,400
presumably due to the belief 
that their lustrous Beauty could

3781
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:09,800
uplift spirits, Ground up 
precious stones were mixed into 

3782
03:22:09,800 --> 03:22:13,300
medicine's, not because they had
any therapeutic value but 

3783
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:15,800
because it expensive ingredients
were obviously more powerful. 

3784
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:18,900
The cheap ones animal based 
remedies were particularly 

3785
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:21,300
creative. 
Unicorn horn was the most 

3786
03:22:21,300 --> 03:22:24,300
prestigious thought to 
neutralize Poison's and cure 

3787
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:28,000
virtually any ailment. 
Since actual unicorns were in 

3788
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:32,600
short supply, most unicorn horn 
was actually powdered rhinoceros

3789
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:35,100
horn. 
Now, while Tusk or just regular 

3790
03:22:35,100 --> 03:22:37,300
old animal horn that had been 
blessed by someone with 

3791
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:40,400
impressive religious 
credentials, Medieval Physicians

3792
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:43,700
also, prescribed remedies made 
from human body parts, which 

3793
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:45,800
sounds ghoulish, but made 
perfect sense. 

3794
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,300
According to their logic, if 
someone had died in perfect 

3795
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:52,100
health, usually a young person 
who had suffered an accident. 

3796
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:55,500
Parts of their body could be 
used to transfer that Health to 

3797
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:58,400
sick. 
Patients This process led to a 

3798
03:22:58,400 --> 03:23:01,400
thriving trade in various 
human-derived medicines that we 

3799
03:23:01,408 --> 03:23:05,000
probably don't need to discuss 
in detail during our cozy bed 

3800
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,600
time story. 
The preparation of these 

3801
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:10,200
remedies was often as elaborate 
as their ingredients were 

3802
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:12,900
exotic. 
Medieval medicine involved. 

3803
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:16,300
A lot of precise timing. 
Specific astronomical conditions

3804
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:19,800
and ritual elements that 
transform simple cooking and to 

3805
03:23:19,808 --> 03:23:21,600
something resembling a religious
ceremony. 

3806
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:25,200
Herbs had to be picked at the 
right phase of the moon. 

3807
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:27,600
Dried in particular ways and 
combined. 

3808
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:29,800
According to formulas, that had 
been passed down through 

3809
03:23:29,800 --> 03:23:33,900
generations of practitioners. 
Medieval people also believed 

3810
03:23:33,900 --> 03:23:36,800
strongly in the power of 
sympathetic magic, which meant 

3811
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:38,400
that remedies should somehow 
resemble. 

3812
03:23:38,400 --> 03:23:41,200
Either the problem they were 
treating or the solution, they 

3813
03:23:41,200 --> 03:23:44,300
were trying to achieve yellow 
herbs, were good for liver 

3814
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:47,100
problems, because the liver 
produced yellow bile red 

3815
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:50,400
substances were good for blood 
disorders, heart-shaped leaves, 

3816
03:23:50,400 --> 03:23:52,400
were obviously beneficial for 
heart conditions. 

3817
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:56,000
These discoveries led to some 
remarkably Creative Connections 

3818
03:23:56,000 --> 03:23:59,400
between appearance and function 
Spotted leaves of lung. 

3819
03:23:59,400 --> 03:24:02,400
Ward were thought to resemble 
diseased lungs, so they were 

3820
03:24:02,400 --> 03:24:04,000
used to treat respiratory 
problems. 

3821
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:08,100
Walnuts, which looks somewhat 
like tiny brains were considered

3822
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:11,400
brain food long before anyone 
knew about a mega 3 fatty acids,

3823
03:24:12,300 --> 03:24:16,200
The dosing of medieval medicine 
was more Art and Science relying

3824
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:19,700
heavily on the Physicians 
experience and intuition too, 

3825
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:22,200
little might not work but too 
much, could kill you. 

3826
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,200
And the line between effective 
dose and fatal overdose was 

3827
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,600
often uncomfortably thin. 
This is why medieval Physicians 

3828
03:24:28,600 --> 03:24:31,700
spent so much time, studying 
their patients Constitution's 

3829
03:24:31,700 --> 03:24:33,700
and carefully, adjusting 
treatments. 

3830
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:37,200
Based on individual factors, 
medieval surgery was not for the

3831
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:39,400
faint of heart. 
And if you lived during this 

3832
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:42,000
time, you would have approached 
it with roughly the same 

3833
03:24:42,000 --> 03:24:44,400
enthusiasm. 
Most people today, reserved for 

3834
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:48,000
root canal surgery, except 
medieval surgery was performed 

3835
03:24:48,000 --> 03:24:52,400
without anesthesia antibiotics 
or any real understanding of how

3836
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:55,800
infections worked. 
The surgical toolkit of a 

3837
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:58,100
medieval practitioner looked 
like something assembled by 

3838
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:01,300
someone who had heard about 
surgery secondhand, but had 

3839
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:02,700
never actually seen it 
performed. 

3840
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:06,000
Their bags, were filled with 
saws, knives. 

3841
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:09,700
Hot Irons for cauterizing, 
wounds, and various sharp. 

3842
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:12,300
Implements that appeared to be 
designed more for carpentry than

3843
03:25:12,300 --> 03:25:15,200
for medicine. 
Medieval surgeons approached, 

3844
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:17,500
the human body, with the 
confidence of people who had 

3845
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:19,600
never heard of medical 
malpractice lawsuits. 

3846
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,400
Trepanation. 
Drilling holes and skulls were 

3847
03:25:23,400 --> 03:25:25,300
surprisingly. 
Common and was used to treat 

3848
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:28,000
everything from headaches to 
mental illness to what they 

3849
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:32,100
called, Melancholy Madness. 
The theory was that evil spirits

3850
03:25:32,100 --> 03:25:35,700
excess humor or bad are had 
gotten trapped inside the head 

3851
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:39,300
and needed a way to escape. 
And evil surgeons would 

3852
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:41,000
carefully. 
Drill a small hole in the 

3853
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:44,100
patient's skull sometimes while 
the patient was fully conscious 

3854
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:46,800
and then wait to see if the 
problem Spirits would take the 

3855
03:25:46,800 --> 03:25:48,900
hint and leave. 
What's remarkable? 

3856
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:51,000
Is that some patients actually 
survive? 

3857
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:53,800
This procedure and even seem to 
get better off afterwards, 

3858
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:56,700
though, such Improvement was 
probably more due to the placebo

3859
03:25:56,700 --> 03:25:59,900
effect, and sheer luck. 
And to any therapeutic value of 

3860
03:25:59,908 --> 03:26:01,400
having holes drilled in their 
heads. 

3861
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:05,200
Medieval people interpreted 
these successes as proof that 

3862
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,500
the treatment worked rather than
evidence that the human body is 

3863
03:26:08,500 --> 03:26:11,500
surprisingly resilient. 
Cataract surgery was another 

3864
03:26:11,500 --> 03:26:14,800
common procedure performed by 
traveling Specialists, who had 

3865
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:18,000
arrived in town before a dozen 
or so cataract operations in a 

3866
03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:21,100
day and then leave before anyone
had time to evaluate the 

3867
03:26:21,100 --> 03:26:24,200
long-term results. 
The technique involved pushing 

3868
03:26:24,200 --> 03:26:27,400
the clouded lens back into the 
eye, with a sharp needle, which 

3869
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:30,300
sometimes worked, and sometimes 
resulted in complete blindness. 

3870
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:34,000
But at least it was quick. 
But medieval medicine wasn't 

3871
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:36,900
purely physical. 
It was deeply intertwined, with 

3872
03:26:36,900 --> 03:26:38,700
spiritual healing and religious 
belief. 

3873
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,200
Medieval people understood 
illness as having spiritual as 

3874
03:26:42,200 --> 03:26:45,200
well as physical causes which 
meant that treatment needed to 

3875
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:46,700
address both the body and the 
Soul. 

3876
03:26:46,700 --> 03:26:50,000
This understanding led to a 
fascinating integration of 

3877
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:53,100
medical and religious practices.
That would seem strange to 

3878
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:54,800
modernize, but made perfect 
sense. 

3879
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:57,400
In a world where the boundary 
between physical and spiritual 

3880
03:26:57,400 --> 03:27:00,700
was much more fluid. 
Saints were specialized medical 

3881
03:27:00,700 --> 03:27:03,600
Consultants each with their 
areas of expertise. 

3882
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:06,300
Assemblies was good for throat 
problems. 

3883
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:09,000
Saint Lucie handled, eye 
diseases, and Saint. 

3884
03:27:09,000 --> 03:27:11,300
Apollonia was the go-to Saint 
for dental issues. 

3885
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:15,300
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

3886
03:27:15,300 --> 03:27:18,100
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

3887
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:20,800
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

3888
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:24,300
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

3889
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:27,200
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

3890
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:29,900
hundreds of miles to visit. 
Holy sites, where miraculous 

3891
03:27:29,900 --> 03:27:33,300
healings were said to occur. 
These Journeys served multiple 

3892
03:27:33,300 --> 03:27:36,800
purposes, the physical exercise 
was probably beneficial. 

3893
03:27:36,800 --> 03:27:40,200
The change of scenery might help
with mental health and the Hope 

3894
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:42,500
and Faith involved in the 
pilgrimage could have real 

3895
03:27:42,500 --> 03:27:45,600
therapeutic effects. 
Holy relics were another 

3896
03:27:45,600 --> 03:27:49,300
important category of medieval 
medicine a bone from a saint a 

3897
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:52,600
piece of cloth that had touched 
a holy person or water that had 

3898
03:27:52,600 --> 03:27:54,000
been blessed by someone with the
right. 

3899
03:27:54,000 --> 03:27:57,100
Religious credentials, could all
serve as powerful medicines. 

3900
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:00,100
The more exotic and 
well-documented The Relic. 

3901
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:03,200
The more effective it was 
believed to be Medieval 

3902
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,500
hospitals were usually run by 
religious communities and 

3903
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:09,300
focused as much on spiritual 
care as on physical treatment. 

3904
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:14,200
Patients, received regular 
prayers confession and spiritual

3905
03:28:14,200 --> 03:28:16,600
counseling alongside whatever 
Medical Treatments were 

3906
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:18,800
available. 
The idea was that healing 

3907
03:28:18,800 --> 03:28:21,200
involved. 
The whole person not just their 

3908
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:24,700
physical symptoms, this 
spiritual dimension of medieval 

3909
03:28:24,700 --> 03:28:27,600
medicine also included, 
elaborate rituals and ceremonies

3910
03:28:27,600 --> 03:28:30,200
designed to drive out evil 
influences. 

3911
03:28:31,300 --> 03:28:34,100
Exorcism was a recognized 
medical treatment for certain 

3912
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:36,800
types of mental illness 
performed by clergy who 

3913
03:28:36,800 --> 03:28:38,300
specialized in spiritual 
healing. 

3914
03:28:39,000 --> 03:28:42,200
These ceremonies could last for 
hours or even days involving 

3915
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:46,000
prayers, holy water, religious 
artifacts and considerable 

3916
03:28:46,000 --> 03:28:48,800
drama. 
What's fascinating is how this 

3917
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:51,500
spiritual approach. 
Sometimes produced Real Results.

3918
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:55,600
The combination of Hope 
Community Support ritual, 

3919
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:59,000
healing and focused attention 
could have genuine therapeutic 

3920
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:01,600
effects. 
Specially for conditions that 

3921
03:29:01,600 --> 03:29:03,500
had strong psychological 
components. 

3922
03:29:04,300 --> 03:29:07,100
Medieval people might not have 
understood the placebo effect, 

3923
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:10,100
but they certainly knew how to 
harness the power of belief and 

3924
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:11,700
community in their healing 
practices. 

3925
03:29:11,700 --> 03:29:14,600
The integration of physical and 
spiritual healing. 

3926
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:18,000
Also meant that medieval 
medicine was deeply, personal 

3927
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:20,800
and holistic. 
Your physician wasn't just 

3928
03:29:20,800 --> 03:29:23,800
treating your symptoms, they 
were treating your entire life 

3929
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:27,800
situation, your spiritual State,
your relationships and your 

3930
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:31,300
place in the community. 
It was an approach that modern 

3931
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:35,000
medicine is in some ways, still 
trying to figure out how to 

3932
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:37,600
replicate as we conclude our 
intimate. 

3933
03:29:37,600 --> 03:29:40,600
Exploration of medieval 
medicine, you may be curious 

3934
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:43,100
about the fate of these vibrant 
theories and inventive 

3935
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:45,800
treatments. 
Did they just vanish overnight 

3936
03:29:45,800 --> 03:29:48,700
when someone invented the 
microscope or did they gradually

3937
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:50,900
fade away? 
Like old tapestries left too 

3938
03:29:50,900 --> 03:29:53,700
long in the Sun? 
The truth is that medieval 

3939
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:55,200
medicine didn't disappear all 
at. 

3940
03:29:55,200 --> 03:29:58,800
Once it evolved sometimes 
gracefully, and sometimes with 

3941
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,600
the awkward, stumbling of a 
teenager trying to learn new 

3942
03:30:01,600 --> 03:30:05,700
dance steps, many medieval ideas
hung around well into the 

3943
03:30:05,708 --> 03:30:08,800
Renaissance and Beyond like 
house guests who don't quite 

3944
03:30:08,800 --> 03:30:10,500
know when it's time to leave the
party. 

3945
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:15,500
For humans theory, for instance,
continued, to influence, medical

3946
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:19,300
thinking, well into the 19th 
century even as new discoveries.

3947
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:23,500
The basic premises Physicians 
found ways to adapt and modify 

3948
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:26,200
the system rather than abandon 
it entirely. 

3949
03:30:27,700 --> 03:30:30,500
The language of the human. 
So embedded in how people 

3950
03:30:30,500 --> 03:30:33,500
thought about personality and 
health that we still use terms 

3951
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:37,800
like sanguine phlegmatic 
choleric and melancholic today 

3952
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:40,800
though now they're more likely 
to appear in literature classes 

3953
03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:44,200
than medical textbooks. 
Bloodletting proved particularly

3954
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,700
stubborn persisting as a 
standard medical treatment for 

3955
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:49,600
centuries. 
After Medieval Times ended, 

3956
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:53,100
George Washington himself was 
treated with extensive 

3957
03:30:53,100 --> 03:30:57,700
bloodletting during his final 
illness in 1799, receiving what 

3958
03:30:57,700 --> 03:31:01,200
modern doctors would consider a 
fatal amount of blood loss in a 

3959
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:04,100
well-intentioned but misguided 
attempt to cure his throat 

3960
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:07,400
infection. 
It took until the mid-19th 

3961
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:09,900
century for the medical 
establishment to finally admit 

3962
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:14,300
that maybe just maybe removing 
large quantities of blood from 

3963
03:31:14,300 --> 03:31:15,900
sick. 
People wasn't actually helping 

3964
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:19,200
them get better. 
But medieval medicine also gave 

3965
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:22,100
us some genuinely valuable 
contributions that we still use 

3966
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:25,300
today. many of the herbal 
remedies that medieval 

3967
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:28,200
Physicians prescribed contained 
active compounds, that modern 

3968
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,800
science has validated and 
refined Aspirin comes from 

3969
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:35,300
willow bark, digitalis from 
foxglove, and morphine from 

3970
03:31:35,300 --> 03:31:38,100
poppies all plants that medieval
healers used. 

3971
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:40,500
Even though they didn't 
understand the chemistry behind,

3972
03:31:40,500 --> 03:31:43,200
why they worked the medieval 
emphasis on careful. 

3973
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:45,900
Observation of patients also 
laid in important groundwork for

3974
03:31:45,900 --> 03:31:49,600
modern diagnostic techniques. 
Medieval Physicians might have 

3975
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:52,600
been wrong about what they were 
observing that they established 

3976
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:55,100
the principle that healing 
required paying close attention 

3977
03:31:55,100 --> 03:31:57,700
to individual patients and their
specific symptoms. 

3978
03:31:58,700 --> 03:32:02,500
The practices of taking details.
Medical history examining bodily

3979
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:05,400
fluids and monitoring changes. 
In patient conditions. 

3980
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,200
All Trace their Roots back to 
Medieval Medical Practice 

3981
03:32:08,900 --> 03:32:11,800
Perhaps most importantly, 
medieval medicine established, 

3982
03:32:11,800 --> 03:32:14,500
the idea that healing was a 
professional skill that required

3983
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,200
training study and ongoing 
learning. 

3984
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:20,600
Medieval universities began 
offering medical degrees, 

3985
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,500
creating the foundation for 
modern medical education. 

3986
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:26,500
The requirement that Physicians 
study anatomy. 

3987
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:30,200
Even if their understanding was 
limited established precedence, 

3988
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:33,100
that eventually led to much more
accurate knowledge of how bodies

3989
03:32:33,100 --> 03:32:36,500
actually work. 
Medieval medicine or gave us the

3990
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:39,600
concept of hospitals, as 
institutions dedicated to 

3991
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,900
Healing, rather than just places
where sick people went to die. 

3992
03:32:43,700 --> 03:32:47,200
Medieval hospitals, usually run 
by religious orders established,

3993
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:50,100
the principle that Society had a
responsibility to care for the 

3994
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:53,400
sick and that healing should be 
available to everyone not just 

3995
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,400
the wealthy. 
This approach was a 

3996
03:32:55,400 --> 03:32:57,800
revolutionary idea that 
continues to influence 

3997
03:32:57,800 --> 03:32:59,500
Healthcare policy discussions 
today. 

3998
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:03,200
The medieval integration of 
physical and spiritual healing. 

3999
03:33:03,200 --> 03:33:06,500
Also contributed valuable 
insights that modern medicine is

4000
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:09,400
still exploring. 
The recognition that illness 

4001
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:13,100
affects the whole person, not 
just specific body parts and 

4002
03:33:13,100 --> 03:33:15,100
that healing involves 
psychological and social 

4003
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:18,800
factors, as well as purely 
physical ones, reflects in 

4004
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:21,400
understanding that contemporary 
medicine is working to 

4005
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:24,000
recapture. 
Even some of the more seemingly 

4006
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:25,900
bizarre. 
Medieval practices contained 

4007
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:28,300
Colonels of wisdom that were 
only now, beginning to 

4008
03:33:28,300 --> 03:33:32,600
appreciate the emphasis on diet,
exercise and lifestyle factors 

4009
03:33:32,600 --> 03:33:36,400
in maintaining Health, was 
remarkably sophisticated even if

4010
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:38,000
the specific theories were 
wrong. 

4011
03:33:38,700 --> 03:33:41,000
The comprehension that mental 
and emotional states. 

4012
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:44,400
Could impact physical health was
centuries ahead of its era. 

4013
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:48,000
As you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and finish, 

4014
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:49,500
the last drops of your warm 
drink. 

4015
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:52,600
You might reflect on how 
medieval medicine for all its 

4016
03:33:52,600 --> 03:33:56,600
apparent strangeness represented
Humanities persistent creative 

4017
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,000
and often touching attempts to 
understand and heal the 

4018
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:01,700
mysterious vessel that carries 
us through life. 

4019
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:05,500
These medieval Physicians and 
healers were working with 

4020
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:08,400
limited information and 
primitive tools but they 

4021
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:12,000
approach their tasks with 
dedication, creativity and 

4022
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:16,200
genuine care for their patients.
They remind us that medicine is 

4023
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:20,300
not just a science but also an 
art requiring not only technical

4024
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:24,000
knowledge but also compassion 
creativity and the willingness 

4025
03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:26,700
to keep trying new approaches 
when old ones don't work. 

4026
03:34:27,700 --> 03:34:30,900
And perhaps most importantly, 
they show us that the desire to 

4027
03:34:30,900 --> 03:34:33,500
heal and help. 
Others is one of Humanity's most

4028
03:34:33,500 --> 03:34:37,400
enduring and Noble in pulses. 
Assisting across centuries and 

4029
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:40,600
cultures adapting to new 
knowledge while maintaining its 

4030
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:43,800
essential character. 
Sleep well and be grateful for 

4031
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:46,700
modern medicine, but don't 
forget to appreciate the long 

4032
03:34:46,700 --> 03:34:48,900
winding often amusing path that 
led us here. 

4033
03:34:54,500 --> 03:34:57,300
Imagine yourself, strolling 
along, Strasbourg, cobblestone 

4034
03:34:57,300 --> 03:34:59,500
streets on a typical July 
Morning. 

4035
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:04,400
In 1518, the sun is warming your
face merchants or Hawking their 

4036
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:06,700
Wares and you're thinking about 
what's for dinner. 

4037
03:35:06,700 --> 03:35:10,500
Then as you turn a corner, you 
encounter something that prompts

4038
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:12,900
you to wonder if you've 
inadvertently stumbled into a 

4039
03:35:12,908 --> 03:35:15,600
surreal Realm. 
There's a woman in the town 

4040
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:18,300
square dancing. 
Her dancing is not the pleasant 

4041
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:20,400
festive. 
Kind you'd expected a wedding or

4042
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:23,300
harvest celebration, but rather 
frantic desperate. 

4043
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:26,800
She's been dancing for hours, 
her feet bleeding her dressed 

4044
03:35:26,800 --> 03:35:29,700
torn. 
Her name is Frau and she is 

4045
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:32,100
about to become the most famous 
dancer in medieval history, 

4046
03:35:32,100 --> 03:35:34,200
though. 
Not for reason she'd ever want. 

4047
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:36,300
You'd think someone would stop 
her right? 

4048
03:35:36,300 --> 03:35:39,100
Help her. 
Maybe fetch a physician or a 

4049
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:41,900
priest but here's where things 
get genuinely weird. 

4050
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:45,900
Instead of one person, dancing 
themselves to exhaustion more 

4051
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:47,000
people. 
Start joining it. 

4052
03:35:47,700 --> 03:35:50,500
Not because they want to mind 
you but because they literally 

4053
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:53,400
can't stop themselves. 
It's like watching a terrible 

4054
03:35:53,400 --> 03:35:56,300
magic trick where the magician 
has lost control of the spell. 

4055
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:00,400
Within a week about 30, people 
are dancing non-stop in the 

4056
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:03,500
Square by the end of the month. 
That number had swelled to 

4057
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:07,200
around 400, 400 people, dancing 
until their feet. 

4058
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,500
Bleed until they collapse from 
exhaustion until some of them 

4059
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:13,900
actually die from it. 
The local authorities are 

4060
03:36:13,900 --> 03:36:16,000
baffled. 
The church is calling it Divine 

4061
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:18,600
punishment. 
Physicians are perplexed, and 

4062
03:36:18,608 --> 03:36:22,000
proposing increased dancing. 
As a remedy, a suggestion has 

4063
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:24,100
effective as prescribing fire 
for burn injuries. 

4064
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,700
What you're seeing is one of 
History's, strangest, Mass, 

4065
03:36:27,700 --> 03:36:30,900
hysteria events, though, the 
people living through it, don't 

4066
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:35,000
know that they call it the 
dancing plague, or some vitus's 

4067
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:39,100
dance vitus's dance. 
And it's just one example of how

4068
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:41,700
entire communities could lose 
their Collective Minds, in 

4069
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:45,600
medieval times Now, you might be
wondering how something like 

4070
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,000
this could possibly happen. 
After all, you live in an age 

4071
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,000
where you can Google. 
Why am I dancing uncontrollably?

4072
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:55,400
And get 17 different medical 
explanations before you finish 

4073
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:58,800
your morning coffee? 
But imagine living in a world 

4074
03:36:58,800 --> 03:37:02,600
where every unexplained 
phenomenon is either a miracle 

4075
03:37:02,600 --> 03:37:07,500
occurs or divine retribution. 
Where the line between the 

4076
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:10,900
physical and spiritual world is 
about as clear as mud after rain

4077
03:37:10,900 --> 03:37:14,200
storm, the dancing plague of 
Strasbourg was wasn't an 

4078
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:16,900
isolated incident either. 
Similar outbreaks have been 

4079
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:18,700
recorded across Europe for 
centuries. 

4080
03:37:18,700 --> 03:37:22,500
There was the great dancing 
epidemic of 1374 that swept 

4081
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:26,200
through the Holy Roman Empire. 
Affecting thousands of people 

4082
03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:29,200
across multiple cities. 
Towns would wake up to find 

4083
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:31,000
their neighbor's gyrating in the
streets. 

4084
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:34,700
Unable to stop begging for help 
between gasps for air. 

4085
03:37:35,600 --> 03:37:38,600
What makes these episodes 
particularly fascinating is how 

4086
03:37:38,608 --> 03:37:42,100
they spread not through the air,
like the plague but through 

4087
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:45,700
sight and suggestion. 
As you observed, your neighbor 

4088
03:37:45,700 --> 03:37:48,700
dancing frantically, a sudden, 
realization occurred in your 

4089
03:37:48,708 --> 03:37:51,100
mind. 
Suddenly your feet would start 

4090
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:54,200
tapping your body would start 
moving without your consent. 

4091
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:58,300
It was, as if Madness itself was
contagious, spreading from 

4092
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:02,200
person to person like gossip at 
a market, the Authority's tried 

4093
03:38:02,200 --> 03:38:04,700
everything they brought in 
musicians, thinking that if 

4094
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:07,500
people needed to dance they 
might as well dance to proper 

4095
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,000
music. 
They built stages hired 

4096
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:12,900
professional dancers and even 
brought in Priest to perform 

4097
03:38:12,900 --> 03:38:15,000
exorcisms. 
Nothing worked. 

4098
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:18,700
The dancing continued day and 
night until The Afflicted 

4099
03:38:18,700 --> 03:38:21,600
collapsed from sheer exhaustion 
eventually. 

4100
03:38:21,600 --> 03:38:24,900
The outbreaks would burn 
themselves out leaving behind a 

4101
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:26,700
community, traumatized and 
Confused. 

4102
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:30,600
The survivors would wake up as 
if from a dream, their feet 

4103
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:34,900
mangled their body's broken with
no clear memory of why. 

4104
03:38:34,900 --> 03:38:36,900
They'd been compelled to dance 
in the first place? 

4105
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,900
The dead would be buried, the 
injured would heal and life 

4106
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:43,700
would return to normal until the
next outbreak struck somewhere 

4107
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,300
else. 
But the dancing plague was just 

4108
03:38:46,300 --> 03:38:49,000
the beginning of our story about
medieval Mass Hysteria. 

4109
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:52,700
It was the opening act in a much
larger theater of collective 

4110
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:55,100
Madness that would sweep across 
Europe for centuries. 

4111
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,600
Your settling into your evening 
routine now maybe with a warm 

4112
03:38:58,608 --> 03:39:01,300
drink and a comfortable chair 
and you're probably thinking 

4113
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,200
that dancing plagues are about 
as strange as Medieval Madness 

4114
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:08,300
gets well, buckle up, because 
we're about to travel to a 

4115
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:11,000
small, French town, where things
got so bizarre, that Hollywood 

4116
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:13,000
would reject the script as two 
unbelievable. 

4117
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:18,300
The year is 1632, and you're in 
ludan a sleepy town in Western 

4118
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:20,400
France. 
It's the kind of place where 

4119
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:22,000
everyone knows everyone else's 
business. 

4120
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:25,300
Where the most exciting thing 
that usually happens is the 

4121
03:39:25,300 --> 03:39:28,200
weekly Market Day. 
The town has a Convent. 

4122
03:39:28,200 --> 03:39:32,300
The convent of the earthlings 
were a group of nuns lives, a 

4123
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,000
quiet life of prayer and 
contemplation, or at least 

4124
03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:36,400
that's what they're supposed to 
be doing. 

4125
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:40,800
Sister Xander's. 
The Mother Superior starts 

4126
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:42,600
having what she describes as 
vision's. 

4127
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,000
But these aren't the peaceful 
Heavenly Visions you might 

4128
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,300
expect from a nun. 
She claims that demons possessed

4129
03:39:49,300 --> 03:39:50,900
during these violent disturbing 
episodes. 

4130
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:54,500
She can talk to her body in 
impossible, ways speaks in 

4131
03:39:54,508 --> 03:39:56,900
languages. 
She's never learned and displays

4132
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:58,900
knowledge of things she couldn't
possibly know. 

4133
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:03,400
Now if the case were just one 
nun, having a spiritual crisis, 

4134
03:40:03,400 --> 03:40:06,600
it might have been handled 
quietly within the convent 

4135
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:09,300
walls. 
But possession, like yawning 

4136
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:11,600
turns out to be remarkably 
contagious. 

4137
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:15,500
Soon, other nuns start 
exhibiting the same symptoms. 

4138
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:18,708
They Ride On the Floor, speak in
tongues and claim to be 

4139
03:40:18,716 --> 03:40:22,800
inhabited by demons, with names,
like asmodeus astroth and 

4140
03:40:22,800 --> 03:40:25,500
Beelzebub. 
Quite the roster of biblical bad

4141
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:29,200
guys, the local authorities are 
called in and their face with a 

4142
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:31,800
problem that would challenge 
even modern crisis management 

4143
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,000
teams. 
An entire Convent of nuns 

4144
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:37,600
believed to be the most. 
Holy women in the community 

4145
03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:39,700
asserts that demons possess 
them. 

4146
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,900
It's like finding out that your 
local fire department has been 

4147
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:45,000
setting fires, or that your 
towns. 

4148
03:40:45,000 --> 03:40:46,900
Safety inspector is afraid of 
ladders. 

4149
03:40:47,600 --> 03:40:50,600
The church brings in exorcists 
because that's what you do when 

4150
03:40:50,600 --> 03:40:52,400
demon show up to the party and 
invited. 

4151
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:55,000
But here's where the story takes
a turn. 

4152
03:40:55,000 --> 03:40:57,800
That would make a soap opera 
writer, feel embarrassed the 

4153
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:00,400
nuns in their possessed State. 
Start naming the person 

4154
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,600
responsible for their condition,
their accuser, local priest 

4155
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:07,300
Herman Grandy of practicing 
Witchcraft and cursing them from

4156
03:41:07,300 --> 03:41:10,800
afar. 
Grundy by all accounts, was not 

4157
03:41:10,800 --> 03:41:14,000
a particularly popular fellow. 
He was handsome and charismatic,

4158
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:17,200
and had a reputation for being a
bit too friendly with the local 

4159
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:20,400
women, in a small town, that's 
like painting a Target on your 

4160
03:41:20,400 --> 03:41:23,400
back and then wondering why 
people keep shooting arrows at 

4161
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:25,800
you. 
The possessed nuns asserted that

4162
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,300
he had spiritually seduced them 
infiltrating their dreams and 

4163
03:41:29,300 --> 03:41:32,100
compelling them to commit, sins 
fit for a sailor. 

4164
03:41:32,700 --> 03:41:36,000
The whole Affair becomes a 
public spectacle people travel 

4165
03:41:36,000 --> 03:41:39,500
from miles around to witness the
exorcisms like at some kind of 

4166
03:41:39,500 --> 03:41:42,600
medieval reality show. 
The nuns perform their 

4167
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:46,300
possessions in front of crowds 
speaking in demonic voices 

4168
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:49,800
revealing supposed secrets and 
putting on displays that would 

4169
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:53,700
make a circus performer jealous.
But here's what makes this 

4170
03:41:53,700 --> 03:41:54,900
story. 
Particularly tragic. 

4171
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:58,500
Grandiose probably wasn't guilty
of anything, more serious than 

4172
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:01,700
being unpopular, and maybe a bit
too fond of wine and women. 

4173
03:42:03,000 --> 03:42:05,300
The evidence against him 
consisted mainly of The 

4174
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:08,400
Testament of the possessed nuns 
and some dubious packs with the 

4175
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:11,400
devil that looks suspiciously. 
Like they'd been written by 

4176
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:14,300
someone trying unsuccessfully to
forge medal handwriting. 

4177
03:42:15,100 --> 03:42:18,200
The case becomes a legal and 
religious nightmare you have 

4178
03:42:18,200 --> 03:42:20,500
Civil Authorities Church 
officials and Royal 

4179
03:42:20,500 --> 03:42:22,200
Representatives all getting 
involved. 

4180
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:25,900
Everyone wants to be the one who
sold the great demon crisis of 

4181
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,100
ludum. 
Meanwhile, the poor nuns are 

4182
03:42:29,100 --> 03:42:31,800
trapped in their performance. 
Unable to stop the charade 

4183
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:34,500
without admitting fraud, which 
would land them in serious 

4184
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:38,000
trouble, the exorcisms, continue
for months, with crowds 

4185
03:42:38,000 --> 03:42:40,800
Gathering to watch the 
spectacle, the nuns rise and 

4186
03:42:40,808 --> 03:42:43,800
scream The Exorcist chant and 
pray. 

4187
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:47,100
And the whole town becomes 
consumed by this Supernatural 

4188
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:49,500
drama. 
It's like having a horror movie 

4189
03:42:49,508 --> 03:42:52,100
playing in your town square 
every day, except everyone 

4190
03:42:52,100 --> 03:42:55,800
insists, it's real. 
Eventually Grundy is arrested 

4191
03:42:55,800 --> 03:42:57,700
tried and executed for 
witchcraft. 

4192
03:42:57,700 --> 03:43:01,700
The nuns conveniently begin to 
recover shortly after his death,

4193
03:43:01,700 --> 03:43:05,000
their demons apparently 
satisfied with their Revenge 

4194
03:43:05,000 --> 03:43:09,200
pack up and leave town. 
The crowds disperse, the 

4195
03:43:09,200 --> 03:43:12,500
excitement dies down and luden 
returns to being, just another 

4196
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:15,800
quiet French town with a 
fascinating story, to tell by 

4197
03:43:15,800 --> 03:43:18,400
now you probably believe that 
possessed, nuns represent the 

4198
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:22,300
height of medieval strange news,
but you would be mistaken at 

4199
03:43:22,300 --> 03:43:25,800
times massive stereo manifested 
in lyst terrifying and more. 

4200
03:43:25,800 --> 03:43:29,100
Well, let's just say ridiculous 
forms. 

4201
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:32,200
Picture yourself in a German 
Convent sometime in the middle 

4202
03:43:32,200 --> 03:43:35,000
ages. 
Your expecting the usual sounds 

4203
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:40,000
of monastic life gentle chanting
Whisper of pages turning maybe 

4204
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:42,700
the soft Shuffle of sandaled 
feet on Stone floors. 

4205
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:46,600
Instead, you're greeted by a 
sound that makes you wonder if 

4206
03:43:46,600 --> 03:43:49,200
you've accidentally wandered 
into a huge pet store. 

4207
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:53,700
The nuns are meowing the entire 
Convent not just one or two is 

4208
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:57,400
meowing, they meow during 
prayers they meow during meals 

4209
03:43:57,400 --> 03:44:00,700
and they meow while they're 
supposed to be working it starts

4210
03:44:00,708 --> 03:44:04,100
with just one sister who begins 
making small cat-like sounds 

4211
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:07,500
during evening prayers, the 
other nuns try to ignore it at 

4212
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:10,400
first but soon they find 
themselves fighting the urge to 

4213
03:44:10,400 --> 03:44:13,600
meow long within days. 
The whole Convent sounds like a 

4214
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:16,800
medieval Cat Cafe. 
The Mother Superior is beside 

4215
03:44:16,800 --> 03:44:19,400
herself, trying to maintain 
order while her charges are 

4216
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,200
sitting in their pews, going 
meow, meow, meow, meow in what 

4217
03:44:23,200 --> 03:44:25,300
might be the world's strangest 
quieter performance. 

4218
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:29,900
The local towns people start 
Gathering outside the walls, not

4219
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:31,900
sure whether to be concerned or 
amused. 

4220
03:44:32,700 --> 03:44:35,900
The church Authority is called 
in and their face with a problem

4221
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:38,300
that doesn't exactly have a 
chapter in the official 

4222
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,000
handbook. 
How do you perform an exorcism 

4223
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:42,700
on a cat? 
Do you sprinkle? 

4224
03:44:42,700 --> 03:44:45,100
Holy water. 
Do you attempt to reason with 

4225
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:47,000
demons? 
Who seem to possess a humorous 

4226
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:49,500
nature? 
The whole situation is like 

4227
03:44:49,500 --> 03:44:52,000
trying to have a serious 
theological discussion with a 

4228
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:56,000
room full of people who keep 
interrupting with meow, However,

4229
03:44:56,000 --> 03:44:59,100
it's important to note that 
massive stereo doesn't always 

4230
03:44:59,100 --> 03:45:01,500
make sense or adhere to the 
expected rules. 

4231
03:45:02,300 --> 03:45:05,300
The meowing nuns weren't 
possessed by demons or cursed by

4232
03:45:05,308 --> 03:45:07,400
witches. 
They were experiencing what we 

4233
03:45:07,400 --> 03:45:10,700
now recognize as a form of 
conversion disorder where 

4234
03:45:10,700 --> 03:45:14,600
psychological stress manifests 
as physical symptoms Their minds

4235
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:17,600
were dealing with the pressures 
of religious life, the isolation

4236
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:21,000
of the convent, and the general 
stress of medieval existence by 

4237
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:24,700
turning them into cats. 
The solution when it finally 

4238
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:27,000
came was both simple and 
ridiculous. 

4239
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:30,600
The local authorities threatened
to bring in soldiers to whip the

4240
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:34,800
nuns and they stopped meowing. 
Apparently the threat of beating

4241
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:37,600
them broke what? 
Ever cycle, spell had turned 

4242
03:45:37,600 --> 03:45:41,300
them into feline the meowing 
stopped, almost immediately and 

4243
03:45:41,300 --> 03:45:43,600
the convent returned to its 
normal quiet routine. 

4244
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:46,200
Similar cases, popped up across 
Europe. 

4245
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:49,800
There were nuns who barked like 
dogs, others who came to be 

4246
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:52,600
chickens and insisted on laying 
eggs though, they were 

4247
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:54,700
disappointingly unsuccessful at 
this endeavor. 

4248
03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:58,300
Some convents experienced 
outbreaks of uncontrollable 

4249
03:45:58,300 --> 03:46:01,200
laughing, which sounds 
delightful Until you realize 

4250
03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:05,200
these women were laughing for 
hours on end unable to stop even

4251
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:07,300
when they were exhausted and 
their side date. 

4252
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:11,200
These episodes tell us something
important about medieval life. 

4253
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:13,800
Particularly for women in 
religious communities. 

4254
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:17,500
Imagine being locked away from 
the world expected to be 

4255
03:46:17,508 --> 03:46:20,100
perfect. 
And holy with no outlet for 

4256
03:46:20,100 --> 03:46:21,900
normal human emotions, or 
desires. 

4257
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:24,600
Your days are meticulously 
planned. 

4258
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:28,400
Your thoughts are expected to be
pure and any deviation from this

4259
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:32,500
ideal is deemed sinful. 
In this environment, the mind 

4260
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:36,600
sometimes finds creative ways to
Rebel if you can't express anger

4261
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:40,100
or frustration directly, maybe 
you'll start barking like a dog.

4262
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:43,500
If you can't have fun or be 
playful, perhaps you'll become a

4263
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:47,300
cat who meows during prayers 
it's as if your psyche engages 

4264
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:51,200
in a metamorphosis discovering 
methods to convey taboo elements

4265
03:46:51,200 --> 03:46:54,500
of human nature within the 
shelter of perceived in sanity. 

4266
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:56,900
The authorities didn't 
understand this. 

4267
03:46:56,900 --> 03:46:59,800
Of course, they saw these 
outbreaks as either Divine 

4268
03:46:59,800 --> 03:47:03,200
punishment or demonic influence,
the idea that stress and 

4269
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:06,300
repression could cause physical 
symptoms was foreign to Medieval

4270
03:47:06,300 --> 03:47:09,600
thinking, They lived in a world 
where the spiritual and physical

4271
03:47:09,600 --> 03:47:13,300
were intimately connected or 
your souls conditioned directly 

4272
03:47:13,300 --> 03:47:16,700
affected your body's health. 
What's particularly intriguing 

4273
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:18,700
is how these episodes spread 
through communities. 

4274
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:22,100
One person cycle break become a 
template for others 

4275
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:23,500
experiencing. 
Similar stress. 

4276
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:27,500
It's like cycle contagion where 
seeing someone else's symptoms, 

4277
03:47:27,500 --> 03:47:30,300
gives your mind permission to 
express its distress in the same

4278
03:47:30,300 --> 03:47:32,800
way? 
The meowing nuns eventually 

4279
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,100
returned to their normal lives, 
but their story became part of 

4280
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:38,000
the rich tapestry of Medieval 
Madness. 

4281
03:47:38,000 --> 03:47:41,700
A reminder that sometimes the 
human mind copes with unbearable

4282
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:45,600
circumstances, by becoming 
delightfully absurdly creative, 

4283
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:48,300
you're getting comfortable with 
these stories of Medieval 

4284
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:50,500
Madness. 
But now we need to talk about 

4285
03:47:50,500 --> 03:47:53,800
one of the most heartbreaking 
examples of mass hysteria in 

4286
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:56,100
history. 
It's a story that involves 

4287
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,800
children religious fervor and 
the kind of tragic ending that 

4288
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:03,600
makes you want to hug every kid.
You know, the year is 1212 and 

4289
03:48:03,600 --> 03:48:06,100
you're in the French Countryside
near the town of claws. 

4290
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,600
In the midst of Summer, a 12 
year old Shepherd, boy, named 

4291
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:12,900
Steven tending. 
His flock experience of vision. 

4292
03:48:13,600 --> 03:48:17,500
Jesus Christ, himself appears to
the boy, hands him a letter and 

4293
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:19,600
tells him to lead a crusade to 
the Holy Land. 

4294
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:23,300
This is not an army of knights 
and soldiers but rather a 

4295
03:48:23,300 --> 03:48:27,100
crusade led by children. 
Now you might assume that adults

4296
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,100
would dismiss a 12 year, old who
claims to have received Divine 

4297
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,300
instructions to lead a military 
campaign and send him back to 

4298
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:36,200
his sheep. 
But these are medieval times 

4299
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:39,400
when Miracles and Visions are 
common, and the crusades have 

4300
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:41,800
been going on for over a century
with mixed results. 

4301
03:48:41,800 --> 03:48:45,300
Maybe the thinking goes God 
wants to try a different 

4302
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:49,100
approach, Stephen begins 
preaching, and his message is 

4303
03:48:49,100 --> 03:48:52,100
simple, the Mediterranean Sea 
will part before the children. 

4304
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:56,200
Just like the Red Sea parted for
Moses, they'll walk across the 

4305
03:48:56,200 --> 03:48:58,900
sea floor to the holy land, 
where their pure hearts and 

4306
03:48:58,908 --> 03:49:02,200
innocent faith will succeed 
where armed Knights have failed.

4307
03:49:03,000 --> 03:49:05,200
The sight of these, holy 
children will so move the 

4308
03:49:05,208 --> 03:49:07,800
Muslims that they will instantly
convert to Christianity. 

4309
03:49:08,700 --> 03:49:11,100
It's a beautiful naive idea, 
that would make a lovely 

4310
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:14,600
children's story if it weren't 
so tragic. but here's the thing 

4311
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:17,800
about massive stereo, it doesn't
always involve dancing or 

4312
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:20,900
meowing or possession 
Occasionally, it takes the form 

4313
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:24,400
of shared delusions, or entire 
communities become convinced of 

4314
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:26,200
something that seems impossible 
to outside. 

4315
03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:30,200
As Word of Stephen's Mission 
rapidly disseminate throughout 

4316
03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:32,800
the French Countryside, 
children, start leaving their 

4317
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:36,200
homes, abandoning their 
families, and flocking to join 

4318
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:39,500
this Divine Crusade. 
We're talking about thousands of

4319
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,200
children, some as young as six 
years old, all convinced that 

4320
03:49:43,200 --> 03:49:45,400
their part of God's plan to 
reclaim Jerusalem. 

4321
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:48,100
The movement isn't limited to 
France either. 

4322
03:49:49,000 --> 03:49:51,900
Around the same time, a German 
boy, named Nicholas starts his 

4323
03:49:51,900 --> 03:49:54,200
children. 
His Crusade claiming that he too

4324
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:57,700
is received in instructions. 
The two movements feed off each 

4325
03:49:57,700 --> 03:49:59,600
other, creating a wave of 
religious. 

4326
03:49:59,600 --> 03:50:01,400
Psistaria that sweeps across 
Europe. 

4327
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:04,500
You have to understand the 
context to grasp how such an 

4328
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:07,800
event could happen. 
Medieval children lived in a 

4329
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:09,900
world where religious stories 
were more real than reality 

4330
03:50:09,900 --> 03:50:12,300
itself. 
They grew up hearing Tales of 

4331
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:16,000
Miracles of saints, who could 
work wonders and have Divine 

4332
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,900
interventions in human affairs. 
The idea that God might choose 

4333
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,200
children for a special Mission, 
didn't seem far-fetched, it 

4334
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:25,300
seemed like the kind of thing 
that happened in the stories 

4335
03:50:25,300 --> 03:50:28,700
they heard every day. 
The adult response was mixed. 

4336
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:32,400
Some parents try to stop their 
children, but others saw the 

4337
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:35,900
movement as genuinely Divine. 
Local clergy were divided 

4338
03:50:35,900 --> 03:50:38,700
between those who supported the 
Crusade, and those who tried to 

4339
03:50:38,708 --> 03:50:41,800
discourage it. 
The church hierarchy were mostly

4340
03:50:41,800 --> 03:50:44,700
opposed but their messages 
didn't always reach, the local 

4341
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,700
level in time to prevent The 
Exodus as the children. 

4342
03:50:47,700 --> 03:50:50,400
Marched toward the coast, 
reality begins to intrude on 

4343
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:54,100
their Vision, their hungry worn 
out and Far From Home. 

4344
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:57,700
Some turn back, but others, 
press on driven by faith in the 

4345
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:00,600
momentum of the crowd. 
When they finally reach the 

4346
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:04,400
Mediterranean, the seed does not
part the children stand on the 

4347
03:51:04,408 --> 03:51:07,600
beach, waiting for their miracle
and nothing happened. 

4348
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:11,600
What follows is a tragedy that 
medieval chroniclers struggled 

4349
03:51:11,600 --> 03:51:14,300
to record some children try to 
return home? 

4350
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:17,600
Only to find that their families
have rejected them all that? 

4351
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:21,200
They can't survive the journey. 
Others are taken advantage of by

4352
03:51:21,200 --> 03:51:24,800
unscrupulous adults who see an 
opportunity to profit from their

4353
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:27,600
Misfortune many end up in 
slavery or worse. 

4354
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:31,600
The Children's Crusade as it 
came to be known, was not really

4355
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:35,300
a crusader at all. 
Massive stereo disguised as 

4356
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:38,000
religious further. 
Ignited a shared delusion that 

4357
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:40,200
resonated deeply in the medieval
psyche. 

4358
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:43,100
It was the desperate, hope that 
innocence and Faith could 

4359
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,600
succeed where violence and 
politics had failed. 

4360
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:50,100
The story became Legend growing 
in the telling until it was hard

4361
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:54,700
to separate fact from fiction. 
However, the fundamental tragedy

4362
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:58,200
persists. 
Thousands of children engulfed 

4363
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:01,600
in a surge of religious further.
Endured the consequences of 

4364
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:03,600
adult shortcomings and medieval 
Faith. 

4365
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:06,100
You're probably ready for 
something, a little less tragic 

4366
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,400
than the children Crusade, but 
I'm afraid, we're diving into 

4367
03:52:09,400 --> 03:52:12,700
another dark chapter of Medieval
Madness this time. 

4368
03:52:12,700 --> 03:52:16,400
It's not about possessed nuns or
dancing plagues but about a 

4369
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:19,100
mysterious illness that could 
kill you in a day and had an 

4370
03:52:19,100 --> 03:52:23,700
entire Kingdom living in Terror.
The year is 1485 and you're in 

4371
03:52:23,708 --> 03:52:27,100
England, just after the battle 
of Bosworth field, Henry, Tudor 

4372
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:29,300
has just defeated Richard of the
third and become Henry. 

4373
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:31,100
The seventh starting the Tudor 
dynasty. 

4374
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:34,200
It should be a time of 
celebration in New Beginnings, 

4375
03:52:34,200 --> 03:52:38,100
but instead a mysterious illness
appears that will haunt England 

4376
03:52:38,100 --> 03:52:41,500
for the next 70 years. 
They call it the sweating, 

4377
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:44,700
sickness or English sweat and 
it's unlike anything the 

4378
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:48,400
medieval world has seen before. 
The symptoms are terrifying in 

4379
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:51,900
their speed and intensity. 
You wake up feeling fine, maybe 

4380
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:55,200
noticing a slight headache or a 
bit of fatigue within hours. 

4381
03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:59,200
Your drenched, in sweat burning 
with fever and experiencing a 

4382
03:52:59,200 --> 03:53:01,200
sense of impending doom, that's 
so intense. 

4383
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:04,300
It feels like the Hand of Death 
itself is reaching for you. 

4384
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:07,600
The sweating sickness doesn't 
discriminate. 

4385
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:11,000
It affects both the rich and the
poor, The Young, and the old, 

4386
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:14,700
the healthy and the infirm. 
In fact, it seems to prefer the 

4387
03:53:14,700 --> 03:53:18,000
wealthy and well fed, which is 
the opposite of most medieval 

4388
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:20,900
diseases. 
The poor who usually bore the 

4389
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:23,900
brunt of epidemics often escaped
to this one entirely. 

4390
03:53:24,900 --> 03:53:28,000
It's as if the disease has a 
twisted sense of social justice.

4391
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:30,200
What makes the sweating 
sickness? 

4392
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:33,200
Particularly terrifying is its 
speed. 

4393
03:53:34,200 --> 03:53:36,900
Most medieval diseases. 
Give you time to prepare to say 

4394
03:53:36,900 --> 03:53:38,600
goodbye and put your Affairs in 
order. 

4395
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:41,000
A plague might take weeks to 
kill you. 

4396
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:43,600
Giving you plenty of time to 
contemplate your sins and make 

4397
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:46,400
peace with God. 
Is the sweating sickness of 

4398
03:53:46,400 --> 03:53:48,800
threat. 
You could be dead within 24 

4399
03:53:48,800 --> 03:53:51,300
hours of feeling the first 
symptoms, the treatment, 

4400
03:53:51,300 --> 03:53:54,000
protocols, that develop around 
the disease, or as bizarre as 

4401
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:57,400
the illness itself. 
Physicians insist that patients 

4402
03:53:57,400 --> 03:53:59,900
must stay awake for 24 hours 
after symptoms. 

4403
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:02,700
Begin. 
If you fall asleep, you'll die. 

4404
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:05,400
Families. 
Take shifts to keep their loved 

4405
03:54:05,400 --> 03:54:08,500
ones awake by slapping, them 
talking to them and doing 

4406
03:54:08,500 --> 03:54:10,600
anything else to prevent them. 
From drifting off. 

4407
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:14,300
They also prohibit you from 
eating or drinking anything for 

4408
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:17,900
the first 24 hours. 
This procedure is supposed to 

4409
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:19,700
help your body, sweat out the 
illness. 

4410
03:54:19,700 --> 03:54:23,700
Imagine being feverish, 
terrified, and exhausted. 

4411
03:54:23,700 --> 03:54:26,700
And being told, you can't have 
so much as a sip of water. 

4412
03:54:26,708 --> 03:54:29,400
It's like being tortured. 
In the name of medical 

4413
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:33,000
treatment, the sweating sickness
creates a culture of paranoia 

4414
03:54:33,000 --> 03:54:35,700
and fear. 
People become afraid to travel 

4415
03:54:35,700 --> 03:54:39,100
afraid to gather in groups and 
afraid to leave their homes. 

4416
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:42,300
The disease seems to strike 
without warning or pattern 

4417
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:45,900
making it impossible to predict 
or prevent, it's like, living 

4418
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:48,000
under the threat of a random 
lightning strike. 

4419
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:51,200
Except the lightning is 
invisible and can kill you in 

4420
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:53,500
your sleep. 
King Henry, the seventh himself 

4421
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:54,900
becomes obsessed with the 
disease. 

4422
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,300
Constantly fleeing from one 
residence. 

4423
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,600
To another whenever cases are 
reported nearby, his court 

4424
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:03,900
becomes a traveling circus of 
fear packed up and moved at the 

4425
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:06,100
first sign of sweating sickness 
in the area. 

4426
03:55:07,200 --> 03:55:10,300
The king of England, the most 
powerful man in the country is 

4427
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:11,900
reduced to running from an 
enemy. 

4428
03:55:11,900 --> 03:55:15,700
He can't see or understand. 
The disease comes in waves, 

4429
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:19,300
appearing suddenly, killing 
hundreds or thousands of people 

4430
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:21,800
then disappearing just as 
mysteriously. 

4431
03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:28,800
It strikes in 1485, 1508 1517 
1528. 

4432
03:55:28,800 --> 03:55:32,200
And finally in 1551 before 
Vanishing forever. 

4433
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:36,500
Each outbreak brings fresh 
Terror as people wonder if the 

4434
03:55:36,500 --> 03:55:38,200
next outbreak will be the one 
that kills them. 

4435
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:42,000
What's particularly maddening 
about the sweating? 

4436
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:45,000
Sickness is that it remains a 
mystery to this day. 

4437
03:55:46,000 --> 03:55:48,800
Modern medical historians have 
proposed various theories. 

4438
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:52,100
It might have been a form of 
Hunter virus or perhaps a type 

4439
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:54,300
of influenza, or even a form of 
anthrax. 

4440
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,000
But will never know for certain.
What caused this strange illness

4441
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:00,600
that appeared from nowhere and 
disappeared just as 

4442
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:04,000
mysteriously. 
The cycle impact of the sweating

4443
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:07,200
sickness was in enormous. 
It created a generation of 

4444
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,600
people who lived in constant 
fear of sudden death who saw 

4445
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:12,600
every headache. 
As a potential death sentence, 

4446
03:56:12,600 --> 03:56:15,600
who couldn't trust their own 
body, to keep them alive from 

4447
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:19,400
one day to the next, It was a 
slow-moving wave of massive 

4448
03:56:19,400 --> 03:56:23,200
stereo, a collective anxiety 
that engulfed an entire Kingdom 

4449
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:26,000
for decades, now that we've 
covered, most of the ways 

4450
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:27,600
medieval people could lose their
minds. 

4451
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,300
Collectively, there's one more 
type of Madness. 

4452
03:56:30,300 --> 03:56:33,800
We need to discuss. 
Kind that happens when reality 

4453
03:56:33,800 --> 03:56:37,000
becomes too much to bear and 
people Retreat into fantasy. 

4454
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:41,200
This story isn't about dancing 
or possession or mysterious 

4455
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:44,500
illnesses, but about the 
delicate line between sanity and

4456
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:47,200
dreams. 
Let's travel to the Spanish 

4457
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:50,900
region of La Mancha in the late 
medieval period when the age of 

4458
03:56:50,900 --> 03:56:53,300
chivalry is dying but refuses to
admit it. 

4459
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:56,900
You're in a landscape of 
windmills and Dusty Planes, 

4460
03:56:56,900 --> 03:56:59,600
where the old ways are crumbling
under the weight of Changing 

4461
03:56:59,600 --> 03:57:02,200
Times. 
The knights errant, who once 

4462
03:57:02,200 --> 03:57:05,900
roamed the countryside to right 
wrongs and rescue, damsels are 

4463
03:57:05,900 --> 03:57:08,700
becoming obsolete as their 
placed by Merchants bureaucrats 

4464
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:11,100
and the grinding Machinery of 
Modern Life. 

4465
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:14,100
In this world steps a man whose 
real name. 

4466
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:16,900
We never learn but whom we know 
as donkeyhotey. 

4467
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:21,000
He's not particularly young, not
particularly strong and 

4468
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,600
certainly not particularly sane 
by conventional standards, but 

4469
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:27,700
he's read too many books about 
chivalry and romance, and his 

4470
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:30,900
mind has become so saturated 
with these stories that he can 

4471
03:57:30,900 --> 03:57:33,200
no longer distinguish between 
fiction and reality. 

4472
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:38,000
Don Quixote sees the world not 
as it is, but as he believes it 

4473
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:42,500
should be Windmills become 
Giants to be fought, ins become 

4474
03:57:42,500 --> 03:57:44,800
Castle's to be defended, and 
peasant. 

4475
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:46,800
Girls become princesses to be 
rescued. 

4476
03:57:46,800 --> 03:57:49,600
His Madness is complete and 
systematic. 

4477
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:54,100
He's created an entire alternate
reality where the rules of 

4478
03:57:54,100 --> 03:57:55,800
Chevelle Rick romance still 
apply. 

4479
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:58,700
What makes Don? 
Quixote's story relevant to our 

4480
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,200
discussion of Medieval Madness 
is how it reflects a broader 

4481
03:58:02,200 --> 03:58:05,300
cultural phenomenon. 
The late medieval period, was 

4482
03:58:05,300 --> 03:58:07,800
full of people who couldn't 
quite accept that the world was 

4483
03:58:07,800 --> 03:58:10,700
changing. 
Who clung to outdated ideals and

4484
03:58:10,700 --> 03:58:14,200
impossible Dreams. 
Don Quixote's individual Madness

4485
03:58:14,200 --> 03:58:17,000
mirrors, the collective Madness 
of a society in transition. 

4486
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:21,000
The windmills that donkey Hotel 
famously attacks aren't just 

4487
03:58:21,000 --> 03:58:24,300
windmills their symbols of the 
new world that's replacing the 

4488
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:26,100
old. 
They represent technology 

4489
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:31,100
efficiency and the mechanization
of life when he charges at them 

4490
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:33,900
with his Lance, he's not just 
fighting imaginary Giants. 

4491
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,000
He's fighting the entire modern 
world. 

4492
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:39,600
But here's what's beautiful 
about Don Quixote's, Madness, 

4493
03:58:39,600 --> 03:58:43,000
it's not entirely without Merit.
Yes, he is delusional. 

4494
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:45,600
But his delusions are based on 
Nobel Idols. 

4495
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,700
He wants to protect the 
innocent, defend the weak and 

4496
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:52,000
right wrongs. 
His methods are crazy, but his 

4497
03:58:52,008 --> 03:58:55,500
motivations are admirable. 
He resembles a shattered compass

4498
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:59,100
that persistently guides towards
the true north despite its 

4499
03:58:59,100 --> 03:59:02,900
inability to Aid in navigation. 
The people donkey hoeing, 

4500
03:59:02,900 --> 03:59:05,400
counters on his adventures, 
respond to his Madness in 

4501
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:08,300
various ways. 
Well some attempt to heal him. 

4502
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,600
Others seek to take advantage of
him and still others. 

4503
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:14,200
Find solace in his unattainable 
ideals. 

4504
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:18,600
His his faithful companion. 
Sancho Panza represents the 

4505
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:22,600
voice of Common Sense constantly
trying to bring his master back 

4506
03:59:22,600 --> 03:59:25,600
to reality while being gradually
infected by his dreams. 

4507
03:59:26,700 --> 03:59:30,000
What's particularly intriguing 
is how Don Quixote's Madness 

4508
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:33,200
affects those around him, people
start playing along with his 

4509
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:36,700
delusions, sometimes out of 
kindness, sometimes out of 

4510
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:40,300
Cruelty and sometimes out of a 
secret longing, for the magical 

4511
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:44,500
world, he inhabits his Madness 
becomes contagious, not in the 

4512
03:59:44,500 --> 03:59:47,100
way of the dancing plague, or 
the possessed nuns. 

4513
03:59:47,100 --> 03:59:50,900
But in the way that Dreams Can 
Be, transmissible The Windmills 

4514
03:59:50,900 --> 03:59:54,300
of La Mancha become a metaphor 
for the impossible battles, the 

4515
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:58,100
old fight against the forces of 
change and reality, Don 

4516
03:59:58,100 --> 04:00:00,000
Quixote's. 
Madness is both tragic and 

4517
04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:03,200
heroic tragic. 
Because it's based on delusions 

4518
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:06,500
heroic because it refuses to 
surrender to a world that has 

4519
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:11,100
lost its capacity for Wonder. 
In the end, donkeyote story is 

4520
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:14,200
about the fine line between 
Madness and vision between 

4521
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:17,400
delusion and hope he's mad 
certainly. 

4522
04:00:17,400 --> 04:00:19,700
But he's also the only one who 
still believes in the 

4523
04:00:19,708 --> 04:00:22,500
possibility of magic in a world.
That's becoming increasingly 

4524
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:27,100
mechanical and mundane His 
windmill stand as monuments to a

4525
04:00:27,100 --> 04:00:30,400
particular kind of Medieval 
Madness, The Madness of refusing

4526
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:33,700
to accept that the age of 
Miracles is over of insisting 

4527
04:00:33,700 --> 04:00:36,400
that they're still room in the 
world for impossible Dreams and 

4528
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:39,000
impractical ideals. 
You've come with me on this 

4529
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,100
journey, through Medieval 
Madness from dancing plagues to 

4530
04:00:42,100 --> 04:00:44,200
possessed, nuns to delusional 
Knights. 

4531
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:46,300
You might be wondering what it 
all means. 

4532
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:49,200
What can these strange episodes 
of collective? 

4533
04:00:49,200 --> 04:00:50,800
Insanity. 
Tell us about the people who 

4534
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:53,000
live through them and perhaps 
about ourselves. 

4535
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:56,800
The first thing to understand is
that Medieval Madness wasn't 

4536
04:00:56,800 --> 04:01:00,900
really about Madness at all. 
It was about stress pressure and

4537
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:03,800
the human Minds remarkable 
ability to find Creative 

4538
04:01:03,800 --> 04:01:05,400
Solutions, to Impossible 
problems. 

4539
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:09,500
All of these episodes from the 
most tragic to the most absurd 

4540
04:01:09,500 --> 04:01:12,500
were reactions to truly 
unbearable situations. 

4541
04:01:12,500 --> 04:01:15,400
Think about the dancing plague 
of Strasbourg. 

4542
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:18,000
This incident wasn't happening 
in a vacuum. 

4543
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:21,900
It was occurring during a time 
of terrible hardship, the city 

4544
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:24,400
was dealing with famine disease 
and social upheaval. 

4545
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:29,100
People were dying of starvation.
The economy was collapsing and 

4546
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:31,700
the seemed to be no. 
Hope for improvement in this 

4547
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:34,400
context, the dancing plague 
becomes not a mysterious 

4548
04:01:34,400 --> 04:01:37,300
Supernatural event but a 
perfectly understandable. 

4549
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:41,300
Psychological response to 
unbearable stress. when your 

4550
04:01:41,300 --> 04:01:43,800
world is falling apart and you 
have no control over any of it, 

4551
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,800
sometimes your mind finds ways 
to Take Back Control, even if 

4552
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,700
those ways seem completely 
irrational The dancers couldn't 

4553
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:54,800
stop the famine or cure the 
plague, but they could dance, 

4554
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:57,500
they could turn their 
helplessness into action. 

4555
04:01:57,500 --> 04:02:01,300
Even if that action was 
ultimately self-destructive, The

4556
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:03,900
possessed nuns of ludu and were 
dealing with their form of 

4557
04:02:03,900 --> 04:02:07,700
impossible pressure. they were 
expected to be perfect to 

4558
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:11,100
suppress, all human desires, and
emotions and to live lives of 

4559
04:02:11,108 --> 04:02:15,700
absolute Purity in a world that 
was anything, but pure A 

4560
04:02:15,700 --> 04:02:18,500
possession gave them permission 
to express all the anger, 

4561
04:02:18,500 --> 04:02:22,300
sexuality and Rebellion that 
their religious vows for bade 

4562
04:02:22,300 --> 04:02:25,700
them to acknowledge. 
They found a loop hole as nuns. 

4563
04:02:25,700 --> 04:02:29,300
They couldn't be angry, lustful 
or defiant, but as possessed 

4564
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:32,900
people, they could. 
The demon served as convenient 

4565
04:02:32,900 --> 04:02:34,300
scapegoats. 
For human emotions. 

4566
04:02:34,300 --> 04:02:38,400
That lacked any other Outlet. 
The children of the children 

4567
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:40,900
Crusade were reacting to a 
distinct form of pressure. 

4568
04:02:40,900 --> 04:02:44,200
The strain of existing in a 
world that appeared to have lost

4569
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:47,400
its direction. 
The adult Crusades had failed 

4570
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,800
the church was mired in 
corruption and the promised 

4571
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,000
Kingdom of Heaven seemed farther
away than ever. 

4572
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:56,300
The Children's Crusade was an 
attempt to return to a pure 

4573
04:02:56,300 --> 04:03:00,000
simple faith, that could succeed
where adult complexity had 

4574
04:03:00,000 --> 04:03:03,200
failed even donkey hotel's, 
Madness makes sense when you 

4575
04:03:03,208 --> 04:03:06,300
understand it, as a response to 
a world that had lost its sense 

4576
04:03:06,300 --> 04:03:09,700
of meaning and purpose. 
He couldn't accept that the age 

4577
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:13,000
of Heroes was over that the 
world had become mundane and 

4578
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:17,200
mechanical his Madness, was a 
form of protest, a refusal to 

4579
04:03:17,200 --> 04:03:20,200
accept that magic and wonder had
no place in the modern world. 

4580
04:03:20,200 --> 04:03:23,000
What's fascinating about all 
these episodes is how they 

4581
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:27,200
spread Medieval Madness was 
contagious, but not in the way, 

4582
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:30,800
we typically think of contagion 
it spread through suggestion, 

4583
04:03:30,800 --> 04:03:34,000
through the power of shared 
belief and through the human 

4584
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:36,500
tendency to mirror the behavior 
of those around us. 

4585
04:03:36,500 --> 04:03:40,000
When you saw your neighbor 
dancing uncontrollably part of 

4586
04:03:40,008 --> 04:03:43,200
your mind, began to wonder what 
it would feel like to let go of 

4587
04:03:43,200 --> 04:03:45,900
control. 
So completely this incident 

4588
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:48,200
tells us something important 
about medieval Society. 

4589
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,200
It was a world where the 
boundaries between individual 

4590
04:03:51,200 --> 04:03:53,800
and Community were much more 
fluid than they are today. 

4591
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:58,500
People lived in close proximity,
shared common beliefs, and fears

4592
04:03:58,500 --> 04:04:01,600
and were highly attuned to the 
emotional states of those around

4593
04:04:01,600 --> 04:04:04,800
them in such a world. 
Psychological distress could 

4594
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:07,400
spread rapidly. 
But perhaps the most important 

4595
04:04:07,400 --> 04:04:10,700
thing, the stories tell us is 
that the human mind is 

4596
04:04:10,700 --> 04:04:14,400
remarkably resilient and 
creative it Rebels against the 

4597
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:18,500
unchangeable finds ways to cope 
and expresses the inexpressible 

4598
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:22,200
in impossible situations. 
Sometimes these coping 

4599
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:25,500
mechanisms look like Madness to 
Outsiders but they serve 

4600
04:04:25,500 --> 04:04:27,500
important psychological 
functions for the people 

4601
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:29,900
experiencing them. 
The dancing play. 

4602
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:32,000
Gave people a way to express 
their Despair and helplessness 

4603
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:35,000
the possessed. 
Nuns found a way to rebel 

4604
04:04:35,000 --> 04:04:38,700
against impossible expectations.
The Children's Crusade provided 

4605
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:42,200
hope in a hopeless World. 
Don Quixote's, delusions allowed

4606
04:04:42,200 --> 04:04:44,800
him to maintain his ideals in a 
world that had abandoned them. 

4607
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:48,400
In the end Medieval Madness, 
wasn't really about losing one's

4608
04:04:48,400 --> 04:04:50,700
mind. 
It was about finding alternative

4609
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:53,300
ways to use one's brain when 
conventional approaches fail. 

4610
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:57,000
It was about the human spirit. 
Steadfastness in the face of 

4611
04:04:57,008 --> 04:04:58,800
seemingly insurmountable 
circumstances. 

4612
04:05:00,100 --> 04:05:02,800
These episodes remind us that 
the line between sanity and 

4613
04:05:02,800 --> 04:05:04,600
Madness is thinner than we like 
to think. 

4614
04:05:04,600 --> 04:05:08,100
And that sometimes what looks 
like Madness from the outside is

4615
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:10,800
actually a perfectly reasonable 
response to unreasonable 

4616
04:05:10,800 --> 04:05:13,900
circumstances. 
They also remind us that we're 

4617
04:05:13,900 --> 04:05:16,700
all connected in ways. 
We don't always understand and 

4618
04:05:16,700 --> 04:05:20,200
the distress of one person can 
become the distress of many So, 

4619
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:22,200
the next time you'll face in 
impossible circumstances, 

4620
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:26,200
remember the dancers of 
Strasbourg, the nuns of Ludo, 

4621
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:29,400
the children Crusaders and the 
night of La Mancha. 

4622
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:33,100
Remember that the human mind is 
endlessly creative in finding 

4623
04:05:33,100 --> 04:05:35,500
ways to cope to express and to 
Hope. 

4624
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:39,100
And remember that sometimes the 
most rational response to an 

4625
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:42,400
irrational world is to embrace a
little Madness of your own. 

4626
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:45,600
After all, in a world full of 
windmills that pretend to be 

4627
04:05:45,608 --> 04:05:47,900
Giants. 
Maybe the crazed one of the only

4628
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:56,100
ones who seek clearly. 
Tonight, we explore the life and

4629
04:05:56,100 --> 04:05:57,600
contributions of Rosalind 
Franklin. 

4630
04:05:57,600 --> 04:06:01,100
The brilliant scientist whose 
pioneering work in x-ray. 

4631
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:04,400
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

4632
04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:08,300
double helix A dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

4633
04:06:08,300 --> 04:06:10,300
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

4634
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:13,600
century continue to inspire 
generations of researchers 

4635
04:06:13,600 --> 04:06:16,600
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

4636
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:20,700
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

4637
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:23,900
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

4638
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:25,000
from and what time it is for 
you. 

4639
04:06:25,008 --> 04:06:28,200
We're always open to requests 
for stories and interesting. 

4640
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:31,000
You guys ever have any in mind, 
let us know. 

4641
04:06:32,300 --> 04:06:34,900
Now, get rid of those bright 
lights, turn on your fan if you 

4642
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:41,000
have one and let's begin. 
Rosalind Franklin's name often 

4643
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:44,400
appears as a footnote in the 
story of DNA overshadowed by the

4644
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:47,900
fame of James, Watson and 
Francis, Crick yet, her life was

4645
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:52,500
neither trivial nor easily 
summarized Born in London in 

4646
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:54,400
1920 to a prominent Jewish 
Family. 

4647
04:06:55,200 --> 04:06:58,400
She grew up when few encouraged 
women to pursue rigorous 

4648
04:06:58,400 --> 04:07:01,100
science. 
Even as a child, she displayed a

4649
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:03,800
fierce hunger for knowledge to 
find social norms. 

4650
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:08,000
Her father, Ellis Franklin, 
supported her education yet, 

4651
04:07:08,000 --> 04:07:11,200
worried about her independent 
streak, Saint Paul's girls 

4652
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:15,300
school, she excelled in math 
chemistry and languages while 

4653
04:07:15,300 --> 04:07:18,100
her peers aimed at more 
conventional Futures a 

4654
04:07:18,100 --> 04:07:20,200
scholarship to newnham college 
Cambridge. 

4655
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:22,700
Put her among mentors, who 
valued her promise. 

4656
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:26,500
But questioned women's roles in 
Labs undeterred, she poured 

4657
04:07:26,500 --> 04:07:29,800
energy into research proving her
place through diligent work. 

4658
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:34,400
When World War 2 broke out, 
Britain needed scientists, she 

4659
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:37,200
joined the British coal. 
Utilization research Association

4660
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:40,800
studying carbon's 
microstructures there, she 

4661
04:07:40,800 --> 04:07:43,100
discovered a passion for 
methodical experimentation. 

4662
04:07:43,100 --> 04:07:47,100
She also encountered x-ray, 
crystallography, a technique 

4663
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:49,500
aligning perfectly with her 
meticulous nature. 

4664
04:07:49,500 --> 04:07:53,300
After the war a fellowship in 
Paris brought her to Jacques 

4665
04:07:53,300 --> 04:07:55,300
marrow's. 
Lab where she refined her skill 

4666
04:07:55,300 --> 04:07:57,700
in x-ray. 
Diffraction her high standards 

4667
04:07:57,700 --> 04:08:00,700
in exacting methods, yielded 
notable papers on carbon 

4668
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:04,300
structure establishing her as a 
star in Crystal graffy. 

4669
04:08:05,000 --> 04:08:08,500
By the early 1950s King's 
College, London, offered her a 

4670
04:08:08,508 --> 04:08:12,400
position to study DNA, Morris 
Wilkins, and his team believed 

4671
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,900
x-ray diffraction could unlock 
the molecules secrets. 

4672
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:19,700
Franklin arrived armed with 
expertise determined to 

4673
04:08:19,700 --> 04:08:21,600
implement new, protocols and 
improve equipment. 

4674
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:26,300
Lab tensions, surfaced quickly. 
Wilkins had expected a 

4675
04:08:26,300 --> 04:08:29,200
collaborator Franklin insisted 
on autonomy. 

4676
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:32,600
Some colleagues admired, her 
Precision, While others found 

4677
04:08:32,600 --> 04:08:35,700
her difficult. 
Still she pressed on convinced 

4678
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:37,700
that careful data could cut 
through any confusion. 

4679
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:40,900
Working with her student, 
Raymond Gosling. 

4680
04:08:40,900 --> 04:08:44,500
She captured a series of images,
the most famous labeled photo 

4681
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:47,400
51, revealing a striking helical
pattern. 

4682
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:50,900
She wanted more evidence before 
announcing a conclusion, 

4683
04:08:50,900 --> 04:08:52,800
preferring thoroughness over 
speculation. 

4684
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:56,800
Yep, behind the scenes, her data
slipped into other hands, 

4685
04:08:56,800 --> 04:09:00,400
unbeknownst to her a colleague, 
showed Watson, and Crick her, 

4686
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:04,300
diffraction results already 
pursuing a helical model a 

4687
04:09:04,300 --> 04:09:06,600
seized, her findings, as key 
confirmation. 

4688
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,500
Franklyn for the moment was 
focused on perfecting her 

4689
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:13,500
analysis unaware. 
That her painstaking work was 

4690
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:17,500
fueling a major Discovery 
elsewhere. even, so the tension 

4691
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:20,900
at King's grew, Franklyn's 
direct Style clashed with 

4692
04:09:20,900 --> 04:09:24,400
Wilkinson's reserved manner. 
She believed in complete 

4693
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,600
control, over her research 
methods irritating, those 

4694
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:30,400
accustomed to a more 
hierarchical lab, but she remain

4695
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,700
steadfast just in humidity 
levels and rechecking angles to 

4696
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:36,300
shop and her images. 
Each Improvement hinted. 

4697
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:38,400
She was on the brink of a 
Monumental revelation. 

4698
04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:42,100
That Revelation however would 
not bear her name alone. 

4699
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:46,900
While Franklin refined her data 
Watson and Crick raced forward 

4700
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:49,400
preparing to unveil their model 
of D. 

4701
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:52,300
She had no inkling of the 
behind-the-scenes drama. 

4702
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,900
In the darkroom a camera 
captured Crystal patterns that 

4703
04:09:56,900 --> 04:10:00,800
would change biology. trusted 
her data to speak for itself 

4704
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:04,100
unaware that the world soon 
would hail Watson and Crick as 

4705
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:08,200
The Architects of DNA's double 
helix That this stage Franklin's

4706
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:10,500
story was poised between 
breakthrough and overshadowing. 

4707
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:14,100
A rigorous approach had 
delivered vital Clues to Life's 

4708
04:10:14,100 --> 04:10:17,500
molecular code, yet, social 
dynamics and academic politics 

4709
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:19,000
threatened to Opera of Duke 
credit. 

4710
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:23,000
In the realm of science data 
does not always guarantee 

4711
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:24,700
recognition for the one who 
gathers it. 

4712
04:10:25,800 --> 04:10:29,000
Rosalind Franklin had produced a
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 

4713
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,200
form, setting, the stage for 
history to unfold in ways. 

4714
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:35,600
She could not have predicted. 
She was born into a family of 

4715
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:38,700
philanthropic tradition with her
Uncle serving as the first 

4716
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:42,900
Jewish mayor of London. 
From a young age, she was taught

4717
04:10:42,900 --> 04:10:45,700
the importance of service and 
intellectual rigor, a 

4718
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:47,100
combination that would shape her
character. 

4719
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:51,500
In her teenage years, she gained
a reputation for Sharp wit and 

4720
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:53,600
an unwavering focus on academic 
goals. 

4721
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:56,500
These traits did not always 
endear her to peers, who 

4722
04:10:56,500 --> 04:11:01,100
expected, more demure Behavior. 
But she was undeterred, She had 

4723
04:11:01,100 --> 04:11:03,500
glimpsed a future in which women
could stand at the frontier of 

4724
04:11:03,508 --> 04:11:07,700
Discovery and she was determined
to claim it in her journals. 

4725
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:10,600
She expressed a love for puzzles
and a fascination with 

4726
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:13,800
structure. 
Whether examining minerals or 

4727
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:18,000
deciphering, abstract problems. 
She found solace in unraveling 

4728
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,900
complexities this mindset 
translated seamlessly into her 

4729
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:24,800
later work. 
Where Precision became both her 

4730
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,900
shield and her Compass. 
It also fueled her tenacity 

4731
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:31,100
driving her to pursue every 
question until she reached its 

4732
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:34,200
hidden core. 
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 

4733
04:11:34,208 --> 04:11:36,400
King's College. 
London came with grand Hope's 

4734
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:40,800
that the labs culture soon, 
tested her resolve he joined 

4735
04:11:40,800 --> 04:11:44,000
Morris Wilkins, who believed 
they would share, DNA research 

4736
04:11:44,000 --> 04:11:46,700
duties, Franklyn's forthright 
style. 

4737
04:11:46,700 --> 04:11:50,900
However, clashed with Wilkins 
quieter approach worse, the 

4738
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:54,200
leadership chain for the DNA 
project remained vague fostering

4739
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:58,700
confusion about who was truly in
charge, Despite these challenges

4740
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:01,300
frankly impressed on exploring 
her DNA. 

4741
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:03,000
Fibers changed under varying 
humidity. 

4742
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:07,600
She distinguished between A and 
B forms of the molecule and her 

4743
04:12:07,600 --> 04:12:09,400
fastidious x-ray. 
Diffraction work. 

4744
04:12:09,400 --> 04:12:13,300
Produced the famous photo 51, 
which showed an unmistakable 

4745
04:12:13,300 --> 04:12:16,900
helical pattern, Franklin 
acknowledge the significance of 

4746
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:19,100
the image. 
Yet she refrained from making 

4747
04:12:19,100 --> 04:12:21,700
hastir assumptions. 
She spent hours perfecting 

4748
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:25,500
exposures checking angles and 
analyzing the precise details 

4749
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:29,600
etched onto photographic plates 
Meanwhile, across town at the 

4750
04:12:29,608 --> 04:12:32,700
Cavendish laboratory. 
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and

4751
04:12:32,700 --> 04:12:35,700
Francis, Crick took a 
contrasting approach model 

4752
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:38,400
Builders at heart. 
They chased the DNA structure by

4753
04:12:38,400 --> 04:12:41,700
trial and error fueled by 
Snippets of data gleaned from 

4754
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:45,700
various sources, when Wilkins 
revealed photo 51 to Watson, 

4755
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:49,300
unbeknownst to franklyn the 
evidence dovetailed perfectly 

4756
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:54,500
with their double helix hunch. 
By early 1953 Watson and Crick 

4757
04:12:54,500 --> 04:12:55,900
completed. 
A model that would make 

4758
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:58,900
scientific history. 
Their publication in nature was 

4759
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:02,500
concise yet transformative, 
announcing a double helical 

4760
04:13:02,500 --> 04:13:05,200
structure that explained? 
DNA's replication mechanism 

4761
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:09,800
Wilkins and franklyn each 
contributed papers but the 

4762
04:13:09,808 --> 04:13:13,300
spotlight fell Square on Watson 
and Crick Franklins images and 

4763
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:16,800
calculations though pivotal were
presented as secondary 

4764
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:18,700
confirmation as rather than 
driving forces. 

4765
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:23,600
She felt the sting of exclusion 
yet pressed on finalizing, her 

4766
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:27,000
analysis of the molecules 
geometry, this period, at King's

4767
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:30,000
grew more strained. 
Franklin's, rapport with Wilkins

4768
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:32,000
had cooled. 
She seemed unwilling to 

4769
04:13:32,000 --> 04:13:34,800
compromise on rigorous standards
and he resented her 

4770
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:37,500
independence. 
The department itself provided 

4771
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:41,108
limited support content to bask 
in the sudden Acclaim for the 

4772
04:13:41,116 --> 04:13:44,300
DNA breakthrough. 
Franklin, meanwhile was left to 

4773
04:13:44,300 --> 04:13:47,200
Grapple with how her painstaking
data had been used without her 

4774
04:13:47,200 --> 04:13:50,300
direct consent. 
Recognizing that her future lay 

4775
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:52,900
elsewhere. 
She began seeking a new post 

4776
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:54,900
where she could direct her 
research on her terms 

4777
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:59,700
opportunity arose at birkbeck 
College headed by Crystal John 

4778
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:02,300
Desmond, Bernal. 
Though, the facilities there 

4779
04:14:02,300 --> 04:14:05,000
were humbler, the atmosphere 
promised greater autonomy. 

4780
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,300
Franklyn decided to leave kings 
taking with her a wealth of 

4781
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:12,700
expertise and the resolve to 
avoid another scientific Turf 

4782
04:14:12,700 --> 04:14:15,000
War. 
She briefly concluded her work 

4783
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:17,700
by publishing her final 
observation on the structural 

4784
04:14:17,700 --> 04:14:21,300
nuances of DNA. 
While Watson Crick and Wilkins 

4785
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:24,900
basking growing accolades 
franklyn exited quietly 

4786
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:26,800
determined to reorient her 
career. 

4787
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:30,600
She did not hold holy abandon 
DNA, friends and colleague, Z 

4788
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:32,500
occasionally asked for her 
insights and she answered 

4789
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:34,800
candidly. 
She had no desire to entangle 

4790
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:36,100
herself. 
Further in debates about 

4791
04:14:36,100 --> 04:14:39,400
authorship or recognition, the 
overshadowing she experienced 

4792
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:43,800
became a cautionary Tale in 
science data is currently and 

4793
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:46,200
the one who controls its 
dissemination Wheels significant

4794
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:49,800
power, Franklin preferred to 
move forward rather than dwell 

4795
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:52,400
on what might have been done 
differently in her last month's 

4796
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:54,300
at Kings. 
She remained cordial, but 

4797
04:14:54,300 --> 04:14:58,100
distant focusing. 
On practical tasks, her 

4798
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:00,100
colleagues recognized her 
departure as a loss. 

4799
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:02,800
Her techniques have been Central
to illuminating DNA. 

4800
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,600
Still few openly acknowledged, 
the imbalance that had allowed 

4801
04:15:06,600 --> 04:15:10,200
others to LEAP ahead with her 
findings, privately Franklin 

4802
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:12,100
Harbor. 
Disappointment at the missed 

4803
04:15:12,100 --> 04:15:15,200
chance for genuine collaboration
yet, she rarely indulged in 

4804
04:15:15,208 --> 04:15:18,300
public complaints, believing the
Project's success should 

4805
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:22,100
outweigh personal grievances, 
she fully engaged in planning 

4806
04:15:22,100 --> 04:15:24,600
her new life at birkbeck by the 
mid 1953. 

4807
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:28,600
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 
which she saw as a logical 

4808
04:15:28,600 --> 04:15:33,200
extension of molecular biology. 
If DNA held the code viruses, 

4809
04:15:33,200 --> 04:15:36,400
manipulated it for replication. 
It was a fresh Frontier. 

4810
04:15:36,400 --> 04:15:38,900
Free of the swirl around the 
double helix. 

4811
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:41,600
Some wondered if she might 
regret turning away from a 

4812
04:15:41,600 --> 04:15:45,200
molecule that had just turned 
Global Fame, but franklyn's mind

4813
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:47,900
was already set. 
She craved and environment where

4814
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:50,700
precision and exploration 
mattered more than departmental 

4815
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:54,200
politics or star power. 
In this decision, while in 

4816
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,100
franklyn demonstrated a fierce 
Independence that would define 

4817
04:15:57,100 --> 04:16:00,300
her future endeavors. 
The DNA story continued to 

4818
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:04,100
unfold with Watson Crick and 
Wilkins moving into the 

4819
04:16:04,100 --> 04:16:07,900
scientific Limelight Franklin. 
Meanwhile headed for new 

4820
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:10,500
Challengers confident, that her 
diligence and clear-sighted 

4821
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:13,600
approach would, again yield 
groundbreaking discoveries, the 

4822
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:16,100
transition set the stage for the
next chapter of her life. 

4823
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:20,200
A chapter in which viruses, not 
DNA, would become her primary 

4824
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:23,900
focus, Rosalind Franklin's moved
to birkbeck college. 

4825
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:28,000
In 1953, allowed her to escape 
the tensions around DNA and 

4826
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:30,100
Forge a fresh path in virus 
research. 

4827
04:16:30,900 --> 04:16:34,100
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 
She found greater Independence 

4828
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:37,400
for her meticulous approach 
while viruses lacked the 

4829
04:16:37,408 --> 04:16:42,200
immediate famous of DNA Franklin
considered the equally vital if 

4830
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:46,000
DNA was life's blueprint viruses
were Intruders capable of 

4831
04:16:46,008 --> 04:16:49,900
hijacking that player. 
A chosen subject, the tobacco 

4832
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,400
mosaic virus TMV presented 
unique challenges. 

4833
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,500
Franklyn painstakingly prepared 
samples to ensure, uniformity 

4834
04:16:57,500 --> 04:17:02,100
using x-ray, diffraction to 
decode TMV Rod, like structure. 

4835
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:05,400
Teamed up with Aaron klug and 
others, methodically 

4836
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:07,000
interpreting diffraction 
patterns. 

4837
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:11,500
Even as a smaller lab book, 
became a Haven where frankly 

4838
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:14,000
could shake projects by her 
exacting standards. 

4839
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,300
She still carried scars from 
King's College. 

4840
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:20,300
Some wondered why she had 
shifted from DNA to viruses, but

4841
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,700
Franklin pressed forward. 
Drawing parallels to her earlier

4842
04:17:23,700 --> 04:17:25,600
work. 
She again, insisted on 

4843
04:17:25,600 --> 04:17:28,800
data-driven analysis. 
Never rushing to publish before 

4844
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:32,400
confirming every detail. 
Her lab environment combined 

4845
04:17:32,400 --> 04:17:36,000
intensity with a collaborative 
Spirit, offering trainees and 

4846
04:17:36,008 --> 04:17:38,800
unparalleled education, and 
Crystal or graphic rigor. 

4847
04:17:39,600 --> 04:17:43,800
between 1954 and 1955, 
Franklin's group made steady 

4848
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:46,200
gains, they confirmed TMZ 
investigates 

4849
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:28,800
she rarely spoke of the DNA 
controversy, a colleague sensed 

4850
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,700
unresolved feelings, instead she
concentrated on perfecting viral

4851
04:18:32,700 --> 04:18:37,500
data, Believing scientific 
progress mattered, more than 

4852
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:42,600
personal credit. 
Outside the lab Franklin, led a 

4853
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:45,000
quiet life. 
She enjoyed travel and found 

4854
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:47,800
respite in the outdoors. 
But her main passion remained 

4855
04:18:47,800 --> 04:18:49,900
the quest of visualize 
biological structures. 

4856
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:53,700
Funding was tight and she often 
lobbied for Grants to buy better

4857
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:55,900
equipment. 
Each new insight. 

4858
04:18:55,900 --> 04:18:58,900
Strengthened her conviction that
viruses small yet. 

4859
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:02,500
Formidable merited. 
The same painstaking scrutiny. 

4860
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:06,400
As Dean By 1956. 
Her work, expanded further, 

4861
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:09,500
collaborators, like, Eren 
Kruger, Advanced diffraction. 

4862
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:13,500
Analysis revealing intricate 
protein shells in casing viral 

4863
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:16,100
RNA. 
Franklyn believed these advances

4864
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:18,600
might guide future strategies 
against viral diseases. 

4865
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:21,200
The thoroughness she had applied
to DNA. 

4866
04:19:21,200 --> 04:19:24,800
Now, propelled virology forward 
and accomplishment overshadowed 

4867
04:19:24,800 --> 04:19:28,000
by the double helixes Spotlight,
but crucial to understanding 

4868
04:19:28,000 --> 04:19:31,600
viral replication. 
Yet signs of illness emerged. 

4869
04:19:31,600 --> 04:19:35,700
She dismissed bouts of pain as 
stress unwilling to slow down, 

4870
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:39,400
Unbeknownst to her. 
She faced a serious condition 

4871
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:43,300
that would soon escalate. 
For the moment research remained

4872
04:19:43,300 --> 04:19:47,000
her anchor and she pressed on 
analyzing each image that 

4873
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:50,300
emerged from her diffraction, 
apparatus, her dedication, 

4874
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:54,100
ignited excitement at birkbeck 
motivating younger. 

4875
04:19:54,100 --> 04:19:56,600
Scientists to follow in her 
footsteps though. 

4876
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,900
Watson Crick, and Wilkins gained
prizes and public. 

4877
04:19:59,900 --> 04:20:02,700
Adoration for DNA Franklin never
openly. 

4878
04:20:02,700 --> 04:20:05,800
Displayed Envy friends noted she
remained courteous about the 

4879
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:09,200
double helix maintaining. 
The stance that data, not 

4880
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:12,400
politics fueled real progress in
her lab. 

4881
04:20:12,400 --> 04:20:15,200
She was known for forging new 
ground in virus structure. 

4882
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:18,000
Determined that careful work? 
Would eventually earn its 

4883
04:20:18,000 --> 04:20:21,400
acknowledgment. 
Amid these virus studies, 

4884
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:25,200
Franklins commitment to 
Excellence, never waived, she 

4885
04:20:25,200 --> 04:20:28,200
had departed, King's to find a 
more supportive environment and 

4886
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:31,400
at birkbeck she discovered 
purpose in our raveling new 

4887
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,600
puzzles, the Breakthrough. 
She spearheaded may not have led

4888
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:37,800
to Global headlines that they 
contributed significantly to the

4889
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:39,800
emerging field of molecular 
virology. 

4890
04:20:40,700 --> 04:20:43,600
All the while her health 
concerns simmered beneath the 

4891
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:47,600
surface, she continued to travel
and lecture sharing insights and

4892
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:50,700
forging collaboration's 
researchers worldwide adapted. 

4893
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:54,000
Her technique's marveling at how
the same x-ray approach used on 

4894
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:56,100
DNA. 
Could dissect viral architecture

4895
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:59,900
each success confirmed her 
choice to abandon the fame of 

4896
04:20:59,908 --> 04:21:02,100
DNA and explore a less explored 
path. 

4897
04:21:03,200 --> 04:21:06,200
Rosalind Franklin's years at 
birkbeck standards a testament 

4898
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:08,200
to her resilience and 
intellectual Drive. 

4899
04:21:08,800 --> 04:21:12,100
Where others saw missed Fame. 
She saw a chance to deepen 

4900
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:13,700
knowledge. 
On a frontier with vast 

4901
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:15,300
implications for medicine and 
agriculture. 

4902
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:20,100
This period defined her as more 
than the woman behind photo 51. 

4903
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:25,600
Became a Leading Light in virus,
crystallography advancing an 

4904
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:27,400
entire field through tireless 
devotion. 

4905
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:32,400
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 
could no longer dismiss her 

4906
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:36,200
discomfort as mere fatigue, 
severe abdominal pain center to 

4907
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,800
a specialist where she received 
a stark diagnosis of varying 

4908
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:42,900
cancer. 
News of the disease, hit hard. 

4909
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:45,100
She was only in her 
mid-thirties. 

4910
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:49,400
With a thriving Lab at birkbeck 
and an unrelenting drive to 

4911
04:21:49,400 --> 04:21:53,400
uncover the secrets of viruses. 
She tackled the situation with 

4912
04:21:53,400 --> 04:21:56,800
the same uncovering 
determination that characterized

4913
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,200
her scientific Pursuits. 
Franklyn underwent surgery 

4914
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:02,900
followed by radiation treatments
that left her exhausted 

4915
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:06,100
remarkably. 
She insisted on working whenever

4916
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:09,500
she even a little strength A 
laboratory, colleague's 

4917
04:22:09,500 --> 04:22:13,500
witnessed a woman who despite 
obvious pain, maintained precise

4918
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:16,100
standards and pressed forward 
with x-ray, diffraction 

4919
04:22:16,100 --> 04:22:19,800
experiments, some merged her to 
rest, but she believed that 

4920
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:23,200
meaningful research could serve 
as a form of hope, both for 

4921
04:22:23,200 --> 04:22:25,500
herself and for the broader 
scientific Quest. 

4922
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:29,700
Meanwhile, her research group 
continued, its progress on 

4923
04:22:29,700 --> 04:22:33,600
Tobacco mosaic virus. 
Aaron klug and John Finch helped

4924
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:36,400
manage day-to-day tasks but 
Franklin remained the 

4925
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:40,100
intellectual force behind the 
projects analyzing data from her

4926
04:22:40,100 --> 04:22:43,800
hospital bed, when necessary, 
she had always been meticulous 

4927
04:22:43,800 --> 04:22:46,700
but now her instructions became 
even more methodical. 

4928
04:22:46,700 --> 04:22:50,100
As if every experiment needed to
be double checked due to the 

4929
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:52,800
uncertainty of time. 
Medical Treatments showed 

4930
04:22:52,800 --> 04:22:56,400
initial, promise Franklin's 
Health rebounded, enough for her

4931
04:22:56,400 --> 04:22:58,700
to attend conferences, and 
deliver lectures with the 

4932
04:22:58,708 --> 04:23:02,500
renewed Vigor in early 1957. 
She traveled to the United 

4933
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:06,000
States, to discuss her virus 
findings colleague's, their 

4934
04:23:06,000 --> 04:23:09,200
marveled at a Clarity of thought
and appreciated her, willingness

4935
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:12,500
to share data and techniques. 
She returned to London with 

4936
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,100
fresh ideas, for comparing the 
structures of different plant. 

4937
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:18,400
Viruses convinced that a 
unifying principle might exist 

4938
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:22,200
across various shapes and sizes.
Her perseverance garnered 

4939
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,500
admiration from both peers and 
subordinates. 

4940
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:27,800
Many had witnessed how 
overshadowed she'd been in the 

4941
04:23:27,808 --> 04:23:31,100
DNA story yet. 
Here she was forging new 

4942
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:32,700
breakthroughs. 
Under the most challenging 

4943
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:36,200
circumstances in private 
Franklin confessed. 

4944
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,800
Occasional frustration about the
slow recognition for her virus 

4945
04:23:39,800 --> 04:23:42,400
work. 
She rarely let bitterness creep 

4946
04:23:42,400 --> 04:23:44,600
into daily lab interactions 
instead. 

4947
04:23:44,600 --> 04:23:48,100
She strove to uplift, younger 
researchers, reminding them that

4948
04:23:48,100 --> 04:23:51,900
quality data was the Bedrock of 
scientific progress, that year 

4949
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,100
she initiated a project 
examining. 

4950
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:57,500
The polio virus structure though
it would be demanding. 

4951
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:01,200
Polio remained, a global Health 
concern and Franklin hoped that 

4952
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:04,100
precise diffraction studies 
might reveal new angles for 

4953
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:06,900
vaccine development. 
She collaborated with 

4954
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:10,200
researchers at other 
institutions coordinating sample

4955
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:11,800
exchanges, and cross checking 
results. 

4956
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:15,900
The effort required significant 
energy but Franklin refused to 

4957
04:24:15,900 --> 04:24:18,800
lower her standards by mid-19 
the 57. 

4958
04:24:18,800 --> 04:24:22,800
However, her health took another
downturn hospital visits became 

4959
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,800
more frequent and her doctors 
suggested further treatments 

4960
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:29,400
this time. 
The prognosis was darker She 

4961
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:32,700
confided in a few close friends 
at meeting she feared, she might

4962
04:24:32,708 --> 04:24:34,700
not complete her most ambitious 
projects. 

4963
04:24:35,300 --> 04:24:38,400
Still, she held on to the lab as
her anchor juggling medical 

4964
04:24:38,400 --> 04:24:41,300
appointments with diffraction 
session's that extended late 

4965
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:44,400
Into the Night. 
In August a sudden Improvement 

4966
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:48,000
sparked, renewed, optimism. 
He joked with colleagues about 

4967
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:51,400
planning a celebratory trip. 
Once she fully recovered letters

4968
04:24:51,400 --> 04:24:54,300
to friends abroad show her 
balancing gratitude for extended

4969
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:56,400
life with us. 
Scientists inherent curiosity 

4970
04:24:56,400 --> 04:24:59,700
about her illness. 
She compared cancer Invasion to 

4971
04:24:59,700 --> 04:25:03,800
a virus, infiltrating, a cell, 
Determined to observe and fight 

4972
04:25:03,800 --> 04:25:07,000
it with all the tools available.
Yet the disease progressed 

4973
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:11,800
relentlessly by Fall pain flared
again and even routine tasks 

4974
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:14,400
became difficult. 
Franklin's unwavering 

4975
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:17,300
determination, masked? 
Its severity to most Outsiders. 

4976
04:25:18,100 --> 04:25:21,600
She drafted research notes from 
her bed, outlining next steps 

4977
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:23,900
for her team. 
In an act of foresight. 

4978
04:25:23,900 --> 04:25:27,700
She delegated leadership roles 
in that ongoing experiments 

4979
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:30,800
wouldn't falter if she had to 
step away those around her 

4980
04:25:30,800 --> 04:25:34,200
admired, this quiet resilience 
despite her personal struggles, 

4981
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:37,700
frankly never overlooked The 
Wider impact of her research. 

4982
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:41,900
She viewed viruses as intricate 
pieces of nature with each 

4983
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:45,000
Discovery serving as a crucial 
tool for comprehending disease, 

4984
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,500
and safeguarding human lives. 
Observers found her courage 

4985
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:51,400
extraordinary though. 
She rarely frame to herself as 

4986
04:25:51,400 --> 04:25:54,700
heroic in her view. 
She was simply continuing what 

4987
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:57,200
she had always done. 
Methodically Gathering data 

4988
04:25:57,200 --> 04:26:00,200
refining conclusions and 
believing in the power of 

4989
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:05,200
science to uplift Humanity. 
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind

4990
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:07,200
Franklin, found herself at a 
pivotal point. 

4991
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:11,200
A lab is brimming with 
fascinating research, on viruses

4992
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:13,500
that may help unravel biological
Mysteries. 

4993
04:26:14,200 --> 04:26:17,200
She had a disease that no amount
of scientific rigor could cure. 

4994
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:22,200
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 
uncertainty as Rosalind 

4995
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:25,800
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 
Yet within the birkbeck lab 

4996
04:26:25,800 --> 04:26:29,300
momentum persisted. 
She had established a system of 

4997
04:26:29,300 --> 04:26:32,400
shared responsibilities and 
showing that vital experiments 

4998
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:34,700
continued even if she needed 
hospitalization. 

4999
04:26:35,600 --> 04:26:39,400
Aaron others stepped up 
organizing data from the tobacco

5000
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:42,900
mosaic virus and now the polio 
virus studies Franklin had 

5001
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:46,000
launched despite her weakened 
State, she remained, mentally 

5002
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,000
sharp offering guidance from her
bedside and carefully written 

5003
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:52,100
directives. 
Franklin's presence was palpable

5004
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:55,400
during her occasional visits to 
the lab sporting, a lab coat, 

5005
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,100
over her frail frame. 
She would scrutinize the latest 

5006
04:26:58,100 --> 04:27:00,800
diffraction photographs, 
pointing out slight, and 

5007
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:04,200
anomalies and symmetry or angle.
Colleagues found at both 

5008
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:07,400
inspiring and heartbreaking. 
Here was a world-class mind 

5009
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:11,400
refusing to yield even as her 
body faltered She updated 

5010
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:15,100
notebooks with unwavering 
clarity, as though the act of 

5011
04:27:15,100 --> 04:27:17,900
writing itself, could keep her 
Tethered to the work she loved. 

5012
04:27:18,600 --> 04:27:22,300
The medical team, advised rest, 
but frankly impressed on citing,

5013
04:27:22,300 --> 04:27:25,600
not miss stubbornness, but an 
ethical Drive in her view. 

5014
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:28,200
Scientific progress was a 
collective Venture. 

5015
04:27:28,200 --> 04:27:31,400
If her findings could improve 
the understanding of viruses, 

5016
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:34,800
she owed it to the broader 
Community to see them through 

5017
04:27:34,800 --> 04:27:38,700
when friends, gently questioned,
whether it was wise to push so 

5018
04:27:38,700 --> 04:27:42,500
hard, she confessed that 
focusing on data helped Stave 

5019
04:27:42,500 --> 04:27:45,100
off despair. 
The lab was her Sanctuary. 

5020
04:27:45,100 --> 04:27:48,400
A place where logic and 
Discovery overshadowed personal 

5021
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:53,700
anxieties One highlight came in 
February. 1958 a journal. 

5022
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:56,200
Accepted her team's detail paper
on TMZ. 

5023
04:27:56,200 --> 04:28:00,500
Structural transitions lording 
Franklins, rigorous methodology.

5024
04:28:01,300 --> 04:28:04,500
She allowed herself a quiet 
moment of satisfaction knowing, 

5025
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:08,400
such recognition was hard won. 
A few days later she penned 

5026
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:11,300
letters to collaborators 
proposing further investigations

5027
04:28:11,300 --> 04:28:13,800
into spherical. 
Virus shells, though, physically

5028
04:28:13,800 --> 04:28:18,200
diminished her intellectual 
curiosity knew no bounds outside

5029
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:21,200
the lab Franklins closed Circle 
began preparing for the 

5030
04:28:21,208 --> 04:28:25,700
possibility of bad news. 
Her father Ellis a passed away 

5031
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:29,100
years earlier, but extended 
family members rallied around 

5032
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:33,100
her, she maintained stoicism 
rarely discussing prognosis. 

5033
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:37,000
Instead, she inquired about 
others well-being, asked about 

5034
04:28:37,000 --> 04:28:40,300
the latest scientific gossip. 
A meticulously planned, the next

5035
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:43,800
steps for her virus research. 
In quite a moments. 

5036
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:46,000
She reflected on how a woman 
once. 

5037
04:28:46,000 --> 04:28:48,800
Overshadowed in the DNA, Saga 
had found renewed purpose. 

5038
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:51,300
She never openly declared 
regret. 

5039
04:28:52,000 --> 04:28:54,400
Though, some friends, perceived,
a lingering sadness that she 

5040
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:56,200
might not see the end of certain
viral. 

5041
04:28:56,200 --> 04:28:59,700
Inquiries rumors circulated 
about potential nominations for 

5042
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:03,700
significant Awards, though. 
Watson Crick, and Wilkins had 

5043
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:06,200
gained Global Fame. 
A few scientific bodies 

5044
04:29:06,200 --> 04:29:08,800
recognized Franklin's 
independent contributions. 

5045
04:29:08,800 --> 04:29:12,700
Nothing concrete materialized. 
However, and she expressed 

5046
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:16,300
little interest in accolades, 
she believed real achievement in

5047
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:19,600
the data itself. 
The patterns, the angles, the 

5048
04:29:19,600 --> 04:29:22,300
consistent results, that built a
foundation for future work. 

5049
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,600
As spring approached her 
symptoms worsened. 

5050
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:30,400
Sharp pains returned and another
surgery was scheduled this time 

5051
04:29:30,400 --> 04:29:34,000
medical intervention offered 
diminishing returns Frankling 

5052
04:29:34,000 --> 04:29:37,300
face the prospect that her life 
might be cut short yet, she 

5053
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:39,700
approached this possibility with
the same thoughtful calm. 

5054
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:43,300
She brought to her experiments. 
She revised her will setting 

5055
04:29:43,300 --> 04:29:46,200
aside funds for scientific calls
and ensuring that certain 

5056
04:29:46,200 --> 04:29:48,100
personal items went to Cherished
friends. 

5057
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:53,400
She also took steps to safeguard
her research, instructing others

5058
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:56,900
on how to best archived her 
notebooks and X-ray films on 

5059
04:29:56,900 --> 04:29:59,600
excellent days. 
She still made brief appearances

5060
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:02,800
at birkbeck. 
One morning in April, she 

5061
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:06,400
examined new images of the polio
virus noting symmetrical 

5062
04:30:06,400 --> 04:30:09,900
patterns that hinted at a 
uniform protein Arrangement the 

5063
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:13,000
conversation that followed held 
in hushed tones behind a 

5064
04:30:13,000 --> 04:30:15,000
cluttered desk brimmed with 
excitement. 

5065
04:30:15,000 --> 04:30:18,500
She encouraged her colleagues to
pursue further refining of these

5066
04:30:18,500 --> 04:30:22,300
samples convinced. 
The results might be pivotal Yet

5067
04:30:22,300 --> 04:30:25,100
by mid-april her hospital stays 
grew longer. 

5068
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:29,900
In a final letter to a mentor in
Paris Franklin described a sense

5069
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:33,200
of urgency. 
She felt every hour counted she 

5070
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:36,500
signed off with a mixture of 
humor and resolve quipping that 

5071
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:38,900
illness might slow her body but 
never her mind. 

5072
04:30:39,800 --> 04:30:42,900
The note ended abruptly 
suggesting that even writing had

5073
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:46,200
become laborious. 
Still the spirit that had guided

5074
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:48,800
her from Saint, Paul's girls 
school through King's College 

5075
04:30:48,800 --> 04:30:52,800
and Burke remained intact. 
She had consistently emphasized 

5076
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:54,700
the importance of data over 
speculation. 

5077
04:30:54,700 --> 04:30:58,000
Now as life's uncertainty is 
narrowed. 

5078
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:02,100
She held to that principal more 
fiercely than ever, every 

5079
04:31:02,100 --> 04:31:06,300
experiment completed, every 
photograph taken was a small 

5080
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:08,700
triumphs over the frailties of 
The Human Condition. 

5081
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,100
In that sense, she transformed 
her final months into a 

5082
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:16,700
testament to Scientific 
dedication, a brief but shining 

5083
04:31:16,700 --> 04:31:20,700
era when personal advert 
personal adversity bowed before 

5084
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:23,800
the truth. 
Rosalind Franklin passed away on

5085
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:27,600
April 16th, 1958 at the age of 
37. 

5086
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:30,700
The immediate shock rippled 
through her colleagues, at 

5087
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:33,600
birkbeck and Beyond. 
Many had witnessed her stubborn 

5088
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:36,700
fight against Illness, but news 
of her death, still felt sudden 

5089
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:39,800
as though a brilliant light had 
been snuffed out too soon. 

5090
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:42,700
She had left behind 
half-finished projects on the 

5091
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:46,300
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks that

5092
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:49,600
offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

5093
04:31:49,600 --> 04:31:51,100
from a cross the scientific 
community. 

5094
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:55,300
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

5095
04:31:55,300 --> 04:31:59,100
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her publicly

5096
04:31:59,100 --> 04:32:02,400
credited Franklin's methods for 
pushing their studies of TMV and

5097
04:32:02,408 --> 04:32:05,900
polio virus forward. 
Even Morris Wilkins whose 

5098
04:32:05,900 --> 04:32:08,900
relationship with Franklin had 
been tense, expressed regret 

5099
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:13,400
that they never truly reconciled
in hushed conversations some 

5100
04:32:13,400 --> 04:32:15,200
recalled. 
How her DNA data had been 

5101
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,800
pivotal to Watson and crick's 
success lamenting that she never

5102
04:32:18,800 --> 04:32:21,300
saw the global accolades. 
That might have been hers under 

5103
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,900
Fair, a circumstances outside 
these professional circles. 

5104
04:32:24,900 --> 04:32:28,100
However, the name Rosalind 
Franklin, barely registered 

5105
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:30,600
Watson and crick's double helix 
model. 

5106
04:32:30,600 --> 04:32:32,500
Had claimed the Public's 
imagination. 

5107
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:36,800
Casting other contributors and 
peripheral roles newspapers 

5108
04:32:36,800 --> 04:32:38,900
printed shorter, obituaries 
focusing. 

5109
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,200
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 
young. 

5110
04:32:41,200 --> 04:32:45,400
It offered scant detail about 
her virus research in one sense.

5111
04:32:45,400 --> 04:32:49,200
Franklins passing mirrored her 
life, vital work overshadowed by

5112
04:32:49,200 --> 04:32:52,400
allowed a narrative yet for 
those who understood Her impact,

5113
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:56,300
the morning came with resolve, 
Aaron clug LED efforts to 

5114
04:32:56,300 --> 04:32:59,200
preserve her virus samples. 
And continue her research lines.

5115
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:02,400
He believed that franklyn's 
Legacy deserved more than a 

5116
04:33:02,400 --> 04:33:05,900
fleeting eulogy Scholars at 
birkbeck and elsewhere vowed to 

5117
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,599
finish the task she'd begun. 
Analyzing the protein shells of 

5118
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:12,800
various viruses and refining, 
the diffraction methods. 

5119
04:33:12,800 --> 04:33:16,300
You'd pioneered in their hands 
her notebooks became living 

5120
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:19,400
documents, guiding new 
experiments and interpretations.

5121
04:33:19,400 --> 04:33:23,700
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 
Wilkins navigated a complex. 

5122
04:33:23,700 --> 04:33:26,900
Emotional space. 
The broader public saw them as 

5123
04:33:26,908 --> 04:33:30,599
the DNA triumvirate privately, 
they acknowledge that Franklin's

5124
04:33:30,599 --> 04:33:34,099
data had accelerated, their 
discoveries Wilkins in 

5125
04:33:34,099 --> 04:33:37,500
particular, hinted, in letters 
that he wished Circumstances had

5126
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:40,500
played out differently. 
Yet the train of recognition had

5127
04:33:40,500 --> 04:33:44,500
long since left the station, the
Nobel Prize in physiology or 

5128
04:33:44,500 --> 04:33:48,599
medicine loomed on the horizon, 
franklyn no longer alive was 

5129
04:33:48,599 --> 04:33:51,800
ineligible under the rules of 
the Nobel committee leaving, 

5130
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:54,099
many to debate. 
Whether her name would have 

5131
04:33:54,099 --> 04:33:57,500
appeared on that honor had she 
survived Franklins work on 

5132
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:00,900
viruses, started to yield 
results in a distinct area of 

5133
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:03,500
science. 
The structural insights gleaned 

5134
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,700
from her approach informed, the 
eventual creation of vaccines 

5135
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:09,800
and treatments, Subsequent 
generations of researchers, 

5136
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:13,400
delving into polio and other 
viral, pathogens cited. 

5137
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:16,800
Her pioneering methods. 
Over time references to Frank's 

5138
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:20,400
approach or Franklins, Precision
surface in published papers. 

5139
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,900
In these specialized circles, 
her influence quietly grew yet 

5140
04:34:24,900 --> 04:34:28,300
in the popular imagination. 
Her role in DNA remained a 

5141
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:32,099
buried footnote, the double 
helix story retold him 

5142
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:33,800
Magazine's and television 
specials. 

5143
04:34:33,800 --> 04:34:36,700
Typically highlighted the Eureka
moments of Watson and Crick. 

5144
04:34:37,400 --> 04:34:40,000
Rarely did they emphasize the 
behind the scenes images or the 

5145
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:41,700
quiet researcher? 
Who died young? 

5146
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:45,500
To her friends, the loss was 
both painful and unsurprising, 

5147
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:48,300
they recognized that history. 
Often favors the Bold 

5148
04:34:48,300 --> 04:34:51,500
personalities, who announced 
breakthroughs not the meticulous

5149
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:53,900
Minds. 
Working in the shadows still, 

5150
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:56,599
there were flickers of 
recognition, a handful of 

5151
04:34:56,599 --> 04:34:59,400
Articles and scientific 
periodicals praised her for 

5152
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:03,000
bridging chemistry in biology. 
Female scientists in particular 

5153
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:05,599
found in Franklin, a model of 
perseverance. 

5154
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:09,200
She had after all navigated a 
male-dominated field with 

5155
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:13,200
unflinching dedication, her 
story suggested that Brilliance 

5156
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:14,900
alone does not guarantee a 
claim. 

5157
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:19,200
Specially when personal politics
and timing intervene in the 

5158
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:22,500
months, following her funeral 
Bernal and clue compiled her 

5159
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,200
unpublished data. 
Releasing some of it in 

5160
04:35:25,200 --> 04:35:28,500
collaborative papers. these 
Publications helped virology 

5161
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:31,500
Advanced gradually even though 
they didn't make the front page,

5162
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:35,400
Franklyn's name appeared on the 
author lists a silent reminded 

5163
04:35:35,400 --> 04:35:37,800
that her drive and insight 
continued to shape new 

5164
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:40,099
discoveries, even Beyond her 
death. 

5165
04:35:40,099 --> 04:35:44,400
Thus was in Franklins physical 
presence vanished in the final 

5166
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:48,599
tally of 1958, but her methods 
and findings injured. 

5167
04:35:49,200 --> 04:35:51,200
Scientists who encountered her 
meticulous? 

5168
04:35:51,200 --> 04:35:53,200
Records spoke of feeling her 
presence. 

5169
04:35:53,200 --> 04:35:57,800
Each measured angle each note on
humidity each reference to 

5170
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:01,700
precise conditions in that 
Precision layer enduring 

5171
04:36:01,700 --> 04:36:04,400
signature. 
A blueprint for doing science 

5172
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:07,900
with exactitude and Grace. 
The World At Large might have 

5173
04:36:07,908 --> 04:36:11,200
moved on but in small labs 
scattered across the globe, 

5174
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:13,300
Franklin's influenced quite 
quietly. 

5175
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:18,599
Persisted seeding the 
breakthroughs of tomorrow. 

5176
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:23,099
In the decades, after Rosalind 
Franklin's death, her Legacy of 

5177
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:28,400
old in slow transformative ways.
During the 1960s and 1970s 

5178
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:32,599
Watson Crick and Wilkins became 
household names. 

5179
04:36:32,599 --> 04:36:36,400
Culminating in their shared 
Nobel Prize in 1962. 

5180
04:36:36,400 --> 04:36:40,599
Franklyn omitted from that honor
by both death and Circumstance 

5181
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:43,300
remained, largely in the shadows
of popular history. 

5182
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:47,900
Yet among certain scientists, 
her reputation for precision and

5183
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:51,599
perseverance, quietly, grew at 
birkbeck College, young. 

5184
04:36:51,599 --> 04:36:53,599
Younger researchers carried on 
the virus studies. 

5185
04:36:53,599 --> 04:36:56,900
She had pioneered Aaron clubs 
eventual, Nobel Prize in 

5186
04:36:56,900 --> 04:37:00,200
chemistry, recognized his work 
on protein nucleic acid 

5187
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,099
complexes Pursuit. 
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 

5188
04:37:03,099 --> 04:37:06,800
methodology in interviews. 
He pointedly credited her 

5189
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:08,900
meticulous technique for guiding
his path. 

5190
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:12,599
References to Franklin's x-ray 
approach, began appearing in 

5191
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:15,400
virology circles and 
acknowledgment, that her role, 

5192
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:19,900
extended Beyond DNA. still 
mainstream awareness, lagged, 

5193
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:23,700
School textbooks, celebrated the
double helix as Watson and 

5194
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,900
crick's Triumph, only a handful 
of paragraphs if any 

5195
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:30,900
acknowledged Franklin's photo 51
or the King's College drama, 

5196
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:35,300
Shifting social climate, however
sparked renewed interest, in 

5197
04:37:35,300 --> 04:37:39,200
lesser known, female scientists.
feminist Scholars and historians

5198
04:37:39,200 --> 04:37:42,900
began probing archival materials
determined to uncover the 

5199
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:45,500
stories of women whose 
contributions have been eclipse 

5200
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:50,599
By the 1980s, a wave of 
re-examination cast a spotlight 

5201
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:53,000
on Roslyn. 
Frankly, in journalists and 

5202
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:55,599
academics. 
Scrutinized correspondence, lab 

5203
04:37:55,599 --> 04:37:58,599
notes, and Memoirs. 
From her colleague's, they are 

5204
04:37:58,608 --> 04:38:00,300
on earth. 
The reality that Franklin had 

5205
04:38:00,300 --> 04:38:03,500
not just assisted but Been 
instrumental in unraveling 

5206
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:06,200
today's structure. 
The evidence showed that her 

5207
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,800
data shared without her full 
approval had crystallized Watson

5208
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:13,000
and crick's thinking popular 
media picked up on the 

5209
04:38:13,000 --> 04:38:17,000
controversy framing Franklin as 
the wronged heroine of the DNA 

5210
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:19,099
Saga. 
While this characterization, 

5211
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:22,099
sometimes veered into character,
it revived her name 

5212
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:26,500
simultaneously interested in her
virus research, flourished among

5213
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:29,300
Specialists. 
A new generation of molecular, 

5214
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:31,400
biologists, rediscovered her 
birkbeck work. 

5215
04:38:32,200 --> 04:38:35,400
Amazed at how she had tackled 
the complexities of viruses. 

5216
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:38,599
With the same tenacity, she 
brought to dinner a series of 

5217
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:41,500
papers analyzing her notebooks 
revealed that her approaches to 

5218
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:43,099
sample. 
Preparation, and diffraction 

5219
04:38:43,099 --> 04:38:47,000
analysis were decades ahead of 
their time pharmaceutical 

5220
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:49,599
researchers aiming to combat 
viral outbreaks, through 

5221
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:52,800
inspiration from her methods, 
demonstrating that her impact 

5222
04:38:52,800 --> 04:38:54,599
reached far beyond a single 
molecule. 

5223
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:59,099
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin,
became a symbol for women in 

5224
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:02,800
stem universities established, 
fellowships and awards bearing 

5225
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:04,800
her name each designed to 
support. 

5226
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:08,300
Female researchers in fields 
like chemistry Crystal graffy 

5227
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:11,700
and molecular biology. 
Statues and plaques appeared at 

5228
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:15,099
King's College London and in her
hometown celebrating her 

5229
04:39:15,099 --> 04:39:17,700
achievements. 
Though, many tributes still 

5230
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:20,099
focused on DNA. 
The deeper picture of her 

5231
04:39:20,099 --> 04:39:22,000
broader. 
Scientific passion began to take

5232
04:39:22,000 --> 04:39:25,700
shape documentaries and books, 
offered more nuanced, portraits 

5233
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:28,700
a brilliant scientist who 
navigated the Prejudice of her 

5234
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:31,300
time. 
Worked herself to exhaustion and

5235
04:39:31,300 --> 04:39:33,700
died young. 
Leaving a treasure Trove of 

5236
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:37,200
insights debates about ethics 
and credit allocation continued 

5237
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:40,000
with some championing Watson and
crick's accomplishments. 

5238
04:39:40,000 --> 04:39:43,500
While also acknowledging the 
Injustice done to franklyn the 

5239
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:45,500
complexities of her 
relationships at Kings. 

5240
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:49,000
Her shift a book back and her 
brave fight against cancer, 

5241
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:52,400
found their way into mainstream 
awareness painting, a portrait 

5242
04:39:52,400 --> 04:39:55,300
of a woman whose intellect 
defied the era's constraints 

5243
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:58,400
today. 
Rosalind Franklin stands as a 

5244
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:02,300
beacon of unyielding dedication.
Her story resonates with those 

5245
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:05,800
who value Precision, resilience 
and collaborative respect 

5246
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:10,300
Museums showcase her notebooks 
featuring the small details that

5247
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:13,700
want seemed in consequential. 
Meticulously labeled film 

5248
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:17,900
plates, humidity, logs and 
carefully drawn diagrams each 

5249
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:19,700
artifact. 
Testifies to her belief that 

5250
04:40:19,700 --> 04:40:23,800
every scrap of data mattered in 
academic circles Franklin's 

5251
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:25,200
name. 
Now holds genuine weight. 

5252
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:28,700
She is cited not as a footnote, 
but as a Pioneer who Bridge 

5253
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:33,300
chemistry and biology Advanced 
Crystal and helped birth modern 

5254
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:36,700
virology research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

5255
04:40:36,708 --> 04:40:41,600
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

5256
04:40:41,600 --> 04:40:45,000
curiosity. 
Discipline and the courage to 

5257
04:40:45,000 --> 04:40:48,100
question norms. 
The Ark of Rosalind Franklin's 

5258
04:40:48,100 --> 04:40:51,400
reputation thus reveals a 
broader truth recognition in 

5259
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:55,900
science, can be capricious 
delayed or uneven what was once 

5260
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,300
overshadowed can through 
persistent, re-examination rise 

5261
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:02,900
to its rightful place, Franklins
data, lit the path for one of 

5262
04:41:02,908 --> 04:41:06,500
the greatest discoveries in 
biology and her virus research, 

5263
04:41:06,500 --> 04:41:09,100
paved the way for critical 
future breakthroughs. 

5264
04:41:10,000 --> 04:41:13,200
Generations after her passing 
the full story of her 

5265
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:16,500
contributions as come into 
clearer, a focus, ensuring that 

5266
04:41:16,508 --> 04:41:19,700
her voice once muffled, now 
Echoes across labs and lecture 

5267
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:25,200
Halls worldwide. and just like 
that, we've reached the end of 

5268
04:41:25,208 --> 04:41:27,900
our main story tonight, about 
someone who was truly brilliant 

5269
04:41:27,900 --> 04:41:32,000
with science, Hopefully, you've 
already drifted to sleep by now 

5270
04:41:32,000 --> 04:41:35,000
but if not, I know my insomniacs
when I see them. 

5271
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:38,500
We got your back with stories of
different types and case this 

5272
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:40,000
wasn't something interesting to 
you. 

5273
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:43,800
I hope you have a fantastic day 
and get the best rest that you 

5274
04:41:43,808 --> 04:41:47,600
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 
friends and as always good 

5275
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:56,200
night, Picture this. 
It's a crisp morning in May 16 

5276
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:58,600
and you're a respectable citizen
of Salem. 

5277
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:01,700
Massachusetts. 
Maybe you're a farmer, a 

5278
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:04,600
merchant or a Craftsman. 
Someone who's managed to stay 

5279
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:06,000
out of trouble and earn a decent
living. 

5280
04:42:06,000 --> 04:42:09,000
In this Puritan Community. 
You're probably thinking about 

5281
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:12,300
the day ahead, perhaps wondering
if your crops Will Survive the 

5282
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:14,500
late spring Frost when there's a
knock at your door. 

5283
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:17,100
Standing on your threshold is 
the town. 

5284
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:19,300
Constable looking unusually 
serious. 

5285
04:42:19,300 --> 04:42:22,700
He's not here about your 
neighbor's wandering pig, or a 

5286
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:24,800
dispute over property lines 
know. 

5287
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:28,300
Today, he's carrying a list of 
names and unfortunately, for 

5288
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:31,800
you, yours is on it. 
You've been selected to serve on

5289
04:42:31,800 --> 04:42:34,600
a special court jury to hear 
cases involving witchcraft, 

5290
04:42:34,600 --> 04:42:37,700
congratulations. 
You've just won the colonial 

5291
04:42:37,700 --> 04:42:39,400
equivalent of the world's worst 
Lottery. 

5292
04:42:39,400 --> 04:42:43,400
Now, you might think jury duty 
sounds like a Civic honor, a 

5293
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:46,500
chance to serve your community 
and uphold Justice after all, 

5294
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:49,200
you're a God fearing person who 
believes in doing what's right? 

5295
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:53,100
But as the Constable explains 
your duties and not begins 

5296
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:56,100
forming in your stomach, this 
isn't going to be like deciding 

5297
04:42:56,100 --> 04:42:59,000
whether someone stole a chicken 
or fail to pay their debts. 

5298
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,400
We'll go going to be determining
whether your neighbor's people, 

5299
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:05,700
you've known for years are in 
League with the Devil Himself. 

5300
04:43:06,900 --> 04:43:09,100
The weight of this 
responsibility, settles on your 

5301
04:43:09,100 --> 04:43:12,600
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 
cloak in your Puritan World, 

5302
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:16,900
which craft isn't just a crime. 
It's the ultimate sin, a 

5303
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:19,500
betrayal of God that threatens 
the very fabric of your 

5304
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:23,200
community. 
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 

5305
04:43:23,200 --> 04:43:26,300
not suffer a witch to live. 
If you find someone guilty, 

5306
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:28,900
you're essentially signing their
death warrant. 

5307
04:43:29,700 --> 04:43:32,300
If you find them innocent, when 
they're actually guilty, you 

5308
04:43:32,300 --> 04:43:34,900
might be allowing Satan's 
influence to spread through your

5309
04:43:34,900 --> 04:43:38,200
town, like a plague. 
As you stand there in your 

5310
04:43:38,208 --> 04:43:40,400
doorway. 
Listening to the Constable's 

5311
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:43,600
words, you realize your peaceful
life is about to become 

5312
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,200
incredibly complicated. 
You can't. 

5313
04:43:46,200 --> 04:43:51,000
Exactly refuse jury services 
mandatory and besides, what 

5314
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:53,900
would people think if you try to
get out of it, would they wonder

5315
04:43:53,900 --> 04:43:57,600
if you had something to hide in 
Salem suspicion, spreads faster 

5316
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:01,600
than gossip and gossip spreads 
faster than fire, the Constable 

5317
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:03,200
hands. 
You a notice with the date and 

5318
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:06,200
time of the first trial, you'll 
be joining eight other men of 

5319
04:44:06,208 --> 04:44:09,100
good standing to form. 
The jury, the trials will be 

5320
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:12,200
held at the Salem townhouse in 
your expected to be there, 

5321
04:44:12,200 --> 04:44:15,900
bright and early. 
As he walks away you can't help 

5322
04:44:15,900 --> 04:44:19,100
but notice how his shoulders 
seem tense how we avoids making 

5323
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:21,700
eye contact with the neighbors 
who peek out from behind their 

5324
04:44:21,700 --> 04:44:24,800
curtains. 
You close the door and lean 

5325
04:44:24,800 --> 04:44:27,600
against it, trying to process. 
What just happened? 

5326
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:30,900
Your wife looks at you with 
concern and you have to break 

5327
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:32,700
the news that your summer is 
about to become. 

5328
04:44:32,700 --> 04:44:36,600
Very, very interesting, She 
doesn't say much but you can see

5329
04:44:36,600 --> 04:44:39,700
the worry in her eyes. 
Everyone in Salem knows that 

5330
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:40,900
strange things have been 
happening. 

5331
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:45,100
Young girls having fits 
accusations flying arrests being

5332
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:47,500
made. 
What started, as Whispers has 

5333
04:44:47,500 --> 04:44:50,700
grown into a full-blown crisis. 
The irony isn't lost on you. 

5334
04:44:50,700 --> 04:44:53,900
Here, you are chosen to help 
determine the truth about which 

5335
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:56,200
craft and you're not even 
entirely sure what witchcraft 

5336
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:58,800
looks like. 
Sure, you've heard the stories 

5337
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:01,800
people flying through the air 
turning into animals making 

5338
04:45:01,800 --> 04:45:04,500
pacts with the Devil. 
But you've never actually seen 

5339
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:07,700
any of this yourself. 
Most of what, you know comes 

5340
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:10,300
from sermon's. 
Gossip and the occasional 

5341
04:45:10,300 --> 04:45:13,100
pamphlet that makes its way to 
Salem from Boston or Europe. 

5342
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:16,800
As you prepare for bed that 
night, you can't shake the 

5343
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:19,700
feeling that your life has just 
taken a turn into Uncharted 

5344
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:22,800
Territory tomorrow. 
You'll begin a journey that will

5345
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:26,900
test not just your judgment, but
your courage, your face, and 

5346
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:28,800
your ability to sleep soundly at
night. 

5347
04:45:29,600 --> 04:45:32,100
Because, once you've looked into
the eyes of an accused witch and

5348
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:35,800
decided their fate, there's no 
going back to the simpletons of 

5349
04:45:35,800 --> 04:45:38,100
your old life. 
The morning of your first trial 

5350
04:45:38,100 --> 04:45:40,900
arrives with an unseasonable 
chill, that seems to seep into 

5351
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:44,100
your bones. 
You've barely slept tossing and 

5352
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:45,800
turning as you wondered what the
day would bring. 

5353
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:50,000
As you walk toward the Salem, 
townhouse, you notice other jury

5354
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:51,800
members making their way through
the streets. 

5355
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:55,300
Some walk with purpose, others 
seem to drag their feet. 

5356
04:45:56,000 --> 04:45:58,800
Everyone looks a bit pale and 
you wonder if you look as 

5357
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:02,300
nervous as they do. 
The townhouse is buzzing with 

5358
04:46:02,300 --> 04:46:04,700
activity. 
When you arrive people have 

5359
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:08,100
gathered from all over Salem and
the surrounding areas drawn by a

5360
04:46:08,100 --> 04:46:11,600
mixture of curiosity fear and 
that peculiar human fascination 

5361
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,600
with witnessing someone else's 
potential downfall. 

5362
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:18,800
The atmosphere is Electric in 
the worst possible way like the 

5363
04:46:18,800 --> 04:46:22,400
air before a thunderstorm heavy 
with anticipation and Dread. 

5364
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:26,200
You take your place in the jury 
box and that's when you first 

5365
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:28,200
notice, just how many eyes are 
on you. 

5366
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,700
It's not just the spectators, 
it's the judges, The Minister's,

5367
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:36,300
the town of fischels and most 
unnerving of all the accusers 

5368
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:38,800
themselves. 
These are the young women and 

5369
04:46:38,800 --> 04:46:42,000
girls who stranger fiction, 
started this whole mess and 

5370
04:46:42,000 --> 04:46:44,200
their watching you with an 
intensity that makes your skin 

5371
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:47,000
crawl. 
The first case is called your 

5372
04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:50,400
shocked to see it. 
Someone you know, Sarah Goode, a

5373
04:46:50,400 --> 04:46:51,800
woman you've seen around town 
for years. 

5374
04:46:51,800 --> 04:46:55,500
She's never been popular. 
Admittedly she is poor, she begs

5375
04:46:55,500 --> 04:46:58,200
for food and she has a sharp 
tongue when people refuse her 

5376
04:46:58,200 --> 04:47:02,800
but a witch The accusation seems
almost surreal as you watch her 

5377
04:47:02,800 --> 04:47:04,700
being led into the courtroom in 
Chains. 

5378
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:08,000
What strikes you immediately is 
how the whole process feels like

5379
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:10,300
theater. 
But theater, where the audience 

5380
04:47:10,300 --> 04:47:14,100
participation might get you 
killed The accusers, begin their

5381
04:47:14,100 --> 04:47:16,600
performance and it really does 
feel like a performance. 

5382
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:21,700
They rise, they scream and they 
to see good Specter, tormenting 

5383
04:47:21,700 --> 04:47:23,000
them right there in the 
courtroom. 

5384
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:27,200
The judge is not Gravely, the 
ministers, quote scripture and 

5385
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:29,800
the crowd murmurs with a mixture
of horror and Fascination. 

5386
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:34,000
You find yourself in an 
impossible position on one hand,

5387
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:36,900
you're supposed to be an 
impartial juror, weighing 

5388
04:47:36,900 --> 04:47:40,600
evidence and seeking truth. 
On the other hand, everyone in 

5389
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:43,000
that courtroom seems to have 
already decided that witchcraft 

5390
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:46,900
is real, that these accusers are
legitimate victims and that your

5391
04:47:46,900 --> 04:47:49,300
job is simply to confirm what 
everyone already believes. 

5392
04:47:50,100 --> 04:47:52,800
The pressure is suffocating, the
worst part is the way the 

5393
04:47:52,800 --> 04:47:54,600
accusers react to your very 
presence. 

5394
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:58,500
When you shift in your seat or 
lean forward to hear testimony 

5395
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:01,400
better, they sometimes cry out 
that you're affecting them. 

5396
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:03,700
Somehow, are you in League with 
the accused? 

5397
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:07,600
Are you a witch yourself? 
The paranoia in the room is so 

5398
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,800
thick, you could cut it with a 
knife and you realize that even 

5399
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:14,900
as a juror you're not safe from 
suspicion as the day wears on, 

5400
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:18,000
you begin to understand that 
this isn't really about evidence

5401
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:21,500
in any conventional sense. 
The main proof being offered is 

5402
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:25,400
spectral evidence testimony that
the accused person Spirit or 

5403
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:27,500
Specter was seen committing 
malicious Acts. 

5404
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:31,700
Here's the problem, only the 
accusers can see these specters 

5405
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:35,000
you're being asked to convict 
someone based on testimony about

5406
04:48:35,000 --> 04:48:37,800
invisible actions, that only 
certain people claimed to 

5407
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:40,100
witness. 
The judges seemed convinced that

5408
04:48:40,108 --> 04:48:43,900
spectral evidence is valid 
citing learned treatises and 

5409
04:48:43,900 --> 04:48:47,200
Theological arguments. 
But you can't shake the feeling 

5410
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:49,600
that something is fundamentally 
wrong with this logic. 

5411
04:48:50,300 --> 04:48:53,300
If only the accusers can see the
evidence, how can you verify it?

5412
04:48:53,300 --> 04:48:55,400
How can you cross-examine a 
ghost? 

5413
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:58,100
How can you determine if what 
they're seeing is real or 

5414
04:48:58,100 --> 04:49:01,000
imagined? 
Making matters worse your 

5415
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:02,500
beginning. 
To notice patterns in the 

5416
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:05,300
accusation that trouble. 
You the accused tend to be 

5417
04:49:05,308 --> 04:49:07,800
people who don't fit in. 
Well, the poor, the 

5418
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:11,300
argumentative, the eccentric, 
Meanwhile the accusers are 

5419
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:13,700
mostly young women from 
prominent families and their 

5420
04:49:13,700 --> 04:49:15,500
accusations carry a normal 
weight. 

5421
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:18,600
You start to wonder if there 
might be social and economic 

5422
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:20,900
factors at play here that have 
nothing to do with the 

5423
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:23,900
supernatural. 
But expressing these doubts 

5424
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:27,300
would be incredibly dangerous, 
the judges ministers and 

5425
04:49:27,300 --> 04:49:29,900
Community leaders. 
All seem United in their belief 

5426
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:32,300
that Salem is under attack by 
Satan himself. 

5427
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:35,800
To question the proceedings 
might be seen as questioning 

5428
04:49:35,800 --> 04:49:40,100
God's will or worse as evidence 
that you yourself are influenced

5429
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,000
by dark Forces. 
Your trapped between your 

5430
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:46,700
growing skepticism and your need
to appear as a faithful Orthodox

5431
04:49:46,700 --> 04:49:50,800
member of the community. 
Here's the first day ends and 

5432
04:49:50,800 --> 04:49:52,200
you walk home through the 
Twilight. 

5433
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:54,800
You realize that being on this 
jury isn't just about 

5434
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:58,400
determining guilt or innocence. 
It's about navigating a social 

5435
04:49:58,400 --> 04:50:01,500
and political Minefield where 
one wrong step could make you 

5436
04:50:01,500 --> 04:50:04,600
the next Target. 
The comfortable certainties of 

5437
04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:07,500
your old life, feel like a 
distant memory, replaced by the 

5438
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:10,100
constant stress of trying to do 
the right thing, when you're not

5439
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:13,100
even sure what the right thing 
is anymore, by your third day, 

5440
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:15,200
in the jury box, you've 
developed what you privately 

5441
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:18,500
call the Salem. 
Stare that hollow-eyed look of 

5442
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:20,900
someone who seen too much and 
slept too little. 

5443
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:24,700
The accusers of elevated to the 
status of stars in this somber 

5444
04:50:24,700 --> 04:50:26,600
theater. 
Allowing you to witness their 

5445
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:28,100
increasingly dramatic 
performance. 

5446
04:50:28,100 --> 04:50:32,300
Is up close. 
Today's main accuser is Abigail 

5447
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:34,700
Williams. 
Reference Paris is 11 year old 

5448
04:50:34,708 --> 04:50:37,700
niece. 
She small for her age with sharp

5449
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:40,300
features and eyes that seemed to
take in everything. 

5450
04:50:41,100 --> 04:50:44,000
When Abigail points at the 
accused and screams that she can

5451
04:50:44,000 --> 04:50:47,000
see their Specter pinching and 
choking her, the entire 

5452
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:50,300
courtroom becomes silent. 
You find yourself studying her 

5453
04:50:50,300 --> 04:50:54,100
face, trying to determine if her
terror is genuine or performed 

5454
04:50:54,100 --> 04:50:58,400
and the fact that you can't tell
makes your stomach churn What's 

5455
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:01,700
particularly unsettling, is how 
the accusers seem to feed off 

5456
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,700
each other's energy. 
When one girl starts having fits

5457
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:07,900
the others quickly, follow suit.
As if Supernatural Affliction 

5458
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:11,600
were contagious, they convulse 
they shriek and to see yellow 

5459
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:15,200
birds perched on the accused 
fingers or black dogs lurking in

5460
04:51:15,200 --> 04:51:18,800
the corners of the courtroom. 
The judges treat each Outburst 

5461
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:22,100
as crucial evidence. 
Scribbling notes furiously and 

5462
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:25,100
asking probing questions about 
the exact nature of what the 

5463
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:28,500
girls are experiencing you 
notice that the accusers never 

5464
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:30,600
seem to be afflicted. 
When there are outside the 

5465
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:34,200
courtroom, they walk in looking 
perfectly normal chat quietly 

5466
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:37,900
with their families and even 
smile occasionally But the 

5467
04:51:37,900 --> 04:51:41,100
moment, the proceedings begin, 
they transform into tortured 

5468
04:51:41,100 --> 04:51:42,900
victims of Supernatural? 
Assault. 

5469
04:51:42,900 --> 04:51:46,500
It's like watching someone flip 
a switch and you can't help but 

5470
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:48,400
wonder if that's exactly what's 
happening. 

5471
04:51:49,800 --> 04:51:52,500
The social dynamics in the 
courtroom are becoming clearer 

5472
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:55,800
to you with the passing day. 
The accusers come from families 

5473
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,500
within influence and standing in
the community when they speak in

5474
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:02,100
Portland. 
Men, listen when they cry out in

5475
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:04,600
pain, those same men spring into
action. 

5476
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:07,700
You're watching young women 
wield, a kind of power that 

5477
04:52:07,700 --> 04:52:11,200
would normally be Unthinkable in
puritan society and they seem to

5478
04:52:11,208 --> 04:52:13,100
understand exactly how to use 
it. 

5479
04:52:13,900 --> 04:52:16,800
Meanwhile, the accused were 
almost always marginalized 

5480
04:52:16,800 --> 04:52:20,200
individuals, the impoverished, 
the argumentative and the 

5481
04:52:20,200 --> 04:52:23,300
unconventional. 
Often after spending weeks in 

5482
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:26,300
the miserable conditions of 
Salem jail, their arrive, 

5483
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,700
looking Haggard and frightened. 
They're given little opportunity

5484
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:32,400
to defend themselves. 
Effectively when they do speak, 

5485
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:35,100
their words are often twisted 
and used against them. 

5486
04:52:35,100 --> 04:52:37,800
If they maintained their 
innocence, their accused of 

5487
04:52:37,808 --> 04:52:41,000
lying, if they confess 
authorities, asked them to 

5488
04:52:41,000 --> 04:52:44,100
identify their accomplices, 
you're starting to realize. 

5489
04:52:44,100 --> 04:52:46,900
That confession might actually 
be the safest route for the 

5490
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:50,600
accused even if their innocent, 
those who confess are often 

5491
04:52:50,600 --> 04:52:53,500
spared execution, while those 
who maintained their innocence 

5492
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:55,200
are more likely to face the 
Gallows. 

5493
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:58,400
It's a perverse system that 
seems to reward false 

5494
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:00,700
confessions while punishing 
truthful, Declaration of 

5495
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,600
Innocence. 
A pressure on you as a juror is 

5496
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,000
intensified after each day's 
testimony. 

5497
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:08,700
Your expected to discuss the 
case with your fellow jurors. 

5498
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:12,100
But these conversations feel 
more like exercises in group 

5499
04:53:12,100 --> 04:53:15,200
Conformity than genuine, 
deliberation anyone who 

5500
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:18,900
expresses too much skepticism is
met with sharp looks and pointed

5501
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:20,900
questions about their own 
spiritual state. 

5502
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,500
The message is clear on us, 
Christians believe, in the 

5503
04:53:24,508 --> 04:53:27,300
reality of Witchcraft and The 
credibility of the accusers. 

5504
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:30,500
What's making you lose? 
Sleep is the growing realization

5505
04:53:30,500 --> 04:53:34,000
that your part of system that 
seems designed to produce guilty

5506
04:53:34,000 --> 04:53:36,400
verdicts regardless of actual 
guilt or innocence. 

5507
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:40,600
The Rules of Evidence favor, the
accusers, the judges are clearly

5508
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:43,500
biased and the community 
pressure is enormous. 

5509
04:53:43,500 --> 04:53:47,500
You're supposed to be seeking 
truth and justice but it feels 

5510
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:49,900
more like your participating in 
a ritual that is already 

5511
04:53:49,908 --> 04:53:51,400
predetermined. 
Its outcome. 

5512
04:53:51,400 --> 04:53:54,600
The worst part is when you catch
yourself getting caught up in 

5513
04:53:54,608 --> 04:53:57,900
the Hysteria, During 
particularly dramatic testimony,

5514
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:01,700
you sometimes find yourself 
believing or at least wanting to

5515
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:04,600
believe that what your 
witnessing is real Supernatural,

5516
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:07,900
activity. 
The alternative that this is all

5517
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,200
elaborate deception or Master 
delusion is almost too 

5518
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:13,600
disturbing to contemplate. 
It would mean that your 

5519
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:16,900
community has lost its 
Collective mind and that you're 

5520
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:20,400
complicit in a series of 
terrible Injustice as you walk 

5521
04:54:20,400 --> 04:54:23,100
home after another day of 
accusation and Supernatural 

5522
04:54:23,100 --> 04:54:26,400
claims, you can't help but 
notice how the town has changed.

5523
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:30,300
People view each other with 
suspicion conversations halt 

5524
04:54:30,300 --> 04:54:33,200
when strangers approach and 
everyone appears to be cautious 

5525
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:37,000
The sense of community that once
held Salem together, is 

5526
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:39,900
dissolving replaced by fear and 
mistrust. 

5527
04:54:40,700 --> 04:54:43,900
And you as a member of the jury 
a right in the middle of it all 

5528
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:47,200
trying to maintain your sanity 
and your conscience in a world 

5529
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:50,000
that seems to have lost both 
three weeks in to your jury 

5530
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:51,700
service. 
You've learned to recognize the 

5531
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:54,100
sound of accusations before, 
they are even spoken. 

5532
04:54:54,900 --> 04:54:57,700
There's a particular rustling in
the courtroom a collective 

5533
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:00,700
intake of breath and then the 
pointed finger that could seal 

5534
04:55:00,700 --> 04:55:04,000
someone's fate. 
Today that finger is pointing at

5535
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:06,700
someone who makes your blood run
cold Martha. 

5536
04:55:06,700 --> 04:55:09,100
Corey, a woman you've known for 
over a decade. 

5537
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:11,500
Martha has always been a bit 
outspoken. 

5538
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:14,300
Questioning, certain aspects of 
the witch trials from the 

5539
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:16,100
beginning. 
She's made the mistake of 

5540
04:55:16,108 --> 04:55:18,800
suggesting that the accusers 
might not be entirely reliable. 

5541
04:55:18,800 --> 04:55:21,600
That perhaps the community was 
getting carried away with 

5542
04:55:21,600 --> 04:55:24,200
Supernatural explanations. 
For what might have natural 

5543
04:55:24,200 --> 04:55:28,000
causes now, she standing in the 
dock accused of the very 

5544
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:31,000
witchcraft, she questioned and 
you can see the cruel irony 

5545
04:55:31,000 --> 04:55:34,000
isn't lost on her. 
The accusers are in fine, formed

5546
04:55:34,000 --> 04:55:37,400
today, rything and screaming as 
they claim Martha's Specter as 

5547
04:55:37,408 --> 04:55:39,500
attacking them. 
But you remember Martha from 

5548
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:42,700
church from Community Gatherings
and from the time she's helped 

5549
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:44,600
neighbors during illness or 
hardship. 

5550
04:55:44,600 --> 04:55:46,300
She sharp tongued. 
Yes. 

5551
04:55:46,300 --> 04:55:50,700
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

5552
04:55:50,700 --> 04:55:53,000
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

5553
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:54,600
described in court is so 
jarring. 

5554
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,300
It makes you dizzy. 
What's particularly disturbing 

5555
04:55:57,300 --> 04:56:00,300
is how the accusers seem to know
exactly which buttons to push. 

5556
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:03,500
They claim Martha's Specter 
appeared to them in clothing. 

5557
04:56:03,500 --> 04:56:06,300
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

5558
04:56:06,300 --> 04:56:07,500
They couldn't possibly have 
known. 

5559
04:56:07,500 --> 04:56:10,100
And unless they'd seen her that 
morning, they described her 

5560
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:13,300
house, a habits, and her 
relationships with neighbors. 

5561
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:16,300
You're also noticing how the 
accusations seem to follow 

5562
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:19,300
patterns of social tension. 
Martha. 

5563
04:56:19,300 --> 04:56:21,500
Corey had disagreements with 
some of the accuses families 

5564
04:56:21,500 --> 04:56:24,200
over Church matters. 
She'd been critical of Reverend 

5565
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:26,700
Parris questioning, his salary 
and his methods. 

5566
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:29,400
She'd spoken out against the 
witch trials themselves. 

5567
04:56:29,400 --> 04:56:32,800
Now she's being accused by the 
very people, she criticized. 

5568
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,100
The Coincidence is too 
convenient to ignore but 

5569
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:39,100
pointing it out, would be 
incredibly dangerous, the 

5570
04:56:39,100 --> 04:56:41,800
evidence against Martha is the 
same spectral testimony you've 

5571
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:44,400
been hearing for weeks but today
it feels different. 

5572
04:56:45,300 --> 04:56:47,700
Maybe it's because, you know, 
her personally, or maybe it's 

5573
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,100
because you've been watching 
this process long enough to see 

5574
04:56:50,100 --> 04:56:53,300
the patterns, but the whole 
thing feels like, an elaborate 

5575
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:55,800
performance designed to 
eliminate someone who's becoming

5576
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:58,800
convenient. 
During the lunch break, you 

5577
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:01,600
overhear conversations Among The
Spectators that chili to the 

5578
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:03,700
Bone. 
People are discussing Martha's 

5579
04:57:03,700 --> 04:57:05,300
guilt. 
As if it's already been proven 

5580
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:08,100
debating, whether she should be 
hanged or pressed to death. 

5581
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:11,200
Summer, even wandering allowed 
about her family members 

5582
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:13,800
suggesting that witchcraft might
run in bloodline. 

5583
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:18,200
The presumption of Innocents, a 
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 

5584
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:22,300
have been completely abandoned. 
When Court resumes, you watch 

5585
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:24,900
Martha attempt to defend herself
and it's heartbreaking. 

5586
04:57:24,900 --> 04:57:29,300
Every word she says is Twisted 
against her when she maintains 

5587
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,700
her innocence, She's accused of 
lying when she questions The 

5588
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:35,400
accusers credibility. 
She is accused of trying to 

5589
04:57:35,400 --> 04:57:38,400
undermine God's work. 
When she grows frustrated with 

5590
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:41,300
the proceedings, her anger is 
cited as evidence of her evil 

5591
04:57:41,300 --> 04:57:44,500
nature, it's like watching 
someone drown, while being told 

5592
04:57:44,500 --> 04:57:46,200
their struggles are proof. 
They can't swim. 

5593
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:49,100
The other jurors are watching 
you as much as they're watching 

5594
04:57:49,108 --> 04:57:52,100
the proceedings, you can feel 
their eyes on you during the 

5595
04:57:52,108 --> 04:57:55,100
most dramatic moments. 
Gauging your reactions. 

5596
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:57,900
Checking to see if you're 
displaying the proper level of 

5597
04:57:57,900 --> 04:58:02,000
horror and conviction. 
The social pressure is enormous 

5598
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:05,700
not just to find defendants 
guilty, but to be seen as 

5599
04:58:05,700 --> 04:58:08,800
someone who finds them guilty 
for the right reasons with the 

5600
04:58:08,800 --> 04:58:10,300
right level of religious 
further. 

5601
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,500
Your beginning to understand 
that the witch trials aren't 

5602
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,700
really about which craft at all,
there are about power, social 

5603
04:58:16,700 --> 04:58:18,800
control, and the settling of old
scores. 

5604
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:22,400
The accusers of stumbled onto a 
method of wielding enormous 

5605
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:25,500
influence and the community 
leaders are using the crisis to 

5606
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:28,300
reinforce their Authority and 
eliminate troublemakers. 

5607
04:58:29,200 --> 04:58:31,200
The supernatural elements. 
Provide perfect. 

5608
04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:33,600
Cover for what? 
Essentially, a political Purge. 

5609
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,900
As Martha is Led away to a wait 
sentencing, you catch her eye 

5610
04:58:37,908 --> 04:58:40,300
for just a moment. 
There's no evil there. 

5611
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:43,000
No Malice just confusion and 
sadness. 

5612
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,200
She looks like what she is. 
A middle-aged woman who spoke 

5613
04:58:47,200 --> 04:58:50,300
her mind wants to offer and now 
faces death for it. 

5614
04:58:51,800 --> 04:58:54,100
The weight of your 
responsibility is a juror feels 

5615
04:58:54,108 --> 04:58:56,700
crushing. 
You Hold This Woman's life in 

5616
04:58:56,700 --> 04:58:59,100
your hands and you're beginning 
to realize that the system 

5617
04:58:59,100 --> 04:59:02,600
you're part of is designed to 
take that life regardless of her

5618
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:06,000
actual guilt or innocence. 
Walking home that evening. 

5619
04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:09,000
You can't shake the feeling that
Salem has become a place where 

5620
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:12,400
being different being outspoken,
will simply being unlucky. 

5621
04:59:12,400 --> 04:59:16,300
Can be a death sentence and you 
whether you like it or not, or 

5622
04:59:16,300 --> 04:59:19,300
one of the people making those 
sentences possible fast forward 

5623
04:59:19,308 --> 04:59:21,500
five weeks in. 
You've now developed a nervous 

5624
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:23,000
habit of checking your own 
behavior. 

5625
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,400
For anything that might be 
construed a suspicious, do you 

5626
04:59:26,408 --> 04:59:28,800
react appropriately when the 
accusers have their fits? 

5627
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:30,700
Are you asking the wrong 
questions? 

5628
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,500
Have you engaged in any 
questionable, conversations 

5629
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:35,900
Salem's? 
Paranoia is beginning to consume

5630
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:38,900
you a realization nearly as 
terrifying as the trials 

5631
04:59:38,900 --> 04:59:41,700
themselves? 
Today's case involves a man 

5632
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:45,000
named John Proctor and his 
situation perfectly illustrates 

5633
04:59:45,000 --> 04:59:47,500
The Impossible logic that's 
taking over your community 

5634
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:50,700
Proctor made the mistake of 
publicly criticizing the 

5635
04:59:50,700 --> 04:59:54,300
accusers, calling them frauds 
and suggesting that they should 

5636
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:58,000
be whipped for their lives. 
His wife, Elizabeth has already 

5637
04:59:58,000 --> 05:00:01,600
been accused and arrested now. 
John himself is in the dock and 

5638
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:03,400
the accusers. 
Acclaim, he's been tormenting 

5639
05:00:03,400 --> 05:00:06,000
them for months. 
The evidence against Proctor is 

5640
05:00:06,008 --> 05:00:10,200
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

5641
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:11,500
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

5642
05:00:11,500 --> 05:00:14,600
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

5643
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:16,900
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

5644
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:19,600
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

5645
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:23,300
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

5646
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,300
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

5647
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:30,500
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem untroubled by 

5648
05:00:30,500 --> 05:00:34,000
this logical inconsistency but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

5649
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:37,500
What's worse is watching how 
Proctors attempts to defend 

5650
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:40,100
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his guilt? 

5651
05:00:40,900 --> 05:00:43,300
When he points out, the 
contradictions in the accuser's 

5652
05:00:43,300 --> 05:00:46,000
testimony, he is accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

5653
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,700
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocence,

5654
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:52,000
he is accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows 

5655
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:54,100
anger, the Injustice of the 
preceding. 

5656
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,500
His anger is cited as evidence 
of his evil nature. 

5657
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,900
It's like watching someone try 
to prove their not wet while 

5658
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:04,400
being pushed deeper underwater, 
the accusers, have refined their

5659
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:07,500
performance to an art form. 
They've learned exactly how to 

5660
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:09,600
time their Outburst for maximum 
effect. 

5661
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,600
How to coordinate their 
afflictions to support each 

5662
05:01:12,600 --> 05:01:15,800
other's claims and how to direct
their accusations toward the 

5663
05:01:15,800 --> 05:01:19,300
most vulnerable targets. 
Today, they're putting on a 

5664
05:01:19,308 --> 05:01:22,400
particularly elaborate show. 
Claiming to see Proctor's 

5665
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:25,000
Specter right there in the 
courtroom mimicking, their 

5666
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:26,600
movements and mocking their 
pain. 

5667
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:30,800
You find yourself studying the 
faces of the other jurors trying

5668
05:01:30,800 --> 05:01:34,400
to read their thoughts. 
Some seem genuinely convinced by

5669
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:37,500
what they're seeing others. 
Look troubled, but stay silent. 

5670
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,200
Few appear to be going through 
the motions saying what they 

5671
05:01:41,200 --> 05:01:43,400
think they're supposed to say 
while keeping their real 

5672
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:46,200
thoughts hidden. 
The atmosphere of fear and 

5673
05:01:46,200 --> 05:01:48,500
suspicion has made honest 
communication. 

5674
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:52,000
Almost impossible, the judges 
continue to treat spectral 

5675
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:54,900
evidence as if it were as 
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.

5676
05:01:54,900 --> 05:01:57,700
They ask details. 
Questions about the appearance 

5677
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:00,500
and behavior of, specters that 
only the accusers can see 

5678
05:02:00,500 --> 05:02:03,400
recording their answers as if 
they were documenting 

5679
05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:06,300
observable, facts. 
You keep wanting to ask the 

5680
05:02:06,300 --> 05:02:09,200
obvious question. 
If the devil can create false 

5681
05:02:09,200 --> 05:02:12,300
specters to deceive people, how 
do we know these Visions are 

5682
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,800
real? 
But asking that question would 

5683
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,000
be tantamount to confessing your
own lack of faith. 

5684
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,500
During a particularly intense 
moment of testimony, one of the 

5685
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:25,100
accusers suddenly points 
directly at you and screams that

5686
05:02:25,100 --> 05:02:29,000
she can see your Specter 
whispering to the accused the 

5687
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:31,400
courtroom full silent and you 
feel every eye in the room 

5688
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,800
focusing on you, your heart 
pounds so hard your short, 

5689
05:02:34,800 --> 05:02:37,800
everyone can hear it. 
For terrifying moment, you 

5690
05:02:37,800 --> 05:02:41,100
realize you could be next that 
your position as a juror 

5691
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:44,400
provides, no protection against 
the Machinery of accusation, the

5692
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:47,600
judge quickly, intervenes 
suggesting that the accuser must

5693
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,200
be mistaken that the devil is 
trying to confuse her by 

5694
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:53,900
creating false visions. 
But the moment has shaken you to

5695
05:02:53,900 --> 05:02:56,400
your core. 
If you are a member of the jury 

5696
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,100
can be accused, then literally 
no one is safe. 

5697
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:02,300
The realization that you're 
sitting in Judgment of others 

5698
05:03:02,300 --> 05:03:05,600
while being potentially one 
accusation away from the doc 

5699
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:09,500
yourself is almost too much to 
bear. the worst part is that 

5700
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:11,900
your starting to understand why 
some people confess to 

5701
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,400
Witchcraft even when their 
innocent The pressure is so 

5702
05:03:15,400 --> 05:03:18,700
intense, the logic so twisted 
and the alternative. 

5703
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:21,900
So terrible, that false 
confession, begins to seem like 

5704
05:03:21,900 --> 05:03:25,000
the only rational choice. 
If maintaining your innocence 

5705
05:03:25,000 --> 05:03:27,900
means facing death while 
confessing means of survival, 

5706
05:03:27,900 --> 05:03:31,000
what would you choose the 
question haunts you? 

5707
05:03:31,000 --> 05:03:32,500
Because you don't know the 
answer. 

5708
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:35,600
You Glimpse Elizabeth in the 
gallery as they lead Procter 

5709
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,600
away to await his verdict. 
She is pregnant, which is 

5710
05:03:38,600 --> 05:03:41,800
temporarily saved her from 
execution that you can see the 

5711
05:03:41,800 --> 05:03:45,100
desperation in her eyes. 
Her husband is probably going to

5712
05:03:45,100 --> 05:03:48,000
die for the crime of speaking, 
truth to power and there's 

5713
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:51,800
nothing she can do to save him. 
You're part of the system that's

5714
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,600
destroying this family and that 
knowledge sits in your stomach, 

5715
05:03:54,608 --> 05:03:57,600
like a stone two months, into 
your service, you've stopped 

5716
05:03:57,600 --> 05:04:00,700
counting the number of people 
you've helped condemned the 

5717
05:04:00,700 --> 05:04:02,900
exact number feels less 
important than the weight of 

5718
05:04:02,908 --> 05:04:05,700
their Collective presence, which
seems to follow you everywhere. 

5719
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:09,200
You see their faces when you 
close your eyes, hear their 

5720
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:11,200
final words when the house is 
quiet. 

5721
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:15,600
Feel their absence in the spaces
they used to occupy around town.

5722
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:21,100
Today brings a particularly 
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 

5723
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:22,900
woman. 
So universally respected that 

5724
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:24,900
her accusation has sent 
shockwaves through the 

5725
05:04:24,900 --> 05:04:29,700
community. 71 years old, deeply 
religious and known for her 

5726
05:04:29,700 --> 05:04:31,400
charitable works and gentle 
nature. 

5727
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:36,100
If Rebecca nurse can be a witch,
the logic goes than anyone can 

5728
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:38,700
be. 
The accusation has Force Salem 

5729
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:41,300
to confront the possibility that
evil can hide behind the most 

5730
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:44,400
innocent faces, which somehow 
makes everyone seemed more 

5731
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,200
dangerous. 
The accusers seem to understand 

5732
05:04:47,200 --> 05:04:50,100
the significance of this case 
and they're pulling out all the 

5733
05:04:50,100 --> 05:04:52,300
stops. 
Their performance is a more 

5734
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:54,700
dramatic than usual. 
Their claims more outrageous. 

5735
05:04:54,700 --> 05:04:57,900
They're saying Rebecca's Specter
has been tormenting them for 

5736
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:01,200
months appearing in their 
bedrooms at night pinching and 

5737
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,700
choking them. 
Trying to force them to sign the

5738
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:06,800
devil's book. 
Watching this frail elderly 

5739
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:09,300
woman being accused of such 
energetic, Supernatural, 

5740
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:12,200
terrorism would be almost 
comical if the consequences 

5741
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,900
weren't so deadly serious. 
What's particularly disturbing 

5742
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,200
is how the community has split 
over Rebecca's case her family 

5743
05:05:19,200 --> 05:05:20,900
and close friends. 
Maintained her innocence 

5744
05:05:20,900 --> 05:05:23,700
passionately While others seemed
relieved to finally have an 

5745
05:05:23,700 --> 05:05:26,300
explanation for various 
misfortunes, they've attributed 

5746
05:05:26,300 --> 05:05:30,400
to Supernatural causes Old 
grudges and property disputes 

5747
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:32,900
are being reframed as evidence 
of malevolent witchcraft. 

5748
05:05:32,900 --> 05:05:37,200
You're watching Salem's social 
fabric tear itself, apart one 

5749
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:40,400
accusation at a time the 
evidence against Rebecca is the 

5750
05:05:40,400 --> 05:05:42,300
same spectral. 
Testimony, you've been hearing 

5751
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:44,600
for weeks but her case 
highlights. 

5752
05:05:44,600 --> 05:05:47,000
The fundamental absurdity of the
entire system. 

5753
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:51,000
If this woman who has spent her 
entire life, serving God and 

5754
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:54,700
helping others can be credibly 
accused of serving Satan, then 

5755
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:58,200
the accusations have become 
meaningless, either the accusers

5756
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:01,200
lying or the entire concept of 
judging people by their 

5757
05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:02,900
character and actions is 
worthless. 

5758
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:06,300
During deliberations, you find 
yourself in the uncomfortable 

5759
05:06:06,300 --> 05:06:09,400
position of being one of the few
jurors who seems troubled by the

5760
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:12,700
case, the other seem convinced 
that the accusers wouldn't lie 

5761
05:06:12,700 --> 05:06:15,300
about something. 
So serious, that the consistency

5762
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:17,200
of their testimony proves its 
truth. 

5763
05:06:17,200 --> 05:06:19,500
And that Rebecca's very 
respectability. 

5764
05:06:19,500 --> 05:06:21,700
Might be a cunning disguise for 
her evil nature. 

5765
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:25,700
The logic is so Twisted that it 
makes your head spin and 

5766
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:27,600
questioning it to openly would 
be dangerous. 

5767
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,500
You're also dealing with the 
personal cost of your jury 

5768
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:32,600
service. 
Your family is suffering from 

5769
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,700
your constant stress and 
distraction your wife looks at 

5770
05:06:35,700 --> 05:06:38,800
you with increasing concern. 
Your children seem afraid of 

5771
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,800
your dark moods, and your work 
is suffering from your inability

5772
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:44,500
to concentrate. 
The Witch Trials aren't just 

5773
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:47,000
destroying the accused. 
They're taking a toll on 

5774
05:06:47,008 --> 05:06:48,500
everyone involved in the 
process. 

5775
05:06:48,500 --> 05:06:51,800
The worst part is that your 
beginning to see how the trials 

5776
05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:55,400
have become, self-perpetuating 
each conviction validates, the 

5777
05:06:55,400 --> 05:06:59,300
accusers credibility, making the
next accusation more likely to 

5778
05:06:59,300 --> 05:07:02,900
be believed each execution, 
demonstrates the community's 

5779
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:05,500
commitment to fight. 
Satan, making it harder to 

5780
05:07:05,508 --> 05:07:09,000
admit, that mistakes might have 
been made the system has gained 

5781
05:07:09,000 --> 05:07:12,200
a momentum of its own and you're
not sure anyone has the power to

5782
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:15,300
stop it anymore. 
When the jury finally reaches 

5783
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,500
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 
you feel something inside you 

5784
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:21,900
break, you've just helped 
condemn a woman whose only crime

5785
05:07:21,900 --> 05:07:24,900
was being vulnerable to 
accusation in a community that 

5786
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:28,400
has lost its moral compass. 
The weight of that decision will

5787
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:30,600
stay with you for the rest of 
your life and you know, it 

5788
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:33,700
you've crossed a line that can 
never be uncrossed and 

5789
05:07:33,700 --> 05:07:36,700
participated in an injustice 
that can never be undone. 

5790
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:39,800
As you watch Rebecca, receive 
her sentence. 

5791
05:07:39,800 --> 05:07:42,600
You see something in her eyes 
that will haunt you forever. 

5792
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:48,200
Not anger, or fear but pity She 
gazes at you and the other 

5793
05:07:48,200 --> 05:07:51,200
jurors with the same compassion,
she might show to Lost Children 

5794
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:53,300
and you realize she knows 
something. 

5795
05:07:53,300 --> 05:07:57,900
You're just starting to grasp 
The Witch Trials have not just 

5796
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:00,700
claimed innocent victims, 
they've corrupted everyone 

5797
05:08:00,700 --> 05:08:03,500
involved in the UK into this 
believing. 

5798
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:06,500
You were serving justice but 
you've become complicit in its 

5799
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:09,400
opposite. 
Walking home through the Salem 

5800
05:08:09,400 --> 05:08:12,700
streets, you notice how empty 
they've become people. 

5801
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:14,900
Hurry passed each other without 
making eye contact. 

5802
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:18,600
Afraid that any interaction 
might be misinterpreted any 

5803
05:08:18,600 --> 05:08:20,900
conversation might provide 
ammunition for future 

5804
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:23,600
accusations. 
The community that wants held 

5805
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:26,000
you together has dissolved into 
a collection of frightened 

5806
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:28,300
individuals. 
Each trying to avoid becoming 

5807
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:31,300
the next Target and you've 
helped create this atmosphere of

5808
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:35,400
Terror one verdict at a time. 
Three months of passed since you

5809
05:08:35,400 --> 05:08:37,000
first. 
Took your seat in the jury box 

5810
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:40,000
and Salem barely resembles. 
The town you want new. 

5811
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:43,900
Witch Trials have transformed 
into a mechanism that consumes 

5812
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:48,000
individuals relationships and 
Sanity with equal efficiency. 

5813
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:51,600
You've lost count of how many 
verdicts you've delivered, but 

5814
05:08:51,600 --> 05:08:55,100
your body keeps scoring 
sleepless nights, stress-induced

5815
05:08:55,100 --> 05:08:57,400
headaches and a persistent knot 
in your stomach. 

5816
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:01,800
That never seems to loosen. 
The most recent case, concerns 

5817
05:09:01,800 --> 05:09:04,700
Mary easty, the sister of 
Rebecca nurse. 

5818
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:07,800
Who circumstances encapsulate? 
All the negative aspects of the 

5819
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:10,400
trials. 
Mary has maintained her 

5820
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:12,000
innocence throughout the 
proceedings. 

5821
05:09:12,700 --> 05:09:15,100
Which is also done something 
that shows remarkable courage 

5822
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:17,200
and wisdom. 
She's written a petition to the 

5823
05:09:17,208 --> 05:09:20,500
court, not asking for her life, 
but pleading for the trials, to 

5824
05:09:20,500 --> 05:09:24,700
be conducted more carefully to 
prevent future in Justice's a 

5825
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:26,800
petition, haunt you, because 
it's so reasonable. 

5826
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:31,100
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

5827
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:33,600
witchcraft exists, but 
question's, whether the current 

5828
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:36,700
methods of detecting it are 
reliable, He points out the 

5829
05:09:36,708 --> 05:09:40,500
inconsistencies in spectral 
evidence, the dangers of masses 

5830
05:09:40,500 --> 05:09:43,400
deer, and the possibility that 
innocent people are dying for 

5831
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:44,500
crimes. 
They didn't commit. 

5832
05:09:45,400 --> 05:09:47,900
It's everything you've been 
thinking, but haven't dared to 

5833
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:51,600
say aloud reading her petition. 
You realize you've been 

5834
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:53,500
witnessing the destruction of 
everything. 

5835
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:57,000
You want to believed about 
Justice, communities and Truth. 

5836
05:09:58,100 --> 05:10:01,200
The trials haven't shielded 
Salem from Evil instead. 

5837
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:03,200
They've Unleashed a distinct 
form of evil. 

5838
05:10:03,200 --> 05:10:06,700
One, that divides neighbors and 
uses accusations as a weapon of 

5839
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:09,900
mass Devastation, the very 
people who are supposed to be 

5840
05:10:09,900 --> 05:10:12,400
fighting. 
Satan have become instruments of

5841
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:15,300
a different kind of Darkness. 
You're not the only one who's 

5842
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:18,400
beginning to see the truth. 
Some of the other jurors are 

5843
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:20,400
showing signs of Doubt though. 
They're careful. 

5844
05:10:20,400 --> 05:10:21,400
Not to express it. 
Openly. 

5845
05:10:21,400 --> 05:10:24,600
There are whispered 
conversations about the growing 

5846
05:10:24,600 --> 05:10:27,900
implausibility of the 
accusations, quiet concerns 

5847
05:10:27,900 --> 05:10:31,300
about the accusers motivations 
and troubled questions about the

5848
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:33,100
reliability of spectral 
evidence. 

5849
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,800
But by now, you're all so deep 
in the system that backing out 

5850
05:10:36,800 --> 05:10:39,600
seems impossible. 
The social cost of changing 

5851
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,600
course, would be enormous 
admitting the trials are wrong. 

5852
05:10:42,608 --> 05:10:45,600
Would mean acknowledging, that 
innocent people have died that 

5853
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,700
the community has been deceived 
and that everyone involved in 

5854
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:51,000
the proceedings has been 
complicit in a massive 

5855
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:53,400
Injustice. 
It's easier to keep moving 

5856
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,400
forward to maintain the fiction 
that what you're doing is 

5857
05:10:56,400 --> 05:11:00,300
necessary and right and to 
confront the alternative, But 

5858
05:11:00,300 --> 05:11:02,700
Mary East is petition has forced
you to confront that 

5859
05:11:02,700 --> 05:11:04,700
alternative. 
She's going to die. 

5860
05:11:04,700 --> 05:11:08,600
You can see it in the judges 
faces here at it in the accusers

5861
05:11:08,600 --> 05:11:11,100
testimony and feel it in the 
courtrooms atmosphere. 

5862
05:11:11,100 --> 05:11:14,400
But she's using her final 
moments to try to prevent others

5863
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:17,200
from suffering. 
The same fate, her courage makes

5864
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:19,000
your complicity feel even more 
shameful. 

5865
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,600
As you deliberate Mary's case 
your struck by the realization 

5866
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:27,400
that you've become part of a 
system that values can form at 

5867
05:11:27,400 --> 05:11:30,800
the truth. 
Fear over Justice and accusation

5868
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:33,700
over evidence. 
You came into this believing. 

5869
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:35,700
You are serving, God in 
community. 

5870
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:40,400
But you've instead, the darker, 
impulses of human nature, the 

5871
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:43,600
desire to blame others for our 
problems to find simple 

5872
05:11:43,600 --> 05:11:47,300
explanations for complex issues,
and to maintain social order 

5873
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:49,300
through fear rather than 
Justice. 

5874
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,700
The verdict in Mary's cases, 
predetermined, just like all the

5875
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,600
others, the jury's role has 
become purely ceremonial a way 

5876
05:11:56,608 --> 05:11:59,800
of legitimizing decisions that 
have already been made by judges

5877
05:11:59,800 --> 05:12:03,000
who believe in the accusers 
infallibility and the reality of

5878
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:06,300
spectral evidence, you're not 
engaging in a deliberative 

5879
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:08,600
process. 
Instead, you are merely 

5880
05:12:08,600 --> 05:12:11,400
validating A system that has 
completely disconnected from 

5881
05:12:11,400 --> 05:12:14,400
actual Justice. 
When Mary Easter is finally 

5882
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,600
executed something in Salem's 
Collective, Consciousness seems 

5883
05:12:17,600 --> 05:12:20,800
to shift. 
Her dignity and death, her 

5884
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:23,700
reasoned petition, and the 
growing implausibility of the 

5885
05:12:23,700 --> 05:12:27,300
accusations begin to create 
cracks in the certainty that has

5886
05:12:27,300 --> 05:12:30,400
driven the trials. 
People start asking questions, 

5887
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,600
they should have asked months 
ago, noticing inconsistencies 

5888
05:12:33,600 --> 05:12:35,000
they should have seen from the 
beginning. 

5889
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:37,700
However, you come to this 
realization too late. 

5890
05:12:37,708 --> 05:12:40,900
You've already been part of 
condemning at least 20 people to

5891
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:43,700
death and no amount of later 
wisdom can undo. 

5892
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:46,900
That fact, you'll spend the rest
of your life knowing that when 

5893
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:50,200
your community lost its mind, 
you went along with the madness.

5894
05:12:51,000 --> 05:12:53,500
When Justice needed to 
Defenders, you were too 

5895
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:56,300
frightened to speak up. 
When innocent people needed your

5896
05:12:56,300 --> 05:13:00,200
courage, you chose your safety. 
Instead, The Witch Trials will 

5897
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:03,800
eventually end discredited and 
abandoned by the same people who

5898
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:05,500
want supported them 
enthusiastically. 

5899
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,600
The accusers will recant or be 
forgotten, the judges will 

5900
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:12,400
quietly distance themselves from
the proceedings and the 

5901
05:13:12,408 --> 05:13:14,600
community will try to move on as
if nothing happened. 

5902
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:17,700
But for you, there will be no 
moving on. 

5903
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:20,500
You'll carry the weight of those
verdicts forever. 

5904
05:13:20,500 --> 05:13:23,700
A reminder of how easily 
Ordinary People can become 

5905
05:13:23,700 --> 05:13:25,800
complicit in extraordinary. 
Evil. 

5906
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:29,400
Years later. 
When historians study the Salem,

5907
05:13:29,400 --> 05:13:33,300
Witch Trials, they'll focus on 
the accusers, the judges and the

5908
05:13:33,300 --> 05:13:35,900
victims. 
But, you know, the real story 

5909
05:13:35,900 --> 05:13:38,900
includes people like you 
ordinary citizens, who were 

5910
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:41,800
swept up in events beyond their 
control and forced to make 

5911
05:13:41,808 --> 05:13:44,700
impossible choices. 
You are just trying to do your 

5912
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:48,000
civic duty to serve your 
community and uphold Justice. 

5913
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:51,600
Instead, you found yourself 
embroiled in one of the most 

5914
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:55,400
tumultuous periods in American 
history, serving as a stark 

5915
05:13:55,400 --> 05:13:58,300
reminder, that. 
Good intentions can lead to dire

5916
05:13:58,300 --> 05:14:01,000
consequences. 
The trials taught you, that 

5917
05:14:01,008 --> 05:14:03,500
courage isn't just about facing 
physical danger. 

5918
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:05,500
It's about standing up for 
truth. 

5919
05:14:05,500 --> 05:14:08,900
When everyone around you is 
abandoned, it justice isn't just

5920
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:11,700
about following procedures. 
It's about questioning those 

5921
05:14:11,700 --> 05:14:14,000
procedures when they produce 
unjust results. 

5922
05:14:14,700 --> 05:14:17,700
Community is about protecting 
the vulnerable, even when it's 

5923
05:14:17,700 --> 05:14:22,300
inconvenient or dangerous, you 
fail those tests and Salem, fail

5924
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:24,900
them too. 
The witch trials, succeeded in 

5925
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,700
their stated goal of rooting 
out, evil that the evil. 

5926
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,700
They found was in the hearts of 
the accusers and the complicity 

5927
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:33,200
of people like you. 
That's a lesson worth 

5928
05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:36,100
remembering even if it's one. 
You learned too late to do any 

5929
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:42,600
good. 
And we think of the Great 

5930
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,500
Depression, we see dust storms 
and bread, lines and CPR. 

5931
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:48,700
Before we can appreciate the 
psychological impact of the 

5932
05:14:48,700 --> 05:14:51,400
economic collapse. 
We must remember the world that 

5933
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:54,400
was lost a world of 
extraordinary optimism and 

5934
05:14:54,400 --> 05:14:58,600
excessive consumerism that few 
today can imagine by 1988 

5935
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:02,100
Americans believed in Endless 
Prosperity, almost religiously. 

5936
05:15:02,100 --> 05:15:05,400
The typical manufacturing pay 
has increased by approximately 

5937
05:15:05,400 --> 05:15:10,000
40% since the early 1920s, most 
new, urban homes have indoor 

5938
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:13,700
plumbing longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

5939
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:15,900
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

5940
05:15:16,700 --> 05:15:20,600
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

5941
05:15:20,600 --> 05:15:25,200
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

5942
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:27,900
stock market. 
We thought we discovered 

5943
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:31,200
economic immortality so 
Philadelphia radio salesperson, 

5944
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:35,400
Martin Steinberg, my customers 
bought philosophers and RCA's on

5945
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:37,500
installment plan's with 10% 
down. 

5946
05:15:37,500 --> 05:15:41,100
I set up their new consoles as 
they discuss their Investments 

5947
05:15:41,100 --> 05:15:44,400
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

5948
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:46,200
shoe shine. 
Boy, those should have been 

5949
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:48,600
warning signs, but we were drunk
with affluence. 

5950
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:52,300
Often forgotten is how boom 
times generated a strange 

5951
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:54,800
isolation. 
Standard families that live 

5952
05:15:54,800 --> 05:15:58,500
together for economic reasons. 
Split into nuclear units, many 

5953
05:15:58,500 --> 05:16:00,500
young couples bought homes in 
new projects. 

5954
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:02,100
Far from parents and 
grandparents. 

5955
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,900
Americans, individualism and 
materialism, damaged Community 

5956
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,100
institutions. 
Sunday became a day for new car 

5957
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:12,400
drives reducing Church, 
attendance, local, Social Clubs 

5958
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:16,100
became commercial entertainment,
establishments, When the crash 

5959
05:16:16,100 --> 05:16:19,000
came we discovered how much we'd
sacrificed for material Goods, 

5960
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:22,700
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 

5961
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:26,600
At an insurance company. 
My father was well-positioned. 

5962
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,500
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 
and phone. 

5963
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:33,100
We scarcely knew our neighbors. 
Everyone competed for new 

5964
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:37,000
gadgets and things we had little
when my father lost his job in 

5965
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:40,000
1930. 
We had limited resources. 

5966
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:43,900
They didn't know us well enough 
to help and we were ashamed to 

5967
05:16:43,900 --> 05:16:47,500
ask for assistance American 
societies atomization would be 

5968
05:16:47,508 --> 05:16:50,400
deadly. 
During the economic crisis many 

5969
05:16:50,400 --> 05:16:54,500
families suffered alone with out
Community safety nets American 

5970
05:16:54,500 --> 05:16:56,700
Banks were unexpectedly 
vulnerable to financial 

5971
05:16:56,700 --> 05:17:00,500
instabilities. 
First tremors In the 1920s bank 

5972
05:17:00,500 --> 05:17:04,300
accounts were uninsured. 
Unlike today's FDIC insured 

5973
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,000
deposits. 
Most Americans didn't know their

5974
05:17:07,000 --> 05:17:09,300
deposits, find out speculative 
Investments. 

5975
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:13,000
People viewed, the collapse of 
rural banks in the late 19th and

5976
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:16,000
early 20th century. 
As a local issue, affecting 

5977
05:17:16,000 --> 05:17:19,500
backwards, rural communities, 
Continental Illinois Bank to 

5978
05:17:19,500 --> 05:17:21,700
tell her Harold Jenkins recalls 
the denial. 

5979
05:17:22,300 --> 05:17:25,300
Management assured us. 
These rural bank failures in 28,

5980
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:28,100
were isolated cases attributable
to deteriorating. 

5981
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:32,600
Agricultural prices, The crucial
connections were missed our 

5982
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:34,600
loan, officers approved 
mortgages with low down, 

5983
05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:37,900
payments, and margin loans, for 
stock buyers after the crash, 

5984
05:17:37,900 --> 05:17:41,200
our leaders claimed a 
correction, This institutional, 

5985
05:17:41,200 --> 05:17:45,500
blindness included government in
early 1930, treasury secretary 

5986
05:17:45,500 --> 05:17:48,800
Andrew Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

5987
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:52,300
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

5988
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:56,100
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic mix 

5989
05:17:56,100 --> 05:18:00,100
held, that economic hardship was
necessary to purify and rebuild 

5990
05:18:00,100 --> 05:18:02,400
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

5991
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:06,700
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt the cycle

5992
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:08,700
modifications forced on 
everyday. 

5993
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:12,800
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer 

5994
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:16,100
Behavior significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

5995
05:18:16,100 --> 05:18:18,200
as convenience's and identity 
markers. 

5996
05:18:19,100 --> 05:18:20,700
Car or cigarette brand defined 
one. 

5997
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,700
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

5998
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:26,800
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

5999
05:18:27,900 --> 05:18:30,900
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

6000
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:33,800
Clarke. 
We forgot who we were the life 

6001
05:18:33,800 --> 05:18:35,900
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

6002
05:18:35,900 --> 05:18:38,300
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

6003
05:18:38,300 --> 05:18:41,800
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

6004
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:43,300
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

6005
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:45,300
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

6006
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:47,500
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

6007
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:51,600
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

6008
05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:54,300
between expectations and 
reality, Define the early 

6009
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:57,100
depression. 
The world they were promised and

6010
05:18:57,100 --> 05:19:00,000
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

6011
05:19:00,000 --> 05:19:04,300
Maps or goal guides the 
financial collapse of 1929. 

6012
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:08,000
To 1933 wasn't just about stock 
market losses affecting wealthy 

6013
05:19:08,000 --> 05:19:10,900
investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

6014
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:13,200
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

6015
05:19:13,200 --> 05:19:18,200
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

6016
05:19:18,200 --> 05:19:22,400
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

6017
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:24,700
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

6018
05:19:24,700 --> 05:19:27,000
cascading losses, and 
communities where those Banks 

6019
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,900
operated unlike today's news 
cycle, which might report bank 

6020
05:19:30,900 --> 05:19:34,500
failures as abstract statistics.
Those closures were visceral 

6021
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:38,200
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

6022
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:40,800
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

6023
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:43,300
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

6024
05:19:43,300 --> 05:19:47,300
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

6025
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:51,400
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

6026
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,500
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

6027
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:58,400
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

6028
05:19:59,600 --> 05:20:02,500
That night mother cut up an old 
dress to make me a new one for 

6029
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:04,600
school. 
We have to be creative. 

6030
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,300
Now, she said her voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

6031
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:10,200
something back. 
What's really disgusting 

6032
05:20:10,200 --> 05:20:13,700
histories is how the crisis 
transformed attitudes toward 

6033
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:17,700
money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

6034
05:20:17,708 --> 05:20:20,300
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

6035
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:24,100
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

6036
05:20:24,100 --> 05:20:26,400
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

6037
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:29,100
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

6038
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,000
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

6039
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:36,100
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

6040
05:20:36,100 --> 05:20:39,700
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

6041
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:43,900
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

6042
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:48,100
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

6043
05:20:48,100 --> 05:20:50,600
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

6044
05:20:50,608 --> 05:20:53,600
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton plumbing, 

6045
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:56,000
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

6046
05:20:56,700 --> 05:21:00,000
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

6047
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,600
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home. 

6048
05:21:03,600 --> 05:21:06,800
Canned vegetables, even 
Furniture in exchange for work. 

6049
05:21:06,800 --> 05:21:11,100
My secretary kept a ledger of 
who owned what by 1922. 

6050
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:14,200
I was only getting about 30% of 
my payments in actual currently.

6051
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:18,500
The rest was barter or promises,
This collapse of conventional 

6052
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:20,800
currency revealed. 
Something profound about money 

6053
05:21:20,800 --> 05:21:24,100
itself that it exists primarily 
as a social agreement rather 

6054
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:27,400
than an inherent value. 
When that agreement faltered 

6055
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:30,600
communities improvised 
Alternatives based on trust and 

6056
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:33,600
shared necessity. 
For children, the depressions 

6057
05:21:33,600 --> 05:21:35,700
monetary lessons were 
particularly complex. 

6058
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:40,400
Kathryn Wagner who grew up in 
San Francisco were called, my 

6059
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:42,600
father had been a successful 
attorney before the crash 

6060
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:45,800
suddenly, he was accepting 
payment in firewood or fish. 

6061
05:21:45,800 --> 05:21:49,200
I remember asking for a nickel 
for candy and my mother cried, 

6062
05:21:49,200 --> 05:21:52,500
not because we didn't have a 
nickel, we did, but because she 

6063
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,200
understood that money now had to
be hoarded for absolute 

6064
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:59,100
necessities. 
The depression's monetary 

6065
05:21:59,100 --> 05:22:01,900
transformation was also visible 
in how physical currency was 

6066
05:22:01,900 --> 05:22:05,400
treated bills. 
Were pressed, flat coins were 

6067
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:09,200
counted repeatedly and cache was
hidden, increasingly creative 

6068
05:22:09,200 --> 05:22:12,300
locations. 
Laura Hillman, whose father was 

6069
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:15,200
a bank manager in Cincinnati 
described finding money 

6070
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:17,800
throughout their home after his 
death in 1940. 

6071
05:22:18,600 --> 05:22:21,000
There were silver dollars. 
So into the hems of curtains 

6072
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,800
bills, tuck between book pages, 
coins and sealed mason jars, 

6073
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:27,900
buried in the garden. 
Father, new beta than anyone, 

6074
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,600
how fragile Banks were and it 
marked in permanently beyond the

6075
05:22:31,600 --> 05:22:34,700
Practical aspects of monies. 
Transformation was a deeper 

6076
05:22:34,700 --> 05:22:38,000
philosophical shift. 
Americans who had embraced 

6077
05:22:38,000 --> 05:22:40,900
consumer culture and defined 
themselves through purchases. 

6078
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:43,700
Now found themselves questioning
the basis of value itself. 

6079
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:47,400
The arbitrary nature of monetary
value, became unavoidably 

6080
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:50,000
apparent. 
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 

6081
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,800
sold at auction for 1,000. 
And when a skilled labor is 

6082
05:22:53,800 --> 05:22:56,000
daily wage fell from dollars to 
one dollar. 

6083
05:22:56,000 --> 05:23:00,300
If work could be found at all. 
We realized money was fictional 

6084
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:02,200
explained former Banker Thomas 
Whitfield. 

6085
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:05,600
Not just paper money, but the 
whole concept. 

6086
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:10,400
A house didn't change physically
when its price dropped 80%, but 

6087
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,200
suddenly the banks said, it was 
worth a fifth of what they'd 

6088
05:23:13,200 --> 05:23:16,200
claimed last year. 
A man's labor didn't change when

6089
05:23:16,200 --> 05:23:18,700
his wage was cut. 
But now an hour of sweat was 

6090
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,200
worth half ordered Bean. 
This change made people question

6091
05:23:22,200 --> 05:23:25,000
everything. 
This questioning extended to 

6092
05:23:25,000 --> 05:23:28,400
Authority itself when presidents
who wrote Roosevelt made 

6093
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:29,900
pronouncements about the 
economy. 

6094
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:33,300
Many Americans had become 
skeptical of official narrative,

6095
05:23:33,300 --> 05:23:36,600
having watched soundbanks 
collapse and Blue Chips. 

6096
05:23:36,600 --> 05:23:39,800
Stocks become worthless. 
They developed a weary towards 

6097
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:42,100
institutional pronouncements 
that would influence American 

6098
05:23:42,100 --> 05:23:45,300
politics for decades. 
The depression's monetary chaos.

6099
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:49,400
Also produced unexpected, social
effects as cash became scare. 

6100
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,300
Those who still had it gained 
outside influence, small-town, 

6101
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:56,300
Bankers, who had maintained 
liquidity landlords who owned 

6102
05:23:56,300 --> 05:23:58,300
properties outright and business
owners? 

6103
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,000
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

6104
05:24:01,000 --> 05:24:04,300
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

6105
05:24:04,300 --> 05:24:08,100
hierarchies based on traditional
status markers and more on 

6106
05:24:08,100 --> 05:24:11,600
financial Prudence a virtue that
had been largely dismissed 

6107
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:15,500
during the exuberant 1920s. 
The social order flipped 

6108
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:18,700
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia. 

6109
05:24:19,600 --> 05:24:23,300
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 
were now destitute while 

6110
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:25,600
cautious, Savers became 
Community leaders. 

6111
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:29,000
Everyone thought our principal 
was a Frugal Miser. 

6112
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:32,100
But he was the only one who 
could provide small loans to 

6113
05:24:32,100 --> 05:24:34,200
prevent faculty members from 
losing their homes. 

6114
05:24:34,200 --> 05:24:38,900
His influence grew tremendously,
the psychological impact of the 

6115
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:41,600
depression created wounds that 
statistics can't capture 

6116
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:46,100
invisible scars, that shape 
behaviors relationships and 

6117
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:49,900
World Views for Generations. 
While historians often focus on 

6118
05:24:49,900 --> 05:24:53,300
economic metrics, the True 
Legacy lived in changed minds 

6119
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:57,100
and hearts, For adults who had 
established identities and 

6120
05:24:57,100 --> 05:25:00,400
expectations before the crash, 
the cycleogical toll was 

6121
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:04,100
particularly severe. 
Edwin Matthews who practiced 

6122
05:25:04,100 --> 05:25:06,600
medicine in Cleveland throughout
the 1930s observed. 

6123
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:10,600
I treated physical ailments, 
malnutrition tuberculosis 

6124
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:14,200
exacerbated by poor housing 
industrial injuries, but the 

6125
05:25:14,208 --> 05:25:17,400
most common problems were cycle 
insomnia. 

6126
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:21,100
Plagued former businessman 
digestive disorders, affected 

6127
05:25:21,100 --> 05:25:23,800
women, trying to feed families 
on inadequate budgets. 

6128
05:25:23,800 --> 05:25:27,300
I observe Tremors in hands that 
had previously been steady. 

6129
05:25:28,200 --> 05:25:30,800
These stress-related ailments 
rarely appear in depression. 

6130
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:33,000
Statistics yet. 
They're affected Millions. 

6131
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:35,500
More startling with the 
invisible. 

6132
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:38,400
Behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing 

6133
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:40,900
became withdrawn 
decision-making, became 

6134
05:25:40,900 --> 05:25:44,100
Paralyzed by fear. 
Marriages strained under 

6135
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:47,100
Financial pressure developed 
communication patterns centered 

6136
05:25:47,100 --> 05:25:48,900
on avoidance, rather than 
confrontation. 

6137
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:52,900
My mother changed completely 
said Richard Neville, who was 10

6138
05:25:52,900 --> 05:25:56,100
years old when his father lost 
his accounting position in 1931.

6139
05:25:56,900 --> 05:25:59,000
Before she'd been the 
neighborhood social organizer 

6140
05:25:59,000 --> 05:26:01,300
card, parties Community, Theater
Church of events. 

6141
05:26:01,300 --> 05:26:04,500
After we lost our home and moved
to a rental across town, she 

6142
05:26:04,500 --> 05:26:07,900
stopped seeing friends entirely,
she'd say she was too busy, but 

6143
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:10,000
I would find her sitting 
motionless by the window for 

6144
05:26:10,000 --> 05:26:12,200
hours. 
The woman wants the heart of our

6145
05:26:12,208 --> 05:26:16,200
community became nearly mute. 
This social withdrawal emerged 

6146
05:26:16,200 --> 05:26:19,600
as a common coping mechanism. 
Shame about downward Mobility, 

6147
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,300
led many to isolate themselves 
rather than maintain 

6148
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:24,200
relationships that reminded them
of their losses. 

6149
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:27,900
This isolation, often 
compounded, depression creating 

6150
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:31,000
cycles of emotional decline that
remained unaddressed in an era. 

6151
05:26:31,000 --> 05:26:34,500
When Mental Health Care was 
primitive and stigmatized for 

6152
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:38,300
children, the cycle, impacts 
manifested differently, many 

6153
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:41,000
developed extreme risk of 
versions and preoccupation with 

6154
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:44,300
security that would influence 
their alt decisions decades 

6155
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:47,700
later, School teachers reported 
students, holding lunch 

6156
05:26:47,700 --> 05:26:51,500
leftovers and school supplies 
children as young as six began 

6157
05:26:51,500 --> 05:26:53,900
asking anxious questions about 
family finances. 

6158
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:58,400
Clara Mortensen, who taught 
third grade in Omaha noted for 

6159
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:01,600
the depression children would 
trade sandwich halves or share 

6160
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:05,500
treats by. 1932 I observed 
students carefully wrapping 

6161
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:09,100
uneven portions to take home. 
They'd count crayons repeatedly 

6162
05:27:09,100 --> 05:27:11,600
to ensure none were lost. 
These weren't behaviors. 

6163
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:13,100
Their parents are directly 
taught them. 

6164
05:27:13,100 --> 05:27:15,700
The children were absorbing the 
anxiety from the atmosphere 

6165
05:27:15,700 --> 05:27:18,900
around them. 
What's particularly striking 

6166
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:22,000
about depression neuropsychology
was the disproportionate impact 

6167
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:24,400
on men. 
In a culture that primarily 

6168
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:26,700
defined masculine Success 
Through provider ship 

6169
05:27:26,700 --> 05:27:29,700
unemployment, profoundly 
impacted the core of male 

6170
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:33,000
identity women, though, 
certainly not immune to 

6171
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:35,300
depression. 
Trauma often had secondary 

6172
05:27:35,300 --> 05:27:37,800
identities as caregivers and 
home managers. 

6173
05:27:37,800 --> 05:27:40,800
That remained intact despite 
Financial collapse, Henry 

6174
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:43,800
Gladwell who spent two years, 
riding the rails after losing 

6175
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,400
his Factory job in Akron. 
Described this gender, 

6176
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:50,100
differential, a man with out of 
work in those days, wasn't a man

6177
05:27:50,108 --> 05:27:52,500
at all. 
Women could still be mothers and

6178
05:27:52,500 --> 05:27:55,800
wives without paychecks. 
Women faced severe, hardships, 

6179
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:58,000
but their experiences were 
different from Men. 

6180
05:27:58,900 --> 05:28:01,800
Frost men unemployment wasn't 
just economic hardship. 

6181
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:04,500
It was a masculine, some 
fellows. 

6182
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:06,700
I knew would leave home each 
morning pretending to seek 

6183
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:09,100
employment, but would actually 
spend the day in the public 

6184
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:11,900
library just to maintain the 
fiction that they were still 

6185
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:15,200
trying. 
This gendered experience created

6186
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:18,800
lasting imprints on family. 
Dynamics children, who watched 

6187
05:28:18,800 --> 05:28:22,200
fathers struggle with identity 
loss, often developed complex 

6188
05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:24,300
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

6189
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:28,000
Many Depression era children 
grew up to become Workaholics 

6190
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:30,300
driving themselves. 
Relentlessly to avoid the 

6191
05:28:30,308 --> 05:28:32,600
vulnerability. 
They had witnessed in there at 

6192
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:36,300
parents theological impact 
extended to how people viewed 

6193
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:39,500
institutions, trust in Banks 
corporations and government 

6194
05:28:39,500 --> 05:28:41,800
suffered damage that would never
fully heal. 

6195
05:28:42,500 --> 05:28:44,800
For many, who had believed in 
American capitalism, as an 

6196
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:48,300
essentially Fair system at 
rewarded hard work, the 

6197
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:52,900
depression destroyed, this 
foundational, assumption. my 

6198
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:56,200
father was a True Believer in 
the American dream explained, 

6199
05:28:56,200 --> 05:28:59,800
Catherine Oaks whose family lost
their Michigan Farm to 

6200
05:28:59,800 --> 05:29:04,500
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,

6201
05:29:04,508 --> 05:29:09,200
and saved every penny. 
When the bank took off far 

6202
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:14,000
something broken in him, not 
just sadness, his entire 

6203
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:17,400
worldview collapsed, he'd 
believed there was a moral order

6204
05:29:17,400 --> 05:29:20,600
where virtue was rewarded. 
After that, he viewed all 

6205
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:24,000
institutions with suspicion, he 
wouldn't even trust the Post 

6206
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,900
Office with packages. 
This institutional, distrust 

6207
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:30,700
manifested in behaviors that 
Outsiders often found in 

6208
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:34,300
comprehensible people who had 
survived bank failures might 

6209
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:37,200
divide their modest savings 
between multiple hiding places. 

6210
05:29:37,200 --> 05:29:41,300
Important documents were kept at
home rather than in safe deposit

6211
05:29:41,300 --> 05:29:44,500
boxes government assistance. 
Programs were viewed with 

6212
05:29:44,500 --> 05:29:48,600
suspicion even by those who 
desperately needed help, perhaps

6213
05:29:48,600 --> 05:29:53,000
most profoundly The depression 
altered America's relationship 

6214
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:56,200
with possibility itself. 
The assumption that tomorrow 

6215
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:57,900
would likely be better than 
today. 

6216
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:01,300
A quintessentially, American 
Outlook was replaced for many by

6217
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:03,400
a persistent expectation of 
calamity. 

6218
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:07,900
This anticipatory anxiety became
so ingrained that many 

6219
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:10,700
depression survivors maintained 
emergencies preparations 

6220
05:30:10,700 --> 05:30:13,500
throughout their lives long 
after economic recovery. 

6221
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,200
Grandmother kept a suitcase 
packed until the day she died in

6222
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:21,500
1992 recalled Tom Whittaker 
about his grandmother who lived 

6223
05:30:21,500 --> 05:30:25,700
through bank runs in 1931. 
She insisted every family member

6224
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:28,200
memorized, a meeting location. 
If things fell apart again. 

6225
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:31,700
She maintained a pantry that 
could feed 20 people for months.

6226
05:30:31,700 --> 05:30:34,900
When we cleaned out her 
apartment, we found gold coins. 

6227
05:30:34,900 --> 05:30:36,800
So into the lining of her winter
coat. 

6228
05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:40,200
Depression never ended in her 
mind when we examine the 

6229
05:30:40,208 --> 05:30:42,100
depression Beyond economic 
statistics. 

6230
05:30:42,100 --> 05:30:45,500
We discover how profoundly it 
transformed every day routines 

6231
05:30:45,500 --> 05:30:49,600
and practices necessity forced 
innovation in ways that 

6232
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:52,100
fundamentally reshaped American 
domestic life. 

6233
05:30:53,100 --> 05:30:55,800
Perhaps the most remarkable 
transformation happened in 

6234
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:59,100
kitchens Across America cooking 
practices that had been trending

6235
05:30:59,100 --> 05:31:01,400
toward convenience Foods in the 
1920s. 

6236
05:31:01,400 --> 05:31:04,800
Reverse dramatically women, who 
had never baked bread found 

6237
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:07,800
themselves studying their 
grandmother's recipes complex 

6238
05:31:07,800 --> 05:31:10,000
systems for food. 
Preservation emerged in Urban 

6239
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,500
Apartments, never designed for 
such activities Eveland or 

6240
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:16,400
others who managed to household 
in Baltimore described this 

6241
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:20,500
color and revolution. 
Before 29, I bought Baker's 

6242
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:23,600
bread and canned vegetables 
without thinking after my 

6243
05:31:23,600 --> 05:31:25,300
husband's pay was cut by 
two-thirds. 

6244
05:31:25,300 --> 05:31:29,100
I had to relearn everything. 
I converted our fire escape into

6245
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:32,200
a cooling rack for bread. 
I learned to make five different

6246
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:35,100
meals from a single chicken. 
Nothing was wasted. 

6247
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,800
Potato peels became super stock 
and meat bones were boiled 

6248
05:31:38,800 --> 05:31:41,300
repeatedly. 
We strained, the bacon, grease 

6249
05:31:41,300 --> 05:31:43,000
and used it for cooking 
throughout the week. 

6250
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:45,900
This color Andre 
transformational wasn't merely 

6251
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:49,300
about frugality, it represented 
a fundamental change in how 

6252
05:31:49,300 --> 05:31:53,200
Americans related to their food.
The direct involvement in food 

6253
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,200
production, created new 
relationships with ingredients 

6254
05:31:56,200 --> 05:32:00,100
and nutrition. despite financial
hardship, many depression 

6255
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:03,100
survivors reported that their 
diets improved in quality as 

6256
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:07,800
they replaced processed foods 
with scratch cooking, Home 

6257
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:09,400
Maintenance underwent, similar 
reinvention. 

6258
05:32:09,400 --> 05:32:12,800
The service economy that had 
begun emerging in the 1920s 

6259
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:14,800
collapsed. 
As families could no longer 

6260
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,700
afford repairmen cleaners or 
delivery services. 

6261
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:21,100
This scenario necessitated a 
massive re-skilling of the 

6262
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:23,800
American population. 
Particularly among middle-class 

6263
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:26,800
men who had specialized 
professionally but now needed to

6264
05:32:26,808 --> 05:32:30,400
become generalists. 
Robert Thornhill who had worked 

6265
05:32:30,400 --> 05:32:33,200
as an accountant in Chicago 
exemplified this transition. 

6266
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:36,800
Before the crash I called 
Professionals for everything 

6267
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:38,800
electricians. 
Plumbers Carpenters. 

6268
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:42,800
After losing my position, I 
couldn't afford 50 cents for A 

6269
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,100
Streetcar fare let alone dollars
for repairs. 

6270
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:48,100
I traded accounting. 
Help to a hardware store owner 

6271
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:51,600
for tools and manuals. 
I rewired our lighting, fixed 

6272
05:32:51,600 --> 05:32:55,800
the toilet, and rebuilt, our 
kitchen table, My father had 

6273
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,700
been a farmer who could fix 
anything skills? 

6274
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:01,100
I dismissed as unnecessary and 
modern times. 

6275
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:04,400
The depression brought me back 
to his world with humility. 

6276
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,600
This reskilling extended Beyond 
maintenance to a complete 

6277
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:12,000
reimagining of household 
objects, Americans developed in 

6278
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:13,900
genius systems, for repurposing 
items. 

6279
05:33:13,900 --> 05:33:15,300
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

6280
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:19,300
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

6281
05:33:19,300 --> 05:33:22,400
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

6282
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:26,200
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

6283
05:33:26,200 --> 05:33:28,600
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

6284
05:33:28,600 --> 05:33:32,000
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

6285
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:36,100
She unraveled worn out sweaters,
to read it the yarn into socks, 

6286
05:33:36,100 --> 05:33:39,900
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

6287
05:33:39,900 --> 05:33:44,300
set. she couldn't afford 
upholstery she needed fabric, so

6288
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:47,200
she gathered, burlap coffee 
sacks from local shops died, 

6289
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:50,100
them with walnut, husks to 
achieve a consistent color and 

6290
05:33:50,100 --> 05:33:52,900
refinished our worn out 
furniture She stuffed the 

6291
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:55,300
cushions with unraveled cotton 
from worn out. 

6292
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:58,600
Mattresses guests complemented, 
our rustic decor. 

6293
05:33:58,600 --> 05:34:02,100
Never realizing it was born of 
desperation Transportation 

6294
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:04,100
underwent, perhaps the most 
visible transformation. 

6295
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:08,000
The automobile, which had become
Central to American identity in 

6296
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:11,200
the 1920s was now often 
unaffordable to operate. 

6297
05:34:12,000 --> 05:34:14,800
Family, who kept their cars 
developed elaborate systems to 

6298
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:18,500
extend their utility adding 
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 

6299
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:22,100
Converting sedans in to pick up 
trucks by removing rear sections

6300
05:34:22,100 --> 05:34:25,100
and modifying engines to burn 
lower quality fuels. 

6301
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:28,900
Many families returned to pre 
Automotive Transportation, Urban

6302
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:33,100
bicycle usage, Alan Parker who 
delivered groceries and 

6303
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:37,100
Philadelphia noted. 1932 the 
streets had changed completely 

6304
05:34:37,100 --> 05:34:40,600
for weeks at a time people Park 
their cars up on blocks to 

6305
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,800
reduce tire. 
Wear bicycles were everywhere. 

6306
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:48,300
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

6307
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:50,600
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on The Back Fence. 

6308
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:53,800
People rigged, incredible 
trailers to bike for moving 

6309
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:56,800
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

6310
05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:01,400
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment movies, nightclubs

6311
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:04,400
and sports events became 
unaffordable luxuries for many 

6312
05:35:04,400 --> 05:35:08,400
in response Americans. 
Rediscovered, participatory and 

6313
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:11,400
entertainment, Community 
singing, amateur theatricals and

6314
05:35:11,400 --> 05:35:14,600
storytelling circles 
experienced, unexpected, 

6315
05:35:14,600 --> 05:35:18,800
revivals or games enjoyed, 
unprecedented popularity with 

6316
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:21,600
families, often making their own
versions of commercial games. 

6317
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:24,800
The depression also forced 
reconsideration of living 

6318
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,600
arrangements. 
Standard families Consolidated 

6319
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:31,000
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

6320
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:34,700
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

6321
05:35:34,700 --> 05:35:38,500
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

6322
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:40,500
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

6323
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:44,100
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

6324
05:35:44,100 --> 05:35:45,700
other women, described these 
Arrangements. 

6325
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:49,600
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

6326
05:35:49,600 --> 05:35:53,000
a secretary and provided most of
our cashing come with my sewing 

6327
05:35:53,000 --> 05:35:54,300
machine. 
Still in working order. 

6328
05:35:54,300 --> 05:35:57,300
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

6329
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,200
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

6330
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:03,100
as any factorie schedule for 
cooking cleaning and job 

6331
05:36:03,100 --> 05:36:05,500
hunting. 
We weren't relatives but 

6332
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:07,600
necessity made us close of the 
many families. 

6333
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:12,400
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

6334
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:16,400
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

6335
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:21,500
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

6336
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:23,000
available might come at any 
hour. 

6337
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,200
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

6338
05:36:26,200 --> 05:36:28,900
structure to days, no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

6339
05:36:29,600 --> 05:36:32,300
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

6340
05:36:32,300 --> 05:36:36,200
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

6341
05:36:36,200 --> 05:36:40,100
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred to 

6342
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:42,600
spare. 
So I created a schedule as rigid

6343
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:46,300
as the Mills up at 5:30 
breakfast job hunting until 

6344
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:48,700
noon. 
After noon for repair work or 

6345
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:52,100
gardening, I dedicate my evening
to reading in order to enhance 

6346
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,800
my skills on Sundays, I dedicate
myself to church and spending 

6347
05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:58,100
time with my family, it wasn't 
about efficiency. 

6348
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:01,300
It was about maintaining sanity 
when the clock no longer ruled 

6349
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:03,800
my life. 
This reinvention of daily 

6350
05:37:03,800 --> 05:37:05,500
routines wasn't merely 
adaptation. 

6351
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:09,000
It represented a profound 
cultural shift in how American's

6352
05:37:09,000 --> 05:37:12,500
related, to material Goods, 
services and time itself. 

6353
05:37:12,500 --> 05:37:15,900
The depression force in 
Nationwide reassessment of needs

6354
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:20,600
versus wants durability versus 
disposability and self-reliance 

6355
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:24,000
versus specialization. 
These values would influence 

6356
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:26,900
consumption, patterns, and 
domestic practices for decades 

6357
05:37:26,900 --> 05:37:29,700
after economic recovery. 
The depression is famous for 

6358
05:37:29,700 --> 05:37:32,600
individual hardships, but it's 
most impressive story. 

6359
05:37:32,600 --> 05:37:35,300
May be how communities devise 
survival strategies, that 

6360
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:37,300
changed American Social 
organization. 

6361
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,400
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

6362
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:43,600
individual efforts fail, highly 
sophisticated neighborhood, 

6363
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:47,700
support systems arose, informal 
communication, networks, convey 

6364
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:50,700
information about jobs 
Assistance, programs and local 

6365
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:52,500
credit providers in metropolitan
areas. 

6366
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:56,200
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

6367
05:37:56,200 --> 05:37:59,900
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

6368
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:02,000
information. 
Before the crash. 

6369
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:03,600
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

6370
05:38:03,600 --> 05:38:05,400
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

6371
05:38:05,400 --> 05:38:07,700
Two floors down, said, 
Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

6372
05:38:07,700 --> 05:38:09,700
Goldstein. 
Mrs. Esposito. 

6373
05:38:09,700 --> 05:38:12,900
And my mother ran a Soup pot for
both family in 1931. 

6374
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:16,700
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

6375
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:19,500
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

6376
05:38:19,500 --> 05:38:23,300
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

6377
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:26,500
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

6378
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,000
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

6379
05:38:29,000 --> 05:38:32,300
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic, 

6380
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:34,600
Child Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job. 

6381
05:38:34,600 --> 05:38:37,400
Hunting days tool. 
Libraries let neighbors share 

6382
05:38:37,400 --> 05:38:40,700
expensive gear. 
Urban vacant sites become 

6383
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:42,700
fertile land with communal 
Gardens. 

6384
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:46,700
The depression also saw formal 
mutual help organizations grow, 

6385
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,500
many histories focus on 
government relief programs, 

6386
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,700
although community-based 
structures delivered faster and 

6387
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:56,400
more culturally relevant Aid. 
Religious fraternal and ethnic 

6388
05:38:56,400 --> 05:38:59,300
benefit societies extended their
roles to meet economic 

6389
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:02,400
requirements. 
The black fraternal group Prince

6390
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:05,000
Hall Masons exhibited this 
expansion. 

6391
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,100
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 
Washington said. 

6392
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:11,900
Our organization, traditionally 
provides burial benefits and 

6393
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:14,500
social connections. 
We became a job office Food, 

6394
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,700
Distribution Center and housing,
referral agency overnight during

6395
05:39:17,700 --> 05:39:21,000
the Depression, every working 
brother supported the unemployed

6396
05:39:21,000 --> 05:39:23,900
when the economy failed our 
community retained dignity, 

6397
05:39:25,100 --> 05:39:28,300
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 
workplace activism to provide 

6398
05:39:28,300 --> 05:39:31,300
overall support. 
The international ladies garment

6399
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:34,200
Workers Union in New York 
sponsored health clinics, 

6400
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:36,700
Cooperative, housing, and adult 
education. 

6401
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:41,000
Michigan United, Auto Workers 
are employment council's, 

6402
05:39:41,000 --> 05:39:44,900
organized, direct action to 
avoid eviction later UAB leader,

6403
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:47,000
Walter Ruth are remembered 
early, Depression era 

6404
05:39:47,000 --> 05:39:50,200
activities, Of workers blocked 
the sheriff. 

6405
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:53,100
When a family received an 
eviction notice, then we'd 

6406
05:39:53,100 --> 05:39:56,700
negotiate lower rent, or payment
schedule with the landlord, we'd

6407
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,000
return the family's possessions 
after authorities left. 

6408
05:39:59,000 --> 05:40:02,800
If eviction was inevitable, now 
we fought for communities 

6409
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:06,800
survival, not pay. 
Rural communities established 

6410
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:10,300
unique, mutual help systems 
besides advocacy. 

6411
05:40:10,300 --> 05:40:13,600
The Grange coordinated seed 
exchanges, equipment, sharing 

6412
05:40:13,600 --> 05:40:16,900
and labor pooling. 
Farmers formed, communal lending

6413
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:19,500
circles, based on European and 
African Customs. 

6414
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:22,400
When bank failures devastated, 
the conventional credit system, 

6415
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:26,900
Transformations were specially 
profound in churches, religion 

6416
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:30,000
became a distribution employment
and housing coordinators. 

6417
05:40:30,000 --> 05:40:32,900
In addition, to spiritual 
assistance, when public 

6418
05:40:32,900 --> 05:40:35,900
education funds, fell Church, 
basements became schools, 

6419
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:38,900
religious communities, that had 
focused on spirituality. 

6420
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:42,900
Now, addressed material, 
concerns directly, Before the 

6421
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:46,100
depression, charity was a minor 
part of our ministry, said data.

6422
05:40:46,100 --> 05:40:48,700
And First Methodist Church, 
Pastor Michael Thompson. 

6423
05:40:48,700 --> 05:40:54,000
We turned our refuge into a 
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 

6424
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:56,200
Sunday School classes became 
healthcare clinics with 

6425
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:59,800
volunteer nurses, we broadened 
Christian responsibility from 

6426
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:03,000
Spirits to bodies. 
Theological consequences were 

6427
05:41:03,000 --> 05:41:04,800
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

6428
05:41:04,800 --> 05:41:06,800
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

6429
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:10,600
Across cutting aspect of these 
Community Systems was 

6430
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:14,400
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

6431
05:41:14,400 --> 05:41:17,500
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

6432
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:19,800
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

6433
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:23,400
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

6434
05:41:23,400 --> 05:41:26,600
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

6435
05:41:26,600 --> 05:41:29,400
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

6436
05:41:29,400 --> 05:41:32,600
like West, Virginia's arthurdale
community and spontaneous 

6437
05:41:32,600 --> 05:41:35,200
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

6438
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:39,100
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

6439
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:40,900
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

6440
05:41:40,900 --> 05:41:44,800
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

6441
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:49,500
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

6442
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:51,500
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

6443
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:56,000
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

6444
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:58,200
restaurant. 
Veterans, ran our shared 

6445
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:00,900
kitchen, we printed labor, 
backed script. 

6446
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:03,900
It was more than survival. 
We were developing an 

6447
05:42:03,900 --> 05:42:05,600
alternative to the fail to 
economy. 

6448
05:42:06,700 --> 05:42:09,400
These Villages were social and 
economic Innovation Labs. 

6449
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:13,200
Many tried Cooperative 
ownership, labor exchange, and 

6450
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:15,300
non-monetary economies to 
replace capitalism. 

6451
05:42:15,300 --> 05:42:18,600
Most of these attempts were 
absorbed into mainstream 

6452
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:21,800
Economic Institutions that the 
shaped American Community 

6453
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:24,800
organization. 
Community structures generated 

6454
05:42:24,800 --> 05:42:28,000
psychological resilience that 
individuals couldn't most 

6455
05:42:28,000 --> 05:42:30,800
notably. 
Mutual Aid, participants have 

6456
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:33,800
lower depression and suicide 
rates than those who struggled 

6457
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:36,100
alone. 
Community responses brought 

6458
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:38,200
meaning to suffering, that may 
have seemed useless. 

6459
05:42:39,800 --> 05:42:42,600
Chicago settlement house. 
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 

6460
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:45,600
Community connections kept 
Spirits alive. 

6461
05:42:45,600 --> 05:42:49,500
A huge psychological difference,
existed between unemployed men 

6462
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:52,500
who joined our workers Council. 
And those who stayed alienated 

6463
05:42:52,500 --> 05:42:56,000
meaning and perseverance came 
from shared hardship. 

6464
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:59,700
The council members endured 
hunger and pain with friends not

6465
05:42:59,700 --> 05:43:02,600
shamefully alone. 
These Collective survival 

6466
05:43:02,600 --> 05:43:04,200
structures. 
Challenged American 

6467
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:07,400
individualism greatly, they 
showed that interdependence not 

6468
05:43:07,400 --> 05:43:11,100
self-reliance, determined 
economic disaster, survivability

6469
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:15,800
Long after the Depression, this 
lesson shaped social policy and 

6470
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:18,800
Community, organizing the Great 
Depression affected, almost all 

6471
05:43:18,800 --> 05:43:20,700
Americans. 
Although some of events are 

6472
05:43:20,700 --> 05:43:23,700
forgotten, black Americans 
suffered, greatly during the 

6473
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:26,800
Depression, but conventional 
narrative, rarely mention it 

6474
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:30,700
already discriminated against 
him, work housing and education.

6475
05:43:30,700 --> 05:43:33,700
Black communities saw the 
depression as a worsening of 

6476
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:36,800
their poverty. 
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian

6477
05:43:36,800 --> 05:43:40,400
Thompson characterized, this 
continuity, White's discussed 

6478
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:42,200
the depression. 
Like it ended the world. 

6479
05:43:42,200 --> 05:43:46,500
Historically colored people were
economically insecure last 

6480
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:48,200
hired. 
First dismissed was armed. 

6481
05:43:48,200 --> 05:43:52,100
We lost even our minimal 
security, my spouse, and I saved

6482
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:55,200
400 dollars for a house. 
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 

6483
05:43:55,200 --> 05:43:58,100
that money vanished. 
No government officials worried 

6484
05:43:58,100 --> 05:44:00,200
about black Banks, like they did
white ones. 

6485
05:44:01,100 --> 05:44:04,600
Like agricultural workers 
suffered most in rural areas in 

6486
05:44:04,600 --> 05:44:07,200
addition to Chronic debt from 
sharecropping, they faced 

6487
05:44:07,200 --> 05:44:09,500
falling cotton prices and 
agricultural mechanization. 

6488
05:44:10,500 --> 05:44:13,500
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 
eliminated, thousands of jobs in

6489
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:16,000
the 1930s when Alternatives were
scarce. 

6490
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:19,400
This agricultural, displacement 
spurred the great migration of 

6491
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:22,300
black Americans to Northern 
cities, the housing 

6492
05:44:22,300 --> 05:44:25,600
discrimination forced them into 
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 

6493
05:44:26,400 --> 05:44:29,700
many New Deal initiatives helped
Americans find housing but 

6494
05:44:29,700 --> 05:44:32,800
redlining excluded black 
neighborhoods indigenous. 

6495
05:44:32,800 --> 05:44:35,700
Populations experience the 
depression through a complicated

6496
05:44:35,700 --> 05:44:39,300
mix of economic breakdown and 
Colonial policy. 

6497
05:44:39,300 --> 05:44:42,600
The failure of the cash economy 
had less of an impact on 

6498
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:46,400
traditional subsistence tribes. 
The non-native those forced into

6499
05:44:46,400 --> 05:44:48,300
wage labor by previous 
government. 

6500
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:52,500
Legislation were specially, 
vulnerable Joseph Blackhawk, and

6501
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:55,300
Omaha Tribal member who worked 
in Nebraska Meatpacking 

6502
05:44:55,300 --> 05:44:57,900
facilities said government 
schools and reservation 

6503
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:00,600
regulations destroyed our 
grandparents Land Based 

6504
05:45:00,600 --> 05:45:03,300
abilities. 
Any of us relied on wage work, 

6505
05:45:03,300 --> 05:45:06,100
that disappeared during the 
Depression, the transformation 

6506
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:08,900
of our hunting grounds into 
farms and our plant Gathering 

6507
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:11,500
sights into paved areas. 
Prevented us from reverting to 

6508
05:45:11,500 --> 05:45:14,600
our ancient Customs, the 
simultaneous failure of both 

6509
05:45:14,600 --> 05:45:19,300
systems, put us Between Worlds. 
The 1934 Indian reorganization 

6510
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:23,400
Act, despite its promotion as a 
progressive reform, resulted in 

6511
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:25,800
increased economic dependency 
during the Depression 

6512
05:45:25,800 --> 05:45:29,400
constitutions, that prioritize 
resource exploitation have 

6513
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,400
reformed tribes promoting 
outside interests over 

6514
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,500
indigenous communities. 
Mexican-americans in the 

6515
05:45:35,500 --> 05:45:37,800
south-west had particular, 
depression problems. 

6516
05:45:37,800 --> 05:45:40,700
Large producers slashed wages 
drastically. 

6517
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:43,700
But still demanded hard work 
when crop prices plummeted 

6518
05:45:44,400 --> 05:45:47,200
Mexican and Mexican-American 
workers faced violence. 

6519
05:45:47,200 --> 05:45:50,300
Oppression and deportation due 
to their organizing efforts. 

6520
05:45:51,100 --> 05:45:53,400
The federal government's 
repatriation plans, demonstrate 

6521
05:45:53,400 --> 05:45:57,700
economic, distress, and racial 
targeting about 60% of the one 

6522
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:00,600
to two million, Mexican 
Americans, deported, or pushed 

6523
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:03,600
to leave. 
The US between 1929 and 1936. 

6524
05:46:03,600 --> 05:46:06,900
Were US citizens. 
The result was one of the 

6525
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:10,200
largest forced migration in 
American history frequently with

6526
05:46:10,200 --> 05:46:14,500
without legal procedure. 
Elena Ramirez whose family was 

6527
05:46:14,500 --> 05:46:18,600
deported to Mexico in. 1932 
said, immigration agents in 

6528
05:46:18,600 --> 05:46:21,300
circled, our Los Angeles 
neighborhood and loaded everyone

6529
05:46:21,300 --> 05:46:23,500
onto trucks. 
The fact that my brother and I 

6530
05:46:23,500 --> 05:46:26,700
were born in California and held
a American citizenship did not 

6531
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:29,000
matter. 
The only had a few hours to 

6532
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:31,300
pack. 
My father worked at the same 

6533
05:46:31,300 --> 05:46:34,500
Factory for nine years. 
Our church school and Friends 

6534
05:46:34,500 --> 05:46:37,500
vanished. 
Overnight we landed in Mexico as

6535
05:46:37,500 --> 05:46:40,300
strangers, 20 years, after my 
parents departed. 

6536
05:46:40,300 --> 05:46:43,900
We were considered pochos, 
neither Mexican nor American 

6537
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:46,900
Urban Americans. 
Rarely saw the hardship of rural

6538
05:46:46,900 --> 05:46:50,400
white populations in Appalachia 
and the Ozarks Economic 

6539
05:46:50,400 --> 05:46:54,300
deterioration in these areas 
began before 1929 owing to 

6540
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:57,700
Resource extraction and changing
agricultural markets, the 

6541
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,700
depression sank economically 
marginalized groups into deep 

6542
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:03,600
poverty, these regions 
emphasized, the difference 

6543
05:47:03,600 --> 05:47:06,600
between deserving and 
undeserving poor. 

6544
05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:10,300
New Deal initiatives favored, 
recent middle-class dropouts 

6545
05:47:10,300 --> 05:47:11,700
over multi-generational. 
Poor. 

6546
05:47:12,400 --> 05:47:15,100
Such multi-tiered assistance 
schemes, occasionally excluded, 

6547
05:47:15,100 --> 05:47:18,400
the most desperate. 
Disability during depression is 

6548
05:47:18,400 --> 05:47:22,200
another underestimated pain 
Factor family support systems 

6549
05:47:22,200 --> 05:47:25,600
and philanthropic institutions 
crumbled, putting Americans with

6550
05:47:25,600 --> 05:47:27,600
Disabilities in unparalleled 
hardship. 

6551
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,500
When demand for disabled 
American serves as expanded 

6552
05:47:31,500 --> 05:47:34,500
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 
their facilities. 

6553
05:47:34,500 --> 05:47:37,400
A Massachusetts state 
psychiatric hospitals. 

6554
05:47:37,400 --> 05:47:39,500
Dr. Margaret Chan. 
Observed. 

6555
05:47:39,500 --> 05:47:43,100
This declined we were 
understaffed and underfunded 

6556
05:47:43,100 --> 05:47:47,300
before the crash after State, 
budgets fell circumstances were 

6557
05:47:47,300 --> 05:47:49,700
terrible. 
Our patient base increased while

6558
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:52,900
staff shrank by a third. 
Food quality, plummeted 

6559
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:56,800
treatment became confinement. 
We ran out of resources during 

6560
05:47:56,800 --> 05:47:59,500
acute illness. 
So many individuals who could 

6561
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:01,600
have recovered were 
institutionalized for life. 

6562
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:06,000
Depression devastated, carefully
developed support systems for 

6563
05:48:06,000 --> 05:48:08,000
physically challenged Americans 
living freely. 

6564
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,200
When informal helpers focused on
their own Survival. 

6565
05:48:11,200 --> 05:48:14,500
Disabled people who had retained
autonomy through Community 

6566
05:48:14,500 --> 05:48:16,900
networks were forced into 
institutionalization. 

6567
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:20,700
The depression produced, new 
disability categories, childhood

6568
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:23,400
malnutrition caused lifelong, 
developmental problems. 

6569
05:48:23,400 --> 05:48:26,400
Safety requirements were 
abandoned to minimize costs, 

6570
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:30,100
increasing workplace accidents, 
depression related, 

6571
05:48:30,100 --> 05:48:32,900
psychological, trauma caused 
untreated mental health issues. 

6572
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:36,000
However, economic disaster. 
Affected youth is often 

6573
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:39,300
forgotten in depression accounts
schools in various locations, 

6574
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:43,200
cut academic years or shuttered,
due to budget, limitations child

6575
05:48:43,200 --> 05:48:46,200
labor, which had been falling 
for decades rows as families, 

6576
05:48:46,200 --> 05:48:49,700
required cash from everyone 
malnutrition, at Key development

6577
05:48:49,700 --> 05:48:51,800
had lifelong physical and 
cognitive damage. 

6578
05:48:52,700 --> 05:48:55,700
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky. 
Teacher saw these changes. 

6579
05:48:56,500 --> 05:48:59,100
Planting and harvest attendance 
was intermittent before the 

6580
05:48:59,100 --> 05:49:03,500
catastrophe, many children 
vanished by 1932, I found them 

6581
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:06,400
working full-time at anything 
they could find when I visited 

6582
05:49:06,400 --> 05:49:08,900
their home's. 
Some families had broken up with

6583
05:49:08,900 --> 05:49:11,600
children, living with relatives 
or neighbors while parents 

6584
05:49:11,600 --> 05:49:14,300
looked for jobs. 
Many of my students lost the 

6585
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:16,600
idea of infancy as a protected 
period of development. 

6586
05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:20,300
These forgotten depression 
scenes, show how economic 

6587
05:49:20,300 --> 05:49:23,300
disaster deep and social 
divisions, while popular 

6588
05:49:23,300 --> 05:49:26,200
narratives highlight shared pain
that linked Americans, he's 

6589
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:30,400
Forgotten Tales show how crises 
reinforced race region, aptitude

6590
05:49:30,400 --> 05:49:32,500
and age. 
Hierarchies the Great Depression

6591
05:49:32,500 --> 05:49:35,700
created enduring legacies. 
That shaped American Society for

6592
05:49:35,700 --> 05:49:39,100
Generations, in ways, few could 
have predicted these influences 

6593
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:41,800
transformed behaviors and 
attitudes that would persist 

6594
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:45,400
long after economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

6595
05:49:45,400 --> 05:49:47,600
American's relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

6596
05:49:48,500 --> 05:49:51,300
Depression survivors developed 
what marketers later called, 

6597
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:54,700
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

6598
05:49:54,700 --> 05:49:57,800
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

6599
05:49:57,800 --> 05:50:01,500
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

6600
05:50:01,500 --> 05:50:03,800
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

6601
05:50:03,800 --> 05:50:07,200
Consolidated ones. 
Successful professionals refused

6602
05:50:07,200 --> 05:50:09,300
mortgages despite having amping 
income. 

6603
05:50:09,300 --> 05:50:13,000
Families stockpiled Necessities 
due to concerns about future 

6604
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:16,400
shortages Dorothy. 
Klein, a consumer researcher in 

6605
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:19,800
the 1950s noted that 
conventional advertising cannot 

6606
05:50:19,800 --> 05:50:23,200
persuade depression survive as 
they evaluated purchases through

6607
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:26,300
a trauma lens. 
I interviewed a doctor who kept 

6608
05:50:26,300 --> 05:50:28,000
25 pounds of coffee in his 
Pantry. 

6609
05:50:28,000 --> 05:50:31,400
When coffee was racing during 
the war he developed anxiety, 

6610
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:35,800
about shortages. 20 years later 
despite abundant supplies, he 

6611
05:50:35,800 --> 05:50:38,700
maintained this buffer against a
threat that no longer existed. 

6612
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:42,700
This security oriented mindset 
was passed down to children, 

6613
05:50:42,700 --> 05:50:46,800
raised by depression survivors. 
The silent generation and early 

6614
05:50:46,800 --> 05:50:49,000
baby boomers inherited their 
parents risk. 

6615
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:53,200
Aversion, despite growing up in 
unprecedented prosperity, This 

6616
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:55,900
generational transmission of 
financial trauma influenced 

6617
05:50:55,900 --> 05:50:58,400
banking, housing and Retail 
sectors for decades. 

6618
05:50:58,400 --> 05:51:01,900
As these sectors are knowingly, 
catered to customers whose 

6619
05:51:01,900 --> 05:51:04,600
decision-making was influenced 
by psychological patterns 

6620
05:51:04,600 --> 05:51:07,100
formed. 
During the 1930s, The 

6621
05:51:07,100 --> 05:51:09,300
depression, fundamentally 
altered, Americans relationship 

6622
05:51:09,300 --> 05:51:13,500
with government. 
Before 1929 most citizens had 

6623
05:51:13,500 --> 05:51:15,700
minimal interaction with federal
agencies. 

6624
05:51:15,700 --> 05:51:19,900
By 1940 government had become an
everyday present through relief,

6625
05:51:19,900 --> 05:51:24,000
programs employment projects and
Regulatory Frameworks this 

6626
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:26,700
created expectations that 
transcended traditional 

6627
05:51:26,700 --> 05:51:30,200
political division. 
Frank Holloway who administered 

6628
05:51:30,200 --> 05:51:34,900
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.
Before the depression mentioning

6629
05:51:34,900 --> 05:51:38,000
I worked for the federal 
government, Drew suspicion by 

6630
05:51:38,000 --> 05:51:40,400
1936. 
People welcomed me because I 

6631
05:51:40,408 --> 05:51:43,600
represented jobs and assistance 
people who philosophically 

6632
05:51:43,600 --> 05:51:47,300
opposed government interference.
Now, expect governments 

6633
05:51:47,300 --> 05:51:50,900
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't
about liberal or conservative 

6634
05:51:50,900 --> 05:51:54,200
was at a fundamental 
recalibration of what government

6635
05:51:54,200 --> 05:51:57,300
was for. 
Cultural expressions, underwent 

6636
05:51:57,300 --> 05:52:00,800
profound transformation, the 
Arts developed dual impulses 

6637
05:52:00,800 --> 05:52:03,100
that seem contradictory, but 
often existed. 

6638
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,500
Within the same Works 
unflinching documentation of 

6639
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:08,500
suffering alongside Escapist 
entertainment. 

6640
05:52:09,400 --> 05:52:12,300
The documentary tradition 
emerged in photography, Walker 

6641
05:52:12,300 --> 05:52:15,400
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 
literature Steinbeck Wright 

6642
05:52:15,400 --> 05:52:18,400
while escapism flourished in 
Hollywood musicals, and 

6643
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:21,600
superhero comics. 
Playwright Arthur Miller 

6644
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:23,800
explained this Duality the 
theater. 

6645
05:52:23,800 --> 05:52:26,600
Swung between Agate prop realism
and Pure Fantasy. 

6646
05:52:26,600 --> 05:52:29,700
What endured were works that 
somehow managed both 

6647
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:32,700
acknowledging suffering, while 
suggesting Transcendence 

6648
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:36,300
audiences needed both truth and 
hope reality and possibility. 

6649
05:52:36,300 --> 05:52:39,000
The depression created a 
generation that approached 

6650
05:52:39,000 --> 05:52:40,900
community building with 
deliberate intention. 

6651
05:52:41,600 --> 05:52:44,400
Having experienced how to 
economic disaster, could isolate

6652
05:52:44,400 --> 05:52:46,800
individuals. 
Many survivors became what 

6653
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:49,900
sociologists later called, 
intentional neighbors, 

6654
05:52:49,900 --> 05:52:52,700
deliberately cultivating 
Community connections, as 

6655
05:52:52,700 --> 05:52:56,300
insurance against future 
hardship, the explosion of Civic

6656
05:52:56,300 --> 05:52:59,800
organizations in post 
depression, America, from pta's 

6657
05:52:59,800 --> 05:53:02,800
to Neighborhood association's 
reflected this impulse. 

6658
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:07,300
While often viewed as expression
of 1950s conformity. 

6659
05:53:08,200 --> 05:53:11,100
These organizations actually 
represented lessons learned from

6660
05:53:11,100 --> 05:53:15,300
1930s, isolation. 
Perhaps most profound was the 

6661
05:53:15,300 --> 05:53:17,700
depression's impact, on 
Americans relationship, with 

6662
05:53:17,700 --> 05:53:22,100
work itself employment became 
more than an economic necessity,

6663
05:53:22,100 --> 05:53:24,600
it became psychological 
validation. 

6664
05:53:24,600 --> 05:53:28,500
The experience of involuntary 
joblessness created lasting 

6665
05:53:28,500 --> 05:53:30,500
associations between work and 
identity. 

6666
05:53:30,500 --> 05:53:33,000
That influenced retirement 
patterns for decades. 

6667
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:38,400
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 

6668
05:53:38,400 --> 05:53:41,200
survivors approached retirement 
differently than subsequent 

6669
05:53:41,200 --> 05:53:43,300
Generations. 
They often could articulate. 

6670
05:53:43,300 --> 05:53:47,200
Why continued work to Central? 
Once successful businessman told

6671
05:53:47,200 --> 05:53:50,200
me, I know, I don't need the 
money but I need to be needed. 

6672
05:53:51,100 --> 05:53:53,800
Their concern wasn't about 
income, but about a voiding, the

6673
05:53:53,800 --> 05:53:57,100
cycle of uselessness they had 
experienced during unemployment 

6674
05:53:57,100 --> 05:54:00,600
decades earlier. 
Looking back, many aspects of 

6675
05:54:00,600 --> 05:54:03,700
American life, we take for 
granted from Social Security, to

6676
05:54:03,700 --> 05:54:06,800
bank deposit, Insurance emerged 
directly from depression 

6677
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:10,000
experience's, these 
institutional responses to 

6678
05:54:10,000 --> 05:54:13,600
catastrophe became so normalized
that their Origins and crisis 

6679
05:54:13,600 --> 05:54:16,200
were forgotten. 
Their existence seemingly 

6680
05:54:16,200 --> 05:54:20,100
natural rather than a response 
to specific historical trauma. 

6681
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:24,200
What remains most remarkable 
about the depression's legacy is

6682
05:54:24,200 --> 05:54:28,000
how it demonstrated both human 
vulnerability and resilience is 

6683
05:54:28,000 --> 05:54:30,100
simultaneously. 
It revealed how quickly 

6684
05:54:30,100 --> 05:54:33,300
Prosperity could vanish and how 
fragile social structures could 

6685
05:54:33,300 --> 05:54:35,600
prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

6686
05:54:35,600 --> 05:54:38,200
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

6687
05:54:38,200 --> 05:54:40,000
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

6688
05:54:41,000 --> 05:54:43,000
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

6689
05:54:43,000 --> 05:54:45,400
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

6690
05:54:45,400 --> 05:54:47,900
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

6691
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:51,400
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

6692
05:54:51,400 --> 05:54:54,500
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

6693
05:54:55,500 --> 05:54:57,500
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

6694
05:54:57,500 --> 05:55:00,800
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

6695
05:55:00,800 --> 05:55:03,700
kindnesses, and communities, 
forged and struggle that 

6696
05:55:03,700 --> 05:55:06,900
replaced it. 
Paradox of catastrophe is that 

6697
05:55:06,900 --> 05:55:09,700
it takes with one hand, but 
gives with the other and 

6698
05:55:09,700 --> 05:55:11,800
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses.