How the Deep Ocean Almost Remained Unknown to Humanity | Boring History for Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,100
Tonight, my tired little ones we
drift far below the surface and 

2
00:00:04,100 --> 00:00:08,400
to Waters Untouched by light 
sound, or memory long before 

3
00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:11,200
humans. 
Imagine the Deep life learned to

4
00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:16,100
endure pressure, darkness and 
distance continuing quietly in 

5
00:00:16,100 --> 00:00:18,000
places. 
No one would ever see if you 

6
00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:20,600
enjoy these slow Journeys, 
through the hidden parts of the 

7
00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:23,300
world, you can like the video, 
subscribe. 

8
00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:25,800
And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

9
00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:27,200
is. 
Now, dim the lights. 

10
00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:30,000
Turn on that fan for some noise 
and allow the Knight to settle 

11
00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:35,000
in. 
Now, imagine this in that comfy 

12
00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:38,400
bed of yours, your standing on 
the deck of research vessel in 

13
00:00:38,408 --> 00:00:42,300
the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
300 miles from the nearest land,

14
00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:45,900
it's just passed Dawn. 
And the water around you, is 

15
00:00:45,900 --> 00:00:48,400
that particular shade of blue, 
that doesn't exist? 

16
00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:51,900
Anywhere else on Earth. 
Not the blue of swimming pools 

17
00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:55,600
or tropical Lagoon's, but 
something deeper more honest. 

18
00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:57,700
The kind of blew that makes you 
realize. 

19
00:00:57,700 --> 00:00:59,800
The ocean isn't trying to be 
pretty for anyone. 

20
00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,800
Blow your feet. 
The ocean floor, lies, nearly 

21
00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:05,900
four miles down. 
If you could somehow drain all 

22
00:01:05,900 --> 00:01:08,500
this water away, you'd be 
standing at the edge of a cliff 

23
00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:11,100
that makes the Grand Canyon look
like a drainage ditch. 

24
00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:13,600
You can't see any of that from 
here. 

25
00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:17,900
All you can see is the gentle of
swells that began somewhere near

26
00:01:17,900 --> 00:01:21,400
New Zealand and will end 
eventually on a beach in 

27
00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:24,800
California. 
The research submersible hangs 

28
00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:28,300
from a crane its white Hull 
gleaming in the early light. 

29
00:01:28,300 --> 00:01:30,400
It looks exactly like what it 
is. 

30
00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:34,600
A very expensive, very 
sophisticated metal ball with 

31
00:01:34,608 --> 00:01:37,700
Windows. 
The head researcher, a woman 

32
00:01:37,708 --> 00:01:41,600
who's made this dissent 17 times
checks her watch and nods to The

33
00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:43,900
Crew. 
He climb inside through a hatch.

34
00:01:43,900 --> 00:01:46,900
That is barely widen enough. 
For your shoulders, settle into 

35
00:01:46,900 --> 00:01:50,000
a seat designed by someone 
who'd, apparently never met a 

36
00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:54,300
human spine and watch as they 
see you in The Descent. 

37
00:01:54,300 --> 00:01:57,000
Begins with all the drama of a 
grocery store elevator. 

38
00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:00,000
For the first few minutes, 
you're still in the zone where 

39
00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,200
normal ocean things happen. 
The water is that luminous 

40
00:02:03,200 --> 00:02:05,200
Caribbean Blue. 
That makes you understand why 

41
00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:07,400
people pay thousands of dollars 
to go snorkeling. 

42
00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:12,000
Sunlight streams down in shafts 
that look almost solid as if you

43
00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,600
could grab onto them, small fish
dark past, the viewport species,

44
00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:18,900
you might recognize from 
aquariums or fishing 

45
00:02:18,900 --> 00:02:22,400
documentaries. 
The water is about 75 degrees, 

46
00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:26,500
which is to say perfectly 
Pleasant the temperature of a 

47
00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:29,900
bath, you'd actually want to get
into at 50 feet down. 

48
00:02:29,900 --> 00:02:33,600
You notice the first change the 
red wavelengths of, light of 

49
00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:36,100
vanished. 
If you'd brought a tomato with 

50
00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:38,900
you which would be weird but 
bear with me, it would look. 

51
00:02:38,900 --> 00:02:42,800
Black blood looks black down 
here too which is something that

52
00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:46,100
surprises new divers when they 
cut themselves and see what 

53
00:02:46,100 --> 00:02:48,000
appears to be including from 
their skin. 

54
00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:50,500
The ocean is eating the color 
spectrum. 

55
00:02:50,500 --> 00:02:54,000
One wavelength at a time, 
starting with the warm tones, 

56
00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:57,200
the colors of fire and Sunset 
and everything humans 

57
00:02:57,200 --> 00:02:59,500
traditionally associate with 
safety. 

58
00:03:00,500 --> 00:03:04,900
At 100 feet, the orange goes 
then yellow at 300 feet, which 

59
00:03:04,900 --> 00:03:07,200
is about as deep as recreational
scuba divers. 

60
00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:09,600
Ever go. 
And honestly good for them, for 

61
00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:12,800
knowing their limits, the water 
is still relatively warm and 

62
00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:15,800
still bright enough to read by. 
But already, you have to send it

63
00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:18,400
farther than 99% of humans ever 
will. 

64
00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:22,500
Now in a realm visited only by 
professional divers military 

65
00:03:22,500 --> 00:03:25,800
submarines and people who made 
some really interesting Life 

66
00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:28,800
Choices. 
That's 600 feet the green 

67
00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:31,600
wavelengths. 
Filter out the water around, you

68
00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:34,700
is now entirely blue and purple.
The colors of bruises. 

69
00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:38,500
And Twilight, the temperature 
has dropped to 50 degrees, which

70
00:03:38,500 --> 00:03:41,500
doesn't sound that cold until 
you remember that water conducts

71
00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:46,300
heat away from your body 25 
times faster than are outside. 

72
00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:49,800
This pressurized capsule 
hypothermia would be competing 

73
00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,700
with nitrogen Narcosis for which
could kill you first. 

74
00:03:52,700 --> 00:03:56,400
It would be a close race. 
This is the Twilight Zone 

75
00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:58,500
officially called the 
mesopelagic. 

76
00:03:58,500 --> 00:04:02,800
The Twilight Zone, sounds much 
better and scientists appreciate

77
00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:06,500
a good name as much as anyone 
some light still penetrates here

78
00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:09,400
but it's the kind of light that 
makes you squint that never 

79
00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,800
quite feels like enough. 
If This Were a place on land it 

80
00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:15,400
would be that moment just after 
Sunset when you're trying to 

81
00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,700
decide if you should turn on the
headlights or if you can make it

82
00:04:18,700 --> 00:04:21,399
home first. 
You definitely turn on the 

83
00:04:21,399 --> 00:04:25,000
Headlights by a thousand feet. 
Even the blue is starting to 

84
00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:28,200
give up the water. 
Looks less like water and more 

85
00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,600
like smoke. 
Like your descending through 

86
00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:32,800
some dense medium. 
That can't quite decide. 

87
00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:36,600
What state of matter, it wants 
to be the temperature is 45 

88
00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:39,300
degrees. 
Now, outside the submersible, 

89
00:04:39,300 --> 00:04:43,200
the pressure is roughly 45 times
what it is at the surface, which

90
00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,500
means every square inch of your 
body would be experiencing 45 

91
00:04:46,500 --> 00:04:49,200
pounds of force, the 
submersible's. 

92
00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:52,500
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 
designed by people who stayed 

93
00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:55,200
awake during their physics 
classes, and you're suddenly 

94
00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:58,900
very grateful for their 
attention, to detail a 2000 

95
00:04:58,900 --> 00:05:00,300
feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

96
00:05:00,300 --> 00:05:02,600
Beth at pelagic, and the last of
the light goes out. 

97
00:05:03,500 --> 00:05:06,300
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

98
00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:10,100
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

99
00:05:10,108 --> 00:05:12,700
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

100
00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:15,300
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

101
00:05:15,300 --> 00:05:18,200
room with the light off, where 
your eyes are just, and you can 

102
00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:20,000
still make out the shape of the 
furniture. 

103
00:05:20,900 --> 00:05:24,400
It's not the darkness of a rural
road at night where you still 

104
00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,300
have Starlight. 
This is the darkness of being 

105
00:05:27,300 --> 00:05:32,700
inside a mountain inside a cave.
Inside the Earth itself, the 

106
00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:36,000
only light now comes from your 
submersibles external floods, 

107
00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:39,800
which cut through the water and 
stark white beams that make the 

108
00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:42,400
darkness Beyond them seem even 
more absolute. 

109
00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:46,200
And in those beams, you see them
particles. 

110
00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:49,900
Millions upon millions of 
particles drifting down through 

111
00:05:49,900 --> 00:05:52,300
the water, like the world's 
slowest snow storm. 

112
00:05:52,300 --> 00:05:56,700
This is Marine snow that 
detritus of the ocean surface. 

113
00:05:56,700 --> 00:05:59,600
Everything that lived and died 
up with the sunshine. 

114
00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,800
Now, making its long, slow 
Journey to the bottom. 

115
00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:07,200
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 
scales fecal. 

116
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,300
Pellets from whales sharks and 
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 

117
00:06:11,300 --> 00:06:15,300
scraps of seaweed, The water is 
thick with Organic. 

118
00:06:15,300 --> 00:06:19,500
Confetti each spec representing 
something that was once alive in

119
00:06:19,500 --> 00:06:22,200
the world above. 
It takes weeks for this material

120
00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:26,000
to drift down from the surface 
tumbling, end over end Through 

121
00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:30,400
The Dark Water, getting smaller 
as bacteria, break it down and 

122
00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,000
being eaten and recent by 
creatures that live at different

123
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,700
depths. 
This is what sustains the deep 

124
00:06:35,700 --> 00:06:38,500
ocean leftovers from someone 
else's party. 

125
00:06:39,500 --> 00:06:42,900
The temperature is 38 degrees. 
Now, if you could somehow step 

126
00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:47,000
outside which you absolutely 
cannot and should not even think

127
00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:51,500
about the pressure would be 
approximately, 120 times what it

128
00:06:51,500 --> 00:06:54,600
is at the surface, your lungs 
would collapse before you could 

129
00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,500
even inhale your ear, drums 
would rupture. 

130
00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:02,200
Gas spaces in your body would 
compress to nothing, it would be

131
00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:04,700
to put it mildly a bad 
experience. 

132
00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:09,900
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 
the vast majority of submarines 

133
00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:11,900
ever. 
Go military vessels. 

134
00:07:11,900 --> 00:07:16,000
Generally tap out around 2000 
feet because at some point, even

135
00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,700
governments decide that 
discretion is the better part of

136
00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:22,200
not being crushed like a soda, 
can you're now in a depth Zone 

137
00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:25,500
visited, only by research 
vessels, certain species of 

138
00:07:25,500 --> 00:07:29,200
whales that are frankly showing 
off and fish species that have 

139
00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:31,200
never seen sunlight, and never 
will. 

140
00:07:32,100 --> 00:07:35,900
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift, your submersible 

141
00:07:35,900 --> 00:07:39,100
passes through clouds of it. 
And for a moment, you could 

142
00:07:39,100 --> 00:07:41,600
almost convinced yourself. 
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 

143
00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:46,000
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere
except three miles on the water 

144
00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,700
in the Pacific. 
But then you see something move 

145
00:07:48,700 --> 00:07:51,700
in the darkness, beyond your 
lights, something larger than 

146
00:07:51,700 --> 00:07:53,600
the particles, something 
deliberate. 

147
00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:58,500
And you remember exactly where 
you are, At 3500 feet. 

148
00:07:58,500 --> 00:08:01,600
You've descended deeper than the
Titanic rests. 

149
00:08:02,100 --> 00:08:05,700
That ship took two and a half 
miles to reach the bottom and it

150
00:08:05,708 --> 00:08:09,300
took 93 years before someone 
sent a submersible down to 

151
00:08:09,308 --> 00:08:11,700
photograph. 
It, the water temperature is now

152
00:08:11,708 --> 00:08:16,300
36 degrees just above freezing 
cold enough that you can see 

153
00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:19,100
your breath inside the capsule, 
despite the heating system. 

154
00:08:19,900 --> 00:08:23,500
The pressure is nearly 2,000 
pounds per square inch at the 

155
00:08:23,508 --> 00:08:28,000
surface, your body displaces 
about two gallons of air down 

156
00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:31,200
here that same amount of air 
would fit in a tennis ball and 

157
00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:36,100
still you keep descending. 
Still somehow this father to go 

158
00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:40,000
the ocean, you realize is almost
incomprehensibly deep. 

159
00:08:40,700 --> 00:08:44,700
If Mount Everest, all 29,000 
feet of, it were placed in the 

160
00:08:44,700 --> 00:08:47,600
deepest part of the ocean. 
There would still be a mile of 

161
00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:50,500
water of the summit. 
The average depth of the ocean 

162
00:08:50,500 --> 00:08:54,200
is over 12,000 feet. 
Humans live on what amounts to 

163
00:08:54,208 --> 00:08:57,300
Tiny dry Islands. 
Poking up through a global Water

164
00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:00,900
envelope that covers 71% of the 
planet surface. 

165
00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:06,600
At 4,000 feet, your descent 
slows the seafloor is 

166
00:09:06,608 --> 00:09:11,100
approaching, not the dramatic 
trenches but the abyssal plain 

167
00:09:11,100 --> 00:09:15,100
the endless flat muddy expanse. 
That covers more of Earth's 

168
00:09:15,100 --> 00:09:19,300
surface than all the continents 
combined your lights illuminate 

169
00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:21,900
sediment, that hasn't been 
Disturbed in thousands of years,

170
00:09:21,900 --> 00:09:26,200
fine, particles that settle over
everything like dust on an 

171
00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:29,200
abandoned house. 
The last Photon of sunlight that

172
00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:31,900
could theoretically Reach This 
depth gave up about two miles 

173
00:09:31,900 --> 00:09:37,000
ago You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night as place,

174
00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:40,600
where the sun is a rumor, where 
Darkness isn't the absence of 

175
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:44,700
light, but rather the default 
state of existence interrupted 

176
00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:48,200
only by the bioluminescent 
flashes of creatures, making 

177
00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,700
their own rules about 
illumination and yet, as your 

178
00:09:51,700 --> 00:09:54,800
submersible, finally touches 
bottom, with a gentle bump and a

179
00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:58,600
puff of sediment, you see 
something moving, multiple, 

180
00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:02,900
something's the ocean floor. 
Supposedly so hostile to life is

181
00:10:02,900 --> 00:10:05,700
crawling with it. 
The fading of light, it turns 

182
00:10:05,700 --> 00:10:09,100
out was just the beginning. 
The first thing you notice about

183
00:10:09,100 --> 00:10:11,400
the abyssal plain is how 
flattered is. 

184
00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:15,400
I mean, really genuinely flat in
a way that makes canvas look 

185
00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:19,500
positively mountainous from your
viewport, the seafloor stretches

186
00:10:19,500 --> 00:10:22,000
away in all directions. 
Like a parking lot designed by 

187
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,900
someone with no imagination and 
unlimited space. 

188
00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:30,000
The sediment is uniform, grey 
brown finest talcum powder and 

189
00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:32,700
it appears to go on forever in 
every direction. 

190
00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:38,300
Pressure outside is now around 
6,000 pounds per square inch to 

191
00:10:38,300 --> 00:10:41,000
put that in perspective. 
If you could somehow stand on 

192
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:45,100
the sea floor, unprotected you'd
experience about 400 times. 

193
00:10:45,100 --> 00:10:47,000
The pressure that's crushing 
your car tires. 

194
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,300
Right now, every square inch of 
your body would be supporting 

195
00:10:50,300 --> 00:10:53,700
the weight of a small car. 
This is the kind of pressure 

196
00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:57,800
that makes steel spheres Creak 
and groan, the kind of pressure 

197
00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:00,300
that turned the titans of 
merciful into compressed 

198
00:11:00,300 --> 00:11:02,700
fragments in about four 
milliseconds. 

199
00:11:02,700 --> 00:11:07,100
During its ill-fated descent to 
the Titanic you'll submersible. 

200
00:11:07,100 --> 00:11:10,500
Thankfully was designed by 
people who understood exactly 

201
00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:12,500
what water pressure at depth 
means. 

202
00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:16,600
The titanium Hull is thicker 
than your thigh with no straight

203
00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:19,800
seams where stress could 
concentrate and no clever 

204
00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:22,900
Corners were physics. 
Could gain a foothold, it's 

205
00:11:22,900 --> 00:11:26,000
essentially a very sophisticated
ball because balls as it turns 

206
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,100
out a very good at handling on 
the directional pressure 

207
00:11:29,900 --> 00:11:33,000
Submarines a cylindrical because
they need to move through water,

208
00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,100
efficiently, submersibles that 
just need to not implode a 

209
00:11:37,100 --> 00:11:40,400
spherical because spheres 
distribute stress evenly across 

210
00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,900
their entire surface. 
The water temperature is 

211
00:11:43,900 --> 00:11:47,800
stabilized at around 36 degrees 
Fahrenheit just barely above 

212
00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,900
freezing at this depth water 
actually becomes slightly more 

213
00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:55,300
dense than it is at the surface 
compressed by its own weight 

214
00:11:55,300 --> 00:11:57,900
into something that's not quite 
the H2O. 

215
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:01,800
You used to if you could examine
it at the molecular level, you'd

216
00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:04,700
see the water molecules packed 
together more tightly than they 

217
00:12:04,700 --> 00:12:08,300
ever get in your glass at dinner
outside a creature swims. 

218
00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:11,100
Past your viewport. 
Something that looks vaguely 

219
00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:12,900
fish. 
Like if fish were designed by 

220
00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:15,400
someone who'd only heard them 
described over a bad phone 

221
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,800
connection. 
It's about 8 inches long 

222
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,900
translucent with eyes that are 
disproportionately huge and 

223
00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:24,600
teeth at a disproportionately 
pointier than seems necessary. 

224
00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:28,200
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

225
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:30,700
vertebrates on Earth. 
You've probably never heard of 

226
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:34,000
it because it lives where humans
don't, there are more bristle 

227
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:37,100
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land that they 

228
00:12:37,108 --> 00:12:39,700
live in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

229
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:44,000
that we barely acknowledge their
existence The submersible's 

230
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,500
manipulator arm extends 
collecting a sediment sample. 

231
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:50,300
The movement is excruciatingly 
slow. 

232
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,600
Because everything moves slowly 
down here, water at this depth 

233
00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:58,000
has a viscosity about 60% higher
than at the surface, which means

234
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,200
pushing through it feels less 
like swimming and more like 

235
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:05,000
moving through cold honey. 
To the creatures that live here 

236
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,300
speed is mostly irrelevant. 
Anyway, where exactly would they

237
00:13:09,300 --> 00:13:14,100
hurry to sea cucumber, trundles 
passed and trundles is really 

238
00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:17,500
the only appropriate verb It's 
moving at approximately the 

239
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:20,400
speed of erosion. 
One of those animals that make 

240
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:24,100
sloths look hyperactive. 
Cucumbers are essentially 

241
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,400
animated vacuum cleaners 
crawling across the settlement 

242
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:29,100
and ingesting anything or 
organic. 

243
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:33,500
They encounter they process the 
mud extract, whatever calories, 

244
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:36,800
they can from the sparse, 
organic matter and excrete, 

245
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,100
pellets of slightly, reorganized
mud. 

246
00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:43,300
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living Technically. 

247
00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:48,000
Pressure affect everything down 
here in ways that seem almost 

248
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:49,500
designed to make life 
inconvenient. 

249
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:54,000
Gas bladders, which many fish 
used to control their buoyancy 

250
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,500
and shallow water a completely 
useless at this depth. 

251
00:13:57,500 --> 00:13:59,700
The pressure would compress them
to nothing. 

252
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,300
So the fish that live here, have
either given up on gas bladders 

253
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:06,600
entirely or replace them with 
deposits of lighter than water, 

254
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,400
oils that don't compress. 
It's the difference between 

255
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,600
trying to use a balloon for 
buoyancy versus using a chunk of

256
00:14:12,608 --> 00:14:15,800
Styrofoam. 
One option adapts to pressure, 

257
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,700
the other just gets crushed your
submersible? 

258
00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:22,200
Drifts forward slowly. 
It's Motors barely audible as it

259
00:14:22,208 --> 00:14:26,100
hums through the hole in the 
distance and distance is weird 

260
00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:28,100
down here because there are no 
reference points. 

261
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,300
You see a cluster of what looks 
like tube worms. 

262
00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:34,500
Each one rising from the 
sediment like an abandoned 

263
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:37,100
Periscope. 
These are polyte worms. 

264
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:40,900
They've constructed tubes from 
mucus and sediment particles. 

265
00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:44,400
They extend their feathery 
feeding appendages in to the 

266
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:48,300
water, hoping to snag some of 
that Marine snow as it drifted 

267
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:52,500
past they've been growing for 
decades, possibly centuries 

268
00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:55,200
adding millimeters to their 
tubes each year. 

269
00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,600
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your light's named for 

270
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:03,500
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

271
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,200
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

272
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,800
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

273
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,700
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

274
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:14,500
loitering. 
With food. 

275
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:18,500
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

276
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:21,300
they Park themselves somewhere, 
promising, and weight. 

277
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,500
Sometimes for days. 
The metabolic rate of deep sea 

278
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:29,500
fish is astonishingly low often.
Just two to three percent of 

279
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:33,200
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

280
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,700
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

281
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:40,600
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

282
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,900
the surface would become rigid 
and useless at this depth, 

283
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:47,700
except the deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

284
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:51,000
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

285
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,400
were denature and fall apart in 
shallow water. 

286
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,400
Fish have been modified with 
subtle molecular changes that 

287
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,600
make them stable Under Pressure.
The slight comparing a house 

288
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:03,000
built for California versus a 
house built for Alaska, same 

289
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,800
basic structure, different 
engineering requirements, You 

290
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,200
notice something odd about the 
fish that passed through your 

291
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:14,000
lights, many of them appear to 
be melting, not literally, but 

292
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,600
their flesh has a weird 
gelatinous quality. 

293
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,000
A translucent that makes them 
look like their made of 

294
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,700
partially set jello. 
This isn't diseased or damaged 

295
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:27,600
its adaptation. 
At these debts were food is 

296
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:30,300
scared. 
And every calorie counts when 

297
00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:33,500
maintaining a dense, muscular 
body is a waste of resources. 

298
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,300
These fish have essentially 
given up on structural Integrity

299
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:41,900
in favor of energy conservation.
Their water balloons. 

300
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:44,600
Because down here, there's no 
evolutionary pressure to be 

301
00:16:44,608 --> 00:16:48,300
streamlined or sturdy. 
There are no fast currents to 

302
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:51,500
fight against, no Predators fast
enough to make fleeing 

303
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:55,700
worthwhile, an isopod crawls the
settlement, a creature that 

304
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:58,800
looks distressingly like a pill 
bug that got into the steroids. 

305
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:02,400
It's about 10 inches long, 
armored and moving with the 

306
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,400
deliberation of something that 
has nowhere to be and an 

307
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:09,500
eternity to get there. 
Giant isopods are scavengers the

308
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:12,900
vultures of the deep ocean. 
They can go years without eating

309
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,099
their metabolism, slowed to a 
level at barely qualifies as 

310
00:17:16,099 --> 00:17:18,599
life. 
When a whale carcass or large 

311
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:22,200
fish drops to the sea floor, 
they congregate in numbers that 

312
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:23,700
would make a horror movie 
director. 

313
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,700
Weep with joy, stripping the 
remains down to Bare Bones over 

314
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:31,400
the course of months. 
The submersible sonar pings 

315
00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:33,200
mapping the sea floor around 
you. 

316
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,200
The sound travels strangely down
here. 

317
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,900
Water pressure, affects the 
speed of sound. 

318
00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:41,900
Making it travel about 3% faster
than at the surface. 

319
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:46,200
But more interesting is what the
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 

320
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:47,900
isn't quite as flat as it 
appeared. 

321
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:51,900
There are subtle variations 
gentle Hills and Valleys 

322
00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:55,400
measured in meters and features 
that took millions of years to 

323
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,300
form a sediment accumulated. 
Grain by grain Century. 

324
00:17:59,300 --> 00:18:03,100
By Century you're sitting in a 
place where sediment accumulates

325
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,200
at roughly one, centimeter every
Thousand Years. 

326
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,500
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

327
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:15,100
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

328
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,200
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

329
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,500
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

330
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:26,000
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling the 

331
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,600
Grenadier. 
Fish swims past and other deep 

332
00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:31,000
sea resident with the large head
and tapering body. 

333
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,400
That seems to be standard issued
down here. 

334
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:38,400
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

335
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:42,000
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

336
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,000
images. 
There's not enough light for 

337
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,500
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

338
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:49,700
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

339
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:53,600
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

340
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:55,900
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

341
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,900
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

342
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:02,800
to press against the 
submersible's hull, the force of

343
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,000
several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

344
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,200
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable 

345
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:13,700
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

346
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,500
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

347
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:20,300
floor is just six inches of 
metal and Engineering Beyond 

348
00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:23,700
which the pressure is 
sufficient, compressed bone, a 

349
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:27,200
jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

350
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,400
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

351
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:32,700
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

352
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:34,700
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

353
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:39,300
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

354
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:43,200
biology to qualify as a live. 
They drift through the darkness 

355
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,700
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

356
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:50,600
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

357
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:54,400
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely based on how thin

358
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:57,700
these jellies are, they digested
over the course of weeks. 

359
00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:01,400
Everything happens in slow 
motion down here, the weight of 

360
00:20:01,408 --> 00:20:05,000
water shapes everything at this 
depth, it determines body 

361
00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:09,200
structure hunting strategies 
reproduction and even the 

362
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,800
chemistry of life itself, 
Creatures here have evolved 

363
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:16,800
Under Pressure literal, physical
pressure that would kill surface

364
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:19,800
organisms instantly. 
They've solved engineering 

365
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:21,800
problems. 
That human Engineers struggle 

366
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:24,900
with and they've done it not 
through intelligence or design. 

367
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:29,100
But through the simple brutal 
process of trying, everything. 

368
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:33,800
Keeping what works discarding? 
What doesn't and repeating for 

369
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,400
50 million years? 
Your lights sweep across the set

370
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:41,900
of something catches your eye. 
Tracks long. 

371
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:45,600
Parallel grooves in the mud 
leading off into the darkness. 

372
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:50,000
Something walked here recently, 
recently being a relative term 

373
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:53,100
when sediment takes Millennia to
settle, the tracks could be 

374
00:20:53,108 --> 00:20:57,000
hours old or decades old. 
Time moves differently when the 

375
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,600
environment changes. 
So slowly that centuries are 

376
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,700
barely noticeable. 
The submersible begins to rise 

377
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:05,700
ascending slowly from the 
abyssal plain toward the next 

378
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:09,000
leg of your journey. 
As you lift away from the sea 

379
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,300
floor, you take one last. 
Look at that uniform muddy 

380
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:14,500
expanse. 
It looks lifeless. 

381
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:18,100
Barren a place where nothing 
should exist. 

382
00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:22,800
And yet impossibly life, 
persists, Adapted to pressure, 

383
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:25,700
that would crush submarines 
cold, that would kill in minutes

384
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:30,100
and darkness, That Never Ends 
life persists, because life is 

385
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:34,100
stubborn that way, because 
chemistry finds even under 6,000

386
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:38,100
pounds per square inch of water.
The weight of water, doesn't end

387
00:21:38,100 --> 00:21:42,100
a life, it just changes. 
The terms, the thermometer on 

388
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,600
your instrument panel reads, 
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 

389
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,000
This isn't the kind of cold that
makes you put on a sweater. 

390
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,800
This is the kind of cold that 
permeates everything that seeps 

391
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,200
into molecular structures and 
slows chemical reactions to 

392
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,400
accrual. 
This is cold. 

393
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:02,900
That has lasted unchanged for 
millions of years. 

394
00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:05,900
Here's something that will 
reorganize your perspective. 

395
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,500
The deep ocean doesn't really do
seasons while the surface might 

396
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,500
warm in summer, and cool in 
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.

397
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:17,900
The temperature has been 
essentially constant since long 

398
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:21,100
before, humans started 
recording, whether the Ice Age 

399
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:24,400
came and went, massive glaciers 
covered half of Europe, and 

400
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:28,900
North America melted reformed 
and melted again and down here. 

401
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:31,200
The temperature may be changed 
by half a degree. 

402
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:36,600
Maybe this stability is both a 
blessing and a curse for deep 

403
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,500
sea life. 
The blessing is predictability 

404
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:43,500
organisms, don't need to adapt 
to temperature swings, don't 

405
00:22:43,500 --> 00:22:47,400
need to prepare for winter or 
endure summer, heat waves, the 

406
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:49,900
curse is that they've become. 
So specialized for coal that 

407
00:22:49,908 --> 00:22:52,500
even minor temperatures would be
catastrophic. 

408
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,500
These creatures are, like people
who've only ever lived in one 

409
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:59,300
climate their entire lives who 
have built every aspect of their

410
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:01,600
biology around. 
Specific environmental 

411
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,400
conditions, a squid Glides past 
your viewport, its body about 

412
00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,700
two feet long arms trailing 
behind in warmer water. 

413
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,100
A squid. 
This size would be darting 

414
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,100
around changing colors 
demonstrating, the kind of 

415
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:17,200
hyperactive energy that makes 
squid both fascinating and 

416
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,000
exhausting to watch this one 
moves. 

417
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,100
Like, it's swimming through 
molasses, which in a sense, it 

418
00:23:23,100 --> 00:23:26,400
is give them the viscosity of 
cold pressurized water. 

419
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,000
Its metabolism runs at a 
fraction of the speed of its 

420
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,700
surface dwelling cousins, where 
a coastal squid, might live two 

421
00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:35,200
years. 
This one could live 20 

422
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:38,900
Everything happens slower. 
When you're running your biology

423
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:43,100
on economy mode, the cold 
effects proteins in fascinating 

424
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:47,100
ways at surface temperatures, 
proteins are flexible Dynamic 

425
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:51,300
molecules that fold and unfolded
bind to things and released them

426
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:54,800
and generally act like the busy 
little molecular machines they 

427
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,100
are But cold makes molecules 
sluggish. 

428
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,300
It reduces the kinetic energy 
available for chemical 

429
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:04,400
reactions. 
So, deep sea organisms produce 

430
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,600
proteins that are specifically 
adapted to work at low 

431
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:09,400
temperatures. 
Proteins. 

432
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:11,200
That would actually stop 
functioning properly. 

433
00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:14,200
If you warm them up, these 
creatures would be poisoned by 

434
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:18,200
warm water, not because heat 
itself is toxic, but because 

435
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:21,700
their entire biochemistry would 
stop working correctly. 

436
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:26,400
A fish swims past that appears 
to have antifreeze in its blood,

437
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:31,400
which as it turns out, it does 
many deep sea fish produce 

438
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:35,300
antifreeze protein molecules 
that prevent ice crystals from 

439
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:39,100
forming in their tissues. 
Now, you might reasonably point 

440
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:41,300
out that 36 degrees is above 
freezing. 

441
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:43,500
So why would they need 
antifreeze? 

442
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:46,800
Excellent question. 
The answer is that these 

443
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,800
pressures the freezing point of 
water drops slightly Also fish 

444
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,300
body fluids have a lower 
freezing point than pure water 

445
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:56,000
anyway because they contain 
salts and proteins. 

446
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,500
But some deep sea fish, have 
added an extra margin of safety 

447
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:02,900
producing. 
Glycoproteins that bind any ice 

448
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:05,400
crystals that start to form and 
prevent them from growing. 

449
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:09,400
Its biological insurance against
a catastrophe that might occur 

450
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,800
once in a million years. 
The cold also means that 

451
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:15,400
decomposition happens at a 
geological pace. 

452
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:20,200
When a fish dies in warm surface
water bacteria break it down 

453
00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,300
within days. 
Down here that same fish might 

454
00:25:23,300 --> 00:25:25,900
remain relatively intact for 
months or even years. 

455
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:30,100
The cold slows bacterial 
metabolism, just like it slows, 

456
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,400
everything else. 
This has interesting 

457
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:35,800
implications the deep ocean is 
in effect. 

458
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,800
A preservation chamber, whale 
carcasses can remain on the sea 

459
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,200
floor for decades slowly being 
consumed by a succession of 

460
00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:46,800
Specialists organic matter, that
would vanish quickly and warm 

461
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:49,300
water. 
Persists, providing a long-term 

462
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:52,900
food source for the scavengers 
patient enough to find it, your 

463
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:56,300
lights illuminate, a cluster of 
amphipods, small Crustaceans 

464
00:25:56,300 --> 00:25:59,700
that look like swimming commas 
clustered around what appears to

465
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:04,200
be a fragment of something 
organic could be fish flesh. 

466
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,000
Could be whale. 
Blubber could be the remains of 

467
00:26:07,008 --> 00:26:10,900
a jellyfish that died at the 
surface 6 months ago and finally

468
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:13,900
drifted down here. 
The amphipods are eating it with

469
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:16,500
the enthusiasm of people who 
aren't sure when their lead 

470
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:19,600
again because they genuinely 
aren't sure when they're late 

471
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,300
again. 
Food is so scarce down here, 

472
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,600
that finding a meal is an event 
worth documenting. 

473
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:28,100
The submersible's external 
sensors record, the water 

474
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:32,100
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 
levels and Trace chemical 

475
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:36,500
composition, the oxygen content 
is surprisingly, High cold water

476
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:39,800
holds more dissolved oxygen than
warm water which is one of the 

477
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:42,600
few advantages of operating in 
what amounts, to a natural 

478
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:46,200
refrigerator, many deep-sea 
organisms have evolved large 

479
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:50,100
Gill surfaces to extract that 
oxygen efficiently Because while

480
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:53,100
there's plenty of oxygen 
available, the cold temperature 

481
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:55,300
means their metabolic Machinery 
Works slowly. 

482
00:26:55,300 --> 00:27:00,200
So they need to maximize intake 
a comb jelly drifts passed, its 

483
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,400
rows of celiac creating those 
characteristic rainbow ripples 

484
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,700
as they catch your lights. 
Comb jellies are among the most 

485
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:08,700
alien looking creatures in the 
ocean. 

486
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:12,000
All translucent geometry and 
flowing movement. 

487
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,600
This one is about the size of 
your fist, pulsing slowly 

488
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:19,800
through the water in warm 
surface waters comb jellies can 

489
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:23,300
swim with surprising speed, 
their cilia beating rapidly, 

490
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:27,600
this one moves like its 
underwater, which okay? 

491
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:29,600
It is underwater but you know 
what I mean. 

492
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:34,300
It moves like it's underwater 
even for something underwater. 

493
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:39,400
Slow dream-like as if swimming 
Through Time rather than water. 

494
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,500
The cold has another effect that
scientists didn't fully 

495
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:46,800
appreciate until recently. 
It affects intelligence. 

496
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:51,200
Many deep sea fish have smaller 
brains relative to their body 

497
00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,500
size than surface fish. 
This isn't because they're 

498
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:57,000
stupid. 
Well, they might be but that's 

499
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,500
not the point. 
Brain tissue is metabolically 

500
00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:02,900
expensive. 
Requiring significant energy to 

501
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:07,100
maintain in an environment where
food is scarce and metabolism is

502
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:11,000
slow maintaining a large. 
Brain is a luxury, few species 

503
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:14,500
can afford. 
So deep sea fish, have evolved 

504
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:18,000
to operate on minimal, neural 
Hardware, like running a modern 

505
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:22,600
computer on a processor from 
1995 it works, but don't expect 

506
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,500
miracles. 
He seek, you come across the 

507
00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:28,400
sediment, with the urgency of a 
glacier sea. 

508
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:30,900
Cucumbers are basically the 
Roomba vacuum cleaners of the 

509
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,600
depot potion, except slower and 
less intelligent, which is 

510
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,400
saying something given that 
roomba's regularly gets stuck 

511
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:38,100
on. 
Shoelaces. 

512
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:42,300
This particular specimen is 
about a footlong dark brown and 

513
00:28:42,300 --> 00:28:46,100
covered in small PA that might 
serve some function or might 

514
00:28:46,108 --> 00:28:50,500
just be along for the ride. 
Processing sediment, extracting,

515
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:54,000
whatever Trace organic matter. 
It can find and leaving behind 

516
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,000
neat, little piles of waste 
pellets. 

517
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,200
In cold water, this process 
takes even longer than it would 

518
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:03,200
in warm water. 
This sea cucumber might move 10 

519
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:06,300
feet in a day and consider it a 
productive outing. 

520
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:10,000
The cold also affects 
reproduction in ways that seem 

521
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,100
almost designed to frustrate the
animals. 

522
00:29:12,100 --> 00:29:16,300
Involved many deep sea species, 
reach sexual maturity slowly. 

523
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:18,700
We're talking years or even 
decades. 

524
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:23,100
The anglerfish you saw earlier 
with its bioluminescent lure. 

525
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,600
It might not be ready to mate 
until it's 15 years old compared

526
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,800
that to surface fish species 
that reach maturity and months. 

527
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:34,500
The cold temperature slows 
growth rates, delays 

528
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,400
development, and generally makes
the entire process of 

529
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,000
reproduction. 
An investment that requires 

530
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,800
serious long-term planning, a 
Dumbo octopus. 

531
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:45,700
Appears at the edge of your 
lights named for the ear like 

532
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:47,600
fins on its head. 
That make it look like Disney's 

533
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:51,300
elephant, had a really strange 
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 

534
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:55,200
octopuses live at depths ranging
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 

535
00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:58,200
making them some of the deepest 
living octopuses known. 

536
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,400
They hover just above the sea 
floor. 

537
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,300
Flapping those ear fins and slow
motion. 

538
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,000
Looking for small worms and 
Crustaceans. 

539
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:09,200
Everything about this octopus 
says low energy lifestyle. 

540
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:13,200
It doesn't jet around like it's 
shallow water cousins, it 

541
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:15,800
doesn't change color rapidly, 
its chromatophores. 

542
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,000
Like, Lee works sluggishly at 
this temperature, it's simply 

543
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,100
drifts along occasionally, 
extending an arm to grab 

544
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,100
something edible, then 
continuing its endless slow 

545
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:28,700
motion, patrol of the Abyss. 
The submersible heating system 

546
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:33,400
kicks on with a quiet hum Side 
you're comfortable at about 68 

547
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:37,400
degrees but the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

548
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:41,400
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

549
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,700
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

550
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:47,900
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

551
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,300
our species has existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

552
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:54,500
many deep-sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

553
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:58,900
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

554
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:01,800
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

555
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:05,200
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

556
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:07,800
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

557
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:11,000
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs, despite working and 

558
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,300
what amounts, to a giant 
underwater freezer, a jellyfish 

559
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:16,700
of truly impressive size, 
appears ahead of you. 

560
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,700
Its Bell is at least three feet 
across translucent, with dozens 

561
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:24,000
of tentacles trailing behind it.
Like streamers. 

562
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:28,400
This is a deep sea Medusa and 
it's probably been drifting 

563
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:30,100
through these cold Wars for 
years. 

564
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,300
Growing slowly, capturing, 
whatever small creatures are. 

565
00:31:34,300 --> 00:31:38,100
Unlucky enough to brush against 
its stinging tentacles in warm 

566
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:39,600
water. 
A jellyfish. 

567
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:42,800
This size might live for a few 
months in the cold deep ocean. 

568
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,500
It could For decades, its 
tissues breaking down. 

569
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:49,000
So slowly, that time becomes 
almost irrelevant. 

570
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,500
The coal doesn't just slow life 
down. 

571
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:56,200
It changes the entire strategy. 
Surface-dwelling organisms live 

572
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,500
fast. 
Reproduce quickly and die young.

573
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:04,800
Deep-sea organisms live slowly 
reproduce rarely and persist for

574
00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:08,500
decades or centuries, it's the 
difference between a sprinter 

575
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:11,900
and an Ultra marathoner. 
Between burning bright and 

576
00:32:11,900 --> 00:32:15,800
burning long, your submersible 
continues, its journey across 

577
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,300
the abyssal. 
Plain through water, that has 

578
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:22,100
been cold since before they were
humans to feel cold through an 

579
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:24,800
environment. 
So stable that Evolution here 

580
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:26,700
happens, even more slowly than 
usual. 

581
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,700
The organisms around. 
You aren't surviving the cold. 

582
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,900
They've transcended it becoming 
so perfectly adapted to it. 

583
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:36,200
That the cold is simply their 
default State. 

584
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,900
The only temperature they've 
ever known or could tolerate the

585
00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:42,900
thermometer still reads 35.7 
degrees. 

586
00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:48,600
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 
years from now, 100,000 years 

587
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,300
from now, the cold, the Outlast 
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 

588
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:55,600
doesn't change, and doesn't care
about what's happening on the 

589
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:59,200
surface. 
It simply persists patient and 

590
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:03,900
eternal shaping life into forms 
that moves, slowly think slowly 

591
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:08,200
grows slowly and endure. 
You're hovering about 50 feet 

592
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,700
above the abyssal plain. 
And you haven't seen anything. 

593
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:13,100
Eat anything else for the past 
45 minutes. 

594
00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:17,400
This it turns out is completely 
normal down here. 

595
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,300
Food isn't scarce, it's 
essentially theoretical. 

596
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:22,800
It's something. 
You've heard exists, something 

597
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,500
your grandparents mentioned, 
once something you might 

598
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:28,000
encounter at some point before 
you die of old age. 

599
00:33:28,900 --> 00:33:31,900
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift downward. 

600
00:33:31,900 --> 00:33:35,600
And now, you understand why they
call it that, it really does 

601
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:38,300
look like snow. 
Except the snow falls at roughly

602
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:42,700
three to four miles per hour. 
This stuff this Falls at about 

603
00:33:42,700 --> 00:33:46,300
four feet per day. 
A particle leaving the surface. 

604
00:33:46,300 --> 00:33:49,300
Today won't reach this depth for
about a month and a half. 

605
00:33:49,308 --> 00:33:52,700
And by the time it gets here, 
it's been picked over by every 

606
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:56,000
hungry creature at every depth 
along the way what reaches the 

607
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,400
abyssal plain is basically the 
crumbs from someone else's 

608
00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:01,400
Crumbs from someone else's 
crumbs. 

609
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,200
Scientists estimate that only 
about 1% of the organic matter 

610
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:08,100
produced at the surface ever 
makes it to the deep sea floor. 

611
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:13,100
1%, imagine living in a place 
where 99% of all food is 

612
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:17,000
destroyed before it reaches you 
and the 1% that remains has been

613
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:18,800
thoroughly protrude by everyone 
else. 

614
00:34:19,900 --> 00:34:24,000
Now, imagine that the good 
time's the feast periods, that's

615
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,900
the deep ocean. 
Transparent squid. 

616
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:28,800
Hangs Motionless In The Water 
ahead of you. 

617
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,199
And when I say transparent, I 
mean, you can literally see its 

618
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:33,900
internal organs through its 
skin. 

619
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:39,300
This isn't some artistic Choice.
It's camouflage in A Place With 

620
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:42,900
No Light being invisible, 
doesn't help much But this squid

621
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:46,100
likely migrates Upward at night 
to feed in slightly shallower 

622
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:50,199
Waters where transparency is 
actually useful right now though

623
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:55,100
it's just hanging there. 
Doing absolutely nothing because

624
00:34:55,100 --> 00:34:58,600
doing nothing is the only Energy
Efficiency strategy when food is

625
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:02,200
this rare. 
Squid stomach is visible through

626
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,000
its translucent tissue, and it's
empty, not just empty. 

627
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:09,700
Like, I should probably soon but
empty, like a last eight three 

628
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:11,000
weeks ago and I'm fine with 
that. 

629
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:15,100
Deep sea creatures, have evolved
metabolic rates solo that they 

630
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,900
make hibernating bears, look 
hyperactive this squid might eat

631
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:21,200
twice a month and consider 
itself well fed. 

632
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:24,900
Here's a fun fact that will 
rearrange your understanding of 

633
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:27,200
energy. 
Some deep sea fish have 

634
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:31,100
metabolic rate so low that they 
burn fewer calories per day than

635
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:35,500
a battery releases. 
We're talking about animals that

636
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:37,700
operate on less than 10 calories
per day. 

637
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:41,800
A single potato, chip contains 
more energy than some deep sea 

638
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,100
fish. 
Consume in a week, they have 

639
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,100
essentially learned to run their
entire biology on standby mode. 

640
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,900
Keeping just enough functions 
active to qualify as alive 

641
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:55,500
waiting, for the rare moment 
when food actually appears a rat

642
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:58,500
tail fish swims past, and you 
notice something odd about his 

643
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:01,800
body composition. 
It's mostly water and very 

644
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:05,200
little muscle. 
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 

645
00:36:05,208 --> 00:36:08,700
actual tissue. 
The rest is water and gelatinous

646
00:36:08,700 --> 00:36:11,000
protein. 
This is the deep sea equivalent 

647
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:14,900
of a budget, laptop maximum 
size, minimum components. 

648
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,600
The fish needs to be large 
enough to avoid predation, and 

649
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:21,500
to hold sufficient eggs for 
reproduction, but it can't 

650
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,100
afford the energy cost of 
maintaining muscle tissue. 

651
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:27,100
It rarely uses. 
So it's essentially a water 

652
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:30,300
balloon with just enough biology
attached to keep things running.

653
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,300
Your lights catch something 
falling, a larger chunk of 

654
00:36:34,300 --> 00:36:38,800
organic matter, maybe the size 
of a softball to sending faster 

655
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:42,100
than the usual Marine snow. 
This is what scientists call 

656
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:45,300
fasting particles chunks of 
fecal. 

657
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,900
Matter from surface whales, dead
jellyfish and fragments of large

658
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:51,600
fish. 
This is Prime real estate in the

659
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:55,100
deep ocean, the equivalent of 
finding a 20-dollar, bill on the

660
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:58,300
sidewalk. 
Within moments small Crustaceans

661
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:01,300
appear from the darkness. 
Converging on this falling 

662
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:03,200
treasure, they'll strip it 
clean. 

663
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,300
Before it reaches the sea floor,
fighting over scraps, that 

664
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:10,600
surface creatures would consider
garbage Food, scarcity, affects 

665
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:13,800
every aspect of life down here. 
Take reproduction. 

666
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:17,500
Many deep sea fish are, what's 
called broadcast spawners? 

667
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:20,900
They release eggs, and sperm 
into the water and hoped some of

668
00:37:20,908 --> 00:37:25,000
the meat in food, Rich, surface 
waters, fish can afford to 

669
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,600
produce hundreds of thousands of
tiny eggs because most will die.

670
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,900
But enough, will survive in the 
deep ocean. 

671
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:34,200
Females produce, far, fewer 
eggs. 

672
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:38,100
But each one is large and packed
with nutrients, giving the 

673
00:37:38,100 --> 00:37:41,200
larvae a better chance of 
surviving the brutal early weeks

674
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:43,000
when they're too small to 
compete for food. 

675
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:47,000
Effectively a gulper eel appears
in your lights and it's exactly 

676
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:51,600
as unsettling as the name. 
Suggests Its mouth is enormous 

677
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:56,500
literally four times the size of
its body opening to a size that 

678
00:37:56,500 --> 00:37:59,700
looks physically impossible. 
This is because when you never 

679
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,800
know when you're leak again, you
can't afford to be picky about 

680
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,700
price size. 
If something edible swims past, 

681
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:07,000
you need to be able to swallow 
it. 

682
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,600
Whether it's smaller than you 
roughly or size or in some 

683
00:38:10,608 --> 00:38:14,800
remarkable cases actually larger
than you, the gulper real has 

684
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:17,600
essentially evolved into a 
self-propelled stomach that 

685
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,600
occasionally encounters food, 
But here's the thing, even that 

686
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:25,400
enormous mouth goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

687
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,200
have examined, gulper eel, 
stomachs and found the empty 

688
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:31,600
more often than not. 
This fish can go months without 

689
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:35,200
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

690
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,700
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

691
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:41,200
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

692
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:42,500
mouth. 
A gape. 

693
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,700
Essentially trolling for food on
the off-chance that something 

694
00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:48,900
edible might swim into it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

695
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:52,300
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

696
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:56,200
expect which is to say barely a 
haul of marine snow accumulates 

697
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:59,400
on the sea floor, beneath you 
forming small Mounds that rise. 

698
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,200
Perhaps an inch above, the 
surrounding sediment, these 

699
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,600
Mounds represent months or years
of accumulation and their 

700
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:09,700
hotspots of biological activity,
which in this context means that

701
00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:13,900
two or three CQ cumbers, might 
visit them in a given decade the

702
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:15,900
CQ cumbers will process this 
settlement. 

703
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:19,900
Extracting whatever, Trace 
organic matter remains and leave

704
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:21,700
behind slightly different 
settlement. 

705
00:39:22,700 --> 00:39:27,200
It's the Deep Ocean's version of
farming except slower and sadder

706
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,600
the food. 
Scarce city is led to some truly

707
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,800
bizarre feeding strategies Some 
deep sea fish have, Jaws that 

708
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,500
can dislocate to allow them to 
swallow prey larger than 

709
00:39:36,508 --> 00:39:39,400
themselves. 
Others have expandable, stomachs

710
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:41,800
that can stretch to accommodate 
rare large meals. 

711
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:45,300
It's like showing up to a buffet
once a year and trying to eat 

712
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,500
enough to last until the next 
one, the strategy Works 

713
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:51,900
technically but it's not 
something you'd recommend a 

714
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:54,800
vampire squid drifts past and 
despite the name it doesn't suck

715
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:57,200
blood it. 
Got its name from the dark 

716
00:39:57,200 --> 00:40:00,700
webbing between its arms, which 
looks like a vampire's cloak 

717
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:03,800
when it inverts the arms over 
itself in a defensive posture, 

718
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:06,300
but here's what makes the 
vampire squid special. 

719
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:09,800
It's one of the few deep sea 
creatures that figured out a 

720
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:12,200
clever food hack. 
Instead of waiting for live 

721
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:16,000
prey, it collects Marine snow, 
those drifting particles of 

722
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:19,800
organic matter using filaments 
covered in sticky mucus. 

723
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:23,900
It then runs these filaments 
through his arms, scraping off 

724
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:25,700
the collected particles and 
eating them. 

725
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:30,300
His dignified know, does it 
sound like something a creature 

726
00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:32,100
would do if it had literally any
other option? 

727
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:37,100
No, but it works. 
The vampire squid is essentially

728
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:39,800
become a filter feeder in a 
place where to feeding shouldn't

729
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:44,100
be viable, because they're so 
little to fill her It surviving 

730
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:48,000
on scraps of scraps and somehow 
impossibly. 

731
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:52,200
It's making it work your 
submersible sensors detect. 

732
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:55,800
A localized area of slightly 
higher, biological activity 

733
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,900
ahead. 
As you approach, you see why a 

734
00:40:59,900 --> 00:41:04,200
whale full. 
A gray whale dead for perhaps a 

735
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:06,900
decade. 
Lies on the seafloor like a gift

736
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:08,900
from the gods. 
Its flesh. 

737
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:12,200
Has been Stripped Away by 
scavengers but it's bones remain

738
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:14,800
and their covered with strange 
white filaments. 

739
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:19,300
These are zombie worms. 
Yes, that's their actual name 

740
00:41:19,300 --> 00:41:22,200
and their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

741
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,900
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which would 

742
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:30,000
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water, will sustain a 

743
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,900
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

744
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:36,700
This is what counts as a bananza
in the deep ocean. 

745
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:39,800
A dead whale that last two 
generations. 

746
00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:44,400
The scarcity of food has shaped 
every aspect of evolution down 

747
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:46,900
here. 
Deep sea fish have reduced 

748
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,600
skeletal density, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

749
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:53,700
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

750
00:41:53,708 --> 00:41:57,100
Their brains are smaller. 
Their organs are compact. 

751
00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:00,300
Everything nonessential has been
Stripped Away In The Name of 

752
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,600
energy efficiently, they're like
organisms that have been through

753
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:05,300
a ruthless corporate 
restructuring. 

754
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:09,000
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

755
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,800
running. 
Tripod fish sits on the sea 

756
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,000
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name, suggests 

757
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,100
standing on three elongated fin 
Rays. 

758
00:42:18,100 --> 00:42:22,300
Like a camera tripod it's facing
into the current such as it is 

759
00:42:22,300 --> 00:42:26,400
waiting for food to drift past 
this fish can stand here for 

760
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:29,300
days. 
Barely moving barely breathing 

761
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:32,700
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

762
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:37,100
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

763
00:42:37,108 --> 00:42:39,700
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish is 

764
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:43,100
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

765
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:46,300
stance and wait, some more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

766
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:51,600
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

767
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:54,500
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

768
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:58,200
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

769
00:42:58,200 --> 00:42:59,400
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

770
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,500
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

771
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,100
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

772
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:09,800
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

773
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,400
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

774
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:17,300
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope they're 

775
00:43:17,300 --> 00:43:19,900
particular patch of seafloor, 
receives slightly more than 

776
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:22,000
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

777
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,600
Your submersible begins to 
ascend leaving the abyssal plain

778
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,300
behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

779
00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:32,100
the sea floor, one more time 
that the vast muddy expanse, 

780
00:43:32,100 --> 00:43:35,700
where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

781
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:38,800
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

782
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,500
ecosystem operates on energy, 
margins? 

783
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:45,300
So thin the surface organisms 
could not even comprehend them 

784
00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:49,800
when food becomes fiction like 
becomes patients and down here. 

785
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:51,900
Patience is the only virtue that
matters. 

786
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:55,600
Your submersible is moving 
laterally now, crossing the 

787
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:59,200
abyssal plain towards something.
The sonar detected an hour ago. 

788
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:02,300
Ridge, rising from the sea 
floor, like a mountain. 

789
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:06,000
Range that never quite breaks. 
The surface, your approaching, 

790
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,700
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?
One of the places where tectonic

791
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,900
plates are spreading apart and 
Earth is literally creating new 

792
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:15,900
sea floor. 
Pumping out fresh rock from the 

793
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:20,400
mantle below The water 
temperature ahead is rising, not

794
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:22,800
much. 
You've gone from 36 degrees to 

795
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:26,500
38 degrees but in a place where 
temperature has been constant 

796
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,200
for millions of years. 
Two degrees feels like a 

797
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:32,200
revolution. 
Your sensors are also detecting 

798
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:34,900
chemical anomalies hydrogen, 
sulfide. 

799
00:44:34,900 --> 00:44:39,100
Methane and metals in solution. 
Something ahead is profoundly 

800
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,600
changing, the chemistry of the 
water and then you see it. 

801
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:47,200
A black smoker, it rises from 
the sea floor, like a chimney 

802
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:51,100
from Hell roughly 20 feet tall 
made of minerals that have 

803
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:53,400
precipitated out of superheated 
water. 

804
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:57,900
And from its opening, billowing 
up into the cold, ocean comes a 

805
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:02,400
dark plume that looks like smoke
but is actually water heated to 

806
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:06,800
over 600 degrees Fahrenheit. 
So hot, it would boil instantly 

807
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:10,400
at the surface but stays liquid 
down here because the pressure 

808
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:15,100
is too intense to let vaporize. 
This is a hydrothermal vent and 

809
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:17,400
it represents a complete version
of everything. 

810
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:21,000
You've learned about the Depot 
in This is a place of heat in 

811
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:24,100
the cold Abyss. 
Chemical energy in a food, 

812
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:29,000
starved Wasteland of a bonds and
scarcity and its absolutely 

813
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:32,400
crawling with life. 
The area around the vent is 

814
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:35,100
covered. 
And I mean, covered with tube 

815
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:37,400
worms. 
They're called riftia and 

816
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:38,800
they're about as weird as 
organisms. 

817
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:43,300
Get each one is six feet long 
white with brilliant, red 

818
00:45:43,300 --> 00:45:46,200
plumes. 
Extending from their tubes, they

819
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:49,800
have no mouth, no digestive 
system, and no anus. 

820
00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:53,300
They survive entirely through a 
symbiotic relationship with 

821
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:55,100
bacteria that live inside their 
bodies. 

822
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:58,600
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 
sulfide from the vent water, 

823
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:02,400
which is toxic to most organisms
to produce energy through 

824
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:05,200
chemosynthesis. 
And they share that energy with 

825
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:07,900
the worm. 
The worm in return provides, the

826
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:10,200
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 
and oxygen. 

827
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,700
Its photosynthesis without the 
photo part life powered by 

828
00:46:14,700 --> 00:46:16,800
Earth's internal heat rather 
than the Sun. 

829
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,700
A white crab scuttles across the
tube worm stalks picking at the 

830
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:23,800
plumes with its claws. 
This is a vent crab and it's 

831
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,800
blind its eyes of regressed to 
useless nubbins because there's 

832
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:31,200
no light down here anyway and 
maintaining functional eyes 

833
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,800
costs energy that could be 
better, spent elsewhere. 

834
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:37,400
But it doesn't need eyes. 
It can sense the chemical 

835
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:40,900
gradients in the water finding 
its way toward food sources by 

836
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:44,100
chemistry alone. 
The black smoker continues to 

837
00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:47,700
Billow its dark plume, which is 
actually mineral-rich water 

838
00:46:47,700 --> 00:46:52,600
precipitating out, iron copper 
zinc and other metals as it hits

839
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,000
the cold ocean over time. 
This precipitation builds the 

840
00:46:56,000 --> 00:47:00,100
chimney taller adding layer upon
layer of minerals, some of these

841
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:03,900
chimneys grow for decades 
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 

842
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:06,900
feet before they collapse under 
their own weight or seal 

843
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:08,800
themselves shut with mineral 
deposits. 

844
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:13,400
A shrimp swarms around the vent 
opening, thousands of them so 

845
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:15,800
densely packed they look like a 
living carpet. 

846
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:18,900
These are venturing and their 
farming bacteria. 

847
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:22,000
They've evolved specialized 
structures on their backs where 

848
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,500
bacteria grow and the shrimp 
position themselves at, just the

849
00:47:25,500 --> 00:47:29,100
right distance from the vent. 
Close enough to benefit from the

850
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:31,900
chemical Rich water far enough, 
not to cook. 

851
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:35,500
They literally stared at the 
edge of boiling harvesting 

852
00:47:35,500 --> 00:47:39,200
microorganisms that are 
themselves harvesting energy 

853
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,100
from toxic minerals. the 
temperature gradients, here are 

854
00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:48,400
extreme the water exiting, the 
vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 

855
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:53,500
inches away, its 300 degrees, a 
foot away, its 100 degrees, 2 

856
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:55,400
feet away. 
Its back to ambient temperature,

857
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:59,400
that same 36 degrees, that 
characterizes the rest of the 

858
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:03,000
Abyss organisms here have to 
navigate thermal boundaries, 

859
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,300
that would be instantly lethal 
if crossed positioning 

860
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:08,200
themselves with Precision in a 
Zone. 

861
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,400
That's simultaneously warm 
enough to support chemosynthetic

862
00:48:11,400 --> 00:48:14,300
bacteria. 
But cool enough, not to denature

863
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:18,600
proteins, a giant clams sits 
near the base of the Venture 

864
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,000
chimney. 
Its shell, easily three feet 

865
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:25,500
across Like the tube worms, it 
has no need for a conventional 

866
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:29,100
digestive system. 
It's full of chemosynthetic 

867
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,100
bacteria that do the heavy 
lifting of energy production. 

868
00:48:32,100 --> 00:48:36,500
The clam just sits there, 
filtering vent, water, providing

869
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:40,200
its bacterial partners with 
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 

870
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:41,400
the nutrients. 
They produce. 

871
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:45,500
It's been sitting in this exact 
spot for potentially 100 years. 

872
00:48:45,500 --> 00:48:48,700
Growing slowly surrounded by 
toxic chemicals. 

873
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:50,800
That would kill most organisms 
within minutes. 

874
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:54,500
What's remarkable about these 
venti ecosystems is that they're

875
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,800
completely independent of the 
Sun, every other ecosystem on 

876
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:03,500
Earth forests grasslands, coral 
reefs, even the Deep oceans, a 

877
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:06,400
Bissell planes ultimately 
depends on photosynthesis 

878
00:49:06,400 --> 00:49:09,000
energy. 
Enters through plants or 

879
00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:11,800
phytoplankton and then moves up 
through food chains. 

880
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:16,800
Here at hydrothermal vents 
energy enters Through Chemistry 

881
00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,700
bacteria. 
Take hydrogen, sulfide and 

882
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:22,900
produce organic compounds. 
Those bacteria, become the 

883
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:24,700
foundation of an entire food 
web. 

884
00:49:24,700 --> 00:49:28,600
This means that if the sun went 
out tomorrow, which let's be 

885
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,200
clear, it won't. 
But hypothetically, these vent 

886
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:35,000
communities would be fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

887
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:38,600
powered by Earth's, internal 
heat by the radioactive decay of

888
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:42,200
elements in the mantle, and by 
geological processes that will 

889
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:46,300
continue for billions of years. 
After the sun expands into a red

890
00:49:46,300 --> 00:49:49,900
giant, and consumes the inner 
planets, an octopus appears at 

891
00:49:49,908 --> 00:49:51,800
the edge of your lights pale and
ghostly. 

892
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:56,700
It's hunting extending its arms 
into crevices between rocks, 

893
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:01,100
searching for crabs or shrimp. 
This is one of the few places in

894
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:04,000
the deep ocean, where Predators 
can actually find enough food to

895
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,500
justify hunting actively the 
concentration of life. 

896
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:10,900
Here is so unusual. 
So, contrary to the sparse 

897
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:14,300
distribution of organisms on the
Abyssal plain that it almost 

898
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:16,300
feels like you've traveled to a 
different planet. 

899
00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:20,200
The black smoker pulses, 
slightly not dramatically, just 

900
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,600
a subtle variation in the plume,
intensity. 

901
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:26,700
This is because the flow isn't 
constant, it varies with 

902
00:50:26,700 --> 00:50:29,900
pressure changes deep in the 
Earth's crust with the opening 

903
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:33,600
and closing of microscopic, 
fissures in the rock below when 

904
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,300
events flow stops. 
The ecosystem dies. 

905
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:40,300
The tube worms are unable to 
move, simply perish, the 

906
00:50:40,300 --> 00:50:45,200
bacteria, die, the crabs, leave 
Within months, a thriving 

907
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:46,800
Community can become a 
graveyard. 

908
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:52,000
But new vents are always forming
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 

909
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:55,300
worm, larvae drift in the 
currents waiting to detect the 

910
00:50:55,300 --> 00:50:57,700
chemical signature of hydrogen 
sulfide. 

911
00:50:57,700 --> 00:51:01,100
When they find a new vent, they 
settle and begin building their 

912
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:05,300
tubes, within a few years, a new
community establishes itself. 

913
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:08,700
The vents are ephemeral on 
geological time scales. 

914
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:13,400
Each one might last 20 or 30 
years before it seals shut but 

915
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,900
the system as a whole persists. 
Because there are all always new

916
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:20,500
vents forming somewhere along 
the 40,000 miles long mid-ocean 

917
00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:23,600
ridge system. 
A fish swims past that looks 

918
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:26,700
relatively normal or at least as
normal as deep sea fish, look, 

919
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:31,400
but with one striking feature, 
its gills of bright red, almost 

920
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:34,700
fluorescent. 
This is event fish and those red

921
00:51:34,700 --> 00:51:37,600
gills are packed with hemoglobin
that specially adapted to 

922
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:39,400
handle. 
Both the low oxygen of deep 

923
00:51:39,400 --> 00:51:43,500
water and the presence of 
hydrogen sulfide, which normally

924
00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:47,300
interferes with oxygen transport
in blood, its solved a chemical 

925
00:51:47,300 --> 00:51:49,100
problem. 
That would stomp most organisms 

926
00:51:49,100 --> 00:51:52,700
allowing it to live in water, 
that simultaneously, oxygen, 

927
00:51:52,700 --> 00:51:56,200
poor and toxin Rich. 
The submersible sensors are 

928
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:58,500
recording constantly 
temperature. 

929
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:02,200
Chemical composition, pH levels 
and flow rates. 

930
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:07,600
The water here is acidic pH 
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 

931
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:10,400
heavy metals by surface 
standards. 

932
00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:14,400
This is a toxic waste dump by 
the standards of vent organisms.

933
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,600
It's Paradise. 
A white smoker appears in the 

934
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:20,200
distance a related but different
phenomenon. 

935
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:24,300
Where black smokers emit, dark 
mineral, Rich, water, white. 

936
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:26,900
Smokers emit lighter, colored 
fluids that are cooler. 

937
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:31,700
Only about 200 to 300 degrees 
and contain different dissolved 

938
00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:33,900
minerals. 
They support similar but 

939
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:37,600
distinct communities different 
species of tube worms, different

940
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:41,200
bacteria and different crabs. 
Evolution has produced 

941
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:43,800
Specialists for every 
conceivable nature in this 

942
00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:46,300
environment. 
What scientists find most 

943
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:49,700
exciting about hydrothermal 
vents isn't just that life 

944
00:52:49,700 --> 00:52:53,300
exists here. 
What it implies if life can 

945
00:52:53,300 --> 00:52:57,000
thrive in toxic, superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

946
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:00,400
rather than sunlight in complete
darkness under crushing 

947
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,700
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

948
00:53:03,708 --> 00:53:06,300
possible in places. 
We'd previously written off as 

949
00:53:06,300 --> 00:53:09,700
uninhabitable. 
Subsurface, ocean of Jupiter's 

950
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:13,800
moon, Europa Maybe. 
The underground water of Mars, 

951
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:17,900
possibly. 
The concept of a habitable zone 

952
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:21,100
has expanded dramatically since 
hydrothermal vents were 

953
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:25,400
discovered in 1977 a bacterial, 
mats to cross, the Rocks, near 

954
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:29,100
the vent, base, white and fuzzy.
Looking these bacteria are 

955
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:32,500
probably growing at the fastest 
rate, any organism, grows in the

956
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:36,300
deep ocean, which is still slow 
by surface standards but blazing

957
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:38,500
fast compared to the millimeter 
per year. 

958
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:41,600
Growth of most deep sea life, 
they can converting, hydrogen 

959
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:46,300
sulfide to energy, reproducing 
and forming layers of biomass 

960
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:48,100
that other organisms will graze 
on. 

961
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:52,000
The concentration of life here 
is staggering compared to the 

962
00:53:52,008 --> 00:53:54,400
baron of Bissell plane on the 
plane. 

963
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:57,500
You might see a fish. 
Every few hours here you can 

964
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,000
count hundreds of all organisms 
in a single frame of the 

965
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:02,400
viewport. 
It's the difference between a 

966
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:06,100
desert and Oasis between 
starvation and abundance. 

967
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,900
The submersible begins to pull 
away from the vent and has it. 

968
00:54:09,900 --> 00:54:14,200
Does he watched the community 
received Into Darkness The 

969
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:17,900
bright plume of black smoker 
water continues to Billow upward

970
00:54:17,900 --> 00:54:22,400
the tube, worms wave their red. 
Plumes in the current, the crabs

971
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:25,700
continue, their endless 
Scavenging, and somewhere in the

972
00:54:25,708 --> 00:54:29,400
rock below magma is heating 
water, dissolving minerals, and 

973
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:31,200
creating the chemical 
foundation. 

974
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:35,500
For this entire impossible 
ecosystem where black smokers 

975
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:38,700
Roar with life. 
The Deep oceans rules are 

976
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:42,200
suspended. 
Food is abundant growth is 

977
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:46,500
quick, the temperature rises 
above freezing and life. 

978
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:50,900
Improbably thrives your 
submersible as left, the 

979
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:53,400
hydrothermal vent behind and 
returned to the vast. 

980
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:57,500
Dark expanse of the open water 
column The depth gauge reads 

981
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:01,900
11,000 feet, the temperature is 
back to 36 degrees. 

982
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:06,300
The pressure is a snore Miss. 
And now, for the first time 

983
00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:09,600
since you passed through the 
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 

984
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:13,700
about to see light real light 
produced by living organisms, 

985
00:55:13,700 --> 00:55:17,600
for purposes, that would make a 
Communications engineer envious.

986
00:55:18,300 --> 00:55:20,600
The first flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

987
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:23,400
A blue-green spark about 50 feet
away. 

988
00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:27,700
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another then three 

989
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:31,800
more in quick, succession 
forming a pattern, dot dot, dot 

990
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:36,300
dash dash dash, dot dot dot, 
you're not receiving a morse 

991
00:55:36,300 --> 00:55:39,000
code, SOS, but you are 
witnessing one of the most 

992
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:41,700
sophisticated communication 
systems in nature 

993
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:46,700
bioluminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

994
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:50,400
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms produce their own 

995
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:53,000
light. 
Not weak, light not ambiguous 

996
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,500
glows, but actual photons 
generated through chemical 

997
00:55:56,500 --> 00:55:59,200
reactions. 
Usually involving a molecule 

998
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:03,200
called luciferin reacting with 
an enzyme called luciferous the 

999
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:05,800
name sound like they came from a
fantasy novel. 

1000
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:10,200
Lucifer in literally liked 
bringing named after Lucifer, 

1001
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,600
the light bearer. 
Scientists in the 19th century. 

1002
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:16,800
Had a flair for dramatic name in
a jellyfish. 

1003
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:20,100
Drifts passed your viewport and 
as it does it pulses with light.

1004
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:25,300
Not bright light more like the 
glow of a watch dial, but enough

1005
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:28,500
to illuminate its Bell and 
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 

1006
00:56:28,500 --> 00:56:30,900
blue green. 
The color is not random. 

1007
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,100
Blue green light with 
wavelengths around 470, 

1008
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:37,800
nanometers travels farthest 
through seawater. 

1009
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:41,200
Red light is absorbed within 
feet of the source. 

1010
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,000
But blue-green can travel dozens
of yards before being scattered 

1011
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:47,500
or absorbed. 
So, evolution is tuned. 

1012
00:56:47,500 --> 00:56:50,500
Most bioluminescence to this 
narrow band of the spectrum. 

1013
00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:53,200
The color that actually works in
this environment. 

1014
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:57,400
Another flash, this one from 
something small and fast. 

1015
00:56:57,400 --> 00:57:00,000
Moving is Zips across your field
of view. 

1016
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:03,400
Leaving a Trail of Light. 
Aluminous contrail in the 

1017
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,200
Blackwater. 
This might be a coat pod. 

1018
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:10,000
One of the tiny Crustaceans that
form the base of the ocean's 

1019
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:14,500
food, web and down here, when 
threatened, many coats released,

1020
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:18,400
a burst of bioluminescent 
chemicals, creating a flash that

1021
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:21,700
startles Predators or more 
cleverly illuminates, the 

1022
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:24,800
Predator, making it visible to 
its own predators. 

1023
00:57:25,500 --> 00:57:29,900
Its biological misdirection. 
I might be equally, but you're 

1024
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:33,200
definitely being seen. 
A lantern fish appears in your 

1025
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:35,700
lights. 
One of the most common fish in 

1026
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:37,600
the ocean. 
The most people have never heard

1027
00:57:37,600 --> 00:57:40,600
of them because they live in the
mess of plagi Zone and only 

1028
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:42,200
vention near the surface at 
night. 

1029
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:46,200
It sides are covered with photo 
Force, specialized light 

1030
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:48,500
producing organs arranged in 
precise patterns. 

1031
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:52,700
Each species has a different 
pattern, like a barcode made of 

1032
00:57:52,700 --> 00:57:54,800
Lights. 
This is how lantern fish 

1033
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:58,600
recognize their own species in 
the dark by reading each other's

1034
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:02,600
light patterns the lantern fish 
swims beneath your submersible 

1035
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:07,400
and as it does, its ventral 
photo Force glow, softly, this 

1036
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:11,600
is called counter illumination. 
Fish matches the faint 

1037
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:15,400
downwelling light from above 
making itself invisible to 

1038
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:17,700
Predators. 
Looking up from below it. 

1039
00:58:17,700 --> 00:58:19,600
Active camouflage using 
bioluminescence. 

1040
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:23,900
A biological version of what 
stealth aircraft do with radar. 

1041
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:26,100
The fish isn't trying to be 
bright. 

1042
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:29,800
It's trying to be precisely as 
bright as the background which 

1043
00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:33,700
is much harder a dragon fish 
materializes from the darkness 

1044
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:35,600
and its carrying its own 
spotlight. 

1045
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:38,200
Beneath its eyes as a photo for 
that. 

1046
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:41,900
Emits red light, which is 
extremely unusual in the deep 

1047
00:58:41,900 --> 00:58:44,200
ocean. 
Most organisms can't see red 

1048
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,200
light at this depth. 
They like the necessary photo 

1049
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:51,500
receptors, but dragon fish can 
they've evolved the ability to 

1050
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:54,700
see red and they've evolved the 
ability to produce it. 

1051
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:58,300
This gives them a private 
channel of communication and 

1052
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:02,200
more importantly, a hunting 
tool, they can illuminate prey 

1053
00:59:02,200 --> 00:59:04,400
without the prey knowing their 
being illuminated. 

1054
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:07,300
It's like having night vision 
goggles in a world where 

1055
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:11,100
everyone else is blind. 
The dragon fish is light sweeps 

1056
00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:14,200
across the water, like a search.
Like, and for a moment, you see 

1057
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:18,500
several small Crustaceans Frozen
in its beam illuminated in 

1058
00:59:18,500 --> 00:59:20,000
wavelengths. 
They can't detect. 

1059
00:59:20,900 --> 00:59:22,400
They have no idea they've been 
spotted. 

1060
00:59:22,400 --> 00:59:26,100
Then the dragon fish strikes. 
Inhaling one of them and 

1061
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:27,800
disappears back into the 
darkness. 

1062
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:33,200
Siphonophore drifts passed. 
Colonial organism that looks 

1063
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:37,400
like a long stringy jellyfish. 
The entire length of, it may be 

1064
00:59:37,408 --> 00:59:42,200
30 feet is decorated with tiny. 
Bioluminescent, light's making 

1065
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:44,100
it look like an underwater 
Christmas tree. 

1066
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:48,200
These lights serve multiple 
purposes, attracting prey 

1067
00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:52,700
startling predators, and maybe 
communicating with other fours. 

1068
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:57,600
Colony pulses, its lights in 
waves creating patterns that 

1069
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,000
Ripple along its length, your 
watching a light show, designed 

1070
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:05,000
by Evolution for an audience of 
Hungry Fish, your submersible's 

1071
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:08,200
external light switch off. 
Crew wants to observe 

1072
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:11,700
bioluminescence without 
interference for a moment. 

1073
01:00:11,708 --> 01:00:15,300
You're in complete darkness. 
Kind of Darkness, that makes you

1074
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:17,800
understand what absence of light
really means. 

1075
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:24,200
And then slowly you start to see
them flashes glows, pulses. 

1076
01:00:24,900 --> 01:00:28,800
The water around, you is alive 
with light, a squid, produces a 

1077
01:00:28,800 --> 01:00:32,400
burst of luminous Inc. 
Not black ink like its surface 

1078
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:36,700
relatives used, but glowing ink.
The Cloud of light hangs in the 

1079
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:41,400
water roughly squid shaped while
the squid itself jets away into 

1080
01:00:41,400 --> 01:00:44,100
the darkness. 
The Predator that was pursuing, 

1081
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:47,400
it lunges of the glowing decoy, 
giving the squid pressure, 

1082
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:50,700
second to escape its biological 
sleight of hand. 

1083
01:00:50,700 --> 01:00:53,400
I'm over here. 
No. 

1084
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:56,300
Wait, I'm over there. 
Actually, I'm nowhere near 

1085
01:00:56,300 --> 01:01:00,100
either of those locations. 
Fish swims passed with photo 

1086
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:03,300
inside its mouth. 
When it opens its jaws, the 

1087
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:07,100
inside glows, creating a 
luminous cave that small prey 

1088
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:09,900
might mistake for shelter. 
They swim toward the light, 

1089
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:14,100
seeking safety and find teeth 
instead, It's the anglerfish 

1090
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:18,100
strategy refined of a lure 
dangling in front the entire 

1091
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:22,100
mouth becomes the Trap the 
bioluminescence down here serves

1092
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:25,300
so many purposes that scientists
are still cataloging them. 

1093
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:29,900
Defense startle, Predators 
illuminate them for their 

1094
01:01:29,900 --> 01:01:35,100
predators or create decoys 
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 

1095
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,600
prey invisibly if you have read 
light or create hunting 

1096
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:43,600
Partnerships by signaling to 
others, Communication, species 

1097
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:47,800
recognition, mate, attraction 
and territorial displays 

1098
01:01:47,800 --> 01:01:51,300
camouflage. 
Counter illumination to 

1099
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:55,200
disappear against downwelling 
light, a jellyfish passes by, 

1100
01:01:55,200 --> 01:01:58,200
that looks unremarkable, and 
till something bumps into it. 

1101
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:03,800
Then it explodes with light. 
Bright pulsing rings that 

1102
01:02:03,800 --> 01:02:05,900
radiates out from the point of 
contact. 

1103
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:10,200
This is a burglar alarm display.
The jellyfish is trying to 

1104
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:12,300
attract attention to whatever 
just touched it. 

1105
01:02:12,300 --> 01:02:16,300
Hoping that attention comes in 
the form of a predator that will

1106
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:18,000
eat the thing that bumped into 
it. 

1107
01:02:18,700 --> 01:02:21,200
It's desperate loud. 
And surprisingly effective. 

1108
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:24,800
Many fish will immediately 
Retreat from anything that 

1109
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:26,400
suddenly lights up like a police
car? 

1110
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:29,400
Some of the light patterns 
you're seeing aren't random 

1111
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:33,700
flashes but coded signals 
certain species of squid produce

1112
01:02:33,700 --> 01:02:35,900
specific patterns when they're 
looking for mates. 

1113
01:02:36,600 --> 01:02:40,100
Particular sequences of flashes 
that translate roughly to, I'm 

1114
01:02:40,100 --> 01:02:43,100
available. 
I'm the right species and I'm in

1115
01:02:43,100 --> 01:02:45,700
breeding condition. 
Other squid produce different 

1116
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:49,800
patterns that mean, this 
territory is occupied, or I'm 

1117
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:53,900
too large to be worth attacking.
A flashlight fish appears. 

1118
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:58,000
Yes that's its actual name with 
a large photo Force beneath its 

1119
01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:01,200
eyes that it can cover with 
specialized flaps of skin, 

1120
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:04,200
creating a controllable on off 
signal. 

1121
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:10,200
It flashes in patterns three 
quick, pause two quick pause, 

1122
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:13,800
one long. 
Other flash light fish respond 

1123
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:16,500
with their own patterns, your 
watching a conversation 

1124
01:03:16,500 --> 01:03:20,400
conducted entirely in blinks a 
discussion of whatever matters 

1125
01:03:20,400 --> 01:03:24,400
to flash light fish feeding 
spots, perhaps mating of 

1126
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:28,800
availability local Predators, 
the content doesn't matter as 

1127
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:30,300
much as the fact that it's 
happening. 

1128
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,700
Social communication using light
in a place where light was 

1129
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:37,700
supposed to be impossible, the 
submersible's lights come back 

1130
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:41,400
on and the bioluminescent 
vanishes washed out by the 

1131
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:44,900
bright artificial illumination. 
It's a reminder that what you 

1132
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:48,300
are seeing was actually quite 
dim Photons produced One 

1133
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:51,400
reaction at a time efficient but
not powerful. 

1134
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:56,200
Typical bioluminescent organism 
produces about as much light as 

1135
01:03:56,200 --> 01:03:59,300
a single LED. 
It seems brighter in absolute 

1136
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:02,700
Darkness but it's nowhere near 
the intensity of sunlight or 

1137
01:04:02,700 --> 01:04:06,800
even a flashlight. 
An anglerfish swim slowly passed

1138
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:11,500
and its lure is glowing again. 
That famous dangling appendage 

1139
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:15,300
with bioluminescent bacteria, 
living inside it, the bacteria, 

1140
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:18,700
glow continuously, and the 
anglerfish controls, whether the

1141
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:21,800
light is visible by covering or 
uncovering, the organ with 

1142
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,600
specialized pigment cells. 
It's an on-off switch control by

1143
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:29,800
chromatophores, the same cells 
that squid and octopuses used to

1144
01:04:29,800 --> 01:04:32,800
change color. 
By biology as repurposed, the 

1145
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:35,400
same tools for completely 
different applications. 

1146
01:04:36,300 --> 01:04:40,100
The depth gauge. 
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 

1147
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:41,900
approaching. 
The deepest zones, most of 

1148
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:46,100
merciful, can reach the hadal 
Zone named after Hades. 

1149
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:49,800
And even here in what should be 
a realm of absolute Darkness? 

1150
01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:54,400
Life carries, its own light, not
as defiant, not a celebration, 

1151
01:04:54,400 --> 01:04:59,600
but as a tool, a way to survive,
communicate hunt and reproduce 

1152
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:01,800
in a place where survival seems 
impossible. 

1153
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,600
The light that carries messages 
isn't trying to illuminate the 

1154
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:07,800
darkness. 
It's just trying to say 

1155
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:11,500
something one flash at a time. 
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 

1156
01:05:11,500 --> 01:05:16,400
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 
food, stay away, come closer, 

1157
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:20,100
simple messages, really. 
But delivered with photons, 

1158
01:05:20,100 --> 01:05:23,400
instead of sound with chemistry 
instead of electricity. 

1159
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:26,800
And with Elegance, that makes 
human communication systems 

1160
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:30,100
seemed almost crude the 
chronometer on your instrument 

1161
01:05:30,100 --> 01:05:33,000
panel indicates, you've been 
descending and exploring for six

1162
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,500
hours, but down here at 13,000 
feet. 

1163
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:41,100
You could be told it's been six 
minutes or six days and you'd 

1164
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:44,600
have no way to verify it time 
works differently when nothing 

1165
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:49,200
around you indicates its passage
no Sunrise, no Sunset, no 

1166
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:52,200
temperature changes, no seasons 
and no Tides. 

1167
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:54,800
Strong enough to notice. 
Just the Eternal. 

1168
01:05:54,800 --> 01:05:58,700
Now stretching in all 
directions, a bristle worm 

1169
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:00,500
crawls across the sediment 
beneath you. 

1170
01:06:00,500 --> 01:06:04,200
And based on the growth rings in
segments, scientists estimate. 

1171
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,200
This individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

1172
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:11,100
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

1173
01:06:11,100 --> 01:06:15,000
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

1174
01:06:15,000 --> 01:06:17,300
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

1175
01:06:17,300 --> 01:06:20,900
So slowly that its metabolism is
barely distinguishable from 

1176
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:23,500
geology. 
Time in the deep ocean is not 

1177
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:27,800
measured in days or weeks, but 
in decades and centuries that CQ

1178
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:30,200
cumber. 
You saw earlier, Based on growth

1179
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:32,000
rate studies, it might be 100 
years old. 

1180
01:06:32,000 --> 01:06:35,300
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

1181
01:06:35,300 --> 01:06:39,800
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

1182
01:06:39,800 --> 01:06:42,200
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

1183
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:44,500
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

1184
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:47,000
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

1185
01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:49,900
Is been doing nothing for the 
past three days. 

1186
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,500
Not because it's lazy but 
because with a metabolic rate, 

1187
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:57,100
this low doing nothing is its 
default State. 

1188
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:59,500
Who will wait here until 
something are to ball comes 

1189
01:06:59,500 --> 01:07:01,600
within range? 
Then it will strike with 

1190
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:03,700
movement. 
So slow, you could probably 

1191
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:06,500
dodged it if you were paying 
attention, the strike will 

1192
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,500
consume more calories than the 
fish's burned in the past week, 

1193
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:11,800
which is why it won't attempt 
another one. 

1194
01:07:11,800 --> 01:07:15,000
Unless success seems very 
probable, you're submersible, 

1195
01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:18,500
settles onto the sea floor, with
a gentle bump stirring up a 

1196
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,500
small cloud of sediment that 
takes several minutes to settle 

1197
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:26,800
at the surface Disturbed set of 
maybe a minute. 

1198
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:31,200
At the most down here in cold, 
discus, water the particles 

1199
01:07:31,200 --> 01:07:34,300
drifted downward, with the 
enthusiasm of a teenager asked 

1200
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:38,400
to chores there in no hurry, 
there's no current to speak of 

1201
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:43,000
no disturbance and no reason for
haste the settlement Cloud, 

1202
01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:45,900
finally settles. 
And you can see the surface 

1203
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:50,300
clearly again. 
Form undisturbed mud extending 

1204
01:07:50,300 --> 01:07:53,300
in every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

1205
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,600
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

1206
01:07:56,600 --> 01:08:00,600
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

1207
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:03,900
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

1208
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,200
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

1209
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:10,000
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

1210
01:08:10,000 --> 01:08:15,000
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

1211
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:17,800
from the settlement. 
A colonial organism that looks 

1212
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:21,100
like an old-fashioned quill pen,
which is exactly where it got 

1213
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:23,500
its name. 
This individual is about two 

1214
01:08:23,500 --> 01:08:26,399
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

1215
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:28,800
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

1216
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:33,300
Its filter feeding extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

1217
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:36,399
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

1218
01:08:36,399 --> 01:08:40,200
This sea pen is, probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

1219
01:08:40,200 --> 01:08:43,600
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your 

1220
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:47,500
great-grandchildren a dust. 
Slow pace of life down here. 

1221
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:50,399
Isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation. 

1222
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:54,100
In an environment with minimal 
food, limited, temperature, 

1223
01:08:54,100 --> 01:08:57,899
variation, and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

1224
01:08:57,899 --> 01:08:59,700
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

1225
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:03,000
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

1226
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:07,100
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

1227
01:09:07,100 --> 01:09:09,700
wait. 
They're the biological 

1228
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:13,500
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

1229
01:09:13,500 --> 01:09:15,700
Speed. 
But for distance per calorie. 

1230
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:20,100
Tripod, fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

1231
01:09:20,100 --> 01:09:24,000
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

1232
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:27,600
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

1233
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:30,899
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

1234
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:34,500
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

1235
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:39,000
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

1236
01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:40,600
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

1237
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:45,100
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in fishy of Bones 

1238
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:48,100
by radioactive decay in sediment
layers. 

1239
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:52,600
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine snow a glass sponge 

1240
01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:56,200
nearby might be 500 years old 
older than the founding of Saint

1241
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:58,600
Petersburg older than the Taj 
Mahal. 

1242
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:02,400
It's been sitting on this spot 
filtering water since the Ming 

1243
01:10:02,400 --> 01:10:05,600
Dynasty. 
If it could speak it would tell 

1244
01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:08,600
you that changes, something that
happens to other people in other

1245
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,400
places. 
Your submersible sampling arm 

1246
01:10:11,400 --> 01:10:13,400
extends and collects a core of 
sediment. 

1247
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:18,100
Chups two feet long, containing 
mud that represents roughly 2 

1248
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:21,400
million years of deposition. 
The bottom of this core is from 

1249
01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:24,600
the place to scene from a time 
when mastered owns walk the 

1250
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:26,900
earth and humans were just 
figuring out fire. 

1251
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:32,200
The top layer was deposited last
Tuesday, or maybe last month at 

1252
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:34,900
this rate of accumulation, the 
distinction is meaningless. 

1253
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:39,600
Crinoid sits attached to a rock 
and Aquino Derm. 

1254
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:41,400
That looks like a flower made of
arms. 

1255
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:45,100
Crinoids are sometimes called 
living fossils, though, that 

1256
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:47,900
term is somewhat misleading 
because all organisms are 

1257
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:50,500
equally evolved. 
Having had the same amount of 

1258
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:54,000
time to adapt their environments
but criminals do look. 

1259
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,700
Remarkably similar to their 
ancestors from 300 million years

1260
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:00,700
ago which suggests that their 
body plan works. 

1261
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,000
Well enough that there's been no
pressure to change it if it's 

1262
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:08,100
not broken, don't fix it. 
Even if not fixing it means 

1263
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:10,100
staying the same for geological 
errors. 

1264
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,500
The slow time of the deep ocean 
means that recovering from 

1265
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:15,900
disturbance takes decades or 
centuries. 

1266
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:19,600
If a submarine scrapes across 
the sea floor, the tracks can 

1267
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:24,100
remain visible for 50 years. 
If deep sea mining were to occur

1268
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:27,900
the Disturbed areas, wouldn't 
recover in any human meaningful 

1269
01:11:27,900 --> 01:11:30,600
time frame. 
The organisms here have adapted 

1270
01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:33,500
to stability to an environment 
that changes. 

1271
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:37,800
So slowly that they can afford 
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly

1272
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:42,100
and recover slowly. 
Rapid change is something their 

1273
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:46,100
biology simply isn't equipped to
handle. sea spider walks across 

1274
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:49,700
the sediment, not actually a 
spider, but a pecking, a gonad 

1275
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,000
creatures so weird that 
scientists had to give it its 

1276
01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:56,300
own taxonomic class. 
This particular specimen is 

1277
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:59,700
about the size of your hand. 
Moving with the deliberation of 

1278
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:02,800
something, that understands it 
has all day and all night, and 

1279
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:04,400
all year to get wherever it's 
going. 

1280
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:08,200
It's legs probe. 
The mud searching for small 

1281
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:12,100
worms or hydroids when it finds 
one it will feed for hours, 

1282
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:15,100
possibly days. 
Extracting nutrients. 

1283
01:12:15,100 --> 01:12:18,100
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading terms and conditions, 

1284
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:22,300
the concept of circadian 
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 

1285
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:24,400
cycle that govern most surface 
life. 

1286
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:28,500
Barely exists down here. 
There's no daylight cycle to 

1287
01:12:28,500 --> 01:12:32,200
synchronize to no reason for an 
organism to be more active at 

1288
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:35,700
one time than another. 
Some deep sea fish show activity

1289
01:12:35,700 --> 01:12:38,700
patterns that correspond to the 
vertical migration of prey from 

1290
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:43,900
above Peaks of activity every 12
or 24 hours, but many show, no 

1291
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:46,500
Cycles at all. 
They feed when they encounter 

1292
01:12:46,500 --> 01:12:50,100
food rest, when they don't and 
ignore the passage of time 

1293
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:53,400
entirely. 
Your instruments detect a slight

1294
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:57,400
current water moving at 
approximately one centimeter per

1295
01:12:57,400 --> 01:12:59,400
second or about two feet per 
minute. 

1296
01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:02,800
This is what passes for strong 
flow in the deep ocean. 

1297
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:05,400
Land. 
You wouldn't even feel this. 

1298
01:13:05,400 --> 01:13:07,800
It wouldn't roughly your hair or
cool, your skin. 

1299
01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:11,700
But down here, it's sufficient 
to influence where organisms 

1300
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:15,300
settle, which direction they 
faced and how they position 

1301
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:17,700
themselves to maximize food 
capture. 

1302
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:21,400
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 
piece of Driftwood that somehow 

1303
01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:24,200
made it down here. 
Probably sank after being 

1304
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:26,000
waterlogged for months at the 
surface. 

1305
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:30,700
The wood is being slowly 
consumed by bacteria and flies 

1306
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:34,600
would boring by valve's. 
This process will take decades. 

1307
01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:38,200
Similar piece of wood on land 
would be decomposed within 

1308
01:13:38,200 --> 01:13:40,800
years, maybe months in a humid 
environment. 

1309
01:13:40,800 --> 01:13:45,600
But down here in cold water, 
with limited oxygen and sparse 

1310
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,000
bacterial. 
Populations decomposition 

1311
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:52,300
happens at geological speeds. 
The slow time has stranger 

1312
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:55,700
effect on Evolution with 
generation times, measured in 

1313
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:59,600
decades, rather than years. 
And population sizes, often 

1314
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:03,800
small due to food scarcity, 
genetic changes take longer to 

1315
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:07,300
spread through population's, but
there's no less competition, 

1316
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:11,600
fewer environmental changes to 
adapt to and therefore less 

1317
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:15,400
selective pressure. 
Evolution here happens in slow 

1318
01:14:15,400 --> 01:14:18,800
motion, which is fitting for 
organisms that do everything in 

1319
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:22,400
slow motion. 
A cusp scale swims past one of 

1320
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:25,500
the deepest dwelling fish ever 
recorded, found at depths 

1321
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:29,700
exceeding 27,000 feet. 
It moves through the water with 

1322
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:33,800
minimal effort. 
Its body undulating slowly time 

1323
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:36,100
for this fish is measured 
differently than for surface 

1324
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:38,500
fish. 
Where a tuna might burn through 

1325
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,000
its energy reserves in hours of 
high speed swimming. 

1326
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:44,700
This husky can go weaks on a 
single small meal. 

1327
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:48,100
It's playing a completely 
different game one where 

1328
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:50,700
patients isn't a virtue but a 
survival requirement. 

1329
01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:54,100
The submersible's clock 
indicates, you've been on the 

1330
01:14:54,100 --> 01:14:57,400
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 
feels both longer and shorter 

1331
01:14:57,400 --> 01:15:00,400
than that longer. 
Because so little as happened, 

1332
01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:05,000
no dramatic events, no sudden, 
movements, no changes in the 

1333
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:08,200
environment shorter because the 
unchanging nature of your 

1334
01:15:08,208 --> 01:15:11,400
surroundings makes time feel 
compressed as if you just 

1335
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:13,700
arrived, it's already time to 
leave. 

1336
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:17,900
This is time at the bottom of 
the world, not linear, not 

1337
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:21,400
urgent, and not bound by the 
rotations and revolution's that 

1338
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:25,400
govern surface life, just the 
slow accumulation of moments and

1339
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:28,400
to ours into days into decades 
into centuries. 

1340
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:33,200
Each one identical to the last 
each one like to be identical to

1341
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:37,100
the next Time down here. 
Doesn't pass it. 

1342
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:40,500
Accumulates your submersible is 
ascending now. 

1343
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:45,300
Rising slowly through water that
humans have visited perhaps 20 

1344
01:15:45,300 --> 01:15:49,600
times in all of history. 20 
visits to a realm that covers 

1345
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,700
more than half. 
The planet's surface, we've sent

1346
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:57,000
more missions to the Moon. 12 
Apollo Landings alone than to 

1347
01:15:57,000 --> 01:16:01,100
the deepest parts of the ocean. 
We have better maps of Mars than

1348
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:03,500
of the sea floor. 
There are more people who've 

1349
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:05,900
walked in space than have been 
to the hadal Zone. 

1350
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:08,300
This fact should bother you more
than it does. 

1351
01:16:09,200 --> 01:16:13,000
We've designated ourselves, the 
dominant species on Earth, the 

1352
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:15,600
only ones with self-awareness 
and technology and Grand 

1353
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:18,800
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 
explored our own Planet. 

1354
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:22,300
The deep ocean Remains. 
The largest unexplored from tear

1355
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:25,700
on Earth, not because it's 
impossible to reach, but because

1356
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:29,100
it's expensive difficult and 
yields knowledge rather than 

1357
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:32,600
profit in 1960. 
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 

1358
01:16:32,600 --> 01:16:34,700
descended to the bottom of the 
Challenger Deep. 

1359
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:39,000
The deepest point in the ocean 
nearly 36,000 feet down. 

1360
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:43,000
They spent 20 minutes on the 
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 

1361
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:48,400
shrimp and return to the surface
then nothing It would be 52 

1362
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:53,400
years before anyone returned to 
that depth. 52 years in that 

1363
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:56,900
time, we sent humans to the 
Moon, six times launched, 

1364
01:16:56,900 --> 01:17:00,000
hundreds of satellites built, 
the International Space Station,

1365
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:03,200
and sent probes to every planet 
in the solar system. 

1366
01:17:04,100 --> 01:17:08,100
But the deepest part of our own 
ocean one, visit every 50 years 

1367
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,200
sounds about, right. 
The deep ocean doesn't make for 

1368
01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:15,100
good television. 
There are no stunning Vistas, no

1369
01:17:15,100 --> 01:17:19,000
dramatic Landscapes, and no 
charismatic megafauna. 

1370
01:17:19,700 --> 01:17:22,600
Just darkness. 
Mud and weird fish. 

1371
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:25,500
It's hard to get funding for 
exploring mud. 

1372
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:28,300
It's hard to get public interest
in creatures that look like 

1373
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:32,000
mistakes spaces. 
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 

1374
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,500
your assent. 
Continues 8,000 feet now. 

1375
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:40,400
Rising through the Abyssal Zone,
the organisms, your passing, the

1376
01:17:40,400 --> 01:17:43,300
jellyfish, the squid. 
The strange fish with impossible

1377
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:45,700
proportions. 
Have probably never seen a 

1378
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:48,100
submersible before might never 
see one. 

1379
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:51,100
Again, your lights are likely 
the brightest illumination. 

1380
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:53,900
They've experienced since well 
ever. 

1381
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:59,300
Your UFO to them and 
inexplicable intrusion of light,

1382
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:01,800
and noise and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

1383
01:18:01,800 --> 01:18:04,500
organic curves, and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

1384
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:08,800
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

1385
01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:12,700
ocean floor 5%. 
We know more about the surface 

1386
01:18:12,700 --> 01:18:16,200
of Venus where the temperature 
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 

1387
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:19,700
would flatten you instantly than
about significant portions of 

1388
01:18:19,708 --> 01:18:23,500
our own sea floor. 
We've mapped 100% of Venus, 

1389
01:18:23,500 --> 01:18:28,600
we've mapped 5% of the ocean 
floor at high resolution 6,000 

1390
01:18:28,600 --> 01:18:31,100
feet. 
Now your passing through zones, 

1391
01:18:31,100 --> 01:18:34,000
where scientists of collected, 
perhaps a dozen specimens of 

1392
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,600
certain species, we know these 
creatures exist because we've 

1393
01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:39,000
accidentally caught them in 
Nets. 

1394
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:43,300
But we don't know how they live,
where they breed, what they eat 

1395
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:47,500
or how long they survive. 
We have their bodies but not 

1396
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:50,500
their stories. 
The deep ocean, resists, human 

1397
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:52,800
intrusion, not through 
hostility, but through in 

1398
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,100
different, It doesn't care that 
we want to explore it. 

1399
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:00,800
It continues its cold, dark 
high-pressure existence. 

1400
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:03,800
Whether we visit or not, the 
organisms here have been 

1401
01:19:03,808 --> 01:19:06,600
evolving for hundreds of 
millions of years without human 

1402
01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:09,200
input and they'll continue 
evolving long. 

1403
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:11,900
After we're gone. 
Our submarines and submersibles 

1404
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:14,900
are footnotes in their world 
brief anomalies that appear 

1405
01:19:14,900 --> 01:19:18,200
collect a few samples. 
Take some photographs and vanish

1406
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:22,300
4,000 feet. 
Your approaching the depth where

1407
01:19:22,300 --> 01:19:25,900
submarines operate where human 
technology becomes more common. 

1408
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:28,900
But even here the visits are 
rare. 

1409
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:32,500
A military submarine might pass 
through these Waters once a 

1410
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,800
month or once a year research 
vessels, come even less 

1411
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:38,300
frequently. 
The creatures hear live their 

1412
01:19:38,300 --> 01:19:41,200
entire lives in near total 
isolation from Human 

1413
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:43,800
observation. 
There's something humbling about

1414
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:45,900
that. 
We like to think we've conquered

1415
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:47,700
Earth. 
That we've cataloged its 

1416
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:50,100
creatures, and mapped its 
terrain and understood its 

1417
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:52,800
systems. 
But the deeper ocean reminds us 

1418
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:56,200
that most of this planet is 
beyond our reach operating. 

1419
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:59,500
According to rules, we barely 
understand populated by 

1420
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,900
creatures, with never seen 2000 
feet. 

1421
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:06,800
Now you're in the Bethel Zone, 
where a few more submersible's 

1422
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:09,700
operate where some commercial 
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 

1423
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,600
But even here, human presence is
sporadic. 

1424
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:15,700
A trawler might drag the 
seafloor. 

1425
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,600
Once destroying Century old 
Coraline minutes, then move on. 

1426
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,500
The damage remains for decades 
but the humans who caused it 

1427
01:20:22,500 --> 01:20:25,800
never returned to see it. 
Scientists estimate that there 

1428
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:28,900
are potentially 1 million 
species living in the deep ocean

1429
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:33,200
that we haven't discovered yet 1
million in an age where we can 

1430
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:35,900
sequence genomes and edit genes 
and create artificial 

1431
01:20:35,900 --> 01:20:38,100
intelligence. 
We still don't know what lives 

1432
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:42,300
in 70% of our own Planet were 
cataloging exoplanets in other 

1433
01:20:42,300 --> 01:20:44,400
solar systems. 
While remaining fundamentally 

1434
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:48,200
ignorant of our oceans depths 
1,000 feet. 

1435
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:53,900
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

1436
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,100
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

1437
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:59,700
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

1438
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:02,700
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels. 

1439
01:21:02,700 --> 01:21:06,700
Submarines underwater, cables, 
offshore drilling platforms 

1440
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:09,200
technology is everywhere up 
here. 

1441
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:13,800
The contrast is striking In the 
space of a few hours, you've 

1442
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:15,700
moved from a place. 
Essentially Untouched by 

1443
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:19,300
Humanity to a place where human 
impact is everywhere. 

1444
01:21:19,300 --> 01:21:23,400
From sea floor that hasn't been 
Disturbed in Millennia to 

1445
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:27,600
Water's fished commercially from
darkness and isolation to light 

1446
01:21:27,600 --> 01:21:33,600
and intrusion. 500 feet. you can
see the surface now, a boundary 

1447
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:37,000
between worlds, a transition 
from the familiar to the alien 

1448
01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:43,200
above Sunlight warmth human, 
ships satellites, and billions 

1449
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:46,100
of people living their lives. 
Mostly unaware of what exists 

1450
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:51,800
below below, the cold, the dark,
the pressure, and the strange 

1451
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:53,800
slow. 
Life that persists and 

1452
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,600
conditions that would kill 
surface organisms instantly. 

1453
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:00,600
The submersible breaks through 
the surface with a slash that 

1454
01:22:00,600 --> 01:22:03,700
seems absurdly loud. 
After hours of near silents 

1455
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:08,100
water streams off the hull, the 
hatch opens and warm are floods 

1456
01:22:08,100 --> 01:22:10,600
in. 
Are that feels tropical compared

1457
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:14,700
to the refrigerated interior? 
He climb out into sunlight that 

1458
01:22:14,700 --> 01:22:19,100
seems impossibly bright painful.
Almost the research vessels 

1459
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:21,200
crane lifts the submersible from
the water. 

1460
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:25,400
The ocean surface rolls? 
Gently looking exactly the same 

1461
01:22:25,400 --> 01:22:26,800
as it. 
Did six hours ago. 

1462
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:31,100
Nothing about it suggests, What 
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 

1463
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,500
Darkness, the strange creatures 
the slow, time the alien. 

1464
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,700
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets. 

1465
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:41,700
You'll write a report scientists
will study or samples. 

1466
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:46,000
A few photographs will be 
published, and then everyone 

1467
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:49,000
will mostly forget. 
Because the deep ocean doesn't 

1468
01:22:49,000 --> 01:22:52,300
capture imagination. 
The way space does it doesn't 

1469
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:54,900
promise mineral wealth or 
strategic Advantage? 

1470
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:59,100
It's just their deep and dark 
and full of weird fish. 

1471
01:23:00,100 --> 01:23:02,800
But for the creatures down 
there, this is everything. 

1472
01:23:02,800 --> 01:23:07,100
This is their entire world. 
The only World they've ever 

1473
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:11,500
known or will know. 
And we are to them vanishingly 

1474
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:16,200
rare, the Legends, rumors, 
inexplicable lights that appear 

1475
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:19,400
once in a lifetime, if at all. 
The rare moments. 

1476
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:21,200
We arrived changing nothing for 
them. 

1477
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:25,000
The deep ocean continues. 
Its cold dark existence. 

1478
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,700
The Marine snow keeps falling. 
The tube worms. 

1479
01:23:28,700 --> 01:23:30,600
Keep filtering. 
Hydrogen sulfide. 

1480
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:33,200
The tripod fish. 
Keep waiting for food. 

1481
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:38,100
Time moves, slowly pressure 
remains constant and life 

1482
01:23:38,100 --> 01:23:42,400
persists in the dark with or 
without us your standing on the 

1483
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,700
deck of the research vessel 
watching the sun, set over the 

1484
01:23:45,700 --> 01:23:48,500
Pacific. 
The water is turning from Blue 

1485
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:52,400
to purple to almost black as the
light fades in an hour, it'll be

1486
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,400
completely dark surface dark the
kind where you can still see 

1487
01:23:55,400 --> 01:23:59,000
stars and shiplights, not deep 
ocean dark, which is a different

1488
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:02,800
thing entirely somewhere beneath
this ship four miles down, life 

1489
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:05,700
is continuing exactly as it has 
for millions of years. 

1490
01:24:06,700 --> 01:24:10,600
Sea cucumbers are processing, 
sediment fish, are waiting for 

1491
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:14,300
food, bacteria are converting 
chemicals into energy at 

1492
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:17,900
hydrothermal vents, and none of 
them know or care that humans 

1493
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:21,300
exist, that we've built 
civilizations and Technologies 

1494
01:24:21,300 --> 01:24:23,300
and dreams of exploring the 
universe. 

1495
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:27,700
The deep ocean represents 
Earth's final frontier, not. 

1496
01:24:27,700 --> 01:24:30,800
Because it's the last place to 
explore chronologically, but 

1497
01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:33,900
because it might be the last 
place we actually do explore 

1498
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:37,500
thoroughly. 
Space is the dream that captures

1499
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:39,700
human imagination. 
Mars. 

1500
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:44,600
The moons of Jupiter exoplanets,
orbiting distant Stars, These 

1501
01:24:44,600 --> 01:24:47,300
are the Frontiers that Inspire 
funding and public interest. 

1502
01:24:47,300 --> 01:24:55,100
The deep ocean is just there. 
Wet dark expensive to visit and 

1503
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:58,800
full of uncharismatic Foreigner,
but here's what we're missing. 

1504
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:02,800
The deep ocean is genuinely 
alien in ways that Mars isn't, 

1505
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:07,300
Mars is a dead world. 
It's cold dry and sterile. 

1506
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:10,300
If there's life there, it's 
probably microbial. 

1507
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:14,100
Probably hiding underground and 
probably not doing anything 

1508
01:25:14,100 --> 01:25:17,300
particularly interesting. 
The deep ocean is teeming with 

1509
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,600
complex life. 
Organisms with bizarre 

1510
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:23,500
adaptations. 
Intricate ecosystems and 

1511
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:25,400
evolutionary solutions to 
problems. 

1512
01:25:25,400 --> 01:25:29,200
We didn't know existed. 
It's alien life on our own 

1513
01:25:29,200 --> 01:25:31,400
planet and we're largely 
ignoring it. 

1514
01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:34,700
The pressure, the cold, the 
darkness. 

1515
01:25:34,700 --> 01:25:37,200
These aren't just obstacles to 
exploration. 

1516
01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:40,100
They're selective forces that 
have created organisms 

1517
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:42,900
fundamentally different from 
anything in our terrestrial 

1518
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:46,100
experience. 
A hadal snailfish that looks 

1519
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:50,700
like it's melting a gulper eel. 
That's mostly mouth a barrel 

1520
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:53,600
life fish with a transparent 
head and upward pointing tubular

1521
01:25:53,600 --> 01:25:55,900
eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

1522
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,700
creatures their real organisms 
that evolved to solve real 

1523
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:02,700
problems in real environments 
and we barely know them. 

1524
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:07,000
Most deep sea species are known 
from a handful of specimens, if 

1525
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:09,500
that? 
We have rough ideas about their 

1526
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,400
diets, vague estimates of their 
population. 

1527
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:18,000
And speculation about their 
reproduction, it's 2026 and we 

1528
01:26:18,008 --> 01:26:21,700
can sequence, the Genome of any 
organism we can catch, but we 

1529
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:24,300
can't catch most of them because
we don't know where they live or

1530
01:26:24,300 --> 01:26:26,300
how to find them. 
The sun is gone. 

1531
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:30,500
Now stars are appearing more 
than you can see from cities but

1532
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:32,400
still washed out by the ship's 
lights. 

1533
01:26:33,400 --> 01:26:36,100
Real darkness. 
The kind that makes the Deep 

1534
01:26:36,100 --> 01:26:38,800
oceans. 
Darkness, meaningful is hard to 

1535
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,600
find on Earth's surface anymore.
We've illuminated the land. 

1536
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:45,700
Lit up our cities and banished 
the night through technology. 

1537
01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:50,200
But the deep ocean remains dark 
indifferent to our lights, 

1538
01:26:50,200 --> 01:26:54,000
unchanged by our presence. 
Scientists talk about 

1539
01:26:54,000 --> 01:26:57,700
charismatic megafauna, the 
pandas Tigers elephants. 

1540
01:26:57,700 --> 01:27:01,300
And whales organisms that 
capture public imagination and 

1541
01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:05,200
drive conservation efforts. 
The deep ocean has almost no 

1542
01:27:05,200 --> 01:27:09,400
charismatic megafauna giant 
squids may be though, we filmed 

1543
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:13,000
living specimens, only a handful
of time's most deep sea 

1544
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:17,500
creatures are small, weird 
translucent and utterly lacking 

1545
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:21,000
in appeal to anyone who isn't a 
marine biologist or genuinely 

1546
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,100
strange. 
This presents a problem. 

1547
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:27,000
How do you conserve and protect 
ecosystems that people don't 

1548
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:29,800
care about? 
How do you prevent deep sea 

1549
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:32,600
mining when the alternative is 
mud? 

1550
01:27:33,500 --> 01:27:35,300
How do you regulate fishing in 
areas? 

1551
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:39,700
No one visits to species. 
No one's heard of the answer so 

1552
01:27:39,700 --> 01:27:41,400
far. 
Has been, we mostly don't. 

1553
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,700
The deep ocean remains, largely 
unregulated, unexplored, and 

1554
01:27:45,700 --> 01:27:48,900
unprotected. 
A few Marine reserves exist, but

1555
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:50,000
their drops. 
In an ocean. 

1556
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:53,300
Commerical interests are already
eyeing, the mineral deposits 

1557
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:57,700
around hydrothermal vents rich 
in Copper zinc and Rare Earth 

1558
01:27:57,700 --> 01:28:00,100
elements. 
The economics are compelling. 

1559
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:04,900
The ecological costs are unknown
but likely severe a crew member 

1560
01:28:04,900 --> 01:28:09,100
walks past heading below deck. 
The ship rocks gently in the 

1561
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:11,100
swells. 
Somewhere in the darkness, 

1562
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,900
Dolphins might be riding the 
bear wave or bioluminescent 

1563
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:17,300
Plankton might be creating 
glowing trails. 

1564
01:28:17,300 --> 01:28:19,600
In the water. 
The surface ocean is still 

1565
01:28:19,600 --> 01:28:22,000
magical in place is still 
capable of wonder. 

1566
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:26,800
But the real Mysteries, the real
alien environments are below. 

1567
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:29,600
The deep. 
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 

1568
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:32,500
the Abyssal Plains alone. 
Cover more area than all 

1569
01:28:32,500 --> 01:28:34,300
terrestrial. 
Habitats combined. 

1570
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:37,900
And we've sampled it about as 
thoroughly as you'd sample a 

1571
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:41,900
continent by collecting a few 
dozen shovels of dirt were 

1572
01:28:41,900 --> 01:28:46,000
extrapolating ecosystems from 
fragments inferring food, webs 

1573
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,200
from partial evidence and 
guessing at population Dynamics 

1574
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:52,900
based on mathematical models. 
This is fine for generating 

1575
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:56,000
authorities but it's a poor 
foundation for protecting 

1576
01:28:56,000 --> 01:28:57,500
ecosystems. 
We don't understand. 

1577
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:01,000
How do you assess the impact of 
deep sea mining? 

1578
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:02,400
When you don't know what lives 
there? 

1579
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:04,900
How do you prevent extinctions 
of species? 

1580
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:08,500
You haven't discovered, how do 
you balance resource extraction 

1581
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:12,100
against ecological preservation?
When the ecology is mostly 

1582
01:29:12,100 --> 01:29:14,300
guesswork? 
Stars are bright. 

1583
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:18,400
Now you can see the Milky Way a 
pale band across the sky. 

1584
01:29:19,200 --> 01:29:21,400
Billions of stars, many with 
planets. 

1585
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:24,400
Some of those planets 
potentially harboring life. 

1586
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:28,000
We're spending billions on 
telescopes and space missions to

1587
01:29:28,000 --> 01:29:30,800
find that life. 
While simultaneously ignoring 

1588
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:34,300
complex ecosystems in our own 
Ocean's, there's no 

1589
01:29:34,300 --> 01:29:37,900
contradiction really Space and 
ocean exploration aren't in 

1590
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:40,800
competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

1591
01:29:40,800 --> 01:29:43,500
we chose to, but the funding 
ratios reveal. 

1592
01:29:43,500 --> 01:29:47,900
Our priorities, space gets the 
money, the public interest and 

1593
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:51,000
the grand Ambitions. 
The ocean gets what's left over 

1594
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,700
which is not much. 
Maybe that's human nature. 

1595
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:57,600
We've always looked outward 
toward Horizon's towards what's 

1596
01:29:57,608 --> 01:29:59,100
beyond the next Hill or across 
the. 

1597
01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:01,900
Next ocean. 
Looking down into depths that 

1598
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:05,200
crush and freeze and hide their 
secrets doesn't trigger the same

1599
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:08,400
exploratory in pulse. 
But the ocean depths are 

1600
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:12,800
genuinely here. 
Genuinely alien genuinely full 

1601
01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:16,400
of discoveries, waiting to be 
made the deep ocean will Outlast

1602
01:30:16,400 --> 01:30:19,800
Humanity. 
When were gone, whether in 100 

1603
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:23,300
years or 100 million, the 
Abyssal Plains will still be 

1604
01:30:23,300 --> 01:30:27,000
accumulating settlement, 
Hydrothermal vents will still be

1605
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:30,700
creating Oasis of life and the 
hadal snailfish will still be 

1606
01:30:30,700 --> 01:30:31,800
doing. 
Whatever it is. 

1607
01:30:31,800 --> 01:30:35,500
Hodala snailfish do the ocean. 
Doesn't need us. 

1608
01:30:35,500 --> 01:30:39,200
It was here before we evolved 
and it'll be here after we're 

1609
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:41,200
extinct. 
But we need it in ways we 

1610
01:30:41,200 --> 01:30:44,000
probably don't fully appreciate 
the ocean. 

1611
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:48,200
Regulates climate produces 
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 

1612
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:51,900
and drives weather patterns. 
The deep ocean is part of that 

1613
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,900
system, not isolated from the 
surface, but connected through 

1614
01:30:55,900 --> 01:31:00,100
the slow mixing of water, the 
vertical migration of organisms 

1615
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:04,000
and the reign of organic matter 
from above, and we're changing 

1616
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:05,600
it. 
Ocean acidification. 

1617
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:09,600
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 
affecting deep sea organisms 

1618
01:31:09,600 --> 01:31:12,800
that have never dealt with ph 
changes warming. 

1619
01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:15,500
Surface waters are altering 
circulation patterns that 

1620
01:31:15,500 --> 01:31:18,900
determine when nutrients go, 
which affects what sinks to the 

1621
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:22,400
Deep plastic microparticles. 
Have been found at the bottom of

1622
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:25,200
the Marianna trench. 
We've managed to pollute the 

1623
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:29,000
deepest part of the ocean. 
A place we barely visit the deep

1624
01:31:29,000 --> 01:31:32,800
ocean is Earth's final frontier.
Not because it's the last place 

1625
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:35,800
left to explore, but because it 
might be the last place we 

1626
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:38,500
actually recognize as worth 
exploring before. 

1627
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,300
It's too late. 
Four, we've changed it too much 

1628
01:31:41,308 --> 01:31:44,500
to understand what it was before
we've lost species. 

1629
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:48,500
We never knew existed the ship's
engines rumbled to life. 

1630
01:31:49,200 --> 01:31:53,200
You're heading back to Port, 
back to land, back to the world 

1631
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:55,900
of air and sunlight and 
reasonable pressure. 

1632
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,000
The deep ocean. 
Recedes behind you, not 

1633
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:00,900
physically. 
It's still right there under the

1634
01:32:00,900 --> 01:32:04,700
ship but conceptually it becomes
something you visited rather 

1635
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:07,900
than something you're 
experiencing a memory rather 

1636
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:11,100
than an immediate reality. 
And that's how most people 

1637
01:32:11,100 --> 01:32:13,400
experience. 
The deep ocean, as an 

1638
01:32:13,400 --> 01:32:16,200
abstraction, a fact mentioned in
documentaries. 

1639
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:19,600
A place that exists 
theoretically but has no bearing

1640
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:23,200
on daily life. 
It is easier that way easier 

1641
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:26,600
than contemplating, the vast 
cold, dark volumes of water that

1642
01:32:26,600 --> 01:32:29,800
cover most of the planet. 
Easier than Imagining the 

1643
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:31,800
strange slow. 
Life that persists there. 

1644
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:36,200
But it exists regardless, the 
deep ocean doesn't need our 

1645
01:32:36,200 --> 01:32:39,200
acknowledgment or our 
understanding it's simply is 

1646
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:44,800
eternal patient indifferent. 
Earth's quiet, death. 

1647
01:32:45,700 --> 01:32:48,800
Were life found ways to persist 
that surface organisms would 

1648
01:32:48,800 --> 01:32:52,600
consider impossible where time 
moves differently, where light 

1649
01:32:52,600 --> 01:32:56,000
is a message rather than an 
environment and where food is 

1650
01:32:56,000 --> 01:33:00,600
rare and patience is everything.
Final frontier isn't out there 

1651
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:02,700
Among the Stars. 
It's down there. 

1652
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:06,700
Beneath our ships beneath our 
feet when we stand on the shore.

1653
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:12,900
Alien vast, mostly unknown and 
largely ignored, while we dream 

1654
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:15,800
of Mars, the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

1655
01:33:15,800 --> 01:33:20,000
The ocean roles beneath and 
somewhere in the darkness below,

1656
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,000
a depth that crushed. 
Submarines life continues. 

1657
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:30,000
Its slow patient existence with 
or without our attention with or

1658
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:36,200
without our understanding just 
continuing as it has, as it will

1659
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,300
in the end. 
That's what the deep ocean 

1660
01:33:38,300 --> 01:33:41,800
teaches us. 
Systems matters more than speed 

1661
01:33:41,800 --> 01:33:46,800
patients matters more than 
urgently and life finds ways to 

1662
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:48,900
exist in conditions that seem 
impossible. 

1663
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:52,100
The creatures of the deep aren't
trying to impress anyone, 

1664
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:55,500
they're not putting on a show, 
they're simply living in the 

1665
01:33:55,500 --> 01:33:57,300
only way that works in their 
environment. 

1666
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:00,900
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

1667
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:04,700
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

1668
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:08,800
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

1669
01:34:08,808 --> 01:34:11,900
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

1670
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:17,500
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

1671
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:22,700
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

1672
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:26,300
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

1673
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:31,200
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

1674
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:35,700
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

1675
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:39,800
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

1676
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:50,300
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.
Amelia Earhart's Legacy often 

1677
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:55,500
flashes by as a Brisk summary 
old pilot lost at sea yet behind

1678
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:59,300
that outline sits a life shape, 
by tumult, Restless curiosity 

1679
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:03,200
and unorthodox choices. 
Long before she took the pilot 

1680
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:07,000
seat, she navigated as a zigzag 
childhood molded by her father's

1681
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:10,700
struggles, her own Fierce 
Independence and an unrelenting 

1682
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:12,800
search for something that 
matched her hunger for 

1683
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:15,800
exploration. 
Born in 1897. 

1684
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:18,600
Amelia Mary. 
Earhart arrived during an age of

1685
01:35:18,608 --> 01:35:21,600
Rapid technological shifts 
horses, giving away to 

1686
01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:25,700
automobiles, electric lights, 
replacing oil, lamps, whilst 

1687
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:28,000
Society, clung to rigid, ideas 
about women's roles. 

1688
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:31,800
She already sent the convention 
would never satisfy her her 

1689
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:35,700
father, Edwin faced, recurring 
employment issues and a battle 

1690
01:35:35,708 --> 01:35:38,700
with alcoholism pushing the 
family from one Midwestern town,

1691
01:35:38,700 --> 01:35:41,900
to another her mother. 
Amy tried to soften these 

1692
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:45,400
disruptions but instability 
became a constant companion even

1693
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:48,500
as a child, Amelia bristled at 
traditional expectations for 

1694
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:52,300
girls, she climbed trees 
collected, insects and roamed 

1695
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:54,300
outside with an irrepressible 
sense of adventure. 

1696
01:35:55,200 --> 01:35:58,900
Some saw the behavior as a lack 
of etiquette Amelia viewed as 

1697
01:35:58,900 --> 01:36:03,700
following her instincts. 9908. 
Her father, took her to an air 

1698
01:36:03,700 --> 01:36:07,300
show in Des Moines At first, she
wasn't enthralled by the 

1699
01:36:07,308 --> 01:36:09,400
airport. 
Spectacle she gravitated more 

1700
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:12,700
toward mechanical toys on 
display yet the memory of Ricky 

1701
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:17,000
Hefty planes overhead planted a 
subtle seed machines capable of 

1702
01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:20,400
transcending everyday, 
boundaries financial and 

1703
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,100
personal troubles, deep and 
Amelia and her system. 

1704
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,000
Muriel moved to Chicago to live 
with friends. 

1705
01:36:25,000 --> 01:36:29,500
There Amelia saw the gap between
her Restless mind, and the rigid

1706
01:36:29,500 --> 01:36:32,800
structures of typical schooling.
She was competent in her 

1707
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:36,500
classes, that captivated by 
sevens science labs, and sports 

1708
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,900
Fields places where she could 
experiment physically and 

1709
01:36:39,900 --> 01:36:42,200
mentally Upon finishing high 
school. 

1710
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:45,500
She worked as a nurse's aide in 
Toronto during World War 1 

1711
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:49,800
tending to wounded soldiers, 
this glimpse of wartime grit and

1712
01:36:49,800 --> 01:36:52,000
sacrifice, gave her a new 
perspective on Courage. 

1713
01:36:52,000 --> 01:36:55,100
She encountered Airmen, who 
spoke of the sky as a place of 

1714
01:36:55,108 --> 01:36:58,700
both danger and Liberation. 
An idea that lingard in the back

1715
01:36:58,700 --> 01:37:01,700
of her mind. 
After the war Amelia briefly 

1716
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:04,700
studied at Columbia University 
flirting, with a path in 

1717
01:37:04,708 --> 01:37:07,200
medicine. 
But she felt caged by the 

1718
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,500
academic routine. 
She yearned for movement for 

1719
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:14,100
experiences that unsettled her 
comfort zone, all of this set 

1720
01:37:14,100 --> 01:37:18,200
the stage for 1920 when she took
a short ride, in an open cockpit

1721
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:20,100
plane over Long Beach, 
California. 

1722
01:37:21,200 --> 01:37:24,300
Frigid wind slapped her face, 
the engines raw rattled her 

1723
01:37:24,300 --> 01:37:28,400
bones, it wasn't glamorous, but 
it was real, she stepped off 

1724
01:37:28,400 --> 01:37:32,400
convinced, she had to learn to 
fly her family, unsettled by her

1725
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:35,700
father's ongoing issues, wasn't 
in a position to finance her 

1726
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:40,600
Ambitions, unfazed, Amelia took 
odd jobs photographer truck 

1727
01:37:40,600 --> 01:37:42,600
driver stenographer, scraping 
together. 

1728
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,500
The money for flight lessons in 
1921. 

1729
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:49,600
She found a female instructor 
net a snook which was itself a 

1730
01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:53,000
rarity Amelia's. 
Desiree fly was not some 

1731
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:56,100
fleeting thrill, it became the 
single driving force of her 

1732
01:37:56,100 --> 01:37:58,500
daily life. 
She would bicycle to the 

1733
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:01,700
Airfield at dawn face grimey 
hangers and endure. 

1734
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:04,200
The skepticism of all Lookers 
who saw flying as the realm of 

1735
01:38:04,208 --> 01:38:07,400
men or at best a passing novelty
for daring women. 

1736
01:38:09,000 --> 01:38:12,400
By 1922 Amelia saved enough to 
buy a used. 

1737
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:15,200
Kiner s to buy plain painted 
bright yellow. 

1738
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:18,800
She called it the canary she 
practiced take off some 

1739
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:22,900
landing's until her hands, ached
pushing the limits of that, 

1740
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:26,300
Ricky craft, she felt more alive
Aloft than anywhere else. 

1741
01:38:27,300 --> 01:38:30,300
The year 1923 brought her 
pilot's license from the 

1742
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:34,400
Fairfield Inn International That
piece of paper. 

1743
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:36,800
Symbolized not merely 
achievement, but independence 

1744
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:39,500
from the confining Norms she had
chafed against since childhood. 

1745
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:43,500
During these early chapters are,
heart was still something of an 

1746
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:46,600
unknown in public life. 
Yet her determination was 

1747
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:49,900
unwavering people around her. 
Noted are quite resolved rather 

1748
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:51,600
than a trumpeted sense of 
ambition. 

1749
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:54,900
She was also a tireless self 
promoter when necessary 

1750
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,400
skillfully networking to support
her dream. 

1751
01:38:57,400 --> 01:39:01,300
Even then adversity, followed 
her money, woes, mechanical 

1752
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:04,500
breakdowns, and persistent 
gender barriers, that, that 

1753
01:39:04,500 --> 01:39:08,300
persistence spark refused to dim
in these formative years. 

1754
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,700
Amelia Earhart discovered the 
two threads that were defined 

1755
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:15,500
her life, the power of flight to
break social boundaries and the 

1756
01:39:15,500 --> 01:39:17,400
will to confront whatever 
hurdles appeared. 

1757
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:21,600
She was no stranger to prepare 
his landing's, literal or 

1758
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:25,200
metaphorical. 
Each forced Landing taught her a

1759
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:28,600
new lesson about survival and 
each time she took off a game. 

1760
01:39:28,608 --> 01:39:32,400
She inched closer to rewriting. 
What the world expected from a 

1761
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:33,700
woman who refused to stay 
grounded. 

1762
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:38,700
She refused to accept limits. 
Amelia's Aviation career 

1763
01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:41,600
pivoted. 
In 1928 though, she'd set a 

1764
01:39:41,600 --> 01:39:44,200
women's out Jude record, she was
not widely known. 

1765
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,300
That changed when publisher 
George Putnam invited her on 

1766
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:51,900
transatlantic flight? 
Not as a pilot but as a 

1767
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:55,600
passenger to record flight data,
Many doubted a woman could 

1768
01:39:55,600 --> 01:39:57,400
duplicate Charles Lindbergh's 
feet. 

1769
01:39:57,400 --> 01:40:01,100
She saw the publicity potential 
despite the limited role. 

1770
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:06,000
The Fokker friendship left 
trappy, Harbour Newfoundland and

1771
01:40:06,000 --> 01:40:10,300
June 1928, Pilots Wilma Stoltz 
and Lewis Gordon flew the plane 

1772
01:40:10,300 --> 01:40:15,600
Amelia sat in the cabin both 
thrilled and frustrated after 20

1773
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:21,200
hours, they landed in Wales. 
lady Lindy, the Press crowd and 

1774
01:40:21,200 --> 01:40:25,500
nickname, she disliked she was 
proud, but uneasy She hadn't 

1775
01:40:25,500 --> 01:40:28,700
actually piloted the plane. 
Still, she harnessed the 

1776
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:32,800
attention working with partner, 
who became her, husband Emilia 

1777
01:40:32,800 --> 01:40:35,500
realized Fame, could Spotlight 
women's capabilities. 

1778
01:40:35,500 --> 01:40:39,400
She gave talks wrote articles 
and pushed against the belief 

1779
01:40:39,400 --> 01:40:43,100
that women belonged in narrow 
roles She argued that anyone 

1780
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:45,600
willing to face aviation's 
hazards was qualified for other 

1781
01:40:45,600 --> 01:40:49,400
fields as well. 
Flying then was perilous planes 

1782
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:53,400
were primitive navigation. 
On certain crashes, frequent men

1783
01:40:53,400 --> 01:40:55,600
monopolized the field due to 
entrenched power. 

1784
01:40:55,600 --> 01:41:00,900
Not Superior skill. 
Amelia often overlooked clean 

1785
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,500
tips from male aviators proving 
Adept at turning knowledge into 

1786
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:06,900
action. 
By 1930. 

1787
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:09,900
She was setting speed records 
knowing such achievements. 

1788
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:15,600
True sponsors Financial backing 
kept her in the air in 1932 five

1789
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:18,900
years after Lindbergh's solo 
Crossing Amelia tackled, it at 

1790
01:41:18,900 --> 01:41:20,800
the Atlantic alone she left 
Harbor. 

1791
01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:24,800
Grace Newfoundland aiming for 
Paris storms and mechanical 

1792
01:41:24,800 --> 01:41:27,800
troubles, forced her to land 
near London, Dairy, Northern 

1793
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:31,100
Ireland, she still became the 
first woman to fly solo across 

1794
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:35,200
the Atlantic A 14-hour deal 
included, icy winds and failing 

1795
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:37,600
instruments, exhausted upon 
Landing. 

1796
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:40,900
She casually mentioned, wanting 
hot chocolate and offhand 

1797
01:41:40,900 --> 01:41:42,500
remarked that In Deed. 
Had a Millions. 

1798
01:41:43,200 --> 01:41:45,600
Suddenly Queen of the air was 
everywhere. 

1799
01:41:46,400 --> 01:41:49,900
She tolerated the hype referring
to focus on her cause through 

1800
01:41:49,900 --> 01:41:53,700
speaking tours books and 
founding the 99s, she fought for

1801
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,300
female Pilots rights and pushed 
Airlines to hire women. 

1802
01:41:57,000 --> 01:41:59,800
She was firm yet. 
Courteous insisting that, if she

1803
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:02,600
could manage Transit, Atlantic 
flight, other barriers should 

1804
01:42:02,600 --> 01:42:04,900
fall. 
Her efforts, targeted 

1805
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:08,200
institutions, and attitudes. 
She recognized the power of 

1806
01:42:08,208 --> 01:42:12,600
formal networks, like the 99s 
giving women pilots a unified 

1807
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:16,500
voice, her personal Fame 
provided opportunities, which 

1808
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:18,900
utilized to exert, pressure on 
flight schools. 

1809
01:42:18,900 --> 01:42:22,500
And manufacturers beneath the 
public Persona, she was already 

1810
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:25,400
planning bigger. 
Horizons around the world flight

1811
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:28,300
which could further shatter 
doubts about women's roles in 

1812
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:31,100
aviation. 
Although cameras captured her 

1813
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:34,900
calm confidence, Amelia dealt 
with real danger in the skies 

1814
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:36,600
and Relentless scrutiny on the 
ground. 

1815
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,800
She paid no mind to Skeptics 
focusing instead on fuel 

1816
01:42:40,800 --> 01:42:43,400
capacity root planing and 
dancing. 

1817
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:46,100
Aircraft design celebrity wasn't
her end game. 

1818
01:42:46,100 --> 01:42:49,700
It was a tool to prove that 
women had the skill grit and 

1819
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:51,500
Imagination to lead in any 
domain. 

1820
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:55,800
By the early 1930s. 
She had evolved from an obscure 

1821
01:42:55,800 --> 01:42:59,500
pilot to a global symbol Showing
that records weren't mere 

1822
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:03,100
stunts, but gateways to 
progress, every new achievement 

1823
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:05,800
underscored her core belief, 
that barriers were Illusions 

1824
01:43:05,800 --> 01:43:09,800
thanking to be dismantled and 
the more she accomplished, the 

1825
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:12,500
more the world saw her courage, 
as a call for transformation, 

1826
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:16,700
each success, hinted that she 
and all women were only 

1827
01:43:16,700 --> 01:43:18,400
beginning to test the limits of 
possibility. 

1828
01:43:19,500 --> 01:43:23,200
A schedule became Relentless she
juggled flying demonstrations 

1829
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,100
interviews and writing 
commitments that funded her 

1830
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,400
daring Pursuits. 
She understood the power of mass

1831
01:43:29,400 --> 01:43:33,000
media yet was careful to remain 
authentic when reporters pressed

1832
01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:36,900
first Sensational stories. 
She gently steered conversations

1833
01:43:36,900 --> 01:43:40,600
toward practical issues, like 
improving airplane technology, 

1834
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:43,300
and securing better training 
opportunities for women. 

1835
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:46,400
At the same time. 
She refused to be pigeonholed as

1836
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:50,100
merely a women's champion. 
She emphasized that Aviation 

1837
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,500
itself was a realm of innovation
for everyone. 

1838
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:56,900
With Charles Lindbergh Wiley 
Post and other leading aviators.

1839
01:43:56,900 --> 01:44:00,200
She discussed breakthroughs and 
navigation systems where the 

1840
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,500
tracking and safety procedures 
her goal was to be taken. 

1841
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:06,800
Seriously, not just as a 
symbolic figure, but as a 

1842
01:44:06,800 --> 01:44:08,700
knowledgeable pilot shaping, the
future of flight. 

1843
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:12,700
Behind the scenes, she dealt 
with exhaustion and the white of

1844
01:44:12,700 --> 01:44:16,600
expectations friends, recalled 
her about insomnia and anxiety, 

1845
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:20,800
masked by her Poise exterior, 
despite these strains. 

1846
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:23,900
She pressed on, she convinced 
that flying offered a blueprint 

1847
01:44:23,900 --> 01:44:27,700
for a more open-minded Society. 
Each record set was more than a 

1848
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:31,100
personal Triumph, it was a 
collective push forward She 

1849
01:44:31,100 --> 01:44:33,700
often remarked that real change 
demanded more than a single 

1850
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:36,500
feet. 
It required sustained resolve 

1851
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:40,600
aviation in her view was the 
symbol of what Humanity could 

1852
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:42,500
accomplish. 
After a banding outdated 

1853
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:46,600
prejudices. 
By the mid-1930s, Amelia Earhart

1854
01:44:46,600 --> 01:44:50,600
balanced record setting, flights
a role as aviation's public face

1855
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:54,500
advocacy for women and musically
fashion Consulting. 

1856
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:56,900
Her relationship with George 
Putnam. 

1857
01:44:56,900 --> 01:44:59,800
Continued to evolve, though. 
He came from a publishing 

1858
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:02,200
background. 
He believed Amelia could be a 

1859
01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:05,200
aviation's brightest star in the
negotiated deals to fund her 

1860
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:07,500
Ambitions. 
They respected each other's 

1861
01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:09,600
autonomy. 
Even after marrying. 

1862
01:45:09,600 --> 01:45:11,700
A stance that defied social 
norms. 

1863
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:15,200
She refused to adopt his surname
or confine herself to 

1864
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:18,800
traditional wifely. 
Rolls, a choice that Drew gossip

1865
01:45:18,800 --> 01:45:22,500
but matched her insistence, on 
individuality putnam's PR skill.

1866
01:45:22,500 --> 01:45:26,600
Brought in dorsum offers from 
luggage to sportswear at Amelia 

1867
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:29,600
State selective wanting 
authenticity over empty 

1868
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:32,200
promotion. 
She used her public profile to 

1869
01:45:32,200 --> 01:45:35,400
push improvements in Flight, 
infrastructure to runways, 

1870
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:39,600
weather stations and aircraft 
maintenance far from Glory 

1871
01:45:39,600 --> 01:45:41,500
hunting. 
She believed proper resources, 

1872
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:43,500
would make Aviation safer and 
more accessible. 

1873
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:47,500
She also mentored younger Pilots
sharing the lesson that 

1874
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:51,200
technique not bravado saved 
lives in the sky. 

1875
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:55,400
In that vein, she helped design 
practical, clothing for female 

1876
01:45:55,400 --> 01:45:58,800
aviators, garments with 
functional pockets and flexible 

1877
01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:02,000
cuts to accommodate cockpit 
constraints critics called it 

1878
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,400
frivolous. 
But Amelia saw, it is another 

1879
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:06,700
step toward normalizing women in
the pilot seat. 

1880
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:10,800
If Society expected women to 
excel anywhere, why not equip 

1881
01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:15,000
them accordingly. 
By 1935, she had flown solo from

1882
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:18,000
Honolulu to Auckland and from 
Los Angeles to Mexico City. 

1883
01:46:18,700 --> 01:46:21,000
These features, showcased her 
Mastery of long-distance 

1884
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:22,700
navigation. 
When tools were rudimentary. 

1885
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,400
She studied weather charts and 
honed radio Direction, finding 

1886
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:29,600
knowing that minor 
miscalculation could be fatal, 

1887
01:46:29,600 --> 01:46:33,500
each successful, fueled a bigger
dream to circle the globe. 

1888
01:46:33,500 --> 01:46:36,800
This round the world quest 
wasn't near personal ambition. 

1889
01:46:37,700 --> 01:46:40,800
Amelia visioned it as a 
demonstration of evolving 

1890
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:44,200
aviation technology and a chance
to gather data for future 

1891
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:46,900
commercial routes. 
With the world growing more 

1892
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,200
interconnected. 
She believed, such a flight 

1893
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:52,700
could Blaze Trails for Global 
air travel yet the Endeavor 

1894
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:55,000
demanded a formidable, airplane,
and a solid team. 

1895
01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:59,600
The Lockheed model 10y Electra, 
a twin-engine crafts with the 

1896
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:03,800
necessary range came into play. 
In this situation back partly by

1897
01:47:03,800 --> 01:47:07,400
Purdue University where she 
advised female students on 

1898
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:11,100
Career paths, Amelia required 
and modified the plane, adding 

1899
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:13,200
fuel tanks and shedding, 
unnecessary weight. 

1900
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:17,300
She invited Fred Noonan an 
expert Navigator, familiar with 

1901
01:47:17,300 --> 01:47:21,400
Pacific routes to join her. 
The plan covered nearly 29,000 

1902
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:24,700
miles across multiple 
continents, each stop required 

1903
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:27,800
intricate coordination, 
arranging fuel Cashes in remote 

1904
01:47:27,800 --> 01:47:31,200
airstrips securing, radio 
frequencies and ensuring local 

1905
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:33,700
permissions. 
The Press buzzed incessantly 

1906
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:37,200
about her root, and her gear 
public Fascination sword. 

1907
01:47:37,200 --> 01:47:40,900
That Amelia kept her Poise 
recognizing that no amount of 

1908
01:47:40,908 --> 01:47:43,700
planning could guarantee success
against the capriciousness of 

1909
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:47,200
weather and machinery. 
Though, in interviews, she 

1910
01:47:47,200 --> 01:47:50,800
privately weighed the risks. 
Storms mechanical failure, 

1911
01:47:50,800 --> 01:47:54,200
Halls, human errors, any could 
derail the flight. 

1912
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:57,900
Yet, she was no stranger to 
Danger having built her career 

1913
01:47:57,900 --> 01:48:00,100
on the thin line between 
ambition and peril. 

1914
01:48:01,000 --> 01:48:03,100
He saw risk as part of forging 
New Paths. 

1915
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,400
Echoing her lifelong stance, 
progress, often demanded 

1916
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:09,300
boldness. 
Her entire adult life had been a

1917
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:11,800
testament to stepping into 
Uncharted Territory but the 

1918
01:48:11,800 --> 01:48:15,300
challenging social norms or 
expanding the very Frontiers of 

1919
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:19,000
Flight. 
In early 1937, her first attempt

1920
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:21,600
of the round-the-world flight, 
suffered a crash in Hawaii 

1921
01:48:21,600 --> 01:48:25,700
damaging the Electra undaunted 
she regrouped repaired the plane

1922
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:29,700
and adjusted her route. 
Determination was her Hallmark a

1923
01:48:29,700 --> 01:48:33,200
blend of practicality and daring
as she finalized her second 

1924
01:48:33,200 --> 01:48:35,300
attempt. 
She noted in public statements 

1925
01:48:35,300 --> 01:48:37,500
that records and accolades 
weren't her primary aim. 

1926
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:41,400
She wanted real data on Roots, 
fueling strategies and 

1927
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,000
navigational tactics. 
The flight would offer 

1928
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:46,900
invaluable insights for the 
commercial airlines that would 

1929
01:48:46,900 --> 01:48:47,800
soon cross. 
Oceans. 

1930
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,900
Routinely That stance. 
Embodied Amelia's. 

1931
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:54,700
Broader philosophy. 
Each high-profile flight was 

1932
01:48:54,700 --> 01:48:57,600
less about personal Conquest 
than about broadening Horizons 

1933
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:00,800
for everyone. 
She had devoted years to proving

1934
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,500
that women were fully capable, 
but she also believed that 

1935
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:05,800
Aviation itself was the wave of 
the future. 

1936
01:49:05,800 --> 01:49:09,500
In bridging these perspectives, 
she became an avatar of 

1937
01:49:09,508 --> 01:49:12,600
possibility, a living emblem of 
how one individuals 

1938
01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:15,000
determination could shift 
cultural assumptions. 

1939
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:19,900
And now he's for her Greatest 
Adventure yet Emilia was ready 

1940
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:23,300
to test the limits. 
Again a risk Laden gamble that 

1941
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,700
might cement her reputation or 
cast it into haunting on 

1942
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:30,700
certainly a calm Outlook belied.
The sheer complexity of her 

1943
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:33,100
plans. 
She understood that failure 

1944
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:35,500
would breed critics, who 
believed women had no place in 

1945
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:39,500
extreme Aviation yet? 
She moved forward convinced that

1946
01:49:39,500 --> 01:49:43,000
taking flight for knowledge and 
progress was worth every risk. 

1947
01:49:43,700 --> 01:49:47,100
And Amelia's view flying wasn't.
Just her Destiny, it was a 

1948
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:49,300
collective Awakening and 
societal evolution. 

1949
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:52,900
Amelia Earhart's, second round 
the world attempt launched on 

1950
01:49:52,908 --> 01:49:57,700
May the 21st 1937 from Oakland 
California this time. 

1951
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:00,500
She and Fred Noonan flew. 
Eastward hopping between 

1952
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:02,200
continents with the Lockheed 
Electra. 

1953
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:06,900
The trip started smoothly moving
from Miami through Central and 

1954
01:50:06,900 --> 01:50:09,400
South America, then across the 
Atlantic into Africa. 

1955
01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:13,800
Each stop brought fresh 
refueling challenges mechanical,

1956
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:17,100
checks, and updated weather 
data, but Amelia maintained her 

1957
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:21,300
signature resolve By June their 
traversed, Africa and the Middle

1958
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:25,200
East arriving in India, mid 
Monsoon rains, a pressed onto 

1959
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:27,200
South East. 
Asia Landing in locales like 

1960
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:31,900
Rangoon and Singapore places. 
Few Americans had seen Amelia's 

1961
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:35,700
dispatches, noted extreme heat 
erratic wind currents and the 

1962
01:50:35,700 --> 01:50:37,400
rigorous demands of accurate 
navigation. 

1963
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:41,600
Fred Noonan's precise staff 
fixes ensured they stayed on 

1964
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:43,800
course, despite unpredictable 
Skies. 

1965
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:47,700
Eventually, they reached New 
Guinea with about 7,000 miles to

1966
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:49,700
go. 
The next leg game for Howland 

1967
01:50:49,700 --> 01:50:53,600
Island a tiny speculative. 
Pacific US Coast Guard Cutter. 

1968
01:50:53,600 --> 01:50:57,100
Tasker would guide them via 
radio, finding such a miniscule,

1969
01:50:57,100 --> 01:51:01,300
Island required near perfect 
navigation and clear whether On 

1970
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:06,600
July 2nd 1937, they departed lay
in the pre-dawn darkness loaded 

1971
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:08,800
with fuel for roughly 20 hours, 
a loft. 

1972
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:12,200
They transmitted periodic 
position reports at first 

1973
01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:15,900
signals were clear. 
Then Amelia's messages hinted at

1974
01:51:15,900 --> 01:51:19,500
difficulty pinpointing Howland 
overcast conditions, likely 

1975
01:51:19,500 --> 01:51:22,500
obstructed Newnan Celestial 
fixes radio. 

1976
01:51:22,500 --> 01:51:24,500
Contact with the attacker became
sporadic. 

1977
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:27,400
Some messages were garbled, 
others in complete. 

1978
01:51:27,400 --> 01:51:31,100
She mentioned low fuel and an 
inability to spot the island, 

1979
01:51:31,100 --> 01:51:37,200
their final known transmission. 
We are online 157, 337 running 

1980
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:40,200
North and South. 
Then silence. 

1981
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:43,900
The attacker initiated a massive
search. 

1982
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:47,400
Scouring, open ocean for any 
sign of the Electra. 

1983
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:52,000
Naval ships joined searching 
nearby Waters and atolls, no 

1984
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:55,600
wreckage surface. 
Weeks passed and official 

1985
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:57,500
efforts. 
Wound down public. 

1986
01:51:57,500 --> 01:52:02,300
Disbelief was immediate George 
Putnam, finer, sir, private 

1987
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:06,000
searches clinging to hope that 
Amelia Nunan might be stranded 

1988
01:52:06,000 --> 01:52:10,300
or rescued, rumors swirled 
capture by Foreign forces, 

1989
01:52:10,300 --> 01:52:14,600
survival under new identities, 
or mechanical failure, leading 

1990
01:52:14,600 --> 01:52:18,400
to a fatal crash. 
Eventually, prevailing theories 

1991
01:52:18,400 --> 01:52:20,900
pointed to fuel exhaustion. 
In a crash at sea. 

1992
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:25,300
Howland Island had proved 
elusive even to Skilled aviators

1993
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:29,300
for admirers worldwide. 
A disappearance, felt unreal, 

1994
01:52:29,300 --> 01:52:33,000
she'd seemed Unstoppable, a 
figure, who pushed boundaries 

1995
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:37,100
without fear Now the iconic 
pilot vanished into the 

1996
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:41,500
Pacific's expanse, her lost 
struck, a nerve amplifying the 

1997
01:52:41,500 --> 01:52:43,700
emotional investment. 
Many had in her journey. 

1998
01:52:44,500 --> 01:52:48,000
Yet as shocked turned to grief, 
her achievements took on a 

1999
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:50,500
different Hue. 
No longer just records, but 

2000
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:54,300
Testaments to a bold spirit. 
Films newsreels. 

2001
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,300
And reprints of her articles 
kept her story alive. 

2002
01:52:57,300 --> 01:53:01,400
School children learned of her 
Feats and future women pilots 

2003
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:05,300
cited her as inspiration. 
Final flight overshadowed the 

2004
01:53:05,308 --> 01:53:08,600
rest of her life, but it also 
Caster as a perennial question, 

2005
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:10,600
mark, fueling endless 
conjecture. 

2006
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:13,400
Some insisted she was alive 
somewhere. 

2007
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:17,100
Others believe the crash was 
certain uncovered no physical 

2008
01:53:17,100 --> 01:53:19,700
proof. 
Still others proposed exotic. 

2009
01:53:19,700 --> 01:53:22,300
Scenarios each more elaborate 
than the last. 

2010
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:26,700
None provided to have evidence. 
Ultimately, most accepted that 

2011
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:30,000
she and Noonan perished at Sea, 
undone by the navigational 

2012
01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:32,800
complications, Changing Winds or
plain bad luck. 

2013
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,300
Yet Amelia's Legacy was 
strangely enhanced by the 

2014
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:38,900
mystery. 
She had championed possibility, 

2015
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,800
and the idea that she might be 
out there unfound kept that 

2016
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:45,200
possibility alive in people's 
minds. 

2017
01:53:46,000 --> 01:53:49,000
The line between myth and 
history blurred she had become 

2018
01:53:49,000 --> 01:53:51,200
more than a pilot. 
She was an avatar of human 

2019
01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:54,800
daring, her story, infused, with
both Triumph and tragedy. 

2020
01:53:54,800 --> 01:53:58,900
If anything, the unsolved nature
of her final voyage cemented her

2021
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:02,900
place in public consciousness. 
Institutions named in her on a 

2022
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,300
sprang up. 
Researchers kept pursuing leads 

2023
01:54:05,300 --> 01:54:08,000
on remote Islands. 
Pointing to Castaway remains or 

2024
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:11,300
scattered debris. 
Each new fragment reigniting 

2025
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:13,800
debates. 
The fascination, endured 

2026
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:17,200
Crossing generations, and 
continents in the wake of her 

2027
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:20,200
loss, the aviation Community 
pushed for better, safety 

2028
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:23,500
measures, improved radio, 
technology, and refined 

2029
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:26,300
navigation techniques. 
Governments funded more 

2030
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:28,900
comprehensive maps and placed 
greater emphasis on the weather 

2031
01:54:28,900 --> 01:54:31,800
forecasting. 
Ironically Amelia's demise 

2032
01:54:31,800 --> 01:54:34,000
accelerated. 
The very reformed she had long 

2033
01:54:34,000 --> 01:54:36,400
advocated. 
If she could have witnessed the 

2034
01:54:36,400 --> 01:54:39,800
progress, she might have nodded 
quietly pleased that even in 

2035
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:42,800
absence. 
She was moving Aviation forward 

2036
01:54:42,800 --> 01:54:47,500
and so the world mourned 
searched and eventually accepted

2037
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:52,200
its heartbreak. 
Amelia Earhart, who smiling face

2038
01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:54,900
at a donned magazines and whose 
gritty determination broke. 

2039
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:58,000
Barriers was gone. 
But rather than diminishing, her

2040
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:01,100
impact her disappearance etched 
her into the global 

2041
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:03,700
consciousness. 
Hers became a story of 

2042
01:55:03,700 --> 01:55:07,500
possibility, cut short. 
He had also Eternal a reflection

2043
01:55:07,500 --> 01:55:11,000
of How High Humanity can climb 
and how unforgiving the frontier

2044
01:55:11,000 --> 01:55:15,200
can be undeniably. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

2045
01:55:15,200 --> 01:55:16,600
Amelia Earhart's. 
Disappearance. 

2046
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:20,200
The public learned, the scope of
the desperate, search underway. 

2047
01:55:20,200 --> 01:55:22,700
The Coast Guard Cutter. 
A paska. 

2048
01:55:22,700 --> 01:55:25,200
Had already been combing, the 
waters around Howland Island 

2049
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,900
that the US Navy soon. 
Mobilized launching one of the 

2050
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:32,600
most extensive rescue efforts in
peace time history over several 

2051
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:35,800
weeks ships and airplanes found 
out across the Central Pacific 

2052
01:55:35,800 --> 01:55:39,500
scanning for any sign of 
wreckage or survivors, military,

2053
01:55:39,500 --> 01:55:42,900
personnel, interviewed Islanders
contacted passing vessels and 

2054
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:45,700
monitored all radio frequencies 
for stray signals, that might 

2055
01:55:45,700 --> 01:55:49,000
lead them to the missing plane, 
George Putnam destroyed, but 

2056
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:52,900
Resolute, organized, private 
Expeditions of the years own He 

2057
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:55,900
poured personal funds into 
hiring search craft offering 

2058
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:58,600
rewards for credible, 
information messages, from 

2059
01:55:58,600 --> 01:56:01,100
Sidekicks adventurers and 
self-appointed. 

2060
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:04,300
Investigators flooded his 
office, though, many leads were 

2061
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:08,400
far fetched Platinum refused to 
dismiss them outright afraid of 

2062
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:10,400
missing any clue. 
That might point to Amelia's 

2063
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:12,700
location. 
A handful of newspapers 

2064
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:14,900
criticized. 
The urgency questioning the 

2065
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:17,700
expense at a time when Global 
tensions were on the rise. 

2066
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:21,600
Still for countless admirers 
worldwide, the operation was a 

2067
01:56:21,600 --> 01:56:24,400
moral duty, someone as 
groundbreaking as Amelia, should

2068
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:28,100
not simply vanish without every 
effort to locate her rumors 

2069
01:56:28,100 --> 01:56:31,500
bloomed early on some claim she 
had been spotted in distant 

2070
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:34,100
ports. 
Fueling speculation of a forced 

2071
01:56:34,100 --> 01:56:36,700
Landing followed by rescue under
mysterious circumstances. 

2072
01:56:36,700 --> 01:56:40,200
Others pointed to unconfirmed 
transmission that briefly 

2073
01:56:40,200 --> 01:56:42,300
crackled over shortwave radios 
in the days. 

2074
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,400
Following her disappearance 
could it be Amelia calling for 

2075
01:56:45,400 --> 01:56:49,400
help Enthusiast hung on each 
scrap of reported signal though.

2076
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:53,100
None were convincingly traced to
the missing Electra The mass of 

2077
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:56,500
conflicting stories stoked to 
Media Friendzy with headlines 

2078
01:56:56,500 --> 01:56:59,900
proclaiming everything from 
miraculous survival to Sinister 

2079
01:56:59,900 --> 01:57:02,500
conspiracies in official 
circles. 

2080
01:57:02,500 --> 01:57:06,300
However, evidence began to 
narrow reports, from the 

2081
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:09,000
attacker indicated that Amelia's
last radio messages. 

2082
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:13,000
Had grown increasingly urgent 
low on fuel uncertain of her 

2083
01:57:13,000 --> 01:57:15,800
coordinates. 
She was racing Against Time in a

2084
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:19,600
vast expanse of ocean. 
Naval commanders, a moved by her

2085
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:21,700
bravery understood the grimaud 
odds. 

2086
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:24,700
Even if are Horton, Newnan had 
survived a water landing 

2087
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:28,000
floating in the Pacific's, 
punishing heat without an 

2088
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:30,800
adequate raft or supplies would 
be a daunting ordeal. 

2089
01:57:31,500 --> 01:57:33,900
Within a month, the military 
scaled back the large-scale 

2090
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:37,400
search having spent millions of 
dollars and covered an enormous 

2091
01:57:37,400 --> 01:57:39,508
swath of the Pacific. 
They found no trace of the 

2092
01:57:39,516 --> 01:57:42,800
Electra while certain remote 
atolls and reefs remained 

2093
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:46,200
unexamined the probability of 
finding survivors dwindled by 

2094
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:48,900
the day. 
Public statements struck a 

2095
01:57:48,900 --> 01:57:50,900
balance between honoring 
Amelia's accomplishments and 

2096
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,300
reconciling with the likely 
outcome. 

2097
01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:56,800
George Putnam refused to give up
for many months. 

2098
01:57:56,800 --> 01:57:59,900
He funded private efforts to 
investigate scattered Lee's 

2099
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:03,500
small vessels sale to the 
forgotten Islands examining 

2100
01:58:03,500 --> 01:58:05,500
debris, that never matched 
Amelia's plane. 

2101
01:58:06,200 --> 01:58:09,600
Tire tracks in the sand bits of 
metal, and rumors of Castaways 

2102
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,500
all turned out to be dead ends 
or unrelated artifacts. 

2103
01:58:13,300 --> 01:58:15,700
As the search continued public 
opinion. 

2104
01:58:15,700 --> 01:58:18,400
Split between mournful 
acceptance and stubborn hope. 

2105
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:21,900
The iconic pilot had carried. 
The aspirations of countless 

2106
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:24,600
fans who believed she symbolized
Limitless possibility. 

2107
01:58:24,600 --> 01:58:27,700
Now, they wrestled with her 
apparent demise. 

2108
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:30,600
At the same time, her 
disappearance captured the 

2109
01:58:30,600 --> 01:58:32,700
imagination of those who 
preferred a more dramatic 

2110
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:36,700
explanation could foreign powers
have seized her suspecting 

2111
01:58:36,700 --> 01:58:39,800
Espionage, could she have 
orchestrated a disappearance to 

2112
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:44,400
evade recognition each guest, no
matter how Wild found at least a

2113
01:58:44,400 --> 01:58:48,000
small core of Believers? 
Meanwhile tributes poured in 

2114
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:51,100
from every corner schools. 
Held ceremonies newspapers 

2115
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:54,300
published retrospectives and 
radio stations aired stories of 

2116
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:57,700
her earlier, triumphs letters, 
expressing admiration flooded, 

2117
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:01,000
the offices of Aviation clubs, 
numerous individuals, 

2118
01:59:01,000 --> 01:59:03,400
highlighted Amelia's 
contribution to Paving the way 

2119
01:59:03,400 --> 01:59:06,100
for women. 
She could challenge the skies 

2120
01:59:06,100 --> 01:59:08,800
that they reasoned. 
Then others could challenge in 

2121
01:59:08,800 --> 01:59:13,300
trench, social barriers. 
Politicians 2 vote her Legacy, 

2122
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:17,200
in calls for expanded, roles for
women in the workforce, hoping 

2123
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:19,100
to harness The public's 
admiration for her 

2124
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:23,200
accomplishments. 
Like early 1938 the official 

2125
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:26,700
verdict leaned heavily toward a 
crash at Sea within another 

2126
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:29,300
year. 
Amelia Earhart would be declared

2127
01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:32,300
legally dead. 
George Putnam exhausted and 

2128
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:35,500
grieving continued to write 
about her life insurance. 

2129
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,900
Her name stayed in the public 
consciousness Having traveled 

2130
01:59:38,900 --> 01:59:42,800
alongside her in countless ways.
He refused to let a silent ocean

2131
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:44,400
claim. 
The last word on her story, 

2132
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:48,800
photographs of Amelia smiling in
front of her plane goggles 

2133
01:59:48,800 --> 01:59:51,900
perched on her forehead, 
remained pinned to his walls 

2134
01:59:51,900 --> 01:59:55,300
reminders that her spirit 
daring, and unbreakable 

2135
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:57,600
transcended, whatever fated 
before. 

2136
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:01,000
And her in the public eye, she 
had already entered a realm 

2137
02:00:01,008 --> 02:00:02,600
where myth and memory 
intertwined. 

2138
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:06,800
In the years, after Amelia 
Earhart's disappearance her 

2139
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,900
story wove itself. 
Deeply into the culture, shaping

2140
02:00:09,900 --> 02:00:13,000
discussions of exploration, 
gender roles, and national 

2141
02:00:13,000 --> 02:00:16,500
identity, while the global press
initially focused on the 

2142
02:00:16,500 --> 02:00:19,700
southern void, left by her 
Vanishing, Attention soon 

2143
02:00:19,700 --> 02:00:21,900
shifted toward analyzing what 
she had embodied. 

2144
02:00:22,600 --> 02:00:25,300
She had shown that an American 
woman could stand shoulder to 

2145
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:28,500
shoulder with prominent male 
aviators, forging a path in a 

2146
02:00:28,500 --> 02:00:31,900
field, still dominated by men. 
Her example, lingard in the 

2147
02:00:31,908 --> 02:00:34,200
minds of young women 
contemplating Fields, 

2148
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,400
traditionally closed to the, not
just in aviation, but in 

2149
02:00:37,400 --> 02:00:41,300
science, technology Beyond. 
Institutions. 

2150
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:45,100
Bearing her name's. 
Sprang up elementary schools in 

2151
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,800
the United States adopted the 
moniker Earhart to honor her 

2152
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:51,700
daring spirit. 
Scholarships were established to

2153
02:00:51,700 --> 02:00:54,900
support aspiring women. 
Pilots sometimes endowed by 

2154
02:00:54,908 --> 02:00:57,600
contributors who had followed 
her final flight with bated 

2155
02:00:57,600 --> 02:01:00,000
breath. 
Though, these gestures varied in

2156
02:01:00,000 --> 02:01:04,000
size and scope each underscored 
a collective drive to keep her 

2157
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:07,500
influence alive. 
The 99s, the organization for 

2158
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:11,500
female Pilots, that Amelia had 
helped found Continued to 

2159
02:01:11,500 --> 02:01:14,600
recruit social communion to 
recruit members nurturing. 

2160
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:18,300
A new generation unafraid to 
push boundaries Beyond formal. 

2161
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:21,800
Commemorations Earhart's 
disappearance fueled research 

2162
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,200
aimed at preventing similar. 
Tragedies early radio equipment 

2163
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:30,200
had proven unreliable host 1937 
advances focused on refining 

2164
02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:33,700
both hardware and communication.
Protocols governments funded 

2165
02:01:33,700 --> 02:01:36,600
studies of weather, patterns 
leading to better forecasting. 

2166
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,000
Aviation experts develop more 
rigorous standards for 

2167
02:01:40,000 --> 02:01:43,500
navigation, ensuring that 
future, Pilots received Advanced

2168
02:01:43,500 --> 02:01:47,800
Training and Celestial fixes and
radio Direction finding Some 

2169
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:50,500
historians argue that the 
spotlight on Amelia's. 

2170
02:01:50,500 --> 02:01:52,200
Disappearance hasten. 
These improvements. 

2171
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:56,200
Whether intentionally or not she
prompted and acceleration of 

2172
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:59,800
aeronautical progress. 
Meanwhile, theories about her 

2173
02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:03,900
fate refused to fade self-style.
Detectives scoured, archival 

2174
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:08,600
records analyzing ship logs and 
rumored citing, the late 1940s, 

2175
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,500
a handful of American servicemen
stationed in the Pacific heard, 

2176
02:02:12,500 --> 02:02:15,500
local Tales of a foreign pilot 
washing ashore years earlier. 

2177
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:19,600
Spurring renewed hunts for 
evidence occasionally fragments 

2178
02:02:19,600 --> 02:02:22,200
of aluminum or skeletons. 
Found on remote atolls were 

2179
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:24,600
touted as proof of their hearts 
final resting place. 

2180
02:02:25,600 --> 02:02:28,200
Yet attempts to link such 
discoveries conclusively, to 

2181
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:31,000
Amelia, or Fred. 
Noonan, always felt suited, or 

2182
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:33,700
short. 
With each new claim came, 

2183
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:37,200
another wave of media coverage, 
keeping the question of her end 

2184
02:02:37,200 --> 02:02:40,800
alive in the public. 
Mind, hop culture seized on the 

2185
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:43,900
mystery, weaving it into novels 
films and radio. 

2186
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:46,500
Dramas. 
Some portrayed her as a spy 

2187
02:02:46,500 --> 02:02:49,300
captured by hostile forces. 
Others imagined, her 

2188
02:02:49,300 --> 02:02:51,000
deliberately disappearing to 
live in peace. 

2189
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:54,200
He's fictional takes 
occasionally, drew the ire of 

2190
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:56,100
those who believe they 
trivialized her Legacy. 

2191
02:02:56,100 --> 02:02:59,000
Yeah, they brought her name 
before audiences. 

2192
02:02:59,000 --> 02:03:01,300
That might not. 
Otherwise have pondered the 

2193
02:03:01,300 --> 02:03:05,900
achievements of a woman pilot in
the 1930s Her Image Grace 

2194
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:09,500
magazine covers well, in to the 
1950s, often paired with 

2195
02:03:09,500 --> 02:03:11,700
captions. 
Urging readers, to remember her 

2196
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:15,400
pioneering flights, rather than 
fixating solely on the unknown. 

2197
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:18,400
For women determined to forge 
their own paths. 

2198
02:03:18,400 --> 02:03:21,300
Amelia's tale carried. 
A particular resonance. 

2199
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,200
During World War Two thousands 
of women trained as pilots in 

2200
02:03:25,200 --> 02:03:28,500
programs like that women Air 
Force service pilot. 

2201
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:32,500
Although she was no longer 
around to witness it her example

2202
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:36,100
had laid crucial groundwork 
Veterans of those programs cited

2203
02:03:36,100 --> 02:03:39,100
her, as a reason they believed, 
Aviation could be for them too. 

2204
02:03:39,100 --> 02:03:42,100
They viewed her last flight as 
the ultimate expression of her 

2205
02:03:42,100 --> 02:03:44,700
courage, continuing until the 
sky itself. 

2206
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:48,300
Refused her any further critic, 
sometimes questioned whether her

2207
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:50,900
Fame overshadowed the 
contributions of less heralded 

2208
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:54,600
female aviators. 
Indeed Earhart's photogenic 

2209
02:03:54,600 --> 02:03:57,200
presence and collaboration with 
George putnam's media. 

2210
02:03:57,200 --> 02:04:00,800
Machine set her apart, but many 
recognized that she had used her

2211
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:02,800
visibility to Champion broader 
goals. 

2212
02:04:03,500 --> 02:04:06,300
She consistently advocated for 
other women, flyers and used 

2213
02:04:06,300 --> 02:04:09,100
press opportunities to highlight
the achievements of colleague, 

2214
02:04:09,100 --> 02:04:12,200
who lacked her public platform. 
If she stood alone in the 

2215
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:15,600
spotlight She also attempted to 
shine it on everyone else, 

2216
02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:17,900
struggling for legitimacy. 
In aviation's ranks. 

2217
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:21,300
By the mid-20th century are 
Hart's. 

2218
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:25,200
Name had become short-hand from 
bounded aspiration newspapers 

2219
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:29,200
like in daring explorers to 
Modern Amelia Earhart's. 

2220
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:33,400
Corporation cited, her spirit in
ad campaigns about pushing past 

2221
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,400
limitations yet behind the 
commercial rebranding, layer 

2222
02:04:36,400 --> 02:04:39,000
them hiding truth. 
She had effectively proven that 

2223
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:41,100
gender need not be an impediment
to ambition. 

2224
02:04:42,200 --> 02:04:45,400
Even decades later that message 
helped profound significance. 

2225
02:04:46,500 --> 02:04:48,900
For every skeptical, remark 
about knowing your place, 

2226
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:53,100
Earhart's memory, offered a 
counter-argument that risks were

2227
02:04:53,100 --> 02:04:55,100
there to be taken from tears to 
be tested. 

2228
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:58,500
And that sometimes only the Bold
see how far they can really go. 

2229
02:04:59,500 --> 02:05:03,400
Today, the name Amelia Earhart, 
conjures images of resilience 

2230
02:05:03,400 --> 02:05:06,500
and intrigue. 
Countless books, documentaries 

2231
02:05:06,500 --> 02:05:08,800
and academic. 
Analyzes have attempted to 

2232
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:10,800
decipher her character and 
significance. 

2233
02:05:11,700 --> 02:05:13,700
Perhaps that is the ultimate 
measure of her impact. 

2234
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:17,600
She remains relevant long after 
her planes, final tragic flight.

2235
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:20,700
In a world that has seen 
astronauts circling the earth 

2236
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:24,300
and Rovers, traversing Mars, her
achievements might look modest 

2237
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:29,100
on paper, it context is 
everything in her era, Crossing 

2238
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:31,600
an ocean by are, was a feat 
teetering, on the verge of 

2239
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:34,700
impossibility. 
Specially for a woman barred 

2240
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,400
from many of the support systems
offered to male peers. 

2241
02:05:38,300 --> 02:05:41,600
Her influence extends, well, 
beyond Aviation modern 

2242
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,400
discussion of women's 
leadership, work-life, balance 

2243
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:47,800
and personal autonomy, still 
reference are Hart's, refusal to

2244
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:51,200
bow to Convention. 
The fourth right way, she lived 

2245
02:05:51,200 --> 02:05:55,000
maintaining her separate 
finances after marriage decline 

2246
02:05:55,000 --> 02:05:58,400
to adopt her husband's surname 
and refusing to drop her career.

2247
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:01,300
Resonates with individuals who 
chase under traditional 

2248
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:03,800
expectations. 
She showed that it was possible 

2249
02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:07,200
to be both admired and 
outspoken, both widely loved and

2250
02:06:07,200 --> 02:06:11,300
a bastardly independent This 
combination of traits keeps her 

2251
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:14,800
relevant in each new wave of 
feminism, even as cultural norms

2252
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:17,800
continue to shift. 
Then there is the simple matter 

2253
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:20,300
of mystery. 
Human beings are drawn to 

2254
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:23,000
stories with open endings and 
Amelia's. 

2255
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,700
Disappearance leaves. 
Avoid the speculation rushes to 

2256
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:30,100
fill. 
Expedition still venture to 

2257
02:06:30,108 --> 02:06:33,300
distant Pacific Islands, 
sifting, through detritus, in 

2258
02:06:33,308 --> 02:06:37,400
search of conclusive answers. 
High-tech scanners DNA, testing 

2259
02:06:37,400 --> 02:06:40,400
and underwater drones have all 
been employed in attempts to 

2260
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:44,400
find the Electra, or discover 
her remains each new rumor or 

2261
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:47,700
photographs Sparks interest. 
However, fleeting in the notion 

2262
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:50,700
that a solution to the riddle is
just around the corner that 

2263
02:06:50,700 --> 02:06:52,600
Quest has persisted for nearly a
century. 

2264
02:06:53,400 --> 02:06:56,100
A testament to her lasting, hold
on, people's imaginations. 

2265
02:06:56,100 --> 02:06:59,200
In many ways. 
The romance of Amelia, Earhart, 

2266
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:01,000
story lies in its human 
dementia. 

2267
02:07:01,000 --> 02:07:04,800
She was fallible, prone to 
anxiety, and physical exhaustion

2268
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,400
yet, outwardly composed. 
She made daring choices while 

2269
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:12,000
maintaining a certain down to 
earth practicality, a writing's 

2270
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:14,800
reveal a person. 
Keenly aware of mortality, yet 

2271
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:19,100
unwilling to let fear dictate 
her trajectory that balance of 

2272
02:07:19,100 --> 02:07:21,000
measured caution and determined 
optimism. 

2273
02:07:21,000 --> 02:07:23,400
He was her Legend a credible, 
warmth. 

2274
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,100
She did not seek to become a 
myth, she sought to become a 

2275
02:07:27,100 --> 02:07:30,900
better pilot and in doing so 
helped recast the boundaries for

2276
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:34,200
what women could do. 
Time has a way of distilling, a 

2277
02:07:34,200 --> 02:07:36,500
person's accomplishments until 
only the major highlights 

2278
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:39,100
remain. 
In Earhart's case those 

2279
02:07:39,100 --> 02:07:41,800
highlights aluminous enough. 
The first woman to cross the 

2280
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:45,700
Atlantic by are a Fearless 
record breaker, a voice 

2281
02:07:45,700 --> 02:07:49,500
championing women's legitimacy 
in aviation and the architect of

2282
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,700
a near World circling Journey 
that ended all too soon. 

2283
02:07:53,800 --> 02:07:56,500
Yet her true gift to posterity, 
is the blueprint she left for 

2284
02:07:56,500 --> 02:07:59,900
challenging expectations. 
Every time someone questioned, 

2285
02:07:59,900 --> 02:08:02,800
the status quo, every time a 
woman pursues, a field that 

2286
02:08:02,800 --> 02:08:06,200
wants excluded. 
Her a sliver of Amelia Spirit, 

2287
02:08:06,200 --> 02:08:09,700
resonates though, formal statues
and memorials exist. 

2288
02:08:09,700 --> 02:08:12,800
Perhaps the most fitting, 
tribute lies in the intangible. 

2289
02:08:14,100 --> 02:08:16,300
Her Legacy thrives in the 
collective consciousness. 

2290
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,700
Crossing Borders and cultures. 
Schoolchildren undertake 

2291
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,900
projects on her life. 
Discovering that bravery and 

2292
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:27,600
curiosity can upend established,
Norms, non-profit, groups 

2293
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:29,500
continued awarding Scholarships 
in her name. 

2294
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:33,000
In the girls from Modest, 
backgrounds can earn their wings

2295
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:36,700
Engineers astronauts and even 
entrepreneurs site tourism 

2296
02:08:36,700 --> 02:08:40,000
influence, exemplifying 
self-reliance and bold vision. 

2297
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:43,800
Critics might argue that the 
aura surrounding Amelia Earhart,

2298
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:48,200
romanticizes risk-taking indeed.
She faced criticisms in her 

2299
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:50,000
lifetime for the dangerous she 
accepted. 

2300
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:54,100
But her approach grounded in 
rigorous practice and serious, 

2301
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,600
study suggests, she treated risk
as a necessary ingredient in 

2302
02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:01,500
progress, not a reckless thrill,
the spirit that drove her 

2303
02:09:01,500 --> 02:09:03,300
planes. 
Into the sky, Was the Same 

2304
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:05,100
Spirit. 
That drives any Pioneer. 

2305
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:08,400
An abiding desire to see what 
lies Beyond the Horizon. 

2306
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:12,700
As we consider her today, we 
find that her story is less 

2307
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:15,700
about flight than about 
transcending limitations. 

2308
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:18,700
She didn't really fly. 
She challenged the gravitational

2309
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:22,500
pull of societies assumptions. 
That she vanished while pursuing

2310
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:26,500
her grandest ambition, adds a 
paradoxical layer of both sorrow

2311
02:09:26,500 --> 02:09:29,600
and admiration. 
Yet her final lesson endures. 

2312
02:09:29,600 --> 02:09:32,900
Uncharted Territory remains 
waiting. 

2313
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:34,600
For those who dare to step off 
the map. 

2314
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:38,500
In that sense, she is still a 
loft guiding those who look 

2315
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,700
skyward with the dreams of 
possibility and a steadfast 

2316
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:44,500
refusal to accept the confines 
of others of drawn. 

2317
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:54,400
You know, that feeling when you 
realize you've been completely 

2318
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:56,900
oblivious to something that was 
right in front of your face the 

2319
02:09:56,900 --> 02:09:59,400
whole time. 
Like when you finally notice 

2320
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,200
your neighbor's been waving at 
you for three years and you 

2321
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:03,900
thought they had some sort of 
nervous. 

2322
02:10:03,900 --> 02:10:08,500
Tic, well, imagine that feeling 
but multiply it by about a 

2323
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:11,900
thousand and you'll get close to
what archaeologists felt when 

2324
02:10:11,900 --> 02:10:14,300
they stumbled upon one of 
history's most overlooked 

2325
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:19,000
communication systems It started
as these things often do with 

2326
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:21,300
someone having a perfectly 
ordinary day, that was about to 

2327
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:24,800
become extraordinary. 
Dr. Elena Vasquez was having her

2328
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:28,300
morning coffee in a Dusty tent 
outside Cairo squinting at 

2329
02:10:28,300 --> 02:10:31,100
Pottery, sherds that looked 
about as exciting as yesterday's

2330
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:34,200
newspaper, when her graduate 
student markers bursts in with 

2331
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:37,200
the enthusiasm of a golden 
retriever, who'd found the 

2332
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:41,200
world's best stick. 
Professor, you have to see this,

2333
02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:43,800
you practically shouted 
clutching a fragment of ancient 

2334
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:46,000
painted plaster, like it 
contained the secrets of the 

2335
02:10:46,000 --> 02:10:48,300
universe, which has it turned 
out. 

2336
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,500
It kind of did the fragment 
showed what appeared to be a 

2337
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:55,300
typical Egyptian banquet scene, 
you know, the type where 

2338
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:57,700
everyone sitting around looking 
impossibly, elegant, while 

2339
02:10:57,700 --> 02:10:59,500
servants, found them with giant 
feathers. 

2340
02:11:00,500 --> 02:11:03,600
But Marcus had noticed something
that generations of Scholars had

2341
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:07,300
somehow missed every single 
person at this bankwit had their

2342
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,100
hair arranged in a completely 
different style and more 

2343
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,700
importantly, these style seem to
follow very specific patterns. 

2344
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:17,800
You see for centuries historians
had assumed that ancient 

2345
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:20,900
hairstyles were just fashion 
statements like how we might 

2346
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:23,400
choose between a bobble layers, 
based on what magazine. 

2347
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:26,300
We flip through at the salon. 
But what if hair wasn't just 

2348
02:11:26,300 --> 02:11:28,700
about looking good? 
What if it was actually a 

2349
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,500
sophisticated communication 
system as complex and nuanced as

2350
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:36,300
any written language, The idea 
seemed ridiculous at first, 

2351
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:40,100
after all, how could something 
as simple as how you wore your 

2352
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:44,100
hair carry, meaning Beyond, I'm 
having a good hair day or I 

2353
02:11:44,100 --> 02:11:47,800
clearly gave up on life this 
morning. but the more Elena and 

2354
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:51,300
Marcus examine the fragment the 
more patterns, they discovered 

2355
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:54,800
the woman with three braids 
wound with gold thread was 

2356
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:58,600
positioned next to the man with 
the elaborate topknot, while the

2357
02:11:58,600 --> 02:12:01,400
figure with Loose Hair, adorned 
with lotus flowers sat across 

2358
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:03,300
from someone whose hair was 
completely covered. 

2359
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:06,300
It was like looking at a 
crossword puzzle where you 

2360
02:12:06,300 --> 02:12:08,200
suddenly realized. 
All the clues are connected. 

2361
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:11,800
The positioning was not random. 
It was deliberate meaningful 

2362
02:12:11,800 --> 02:12:15,500
coded, these people were just 
sitting around eating grapes and

2363
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:17,700
looking fabulous. 
They were having a conversation 

2364
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:19,800
and their hair was doing all the
talking. 

2365
02:12:21,200 --> 02:12:24,500
As Elena now called coffee. 
She felt that familiar. 

2366
02:12:24,500 --> 02:12:27,300
Tingle that archaeologists, get 
when there are about to turn the

2367
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:30,900
academic world upside down. 
It's the same feeling you get 

2368
02:12:30,900 --> 02:12:33,100
when you're about to tell 
someone a secret that's going to

2369
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:36,200
blow their mind. 
Except in this case the secret 

2370
02:12:36,200 --> 02:12:39,500
had been hiding in plain sight 
for thousands of years, the 

2371
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:43,000
implications were staggering if 
hair truly functioned as a 

2372
02:12:43,000 --> 02:12:44,300
secret language in ancient 
Egypt. 

2373
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:48,100
What about other cultures at 
archaeologists been looking at 

2374
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:51,800
countless artifacts paintings 
and sculptures without realizing

2375
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:54,200
they were essentially reading 
books with half the words 

2376
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:56,300
missing. 
It would be like trying to 

2377
02:12:56,308 --> 02:12:58,700
understand a conversation by 
only listening to every other 

2378
02:12:58,700 --> 02:13:02,100
sentence technically possible, 
but you're definitely going to 

2379
02:13:02,100 --> 02:13:06,400
miss some crucial plot points. 
Eleanor sat down her coffee cup 

2380
02:13:06,400 --> 02:13:08,500
with his decisive. 
Clink of someone who's just made

2381
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:11,900
a life-changing decision, She 
was going to prove that hair, 

2382
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:14,100
wasn't just about Aesthetics in 
the ancient world. 

2383
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:18,900
It was about communication, 
status identity and social 

2384
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:21,200
navigation. 
All rolled into one beautifully,

2385
02:13:21,200 --> 02:13:24,600
elaborate system. 
And if she was right every 

2386
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,200
Museum in the world, had been 
displaying, what a mounted to 

2387
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:29,800
ancient text messages completely
unaware. 

2388
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:32,300
That they were looking at some 
of Humanity's earliest social 

2389
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,100
media posts. 
Little did she know that this 

2390
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:36,800
discovery would lead her down a 
rabbit hole? 

2391
02:13:36,808 --> 02:13:39,500
So deep and winding that she had
on the other side. 

2392
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:42,200
With completely new, 
understanding of how our 

2393
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:46,600
ancestors communicated loved 
fought and lived their daily 

2394
02:13:46,600 --> 02:13:49,200
lives. 
All through the simple that 

2395
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:51,400
profound Act of arranging the 
hair on their heads. 

2396
02:13:51,400 --> 02:13:54,200
You might think that cracking 
ancient haircut would be like, 

2397
02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:57,300
solving a jigsaw puzzle where 
half the piece is a missing and 

2398
02:13:57,300 --> 02:14:00,100
the other half are covered in 
dust and you'd be absolutely 

2399
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,100
right. 
However, Eleanor had 

2400
02:14:03,108 --> 02:14:06,100
consistently embraced challenges
when faced with chaos? 

2401
02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:09,100
Her realization that she'd been 
approaching the problem 

2402
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:12,200
incorrectly led to a 
breakthrough. instead of trying 

2403
02:14:12,200 --> 02:14:15,300
to decode individual hairstyles,
like some sort of follicular 

2404
02:14:15,300 --> 02:14:18,400
Rosetta Stone, She needed to 
look at the relationships 

2405
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:21,100
between different styles within 
the same cultural context. 

2406
02:14:21,100 --> 02:14:24,400
It was like realizing that you 
can't understand what thumbs up 

2407
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:26,800
means by just staring at a 
thumb. 

2408
02:14:26,800 --> 02:14:30,500
You need to know when where and 
how people use it? 

2409
02:14:31,400 --> 02:14:33,200
Elena started with what she 
knew. 

2410
02:14:33,200 --> 02:14:36,500
Ancient Egyptian art was 
Notorious for its Precision, 

2411
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:41,000
every hieroglyph, every color, 
and every positioning had 

2412
02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:45,500
meaning If the Egyptians were 
that meticulous about drawing a 

2413
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:47,800
bird to represent a sound, 
surely, they won't just 

2414
02:14:47,800 --> 02:14:49,900
randomly, doodling hairstyles 
for the fun of it. 

2415
02:14:51,300 --> 02:14:53,300
She began cataloging every 
depiction of hair. 

2416
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:56,700
She could find in Egyptian art 
from tomb, painting to Temple. 

2417
02:14:56,700 --> 02:14:58,600
Carvings to Papyrus 
illustration. 

2418
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:03,100
At first, the catalog appeared 
monotonous with page after page 

2419
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:05,800
of ancient, updos braids, and 
headpieces that would leave a 

2420
02:15:05,808 --> 02:15:07,600
modern wedding planner in a 
state of envy. 

2421
02:15:08,600 --> 02:15:10,900
But slowly patterns began to 
emerge. 

2422
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,400
Women depicted in domestic 
scenes consistently wore their 

2423
02:15:14,408 --> 02:15:18,200
hair in simple lower 
Arrangements, often with minimal

2424
02:15:18,200 --> 02:15:21,500
decoration. 
But the same women, when Shonen 

2425
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:24,900
religious ceremonies suddenly 
sprouted elaborate constructions

2426
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,400
that defied both gravity and 
reasonable styling time, it 

2427
02:15:28,400 --> 02:15:30,300
wasn't that they were getting 
dressed up for special 

2428
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:32,500
occasions. 
It was that they were literally 

2429
02:15:32,500 --> 02:15:35,600
changing their message. 
The domestic hair seemed to 

2430
02:15:35,608 --> 02:15:38,900
communicate availability 
approachability and fertility, 

2431
02:15:38,900 --> 02:15:41,300
think of it. 
As the ancient equivalent of 

2432
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,500
wearing your comfiest jeans and 
a world's best mom t-shirt, 

2433
02:15:45,400 --> 02:15:49,700
however, the ceremonial hair 
represented, a form of pure 

2434
02:15:49,700 --> 02:15:52,800
power communication. 
Those towering a rangements 

2435
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:55,500
studied with gold ornaments 
weren't just showing off wealth,

2436
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,200
they were broadcasting 
Authority, Divine connection, 

2437
02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:01,400
and social status. 
So loudly that they might as 

2438
02:16:01,400 --> 02:16:03,300
well have come with their 
ancient PA system. 

2439
02:16:04,600 --> 02:16:06,800
Ellen, has real Epiphany 
occurred when she began 

2440
02:16:06,800 --> 02:16:10,500
examining the men's hairstyles. 
For years, Scholars, had largely

2441
02:16:10,500 --> 02:16:12,400
ignored male grooming in Ancient
Art. 

2442
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,300
Assuming it was less complex 
than women Stylez. 

2443
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:19,000
This Elena realized was, like, 
assuming that ties are just 

2444
02:16:19,008 --> 02:16:22,000
decorative strips of fabric, and
stead of recognizing their role 

2445
02:16:22,000 --> 02:16:25,000
as subtle indicators of 
professional personality and 

2446
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:29,600
occasion. ancient Egyptian men, 
it turned out had their own 

2447
02:16:29,600 --> 02:16:33,000
sophisticated hair, vocabulary, 
Priests kept their heads 

2448
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:36,700
completely shaved the visual 
representation of Purity and 

2449
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:39,400
dedication to the Gods. 
But they didn't just save 

2450
02:16:39,400 --> 02:16:43,500
randomly the timing of when they
shaved, how often they shaved 

2451
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:46,200
and what they wore to cover 
their boldness, all carried 

2452
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,299
meaning. 
A priest with a perfectly smooth

2453
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:51,799
scalp was saying something, very
different from one with the 

2454
02:16:51,808 --> 02:16:55,100
faintest, double and both were 
distinct from the high priest, 

2455
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:58,400
who wore an elaborate headdress 
that compensated for his lack of

2456
02:16:58,400 --> 02:17:02,000
actual hair with symbolic power 
military, men wore their hair in

2457
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:04,799
Practical short styles that 
nonetheless managed to 

2458
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:07,700
communicate rank through subtle 
variations in length and 

2459
02:17:07,700 --> 02:17:10,200
styling. 
A general's hair might look 

2460
02:17:10,200 --> 02:17:13,100
similar to a foot soldiers from 
a distance but up close. 

2461
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:15,900
The difference is were as clear 
as military insignia. 

2462
02:17:15,900 --> 02:17:19,600
The General's hair would be 
precisely trimmed perhaps with 

2463
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:22,700
small braids that indicated his 
victory while the soldiers 

2464
02:17:22,700 --> 02:17:26,100
simpler style, communicated, his
Readiness for battle and his 

2465
02:17:26,108 --> 02:17:30,100
place in the hierarchy. 
Elena found herself staying up 

2466
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,200
late into the night pouring over
images by Lamplight. 

2467
02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:36,799
Like a detective solving a Cold 
Case, each new piece of evidence

2468
02:17:36,799 --> 02:17:38,400
added another layer to the 
picture. 

2469
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,700
Hair wasn't just communication. 
It was a complete social 

2470
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:46,700
operating system, it told you 
who they were what they did, 

2471
02:17:46,700 --> 02:17:50,900
their social status, if they 
were single, what gods, they 

2472
02:17:50,907 --> 02:17:53,299
worshiped and maybe what they 
had for breakfast. 

2473
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,799
The more she learned, the more, 
she realized that modern people 

2474
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:00,400
had completely lost touch with 
this ancient wisdom. 

2475
02:18:00,400 --> 02:18:04,400
We might spend fortunes on 
haircuts and products, but we 

2476
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:07,600
use our hair primarily for 
personal expression rather than 

2477
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:11,100
social communication. 
Imagine if your hairstyle could 

2478
02:18:11,100 --> 02:18:14,700
tell everyone, you met your job,
your relationship, status your 

2479
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:17,600
political affiliations, and your
current mood. 

2480
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:21,600
All without saying a word, it 
would be, like, carrying around 

2481
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,900
a constantly, updating personal 
billboard and everyone around. 

2482
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:26,400
You would be fluent in reading 
it. 

2483
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:30,600
As Elena's research progressed, 
she began to suspect that the 

2484
02:18:30,608 --> 02:18:32,600
Egyptians weren't unique in this
practice. 

2485
02:18:33,400 --> 02:18:36,000
If hair could serve as a secret 
language, in one ancient 

2486
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:39,000
culture, surely others have 
developed their own follicular 

2487
02:18:39,000 --> 02:18:42,500
communication systems The 
question was, how many 

2488
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:45,400
civilizations have been having 
entire conversations over our 

2489
02:18:45,400 --> 02:18:48,799
heads for thousands of years and
we just been admiring their 

2490
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:51,299
fashion sense. 
You know how sometimes you meet 

2491
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:53,799
someone who completely shatters 
your assumptions about what 

2492
02:18:53,799 --> 02:18:57,000
they're going to be like. 
Helena felt that way about the 

2493
02:18:57,000 --> 02:18:59,700
Vikings when she started 
investigating their relationship

2494
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,400
with hair. 
She'd expected to find a bunch 

2495
02:19:02,400 --> 02:19:04,900
of rough and tumble Warriors, 
who may be braided their beards 

2496
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:07,799
when they remembered to not a 
sophisticated culture with a 

2497
02:19:07,808 --> 02:19:10,600
hair communication system that 
made Modern social media. 

2498
02:19:10,600 --> 02:19:14,700
Look primitive The Vikings it 
turned out were absolutely 

2499
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:18,600
obsessed with hair. 
However, it was not about vanity

2500
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:20,400
or fashion in the way you might 
expect. 

2501
02:19:21,400 --> 02:19:24,900
For them hair held immense 
significance influencing 

2502
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:28,100
everything from social status to
the likelihood of survival 

2503
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,400
during a raid. 
Elena discovered these facts 

2504
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:34,400
when she started examining 
Viking burial sights With A New 

2505
02:19:34,400 --> 02:19:37,700
Perspective instead of just 
cataloging the weapons and 

2506
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:40,600
jewelery buried with the 
deceased, she began paying 

2507
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:43,299
attention to how their hair had 
been arranged for their final 

2508
02:19:43,299 --> 02:19:45,900
Journey. 
What she found was remarkable. 

2509
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:49,600
Every single burial showed 
evidence of deliberate 

2510
02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:52,900
hairstyling even when the body 
had been buried quickly or 

2511
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:57,200
indifferent circumstances. 
Viking men, contrary to popular 

2512
02:19:57,200 --> 02:19:59,300
belief. 
Didn't just let their hair grow 

2513
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:02,300
wild and free like extras in a 
heavy metal music video. 

2514
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:05,700
They maintained their hair with 
the same attention to detail 

2515
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:07,200
that they applied to their 
weapons. 

2516
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:10,300
A Warrior's hair told. 
The story of his life. 

2517
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:14,700
Each braid might represent a 
successful raid a defeated enemy

2518
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:18,400
or a heroic deed. 
Long hair was a symbol of 

2519
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:20,700
strength and virility but one 
had to earn it. 

2520
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,200
You couldn't just decide to grow
your hair long. 

2521
02:20:23,200 --> 02:20:26,000
Your community had to recognize 
that you'd achieve something 

2522
02:20:26,000 --> 02:20:30,600
worthy of long hair privilege. 
The really fascinating part was 

2523
02:20:30,600 --> 02:20:33,700
how Viking hair Customs differed
based on your role in society? 

2524
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:38,100
Y'alls, the Viking equivalent of
nobles wore, their hair in 

2525
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:40,700
complex Arrangements that took 
serious time and skill to 

2526
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:43,400
achieve. 
The practice wasn't just showing

2527
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:45,500
off. 
It was a practical demonstration

2528
02:20:45,500 --> 02:20:48,200
that they had enough wealth and 
status to spend hours on 

2529
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:49,800
grooming instead of manual 
labor. 

2530
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:54,700
Their hair was essentially a 
walking resume but the Vikings 

2531
02:20:54,700 --> 02:20:57,800
also used hair to communicate 
temporary States and intention. 

2532
02:20:58,700 --> 02:21:01,400
A warrior preparing for battle 
might braid his hair in a 

2533
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:04,600
specific pattern that announced 
his Readiness to die gloriously.

2534
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:08,000
While someone seeking to 
negotiate a peaceful resolution 

2535
02:21:08,000 --> 02:21:10,900
would arrange their hair to 
Signal non-threatening 

2536
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,700
intentions. 
It was like having a universal 

2537
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:16,400
mood ring that everyone in your 
culture could read from a cross 

2538
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:19,500
along house. 
Eleanor was particularly amused 

2539
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:22,100
to discover that Viking. 
Women had their own elaborate 

2540
02:21:22,100 --> 02:21:24,600
hairy that made Modern office 
politics. 

2541
02:21:24,600 --> 02:21:27,400
Look straightforward. 
Unmarried women wore their hair 

2542
02:21:27,400 --> 02:21:30,700
loose and flowing advertising 
their availability with every 

2543
02:21:30,700 --> 02:21:34,000
strand. 
But the moment they married that

2544
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:37,500
changed dramatically married, 
women, covered their hair, 

2545
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:40,500
almost completely, not out of 
modesty as Scholars. 

2546
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:43,800
Had long assumed, but as a form 
of social communication, that 

2547
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:47,500
said I'm taken and my husband is
powerful enough to afford a 

2548
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:49,200
wife, who doesn't need to 
advertise herself. 

2549
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:52,800
The hair covering itself was a 
Marvel of coded communication. 

2550
02:21:53,500 --> 02:21:56,800
Fabric, the way it was tied, the
amount of hair that showed 

2551
02:21:56,800 --> 02:22:01,300
beneath it every detail carried.
Meaning, A woman who's covering 

2552
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:04,500
slip to show a bit of hair at 
her temples was communicating 

2553
02:22:04,500 --> 02:22:07,000
something very different from 
one whose hair was completely 

2554
02:22:07,000 --> 02:22:09,400
hidden. 
It was like having an entire 

2555
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:11,500
conversation through strategic 
hat placement. 

2556
02:22:12,600 --> 02:22:15,400
But perhaps the most ingenious 
aspect of Viking hair, 

2557
02:22:15,400 --> 02:22:18,700
communication was how they used 
it for deception and strategy. 

2558
02:22:19,400 --> 02:22:21,100
Viking. 
Raiders were masters of 

2559
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:23,700
psychological warfare. 
And they quickly figured out 

2560
02:22:23,700 --> 02:22:26,700
that they could manipulate enemy
perceptions through strategic 

2561
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:29,700
hair choices. 
A raiding party might style 

2562
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:32,300
their hair to appear larger and 
more numerous than they actually

2563
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,200
were. 
Or conversely, they might tone 

2564
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,000
down their head displays to 
appear less threatening before a

2565
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:41,400
surprise attack. 
Elinor found evidence of Vikings

2566
02:22:41,400 --> 02:22:43,500
who had completely changed their
hair styling. 

2567
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:46,700
When traveling to foreign lands,
essentially code switching, 

2568
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:49,000
their appearance, the way, 
modern people might change their

2569
02:22:49,000 --> 02:22:50,700
accent in different social 
situations. 

2570
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:54,700
A viking Trader entering a 
Christian kingdom, might adopt 

2571
02:22:54,700 --> 02:22:56,800
more, conservative hair 
arrangements to blend in and 

2572
02:22:56,800 --> 02:22:59,700
avoid unwanted attention. 
While the same person might 

2573
02:22:59,700 --> 02:23:01,300
support. 
Elaborate Warrior braids. 

2574
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:03,900
When returning home to establish
their continued Viking 

2575
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:08,300
credibility, The complexity of 
the system was mind-boggling 

2576
02:23:08,300 --> 02:23:11,700
Elena realized that Vikings had 
essentially created a visual 

2577
02:23:11,700 --> 02:23:14,100
language. 
So Sophisticated that they could

2578
02:23:14,100 --> 02:23:17,700
communicate detailed information
about personal history, current 

2579
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:21,600
intentions social status and 
availability for various 

2580
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:24,900
activities. 
All through hair Arrangement it 

2581
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:27,300
was like wearing your entire 
LinkedIn profile in your 

2582
02:23:27,300 --> 02:23:30,700
follicles. 
As she explored the Viking hair 

2583
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:33,700
culture, Elinor began to 
understand that this wasn't just

2584
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:36,900
about communication. 
It was about identity itself. 

2585
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,800
Your hair wasn't something you 
had, it was something you were 

2586
02:23:41,500 --> 02:23:43,500
Changing your hairstyle, wasn't 
a fashion Choice. 

2587
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:45,800
It was a declaration of personal
transformation. 

2588
02:23:47,200 --> 02:23:49,700
No wonder the Viking's 
considered forced haircutting. 

2589
02:23:49,700 --> 02:23:52,400
One of the worst possible 
punishments equivalent to 

2590
02:23:52,400 --> 02:23:54,900
stealing someone's Voice or a 
raising their identity. 

2591
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,100
The more Elena learned about 
Viking hair practices, the more,

2592
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:01,900
she realized that modern people 
had lost something profound when

2593
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:04,500
we abandoned these complex 
systems of visual communication.

2594
02:24:05,800 --> 02:24:08,700
We'd gained individual freedom 
of expression, sure. 

2595
02:24:08,700 --> 02:24:11,900
But we'd lost a shared language 
that could convey incredibly 

2596
02:24:11,900 --> 02:24:15,500
nuanced, social information at a
glance Elena discovered that 

2597
02:24:15,500 --> 02:24:18,500
ancient Asian cultures had 
developed communication systems.

2598
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:22,200
So intricate that they made 
Viking haircuts, resemble finger

2599
02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:26,200
painting next to the Sistine 
Chapel the deeper, she dug into 

2600
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:28,700
Chinese Japanese and Korean 
historical records. 

2601
02:24:28,700 --> 02:24:31,700
The more she realized she'd 
stumbled into the equivalent of 

2602
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:34,500
discovering that ancient people 
have been writing novels with 

2603
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:37,600
their follicles. 
Ancient Chinese hair culture. 

2604
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:41,300
Elena found was basically a 
three-dimensional language with 

2605
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:45,300
grammar rules more complex than 
Latin During the hand in Esty 

2606
02:24:45,300 --> 02:24:47,800
your hairstyle, didn't just tell
people who you were. 

2607
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:51,000
It told them exactly where you 
fit in the cosmic order of the 

2608
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:52,900
universe. 
There was no pressure there. 

2609
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:55,900
The Chinese had developed what 
Elena came to think of his 

2610
02:24:55,900 --> 02:25:00,200
architectural hairstyle. 
So precise to that, they 

2611
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:02,800
required engineering skills 
alongside Beauty College. 

2612
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:05,600
A proper Court. 
Ladies hairstyle might take 

2613
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:08,100
three hours to create and 
require multiple assistance, 

2614
02:25:08,100 --> 02:25:10,900
special tools and enough 
hairpins to stock a small 

2615
02:25:10,908 --> 02:25:14,900
hardware store But every single 
pin, every twist, and every 

2616
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:18,100
ornament placement followed 
strict rules that communicated, 

2617
02:25:18,100 --> 02:25:20,800
everything from the woman's 
family background to her, 

2618
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:23,000
husband's political 
affiliations, to her personal 

2619
02:25:23,000 --> 02:25:27,300
virtues, and accomplishments. 
Eleanor was particularly 

2620
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,300
fascinated by the discovery that
Chinese women could essentially 

2621
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:34,100
update their status by changing 
small details in their hair 

2622
02:25:34,100 --> 02:25:37,000
arrangement. 
Moving a decorative comb from 

2623
02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:39,700
one side of the other might 
signal that, they were ready to 

2624
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,400
receive visitors. 
While adjusting, the angle of a 

2625
02:25:42,408 --> 02:25:45,100
hairpin, could indicate their 
mood or availability for 

2626
02:25:45,100 --> 02:25:47,500
conversation. 
It was like having a constantly 

2627
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,500
editable social media profile 
that everyone around you could 

2628
02:25:50,500 --> 02:25:53,400
read in real time. 
But the Real Genius of the 

2629
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:56,100
Chinese system was how it 
Incorporated time and seasoned 

2630
02:25:56,100 --> 02:25:59,200
into her communication. 
Some startles were different 

2631
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:02,900
from winter styles, not just for
practical reasons, but because 

2632
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:05,700
they communicated different 
aspects of a person's character 

2633
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:08,500
and social role Springhill 
Arrangements. 

2634
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:11,400
Might emphasize Youth and 
renewal while Autumn Stars could

2635
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:13,900
highlight wisdom and preparation
for challenges ahead. 

2636
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:16,400
Your hair was essentially a 
calendar. 

2637
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:19,900
That also happened to be a 
personality test Japanese hair 

2638
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:23,400
culture, Helena discovered a 
taken, the concept of coded 

2639
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:25,800
communication and elevated it to
an art form. 

2640
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:28,000
So refined to the, it may ballet
look clumsy. 

2641
02:26:28,900 --> 02:26:31,600
The elaborate hairstyles of 
geishas weren't just beautiful. 

2642
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:34,800
They were walking in cyclopedia 
of information for anyone who 

2643
02:26:34,800 --> 02:26:37,800
knew how to read them. 
The geisha's hair could tell 

2644
02:26:37,808 --> 02:26:39,200
you. 
Not only her level of training 

2645
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:42,900
and experience but also what 
season it was, what district she

2646
02:26:42,900 --> 02:26:45,900
worked in, whether she was 
entertaining a regular Patron or

2647
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:49,900
meeting, someone new and dozens 
of other subtle social cues, the

2648
02:26:49,900 --> 02:26:52,600
shape of her, top knot, the 
number and placement of 

2649
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:55,000
ornaments. 
The way her hair was sectioned 

2650
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:57,900
and folded every detail was 
deliberate and meaningful. 

2651
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:01,400
Helena Found Records indicating 
that accomplished gays could 

2652
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,700
communicate complex messages to 
each other across a crowded room

2653
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:07,000
simply by adjusting their hair 
ornaments. 

2654
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:09,800
Slight shift in the angle of a 
decorative comb. 

2655
02:27:09,800 --> 02:27:12,900
Might warn a colleague about a 
difficult client, while touching

2656
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:14,900
a specific. 
Hairpin could signal that a 

2657
02:27:14,900 --> 02:27:18,500
patron was particularly generous
that evening They essentially 

2658
02:27:18,500 --> 02:27:20,900
developed their own secret 
Professional Network using 

2659
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:24,200
nothing but strategic hair 
adjustment Korean Court culture.

2660
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:26,500
Meanwhile had developed, what 
Eleanor privately called 

2661
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:30,200
diplomatic hair style. 
So loaded with political meaning

2662
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:33,300
that changing your hairstyle, 
incorrectly could accidentally 

2663
02:27:33,300 --> 02:27:36,500
start a war. 
Caught lady is during the USA. 

2664
02:27:36,500 --> 02:27:39,500
On Dana Stewart elaborator 
rangements that indicated, not 

2665
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:42,700
just their status, but their 
families political alliances, 

2666
02:27:42,700 --> 02:27:46,000
their husbands government 
position and their opinion on 

2667
02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:49,400
current policy debates. 
Elena discovered records of 

2668
02:27:49,400 --> 02:27:51,700
women who had gotten into 
serious political troubles, 

2669
02:27:51,700 --> 02:27:54,300
simply because they'd worn the 
wrong hair ornament to a court 

2670
02:27:54,300 --> 02:27:56,700
function. 
Accidentally signaling support 

2671
02:27:56,700 --> 02:28:00,100
for arrival political faction, 
it was like, showing up to a 

2672
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:03,200
modern political rally where the
wrong campaign button, except 

2673
02:28:03,200 --> 02:28:05,700
the consequences could include 
Exile or worse. 

2674
02:28:06,400 --> 02:28:09,100
Eleanor's mind reeled from the 
intricacy of these Asian 

2675
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:12,600
hairstyles, not only due to the 
time, it took to style them 

2676
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:14,900
every morning. 
These cultures had created 

2677
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:18,500
visual communication systems so 
complex that they required years

2678
02:28:18,500 --> 02:28:21,700
of education to master. 
Young girls from wealthy 

2679
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:25,100
families, would spend hours 
learning, not just how to create

2680
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:28,600
these elaborate Styles but how 
to read the subtle messages and 

2681
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:31,700
other women's hair Arrangements?
It was social media before. 

2682
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:36,000
So, social media existed, except
instead of posting updates, you 

2683
02:28:36,000 --> 02:28:39,900
wore them Instead of scrolling 
through feeds you read the room 

2684
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,400
by observing everyone's 
hairstyles and in getting 

2685
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:46,000
notifications, you received 
information through subtle 

2686
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:48,200
changes in other people's hair 
presentations. 

2687
02:28:49,700 --> 02:28:52,400
Elinor began to realize that 
these ancient hair languages 

2688
02:28:52,400 --> 02:28:55,500
weren't just sophisticated. 
They were actually more nuanced 

2689
02:28:55,500 --> 02:28:57,300
than many modern communication 
systems. 

2690
02:28:58,200 --> 02:29:01,100
We might have emojis and status 
updates, but could you 

2691
02:29:01,108 --> 02:29:02,800
communicate your entire family 
history? 

2692
02:29:02,800 --> 02:29:06,300
Current mood political 
affiliations, professional 

2693
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,000
status and availability for 
social interaction. 

2694
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:12,800
All through a single photograph,
These ancient cultures could do 

2695
02:29:12,800 --> 02:29:15,900
exactly that, and they carry 
their messages with them 

2696
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:19,600
everywhere. 
They went. as Elena's research 

2697
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:23,600
progressed, she started to 
wonder had we gained convenience

2698
02:29:23,600 --> 02:29:27,100
in modern communication but lost
something profound about human 

2699
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:29,600
connection. 
When everyone around, you can 

2700
02:29:29,600 --> 02:29:32,200
read detailed information about 
your life and current states 

2701
02:29:32,200 --> 02:29:35,500
simply by looking at your hair. 
Perhaps, you develop a different

2702
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:37,300
kind of social awareness and 
empathy. 

2703
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:41,500
Maybe we'd traded deep intuitive
communication for broad but 

2704
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:44,300
shallow connection. 
Just when Elena thought she'd 

2705
02:29:44,300 --> 02:29:47,200
mapped the out of boundaries of 
ancient hair communication, she 

2706
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:49,900
discovered that the Celts had 
been weaving messages into their

2707
02:29:49,900 --> 02:29:52,400
hair with the same intricate 
Artistry. 

2708
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:55,100
They brought to their metal work
and manuscripts. 

2709
02:29:56,000 --> 02:29:59,800
If Asian cultures are turned in 
to architecture the cells are 

2710
02:29:59,800 --> 02:30:01,200
transformed it into 
storytelling. 

2711
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:05,000
Elena's introduction to Celtic 
hair culture, came through an 

2712
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:09,800
unlikely Source a medieval Irish
monks, complaint letter, Brother

2713
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:11,300
Finnegan writing in the 8th 
century. 

2714
02:30:11,300 --> 02:30:14,300
Was a fed up with how long it 
took to decode the messages, 

2715
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:17,500
that Celtic women were literally
wearing on their heads when they

2716
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:19,000
came to the monastery seeking 
sanctuary. 

2717
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:22,600
His frustrated scribblings 
revealed that Celtic Hair 

2718
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:26,200
Braiding wasn't just decorative,
it was narrative each braid 

2719
02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:29,800
pattern told a story and not 
just any story but often the 

2720
02:30:29,808 --> 02:30:32,600
woman's entire family history 
going back Generations. 

2721
02:30:33,600 --> 02:30:35,800
A Celtic woman's hair. 
Might contain the tale of her 

2722
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,400
great-grandmother's heroic 
defense of the clan lands. 

2723
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:42,300
Her mother's tragic, love affair
and her own recent adventures, 

2724
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:45,400
all woven together and patterns 
that functioned like a portable 

2725
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:48,600
library. 
Eleanor in these women walking 

2726
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:50,600
around like living breathing 
audiobooks. 

2727
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:54,300
Except instead of listening, you
had to know how to read braid 

2728
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:58,700
patterns The complexity was 
staggering Helena found evidence

2729
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:01,600
that Master braids readers could
determine not just what stories 

2730
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:04,200
were being told. 
But how the woman felt about 

2731
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:08,700
those stories based on subtle 
variations intentionally and 

2732
02:31:08,700 --> 02:31:11,000
decorative elements woven into 
the patterns. 

2733
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:15,000
Tightly woven section might 
indicate pride in a family 

2734
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,100
achievement, while Luca 
braiding, could suggest sorrow 

2735
02:31:18,100 --> 02:31:19,900
or regret about a particular 
event. 

2736
02:31:20,800 --> 02:31:24,900
Celtic men not to be outdone, 
had their own hair based 

2737
02:31:24,900 --> 02:31:28,500
communication system that was 
equal parts practical and poetic

2738
02:31:29,100 --> 02:31:31,600
Warriors wore their hair and 
patterns that announced their 

2739
02:31:31,600 --> 02:31:34,800
battle achievements but they 
also Incorporated elements that 

2740
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:36,900
told the stories of their fallen
comrades. 

2741
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:39,900
It was like wearing a memorial 
and a military record 

2742
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:43,000
simultaneously. 
Except infinitely, more personal

2743
02:31:43,000 --> 02:31:46,100
and meaningful. 
Elena was particularly moved to 

2744
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:49,500
discover that Celtic hair 
patterns, often included, memory

2745
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:53,500
braids sections, specifically 
dedicated to keeping the stories

2746
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:55,100
of deceased, family members 
alive. 

2747
02:31:55,100 --> 02:31:57,900
A mother, might weave the 
pattern that represented her 

2748
02:31:57,900 --> 02:32:01,000
Lost Child into her hair 
ensuring that the child's memory

2749
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:02,600
traveled with her wherever she 
went. 

2750
02:32:03,400 --> 02:32:06,600
It was a form of grief 
processing and Memorial that was

2751
02:32:06,608 --> 02:32:09,600
both private and public, 
allowing the community to 

2752
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:12,700
recognize and support someone's 
lost while giving the bereaved 

2753
02:32:12,700 --> 02:32:16,200
person, a tangible way to carry 
their loved one story forward. 

2754
02:32:17,300 --> 02:32:19,800
But perhaps the most ingenious 
aspect of Celtic hair, 

2755
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:22,500
communication was how they used 
it for matchmaking and 

2756
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:26,400
courtship. young people could 
communicate incredibly detailed 

2757
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:30,000
information about their romantic
availability preferences and 

2758
02:32:30,000 --> 02:32:33,500
family background, through 
strategic hair, arrangement A 

2759
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:36,300
woman might weave patterns that 
told potential suitors about her

2760
02:32:36,300 --> 02:32:39,900
family's cattle Holdings. 
Her own domestic skills and even

2761
02:32:39,900 --> 02:32:43,900
her personality traits all while
appearing to Simply wear hair in

2762
02:32:43,900 --> 02:32:46,800
an attractive style Elena. 
Discovered records of elaborate.

2763
02:32:46,800 --> 02:32:49,500
Courtship negotiations, 
conducted entirely through hair 

2764
02:32:49,500 --> 02:32:53,000
pattern exchanges. 
A young man might ask his sister

2765
02:32:53,000 --> 02:32:56,400
to visit a potential bride's 
family and read the girls hair 

2766
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:58,200
to gather information about her 
suitability. 

2767
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:01,500
While the girls relatives would 
be simultaneously analyzing The 

2768
02:33:01,500 --> 02:33:04,400
Messengers hair patterns to 
assess the suitors, family 

2769
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:07,400
background and Prospect. 
It was like having details 

2770
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:09,300
dating profiles that you wore on
your head. 

2771
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:13,900
Eleanor called the Celts 
traveling hair patterns that 

2772
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:16,500
showed where a person was from 
and how they got there. 

2773
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:20,800
This practice was incredibly 
practical in a world where 

2774
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:24,000
knowing someone's origin and 
journey could be crucial for 

2775
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:27,000
determining whether they were 
friend, Pho or trading partner, 

2776
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:30,200
your hair essentially functioned
as a passport and travel 

2777
02:33:30,200 --> 02:33:34,200
itinerary combined Elinor found 
evidence that Celtic, Druids had

2778
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:37,700
elevated hair communication to a
spiritual level using a 

2779
02:33:37,700 --> 02:33:40,100
laboratory rangements to commune
with debtors and channel 

2780
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:43,300
otherworldly wisdom. 
The Druids hair pattern might 

2781
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:46,600
incorporate symbols representing
the phases of the moon, the 

2782
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:50,100
changing seasons and various 
Natural Forces creating a living

2783
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:52,000
mandala. 
That connected the wearer to the

2784
02:33:52,000 --> 02:33:54,900
cosmic order, it was like 
wearing a direct line to the 

2785
02:33:54,900 --> 02:33:58,700
Divine accepting of a phone. 
You used intricate braiding 

2786
02:33:58,700 --> 02:34:01,300
techniques passed down through 
generations of spiritual 

2787
02:34:01,300 --> 02:34:04,300
practitioners. 
But what really impressed Elena 

2788
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:07,100
was how the Celts had managed to
make their hair Communication 

2789
02:34:07,100 --> 02:34:09,900
System, adaptable across 
different social situations. 

2790
02:34:11,100 --> 02:34:14,200
The same basic braid pattern 
might be worn Loosely and 

2791
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:17,400
casually for everyday activities
tightened, and decorated for 

2792
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:20,800
formal occasions or modified 
with specific additions for 

2793
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:24,400
ritual or ceremonial purposes. 
It was like having one 

2794
02:34:24,400 --> 02:34:27,700
incredibly versatile language 
that could shift registers 

2795
02:34:27,700 --> 02:34:31,000
depending on the context from 
casual conversation, to formal 

2796
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:35,600
presentation to Sacred ceremony.
The more Elaine studied Celtic 

2797
02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:38,300
hair culture, the more she 
realized that they'd solved one 

2798
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:41,800
of the fundamental challenges of
human communication how to share

2799
02:34:41,800 --> 02:34:44,500
complex personal information 
while maintaining privacy and 

2800
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:47,300
dignity. 
Excel woman could tell her 

2801
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:49,700
entire life story to those who 
needed to know it. 

2802
02:34:49,700 --> 02:34:53,000
While the same Arrangement might
appear to be simply attractive 

2803
02:34:53,000 --> 02:34:56,500
braiding to Casual observers. 
It was selectively broadcasting 

2804
02:34:56,500 --> 02:35:00,300
at its finest intimate. 
Communication to beautiful 

2805
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:04,100
hairstyling as Elena piece 
together, the complex, mysteries

2806
02:35:04,100 --> 02:35:07,000
of Celtic hair messaging. 
She began to understand that. 

2807
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:10,400
These ancient people had created
something remarkable, a 

2808
02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:13,000
communication system that was 
simultaneously, practical, 

2809
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:16,500
beautiful, emotionally, 
meaningful, and spiritually 

2810
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,700
significant. 
They hadn't just figured out how

2811
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:22,400
to speak with their hair. 
They discovered how to turn 

2812
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:26,000
their entire heads into living 
breathing, works of art that 

2813
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:29,300
told the stories of their lives,
their families and their deepest

2814
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:32,900
beliefs by this point. 
In her research, Eleanor felt 

2815
02:35:32,900 --> 02:35:36,000
like she discovered that the 
entire ancient world had been 

2816
02:35:36,008 --> 02:35:38,600
having a massive ongoing 
conversation, right over 

2817
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:42,400
everyone's heads, literally But 
the more cultures she 

2818
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:46,000
investigated, the more she 
realized that her communication 

2819
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:49,600
wasn't just a collection of 
isolated cultural practices, it 

2820
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:53,400
was something much more profound
a universal human impulse to 

2821
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,800
turn our most visible feature, 
into a language of identity, 

2822
02:35:56,800 --> 02:36:00,500
status and connection. 
Ellen has break through Kmart. 

2823
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:02,800
When she started mapping the 
common elements across all the 

2824
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,500
hair Communication System, she'd
studied despite developing in 

2825
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:08,200
complete. 
Isolation from each other, 

2826
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:11,700
cultures around the world had 
independently arrived at 

2827
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:14,300
remarkably similar solutions to 
the challenge of visual 

2828
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:17,300
communication. 
It was like to discovering that 

2829
02:36:17,300 --> 02:36:21,200
humans had an innate need to 
speak with their hair regardless

2830
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:23,900
of their geographic location or 
historical period. 

2831
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,900
Length, it turned out was 
universal currency in her 

2832
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:29,900
communication. 
From Viking. 

2833
02:36:29,900 --> 02:36:32,000
Warriors to Chinese empresses to
Celtic. 

2834
02:36:32,000 --> 02:36:34,800
Druids longer hair. 
Consistently indicated higher 

2835
02:36:34,800 --> 02:36:39,500
status, greater power or deeper 
spiritual connection. but the 

2836
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:43,600
genius was in the details how 
that length was managed styled 

2837
02:36:43,600 --> 02:36:46,100
and displayed varied 
dramatically between cultures 

2838
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:50,700
while maintaining the same basic
meaning, This is similar to how 

2839
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:54,400
a smile universally signifies 
friendliness yet, the specific 

2840
02:36:54,400 --> 02:36:56,800
ways in which people smile 
differ, according to their 

2841
02:36:56,800 --> 02:36:59,900
cultural backgrounds. 
Covering and uncovering hair. 

2842
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:03,400
Also appeared to be a universal 
communication strategy though. 

2843
02:37:03,400 --> 02:37:06,400
The specific meaning is varied 
fascinatingly between cultures, 

2844
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:10,100
what remained constant was the 
recognition that have visibility

2845
02:37:10,100 --> 02:37:12,200
was a powerful tool for social 
signaling. 

2846
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:16,100
Whether you were a Roman matron 
covering your hair to indicate 

2847
02:37:16,100 --> 02:37:17,900
respectability. 
A Celtic. 

2848
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:20,600
Warrior leaving his hair while 
to demonstrate his dangerous 

2849
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,300
nature or a Japanese geisha. 
Revealing carefully styled locks

2850
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:26,000
to advertise her artistic 
refinement. 

2851
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:30,200
You are all participating in the
same basic human, practice of 

2852
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:32,300
using hair visibility as a form 
of communication. 

2853
02:37:33,700 --> 02:37:36,100
Elena discovered that braiding 
patterns seem to emerge 

2854
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,100
independently in every culture 
that developed sophisticated 

2855
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,200
hair communication. 
But each Society had found its 

2856
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:45,400
own symbolic, vocabulary within 
the medium of woven hair. 

2857
02:37:46,300 --> 02:37:50,400
Vikings braided stories of 
Conquest, Celts, braided family 

2858
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:53,800
histories and various African 
cultures whose hair 

2859
02:37:53,800 --> 02:37:55,900
communication systems, Elaina 
was just beginning to 

2860
02:37:55,900 --> 02:37:58,800
investigate. 
Had developed braiding patterns,

2861
02:37:58,800 --> 02:38:01,900
that could indicate everything 
from tribal affiliation to 

2862
02:38:01,900 --> 02:38:04,400
personal achievements to 
spiritual beliefs. 

2863
02:38:05,500 --> 02:38:08,700
But perhaps the most universal 
element Elena found was the use 

2864
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:12,000
of hair communication for mate, 
selection and relationship 

2865
02:38:12,000 --> 02:38:15,300
status. every culture, she 
studied had developed 

2866
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:18,200
sophisticated ways to broadcast,
romantic, availability 

2867
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:21,900
Partnerships status, and 
desirability through hero, 

2868
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:24,500
arrangement, It made perfect 
sense from an evolutionary 

2869
02:38:24,500 --> 02:38:27,300
perspective. 
Hair is visible from a distance.

2870
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:31,100
Can be styled to enhance or 
disguise certain features and 

2871
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,800
changes over time in ways that 
can indicate health age and 

2872
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:38,200
social status. 
The more Elena studied these 

2873
02:38:38,200 --> 02:38:40,900
patterns, the more. 
She realized that modern humans 

2874
02:38:40,900 --> 02:38:43,600
had retained many of these 
ancient instincts without 

2875
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:47,000
consciously recognizing them. 
We still make judgments about 

2876
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:50,100
people, based on their 
hairstyles, still use our hair 

2877
02:38:50,100 --> 02:38:52,800
to Signal different aspects of 
our Personality and Social 

2878
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:56,700
Status, and still pay attention 
to hair changes as indicators of

2879
02:38:56,700 --> 02:38:58,700
Life, transitions or emotional 
states. 

2880
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:02,300
We just don't have the 
sophisticated culturally agreed 

2881
02:39:02,300 --> 02:39:04,200
upon vocabulary that our 
ancestors developed. 

2882
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:07,500
Elinor began to see that her 
communication hadn't disappeared

2883
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:10,700
with ancient civilizations. 
It had just become less 

2884
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:14,400
conscious and systemic. 
Modern people still use dramatic

2885
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:16,400
haircuts to Mark major life 
changes. 

2886
02:39:16,400 --> 02:39:20,100
Still spend enormous amounts of 
money and time on hair styling, 

2887
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,800
to communicate aspects of their 
identity and still notice an 

2888
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:26,200
interpret other people's hair 
choices as social signals. 

2889
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:29,800
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge that would let us read

2890
02:39:29,800 --> 02:39:32,300
these signals with the Precision
and sophistication of our 

2891
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,500
ancestors. 
This realization LED Elena to 

2892
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:37,500
watch what she considered her 
most important discovery. 

2893
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:41,000
Hair, Communication System 
seemed to emerge, naturally in 

2894
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:43,800
any society that valued, 
complex, social relationships, 

2895
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,900
and nuanced identity expression.
The more sophisticated, the 

2896
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,500
social structure, the more 
elaborate the hair language 

2897
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:53,900
became it, wasn't that ancient 
people were obsessed with hair 

2898
02:39:53,900 --> 02:39:56,600
for its own sake. 
They were using hair as a tool 

2899
02:39:56,600 --> 02:39:59,900
for navigating increasingly 
complex, social environments, 

2900
02:40:00,900 --> 02:40:03,900
Elena started to understand that
these ancient Airline languages 

2901
02:40:03,900 --> 02:40:07,100
represented, something that 
modern society might have lost. 

2902
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:11,400
Shared vocabulary for expressing
the subtle complex aspects of 

2903
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:14,800
human identity that don't fit 
neatly into simple categories. 

2904
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:18,000
When your hairstyle could 
communicate, not just your 

2905
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,200
social status, but your family 
history, your personal 

2906
02:40:21,200 --> 02:40:24,500
achievements, your current 
emotional, state, your spiritual

2907
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:27,400
beliefs, and your availability, 
for various types of 

2908
02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:30,600
relationships, you had a 
communication tool of remarkable

2909
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:34,300
sophistication and Nuance. 
The implications were staggering

2910
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:37,500
Eleanor realized that ancient 
people might have been better at

2911
02:40:37,500 --> 02:40:40,400
reading, social, cues 
understanding, complex, social 

2912
02:40:40,400 --> 02:40:43,600
dynamics and navigating 
interpersonal relationships 

2913
02:40:43,600 --> 02:40:47,000
precisely because they had these
shared visual languages that 

2914
02:40:47,000 --> 02:40:49,900
provided immediate details 
information about everyone 

2915
02:40:49,900 --> 02:40:53,300
around the modern people might 
have gained individual freedom 

2916
02:40:53,300 --> 02:40:56,300
of expression but we've lost 
Collective tools for social 

2917
02:40:56,300 --> 02:41:00,200
communication and understanding 
As Elena synthesized, her 

2918
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:02,100
research across cultures and 
centuries. 

2919
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:05,500
She began to see that her 
communication wasn't just an 

2920
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:09,300
intriguing historical curiosity.
It was evidence of a fundamental

2921
02:41:09,300 --> 02:41:13,000
human capacity for creating 
meaning building community and 

2922
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:15,700
expressing identity through the 
most basic aspects of our 

2923
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:18,700
physical appearance. 
We'd always been speaking with 

2924
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:21,200
our hair. 
We just forgotten how to listen 

2925
02:41:21,200 --> 02:41:24,400
to what it was saying, as Elena 
sat in her study on evening, 

2926
02:41:24,400 --> 02:41:28,300
surrounded by photographs, 
sketches and notes from cultures

2927
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:32,600
spanning thousands of years and 
every inhabited continent, She 

2928
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:35,300
realized, she uncovered 
something that went far beyond 

2929
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:38,800
academic curiosity. 
She discovered a lost dimension 

2930
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:42,100
of human communication that 
revealed profound truths about 

2931
02:41:42,100 --> 02:41:45,900
connection identity and the ways
people create meaning in their 

2932
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:48,100
lives. 
The evidence was overwhelming 

2933
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:52,500
for most of human history had 
served as a sophisticated 

2934
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:55,500
nuanced language that allowed 
people to communicate complex 

2935
02:41:55,500 --> 02:41:58,600
information about themselves 
while simultaneously reading 

2936
02:41:58,600 --> 02:42:01,200
equally complex information 
about everyone around them. 

2937
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:04,300
Modern humans had retained the 
instinct to use hair for 

2938
02:42:04,300 --> 02:42:08,000
communication, we still make 
dramatic hair changes to Mark, 

2939
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:10,700
life transitions. 
Still judge others based on 

2940
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:13,600
their styling choices. 
Still use our hair to express 

2941
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:16,700
personality and attract 
Partners, but we'd lost the 

2942
02:42:16,700 --> 02:42:19,300
shared cultural knowledge that 
would make this communication, 

2943
02:42:19,300 --> 02:42:23,000
truly affective Elinor began to 
imagine what it would have been 

2944
02:42:23,000 --> 02:42:25,700
like to live in a world where 
everyone around you was 

2945
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:28,300
constantly broad, cast in 
details information about their 

2946
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:32,800
identity, status history, and 
current emotional state, through

2947
02:42:32,800 --> 02:42:36,300
their hair choices. 
Instead of the awkward small 

2948
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:39,600
talk that dominates modern 
social interactions ancient 

2949
02:42:39,600 --> 02:42:42,500
people could gather enormous 
amounts of relevant information 

2950
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:45,500
about new acquaintances simply 
by observing their hair 

2951
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:47,600
Arrangements. 
It would be like having 

2952
02:42:47,600 --> 02:42:51,600
everyone's biography current 
mood and availability status 

2953
02:42:51,600 --> 02:42:55,100
visible at a glance. 
But the more Elena thought about

2954
02:42:55,100 --> 02:42:58,300
it, the more she realized that 
ancient hair communication 

2955
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:01,200
offered something even more 
valuable than efficient 

2956
02:43:01,200 --> 02:43:04,200
information exchange, it 
provided a way for people to 

2957
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:07,900
express the full complexity of 
their identity within a shared 

2958
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,100
cultural framework. 
When your hairstyle could tell 

2959
02:43:11,100 --> 02:43:14,500
the story of your family, your 
achievements, your beliefs and 

2960
02:43:14,500 --> 02:43:18,500
your dreams, you had a way to be
seen and understood as a 

2961
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:21,500
complete person rather than just
a collection of demographic 

2962
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:24,600
categories. 
Elena found herself wandering. 

2963
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:27,500
What we'd lost when we abandoned
the sophisticated visual 

2964
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:30,700
languages. 
Modern people often complain 

2965
02:43:30,700 --> 02:43:34,200
about feeling disconnected, 
misunderstood or unable to 

2966
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:36,800
express their authentic cells in
social situations. 

2967
02:43:38,000 --> 02:43:40,700
What if part of the solution was
learning to read and speak in 

2968
02:43:40,700 --> 02:43:43,600
the visual languages that humans
had naturally developed over 

2969
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:47,000
thousands of years, the 
implications extended Beyond 

2970
02:43:47,000 --> 02:43:49,700
individual communication to 
community building and social 

2971
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:52,300
cohesion. 
When everyone in a community 

2972
02:43:52,300 --> 02:43:54,700
shared a visual language, that 
could communicate personal 

2973
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:58,000
history, family connections, 
social status and current 

2974
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:00,200
circumstances. 
It created a web of 

2975
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:02,000
understanding and mutual 
recognition. 

2976
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:05,000
That went far deeper than 
surface-level interactions. 

2977
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:09,000
People could understand their 
place in the community, not just

2978
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:11,900
through verbal communication, 
but through constant visual 

2979
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:14,500
reinforcement of social 
relationships, and shared 

2980
02:44:14,500 --> 02:44:17,300
values. 
Eleanor realized that ancient 

2981
02:44:17,300 --> 02:44:20,600
hair communication systems had 
solved one of the persistent 

2982
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:24,000
challenges of human society. 
How to balance individual 

2983
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:26,500
expression with Community 
cohesion? 

2984
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:30,300
These systems allow people to 
express their unique identity 

2985
02:44:30,300 --> 02:44:33,400
and personal story while 
simultaneously participating in 

2986
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:37,000
a shared cultural language that 
strength and Community bonds. 

2987
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,000
You could be completely yourself
while still being clearly 

2988
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:43,200
connected to your community 
while Elena. 

2989
02:44:43,200 --> 02:44:46,500
Reflected on her research, she 
began seeing parallels between 

2990
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:50,200
ancient hair communication and 
modern digital communication. 

2991
02:44:51,000 --> 02:44:54,000
Social media platforms, dating 
apps and professional networking

2992
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:57,200
sites, all attempt to help 
people broadcast information 

2993
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:01,100
about their identity, status, 
and availability, essentially 

2994
02:45:01,100 --> 02:45:03,900
the same functions that hair 
served in ancient cultures. 

2995
02:45:04,800 --> 02:45:08,400
But we're here, communication 
was immediate nuance and 

2996
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:12,300
integrated into daily life. 
Digital communication often 

2997
02:45:12,300 --> 02:45:16,100
feels artificial, performative 
and separated from authentic 

2998
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:20,000
human connection. perhaps most 
importantly, Eleanor realized 

2999
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:24,300
that her communication had been 
inherently democratic Unlike 

3000
02:45:24,300 --> 02:45:27,800
written languages, that required
literacy and education or 

3001
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:30,500
complex, social protocols that 
required training and etiquette 

3002
02:45:30,500 --> 02:45:33,000
Hare, communication was 
accessible to everyone. 

3003
02:45:33,700 --> 02:45:37,800
Rich or poor educated or 
illiterate everyone had hair and

3004
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:40,300
everyone could participate in 
the visual conversation that 

3005
02:45:40,300 --> 02:45:41,900
helped bind communities 
together. 

3006
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:45,900
Elena's research had started 
with curiosity about ancient 

3007
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:50,400
Aesthetics, but it had evolved 
into something much larger, a 

3008
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:53,600
recognition that humans have 
always had sophisticated ways of

3009
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:57,900
communicating identity building 
community and creating meaning 

3010
02:45:57,900 --> 02:46:00,200
through the most basic aspects 
of physical appearance. 

3011
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:03,500
We hadn't lost the ability to 
communicate through hair. 

3012
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:07,400
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge, that would make that 

3013
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:09,100
communication effective and 
meaningful. 

3014
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:13,800
As she prepared to share her 
findings with the world Elena 

3015
02:46:13,800 --> 02:46:16,500
felt both excitement and 
sadness. 

3016
02:46:17,600 --> 02:46:20,200
Eleanor was filled with 
excitement, as she discovered 

3017
02:46:20,200 --> 02:46:24,600
evidence of human creativity, 
Ingenuity and connection that 

3018
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:28,500
have been concealed for 
centuries. she felt sadness, 

3019
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,300
because she realized how much 
richness and depth of 

3020
02:46:31,300 --> 02:46:35,400
communication, modern people had
unknowingly sacrificed for the 

3021
02:46:35,400 --> 02:46:40,500
sake of individual freedom and 
simplicity But perhaps Elena 

3022
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:43,200
thought, as she finally turned 
off her desk lamp and headed to 

3023
02:46:43,200 --> 02:46:45,900
bed understanding. 
What we'd lost was the first 

3024
02:46:45,900 --> 02:46:48,700
step toward recovering, some of 
what had made ancient 

3025
02:46:48,700 --> 02:46:50,500
communities. 
So skilled at reading 

3026
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:52,300
understanding and connecting 
with each other. 

3027
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:56,500
Perhaps, we haven't truly lost. 
The Secret Language of Hair but 

3028
02:46:56,500 --> 02:46:59,000
it simply waiting for us to 
reclaim its ability to 

3029
02:46:59,008 --> 02:47:02,000
communicate, your hair. 
After all, has been trying to 

3030
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:04,900
tell your story all along. 
The only question is whether 

3031
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:12,000
anyone around you still remember
how to listen Picture yourself 

3032
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:16,000
stepping off a time machine into
ancient Rome Circa 100 AD. 

3033
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:20,600
First thing that hits, you isn't
the Grandeur of the Coliseum or 

3034
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:23,500
the marble Majesty of the Forum.
It's the smell. 

3035
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:27,800
That peculiar cocktail of 
unwashed body's fermented fish 

3036
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:30,400
sauce and something. 
You can't quite identify, but 

3037
02:47:30,400 --> 02:47:34,000
suspect involves bodily 
functions mingles with incense 

3038
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:36,700
and olive oil in ways that would
make a modern nose surrender. 

3039
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:39,600
Immediately You'd think a 
civilization that built 

3040
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:43,400
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 
miles and invented concrete that

3041
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:46,300
still puzzles Engineers today 
would have figured out basic 

3042
02:47:46,300 --> 02:47:49,800
hygiene. 
Well, they did sort of the 

3043
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:53,000
Romans had their own ideas about
cleanliness and some of them 

3044
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:55,500
would make you grateful for 
antibacterial soap and indoor 

3045
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:57,800
plumbing. 
Take their approach to bathing 

3046
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:01,500
for instance the Romans not only
bathed but also transformed it 

3047
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:03,600
into a social Gathering that 
could rival. 

3048
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:08,000
Any local book club, the public 
baths or thermi weren't just 

3049
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:10,400
places to get clean. 
They were community centers 

3050
02:48:10,400 --> 02:48:14,200
gossip hubs business meeting 
spots and occasionally places 

3051
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:16,400
where you might actually 
encounter water and soap. 

3052
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:20,200
Think of them as ancient 
shopping malls except of Orange 

3053
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:22,700
Julius, you had pools of varying
temperatures. 

3054
02:48:22,700 --> 02:48:26,700
And instead of Spencer's you had
rooms where people scraped oil 

3055
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:28,600
and dirt off each other with 
metal tools. 

3056
02:48:29,600 --> 02:48:32,200
But here's where it becomes 
interesting, Romans believed 

3057
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:35,700
that hot water opened your pause
to let the bad spirits out while

3058
02:48:35,700 --> 02:48:37,800
cold water. 
Snap them, shut to keep the good

3059
02:48:37,800 --> 02:48:41,900
spirits in This wasn't just 
folklore, it was medical Theory 

3060
02:48:41,900 --> 02:48:44,100
endorsed by their most respected
Physicians. 

3061
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,600
So your typical Roman bath 
experience involved a carefully.

3062
02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:52,000
Choreographed dance between the 
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 

3063
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:55,100
warm room and Frigidaire area, 
cold room. 

3064
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,800
Like some ancient version of a 
Swedish sauna routine designed 

3065
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:01,500
by committee. 
The wealthy Romans had their 

3066
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:04,300
private parts at home. 
Complete with hypocrisy heating 

3067
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:06,900
systems, that channeled hot air 
through the walls and Floors. 

3068
02:49:07,800 --> 02:49:11,300
Imagine having heated floors in 
100 AD While most of the world 

3069
02:49:11,300 --> 02:49:13,600
was still figuring out how to 
make fire reliably. 

3070
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,000
Yet these same Innovative people
thought that sharing bathwater 

3071
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:19,600
with dozens of strangers was 
perfectly hygienic. 

3072
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:22,800
The water in public baths was 
changed in frequently. 

3073
02:49:22,800 --> 02:49:25,600
Sometimes only once a day 
sometimes less. 

3074
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:30,000
By afternoon, you weren't so 
much bathing as marinating in a 

3075
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:32,600
human soup that would horrify 
any modern health inspector. 

3076
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:35,400
And then there were the slaves, 
whose job it was to help with 

3077
02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:38,300
the bathing process. 
These weren't just attendance 

3078
02:49:38,300 --> 02:49:41,200
handing out, towels. 
They were skilled craftspeople 

3079
02:49:41,200 --> 02:49:44,900
of cleanliness. 
Wielding struggles, curved metal

3080
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:47,700
scrapers that removed the oil, 
dirt and dead skin. 

3081
02:49:47,700 --> 02:49:51,200
That accumulated on Roman body's
the wealthy would cope 

3082
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:53,600
themselves in olive oil, then 
have slaves. 

3083
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:55,800
Scraped it all off taking the 
grime with it. 

3084
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:59,300
It was effective. 
Sure but imagine explaining to 

3085
02:49:59,300 --> 02:50:02,300
your modern dermatologist that 
your skin care routine involves 

3086
02:50:02,300 --> 02:50:04,900
having, someone scraped you down
with what amounts to a medieval 

3087
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:08,200
backscratcher. 
The Romans had some fascinating 

3088
02:50:08,200 --> 02:50:11,500
ideas about dental hygiene. 
They brushed their teeth with 

3089
02:50:11,500 --> 02:50:13,900
tweaks. 
Specifically, they chewed on 

3090
02:50:13,908 --> 02:50:18,100
aromatic twigs and frayed into a
brush like texture, then use 

3091
02:50:18,100 --> 02:50:21,000
that to clean their teeth. 
The good news is that the 

3092
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:24,200
technique actually worked 
reasonably well, the troubling 

3093
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:26,500
news is that their favorite 
toothpaste was made from 

3094
02:50:26,500 --> 02:50:30,900
powdered Mouse brains crushed 
bones and sometimes human urine.

3095
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:34,600
Portuguese urine was considered 
particularly effective, which 

3096
02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:37,300
raises all sorts of questions 
about ancient trade routes and 

3097
02:50:37,308 --> 02:50:41,000
quality control standards. 
Most puzzling of all was their 

3098
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:45,000
relationship with perfume. 
Romans douse themselves incented

3099
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:47,900
oils and perfumes with the 
enthusiasm of teenagers 

3100
02:50:47,900 --> 02:50:49,800
discovering body spray for the 
first time. 

3101
02:50:50,700 --> 02:50:53,400
They had different sense for 
their hair arms and feet. 

3102
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:56,900
Walking through ancient Rome 
must have been like navigating a

3103
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:00,900
cosmetic section in a department
store except with more togas and

3104
02:51:00,900 --> 02:51:03,300
considerably more creative 
interpretations of what 

3105
02:51:03,300 --> 02:51:06,300
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 
Now let's talk about something 

3106
02:51:06,300 --> 02:51:08,900
that every Roman had to deal 
with, but no one, particularly 

3107
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:12,900
wanted to discuss at dinner 
parties using the bathroom of If

3108
02:51:12,900 --> 02:51:16,100
you found Roman bathing habits 
to be communal, you might be 

3109
02:51:16,100 --> 02:51:19,300
interested in learning about 
their approach to toilets Roman 

3110
02:51:19,300 --> 02:51:21,800
public latrines. 
Combined engineering Marvels, 

3111
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:25,300
with social awkwardness picture 
along, Marvel bench with round 

3112
02:51:25,300 --> 02:51:28,700
holes, cut in to it positioned, 
overflowing water that carried 

3113
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:33,800
waste away, so far so good. 
It's basically ancient sewage 

3114
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:37,100
system. 
But here's the catch, there were

3115
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:40,100
no dividers no doors and no 
privacy screens. 

3116
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:43,600
There was just a row of holes 
where Romans would sit side by 

3117
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:47,200
side, conducting business. 
And presumably discussing the 

3118
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:49,000
weather or the latest Gladiator 
match. 

3119
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:51,700
The arrangement wasn't 
considered strange or 

3120
02:51:51,700 --> 02:51:54,500
embarrassing. 
In fact, it was another social 

3121
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:57,300
activity. 
Romans would chat conduct 

3122
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,400
business deals, and catch up on 
Gossip while attending to their 

3123
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:03,600
bodily needs. 
Imagine trying to negotiate a 

3124
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:06,200
grain shipment contract, while 
sitting on a communal toilet 

3125
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:09,000
with your neighbor. 
It puts a whole new spin on the 

3126
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:10,700
phrase, getting down to 
business. 

3127
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:14,400
The most interesting part is 
that they use something other 

3128
02:52:14,400 --> 02:52:17,300
than toilet paper which was 
invented a millennium later. 

3129
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:21,000
Romans used to communal sponge 
on a stick called Asylum. 

3130
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:25,100
Yes, you read that correctly. 
A shared spunge. 

3131
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:29,100
After use it was rinsed in the 
flowing water channel that ran 

3132
02:52:29,100 --> 02:52:31,700
in front of the toilets then 
left for the next person. 

3133
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,900
This system worked well enough 
from a hygiene standpoint, since

3134
02:52:35,900 --> 02:52:39,000
the flowing water, kept things 
relatively clean that the social

3135
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:42,000
implications are staggering. 
He had to time your bathroom 

3136
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:45,300
visits, not just based on your 
needs, but when you could cycle 

3137
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:49,200
logically handle using the 
community spunge, Wealthy Romans

3138
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:52,400
had their own private toilets 
often beautifully decorated 

3139
02:52:52,400 --> 02:52:54,400
affairs with mosaics and 
frescoes. 

3140
02:52:55,100 --> 02:52:58,000
Some featured images of 
Fortuner, the goddess of luck, 

3141
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:00,700
because apparently even bathroom
humor was a thing in ancient 

3142
02:53:00,700 --> 02:53:03,100
Rome. 
These private facilities usually

3143
02:53:03,100 --> 02:53:05,800
emptied into the same sewer 
system as the public ones, 

3144
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:08,100
flowing eventually into the 
cloaca. 

3145
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:11,500
Maxima the great sewer, which 
was one of Rome's, genuine 

3146
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:13,600
engineering Marvels, and still 
functions today. 

3147
02:53:14,700 --> 02:53:17,600
But Romans had some peculiar 
superstitions about bathroom 

3148
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:20,300
activities. 
They believed that evil spirits 

3149
02:53:20,300 --> 02:53:23,300
lurked in sewers and might 
emerge through toilet holes to 

3150
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:25,700
cause mischief. 
To the moth. 

3151
02:53:25,700 --> 02:53:28,900
Many Romans were amulets or 
muttered protective charms 

3152
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,600
before sitting down. 
There's something endearing 

3153
02:53:31,600 --> 02:53:33,800
about a civilization that 
conquered most of the known 

3154
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:37,100
world but still worried about 
sewer demons sneaking up on the 

3155
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:40,700
during vulnerable moments. 
The really well, he took bath 

3156
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,600
from security, seriously some in
stalled, elaborate wins and 

3157
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:47,100
Bells near their toilets, 
believe in the noise would 

3158
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:49,100
frighten away any Supernatural 
toilet. 

3159
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:52,700
Lurkers others, hired slaves 
whose job was essentially to be 

3160
02:53:52,708 --> 02:53:55,300
professional bathroom 
attendance, not just for 

3161
02:53:55,300 --> 02:53:58,600
cleanliness, but for Spiritual 
protection, imagine having 

3162
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:00,600
toilet. 
Bodyguard on your ancient Roman 

3163
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:03,400
resonate. 
Personal hygiene after using the

3164
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:07,500
facilities was handled with 
scented oils and perfumes Romans

3165
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:10,000
would clean themselves and then 
apply various aromatic 

3166
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:11,700
substances to mask, any 
lingering. 

3167
02:54:11,700 --> 02:54:15,100
Odors These practices led to 
some interesting combinations. 

3168
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:18,500
You might encounter someone who 
smelled like a mixture of rose 

3169
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:21,600
oil, myrrh and whatever had 
happened in the latrine 20 

3170
02:54:21,600 --> 02:54:24,600
minutes earlier. 
Ancient Rome captivated the 

3171
02:54:24,600 --> 02:54:29,200
census often in unexpected ways.
The Romans also had public 

3172
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,100
urinals called forky, positioned
throughout the city. 

3173
02:54:32,100 --> 02:54:35,600
These were simple stone or 
ceramic vessels where men could 

3174
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:38,800
relieve themselves. 
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 

3175
02:54:38,808 --> 02:54:41,800
collected and sold to Fullers. 
Drying ancient cleaners. 

3176
02:54:41,800 --> 02:54:43,900
He used it to clean, clothing, 
and whitened. 

3177
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:47,400
Togas urine contains ammonia, 
which is actually quite 

3178
02:54:47,400 --> 02:54:50,100
effective for cleaning. 
So the collection wasn't just 

3179
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:52,600
gross recycling. 
It was practical chemistry. 

3180
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:56,400
Still, imagine the job interview
process for becoming a 

3181
02:54:56,400 --> 02:54:59,900
professional and collector. 
Women had their own challenges 

3182
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:03,400
with Roman bath from culture. 
They were generally excluded 

3183
02:55:03,400 --> 02:55:06,900
from public toilets and had to 
rely on private facilities or 

3184
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:09,800
chamber pots at home. 
This meant that Roman women 

3185
02:55:09,800 --> 02:55:12,500
rarely ventured far from home 
without carefully. 

3186
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:14,000
Planning. 
Their Roots around available 

3187
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:17,000
bathroom facilities. 
It was an early form of urban 

3188
02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:20,100
planning that took biological 
needs into account, though, not 

3189
02:55:20,100 --> 02:55:23,900
equally, for all citizens. 
Romans Society was on Rigid 

3190
02:55:23,900 --> 02:55:27,200
class distinctions and nowhere 
was this more apparent than, in 

3191
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:30,700
their hygiene practices, Your 
cleanliness level wasn't just 

3192
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:33,400
about personal preference. 
It was an advertisement of your 

3193
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:37,700
Social Status broadcast through 
scent, skin condition and the 

3194
02:55:37,700 --> 02:55:40,600
quality of oil glistening on 
your freshly scraped body. 

3195
02:55:41,700 --> 02:55:44,000
At the top of the hygiene 
pyramid, set, the wealthy 

3196
02:55:44,000 --> 02:55:47,000
patricians who treated 
cleanliness like a competitive 

3197
02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:49,500
sport. 
These folks didn't just bathe 

3198
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:51,500
they orchestrated elaborate 
cleansing. 

3199
02:55:51,500 --> 02:55:53,400
Rituals that would make modern 
spa treatments. 

3200
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:54,900
Look like a quick rinse in the 
garden. 

3201
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:58,100
Sprinkler. 
A wealthy Romans day might begin

3202
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:02,100
with slaves applying various 
oils and followed by a leisurely

3203
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:05,800
trip to their private bars. 
Then more oils for visit to the 

3204
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:09,300
public baths for socializing, 
then even more oils and perfumes

3205
02:56:09,300 --> 02:56:12,600
for the evening's entertainment.
the oils themselves were a 

3206
02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:15,900
higher of their own, the 
cheapest bath oil was made from 

3207
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:20,400
Olive's functional, but hardly 
luxurious Moving up the social 

3208
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,200
ladder, you'd find oils infused 
with roses violets or other 

3209
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:26,900
flowers at the very top were 
exotic. 

3210
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:30,500
Imported oils from India and the
Far East centered with spices 

3211
02:56:30,500 --> 02:56:32,700
that cost more than most Romans 
earned in a year. 

3212
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:37,400
These premium oils were just 
applied randomly wealthy, Romans

3213
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,400
had personal cause meat slaves, 
who specialized in the 

3214
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:43,300
application of cosmetics and 
centered oils with the Precision

3215
02:56:43,300 --> 02:56:46,700
of ancient perfumers. 
But here's where Roman hygiene 

3216
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:49,300
becomes really interesting. 
They believe that different 

3217
02:56:49,300 --> 02:56:52,500
sense could affect your 
personality and health lavender 

3218
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:55,900
oil was thought to promote 
wisdom while rose oil enhanced 

3219
02:56:55,900 --> 02:56:59,100
Beauty and charm. 
Mirrors considered, especially 

3220
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:01,900
powerful for warding off 
diseases, which led to some 

3221
02:57:01,900 --> 02:57:04,700
Roman smelling. 
Like they've been in bombed the 

3222
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:07,800
really paranoid wealthy would 
lay a multiple protective sense.

3223
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:11,000
Creating personal aromatic 
signatures that you could smell 

3224
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,000
coming from three blocks away, 
Middle class. 

3225
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:18,000
Romans the plebeians with decent
jobs had their hygiene 

3226
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:20,400
strategies. 
They couldn't afford the Exotic 

3227
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:22,400
oils. 
But they may do with olive oil 

3228
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:25,200
and local herbs. 
Many grew, their own aromatic 

3229
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:29,100
plants, specifically for bathing
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 

3230
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:33,300
popular choices. these Romans 
typically visited public baths 

3231
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,400
several times a week timing, 
their visits for the hours when 

3232
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:39,600
the water was freshest and the 
crowds with thinnest, They 

3233
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:43,100
developed their own social codes
around bath etiquette, including

3234
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:46,100
elaborate systems for sharing 
the limited supply of struggles 

3235
02:57:46,100 --> 02:57:48,700
and determining who got to use 
the best spots in each room. 

3236
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:52,700
The Working Poor have the most 
creative approaches to hygiene. 

3237
02:57:53,400 --> 02:57:56,600
many couldn't afford regular 
trips to the public bars so they

3238
02:57:56,600 --> 02:57:59,400
developed Alternatives that 
range from clever to desperate, 

3239
02:57:59,400 --> 02:58:03,200
some would collect rainwater for
washing heating it over, small 

3240
02:58:03,200 --> 02:58:06,400
fires in their cramped 
Apartments, Others would visit 

3241
02:58:06,400 --> 02:58:08,000
the baths during the cheapest 
hours. 

3242
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:11,300
Usually late in the day when the
water was questionable, but the 

3243
02:58:11,308 --> 02:58:14,800
prices were reduced. 
Many simply may do with quick 

3244
02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:18,300
washes at public fountains, 
using whatever soap, they could 

3245
02:58:18,300 --> 02:58:20,900
afford or make themselves from 
animal fat and Ash. 

3246
02:58:21,800 --> 02:58:24,600
Slaves occupied, the most 
complex position in the Roman 

3247
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:27,600
hygiene hierarchy. 
The house slaves of wealthy 

3248
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:29,200
families. 
Often had better access to 

3249
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:32,900
bathing facilities than free 
Romans of lower classes, but 

3250
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:35,600
only because cleanliness was 
part of their job requirements. 

3251
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:39,000
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 
serving dinner or handling 

3252
02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:42,000
expensive clothing. 
These slaves, often knew more 

3253
02:58:42,000 --> 02:58:44,700
about cosmetics and hygiene 
techniques than their Master's. 

3254
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:48,300
Having learned through daily 
practice, Some of their freedom 

3255
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:51,900
by becoming professional, Barth 
attendance or Cosmic turning 

3256
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:55,400
their enforced, expertise into 
Economic Opportunity, the 

3257
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:57,100
military had its own hygiene 
culture. 

3258
02:58:57,100 --> 02:59:00,400
Roman soldiers were required to 
maintain certain cleanliness 

3259
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:04,100
standards not just for health 
but for discipline military 

3260
02:59:04,100 --> 02:59:07,500
camps included bathing for 
facilities and a train systems 

3261
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:09,900
that were often more advanced 
than those found in civilian 

3262
02:59:09,900 --> 02:59:12,600
settlements. 
Soldiers developed efficient 

3263
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:15,500
group, bathing techniques, and 
shared resources, for soap and 

3264
02:59:15,508 --> 02:59:17,700
oil. 
But they also had to adapt 

3265
02:59:17,700 --> 02:59:20,800
campaign conditions where Proper
bathing might be impossible for 

3266
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,600
weeks at a time. 
Military hygiene was about 

3267
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:25,900
functionality over luxury 
though. 

3268
02:59:25,900 --> 02:59:27,900
Successful generals often 
celebrated victories. 

3269
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:30,100
With elaborate communal baths 
for their troops. 

3270
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:33,900
Even Gladiators had their place 
in the hygiene hierarchy. 

3271
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:36,700
These professional fighters were
valuable property. 

3272
02:59:36,700 --> 02:59:39,600
So their owners invested in 
keeping them clean and healthy 

3273
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:42,300
Gladiator. 
Schools included, sophisticated,

3274
02:59:42,300 --> 02:59:45,300
bathing facilities, and 
Gladiators often had access to 

3275
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:48,000
Medical Care, and specialized 
oils for treating training 

3276
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:50,700
injuries. 
But the irony wasn't lost on. 

3277
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:53,600
Romans, here were slaves, and 
criminals, who had better 

3278
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:55,600
hygiene facilities than many 
free sitters. 

3279
02:59:55,600 --> 02:59:58,900
And simply, because they were 
profitable entertainment, Roman 

3280
02:59:58,900 --> 03:00:02,000
medical Theory regarding hygiene
was a fascinating blend of 

3281
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:05,400
practical, observation 
philosophical speculation and 

3282
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:08,400
what can only be described as 
enthusiastic guest work. 

3283
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:12,000
Roman Physicians trained in 
Greek Traditions but adding 

3284
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:14,000
their own cultural 
interpretations developed 

3285
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:16,600
hygiene practices, that were 
simultaneously Advanced and 

3286
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:21,700
utterly baffling The foundation 
of Roman medical hygiene rested 

3287
03:00:21,700 --> 03:00:24,700
on the theory of humors. 
The belief that human health 

3288
03:00:24,700 --> 03:00:28,700
depended on balancing four 
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 

3289
03:00:28,700 --> 03:00:32,400
yellow, bile and black bile. 
According to this system 

3290
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:34,300
different types of dirt and 
contamination. 

3291
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,100
Could upset your humoral, 
balance leading to illness 

3292
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:40,800
Madness or worse. 
This meant that how you cleaned 

3293
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:42,900
yourself wasn't just about 
removing Grime. 

3294
03:00:42,900 --> 03:00:45,800
It was about maintaining Cosmic 
Harmony within your body. 

3295
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:49,600
Roman doctors, prescribed 
specific bathing temperatures 

3296
03:00:49,600 --> 03:00:51,700
for different ailments and 
personality types. 

3297
03:00:51,700 --> 03:00:55,600
If you were naturally tolerate 
hot tempered you needed, cool 

3298
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:59,100
bars to balance your excess, 
yellow bile melancholic, people 

3299
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:01,900
required hot baths to 
counteract, their cold dry 

3300
03:01:01,900 --> 03:01:04,000
nature. 
But, here's where it gets 

3301
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:06,900
complicated. 
The same doctor might prescribe 

3302
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:09,100
hot baths in the morning and 
cold baths in the evening, 

3303
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:12,700
depending on the phase of the 
moon, the season, and what you 

3304
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:16,000
eaten for lunch. 
Roman bath prescriptions could 

3305
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:17,900
be more complex than modern 
chemotherapy. 

3306
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:20,600
Protocols. 
The medical establishment also 

3307
03:01:20,600 --> 03:01:22,100
had strong opinions about 
sweating. 

3308
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:25,100
Roman Physicians. 
Believed that sweat carried 

3309
03:01:25,100 --> 03:01:27,200
away. 
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 

3310
03:01:27,200 --> 03:01:29,400
Humors. 
Making it essential for health. 

3311
03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:32,600
This perspective led to some 
interesting treatments. 

3312
03:01:33,300 --> 03:01:36,300
Patients with certain conditions
were prescribed sessions in the 

3313
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:39,600
hottest rooms of the baths. 
Sometimes for hours, at a time 

3314
03:01:39,608 --> 03:01:43,000
sweating out their illness. 
Others were given exercises 

3315
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:46,500
designed to produce specific 
types of sweat gentle 

3316
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:48,800
perspiration for delicate 
Constitution's. 

3317
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:51,400
Vigorous sweating for robust. 
Patients. 

3318
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:54,100
That were even Specialists, who 
claimed? 

3319
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:57,000
They could diagnose diseases by 
examining and smelling a patient

3320
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,300
sweat patterns. 
Oil played a central role in 

3321
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:03,800
Roman medical, hygiene theory, 
different oils were thought to 

3322
03:02:03,800 --> 03:02:06,800
have specific therapeutic 
properties that went beyond mere

3323
03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:09,400
cleanliness. 
Olive oil was considered warming

3324
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:12,700
and moistening beneficial for 
dry skin conditions and cold 

3325
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,000
humors. 
Rose oil was Cooling and 

3326
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:18,000
beautifying, prescribed for hot 
natured individuals and skin 

3327
03:02:18,000 --> 03:02:21,500
inflammation, but the real 
medical stars were the Exotic 

3328
03:02:21,500 --> 03:02:24,700
imported oils. 
Balsam from Judea was believed 

3329
03:02:24,700 --> 03:02:26,400
to cure headaches and promote 
wisdom. 

3330
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:29,800
Nard from India was prescribed 
for depression and anxiety. 

3331
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:33,800
These were just Pleasant sense. 
They were considered legitimate 

3332
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:37,300
medicine's Roman doctors all had
elaborate theories about when 

3333
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:38,900
and how to bathe for Optimal 
Health. 

3334
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:41,800
Most believed that bathing 
immediately after eating was 

3335
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:45,600
dangerous as it could disrupt 
digestion and caused the food to

3336
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:48,700
corrupt in your stomach. 
The recommended waiting period 

3337
03:02:48,700 --> 03:02:52,000
varied from two to four hours 
depending on what you didn't and

3338
03:02:52,000 --> 03:02:55,300
your constitutional type. 
Some Physicians prescribe 

3339
03:02:55,300 --> 03:03:03,900
pre-exercise to ensure proper 
circulation of vital spirits. 

3340
03:03:04,600 --> 03:03:07,200
The relationship between diet 
and hygiene was considered. 

3341
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:10,800
Crucial Roman medical texts are 
full of warnings about foods 

3342
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:14,100
that could make your sweat smell
foul or cause your skin to break

3343
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:16,700
out. 
Garlic and onions were thought 

3344
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:20,000
to produce corrupt humor, that 
emerged through the skin fish 

3345
03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:23,600
sauce, beloved by Romans, but 
notorious for its pungent, smell

3346
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:26,000
was believed to cause Marine 
humors. 

3347
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:29,200
That required special cleansing 
techniques involving sea salt 

3348
03:03:29,200 --> 03:03:33,100
and specific aromatic herbs. 
Women's hygiene was subject to a

3349
03:03:33,108 --> 03:03:36,500
specialty complex, medical 
theories, Roman Physicians 

3350
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:39,300
believed that women's monthly 
Cycles created special cleansing

3351
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:42,500
needs and opportunities. 
Certain herbs and oils. 

3352
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:46,100
Were prescribed specifically for
female patients often with the 

3353
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:49,100
goal of regulating their 
supposedly unstable humeral 

3354
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:53,400
balance, Pregnancy brought its 
own set of hygiene rules with 

3355
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:57,000
detail prescriptions for bathing
temperatures, oil applications 

3356
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:59,000
and cleansing. 
Schedule's designed to ensure 

3357
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:00,800
healthy babies and safe, 
deliveries. 

3358
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:04,600
Perhaps Most Fascinating with 
the Roman medical beliefs about 

3359
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:08,200
mental illness and hygiene. 
Doctors genuinely believed that 

3360
03:04:08,208 --> 03:04:11,100
certain types of Madness were 
caused by corrupted Vapors, 

3361
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:13,900
rising from unclean body to 
affect the brain. 

3362
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:16,900
This led to hygiene based 
treatments for depression 

3363
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:20,700
anxiety, and what we might now 
recognized as psychological 

3364
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:23,200
conditions. 
Patients were prescribed, 

3365
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,900
elaborate bathing regimens 
specific oil treatments and 

3366
03:04:26,900 --> 03:04:29,500
sometimes even therapeutic 
massages with aromatic 

3367
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:31,700
substances designed to restore 
mental balance. 

3368
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:34,900
The wealthy could afford 
personal Physicians who would 

3369
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:38,200
create customized hygiene 
protocols based on detailed 

3370
03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:42,000
examinations of their patients 
constitutions, Lifestyles and 

3371
03:04:42,000 --> 03:04:45,200
health histories. 
These medical hygiene plans were

3372
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:49,100
very detailed specifying when 
and how to bathe what to think 

3373
03:04:49,100 --> 03:04:52,700
about what prayers to recite and
how to breathe during cleansing.

3374
03:04:52,700 --> 03:04:56,900
Rituals money talks in any 
civilization and in ancient Rome

3375
03:04:56,900 --> 03:05:01,500
it spoke with a distinctly soapy
acts and The hygiene industry, 

3376
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:04,400
employing, thousands of people 
in jobs ranging from 

3377
03:05:04,400 --> 03:05:08,200
respectable, to eyebrow raising 
created economic opportunities. 

3378
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:10,700
That would not resurface until 
the emergence of the modern 

3379
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:14,200
beauty industry. 
Let's start with the public bars

3380
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:17,200
themselves, which were massive 
commercial Enterprise's. 

3381
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:20,600
A typical Roman Bath House 
employed, dozens of workers, 

3382
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:23,800
furnace operators, who kept the 
hypocrisy heating systems 

3383
03:05:23,800 --> 03:05:26,300
running. 
Water managers who maintain the 

3384
03:05:26,300 --> 03:05:29,700
complex, Plumbing attendance, 
who helped customers navigate 

3385
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:32,900
the facilities, masseurs who 
worked out the Kinks in Roman 

3386
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,400
muscles and security Personnel 
who kept order among naked 

3387
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:38,300
relaxed. 
And sometimes in toxicated 

3388
03:05:38,300 --> 03:05:42,100
Patron's The larger thermi were 
like ancient shopping malls, 

3389
03:05:42,100 --> 03:05:45,900
with vendors, selling everything
from snacks to jewelry to good 

3390
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:48,000
luck charms. 
Designed to protect you from 

3391
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:51,000
sewer demons. 
The oil trade was particularly 

3392
03:05:51,000 --> 03:05:53,700
lucrative. 
Olive oil was the foundation of 

3393
03:05:53,700 --> 03:05:56,900
the Roman hygiene industry and 
controlling Olive Groves could 

3394
03:05:56,900 --> 03:05:58,300
make you wealthy Beyond 
imagination. 

3395
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:02,500
But the real money was in 
specialty oils and perfumes. 

3396
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:06,800
A single and fora of 
high-quality rose oil from Egypt

3397
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:09,600
could cost more than a skilled 
Craftsman earned in six months. 

3398
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,600
The perfume Merchants, who dealt
in these luxury goods often 

3399
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,600
became powerful political 
figures using their wealth to 

3400
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:20,500
buy influence and status. 
In Port businesses thrived on 

3401
03:06:20,508 --> 03:06:24,400
Roman hygiene, Obsession exotic 
ingredients came from across the

3402
03:06:24,400 --> 03:06:28,300
Empire, and Beyond frankincense 
from Arabia, cinnamon, from 

3403
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:31,800
India, Amber from the Baltic 
regions, and silke for the 

3404
03:06:31,808 --> 03:06:33,700
finest bathing, towels from 
China. 

3405
03:06:34,600 --> 03:06:37,600
The logistics of getting these 
materials to Roman consumers 

3406
03:06:37,600 --> 03:06:41,700
created entire industries of 
Traders shippers and middlemen. 

3407
03:06:42,400 --> 03:06:45,200
Some Merchants specialized in 
nothing but hygiene related 

3408
03:06:45,200 --> 03:06:48,700
Imports building fortunes on 
Roman desires to smell better 

3409
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:51,400
than their neighbors. 
This soap making industry was 

3410
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:54,100
sophisticated. 
While Romans didn't use soap, 

3411
03:06:54,100 --> 03:06:57,000
the way we do, they did 
manufacture various cleansing 

3412
03:06:57,000 --> 03:07:00,700
compounds from animal fats, 
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.

3413
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:04,500
The best soap makers were 
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 

3414
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:07,300
passed down through generations 
of Craftsmen. 

3415
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:10,700
Some soap making families became
wealthy enough to own their own 

3416
03:07:10,708 --> 03:07:14,200
bathhouses, creating vertically,
integrated hygiene Empires, that

3417
03:07:14,208 --> 03:07:16,900
controlled everything. 
From soap production to the 

3418
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,400
final bathing experience. 
Slavery was unfortunately 

3419
03:07:20,400 --> 03:07:22,300
Central to the Roman hygiene 
economy. 

3420
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:26,400
Thousands of slaves, worked in 
bathhouses, oil production, and 

3421
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:29,900
personal hygiene Services. 
Some specialized in specific 

3422
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:33,600
skills, there were slaves, who 
could identify the best oils by 

3423
03:07:33,600 --> 03:07:36,300
smell alone. 
Others who were experts at using

3424
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:39,500
struggles without causing injury
and still others who memorized 

3425
03:07:39,500 --> 03:07:41,500
complex recipes for custom, 
perfume blends. 

3426
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:45,600
The most skilled slaves could 
earn enough money through tips 

3427
03:07:45,600 --> 03:07:47,800
and side businesses to 
eventually buy their freedom 

3428
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:49,800
though this path to manual 
Mission. 

3429
03:07:49,800 --> 03:07:53,000
Required years of scraping other
people's backs and memorizing 

3430
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:55,900
this scent preferences. 
The construction industry also 

3431
03:07:55,900 --> 03:07:59,600
benefited from Roman hygiene 
culture Building a proper Roman 

3432
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:02,500
bath required Specialists, and 
hypercourt heating systems 

3433
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:06,600
waterproof concrete decorative, 
mosaic's and complex Plumbing. 

3434
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:10,000
the techniques developed for 
Bath House, construction were 

3435
03:08:10,000 --> 03:08:13,500
later, applied to other 
buildings, making Roman culture,

3436
03:08:13,500 --> 03:08:17,200
a driver of architectural 
innovation, Some construction 

3437
03:08:17,200 --> 03:08:20,300
families became wealthy by 
specializing in bath related, 

3438
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,500
projects traveling throughout 
the Empire to build facilities 

3439
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:25,500
for wealthy Romans in distant 
provinces. 

3440
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:28,400
Then there were the support 
industries that emerged around 

3441
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:31,500
hygiene culture, laundry 
services, clean, the towels and 

3442
03:08:31,500 --> 03:08:35,000
clothing used in baths Pottery 
makers, produced the countless 

3443
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:37,400
vessels needed for oils, 
perfumes and bathing 

3444
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:40,400
accessories. 
Metal workers crafted strigil 

3445
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:44,300
mirrors and bathing jewelry. 
Even the food industry got 

3446
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:46,800
involved. 
As many, Romans liked to eat and

3447
03:08:46,800 --> 03:08:49,700
drink while bathing creating 
demand for waterproof serving 

3448
03:08:49,700 --> 03:08:52,000
vessels and special bath 
appropriate snacks. 

3449
03:08:53,200 --> 03:08:55,800
The medical side of hygiene 
created its own economic 

3450
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:59,400
opportunities Physicians who 
specialize in hygiene related, 

3451
03:08:59,400 --> 03:09:03,200
treatments, could charge premium
fees especially if they claimed 

3452
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:05,400
expertise and exotic foreign 
bathing technique's. 

3453
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:10,000
Massage therapists a Roma 
therapy Specialists and even 

3454
03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:12,500
professional bath Consultants 
emerged as profitable 

3455
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:15,600
professionals. 
Some enterprising Romans make 

3456
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,300
careers out of advising clients 
on optimal bathing. 

3457
03:09:18,300 --> 03:09:20,000
Schedule's and customized oil 
blends. 

3458
03:09:20,700 --> 03:09:23,800
Regional variations in high Jean
preferences, created Niche 

3459
03:09:23,800 --> 03:09:27,200
markets, throughout the Empire 
Roman's in Britain, of cold 

3460
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:29,600
weather Bethany techniques that 
required different oils and 

3461
03:09:29,600 --> 03:09:33,300
heating systems Romans in North 
Africa adapted their hygiene 

3462
03:09:33,300 --> 03:09:37,200
practices to Desert conditions, 
creating demand for specialized 

3463
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:39,500
sun, protection, oils, and sand,
resistant clothing. 

3464
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:43,400
These Regional specializations 
often became export Industries 

3465
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:46,400
with local, hygiene Innovation, 
spreading throughout the empire.

3466
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:49,500
The government will profited 
from Roman cleanliness, 

3467
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:53,100
obsessions through taxes and 
regulations, bathhouses paid 

3468
03:09:53,100 --> 03:09:56,500
licensing, fees imported, 
hygiene products, face, tariffs 

3469
03:09:56,500 --> 03:09:59,100
and Luxury. 
Perfumes were subject to special

3470
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:01,500
taxes. 
That helped fund Public Works 

3471
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:04,800
projects. 
Some historians argue that Roman

3472
03:10:04,800 --> 03:10:07,800
expansion was partly motivated 
by the desire to secure. 

3473
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:10,500
Reliable sources of 
hygiene-related raw materials 

3474
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,400
making cleanliness a factor in 
Imperial policy. 

3475
03:10:13,400 --> 03:10:16,000
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 
getting clean. 

3476
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:19,100
It was about navigating a 
complex spiritual landscape 

3477
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:22,100
where Supernatural forces, 
lurked in every bathing 

3478
03:10:22,100 --> 03:10:25,200
facility, an evil spirits had 
strong opinions about your 

3479
03:10:25,200 --> 03:10:29,700
personal grooming choices. the 
Romans had managed to turn basic

3480
03:10:29,700 --> 03:10:32,400
human cleanliness into a 
mystical Adventure, that 

3481
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:35,600
required, careful planning, 
protective charms, and 

3482
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:39,900
occasionally, professional 
Supernatural consultation Timing

3483
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:42,500
of your bath, was not just a 
matter of personal convenience. 

3484
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:46,200
It was a cosmic decision that 
could affect your luck health 

3485
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:50,300
and spiritual well-being. 
Romans consulted qalandars that 

3486
03:10:50,300 --> 03:10:54,100
indicated favorable and 
unfavorable bathing days based 

3487
03:10:54,100 --> 03:10:56,300
on lunar phases, religious 
festivals. 

3488
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:59,200
And the movements of various 
Gods through the celestial 

3489
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:03,000
sphere, Some wealthy Romans 
employed personal astrologers 

3490
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:06,400
use job including optimal 
bathing schedules. 

3491
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:09,900
Imagine having to verify your 
horoscope before deciding 

3492
03:11:09,900 --> 03:11:13,400
whether to take a shower. 
Water itself was considered to 

3493
03:11:13,400 --> 03:11:16,900
have spiritual properties, that 
varied depending on its source 

3494
03:11:16,900 --> 03:11:19,400
and treatment. 
Spring water was thought to 

3495
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:22,700
carry the blessings of water 
nymphs while rainwater collected

3496
03:11:22,700 --> 03:11:25,000
during thunderstorms was 
believed to have purifying 

3497
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:27,700
powers that could wash away 
curses and negative luck. 

3498
03:11:28,500 --> 03:11:31,500
The Romans went to extraordinary
lengths to obtain water with the

3499
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:34,200
right spiritual qualities for 
important bathing. 

3500
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:37,500
Rituals some wealthy families, 
maintained private Springs, 

3501
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:40,700
specifically for ceremonial 
bathing, hiring priest to bless 

3502
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:43,900
the water sources regularly. 
The direction you face while 

3503
03:11:43,900 --> 03:11:47,200
bathing was considered crucial. 
Most Romans believed you should 

3504
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:49,700
face East while entering the 
bath to welcome the blessing of 

3505
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:52,300
the Rising Sun. 
Then turned to face West while 

3506
03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:55,200
leaving to ensure that any evil 
influences washed away with the 

3507
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,500
Setting Sun? 
more superstitious Bays would 

3508
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:01,000
rotate through all four, 
cardinal directions during their

3509
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:04,700
bathing session Creating a kind 
of mystical water dance, that 

3510
03:12:04,700 --> 03:12:06,300
must have been entertaining to 
watch. 

3511
03:12:07,100 --> 03:12:09,900
Protective amulets for bathing 
were big business in ancient 

3512
03:12:09,900 --> 03:12:11,700
Rome. 
These were just decorative 

3513
03:12:11,700 --> 03:12:13,800
jewelry. 
They were considered essential 

3514
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:16,500
safety equipment, for anyone 
venturing into the spiritually, 

3515
03:12:16,500 --> 03:12:18,500
dangerous environment of a 
public bath. 

3516
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,500
Popular designs included images 
of Hercules, for strength, 

3517
03:12:22,500 --> 03:12:26,000
Mercury, for protection during 
travel, including spiritual 

3518
03:12:26,000 --> 03:12:29,000
Journeys, undertaken, while 
bathing, and various household 

3519
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:31,600
Gods, who specialized in 
bathroom related protection. 

3520
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:36,400
Some amulets were designed to be
worn while wet using special 

3521
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:39,200
materials and construction 
techniques that modern Jewelers 

3522
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:42,900
would find fascinating. 
The Romans had elaborate rituals

3523
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:45,500
for entering and leaving bars. 
That would make modern Spa 

3524
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,500
protocols. 
Look casual many would pause at 

3525
03:12:48,500 --> 03:12:51,400
the threshold to recite 
protective prayers, asking the 

3526
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:55,000
gods, to guard, them from evil 
spirits, prevent accidents and 

3527
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:57,300
ensure that their bathing 
experience would be beneficial 

3528
03:12:57,300 --> 03:13:01,400
rather than harmful Some would 
leave small offerings coins 

3529
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:03,300
flowers or drops of expensive 
oil. 

3530
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:06,900
A shrine dishes built into 
bathhouse walls specifically for

3531
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:10,200
this purpose, shared bathing 
created its own set of spiritual

3532
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:14,400
concerns, Roman's about picking 
up, not just physical dirt from 

3533
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:17,400
other Bayers that spiritual 
contamination from people with 

3534
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:21,100
bad luck evil, intentions, or 
Supernatural enemies. 

3535
03:13:21,900 --> 03:13:24,900
This led to complex etiquette 
systems designed to minimize 

3536
03:13:24,900 --> 03:13:27,500
spiritual risk while maintaining
social politeness. 

3537
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,400
You couldn't just ignore someone
in the bars that might offend 

3538
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:34,100
them and invite retaliation from
their personal gods. 

3539
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:37,700
But you also couldn't become too
friendly with strangers whose 

3540
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:41,200
spiritual status was unknown. 
The oil and perfume application 

3541
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:43,900
process was ritualized to an 
almost ceremonial degree. 

3542
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:48,100
Wealthy Romans would recite 
specific prayers while different

3543
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:50,400
oils were applied to different 
parts of their bodies. 

3544
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:54,000
Rose oil might be blessed to 
Venus while being applied to the

3545
03:13:54,008 --> 03:13:58,100
face while olive oil could be 
dedicated to Minerva while being

3546
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:01,400
used on arms and legs. 
The goal was to invoke Divine 

3547
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,000
protection for each body part. 
While also ensuring that the 

3548
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:07,400
gods approved of your grooming 
choices dreams about bathing 

3549
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:09,500
were considered prophetic and 
required, professional 

3550
03:14:09,500 --> 03:14:12,700
interpretation Romans who 
dreamed about dirty bathwater 

3551
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:15,300
might consult priests about 
impending spiritual danger, 

3552
03:14:15,300 --> 03:14:18,200
while dreams of Crystal. 
Clear, Pools were considered 

3553
03:14:18,200 --> 03:14:22,000
signs of divine favor. 
Some Romans kept dream journals 

3554
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:24,400
specifically to track bathing 
related dreams and their 

3555
03:14:24,400 --> 03:14:28,000
outcomes creating a kind of 
ancient database of Supernatural

3556
03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:30,600
bath predictions. 
The Romans even had 

3557
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:32,600
superstitions about soap and 
cleansing materials. 

3558
03:14:32,600 --> 03:14:36,100
Some believe that using soap 
made from animals that had died 

3559
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:39,100
violently could transfer 
aggressive spirits to the user. 

3560
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:42,600
Others thought that cleaning 
tools used by people who later 

3561
03:14:42,600 --> 03:14:47,200
suffered Misfortune accursed and
should be avoided. such beliefs 

3562
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:49,700
led to complex systems for 
tracking the history and 

3563
03:14:49,700 --> 03:14:53,000
spiritual pedigree of bathing 
accessories, with some wealthy 

3564
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:55,400
Romans, employing servants, 
whose job was to maintain 

3565
03:14:55,400 --> 03:14:58,900
detailed records of where their 
strigil sponges and oils had 

3566
03:14:58,900 --> 03:15:02,200
come from Seasonal bathing 
rituals aligned with the Roman 

3567
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,200
religious calendar created 
additional layers of complexity.

3568
03:15:05,900 --> 03:15:08,400
During certain festivals bathing
was considered, either a 

3569
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:11,900
specially beneficial or 
particularly dangerous depending

3570
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:13,400
on which gods were being 
honored. 

3571
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:17,000
The Spring Festival of Anna, 
pirano included ritual bathing 

3572
03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:19,600
That was supposed to ensure 
health for the coming year while

3573
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,600
bathing during the lemuria. 
When Restless Spirits roamed, 

3574
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,700
the Earth, required special 
protective measures as you 

3575
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:28,100
settle back in to your modern 
bathroom surrounded by 

3576
03:15:28,108 --> 03:15:30,600
antibacterial soap, dispensers, 
and privacy walls. 

3577
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:34,300
It's worth reflecting on what 
the Romans actually got right. 

3578
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:36,800
About hygiene. 
And what we might have learned 

3579
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:38,300
from their more, colorful 
mistakes. 

3580
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:41,000
There approached to cleanliness 
reveal. 

3581
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:44,700
Something profound about human 
nature, our eternal struggle to 

3582
03:15:44,708 --> 03:15:48,600
balance individual needs with 
social expectations, practical, 

3583
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:51,800
health concerns, with cultural 
beliefs, and the desire to be 

3584
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:54,200
clean with the reality of what 
their actually means. 

3585
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:56,400
The Roman's. 
Understood something that we 

3586
03:15:56,408 --> 03:15:59,700
sometimes forget in our modern 
individualistic, bathing 

3587
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:02,200
culture. 
Cleanliness was inherently 

3588
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:05,000
social. 
Communal baths weren't just 

3589
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:07,600
about getting clean. 
They were about maintaining the 

3590
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:10,100
social fabric that held their 
civilization together. 

3591
03:16:11,100 --> 03:16:14,900
In an age before television, the
internet, or even widespread 

3592
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:18,300
literacy, the bath served as 
information networks business 

3593
03:16:18,300 --> 03:16:20,700
centers and Community gathering 
places. 

3594
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:23,300
Romans didn't just wash their 
bodies. 

3595
03:16:23,300 --> 03:16:26,100
They washed themselves back into
society each day. 

3596
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:30,200
Modern hygiene science has 
validated many Roman practices 

3597
03:16:30,200 --> 03:16:33,600
While debunking others their 
emphasis on regular bathing. 

3598
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:37,000
The use of oils to protect skin 
and even their practice of 

3599
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:39,800
scraping away dead skin. 
Cells were, remarkably sound 

3600
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:41,400
from a Dermatological 
standpoint. 

3601
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:44,800
The Romans understood that 
healthy skin required, both 

3602
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:47,000
cleansing and moisturizing 
though. 

3603
03:16:47,000 --> 03:16:49,600
They achieved it through all of 
oil and metal scrapers rather 

3604
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:51,700
than lotion and exfoliating 
scrubs. 

3605
03:16:52,500 --> 03:16:54,800
Their recognition, that mental 
health and physical. 

3606
03:16:54,800 --> 03:16:56,700
Cleanliness were connected was 
not wrong. 

3607
03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:00,100
It was just expressed through 
theories about humors and evil 

3608
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:02,200
spirits rather than modern 
psychology. 

3609
03:17:03,400 --> 03:17:06,600
The Roman approached to dental 
hygiene while involving some 

3610
03:17:06,600 --> 03:17:09,700
questionable ingredients was 
actually more advanced than what

3611
03:17:09,700 --> 03:17:12,200
most European would practice for
the next 1000 years. 

3612
03:17:13,000 --> 03:17:15,700
Chewing on aromatic Twigs. 
Did clean teeth, effectively. 

3613
03:17:15,700 --> 03:17:18,800
And some of their herbal mouth. 
Rinses contained ingredients 

3614
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:21,500
that Modern Dentistry recognizes
as beneficial. 

3615
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:25,100
A fact that they cared about 
dental hygiene at all, put them 

3616
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:27,500
ahead of many later 
civilizations that considered 

3617
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:30,300
tooth care vanity rather than 
health maintenance. 

3618
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:34,000
Most importantly, the Romans 
demonstrated that public health 

3619
03:17:34,000 --> 03:17:37,400
infrastructure could transform 
civilization, their aqueducts 

3620
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,000
sewers and public baths. 
Created living conditions. 

3621
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,900
That wouldn't be matched in 
European cities until the 19th 

3622
03:17:42,900 --> 03:17:45,300
century. 
The decline of Roman bathing 

3623
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:48,300
culture after the fall of the 
Empire coincided with centuries 

3624
03:17:48,300 --> 03:17:52,500
of reduced, lifespans, increased
disease, and general scruffs 

3625
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:54,700
that historians. 
Now recognized as preventable 

3626
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:57,600
consequences of abandoning 
public, hygiene infrastructure, 

3627
03:17:57,600 --> 03:18:00,800
the economic lessons of Roman 
hygiene culture are equally 

3628
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:03,200
relevant today. 
The understood that cleanliness 

3629
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:06,500
could be an industry, creating 
jobs and driving innovation in 

3630
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:08,500
ways that benefited entire 
societies. 

3631
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:11,400
Their willingness to invest 
public money, in bathing, 

3632
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:13,100
facilities, and sanitation 
systems. 

3633
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:17,200
Paid dividends in Public Health,
and Social stability that lasted

3634
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:21,000
for centuries. 
Modern cities still struggle 

3635
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:24,400
with the same basic challenge. 
How to balance individual 

3636
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:28,500
desires for cleanliness and 
privacy with the collective 

3637
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:30,700
benefits of shared 
infrastructure and social 

3638
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:34,700
bathing spaces. 
The Roman mistake of mixing with

3639
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:38,700
Superstition offers, its lessons
when cleanliness becomes too 

3640
03:18:38,700 --> 03:18:41,400
ritualized or culturally loaded.
It can become a source of 

3641
03:18:41,400 --> 03:18:44,900
anxiety, rather than health. 
Modern Western culture, 

3642
03:18:44,900 --> 03:18:46,200
occasionally succumbs to 
similar. 

3643
03:18:46,200 --> 03:18:49,500
Pitfalls transforming personal 
hygiene into competitive 

3644
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:53,400
displays of status or moral 
superiority rather than a means 

3645
03:18:53,400 --> 03:18:56,900
of maintaining practical health 
The Romans remind us that it's 

3646
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:00,400
possible to take cleanliness to 
seriously investing it with 

3647
03:19:00,400 --> 03:19:03,500
meanings and expectations that 
have nothing to do with actually

3648
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:06,500
being clean. 
As you drift off to sleep 

3649
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,700
tonight, clean and comfortable, 
in ways that would Amaze any 

3650
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:12,700
ancient Roman. 
Remember that hygiene is always 

3651
03:19:12,700 --> 03:19:15,400
a work in progress. 
The Romans thought they had 

3652
03:19:15,400 --> 03:19:19,100
figured it out just as we think 
we have figured out just as 

3653
03:19:19,100 --> 03:19:21,800
people a thousand years from now
will probably shake their heads 

3654
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:24,200
at our primitive understanding 
of cleanliness and health. 

3655
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:28,300
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 
is like the pursuit of perfect 

3656
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:32,000
happiness, and admirable, goal 
that reveals more about human 

3657
03:19:32,000 --> 03:19:34,000
nature than it does about soap 
and water. 

3658
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,100
The Romans gave us the 
foundation for contemplating 

3659
03:19:37,100 --> 03:19:40,700
cleanliness as both a personal 
responsibility and a social 

3660
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:43,100
virtue. 
They showed us that being clean,

3661
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,700
could be pleasant social, and 
even luxurious rather than just 

3662
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:49,300
Grimes necessity. 
Most importantly, they 

3663
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:51,600
demonstrated that a 
civilizations approach to 

3664
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:56,100
hygiene reflects its values 
priorities and understanding of 

3665
03:19:56,100 --> 03:19:57,400
what it means to live well 
together. 

3666
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,700
So the next time you step into 
your private shower with your 

3667
03:20:00,708 --> 03:20:03,400
individually, chosen soap and 
you're perfectly heated water, 

3668
03:20:03,400 --> 03:20:06,600
spare a thought for those long 
dead, Roman sitting naked on 

3669
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:08,900
their communal. 
Toilets, sharing their communal 

3670
03:20:08,900 --> 03:20:12,400
sponges and somehow managing to 
build an Empire that lasted a 

3671
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:15,000
1000 years. 
They may not have understood 

3672
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:18,300
germs or bacteria but they 
understood something equally 

3673
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:21,400
important that taking care of 
your body and sharing that 

3674
03:20:21,400 --> 03:20:23,800
experience with your community, 
was one of the things that made 

3675
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:26,400
life worth living. 
Despite the fact that it 

3676
03:20:26,400 --> 03:20:29,800
necessitated more public nudity 
and dubious medical theories 

3677
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:31,600
than the majority of us would 
favor. 

3678
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:41,000
Close your eyes from a moment in
the year. 1800 There's no hum of

3679
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:45,200
electricity in the background. 
No distant traffic noise and no 

3680
03:20:45,200 --> 03:20:47,400
notification sounds breaking. 
Your concentration? 

3681
03:20:48,500 --> 03:20:51,700
Instead the world announces 
itself through different 

3682
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:56,500
rhythms, the clip-clop of horses
on cobblestones the distant ring

3683
03:20:56,500 --> 03:21:00,000
of a church bell marking the 
hour or perhaps the Creak of a 

3684
03:21:00,000 --> 03:21:02,100
wooden cart making its way down 
a dirt road. 

3685
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:05,600
In this world, nearly 
Everything. 

3686
03:21:05,600 --> 03:21:07,200
You Touch has been made by 
someone. 

3687
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:10,500
You could actually meet Your 
shoes were crafted by the 

3688
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:13,900
cobbler, three streets over the 
one who shops smells of leather 

3689
03:21:13,900 --> 03:21:17,300
and beeswax. 
Your shirt was woven by someone 

3690
03:21:17,300 --> 03:21:20,500
who knew the sheep that provided
the wool and maybe even helped 

3691
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:22,200
share them on a bright spring 
morning. 

3692
03:21:23,200 --> 03:21:25,700
The nails holding your house 
together were hammered out one 

3693
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:27,400
by one. 
By a blacksmith, whose 

3694
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:30,200
grandfather taught him, the 
trade, who learned it from his 

3695
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:34,400
own grandfather before that. 
The 1800s occupied this 

3696
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:36,900
fascinating middle ground in 
human history. 

3697
03:21:37,800 --> 03:21:41,200
A bridge between the ancient 
world of pure handcraft and our 

3698
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:45,100
Modern Age of mass production. 
At the centuries beginning 

3699
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:48,800
methods of making things hadn't 
changed substantially in 

3700
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:52,500
hundreds of years. 
A medieval Craftsmen transported

3701
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:55,500
to 1800 would have felt 
reasonably at home in most 

3702
03:21:55,500 --> 03:21:59,400
workshops. 
But by 1900 factories were 

3703
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,800
humming with machinery, and that
same medieval Craftsmen would 

3704
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,500
have thought he'd stumbled into 
some kind of mechanical fever 

3705
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,100
dream. 
You have to understand that in 

3706
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:10,500
1800 the concept of shopping as 
we know it. 

3707
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:13,300
Barely existed. 
You didn't browse through 

3708
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:15,800
identical products made in 
distant factories. 

3709
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:19,800
Instead you visited crafts 
people, who would make something

3710
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:24,700
specifically for you shaped to 
your measurements belt to last 

3711
03:22:24,700 --> 03:22:29,100
not months, or years, but 
potentially Generations, Every 

3712
03:22:29,100 --> 03:22:33,100
object carried the fingerprints,
sometimes literally of its 

3713
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:35,800
maker. 
This wasn't romanticized 

3714
03:22:35,800 --> 03:22:40,600
Simplicity life was hard. 
Work was demanding and making 

3715
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:44,000
even basic necessities required 
skills that took years to 

3716
03:22:44,000 --> 03:22:47,000
master. 
But there was something in this 

3717
03:22:47,000 --> 03:22:49,400
way of making things that we've 
largely lost. 

3718
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:54,200
A direct relationship between 
maker and user between material 

3719
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:56,900
and finished object. 
And between the time, something 

3720
03:22:56,900 --> 03:23:02,000
took to create and the value, 
placed upon it, The 1800s would 

3721
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:04,000
watch this entire system, 
transform. 

3722
03:23:04,800 --> 03:23:07,600
Steam engines, would gradually 
replace water wheels and muscle 

3723
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:10,400
power. 
Factories would centralize work 

3724
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,400
that had once been scattered 
across thousands of small 

3725
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,200
workshops. 
Skills passed down through 

3726
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:18,500
apprenticeship. 
Would begin to be codified in 

3727
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:22,100
technical manuals that anyone 
could theoretically learn from. 

3728
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:26,700
It was progress, certainly, but 
it came with costs people of the

3729
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:30,700
time, could feel in their bones,
What's fascinating is how long 

3730
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:33,700
traditional craftsmanship, 
persisted alongside these new 

3731
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:36,900
industrial methods? 
Even as factories began, 

3732
03:23:36,900 --> 03:23:40,400
producing cheap textiles, 
handweavers, continued their 

3733
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:44,200
work, creating Fabrics that 
machines could not yet match. 

3734
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:47,800
While mass-produced Furniture 
filled modest. 

3735
03:23:47,800 --> 03:23:51,700
Homes skilled cabinet makers 
still crafted pieces for those 

3736
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:53,700
who value their Artistry over 
economy. 

3737
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:58,700
The century became a long slow 
negotiation between handmade 

3738
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:01,800
quality and manufactured 
quantity. 

3739
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:06,100
Between individual Artistry and 
standardized efficiency. 

3740
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,200
Tonight, we're going to explore 
this world through the hands and

3741
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:11,800
workshops of the people who made
it. 

3742
03:24:12,600 --> 03:24:16,000
Not the famous inventors or 
industrial magnates whose names 

3743
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:18,700
Phil history books, but the 
blacksmiths and Carpenters 

3744
03:24:18,700 --> 03:24:23,100
Weavers, and cobblers Tinkers, 
and countless other Crafts. 

3745
03:24:23,100 --> 03:24:25,200
People Who skills shaped daily 
life. 

3746
03:24:26,000 --> 03:24:29,700
Their world moved at the pace of
careful, work, measured not in 

3747
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:32,200
metrics. 
And deadlines in the time, it 

3748
03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:36,500
takes to do something properly. 
So settle in deeper, adjust your

3749
03:24:36,500 --> 03:24:38,900
pillow. 
And let's step into workshops, 

3750
03:24:38,900 --> 03:24:42,100
where the air smells of wood, 
shavings and cold smoke, where 

3751
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:45,900
time is marked by the rhythm of 
tools meeting material and where

3752
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:48,900
making something beautiful and 
useful is simply how you spend 

3753
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:51,800
your day. 
The blacksmith's Workshop is the

3754
03:24:51,800 --> 03:24:55,600
heart of any 1800s town or 
Village you can usually smell it

3755
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:59,900
before you see it. 
Distinctive of cold smoke mixed 

3756
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:03,900
with hot metal, and the slightly
accurate, Tang of quenched, 

3757
03:25:03,900 --> 03:25:07,100
irony meeting water. 
It's early morning as you 

3758
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:11,300
approach and already the forges 
glowing radiating heat. 

3759
03:25:11,300 --> 03:25:14,500
That feels Pleasant in the cool 
Dawn are but will become 

3760
03:25:14,508 --> 03:25:18,500
oppressive by midday. 
Step inside and your eyes. 

3761
03:25:18,508 --> 03:25:21,500
Need a moment to adjust to the 
dimness punctuated by the 

3762
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:23,900
brilliant orange, yellow glow of
the forge. 

3763
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:26,300
The blacksmith is already at 
work. 

3764
03:25:26,300 --> 03:25:29,600
These Craftsmen often start 
Before Sunrise because metal 

3765
03:25:29,600 --> 03:25:33,500
work demands the best hours of 
the day and the mind is sharpest

3766
03:25:33,500 --> 03:25:36,700
and the hands steadiest. 
Watch how he works. 

3767
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:39,200
Because there's a rhythm to 
blacksmithing. 

3768
03:25:39,200 --> 03:25:44,000
That's almost Musical. 
The iron rod goes into the forge

3769
03:25:44,000 --> 03:25:47,600
nestled in the carefully. 
Banked coals that maintain a 

3770
03:25:47,600 --> 03:25:49,800
temperature of around 2000 
degrees Fahrenheit. 

3771
03:25:50,800 --> 03:25:53,500
Not that anyone in 1800 is 
measuring temperatures 

3772
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:56,700
precisely. 
The blacksmith knows his Heat by

3773
03:25:56,700 --> 03:25:59,800
color. 
Black Iron that begins to show a

3774
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:04,500
faint, red glow, red, that 
brightens to Orange Orange that 

3775
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:08,100
lightens to yellow. 
And finally, the rare white heat

3776
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:10,500
reserved for welding two pieces 
together. 

3777
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:14,300
While the iron heats, the 
blacksmith might prepare as 

3778
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:18,000
tools or check previous work. 
But mostly he's watching that 

3779
03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:21,600
glow waiting for the precise 
moment when the metal is ready. 

3780
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,300
Pull it out too soon and the 
metal won't move under the 

3781
03:26:25,300 --> 03:26:27,700
hammer. 
Wait too long, and you might 

3782
03:26:27,700 --> 03:26:31,700
burn the iron ruining its 
properties it's a judgment that 

3783
03:26:31,700 --> 03:26:36,000
takes years to develop based not
on thermometers, but on the 

3784
03:26:36,000 --> 03:26:40,200
subtle shifts in color that tell
an experience, I everything 

3785
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:44,500
about the metal state When the 
moment is right, the iron comes 

3786
03:26:44,500 --> 03:26:47,100
out of the forge in a smooth 
practice motion. 

3787
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:52,700
No hesitation because hesitation
means lost heat and wasted work.

3788
03:26:54,100 --> 03:26:57,600
The metal goes onto the Anvil 
that massive block of iron that 

3789
03:26:57,600 --> 03:27:01,200
might weigh 200 pounds or more 
sitting on a stump of hardwood. 

3790
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:04,800
That's been specially selected 
for its ability to absorb shock 

3791
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:08,800
without splitting. 
Then comes the hammer and this 

3792
03:27:08,800 --> 03:27:11,600
is where blacksmithing reveals 
itself as something, more than 

3793
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:15,600
simple pounding. 
Strike is deliberate placed with

3794
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:19,100
precision and varying in forced 
depending on what the blacksmith

3795
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,600
wants to achieve. 
Light Taps to spread the metal 

3796
03:27:22,600 --> 03:27:24,900
gradually heavier blows to move 
it. 

3797
03:27:24,908 --> 03:27:28,400
More dramatically the hammer 
almost dancing at the iron 

3798
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:33,100
surface, the sound Echoes 
through the workshop ring, ring 

3799
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:37,600
ring a rhythm that people in 
town used to Mark the passage of

3800
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:40,100
their day. 
The way we might glance at a 

3801
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:42,400
clock. 
Between Heating and hammering, 

3802
03:27:42,400 --> 03:27:45,900
the blacksmith might return the 
piece to the forge a dozen times

3803
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:48,700
or more. 
There's no rushing, this process

3804
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:51,800
metal has its own pace and 
forcing. 

3805
03:27:51,800 --> 03:27:56,000
It leads to cracks weak spots or
pieces that won't hold up to 

3806
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,700
use. 
You learn patience at the forge 

3807
03:27:58,700 --> 03:28:03,600
or you learn to fail repeatedly.
What amazes modern observers is 

3808
03:28:03,600 --> 03:28:07,000
the range of things a blacksmith
creates, obviously there are 

3809
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:10,400
horseshoes and these aren't 
simple, u-shaped Stamped Out of 

3810
03:28:10,408 --> 03:28:13,108
flat bar stock. 
Each shoe is shaped to the 

3811
03:28:13,116 --> 03:28:16,900
specific who fit will protect 
with nail holes carefully. 

3812
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:20,900
Placed in the end shape to 
provide the right grip, Skilled 

3813
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:23,300
farrier, a blacksmith 
specializing. 

3814
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:27,600
In horse, care can look at a 
horse's stance and gate and make

3815
03:28:27,600 --> 03:28:29,700
shoes. 
That correct problems or enhance

3816
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:32,600
performance. 
The Horseshoes are just the 

3817
03:28:32,608 --> 03:28:35,400
beginning. 
The blacksmith makes the nails 

3818
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:38,900
that hold buildings together. 
Crafting the from Iron rods, 

3819
03:28:38,900 --> 03:28:42,400
drawing them out to the right 
length and taper, then cutting 

3820
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:46,400
them off with a sharp blow. 
A skilled Smith can make 100 of 

3821
03:28:46,400 --> 03:28:50,200
Nails in a day. 
Each one shaped by hand each one

3822
03:28:50,200 --> 03:28:53,300
slightly unique. 
He makes the hinges that allowed

3823
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:57,200
doors to swing the lashes that 
keep them closed and the hooks 

3824
03:28:57,200 --> 03:29:01,500
that hang pots over fires. 
Farm tools flow from the 

3825
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:04,800
blacksmith's Forge, plow blades.
That must be hard enough to 

3826
03:29:04,808 --> 03:29:08,700
break soil, but flexible enough 
not to shatter on rocks, hose, 

3827
03:29:08,700 --> 03:29:13,900
and rakes, axes, and axes. 
Tool is created with intimate 

3828
03:29:13,900 --> 03:29:15,500
knowledge of how it will be 
used. 

3829
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:19,300
And acts for felling, trees. 
Differs from one, meant for 

3830
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:22,800
splitting firewood, and both 
differ from the smaller hatches 

3831
03:29:22,800 --> 03:29:25,700
used for kindling. 
The blacksmith knows these 

3832
03:29:25,700 --> 03:29:29,200
distinctions in his muscles in 
the automatic adjustments is 

3833
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,000
hands make while working. 
More delicate. 

3834
03:29:32,000 --> 03:29:35,800
Work happens, too. 
The same hands that can swing a 

3835
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:38,500
heavy Sledgehammer. 
Can also craft intricate 

3836
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:42,800
scrollwork for decorative Gates 
forming hot iron into curves and

3837
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:45,500
spirals with tools. 
That look almost like 

3838
03:29:45,500 --> 03:29:49,100
chopsticks. 
Fire pokers terminating handles 

3839
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:51,500
shaped like twisting vines or 
animal heads. 

3840
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:55,400
Door-knockers become small works
of art while remaining perfectly

3841
03:29:55,400 --> 03:29:58,000
functional. 
The blacksmith's Workshop, 

3842
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:01,300
collects a lifetime of 
specialized tools, many of which

3843
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:04,200
he's made himself, dozens of 
different hammers. 

3844
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:08,300
Hang within easy, reach ball, 
peen, hammers for shaping cross 

3845
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,500
peen hammers for drawing out, 
metal and straighten, hammers 

3846
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:15,400
for creating grooves. 
Tongues of every conceivable 

3847
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:20,600
shape grip, different sized and 
shaped pieces. swages Fullers 

3848
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:24,600
and Hardies fit into the anvils 
Hardy hole each designed for 

3849
03:30:24,600 --> 03:30:28,200
specific shaping operations The 
physical demands of 

3850
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:31,800
blacksmithing, leave their Mark 
blacksmiths typically developed 

3851
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:35,000
one arm noticeably larger than 
the other from constantly 

3852
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:37,500
swinging. 
The hammer burns are inevitable,

3853
03:30:37,500 --> 03:30:42,300
tiny scars, Dot, 4 arms and 
hands from Sparks and accidental

3854
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:46,200
contact with hot metal. 
The constant heat means working 

3855
03:30:46,200 --> 03:30:49,800
in relatively like clothing, 
even in Winter stepping outside 

3856
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:52,500
periodically for Relief when the
forge becomes unbearable. 

3857
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:56,600
But there's deep satisfaction in
this work, You start with a 

3858
03:30:56,600 --> 03:31:00,100
straight bar of iron and through
patient heating hammering and 

3859
03:31:00,100 --> 03:31:03,100
shaping you create something 
that didn't exist before. 

3860
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:06,900
Something useful that will serve
its purpose for decades or 

3861
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:10,400
longer. 
Objects made by the 1800s 

3862
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:12,200
blacksmiths are still in use 
today. 

3863
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:15,100
Testimony to the quality of work
done. 

3864
03:31:15,100 --> 03:31:16,700
When taking time to do things, 
right? 

3865
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:20,700
Wasn't considered optional. 
As evening approaches and the 

3866
03:31:20,700 --> 03:31:22,400
blacksmith Banks is Forge for 
the night. 

3867
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:25,600
The workshop begins to cool the 
days work. 

3868
03:31:25,600 --> 03:31:27,700
Hangs on hooks or rests on 
shelves. 

3869
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:32,000
Horseshoes waiting to be fitted 
tools, ready for pickup and 

3870
03:31:32,000 --> 03:31:34,200
projects in various stages of 
completion. 

3871
03:31:35,200 --> 03:31:39,200
Tomorrow the forge will glow. 
Again, the hammer will ring and 

3872
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,200
more iron will be transformed 
into the 1000 useful. 

3873
03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:44,600
Things that hold a 
pre-industrial world together. 

3874
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,100
The blacksmith washers. 
The coal dust from his face and 

3875
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:52,000
hands at the pump outside. 
And as he does, you notice his 

3876
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:55,900
hands. 
Scarred calloused and incredibly

3877
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:59,100
strong but also capable of 
delicate precision. 

3878
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:01,900
These are the hands that hold 
together. 

3879
03:32:01,900 --> 03:32:03,300
Everything in the town. 
One. 

3880
03:32:03,300 --> 03:32:04,800
Careful Hammer. 
Blow at time. 

3881
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:09,000
Walk past the blacksmith's Forge
and a few buildings down, you'll

3882
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:12,500
find the Carpenters Workshop, an
entirely different world despite

3883
03:32:12,500 --> 03:32:14,200
both Craftsmen working with 
their hands. 

3884
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:18,400
Where the blacksmith domain is 
dominated by fire and metal. 

3885
03:32:18,400 --> 03:32:21,300
The Carpenters. 
Workshop speaks in the quieter 

3886
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:25,200
language of wood. 
It's very grains and colors the 

3887
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:28,800
way different species, responded
tools, and the subtle music of 

3888
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:33,500
sharp blades meeting Timber. 
First thing that strikes you 

3889
03:32:33,500 --> 03:32:35,600
entering a cop and his Workshop 
is the smell. 

3890
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:38,800
It's one of the most Pleasant 
Aromas in the pre-industrial 

3891
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:40,800
world. 
Fresh would shave. 

3892
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:45,600
In the slight resinous Center of
pine, the deeper richer smell of

3893
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:50,200
oak or walnut, and perhaps, a 
hint of linseed oil and Beeswax.

3894
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:53,100
It's a smell that tells your 
brain to relax. 

3895
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,800
That says something beautiful as
being created here without the 

3896
03:32:56,800 --> 03:33:00,600
violence of hammer and Forge. 
The workshop is dominated by 

3897
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:04,100
workbenches Massive Affairs, 
made of hardwood that won't 

3898
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:05,900
budge during cleaning or 
soaring. 

3899
03:33:05,900 --> 03:33:09,900
These benches are Marvels in 
themselves featuring vices that 

3900
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,300
can grip boards from multiple 
angles, dog holes that allow 

3901
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:17,400
boards to be secured lengthwise 
and surfaces kept meticulously 

3902
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:19,600
flat because they're the 
reference plane for all work, 

3903
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:22,600
done upon them. 
A carpenter might spend weeks 

3904
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:25,800
building his primary workbench 
knowing it will serve them for 

3905
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:29,200
his entire career. 
Like streams in through large 

3906
03:33:29,200 --> 03:33:31,900
Windows Carpenters, need good 
natural. 

3907
03:33:31,900 --> 03:33:36,200
Light to see grain patterns, 
check if surfaces truly flat and

3908
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:40,300
spot defects in wood. unlike the
blacksmith who works with 

3909
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:43,800
glowing metal visible in any 
light, the Carpenters work 

3910
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:47,400
requires the subtle perception 
that only good daylight provides

3911
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:50,600
The tools hanging on the walls, 
represent generations of 

3912
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:53,200
refinement, saws of every 
description. 

3913
03:33:53,200 --> 03:33:57,300
Crosscut saws for cutting cross.
The grain, rip saws for cutting 

3914
03:33:57,300 --> 03:33:59,800
with it. 
Smaller back saws for precise, 

3915
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:03,800
joinery work, coping saws for 
Curves and bow saws for quick, 

3916
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:07,200
rough cuts. 
Each saw has been sharpened and 

3917
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:11,400
set by the Carpenters himself. 
Because in the 1800s sending 

3918
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,200
tools out for sharpening would 
be like, sending your teeth out 

3919
03:34:14,200 --> 03:34:17,200
for cleaning. 
These are intimate extensions of

3920
03:34:17,200 --> 03:34:19,000
your body that you maintain 
yourself. 

3921
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:23,100
Planes, represent a Carpenters 
precision tools and a 

3922
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:25,100
well-equipped. 
Workshop might have 20 or more. 

3923
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:27,800
Smoothing planes create 
surfaces. 

3924
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:31,100
So perfect. 
They seem almost polished Jack 

3925
03:34:31,100 --> 03:34:33,900
Planes, remove material quickly 
for initial shaping. 

3926
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:36,900
Jointer planes. 
True Long edges. 

3927
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:41,200
Specialty planes, cut, grooves, 
rabbits, and moldings, and 

3928
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:44,300
profiles, that range from simple
to astonishingly complex. 

3929
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:48,300
Some molding planes create 
shapes, so intricate you'd think

3930
03:34:48,308 --> 03:34:50,000
they require Machinery? 
But no. 

3931
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:55,500
Just a perfectly shaped blade. 
Careful adjustment and steady, 

3932
03:34:55,500 --> 03:34:59,800
practice strokes. 
Watch a carpenter work and you 

3933
03:34:59,800 --> 03:35:02,300
see decision-making happening 
with every board selected. 

3934
03:35:03,300 --> 03:35:06,000
Wood isn't a uniform material 
like metal or plastic. 

3935
03:35:06,000 --> 03:35:10,500
Each piece is unique with grain 
patterns notes potential. 

3936
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:12,900
Weak spots, an individual 
character. 

3937
03:35:14,000 --> 03:35:16,500
The carpenter learns to read, 
would the way you might read 

3938
03:35:16,500 --> 03:35:20,300
faces, understanding at a 
glance, which boards will work 

3939
03:35:20,300 --> 03:35:24,400
for which purposes. 
A simple board selection for a 

3940
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:26,700
table might involve considering 
six different pieces. 

3941
03:35:27,700 --> 03:35:31,200
This one has beautiful grain but
are not right where stress will 

3942
03:35:31,208 --> 03:35:33,800
be concentrated. 
Set it aside. 

3943
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:38,000
That one's grain runs slightly 
diagonal, which means it might. 

3944
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,900
Couple twists, maybe useful for 
something else but not this 

3945
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:44,700
project. 
This third piece has straight 

3946
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,900
grain. 
No significant defects and the 

3947
03:35:47,900 --> 03:35:49,400
right color. 
Perfect. 

3948
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:52,200
These judgments happen in 
seconds. 

3949
03:35:52,200 --> 03:35:56,500
But rest on years of experience 
with how would behaves Joinery, 

3950
03:35:56,500 --> 03:35:59,000
the art of connecting piece of 
wood without visible. 

3951
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:03,400
Fasteners is where carpentry 
becomes almost magical The 

3952
03:36:03,408 --> 03:36:06,600
carpenter cuts are 10 on One 
Piece and a mortise and another 

3953
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:10,200
when fitted together they 
created joints stronger than 

3954
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:13,300
either piece alone. 
Through 10s show their ends 

3955
03:36:13,300 --> 03:36:17,200
decoratively hidden tenon's 
disappear inside the joint 

3956
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,700
pieces dovetails, lock drawers 
together with an elegant. 

3957
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:22,300
That's both beautiful and 
functional. 

3958
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,600
Those angled pins and Tails 
can't pull apart. 

3959
03:36:25,600 --> 03:36:29,500
No matter how hard you tug 
Creating these joints requires 

3960
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:31,600
Precision measured not in 
millimeters. 

3961
03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:36,400
But in the thickness of a pencil
line, two tight and pieces won't

3962
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:41,300
fit together or might crack when
forced two loose and the joints.

3963
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:45,400
The carpenter Works to something
called a piston fit. 

3964
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,100
Snug enough that pieces require 
firm pressure to join. 

3965
03:36:49,100 --> 03:36:51,800
But not so tight. 
They require hammering which can

3966
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:54,000
bruise the wood or crack 
delicate parts. 

3967
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:57,900
Hand tools create this 
Precision, a well-sharpened, 

3968
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:02,300
chisel removes wood in whisper, 
thin shavings, the carpenter 

3969
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:04,700
controlling it with subtle. 
Pressure changes and angles 

3970
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:08,000
feeling in his hands when he's 
approaching the layout line, 

3971
03:37:08,000 --> 03:37:10,700
marking gauges score reference 
lines. 

3972
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:13,700
So fine, you can barely see them
until like catches them at the 

3973
03:37:13,708 --> 03:37:17,100
right angle. 
The carpenter Works in a state 

3974
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:22,600
of deep concentration where time
seems to slow down and every cut

3975
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:27,300
every shaving removed and every 
test fit becomes its own small 

3976
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:30,400
meditation. 
But carpentry isn't just joinery

3977
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:33,500
and precision work. 
There's also the rough carpentry

3978
03:37:33,500 --> 03:37:37,100
of framing building's where 
speed and strength matter more 

3979
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:38,600
than a furniture makers for 
nest. 

3980
03:37:39,500 --> 03:37:43,300
Carpenters, build the bones of 
houses Barnes and churches, 

3981
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:47,800
heavy Timber frames joined with 
pegged mortise, and Tenon joints

3982
03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:49,900
that will support, roofs for 
centuries. 

3983
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:54,200
These same craftmen, might spend
morning hours, framing a barn 

3984
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:56,200
Edition. 
And after noon hours, creating 

3985
03:37:56,200 --> 03:38:00,700
delicate in leh work from music 
box, The versatility required is

3986
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:03,300
impressive. 
A carpenter might be asked to 

3987
03:38:03,308 --> 03:38:06,700
build anything from a simple 
stool to an elaborate staircase 

3988
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:09,700
from storage boxes, to carved 
mantel pieces. 

3989
03:38:09,700 --> 03:38:14,600
Each project requires different 
skills, different approaches and

3990
03:38:14,600 --> 03:38:17,200
different ways of thinking about
how pieces fit together. 

3991
03:38:18,200 --> 03:38:21,400
The Common Thread is 
understanding would how it moves

3992
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:25,700
with humidity changes, her grain
Direction, affects strength, and

3993
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:28,200
how different species work with 
various tools. 

3994
03:38:28,200 --> 03:38:30,600
Finishing is where projects come
alive. 

3995
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:34,300
The carpenter might apply oil. 
That brings out depth in the 

3996
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:38,900
grain making plain would 
suddenly seemed pressure Beeswax

3997
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:42,800
buffed to a soft shine protects 
surfaces, while providing a 

3998
03:38:42,800 --> 03:38:47,400
texture Pleasant to touch. 
Stains can darken or even change

3999
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:50,400
colors though? 
Many Carpenters, prefer natural 

4000
03:38:50,400 --> 03:38:52,500
finishes that show Woods. 
True character. 

4001
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:59,000
The finishing process is slow. 
Thin coats letting them dry 

4002
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:03,300
completely and sometimes robbing
surfaces with finer abrasives 

4003
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:06,500
between coats to create glass 
smooth results. 

4004
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,300
As you watch a carpenter work, 
you notice how his movements 

4005
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:13,300
flow from one task to another 
without wasted motion. 

4006
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:17,800
Tools are returned to specific 
spots without looking, because 

4007
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:19,800
he knows exactly where 
everything lives. 

4008
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:24,600
Sawdust is swept aside, not in 
big periodic cleanups, but 

4009
03:39:24,600 --> 03:39:27,800
continuously keeping the 
workspace clear and preventing 

4010
03:39:27,800 --> 03:39:29,700
dust from interfering with 
precision. 

4011
03:39:30,500 --> 03:39:32,600
There's a quiet efficiency to 
the work. 

4012
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:35,600
A sense that every action has 
been refined through. 

4013
03:39:35,608 --> 03:39:37,900
Countless repetitions until it 
happens. 

4014
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:42,100
Almost automatically. the items 
leaving a Carpenters Workshop 

4015
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:47,000
range from purely utilitarian to
genuinely artistic a plain Pine 

4016
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:50,500
storage chest built for an attic
might be made just as carefully 

4017
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:53,600
as a walnut escorted for a 
wealthy merchants home. 

4018
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:57,400
The carpenter takes pride in 
both because making things, 

4019
03:39:57,400 --> 03:40:01,200
well, is simply how you work is.
Not something you turn on and 

4020
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:05,600
off base on how much someone is 
paying As after Moonlight Slants

4021
03:40:05,600 --> 03:40:08,200
through the workshop. 
Windows casting Long Shadows 

4022
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:10,300
across Work. 
Benches covered in shaving. 

4023
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:13,700
You realize your watching 
something that connects backward

4024
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:17,400
through time to the first person
who realized a sharp tool could 

4025
03:40:17,400 --> 03:40:19,000
shake wood into something 
useful. 

4026
03:40:19,900 --> 03:40:22,800
The methods are ancient refined 
over Millennia. 

4027
03:40:22,800 --> 03:40:26,500
And in the 1800s, still very 
much alive and Central to daily 

4028
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:28,800
life. 
The carpenter like the 

4029
03:40:28,808 --> 03:40:31,700
blacksmith will pass these 
skills to apprentices will spend

4030
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,000
Years Learning, not just 
techniques but the deeper wisdom

4031
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:38,500
of working with natural 
materials, it's not knowledge 

4032
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:43,000
that fits easily into books. 
Too much, depends on feel on 

4033
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:46,800
subtle sensory cues and on 
judgments that can't be fully 

4034
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:50,600
articulated. 
You learn it by doing over and 

4035
03:40:50,600 --> 03:40:53,700
over until your hands, know 
things your brain couldn't 

4036
03:40:53,700 --> 03:40:57,300
explain. 
Leave the Carpenters Workshop 

4037
03:40:57,300 --> 03:40:59,500
and make your way to where 
textile work happens. 

4038
03:40:59,500 --> 03:41:04,700
Sometimes in dedicated workshops
but often in homes because 

4039
03:41:04,700 --> 03:41:06,900
spinning and weaving 
traditionally belong to the 

4040
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:09,500
domestic sphere, more than the 
professional craft shop. 

4041
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:13,500
The gendered division of labor 
in the 1800s meant that while 

4042
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:17,300
blacksmithing and carpentry will
almost exclusively male domains.

4043
03:41:18,100 --> 03:41:21,400
Textile work was one of the few 
crafts where Women's expertise 

4044
03:41:21,400 --> 03:41:24,900
was recognized and valued 
though, rarely paid as much as 

4045
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:28,100
men's work. 
Step into a Weaver's workspace, 

4046
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:30,900
your entering a realm of 
incredible, patience and 

4047
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:35,600
precision. the dominant feature,
is the loom, a massive wooden 

4048
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:39,100
framework that might be eight 
feet long, and equally tall as 

4049
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:43,200
complex as any machine, but 
entirely mechanical operated by 

4050
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,600
hands and feet in a 
choreographed sequence that 

4051
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:50,700
creates fabric from Individual 
threads, Before we get to 

4052
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:54,200
weaving, though, we need to talk
about spinning because yarn 

4053
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:57,600
doesn't create itself. 
The spinner starts with raw, 

4054
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:01,600
fiber wool from sheep flax that 
will become linen. 

4055
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,700
And later in the century, cotton
that arrived from Southern 

4056
03:42:04,700 --> 03:42:09,900
plantations, These fibers are 
cleaned carded to align them and

4057
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:13,000
then transformed into thread 
through one of Humanity's oldest

4058
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:15,400
Technologies. 
It's spinning wheel. 

4059
03:42:16,700 --> 03:42:19,200
There's something almost 
hypnotic about watching skilled 

4060
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:22,800
spinning. 
The wheel turns powered by a 

4061
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:26,200
treadle the Spiner rocks. 
With one foot while their hands 

4062
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:30,600
feed fiber onto the spindle, the
trick is maintaining exactly the

4063
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:33,800
right tension and feed rate, Too
much fiber too fast. 

4064
03:42:33,800 --> 03:42:37,400
Create lumpy weak yard, two 
little crates thread. 

4065
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:39,500
So thin it breaks under his own 
weight. 

4066
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:43,000
The spin is hands dance. 
This balance automatically 

4067
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:48,000
adjusting based on field, 
creating thread of consistent 

4068
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:51,600
thickness, yard after yard Myla 
after mile. 

4069
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:56,200
Different fibers required. 
Different approaches Wool with 

4070
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,700
its natural crimp and scales 
practically wants to become 

4071
03:42:59,700 --> 03:43:01,900
yarn. 
The fibers grip. 

4072
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:04,300
Each other. 
Eagerly Flax is more 

4073
03:43:04,300 --> 03:43:07,500
challenging. 
Requiring moisture often just 

4074
03:43:07,500 --> 03:43:11,000
the slight dampness of breath. 
And careful handling to 

4075
03:43:11,000 --> 03:43:14,600
transform, stiff fibers into the
smooth, strong thread. 

4076
03:43:14,600 --> 03:43:17,800
That becomes linen. 
Cotton, when it arrives 

4077
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:21,200
presents, its own unique 
challenges with shorter fibers, 

4078
03:43:21,200 --> 03:43:23,500
that required different spinning
techniques. 

4079
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,400
Skilled spinner can produce 
enormous, quantities of yarn, 

4080
03:43:27,400 --> 03:43:31,100
several miles in a day's work, 
but this production comes only 

4081
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,900
after years of practice. 
Apprentice Spinners create yarn,

4082
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:39,500
that's an adventure thick here, 
thin there and periodically 

4083
03:43:39,500 --> 03:43:43,700
lumpy or breaking entirely. 
Master Spinners produced thread.

4084
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,600
So consistent, you could mistake
it for factory work if factories

4085
03:43:47,600 --> 03:43:50,100
existed at the level needed to 
match human skill. 

4086
03:43:51,300 --> 03:43:53,800
The spun yarn that needs 
preparation for weaving. 

4087
03:43:53,800 --> 03:43:59,300
Its wound onto Bob insured into 
specific lengths and organized 

4088
03:43:59,300 --> 03:44:01,200
by color. 
If a patterned fabric is 

4089
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:05,800
planned, this preparation is 
tedious, but absolutely crucial.

4090
03:44:06,700 --> 03:44:09,800
Shortcuts here, create problems 
that might not appear, until the

4091
03:44:09,800 --> 03:44:12,700
fabric is half finished and 
impossible to fix. 

4092
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:17,400
Now, the loom Setting up a loom 
is an undertaking that can take 

4093
03:44:17,408 --> 03:44:20,400
days or weeks depending on 
fabric complexity. 

4094
03:44:21,300 --> 03:44:24,600
The warp threads, the ones that 
run lengthwise in the finished 

4095
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:27,400
cloth must be measured to exact 
lengths. 

4096
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:31,500
Threaded through heddles tiny 
Loops that lift threads in 

4097
03:44:31,500 --> 03:44:33,900
sequence and wound onto the 
Looms. 

4098
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:38,100
Back beam under perfect tension.
Getting this tension, right? 

4099
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:42,400
Is critical inconsistent. 
Tension creates wavy puckered 

4100
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:44,200
fabric. 
That's essentially ruined. 

4101
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:48,400
Once the warp is prepared, 
weaving itself is a rhythmic 

4102
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,700
process. 
The Weaver sits or stands at the

4103
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:55,900
loom different styles, prefer 
different positions and Begins 

4104
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:58,200
the repeated sequence that 
creates fabric. 

4105
03:44:59,100 --> 03:45:02,300
Treadles are pressed lifting. 
Some warp threads while lowering

4106
03:45:02,300 --> 03:45:04,900
others creating a gap called a 
shed. 

4107
03:45:05,700 --> 03:45:09,600
Through this shed flies the 
shuttle carrying the weft thread

4108
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:14,400
from one side to the other. 
A beta swing's forward packing, 

4109
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:18,400
the new thread tightly against 
previous ones, then different 

4110
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:21,900
treadles created different shed 
and the shuttle returns. 

4111
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:27,400
This repeated action shared 
shuttle beat shared shuttle, 

4112
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:32,800
beat continues for hours days or
weeks on complex projects. 

4113
03:45:33,900 --> 03:45:36,500
The rhythm of weaving is 
meditative, but requires 

4114
03:45:36,500 --> 03:45:39,600
constant attention. 
The weft thread must be 

4115
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:44,300
tensioned correctly, too tight 
in the fabric pulls inward too 

4116
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:48,000
loose and it waves at the edges 
the beat must be consistent to 

4117
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:51,800
create even fabric. 
Thread breaks, require careful 

4118
03:45:51,800 --> 03:45:53,100
mending. 
Mid weave. 

4119
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:55,900
For patterned Fabrics, the 
Weaver must follow. 

4120
03:45:55,900 --> 03:46:00,400
Sometimes complex sequences of 
treadle presses holding patterns

4121
03:46:00,400 --> 03:46:04,900
in mind or working from written 
instructions, creating designs 

4122
03:46:04,900 --> 03:46:07,600
through the systematic, raising 
and lowering of different 

4123
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:11,100
combinations of threads. 
Simple plain weave. 

4124
03:46:11,100 --> 03:46:14,500
The basic over under pattern 
creates sturdy fabric 

4125
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:18,500
efficiently though, efficiently 
in hand weaving terms means 

4126
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:20,700
several hours, to create a yard 
of cloth. 

4127
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:24,100
More complex weaves create 
different properties and 

4128
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:27,200
patterns. 
Twill weave with its diagonal 

4129
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:30,900
lines, produces stronger, fabric
particularly suitable for work 

4130
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:33,800
clothes. 
Satin weave creates smooth 

4131
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:36,800
lustrous surfaces for fancier 
applications. 

4132
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:41,400
Pattern weaves can create checks
strike's or even pictorial 

4133
03:46:41,400 --> 03:46:46,100
images though these require 
enormous skill and patience. the

4134
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:48,700
sounds of a working Loom, create
a rhythm, you can hear 

4135
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:52,000
throughout buildings, where 
Weavers work, The thump of 

4136
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:55,900
treadles, the swoosh of the 
shuttle and the authoritative 

4137
03:46:55,900 --> 03:46:58,300
thwack of the beta compacting 
threads. 

4138
03:46:59,000 --> 03:47:02,900
In communities with multiple 
Weavers, these sounds layer over

4139
03:47:02,900 --> 03:47:05,900
each other creating an almost 
musical background to daily 

4140
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:08,800
life. 
Physical demands of textile 

4141
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:12,200
work, differ from blacksmithing 
or carpentry, but are no less 

4142
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,100
real. 
Spinners, develop strong Nimble 

4143
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,800
fingers might experience back 
pain from hunching over Wheels. 

4144
03:47:19,600 --> 03:47:22,100
Weavers need good upper body 
strength for throwing shuttles 

4145
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:25,300
and Swinging beaters. 
Plus the lake strength to 

4146
03:47:25,300 --> 03:47:28,500
operate treadles for hours. 
Both crafts demand. 

4147
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:31,700
Excellent vision for seeing 
thread defects and maintaining 

4148
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:35,300
consistent work. 
The range of fabrics produced by

4149
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:38,800
hand is stunning. 
Practical woolens, for everyday 

4150
03:47:38,800 --> 03:47:41,300
clothing, heavy enough to keep 
out of Winter Wind. 

4151
03:47:42,300 --> 03:47:44,700
Delicate, Linens For 
undergarments and somewhere 

4152
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:49,900
surprisingly cool against skin. 
Later cotton Fabrics combined 

4153
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:53,900
comfort with durability. 
Find worsteds with their smooth 

4154
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:54,700
dressy. 
Finish. 

4155
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:59,600
Coarse sacking for grain 
storage, canvas for sales and 

4156
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:03,300
Tents, each type requires 
different fiber, preparation, 

4157
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:05,700
spinning techniques and weaving 
patterns. 

4158
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:10,700
Colors come from natural, dyes 
Indigo for blues, madder root, 

4159
03:48:10,700 --> 03:48:14,300
for Reds, and weld for yellows 
with combinations and more 

4160
03:48:14,300 --> 03:48:16,800
dense, creating a surprisingly 
large pallet. 

4161
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:21,100
Dying is its own craft, 
requiring knowledge of chemistry

4162
03:48:21,100 --> 03:48:23,700
before chemistry had that name 
and understanding of how 

4163
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:26,500
different fibers take up 
different dies and how to 

4164
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:29,000
achieve consistent colors batch 
after batch. 

4165
03:48:29,800 --> 03:48:32,400
A die as Workshop, smells of 
things, both Pleasant and 

4166
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:37,800
decidedly not onion skins and 
walnut holes but also stale 

4167
03:48:37,800 --> 03:48:42,000
urine used as a mordant to help 
colors adhere as the 1800s 

4168
03:48:42,000 --> 03:48:44,100
progressed. 
Textile work is among the first 

4169
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:46,000
crafts to feel in industrial 
pressure. 

4170
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,000
Mechanized spinning Mills can 
produce yarn faster than any 

4171
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:53,600
hand spinner. 
Power looms though primitive by 

4172
03:48:53,600 --> 03:48:55,600
later. 
Standards gradually. 

4173
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,000
Replace hand Weavers for basic 
Fabrics. 

4174
03:48:58,900 --> 03:49:02,500
This transition is painful. 
Textile workers who've spent 

4175
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:04,300
lifetimes. 
Mastering their craft. 

4176
03:49:04,300 --> 03:49:06,900
Watch their skills become 
economically. 

4177
03:49:06,900 --> 03:49:11,400
Absolute within years, But hand 
spinning and weaving persists 

4178
03:49:11,400 --> 03:49:14,800
throughout the century for 
specialized work. machine made 

4179
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:18,400
Fabrics, might be cheap, but 
they can't match the quality of 

4180
03:49:18,400 --> 03:49:22,600
hand woven Linens, the subtle 
color variations of hand-dyed 

4181
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:26,500
Yarns or the complex patterns 
that skilled Weavers can create 

4182
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:31,700
there remains a market for truly
fine, textiles, even as everyday

4183
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,000
Fabrics, increasingly come from 
factories. 

4184
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:40,500
In this transitional moment you 
can see both worlds coexisting a

4185
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:44,500
weaver might work with Factory. 
Spun yarn to save time but still

4186
03:49:44,500 --> 03:49:47,900
produce fabric on a handloom 
because that's where quality and

4187
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:51,600
pattern complexity come from a 
spinner might still prepare 

4188
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:55,900
specialty Yarns for knitting or 
specific weaving projects, even 

4189
03:49:55,900 --> 03:50:01,000
while Factory on fills most 
needs Crafted finding niches 

4190
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:04,100
where hand skills still matters 
even as machines take over 

4191
03:50:04,100 --> 03:50:06,600
mass-production. 
Beyond the established 

4192
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:08,800
craftspeople with permanent 
Workshops. 

4193
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:13,000
The 1800s economy, includes a 
fascinating category of workers,

4194
03:50:13,000 --> 03:50:17,100
who moved between settled life 
and travel between making new 

4195
03:50:17,100 --> 03:50:18,800
things. 
And repairing old ones. 

4196
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:22,400
These are the Tinkers, cobblers,
and various other repair 

4197
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:25,500
Specialists, who former kind of 
circulatory system in the 

4198
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:28,900
pre-industrial economy. 
Keeping things working long 

4199
03:50:28,900 --> 03:50:32,800
past, what we consider their 
useful Life, The Cobbler Shop, 

4200
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:36,300
smells immediately distinctive 
leather, and various stages from

4201
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:39,800
Rawhide to finish. 
Work beeswax for waterproofing, 

4202
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:42,600
and the distinctive Tang of 
tanning chemicals. 

4203
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:44,400
That never quite leaves, the 
material. 

4204
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:47,800
It's a smaller more intimate 
space than the blacksmiths or 

4205
03:50:47,800 --> 03:50:50,700
Carpenters Workshop. 
Because cobbler work is 

4206
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:54,600
detail-oriented and precise 
working with materials measured 

4207
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:59,100
in inches rather than feet. 
Shoes in the 1800s of valuable 

4208
03:50:59,100 --> 03:51:03,100
items expensive enough. 
That most people own perhaps two

4209
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:07,200
pairs one for every day work and
a better pair for church or 

4210
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:10,600
special occasions. 
Children might go barefoot in 

4211
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:12,300
summer, to save where on their 
shoes. 

4212
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,600
This means shoes need to last 
and when they wear out they need

4213
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:20,800
repair rather than replacement. 
The cobbler starts shoe repair 

4214
03:51:20,800 --> 03:51:23,400
by examining the worn item with 
practice eyes. 

4215
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:26,700
The soul is nearly through at 
the ball of the foot where 

4216
03:51:26,700 --> 03:51:30,200
weight concentrates with each 
step, this is typical wear. 

4217
03:51:31,300 --> 03:51:34,300
The heel is compressed on one 
side because the wearer walks 

4218
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:36,500
slightly off balance. 
This is information. 

4219
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,600
The cobbler files away. 
The upper leather is still 

4220
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:43,200
sound, which means this shoe has
years of life left with proper 

4221
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:46,900
repair. 
Resoling issue is unexpectedly 

4222
03:51:46,900 --> 03:51:49,600
complex. 
The old soul must be removed, 

4223
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:53,000
carefully to avoid damaging. 
The upper, the remaining leather

4224
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:56,900
is cleaned and prepared. 
The new Soul cut from heavier 

4225
03:51:56,900 --> 03:52:01,000
leather from the upper is shaped
to match then attached, not with

4226
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:03,400
glue, which won't hold up to 
water and stress. 

4227
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:08,100
But by stitching, each Stitch 
pulled tight with waxed thread, 

4228
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:12,000
that won't rot The Cobblers 
hands guide, a curved needle 

4229
03:52:12,000 --> 03:52:15,600
through holes made by a 
specialized all each Stitch. 

4230
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:18,400
Placed with Precision because 
shoes literally carry through 

4231
03:52:18,400 --> 03:52:22,000
life and sloppy work means 
premature failure. 

4232
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:24,400
New shoes are even more 
interesting. 

4233
03:52:24,400 --> 03:52:27,700
The cobbler begins with 
measurement, not just foot 

4234
03:52:27,700 --> 03:52:32,400
length, but with InStep height, 
and any peculiarities of shape 

4235
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,900
that affect fit These 
measurements might be carefully 

4236
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:39,000
recorded for regular customers 
or the cobbler might simply 

4237
03:52:39,000 --> 03:52:42,500
remember them because he's made 
shoes for this person before and

4238
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,600
memory is reliable. 
When you make perhaps 20 pairs a

4239
03:52:45,600 --> 03:52:50,100
year rather than thousands 
Shoemaking starts with the last,

4240
03:52:50,100 --> 03:52:52,300
a wooden form shaped like a 
foot. 

4241
03:52:53,100 --> 03:52:55,100
Cobbler's own lasts in various 
sizes. 

4242
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:57,200
Possibly carved from rough 
forms. 

4243
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:01,900
Refined to fit specific feet. 
Around this last the shoe is 

4244
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:04,300
built layer by layer the insole 
forms. 

4245
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,900
The foundation upper leather is 
cut in pattern pieces, then 

4246
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:11,200
carefully stitched together. 
This stitching must be strong 

4247
03:53:11,200 --> 03:53:14,400
but invisible from the outside 
because lumps and a regularity 

4248
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:17,900
is create blisters. 
The upper is stretched over the 

4249
03:53:17,900 --> 03:53:20,000
last and temporarily tacked in 
place. 

4250
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,600
Then comes the soul attached 
with more of that, careful hand 

4251
03:53:24,600 --> 03:53:27,500
stitching. 
The heel is built up from 

4252
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:30,500
stacked leather, each layer 
glued, and then pegged with 

4253
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:34,000
wooden pegs that compressed an 
interlock under use creating a 

4254
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:38,100
solid structure. 
Final finishing includes Edge 

4255
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:42,800
trimming, burnishing cut edges 
smooth and possibly applying 

4256
03:53:42,800 --> 03:53:47,100
waterproofing compounds. the 
result isn't just a shoe, but a 

4257
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:51,200
fitted item specifically crafted
for its wearer's feet like to 

4258
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:55,900
last years with proper care and 
periodic resoling Boot making 

4259
03:53:55,900 --> 03:53:59,900
represents the cobbler's highest
art tall leather, complex 

4260
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:04,200
fitting and multiple pieces. 
Carefully joined Good boots. 

4261
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:06,500
Are expensive enough. 
That they represent a 

4262
03:54:06,500 --> 03:54:09,400
significant investment but 
they're also essential 

4263
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:11,200
equipment. 
For anyone, working outdoors, 

4264
03:54:11,200 --> 03:54:13,600
and all weather. 
The cobbler takes particular 

4265
03:54:13,600 --> 03:54:16,800
pride in Boots because they 
showcase skill while serving 

4266
03:54:16,800 --> 03:54:20,100
crucial practical needs. 
Then there are other Tinkers. 

4267
03:54:20,100 --> 03:54:23,400
More mobile crafts, people who 
travel regular circuits through,

4268
03:54:23,400 --> 03:54:27,000
rural areas, arriving with 
tools, and materials, to repair 

4269
03:54:27,000 --> 03:54:30,300
metal items to small, or simple 
for the blacksmith, but 

4270
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:34,400
essential to daily life. 
The Tinker carries a remarkable 

4271
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:37,600
Workshop. 
Soldering irons that can be 

4272
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:41,800
heated in any fire flux and 
solder various Hammers and 

4273
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:45,500
forming tools sheets of tin and 
other repair materials. 

4274
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:50,200
All organized in a pack or cart.
Tin where was hugely popular in 

4275
03:54:50,200 --> 03:54:53,100
the 1800s. 
Like wait relatively cheap 

4276
03:54:53,100 --> 03:54:56,600
useful for everything from cups 
to lanterns to storage 

4277
03:54:56,600 --> 03:55:00,500
containers. 
But 10 is also thin and prone to

4278
03:55:00,500 --> 03:55:04,600
developing leaks or cracks. 
That's where the Tinker comes 

4279
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:07,800
in. 
Moving from house to house Farm 

4280
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:12,000
to farm offering repairs. 
That extend ten items useful, 

4281
03:55:12,000 --> 03:55:16,100
life substantially Watch a 
tinkerer work and you see clever

4282
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,600
improvisation a pot with a hole 
in the bottom receives a 

4283
03:55:19,600 --> 03:55:22,300
carefully. 
Fitted patch edges, cleaned, and

4284
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:26,400
fluxed and solemn, melted and 
flowed to create a watertight 

4285
03:55:26,400 --> 03:55:29,400
seal. 
A bent pan is carefully 

4286
03:55:29,400 --> 03:55:32,200
straightened using wooden 
mallets that won't damage the 

4287
03:55:32,200 --> 03:55:35,000
thin metal. 
A handle that's come loose is 

4288
03:55:35,000 --> 03:55:38,400
reattached with small rivets. 
Each repair is quick. 

4289
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:42,300
The Tinker must keep moving to 
make a living but also carefully

4290
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:45,700
done because reputation matters 
and a failed repair in. 

4291
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:48,400
One household means lost 
business throughout the region. 

4292
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:53,700
Some Tinkers also craft new 
items cutting and folding tin 

4293
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:57,300
sheets into functional shapes. 
Simple cup can be made in 

4294
03:55:57,300 --> 03:56:01,200
minutes, he Circle for the 
bottom, a rectangle Raptor 

4295
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:04,700
round, and joined for the sides,
the two pieces soldered together

4296
03:56:04,700 --> 03:56:07,500
and a handle formed from wire 
and attached. 

4297
03:56:08,300 --> 03:56:12,100
The result isn't fancy, but it 
holds liquid and cost a fraction

4298
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:13,900
of pottery or wooden 
alternatives. 

4299
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:17,700
The tinker's lifestyle is harder
than settled crafts. 

4300
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:22,600
Peoples, travel means exposure 
to weather irregular income and 

4301
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:26,300
constant hauling of tools and 
materials, but it also brings 

4302
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:30,800
Independence variety and the 
satisfaction of being welcomed 

4303
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:33,300
in communities where your skills
solve real problems. 

4304
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:37,800
The Tinker becomes a familiar 
figure returning each season 

4305
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,600
with news from other places and 
ready hands to fix. 

4306
03:56:40,600 --> 03:56:44,100
What's broken? 
Both cobblers and Tinkers 

4307
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:47,000
represent something essential 
about the 1800s economy. 

4308
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:50,100
The assumption that things 
should be repaired rather than 

4309
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:54,200
replaced that skilled hands. 
Can extend useful life, almost 

4310
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:57,400
indefinitely, and that throwing 
away, something that can be 

4311
03:56:57,408 --> 03:57:00,100
fixed is wasteful, bordering on 
immoral. 

4312
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:03,500
This attitude stems partly from 
necessity. 

4313
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:07,700
New things are expensive but 
also from a deeper sense that 

4314
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:10,600
well made items deserve respect 
and care. 

4315
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:14,600
The specialized knowledge, these
repair cross people carry is 

4316
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:17,100
impressive. 
A complicated, look at warned 

4317
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:20,100
shoes, souls and diagnose, 
medical conditions affecting the

4318
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:24,600
whereas gate Tinker knows which 
soldiers work with which metals 

4319
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:28,200
how to compensate for tins. 
Tendency to crack in cold 

4320
03:57:28,200 --> 03:57:31,400
weather and which flux clean 
surfaces best. 

4321
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:36,700
This knowledge comes from 
experience years of seeing what 

4322
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:41,000
works and what fails learning 
from mistakes and refining 

4323
03:57:41,000 --> 03:57:43,900
techniques. 
Physical wear shows on these 

4324
03:57:43,900 --> 03:57:47,100
Crafts People, Too. 
Cobblers, often, develop vision 

4325
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:50,400
problems from clothes. 
Work in poor light hunched 

4326
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:54,000
posture, from bending over work 
and strong hands from pulling 

4327
03:57:54,000 --> 03:57:57,600
stitches, tight. 
Thousands of times Tinkers might

4328
03:57:57,600 --> 03:58:00,400
have burned scars from hot 
soldering irons or acidic 

4329
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:03,000
floods. 
Whether beaten skin from outdoor

4330
03:58:03,000 --> 03:58:06,100
work, and strong Backs from 
carrying their portable 

4331
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:09,200
workshops. 
Yep, both professions provide 

4332
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:12,500
genuine satisfaction. 
The cobbler who delivers? 

4333
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:14,900
Repairs boots? 
Knows the wearer can now work 

4334
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:18,100
safely through winter. 
The tinkerer Who patches a 

4335
03:58:18,100 --> 03:58:21,300
farmer's Milk Pail as prevented 
waste and saved money that 

4336
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:25,100
family needs for other things. 
These aren't Grand achievements 

4337
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:28,200
that change history but their 
real improvements to real 

4338
03:58:28,200 --> 03:58:31,100
people's lives. 
That matters in immediate 

4339
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,200
tangible ways. 
As the century progresses. 

4340
03:58:34,200 --> 03:58:36,100
Both professions face 
challenges. 

4341
03:58:36,900 --> 03:58:40,700
Factory-made shoes though. 
Initially lower quality become 

4342
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:43,600
cheap enough that repair costs 
can exceed replacement costs. 

4343
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,500
Tin Ware gives way to stamped 
Metal Goods that can't be 

4344
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:50,200
repaired as easily. 
The itinerant. 

4345
03:58:50,200 --> 03:58:54,200
Tinker begins to disappear while
cobblers, increasingly focus on 

4346
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:56,300
new shoe sales rather than 
repairs. 

4347
03:58:57,000 --> 03:59:00,600
But throughout the 1800s, both 
remain vital parts of the 

4348
03:59:00,608 --> 03:59:05,100
economic fabric, keeping things 
working, extending useful life 

4349
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:08,400
and serving communities with 
skills learned through long 

4350
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:11,200
apprenticeship. 
Midway through the 1800 

4351
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:14,700
something fundamental begin 
shifting in how things are made.

4352
03:59:15,400 --> 03:59:16,900
The change doesn't happen 
overnight. 

4353
03:59:16,900 --> 03:59:21,100
It's more like watching the tide
come in each way of reaching 

4354
03:59:21,108 --> 03:59:24,100
slightly further. 
Gradually transforming the 

4355
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:26,000
landscape. 
What we call. 

4356
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,700
The Industrial Revolution isn't 
really a revolution at all, but 

4357
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:34,000
a slow uneven transition from 
hand production to mechanize 

4358
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:38,400
manufacturing from small 
workshops to large factories and

4359
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:42,500
from Crafts People to machine 
operators, the trance formation 

4360
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:44,400
starts differently for each 
craft. 

4361
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:48,800
Textile work, as we mentioned 
feels industrial pressure 

4362
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:53,000
earliest. 
By the 1820s and 30s mechanized 

4363
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:56,200
spinning Mills are producing 
yarn faster and cheaper than any

4364
03:59:56,200 --> 04:00:00,400
hand spinner can match. 
Power looms, follow gradually, 

4365
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,800
improving from crude first 
versions to machines capable of 

4366
04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:07,900
producing serviceable cloth. 
The handweavers who have spent 

4367
04:00:07,900 --> 04:00:10,000
lifetimes mastering their craft?
Watch. 

4368
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:12,300
Their economic value plummet 
within a generation. 

4369
04:00:13,400 --> 04:00:16,600
But here's what's interesting. 
the immediate result isn't that 

4370
04:00:16,608 --> 04:00:21,200
handcrafted people disappear, 
instead, the markets splits, 

4371
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:25,900
Cheap standardized Goods flow 
from Factory trees, basic 

4372
04:00:25,900 --> 04:00:29,700
Fabrics, simple clothing and 
utilitarian items. 

4373
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:35,000
Meanwhile custom, work 
high-quality goods and complex 

4374
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:39,800
items still require hand skills.
A factory can produce plain 

4375
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:42,900
cotton shirting by the mile but 
the shirt itself. 

4376
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:47,100
Still needs a skilled tailor to 
cut and sew Machine made 

4377
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,700
Furniture fills modest homes, 
but wealthy buyers, still 

4378
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:52,500
commissioned Craftsman for 
pieces. 

4379
04:00:52,500 --> 04:00:56,000
That showed genuine artistry. 
The Carpenters, crafted 

4380
04:00:56,000 --> 04:01:00,100
illustrates this split nicely. 
Early, woodworking Machinery, 

4381
04:01:00,100 --> 04:01:04,200
steam, powered saws and planers 
that can Surface lumbar faster 

4382
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:07,400
than any hand tool doesn't 
eliminate Carpenters, but 

4383
04:01:07,400 --> 04:01:11,200
changes, what they do. 
Instead of spending days hand 

4384
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:13,700
planing rough, lumber flat 
Carpenters. 

4385
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:17,600
Can now buy pre surface boards 
and focus on joinery and 

4386
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:20,600
assembly. 
Water-powered Sawmills mean, 

4387
04:01:20,600 --> 04:01:23,800
Carpenters receive boards. 
Rather than whole logs changing 

4388
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:26,200
their work but not eliminating 
their skills. 

4389
04:01:27,000 --> 04:01:29,900
What carpenters lose in this 
transition is a certain kind of 

4390
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:32,400
control. 
When you prepare your own lumber

4391
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:36,600
from logs, you understand that 
would intimately, see its grain 

4392
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:40,500
structure revealed with each saw
cut, notice subtle variations in

4393
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:44,100
color, and density and make 
decisions about how each board 

4394
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:46,800
can best be used. 
With pre milled. 

4395
04:01:46,800 --> 04:01:50,900
Lumber, this intimate knowledge 
becomes less necessary, the work

4396
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,200
gets faster, but perhaps 
slightly less connected to the 

4397
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:57,500
material itself. 
Blacksmithing faces a different 

4398
04:01:57,500 --> 04:02:00,800
kind of industrial pressure iron
foundries. 

4399
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:04,400
Begin producing casting for 
items, previously forged by hand

4400
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:09,100
pot, hooks fireplace equipment 
and decorative elements. 

4401
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:13,100
Later factories produce Nails by
Machine. 

4402
04:02:13,100 --> 04:02:17,500
Each one, identical to the next 
far cheaper than Hand Forged 

4403
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,400
versions. 
The blacksmith's bread and 

4404
04:02:20,400 --> 04:02:23,500
butter work gradually erodes as 
Factory products, fill needs 

4405
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:27,400
that once required a trip to the
Smithy yet blacksmiths adapt 

4406
04:02:27,400 --> 04:02:30,500
rather than disappear. 
Factories can produce standard 

4407
04:02:30,500 --> 04:02:33,900
items, but custom work still 
requires the forge. 

4408
04:02:34,500 --> 04:02:37,500
A farmer needs, a specialized 
tool for his particular soil 

4409
04:02:37,500 --> 04:02:40,300
conditions. 
A factory bracket doesn't quite 

4410
04:02:40,300 --> 04:02:44,800
fit an unusual situation, and a 
machine breaks needs apart 

4411
04:02:44,800 --> 04:02:48,000
fabricated to match. 
These jobs still come to the 

4412
04:02:48,008 --> 04:02:51,000
blacksmith. 
The work becomes more varied and

4413
04:02:51,000 --> 04:02:53,800
less predictable, require 
requiring broader skills and 

4414
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:57,900
more creative problem solving. 
The relationship between Crafts 

4415
04:02:57,900 --> 04:03:02,200
People and machines evolves. 
In unexpected ways, many Crafts 

4416
04:03:02,200 --> 04:03:04,500
People initially fear and resist
Machinery. 

4417
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:07,500
Seeing it as competition that 
will destroy their livelihoods. 

4418
04:03:08,700 --> 04:03:11,800
But gradually some realize that 
machines can be tools rather 

4419
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:14,900
than replacements. 
A carpenter might use a power 

4420
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:18,300
source to quickly Dimension. 
Lumber then employ hand skills 

4421
04:03:18,300 --> 04:03:21,400
for joinery and finishing a 
blacksmith might purchase 

4422
04:03:21,400 --> 04:03:25,800
factory made bastard rather than
forging it from raw iron saving 

4423
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:28,600
time for the specialized shaping
that machines can't do. 

4424
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:33,500
This hybrid approach, combining 
machine efficiency with hand 

4425
04:03:33,500 --> 04:03:37,200
skill becomes increasingly 
common as the century 

4426
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:40,600
progresses. 
It represents a pragmatic Middle

4427
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:44,000
Ground between pure hand craft 
and full mechanization. 

4428
04:03:44,700 --> 04:03:49,000
The crafts person becomes lesser
of raw materials and more a 

4429
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,300
skilled assembler and finisher 
using machine made components, 

4430
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:55,500
but adding value through 
expertise that machines can't 

4431
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:58,700
replicate. 
The experience of learning craft

4432
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:02,600
changes during this period, too.
Traditional apprenticeship 

4433
04:04:02,600 --> 04:04:06,200
years, spent with a master 
learning by observation and 

4434
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:10,100
practice begins competing with 
technical schools where Theory 

4435
04:04:10,100 --> 04:04:12,500
can be taught to multiple 
students simultaneously. 

4436
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:17,900
Written manuals appear trying to
codify knowledge previously, 

4437
04:04:17,900 --> 04:04:21,800
passed orally. 
A young person in 1850 might 

4438
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:26,000
learn carpentry partly through 
books and classes, whereas their

4439
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:29,100
grandparent learned entirely 
through hands-on experience. 

4440
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:32,100
This shift from tacit to 
explicit. 

4441
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:36,800
Knowledge has profound effects 
on one hand, it democratizes 

4442
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:39,700
skills. 
Anyone with access to books can 

4443
04:04:39,700 --> 04:04:43,000
theoretically learn techniques, 
previously guarded, within craft

4444
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:46,600
guilds, On the other hand, 
something gets lost in 

4445
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:49,700
translation. 
The subtle judgment about when 

4446
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:53,700
wood is ready to cut, the feel 
of metal, a proper forging 

4447
04:04:53,700 --> 04:04:55,900
temperature. 
And the sound of a properly, 

4448
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:59,200
sharpened tool, these things are
hard to convey in writing. 

4449
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,500
The manual can tell you what to 
do but struggles to communicate 

4450
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:06,500
the embodied knowledge of how it
should feel when done right? 

4451
04:05:07,900 --> 04:05:10,900
Economic pressures. 
Intensify as factory production 

4452
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:14,100
expands. 
A hand Weaver might earn a 

4453
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:18,000
decent income in 1820. 
Struggle in 1840, and be 

4454
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:22,000
essentially priced out of basic 
textile production by 18660. 

4455
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:26,200
Some crafts people adapt by 
specializing in luxury markets, 

4456
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:29,100
where hand quality commands 
premium prices. 

4457
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:33,700
Others abandoned traditional 
crafts entirely, perhaps, moving

4458
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:36,800
to factory work themselves or 
finding new occupations. 

4459
04:05:36,800 --> 04:05:39,700
The transition is rarely smooth 
or easy. 

4460
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:43,300
Communities experience. 
These changes and deeply 

4461
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,800
personal ways. 
A town that once supported three

4462
04:05:46,800 --> 04:05:50,900
Cobbs might now support one as 
cheaper, Factory shoes, reduced 

4463
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:55,000
demand for repairs and custom 
work. the blacksmith shop might 

4464
04:05:55,000 --> 04:05:57,900
employ fewer apprentices as 
Factory Goods, replace Hand 

4465
04:05:57,900 --> 04:06:02,100
Forged items Young people 
growing up in the 1870s might 

4466
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:05,200
see craft apprenticeships as 
outdated, paths to Poverty, 

4467
04:06:05,200 --> 04:06:08,200
rather than respected routes to 
Skilled work. 

4468
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:12,500
Yet, throughout this transition 
certain values associated with 

4469
04:06:12,500 --> 04:06:16,000
handcraft persist? 
There remains appreciation, for 

4470
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:19,200
things made with care for the 
visible evidence of skilled 

4471
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:23,200
hands and for items crafted to 
last rather than replace when 

4472
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:26,400
fashion changes. 
A factory made chair might be 

4473
04:06:26,400 --> 04:06:29,600
cheap, but it won't match the 
satisfaction of sitting in 

4474
04:06:29,608 --> 04:06:33,300
something across person. 
Built specifically for you shape

4475
04:06:33,300 --> 04:06:36,200
to your proportions and finish 
to your preferences. 

4476
04:06:37,100 --> 04:06:39,700
The aesthetic debate between 
handmade and machine-made 

4477
04:06:39,700 --> 04:06:42,700
intensifies. 
Later in the century critics, 

4478
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:45,700
argue that machine production 
creates soulless, uniformity 

4479
04:06:45,700 --> 04:06:49,600
that it values quantity over 
quality and that it severs. 

4480
04:06:49,600 --> 04:06:52,800
The connection between maker and
user that gave handcrafted its 

4481
04:06:52,800 --> 04:06:56,200
meaning. 
Defenders counter that machine's

4482
04:06:56,200 --> 04:06:59,700
democratize Goods, previously 
available, only to the wealthy. 

4483
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:04,100
That they free human energy for 
higher purposes than repetitive 

4484
04:07:04,100 --> 04:07:07,600
manual labor and that progress, 
shouldn't be, feared simply 

4485
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:11,600
because it's different. 
Both sides have valid points and

4486
04:07:11,600 --> 04:07:13,900
the century ends without 
resolving the tension. 

4487
04:07:14,700 --> 04:07:18,200
By 1900 factories dominate 
production of basic Goods. 

4488
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:22,000
But handcraft, persists in 
niches where quality 

4489
04:07:22,000 --> 04:07:26,300
customization or Artistry 
matter, more than price. 

4490
04:07:27,000 --> 04:07:30,200
The crafts, don't die, but 
transformed, finding new 

4491
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:33,000
purposes in a world where making
things by hand, has become a 

4492
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:35,200
choice rather than the only 
option. 

4493
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:38,000
What's lost in this 
transformation? 

4494
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:40,400
Is a certain relationship to 
material objects. 

4495
04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:45,100
When everything you owned was 
made by identifiable hands often

4496
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:49,200
in your own Community objects, 
carry stories, you know who 

4497
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,900
sheep provided wool for your 
shirt who spun and wove the 

4498
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:55,500
fabric and who cut and Stitch 
the Garment. 

4499
04:07:56,400 --> 04:08:00,400
This chain of creation is 
visible personal and grounded in

4500
04:08:00,400 --> 04:08:03,000
relationships. 
Factory Goods. 

4501
04:08:03,000 --> 04:08:06,700
Sever these connections. 
You have no relationship to the 

4502
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:08,800
people or places that produced 
them. 

4503
04:08:08,800 --> 04:08:12,400
They arrive in your life as 
finished objects with no visible

4504
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,100
history. 
What's gained is abundance? 

4505
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:19,100
Factory production makes 
previously expensive items 

4506
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:23,000
affordable to working people? 
The ability to purchase adequate

4507
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:26,900
clothing, decent furniture and 
useful tools, without saving for

4508
04:08:26,900 --> 04:08:30,000
months or years represents 
genuine material Improvement. 

4509
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:33,500
The question isn't whether 
industrialization brought 

4510
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:35,300
benefits? 
It clearly did. 

4511
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:38,400
But whether those benefits came 
at Cost, we didn't fully 

4512
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:41,300
anticipate. 
The craftspeople living through 

4513
04:08:41,300 --> 04:08:43,800
this transition have complex 
experiences. 

4514
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:48,200
Some Embrace change seeing 
opportunities in new methods, 

4515
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:51,600
others resist, bitterly watching
skills. 

4516
04:08:51,600 --> 04:08:54,500
They spent decades, mastering 
become economically. 

4517
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:59,200
Irrelevant Most for somewhere 
between adapting where possible 

4518
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:00,500
while morning. 
What's lost? 

4519
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:03,100
Their perspective offers 
insights. 

4520
04:09:03,100 --> 04:09:06,300
We might consider in our own era
of technological disruption. 

4521
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:09,900
As the 19th century ends, the 
workshop World we've been 

4522
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:12,900
exploring exists more in memory 
than present reality. 

4523
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:17,600
The blacksmith's Forge still 
glows in small towns but factory

4524
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:19,700
made Metal Goods Phil most 
needs. 

4525
04:09:20,400 --> 04:09:23,100
Carpenters, still apply their 
trade but increasingly with 

4526
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:27,300
power tools and Factory mild 
Lumber Weavers, who once were 

4527
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:30,700
common in every Community have 
largely moved to factory 

4528
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:33,400
employment or abandoned textile 
work entirely. 

4529
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:37,500
Tinker circuit as ended 
replaced, by mail order 

4530
04:09:37,500 --> 04:09:40,000
catalogs, offering cheap 
replacement Goods. 

4531
04:09:41,000 --> 04:09:43,100
Yet, the knowledge doesn't 
entirely disappear. 

4532
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:47,300
Skills passed a hobbyists and 
artists who practice traditional

4533
04:09:47,300 --> 04:09:50,200
crafts for pleasure rather than 
necessity. 

4534
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:54,900
Museums preserve tools and 
techniques written records and 

4535
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:58,300
photographs capture methods 
before the last practitioners 

4536
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,400
die. 
Of connection remains however, 

4537
04:10:01,400 --> 04:10:05,600
tenuous linking us back to ways 
of making that dominated Human 

4538
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:07,200
Experience for thousands of 
years. 

4539
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:11,800
As you settle deeper into 
Comfort, perhaps your tea is 

4540
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:14,500
called, and you're considering 
whether to brew more or maybe 

4541
04:10:14,500 --> 04:10:16,900
sleep is starting to gently pull
up your awareness. 

4542
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:21,000
Let's think about how the craft 
world of the 1800s, still 

4543
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:24,400
touches your life today. 
Often in ways, you don't notice 

4544
04:10:24,400 --> 04:10:28,200
until you pause to consider. 
That wooden cutting board in 

4545
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:30,500
your kitchen. 
If it's a good one, made by a 

4546
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:34,000
small producer or rather than 
Mass manufactured overseas was 

4547
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:36,700
probably created using 
techniques and 19th. 

4548
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:38,900
Century Carpenter would 
recognize immediately. 

4549
04:10:40,100 --> 04:10:43,400
Someone selected, the wood for 
appropriate grain cut. 

4550
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:47,600
It carefully, sanded its smooth 
and finished it with food, safe 

4551
04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:50,100
oil. 
The tools might be electric 

4552
04:10:50,100 --> 04:10:53,400
rather than hand powered, but 
the basic principles 

4553
04:10:53,400 --> 04:10:58,100
understanding wood working with 
rather than Against the Grain 

4554
04:10:58,100 --> 04:11:01,400
creating smooth surfaces that 
won't Harbor bacteria. 

4555
04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:05,900
These haven't changed. 
The same continuity appears in 

4556
04:11:05,900 --> 04:11:09,400
countless modern objects. 
Quality leather goods, still 

4557
04:11:09,400 --> 04:11:13,200
involve many hand operations, 
cutting stitching and Edge 

4558
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:15,900
finishing because machines 
struggle with three-dimensional 

4559
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:20,500
forms and variable materials. 
Find furniture while often 

4560
04:11:20,500 --> 04:11:24,300
involving power tools for rough.
Work still requires hand skills 

4561
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:27,700
for joinery finishing and 
creating the details that 

4562
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:30,200
distinguish craftsmanship from 
Mere Construction. 

4563
04:11:31,200 --> 04:11:35,100
Blacksmithing written offers 
dead by the mid-20th century has

4564
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:37,400
experienced an unexpected 
Renaissance. 

4565
04:11:38,300 --> 04:11:41,500
Contemporary blacksmiths, create
everything from architectural, 

4566
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:44,600
metalwork to kitchen knives to 
decorative art. 

4567
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:49,100
They use the same basic 
technique's heating hammering 

4568
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:53,300
shaping that their 1800 
predecessors employed though. 

4569
04:11:53,300 --> 04:11:57,600
Modern forges might burn propane
rather than coal and temperature

4570
04:11:57,600 --> 04:11:59,600
control. 
Might involve Thermo couples 

4571
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:03,200
rather than reading metal color.
This revival isn't just 

4572
04:12:03,200 --> 04:12:06,700
nostalgic hobby work. 
There's genuine demand for Hand 

4573
04:12:06,700 --> 04:12:09,600
Forged items because they 
possess qualities machine 

4574
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:13,700
production can't easily. 
Replicate, A handful forged 

4575
04:12:13,700 --> 04:12:17,600
knife has subtle variations in 
thickness and shape that 

4576
04:12:17,600 --> 04:12:20,900
distributes stress better the 
uniform Factory in knives. 

4577
04:12:21,800 --> 04:12:24,000
Hand Forged architectural 
elements. 

4578
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,900
Bring visual interest to 
buildings increasingly dominated

4579
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:31,700
by standardization. 
People respond to evidence of 

4580
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:35,800
human hands in creation, even if
they can't articulate exactly 

4581
04:12:35,800 --> 04:12:38,700
why it matters. 
The knowledge preserved in 

4582
04:12:38,700 --> 04:12:41,500
traditional crafts. 
Also informs modern innovation. 

4583
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,300
Engineer studying traditional 
joinery discover principles that

4584
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:49,900
Inspire new fastening systems, 
textile designers analyzing hand

4585
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:53,700
woven fabrics, find patterns and
structural approaches that 

4586
04:12:53,700 --> 04:12:55,800
translate into Innovative 
materials. 

4587
04:12:56,800 --> 04:13:00,500
The past isn't just history. 
It's a repository of human 

4588
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:02,500
problems. 
Solving that took thousands of 

4589
04:13:02,500 --> 04:13:04,900
years to develop and shouldn't 
be carelessly. 

4590
04:13:04,900 --> 04:13:08,000
Discarded. 
Contemporary makers, often 

4591
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:10,800
describe feeling connected to 
long lineages when they practice

4592
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,000
traditional crafts. 
The Weaver at a handloom 

4593
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:18,500
experience is the same rhythms 
faces, the same challenges and 

4594
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:22,400
makes the same subtle judgments 
as Weaver's 500 or 5,000 years 

4595
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:25,300
ago. 
There's something profound in 

4596
04:13:25,300 --> 04:13:28,600
this continuity. 
A sense that your participating 

4597
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:32,400
in fundamental human activities,
that transcend particular 

4598
04:13:32,400 --> 04:13:36,200
moments or cultures. 
The satisfaction people find in 

4599
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,200
handcraft, whether as 
professionals or hobbyists 

4600
04:13:39,200 --> 04:13:42,800
speaks to needs that industrial 
production doesn't fulfill 

4601
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:47,000
Making something with your hands
watching it emerge. 

4602
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:48,800
Raw materials through your 
efforts. 

4603
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:51,800
Knowing exactly what went into 
its creation. 

4604
04:13:52,600 --> 04:13:56,100
These experiences provide a kind
of fulfillment that purchasing 

4605
04:13:56,100 --> 04:13:58,000
finished goods, never quite 
matches. 

4606
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:02,200
In an increasingly digital age 
where much work involves 

4607
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:06,300
manipulating abstractions, the 
concreteness of Kraft become 

4608
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:10,000
particularly appealing. 
Modern craft education, draws 

4609
04:14:10,000 --> 04:14:13,900
heavily on 19th century, 
Traditions woodworking classes, 

4610
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:16,800
teach joinery techniques that 
would be familiar to Victorian. 

4611
04:14:16,800 --> 04:14:21,200
Carpenters, Blacksmithing 
workshops cover forging methods 

4612
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:25,200
unchanged in centuries. 
Textile Arts programs, 

4613
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:28,200
introduced students to spinning 
and weaving using equipment. 

4614
04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:31,500
The differs only in details from
what crafts people use 

4615
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:35,200
throughout the 1800s. 
The knowledge transfers across 

4616
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:38,300
Generations because it's based 
on unchanging properties of 

4617
04:14:38,300 --> 04:14:40,400
materials and human 
capabilities. 

4618
04:14:41,200 --> 04:14:43,400
What's changed is the economic 
context. 

4619
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:47,300
A 19th century, crafts person, 
practice their trade because it 

4620
04:14:47,300 --> 04:14:48,600
was how they earned their 
living. 

4621
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,000
The only way, most people could 
acquire necessary Goods was 

4622
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:54,800
through, craft production. 
Modern crafts. 

4623
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:57,900
People often have different 
motivations, artistic 

4624
04:14:57,900 --> 04:15:01,700
expression, connection to 
tradition resistance, to 

4625
04:15:01,700 --> 04:15:06,700
disposability and the simple 
satisfaction of making Economic 

4626
04:15:06,700 --> 04:15:10,900
pressure, still exists craft 
businesses must compete with 

4627
04:15:10,900 --> 04:15:14,700
cheap manufactured goods. 
But it's not the existential 

4628
04:15:14,700 --> 04:15:18,200
necessity at once was. 
The appreciation for 

4629
04:15:18,200 --> 04:15:23,100
handcrafters, also changed. 
In the 1800s, handmade was 

4630
04:15:23,100 --> 04:15:25,900
simply normal, the default State
of Affairs. 

4631
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:31,300
Today handmade special 
distinctive and worth premium 

4632
04:15:31,300 --> 04:15:34,400
pricing. 
This shift reflects how rare 

4633
04:15:34,400 --> 04:15:38,200
genuine handcrafters become? 
When everything was made by hand

4634
04:15:38,200 --> 04:15:40,600
in individual pieces, worked 
remarkable. 

4635
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:44,300
Now that mass production, 
dominates evidence of hand 

4636
04:15:44,300 --> 04:15:46,400
skill, commands attention and 
respect. 

4637
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:49,300
This creates an interesting 
irony. 

4638
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:53,000
Handcraft has become luxury 
goods accessible. 

4639
04:15:53,000 --> 04:15:56,200
Mainly to those with money for 
premium products or time for 

4640
04:15:56,200 --> 04:15:59,300
hobby Pursuit. 
The skills that once served 

4641
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:03,500
everyone now often serve wealthy
collectors or become leisure 

4642
04:16:03,500 --> 04:16:05,700
activities for those with 
adequate resources. 

4643
04:16:06,700 --> 04:16:10,600
This isn't entirely negative. 
It's preserved, knowledge, that 

4644
04:16:10,600 --> 04:16:12,100
might otherwise have 
disappeared. 

4645
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:17,200
But it represents a profound 
change in craft social role, yet

4646
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:20,400
the hunger for connection to 
making persists across economic 

4647
04:16:20,400 --> 04:16:25,800
classes, DIY culture, make a 
spaces and YouTube tutorials 

4648
04:16:25,800 --> 04:16:29,200
teaching traditional skills. 
These phenomena suggest a 

4649
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:32,900
wide-spread desire to understand
how things are made and to 

4650
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:36,700
participate in making. 
The specific economic 

4651
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:39,400
circumstances differ from the 
1800s. 

4652
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:43,500
But the human impulse to create 
with hands and tools remains 

4653
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:46,700
constant. 
Environmental awareness is given

4654
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:51,200
traditional craft new relevance,
the 1800s emphasis on repair 

4655
04:16:51,200 --> 04:16:55,300
over replacement on making 
things to last and on working 

4656
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:57,800
with natural rather than 
synthetic materials. 

4657
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:01,600
These approaches align well with
contemporary sustainability 

4658
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:04,800
concerns. 
A handmade wooden chair that 

4659
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:08,200
lasts Generations. 
Has far less environmental 

4660
04:17:08,200 --> 04:17:11,000
impact than cheap furniture 
designed for planned 

4661
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,400
obsolescence. 
Traditional crafts, built-in 

4662
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,100
sustainability, looks 
increasingly wise rather than 

4663
04:17:17,100 --> 04:17:20,500
merely old fashioned. 
The pace of craft work offers 

4664
04:17:20,500 --> 04:17:22,900
another kind of value in our 
accelerated world. 

4665
04:17:23,700 --> 04:17:27,200
Everything about traditional 
making is slow the years of 

4666
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:31,000
skill development, the careful 
material selection and the 

4667
04:17:31,000 --> 04:17:34,100
patient execution of techniques 
that can't be rushed. 

4668
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:38,200
This slowness frustrates modern 
efficiency of Obsessed thinking,

4669
04:17:38,200 --> 04:17:43,000
but provides an antidote to 
constant acceleration. the 

4670
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:47,000
Weaver who spends weeks creating
yards of fabric, The woodworker 

4671
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:49,300
who completes perhaps one piece 
per month. 

4672
04:17:50,000 --> 04:17:53,300
And the blacksmith who Heats and
hammers, the same piece dozens 

4673
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:56,400
of time's, they're all working 
at human speed. 

4674
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:59,800
The pace at which careful 
attention can be sustained. 

4675
04:18:00,800 --> 04:18:03,600
A sleep begins pulling more 
insistently in this journey 

4676
04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:07,700
through the craft world of the 
1800s, near its end, consider 

4677
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:10,200
what lessons that vanished world
might offer. 

4678
04:18:11,100 --> 04:18:14,000
Not that we should, or could 
return to pre-industrial 

4679
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,600
production, that's neither 
possible nor probably desirable.

4680
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,600
But perhaps there's wisdom in 
how Crafts People approach their

4681
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:25,600
work, the patient skill 
development, the respect for 

4682
04:18:25,600 --> 04:18:28,800
materials, the assumption that 
things should be made well 

4683
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,200
enough to last, and the direct 
connection between maker and 

4684
04:18:32,200 --> 04:18:36,200
user. 
The blacksmith Carpenter Weaver 

4685
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:38,900
cobbler and Tinker with visited 
tonight. 

4686
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:41,800
Worked in a world. 
Vastly different from ours. 

4687
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:45,700
They face challenges with solved
and limitations we've 

4688
04:18:45,700 --> 04:18:48,500
transcended. 
But they also possess knowledge 

4689
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:52,200
and practice values that 
industrialization swept aside, 

4690
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:57,100
not always to our benefit. 
The workshop world of the 1800s 

4691
04:18:57,100 --> 04:19:00,200
can't be recovered but 
understanding it might help us 

4692
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:04,200
think more carefully about what 
we make, how we make it and why 

4693
04:19:04,200 --> 04:19:07,200
we make it. 
The workshops of grown quiet 

4694
04:19:07,200 --> 04:19:10,600
now. 
Forges called to Darkness, the 

4695
04:19:10,600 --> 04:19:13,100
last faint heat dissipating, 
into the night air. 

4696
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:17,000
What shaving live where they 
fell on the Carpenters floor, 

4697
04:19:17,000 --> 04:19:22,700
waiting for tomorrow's sweep. 
The loom stands silent, its 

4698
04:19:22,700 --> 04:19:27,000
threads holding tension, even in
Stillness ready for the Weavers 

4699
04:19:27,000 --> 04:19:30,100
return. 
In the Cobbler Shop 

4700
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:33,200
half-finished shoes, rest on 
their lasts. 

4701
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,600
Leather slowly conforming to the
wooden forms beneath. 

4702
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:40,500
These spaces will wake again 
with Morning Light and renewed 

4703
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:43,700
activity. 
The blacksmith will rate coals 

4704
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:47,100
back to life feeding the forge 
until it glows that perfect 

4705
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,900
orange yellow. 
The carpenter will test Edge 

4706
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:54,300
sharpness, with his thumb, a 
casual gesture, born from 

4707
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,700
Decades of repetition. 
Before beginning the days first 

4708
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:00,300
cuts. 
The Weaver will settle at her 

4709
04:20:00,308 --> 04:20:04,500
Loom feet finding treadles 
automatically hands reaching for

4710
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:06,100
the shuttle before conscious 
thought. 

4711
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:08,900
Even suggested. 
The cobbler will thread is 

4712
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,900
needle with waxed cord and 
continue stitching. 

4713
04:20:11,900 --> 04:20:15,700
Where yesterday ended? 
But tonight, as you drift 

4714
04:20:15,700 --> 04:20:17,900
towards sleep, you can hold in 
your mind. 

4715
04:20:17,900 --> 04:20:20,800
This world of skilled hands and 
patient work. 

4716
04:20:21,500 --> 04:20:25,000
Where time moved at the pace of 
careful, craft and making 

4717
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:26,900
something. 
Well, was simply how you lived 

4718
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:29,800
your life? 
It's a world that existed just a

4719
04:20:29,800 --> 04:20:32,400
few Generations ago, close 
enough, that your 

4720
04:20:32,400 --> 04:20:35,200
great-grandparents might have 
known people who lived entirely 

4721
04:20:35,200 --> 04:20:38,200
within it yet distant and enough
that it's rhythms and 

4722
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:42,300
assumptions feel almost foreign.
Now, The Crafts People of the 

4723
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,700
1800s left legacies beyond the 
objects. 

4724
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:47,700
They made, they preserved 
knowledge accumulated, over 

4725
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:52,000
Millennia refined through 
countless repetitions and passed

4726
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:54,900
from experienced hands, to 
novice ones with patient 

4727
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:58,000
instruction. 
They demonstrated that work 

4728
04:20:58,000 --> 04:21:01,500
could be a source of Pride and 
satisfaction that creating 

4729
04:21:01,500 --> 04:21:03,700
useful. 
Beauty was a worthy occupation 

4730
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:07,200
and that taking time to do 
things properly produced results

4731
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:10,300
worth the investment. 
They also showed how quickly 

4732
04:21:10,300 --> 04:21:14,100
entire worlds can transform. 
The workshop culture that 

4733
04:21:14,100 --> 04:21:16,700
dominated Human Experience for 
thousands of years. 

4734
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:21,400
Large, he vanished within a 
single Century swept aside by 

4735
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:24,200
industrial methods that promised
and delivered abundance. 

4736
04:21:25,300 --> 04:21:27,300
The crafts people who lived 
through this transition 

4737
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:31,100
experience it as loss and gain 
intermingled, watching their 

4738
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:34,200
skills become economically 
marginal, while the material 

4739
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:37,600
standards improved around them. 
What survived this 

4740
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:41,200
transformational the knowledge 
itself preserved in books, 

4741
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:45,200
museums and continued practice 
by those who value it Beyond 

4742
04:21:45,200 --> 04:21:48,600
near economics. 
The appreciation for Quality 

4743
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:52,400
that transcends price for 
evidence of human care and 

4744
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:57,500
skill. for objects that tell 
stories through their making the

4745
04:21:57,500 --> 04:22:00,500
understanding that some 
satisfactions come only through 

4746
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:04,700
direct engagement with materials
that creating with your hands 

4747
04:22:04,700 --> 04:22:08,100
feed something in human nature 
that observational consumption. 

4748
04:22:08,100 --> 04:22:11,800
Cannot As your breathing deepens
and sleep approaches. 

4749
04:22:11,800 --> 04:22:15,500
Let your last waking thoughts, 
rest with those Crafts People. 

4750
04:22:16,300 --> 04:22:19,700
The blacksmith feeling metal 
temperature through color, the 

4751
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:22,700
carpenter reading grain patterns
like familiar text. 

4752
04:22:22,700 --> 04:22:26,200
The Weaver, maintaining Rhythm 
through thousands of shuttle 

4753
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,500
throws and the cobbler stitching
with a Precision measured in 

4754
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:33,600
fractional inches. they lived 
lives of physical work and 

4755
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:37,400
mental engagement of, Skills, 
slowly accumulated, and 

4756
04:22:37,400 --> 04:22:41,300
patiently, applied of intimate 
knowledge about how materials 

4757
04:22:41,300 --> 04:22:43,400
behave and how hands can shake 
them. 

4758
04:22:44,300 --> 04:22:46,900
They made the world that our 
industrial civilization is 

4759
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:49,600
built. 
Upon every Factory technique 

4760
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:53,900
began as someone's handcrafted, 
refined and mechanized, but 

4761
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:58,300
rooted in human discovery. 
Every modern convenience rests 

4762
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:01,400
on foundations of knowledge 
developed by countless Anonymous

4763
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:03,600
Crafts. 
People solving practical 

4764
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:06,100
problems with available 
materials and ingenuity. 

4765
04:23:07,100 --> 04:23:10,100
The workshops are mostly gone 
now, but what they taught us 

4766
04:23:10,100 --> 04:23:14,300
remains waiting to be remembered
by those who paused to consider 

4767
04:23:14,300 --> 04:23:17,200
how things were made before 
making became an industrial 

4768
04:23:17,200 --> 04:23:20,400
process. 
The 1800s crafts. 

4769
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,700
People worked in a world lit by 
candles and heated by wood fires

4770
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:27,600
where Horse Transport was still 
new technology and most people 

4771
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:29,600
lived within a few miles of 
their birthplace. 

4772
04:23:30,400 --> 04:23:34,200
Yet, their core experience is 
the satisfaction of skilled 

4773
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:36,200
work. 
The frustration of difficult 

4774
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,300
materials. 
The pride in completed projects,

4775
04:23:39,300 --> 04:23:42,200
the relationships with customers
who became friends. 

4776
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:46,100
These are remained fundamentally
human regardless of era. 

4777
04:23:46,800 --> 04:23:49,600
Sleep comes now pulling. 
You gently away from these 

4778
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:53,300
Workshop visits. 
As you surrender to it, perhaps 

4779
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:56,200
you carry with you A Renewed 
appreciation, for health, things

4780
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:59,400
are made for the hands and Minds
behind objects. 

4781
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:03,200
We take for granted granted and 
for the Deep history of human, 

4782
04:24:03,200 --> 04:24:06,800
making that connects backward 
through time to the first person

4783
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:10,700
who shaped a useful tool and 
forward to whatever future we 

4784
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:14,200
craft for ourselves. 
Forge will glow again. 

4785
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:18,200
Tomorrow the saw will bite into 
would the shuttle will fly 

4786
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:21,600
through its shared and leather 
will yield to needle and thread.

4787
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:25,700
The work continues because it 
must because we need things 

4788
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:28,100
made. 
Well Because some knowledge is 

4789
04:24:28,108 --> 04:24:31,900
too valuable to lose and because
making with our hands reminds 

4790
04:24:31,900 --> 04:24:33,600
us. 
What it means to be human in a 

4791
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,600
world increasingly dominated by 
machines and algorithms. 

4792
04:24:38,000 --> 04:24:39,200
Rests. 
Now, in this knowledge. 

4793
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:41,800
Somewhere. 
Tonight, someone is practicing 

4794
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:46,000
these ancient crafts, keeping 
knowledge alive, making things 

4795
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:49,400
with patience and skill and 
maintaining connection to ways 

4796
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,000
of working that have served 
Humanity. 

4797
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,700
Since we first learned to shape 
our world rather than merely 

4798
04:24:55,700 --> 04:25:00,500
inhabited The story of Kraft is 
your story too, how we make 

4799
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:04,200
things, how we make meaning and 
how we make our way through the 

4800
04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:07,100
world with skilled hands and 
thoughtful Minds. 

4801
04:25:07,900 --> 04:25:10,500
Sleep. 
Well and may your dreams be 

4802
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:13,000
filled with the Quiet 
satisfaction of work done. 

4803
04:25:13,000 --> 04:25:17,800
Well of materials, transformed 
through skill of things made to 

4804
04:25:17,800 --> 04:25:20,400
last by people who cared enough 
to make them properly. 

4805
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:25,000
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
vastly different from the 1800s,

4806
04:25:25,000 --> 04:25:26,700
Workshop culture, we visited 
tonight. 

4807
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:31,100
But somewhere in that modern 
world ancient skills, persist 

4808
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:35,900
ancient rhythms continue and the
fundamental human impulse to 

4809
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:38,400
create with our hands remains as
strong as ever. 

4810
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:42,700
Perhaps, that's the real Legacy 
of those 19th century Crafts 

4811
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:47,200
People not just the objects they
made but there are reminder that

4812
04:25:47,200 --> 04:25:49,100
making things. 
Well matters. 

4813
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:53,800
The craft has value Beyond 
economics and that some of our 

4814
04:25:53,800 --> 04:25:57,100
deepest satisfactions come from 
creating rather than merely 

4815
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:00,200
consuming. 
The workshops are quiet. 

4816
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:03,100
Now the tools. 
Rest the materials. 

4817
04:26:03,100 --> 04:26:06,100
Wait. 
And you rest to carrying forward

4818
04:26:06,100 --> 04:26:09,500
this story of how things were 
made when making required, not 

4819
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:13,200
just pressing buttons, but 
understanding materials deeply 

4820
04:26:13,200 --> 04:26:17,600
developing skills patiently and 
working with the kind of care. 

4821
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:20,200
That could be, neither 
automated, nor rushed. 

4822
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:28,200
To the sound of water, being 
poured into a basement, 

4823
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:31,900
somewhere below the tatami, 
beneath your futon, still holds,

4824
04:26:31,900 --> 04:26:34,900
the night's coolness. 
And through the Shoji screen 

4825
04:26:34,900 --> 04:26:38,700
early light filters in with that
particular, quality unique to 

4826
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:40,900
Kyoto mornings. 
Soft. 

4827
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,500
Almost lavender tinted. 
As if the city itself is 

4828
04:26:44,500 --> 04:26:47,800
reluctant to fully wake. 
Your room is small but a 

4829
04:26:47,800 --> 04:26:49,800
macular. 
A single scroll. 

4830
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:53,000
Hangs in the Alcove featuring 
Autumn grasses painted with 

4831
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:55,300
three brush Strokes. 
Nothing more. 

4832
04:26:56,200 --> 04:27:00,400
The Simplicity is intentional, 
cultivated a kind of luxury that

4833
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:04,300
takes years to understand. 
You hear the Ikea coming to life

4834
04:27:04,300 --> 04:27:06,400
around you. 
The house where you live with 

4835
04:27:06,400 --> 04:27:09,100
seven other Geisha and maiko 
operates like a breathing 

4836
04:27:09,100 --> 04:27:13,100
organism, each person a vital 
part synchronized to rhythms 

4837
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,900
established over centuries 
somewhere euroka. 

4838
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,700
San of the woman who runs this 
house is already reviewing the 

4839
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:21,900
days. 
Appointments in her Ledger, her 

4840
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:25,700
reading glasses, perched, on her
nose calculating, which Geisha 

4841
04:27:25,700 --> 04:27:28,700
will attend which Teahouse, and 
which Patron has requested. 

4842
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:31,600
Whose company? 
She manages this establishment 

4843
04:27:31,600 --> 04:27:34,900
with the Precision of a ship's 
Captain and the intuition of a 

4844
04:27:34,900 --> 04:27:38,700
chess master, The smell of rice 
cooking drifts upward. 

4845
04:27:38,700 --> 04:27:42,200
Not the quick modern kind. 
But rice that has been soaking 

4846
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:44,700
since yesterday. 
Now steaming in proper. 

4847
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,100
Wooden containers that give it a
faintly sweet, almost nutty 

4848
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:52,500
aroma Your stomach responds with
a small polite, Rumble. 

4849
04:27:52,500 --> 04:27:56,300
You've learned to eat breakfast 
slowly mindfully because the 

4850
04:27:56,300 --> 04:27:59,200
rest of your day will be a 
careful, dance of timing, and 

4851
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:02,400
rushing anything, even a meal 
disrupts, the flow. 

4852
04:28:02,400 --> 04:28:05,500
You fold your futon with the 
automatic Precision of someone 

4853
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:08,000
who has performed, this task 
thousands of times. 

4854
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:11,900
Each fold must be exact. 
The bedding is stored in the 

4855
04:28:11,908 --> 04:28:14,500
closet behind you. 
And when you slide the door, 

4856
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:18,100
shut the room transforms from 
sleeping space to living space 

4857
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,300
in seconds. 
This transformation happens 

4858
04:28:21,300 --> 04:28:24,500
throughout the Ikea every 
morning, private becomes public,

4859
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:28,500
rest becomes preparation, and 
the intimate architecture of 

4860
04:28:28,500 --> 04:28:30,500
sleep disappears without a 
trace. 

4861
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:33,700
Down stairs. 
You need at the low table where 

4862
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:38,200
breakfast has been set, miso 
soup, still steaming Pickled 

4863
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:41,500
vegetables. 
In small dishes, Daikon, radish,

4864
04:28:41,500 --> 04:28:45,400
cucumber, and eggplant. 
Each with its own distinct 

4865
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:48,100
sharpness. 
A small piece of grilled fish. 

4866
04:28:48,100 --> 04:28:51,700
Probably mackerel its skin 
crispy and salty. 

4867
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,900
The rice is perfect each grain 
separate yet cohesive and 

4868
04:28:55,900 --> 04:28:58,900
slightly glossy you eat with 
chopsticks that feel like 

4869
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:03,300
extensions of your fingers and 
you eat slowly aware that one of

4870
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:06,000
the younger maiko is watching 
you from the corner of her, eye,

4871
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:10,700
learning how to move, how to 
hold herself and how to exist in

4872
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:13,200
space with Grace, after 
breakfast. 

4873
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:16,900
Comes the first bath in the Edo 
period bathing was an art form 

4874
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:20,700
on to itself and in your okeya, 
the tradition continues with 

4875
04:29:20,700 --> 04:29:24,300
religious devotion, the water is
heated to exactly the right 

4876
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,200
temperature. 
Hot enough to open your pores. 

4877
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:31,000
Not so hot that it readons, your
skin, you scrub yourself, 

4878
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:33,800
outside the tub. 
First sitting on a small wooden 

4879
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:37,000
stool using a rough cloth and 
rice brown powder that leaves 

4880
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:40,500
your skin smooth and faintly 
fragrant only, then you enter 

4881
04:29:40,500 --> 04:29:42,300
the water. 
Letting it envelope you 

4882
04:29:42,308 --> 04:29:46,100
completely feeling the heat work
its way into your muscles. 

4883
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:49,300
Softening the places that hold 
tension from last night's 

4884
04:29:49,300 --> 04:29:52,100
performance. 
You soak for exactly the amount 

4885
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:55,000
of time that feels right. 
Not rushed not. 

4886
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,600
Indulgent, the bathroom is 
simple with wooden walls. 

4887
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:02,000
That have darkened with age and 
steam and a small window that 

4888
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:04,300
looks out onto the inner 
Courtyard, where a stone land 

4889
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:06,500
and sits among carefully rake 
gravel. 

4890
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:09,800
Sometimes you think about how 
much of your life happens in 

4891
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:13,300
these in between space is not 
the grand teahouses where you 

4892
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:15,700
perform? 
Not the private moments in your 

4893
04:30:15,700 --> 04:30:18,200
room. 
But these transitions owns where

4894
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:22,400
you prepare yourself, transform 
yourself, and become, the 

4895
04:30:22,400 --> 04:30:26,200
personally outside world expects
to see after the Bath, your skin

4896
04:30:26,200 --> 04:30:29,400
is raped, in a cotton Road and 
you return to your room to begin

4897
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:33,400
the Day's real work. 
But first, there's tea, Not the 

4898
04:30:33,408 --> 04:30:35,900
formal tea ceremony, you'll 
perform guests. 

4899
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:40,800
But a simple cup of censure 
green and grassy drunk while 

4900
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:44,100
sitting by the window watching 
sparrows argue over territory on

4901
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:46,000
the roof tiles, across the 
Narrow Street. 

4902
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:51,200
This moment this small pocket of
unshed time is precious because 

4903
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:55,200
it belongs entirely to you. 
The morning sun is fully up now 

4904
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:57,600
and the hunter is waking in 
Earnest. 

4905
04:30:57,600 --> 04:31:00,500
You can hear the vegetable 
seller making his rounds. 

4906
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:03,800
His voice calling out the days 
offerings in a Melody, that 

4907
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:08,200
hasn't changed in Generations. 
Someone is practicing in a 

4908
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,300
nearby okiya, the notes 
stumbling over a difficult 

4909
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:14,400
passage repeating repeating 
until suddenly they flow 

4910
04:31:14,400 --> 04:31:16,600
correctly. 
The sound makes you smile. 

4911
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:20,200
Because you remember being that 
Michael your fingers cramping 

4912
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:23,600
and your teachers patient 
insistence that you try again 

4913
04:31:23,600 --> 04:31:27,500
and again and again until muscle
memory replaced conscious 

4914
04:31:27,500 --> 04:31:31,000
thought your hair still damp 
from the bath is beginning to 

4915
04:31:31,000 --> 04:31:33,200
dry. 
You run your fingers through it,

4916
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,200
feeling its weight and texture 
later. 

4917
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:39,100
It will be dressed in the 
traditional style, but for now, 

4918
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:42,700
it hangs loose down your back. 
A rare informality. 

4919
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:47,600
Catch your reflection in a small
hand mirror, your face bear of 

4920
04:31:47,608 --> 04:31:49,800
the white makeup, your features 
your own. 

4921
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:55,600
This face unadorned is the one. 
You see least often the irony 

4922
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:58,000
isn't lost on you. 
You spend hours each day 

4923
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,600
applying elaborate makeup to 
create a mask of beauty. 

4924
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:04,900
Yet, this simple clean face. 
Looking back at you holds its 

4925
04:32:04,900 --> 04:32:07,400
own quiet. 
Authenticity yolk. 

4926
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:11,200
Here's cat ancient Tabby named. 
Tama who answers to no one 

4927
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:14,800
appears in your doorway. 
She eyes you with the Imperial 

4928
04:32:14,800 --> 04:32:18,100
disdain, that only cats can 
manage, then decide your 

4929
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:20,400
acceptable and jumps onto your 
lap. 

4930
04:32:21,100 --> 04:32:24,400
A ring is like a small motor and
you stroke her fur while 

4931
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:27,500
finishing your tea. 
Tama has lived in this Ikea 

4932
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:30,500
longer than you have. 
She seemed like overcome Geisha.

4933
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,900
Watch women retire. 
And observe the endless cycle of

4934
04:32:33,900 --> 04:32:37,600
seasons and ceremonies with the 
same detached interest, you 

4935
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:40,900
bring us to watching Birds. 
You envy her Simplicity 

4936
04:32:40,900 --> 04:32:43,600
sometimes the dressing room on 
the second floor. 

4937
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:46,900
Is where magic happens though, 
calling it magic, seems wrong. 

4938
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:51,400
It's more like architecture. 
Careful construction of beauty, 

4939
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:54,900
using specific materials and 
techniques perfected over 

4940
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:57,400
centuries. 
You enter this room as yourself 

4941
04:32:57,400 --> 04:33:01,500
and exit as a geisha and the 
transformation is so complete. 

4942
04:33:01,500 --> 04:33:03,900
That sometimes you barely 
recognize the woman in the 

4943
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:06,300
mirror, you begin with your 
undergarments. 

4944
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:10,599
Thin cotton nagajuban that goes 
on first tied with a simple 

4945
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:13,200
chord. 
The fabric is soft from 

4946
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:16,300
countless Washings, and it 
settles against your skin like a

4947
04:33:16,308 --> 04:33:19,300
familiar Embrace over. 
This goes, a second layer. 

4948
04:33:19,300 --> 04:33:22,599
Slightly more substantial with a
white collar, that will be 

4949
04:33:22,608 --> 04:33:24,099
visible at the nape of your 
neck. 

4950
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:26,400
This column must be positioned. 
Exactly? 

4951
04:33:26,400 --> 04:33:30,599
Right showing precisely the 
correct amount of skin too much.

4952
04:33:30,608 --> 04:33:33,400
Look, sloppy to little looks 
prudish. 

4953
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:37,000
You've measured this distance so
many times that your hands know 

4954
04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:39,400
it instinctively but you still 
check in the mirror. 

4955
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:42,300
Twice. 
The kimono comes next. 

4956
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:46,400
Today's choice is a deep Indigo 
silk with a subtle pattern of 

4957
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:49,000
wave's rendered in a slightly 
different shade of blue. 

4958
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,300
The kind of detail. 
You notice only when light hits 

4959
04:33:52,300 --> 04:33:55,200
the fabric at certain angles, 
the kimono is heavy 

4960
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:57,900
reassuringly. 
So and putting it on requires a 

4961
04:33:57,908 --> 04:34:00,800
specific sequence of movements. 
Left side. 

4962
04:34:00,800 --> 04:34:03,800
First always. 
Then the right side. 

4963
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:06,800
Overlaps it creating the closure
that wraps your body. 

4964
04:34:06,800 --> 04:34:10,200
The opposite way is reserved for
dressing the dead and this 

4965
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:13,400
Superstition is so deeply 
ingrained that Doing It Wrong. 

4966
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:17,200
Would feel like inviting 
disaster or dresser an older 

4967
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:20,200
woman named fumiko who has been 
dressing Geisha for 40 years 

4968
04:34:20,200 --> 04:34:25,099
arrives to help with the Obi. 
This wide belt of braced silk is

4969
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:28,800
a masterpiece on its own. 
Today's features chrysanthemums 

4970
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:32,099
in gold and copper thread 
against a background of deepest 

4971
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:36,000
green, the obese, four meters 
long and nearly 30 centimeters 

4972
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:38,300
wide. 
And tying it properly requires 

4973
04:34:38,300 --> 04:34:43,099
two people specific padding, 
multiple chords and about 20 

4974
04:34:43,099 --> 04:34:46,500
minutes of precise work. 
Fumiko works with the 

4975
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:51,200
concentration of a surgeon. 
She raps folds tux and ties with

4976
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:52,900
movements. 
So practice, they seem 

4977
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:56,700
choreographed The Obi must be 
tight enough to hold the kimono 

4978
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:58,200
closed and maintain your 
posture. 

4979
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:02,000
But not so tight that you can't 
breathe or bend, finding this 

4980
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,400
balance is not for she uses an 
open Mercure. 

4981
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:08,800
A padded cushion of, to create 
the foundation for the bow at 

4982
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:11,500
your back. 
Then Begins the complex process 

4983
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:13,500
of folding. 
The silk into the traditional, 

4984
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:18,900
Taiko musubi style, the drum 
shaped bow warned by Geisha, you

4985
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,500
stand perfectly still during 
this process arm slightly 

4986
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:26,700
extended breathing slowly, You 
learned early in your training 

4987
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:28,200
that fighting the constriction 
of the. 

4988
04:35:28,200 --> 04:35:32,900
OB only makes it uncomfortable, 
instead you relax into it, let 

4989
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:36,900
it support your spine and use it
as a kind of external skeleton. 

4990
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:40,000
That enforces. 
Perfect posture, your breath 

4991
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:43,200
becomes measured flowing into 
your upper chest rather than 

4992
04:35:43,200 --> 04:35:45,800
your belly. 
This restriction changes, how 

4993
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:49,099
you move through the world 
smaller steps more, deliberate 

4994
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:52,300
gestures and a consciousness of 
your own body in space that 

4995
04:35:52,300 --> 04:35:56,300
borders on meditation while 
fumiko works on the OB you can 

4996
04:35:56,308 --> 04:35:59,099
see other Geisha in various 
stages of preparation. 

4997
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:03,099
One is having a hairdress 
sitting perfectly motionless 

4998
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:06,700
while the hairdressers hands. 
Fly through her hair with pins 

4999
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:09,800
and Combs and purrmaid. 
Another is applying the first 

5000
04:36:09,800 --> 04:36:11,500
layer of white makeup to her 
face. 

5001
04:36:11,500 --> 04:36:15,599
Using a brush and a mixed with 
smells faintly of camellia oil. 

5002
04:36:16,400 --> 04:36:19,900
The room, hums with quiet 
industry, punctuated by 

5003
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:22,400
occasional murdered instructions
or requests. 

5004
04:36:22,400 --> 04:36:25,900
The makeup comes after your 
fully dressed in. 

5005
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:28,400
This is the part that truly 
completes the transformation, 

5006
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:32,800
you sit at a low table, with a 
mirrored in front of you and you

5007
04:36:32,800 --> 04:36:36,000
begin with bin Suka oil. 
Rubbing it into your face and 

5008
04:36:36,000 --> 04:36:38,000
neck and the exposed part of 
your chest. 

5009
04:36:39,000 --> 04:36:42,400
The oil creates a base and helps
the white makeup adhere evenly, 

5010
04:36:42,400 --> 04:36:44,900
then comes the white paste 
itself. 

5011
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:48,599
A mixture that has evolved over 
time but still maintains its 

5012
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:52,300
characteristic capacity its 
ability to create a blank 

5013
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:54,900
canvas. 
You apply it with a wide brush, 

5014
04:36:54,900 --> 04:36:58,599
starting at your hairline and 
working downward using smooth 

5015
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,800
Strokes that leave. 
No streaks or patches the 

5016
04:37:01,800 --> 04:37:03,300
coverage. 
Must be complete. 

5017
04:37:03,300 --> 04:37:06,900
Transforming your skin into 
porcelain you. 

5018
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:09,900
Leave three bear triangular 
points at the nape of your neck.

5019
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:13,599
A design element that has erotic
significance in traditional 

5020
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:17,099
Japanese culture, though most 
modern observers have forgotten 

5021
04:37:17,099 --> 04:37:21,000
why the contrast of white makeup
and natural skin at these points

5022
04:37:21,000 --> 04:37:24,500
creates a visual tension and 
intimacy that feels more 

5023
04:37:24,500 --> 04:37:28,800
revealing than actual nudity. 
Your face in the mirror is now a

5024
04:37:28,800 --> 04:37:33,000
white mask expressionless 
waiting for features to be drawn

5025
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:35,800
back on you. 
Take a thin brush and black ink 

5026
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:39,500
and carefully outline your eyes,
extending, the line slightly 

5027
04:37:39,500 --> 04:37:42,900
outward to create an almond 
shape, then come the eyebrows 

5028
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:46,500
drawn higher than your natural 
brows with a slight Arch. 

5029
04:37:46,500 --> 04:37:49,099
That gives you a look of 
Perpetual gentle surprise. 

5030
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:51,900
Red pigment goes on your 
eyelids. 

5031
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:57,000
Just a Touch enough to add 
warmth then your lips painted 

5032
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:58,300
with a red. 
So deep. 

5033
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:01,200
It's almost black applied 
carefully to make your mouth 

5034
04:38:01,200 --> 04:38:05,000
appear smaller than it is a 
rosebud of color in the white 

5035
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:07,599
expanse. 
The effect is startling. 

5036
04:38:07,599 --> 04:38:11,400
You look like a painting, a wood
block, print come to life, 

5037
04:38:11,400 --> 04:38:15,900
utterly, artificial, and utterly
beautiful, Your individual 

5038
04:38:15,900 --> 04:38:18,400
features have been subordinated 
to an ideal. 

5039
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:22,599
Collective vision of beauty that
has been refined over centuries.

5040
04:38:22,599 --> 04:38:27,300
Some visitors from the West find
this unsettling, this Erasure of

5041
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:31,599
individual identity in favor of 
our artistic perfection But you 

5042
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:34,800
understand it differently. 
The white makeup isn't hiding 

5043
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:37,200
who you are. 
It's creating a space where you 

5044
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:40,800
can become something more than 
yourself where you can embody an

5045
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:45,000
ideal and perform a role, that's
larger than any single person. 

5046
04:38:46,599 --> 04:38:48,500
The final elements, come 
quickly. 

5047
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:52,000
Now White Foundation on your 
hands and wrists perfectly 

5048
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:53,599
Blended. 
Where it meets your natural 

5049
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:57,400
skin. 
Tone hair ornaments today, a 

5050
04:38:57,400 --> 04:38:59,099
simple. 
But elegant arrangement of silk,

5051
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:03,099
flowers, and tortoise shell, 
Combs, your fan, folded, and 

5052
04:39:03,099 --> 04:39:06,099
tucked into your Obi. 
The small purse containing 

5053
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:08,200
powder for touch-ups a 
handkerchief. 

5054
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:13,000
And perhaps, a few coins, you 
stand and fumiko makes a final 

5055
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:17,000
adjustment to your Obi, tugging 
it fractionally to the left, you

5056
04:39:17,000 --> 04:39:19,300
catch side of your self in the 
full length mirror and 

5057
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:21,500
experience that momentary 
dislocation. 

5058
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:25,700
You never quite get used to the 
disconnect between who you feel 

5059
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:27,700
like inside and who you see 
outside? 

5060
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:31,400
The woman in the mirror is 
elegant Poise and perfect. 

5061
04:39:32,400 --> 04:39:36,099
She looks like she never rushes,
never stumbles and never doubts 

5062
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:38,400
herself. 
She looks like she was born 

5063
04:39:38,400 --> 04:39:41,300
knowing exactly how to move 
through the world with Grace, 

5064
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:45,700
you know, better, of course, you
remember your first attempt at 

5065
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,600
putting on a kimono getting the 
left, and right side confused. 

5066
04:39:50,500 --> 04:39:52,700
You remember the time you 
tripped on your own hair and 

5067
04:39:52,700 --> 04:39:55,000
felt spectacularly during a 
dance performance? 

5068
04:39:55,000 --> 04:39:57,700
You remember? 
Crying and frustration when you 

5069
04:39:57,700 --> 04:40:00,300
couldn't get the Chamois sent to
produce anything, but discordant

5070
04:40:00,300 --> 04:40:02,900
noise, But that's the secret, 
isn't it? 

5071
04:40:02,900 --> 04:40:07,100
The Perfection is performed 
practiced and earned through 

5072
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:10,200
thousands of hours of repetition
until the artificial becomes 

5073
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,100
natural until the mask and the 
face beneath it. 

5074
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:17,000
Merge into something new. 
Your teacher arrives at 2 in the

5075
04:40:17,008 --> 04:40:19,600
afternoon as she does every 
Tuesday and Friday. 

5076
04:40:20,300 --> 04:40:24,100
Carrying her Samson in its 
protective case and wearing an 

5077
04:40:24,100 --> 04:40:28,400
expression of calm expectation 
tomiko Sensei is in her 70s 

5078
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:32,200
small and compact with hands. 
That show the evidence of a 

5079
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:34,900
lifetime spent coaxing music 
from silk strings. 

5080
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:38,500
She's been teaching for longer 
than you've been alive, and she 

5081
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:41,000
maintained standards that would 
make drill sergeant seem 

5082
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:43,400
lenient. 
The lesson room is on the third 

5083
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:47,200
floor away from the main traffic
of the Ikea with a windows that 

5084
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:49,100
look out over. 
Neighboring roof tops told the 

5085
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,800
mountains in the distance the 
afternoon light is perfect here 

5086
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:56,500
warm but not harsh. 
And the room itself has 

5087
04:40:56,500 --> 04:41:00,500
excellent Acoustics, a happy 
accident of its proportions and 

5088
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:02,400
the materials used in its 
construction. 

5089
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:06,600
You need on the tatami with your
family, sin and tomiko Sensei 

5090
04:41:06,600 --> 04:41:09,000
Niels across from you. 
And for the next two hours, 

5091
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:14,100
nothing exists except music. 
You begin with scales, as you 

5092
04:41:14,108 --> 04:41:17,300
always do basic finger 
exercises, that you've been 

5093
04:41:17,308 --> 04:41:20,500
practicing for years that you'll
practice for the rest of your 

5094
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:22,700
life. 
Because these fundamentals are 

5095
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:26,100
the foundation of everything 
else your left hand presses. 

5096
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:28,300
The strings at precise points 
along the neck. 

5097
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:32,400
While your right hand strikes 
them with the battery, the large

5098
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,900
plectrum, that produces the 
shamus's characteristic bright, 

5099
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:39,300
percussive sound the notes ring 
out, clear and true. 

5100
04:41:39,300 --> 04:41:41,600
And you move through the pattern
with your eyes, half closed 

5101
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:45,300
feeling rather than thinking, 
Tamiko Sensei listens with 

5102
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:48,900
Absolut attention her face 
giving nothing away. 

5103
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:51,600
Then she raises one hand 
slightly. 

5104
04:41:52,600 --> 04:41:55,400
Stop you stop. 
She demonstrates a phrase, her 

5105
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,000
fingers, flying over the strings
with a speed and precision. 

5106
04:41:58,000 --> 04:41:59,800
That seems impossible. 
Give her age. 

5107
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:04,100
She plays it once twice, three 
times their nods at you, you 

5108
04:42:04,100 --> 04:42:07,500
attempt to replicate it, your 
fingers stumble over the fast 

5109
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:09,600
section. 
She shows you again. 

5110
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:13,200
Slower this time breaking down 
the movement into components. 

5111
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:16,700
You try again better but not 
right. 

5112
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:22,500
Again again again again. this is
how Learning Works in 

5113
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:26,400
traditional Japanese Arts, not 
through lengthy explanations or 

5114
04:42:26,400 --> 04:42:30,300
theoretical Frameworks but 
through observation imitation 

5115
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:35,100
and repetition Your teacher 
shows you your attempt to copy. 

5116
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:40,700
She corrects you try again? 
The process is simultaneously 

5117
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:43,900
frustrating and meditative 
there's no shortcut. 

5118
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:47,900
No way to think yourself into 
competence, your body must 

5119
04:42:47,900 --> 04:42:50,300
learn. 
And your muscles must develop 

5120
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:53,800
their own memory, and this takes
time, measured not in hours, but

5121
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:58,500
in years between musical phrases
tomiko Sensei occasionally 

5122
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,000
offers commentary. 
Story about a famous Geisha from

5123
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:05,300
decades past to could play this 
particular piece while 

5124
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:09,100
spontaneously carrying on a 
witty conversation, a memory of 

5125
04:43:09,100 --> 04:43:12,100
her own teacher who would wrap 
students, knuckles with the 

5126
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:15,200
batch of their posture slipped 
and observation about the 

5127
04:43:15,200 --> 04:43:18,700
emotional quality of a certain 
passage, how it should sound 

5128
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:22,000
like cherry blossoms falling 
into water or wind through 

5129
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:24,200
bamboo or the last Light of 
evening. 

5130
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:26,900
These comments seem random and 
tangential. 

5131
04:43:26,900 --> 04:43:30,400
But there actually deeply 
instructional. the teaching you 

5132
04:43:30,400 --> 04:43:34,400
to hear music not just as notes,
but as emotional atmosphere and 

5133
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:38,300
narrative, Isn't merely an 
instrument to be mastered at 

5134
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:40,600
technically. 
It's a tool for creating 

5135
04:43:40,600 --> 04:43:43,600
particular feelings in 
listeners, for enhancing the 

5136
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,700
mood of an evening and for 
telling stories without words, 

5137
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:51,700
After shamisen, comes dance, 
practice you change into a 

5138
04:43:51,700 --> 04:43:54,700
lighter practice, kimono still 
traditional, but easier to move 

5139
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:57,800
in and meet your dance. 
Teacher in the larger Studio on 

5140
04:43:57,800 --> 04:44:00,900
the second floor. 
Rico Sensei is younger than 

5141
04:44:00,908 --> 04:44:03,200
Tamiko Sensei but no less 
exacting. 

5142
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:07,400
She's a former Geisha herself 
and she moves with a fluidity 

5143
04:44:07,400 --> 04:44:09,400
that makes every gesture. 
Look effortless. 

5144
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:13,600
Today you're working on a piece 
about the changing seasons and 

5145
04:44:13,600 --> 04:44:15,500
you're currently focused on the 
Autumn section. 

5146
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:19,500
The movements are subtle, a turn
of the wrists suggesting falling

5147
04:44:19,500 --> 04:44:21,800
leaves. 
His slight tilt of the head of 

5148
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:25,100
woking, melancholy, and a 
sweeping step that somehow 

5149
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:28,300
conveys the cooling of the Year.
Nothing is literal. 

5150
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,300
Everything is suggestion 
implication or the outline of an

5151
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:34,200
idea rather than the idea 
itself. 

5152
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:37,700
Raco Sensei watches, you move 
through the sequence. 

5153
04:44:37,700 --> 04:44:40,900
Then stops you your hand 
position was wrong. 

5154
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:43,900
It should be rotated. 
Slightly more outward fingers 

5155
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:46,400
together rather than spread 
thumb tucked. 

5156
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:50,500
She demonstrates. 
You try again, she stops you 

5157
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,000
again, your weight distribution 
is off. 

5158
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,500
You're leaning too far forward. 
Breaking the line of your body. 

5159
04:44:56,500 --> 04:45:02,000
Adjust continue, stop. 
The angle of your fan is wrong. 

5160
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:06,600
Again again, you've been 
practicing this particular dance

5161
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:09,000
for three months and you're 
maybe halfway to Performance 

5162
04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:11,900
ready? 
This is normal a complex piece. 

5163
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:14,800
Might take a year or more to 
learn properly and even then 

5164
04:45:14,800 --> 04:45:17,000
you'll continue refining it for 
the rest of your career. 

5165
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:19,900
The depth of these traditional 
Arts is bottomless. 

5166
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:23,600
You can spend a lifetime 
exploring them and still find 

5167
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,500
new layers. 
New subtleties, a new 

5168
04:45:26,508 --> 04:45:29,900
possibilities. 
What strikes visitors about 

5169
04:45:29,900 --> 04:45:33,100
Geisha training is the intensity
of focus on details. 

5170
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:37,000
That seem almost invisible. 
The precise angle of a finger, 

5171
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:41,200
the exact timing of a turn, the 
quality of your breath between 

5172
04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:44,100
phrases. 
But this attention to mute 

5173
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,300
detail is what creates the 
overall effect of effortless 

5174
04:45:47,300 --> 04:45:51,200
Grace, when every small element 
is perfected, the whole become 

5175
04:45:51,200 --> 04:45:56,600
more than the sum of its parts. 
Between dance and you also study

5176
04:45:56,600 --> 04:46:00,800
Tea, Ceremony calligraphy 
traditional poetry flower 

5177
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,500
arrangement and games like go 
and Mahjong. 

5178
04:46:03,500 --> 04:46:06,300
You can continue studying these 
Arts throughout your career 

5179
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:08,700
because Geisha are expected to 
be accomplished 

5180
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:11,700
conversationalists and 
accomplishment requires 

5181
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:14,100
knowledge. 
You need to be able to discuss 

5182
04:46:14,100 --> 04:46:17,400
literature with a professor 
play, a decent game of Go with a

5183
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:20,400
businessman arrange flowers, 
according to seasonal, 

5184
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,700
Aesthetics and compose, a haiku 
that doesn't embarrass you. 

5185
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:28,200
The education is practical but 
also philosophical. you're 

5186
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:30,700
learning, not just how to 
perform certain actions, but how

5187
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:34,300
to think aesthetically, how to 
recognize Beauty in its many 

5188
04:46:34,300 --> 04:46:38,300
forms and how to create and 
maintain atmosphere these skills

5189
04:46:38,300 --> 04:46:41,900
transfer across contexts, The 
attention to detail. 

5190
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:44,900
You bring to arranging flowers 
influences, how you arrange 

5191
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:48,300
yourself in space? 
The timing you learn in music 

5192
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:50,300
affects the rhythm of your 
conversation. 

5193
04:46:50,300 --> 04:46:54,700
Everything connects by the time 
you're afternoon lessons, end 

5194
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:56,800
your exhausted. 
In that particular way that 

5195
04:46:56,800 --> 04:46:59,700
comes from intense. 
Mental focus combined with 

5196
04:46:59,708 --> 04:47:03,400
physical precision. 
Your muscles, ache pleasantly, 

5197
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:08,300
your mind feels both empty and 
full emptied of trivial concerns

5198
04:47:08,300 --> 04:47:12,300
filled with music and movement, 
and Beauty, you have an hour 

5199
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,000
before you need to begin 
preparing for the evening and 

5200
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:18,500
you use it to rest lying on your
futon in the dimming afternoon, 

5201
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,500
light watching dust moats drift 
through a Sunbeam, thinking 

5202
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:26,100
about nothing in particular 
letting your mind settle like 

5203
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:29,500
sediment and still water the tea
house where you're working 

5204
04:47:29,500 --> 04:47:32,800
tonight is called Kiku Suey and 
it's one of the oldest in the 

5205
04:47:32,800 --> 04:47:35,400
Hannah matching with a 
reputation for attracting, 

5206
04:47:35,400 --> 04:47:37,600
distinguished guests and 
maintaining the highest 

5207
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:40,400
standards you arrived just after
Sunset. 

5208
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:44,300
When the lanterns are being lit,
along the street, and the Autumn

5209
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,700
air carries that peculiar chill,
that makes you grateful for the 

5210
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:49,300
layers of silk wrapped around 
you. 

5211
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:52,500
The Orca saint of the Teahouse 
greets, you at the entrance with

5212
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:55,100
a slight bow. 
She's been managing The 

5213
04:47:55,100 --> 04:47:59,000
Establishment for 30 years and 
knows every Geisha in the 

5214
04:47:59,008 --> 04:48:03,400
district, their strengths, their
quirks, and their reliability. 

5215
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:07,200
You have a good relationship 
with her, you arrive on time, 

5216
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,400
you don't cause drama and you 
handle difficult guests with 

5217
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,700
Grace. 
She appreciates this and in 

5218
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:15,700
return. 
She calls on you regularly for 

5219
04:48:15,700 --> 04:48:18,600
her best clients. 
Tonight's Gathering is for a 

5220
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:21,900
group of five businessmen from 
Osaka in Kyoto for some 

5221
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:24,900
corporate purpose. 
You don't fully understand and 

5222
04:48:24,900 --> 04:48:28,400
don't need to your job, isn't to
comprehend the intricacies of 

5223
04:48:28,400 --> 04:48:31,500
their business dealings, but to 
provide a pleasant evening 

5224
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:35,500
skillful entertainment and 
sophisticated company two, other

5225
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:39,300
Geisha are working this party 
for Meko and Yuki both 

5226
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:41,000
colleagues. 
You've known for years and work 

5227
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,400
well with The room where you'll 
spend the evening is beautiful 

5228
04:48:44,400 --> 04:48:47,300
in that understated, way, that 
characterizes, traditional 

5229
04:48:47,300 --> 04:48:51,800
Japanese design to Tommy mats 
pristine and faintly fragrant. 

5230
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:53,400
Atoka. 
Noma. 

5231
04:48:53,400 --> 04:48:56,800
Alcove displaying a scroll 
painting of persimmons and a 

5232
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:00,600
simple flower arrangement of 
autumn grasses Shoji screens 

5233
04:49:00,600 --> 04:49:02,800
filtering the light into soft 
diffused. 

5234
04:49:02,800 --> 04:49:06,600
Warmth low tables already set 
with dishes and seki cups. 

5235
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:10,600
Everything is in perfect order. 
Nothing is calling attention to 

5236
04:49:10,600 --> 04:49:13,000
itself. 
And the overall effect is one of

5237
04:49:13,000 --> 04:49:16,600
quiet refinement. 
The guests arrive settling 

5238
04:49:16,600 --> 04:49:19,000
themselves on Zappa tan. 
Cushions around the table. 

5239
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:22,400
You can read them immediately. 
This is part of your training. 

5240
04:49:22,400 --> 04:49:26,800
The being able to assess a 
room's energy in second, Two of 

5241
04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:29,900
the man are clearly senior, 
probably in their 50s and 

5242
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:33,200
comfortable with this kind of 
formal entertainment two others,

5243
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:36,400
a younger maybe in their 30s, 
trying to appear relaxed but 

5244
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:38,300
slightly uncertain about the 
protocol. 

5245
04:49:38,300 --> 04:49:41,000
The 5th man seems to be the 
primary host. 

5246
04:49:41,000 --> 04:49:43,900
The one who organized this 
Gathering, and he's already 

5247
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:47,300
slightly drunk in a jovial, 
rather than sloppy way. 

5248
04:49:47,300 --> 04:49:50,900
You enter the room with fumiko 
and Yuki and the atmosphere 

5249
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:54,800
immediately shifts. 
Becomes more festive more alive.

5250
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:58,900
You exchanged greetings and make
small talk, while pouring sake 

5251
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:02,500
and establish the evening's 
tone, your movements are 

5252
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:06,300
practiced, but not mechanical. 
You laugh at someone's joke 

5253
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:08,900
genuinely because it was 
actually funny. 

5254
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:12,100
You asked thoughtful questions 
about their impressions of 

5255
04:50:12,100 --> 04:50:15,800
Kyoto, you create an atmosphere 
that feels intimate without 

5256
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,400
being too familiar and elegant 
without being stuffy. 

5257
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:22,400
The food arrives in courses, 
each dish. 

5258
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:26,200
A small work of art. 
Seasonal, fish arranged to 

5259
04:50:26,208 --> 04:50:29,700
suggest swimming. 
Vegetables cut into decorative 

5260
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:33,500
shapes soup, served in lack of 
bowls that feel pressure in your

5261
04:50:33,508 --> 04:50:37,700
hands meal itself is theater and
part of your job is to 

5262
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:41,800
appreciate it, appropriately to 
comment on the chefs skill and 

5263
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:44,900
to create conversation around 
what's being served between 

5264
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:48,000
courses. 
You perform Tonight starts with 

5265
04:50:48,008 --> 04:50:51,400
a traditional song accompanied 
by fumiko on shamisen. 

5266
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:54,900
Piece is called Sakura though. 
Not the simple folk version. 

5267
04:50:54,900 --> 04:50:58,400
Everyone knows this is a more 
complex Arrangement full of 

5268
04:50:58,408 --> 04:51:02,100
subtle variations and Technical 
challenges, you sing in the 

5269
04:51:02,108 --> 04:51:05,100
traditional style, with that 
particular nasal quality and 

5270
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:07,900
careful ornamentation that takes
years to master. 

5271
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:12,000
Your voice isn't operatically 
powerful, but it's controlled 

5272
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:15,600
expressive, and perfectly 
pitched to fill this intimate 

5273
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:19,900
space without overwhelming it 
The guest listen with varying 

5274
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:22,400
degrees of attention. 
The older men watch with 

5275
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:25,400
appreciation, recognizing the 
skill involved. 

5276
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:28,400
The younger ones, try to look 
interested while probably 

5277
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:30,800
wishing, they were somewhere 
with loud music and stronger, 

5278
04:51:30,800 --> 04:51:34,100
drinks, the host closes his 
eyes, swaying slightly 

5279
04:51:34,100 --> 04:51:37,600
transported by sac and 
Nostalgia, to somewhere else 

5280
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:42,000
entirely you perform for all of 
the equally giving them music. 

5281
04:51:42,000 --> 04:51:45,000
The respect it deserves 
regardless of how it's received 

5282
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:48,500
after the song comes 
conversation and this is where 

5283
04:51:48,500 --> 04:51:52,100
the real Artistry lies. 
Anyone can learn to sing or play

5284
04:51:52,100 --> 04:51:53,600
an instrument with enough 
practice. 

5285
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:57,800
But conversation, genuine 
engaging intelligent 

5286
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:01,100
conversation that adapt to the 
flow of the evening and the 

5287
04:52:01,100 --> 04:52:03,900
Personalities in the room. 
That's the skill. 

5288
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:07,400
That separates competent Geisha 
from exceptional ones. 

5289
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:10,000
You talk about everything and 
nothing. 

5290
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:13,100
The changing leaves in the 
temple Gardens. 

5291
04:52:13,100 --> 04:52:15,700
A new restaurant is opened in 
near the station. 

5292
04:52:16,600 --> 04:52:20,000
Quality of this year's sake, 
Harvest someone mentions having 

5293
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:22,900
seen a particularly beautiful 
moon last week and you respond 

5294
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:24,700
with a haiku. 
You know, that references 

5295
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:28,600
Moonlight and Autumn and this 
leads to a discussion of poetry 

5296
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:31,300
which branches into literature 
more broadly. 

5297
04:52:31,300 --> 04:52:35,300
And before long you're having a 
surprisingly deep conversation 

5298
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:38,100
about the difference between 
Western and Japanese narrative 

5299
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:41,800
structures, one of the younger 
businessmen, emboldened by sakey

5300
04:52:41,800 --> 04:52:45,400
asks, you about your life as a 
geisha, you get this question 

5301
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:48,100
often and you've developed a 
repertoire of responses 

5302
04:52:48,100 --> 04:52:50,100
calibrated to different 
contexts. 

5303
04:52:51,000 --> 04:52:54,100
Tonight, you keep it light. 
Talking about the rigorous 

5304
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:57,300
training, the early mornings. 
And sometimes absurd 

5305
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:00,200
difficulties of Walking In 
traditional wooden sandals, on 

5306
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,600
cobblestone streets, you make 
them laugh with a story about a 

5307
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,200
typhoon that knocked out power 
in the Hannah match each. 

5308
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,100
During a performance forcing 
everyone to continue by 

5309
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:11,600
candlelight, like something from
the Edo period itself. 

5310
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:15,300
What you don't mention is the 
exhaustion, the financial 

5311
04:53:15,300 --> 04:53:18,200
precious and the constant 
awareness of Aging in a 

5312
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:21,100
profession that prizes youth. 
You don't talk about the 

5313
04:53:21,100 --> 04:53:24,500
complexity of the relationships 
between gay and patreons or the 

5314
04:53:24,508 --> 04:53:27,200
careful navigation required to 
maintain appropriate. 

5315
04:53:27,200 --> 04:53:30,400
Boundaries you don't discuss the
decline of the profession. 

5316
04:53:30,400 --> 04:53:33,700
The way fewer young women are 
choosing this path every year. 

5317
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:37,900
These truths exist but they're 
not part of tonight's 

5318
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:40,900
performance. 
Yuki performs a dance moving 

5319
04:53:40,900 --> 04:53:44,500
through the limited space with 
remarkable Grace, her fan, 

5320
04:53:44,500 --> 04:53:48,200
catching the light as she turns.
The businessman applaud 

5321
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:51,500
enthusiastically. 
More sucky is poured and more 

5322
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:55,200
conversation flows, someone 
suggested drinking game and you 

5323
04:53:55,200 --> 04:53:59,200
play along deliberately losing 
to keep things fun, making 

5324
04:53:59,200 --> 04:54:01,800
self-deprecating jokes about 
your terrible luck. 

5325
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:07,500
The evening develops, a rhythm a
momentum periods of performance 

5326
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:11,700
alternate with conversation 
formal moments giveaway to laugh

5327
04:54:11,700 --> 04:54:15,100
after and the boundaries between
Entertainer and guest become 

5328
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:19,100
pleasantly blurred while still 
maintaining essential propriety.

5329
04:54:19,100 --> 04:54:22,900
This is the skill, creating an 
atmosphere, where everyone feels

5330
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,800
special entertained and 
transported from their everyday 

5331
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:29,800
concerns into an evening. 
That feels suspended outside 

5332
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:32,300
normal time. 
Around 11. 

5333
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:36,100
He noticed the energy beginning 
to flag the sack has done its 

5334
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,800
work, the younger men and 
glassy, I'd even the hosts and 

5335
04:54:39,800 --> 04:54:41,700
enthusiasm as mellowed into 
contentment. 

5336
04:54:42,700 --> 04:54:45,900
This is your cue to begin the 
graceful process of closing the 

5337
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:47,800
evening. 
You don't announce it. 

5338
04:54:47,800 --> 04:54:50,200
You simply let the 
conversational wind down, 

5339
04:54:50,200 --> 04:54:54,100
naturally, allow the Poor's to 
stretch slightly longer and 

5340
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:58,600
suggest perhaps one final song. 
Using something quiet and 

5341
04:54:58,600 --> 04:55:02,200
contemplative a piece about 
returning home, it feels 

5342
04:55:02,200 --> 04:55:05,300
appropriate. 
When you finish, there's a 

5343
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,500
moment of satisfied silence. 
And then the guests, begin the 

5344
04:55:08,508 --> 04:55:11,500
process of preparing to leave 
Gathering themselves. 

5345
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:16,400
Expressing gratitude and making 
promises to return soon that may

5346
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:19,600
or may not materialize you, and 
the other Geisha, see them to 

5347
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:21,400
the door. 
Bowing, thanking them for their 

5348
04:55:21,400 --> 04:55:24,000
petroleum and wishing them safe 
travels. 

5349
04:55:24,700 --> 04:55:26,700
Then they're gone and the spell 
breaks. 

5350
04:55:26,700 --> 04:55:29,500
You'll suddenly aware of how 
much your feet hurt. 

5351
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:33,500
How the makeup feels tight on 
your skin and how ready you are 

5352
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:35,100
to be done performing for the 
night. 

5353
04:55:36,100 --> 04:55:39,600
Back at the okea, you remove the
elaborate layers with relief 

5354
04:55:39,600 --> 04:55:41,200
that borders on physical 
pleasure. 

5355
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:45,300
The obn wines, and you can 
suddenly breathe fully again. 

5356
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:48,100
Your rib cage, expanding into 
the space. 

5357
04:55:48,100 --> 04:55:51,700
It's reclaimed. 
The kimono comes off and your 

5358
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:56,000
body remembers its natural shape
no longer constrained by Silk 

5359
04:55:56,000 --> 04:55:59,000
and tradition. 
The makeup takes the longest to 

5360
04:55:59,000 --> 04:56:03,400
remove careful cleansing to 
protect your skin camellia oil 

5361
04:56:03,400 --> 04:56:07,100
to dissolve the white pace and 
gentle motions to avoid 

5362
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:10,400
irritation. 
Your face emerges gradually from

5363
04:56:10,400 --> 04:56:13,300
Beneath The Mask. 
First, the white recedes 

5364
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:16,800
revealing, your actual skin 
tone, Then the carefully drawn 

5365
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:20,100
features disappear and you'll 
real eyebrows and your real 

5366
04:56:20,100 --> 04:56:22,900
mouth become visible. 
Again, you look at yourself in 

5367
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:25,000
the mirror and experience, a 
curious doubling. 

5368
04:56:25,000 --> 04:56:28,300
Recognizing yourself while also 
feeling slightly like a 

5369
04:56:28,308 --> 04:56:31,500
stranger. 
Who is this woman with the bare 

5370
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,600
face and tired eyes? 
She looks nothing like a 

5371
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:36,200
porcelain figure. 
Who spent the evening 

5372
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:38,200
entertaining, businessmen in a 
Teahouse. 

5373
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:41,600
It's past midnight now and the 
Ocho is quiet. 

5374
04:56:41,600 --> 04:56:45,800
Some of the other Geisha still 
out of engagements, some of 

5375
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:47,300
already returned and gone to 
bed. 

5376
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:50,200
You're in that liminal space 
between the public day and 

5377
04:56:50,200 --> 04:56:54,800
private night and you save it. 
A simpleton new Carter releases 

5378
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:58,800
the elaborate kimono your hair 
still styled will stay that way 

5379
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:01,900
until tomorrow sleeping on a 
special pillow that keeps the 

5380
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:04,600
arrangement intact a minor 
discomfort. 

5381
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:07,600
You've long since stopped 
noticing you make tea in the 

5382
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:11,500
communal kitchen, just simple 
sensor, nothing, sermon on all 

5383
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:16,200
The cattle hisses, softly 
outside attacks, he passes its 

5384
04:57:16,200 --> 04:57:19,400
tires, hissing on The Damp 
Street, someone has left a 

5385
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:22,000
magazine on the table, an 
Entertainment Weekly with 

5386
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:24,400
celebrities on the cover 
Thoroughly Modern. 

5387
04:57:24,400 --> 04:57:27,400
Jarringly different from the 
world, you've just exited. 

5388
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:30,800
You flip through it, while 
drinking your tea, letting your 

5389
04:57:30,800 --> 04:57:34,400
mind Idol, appreciating the 
ordinary of this moment. 

5390
04:57:35,400 --> 04:57:40,100
Yuki joins you also fresh from 
the Teahouse in the process of 

5391
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:44,600
transitioning back to herself. 
You don't talk much just exist, 

5392
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:48,300
companion in the kitchen's warm 
light, two people who understand

5393
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:50,900
each other's lives without need 
for explanation. 

5394
04:57:51,600 --> 04:57:55,000
She mentions that her feet are 
killing her, you can Miser. 

5395
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,800
She asks, if you're working 
tomorrow you can firm. 

5396
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:00,600
You have an afternoon 
appointment at different 

5397
04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:04,000
Teahouse. 
She nods yawns, finishes her 

5398
04:58:04,000 --> 04:58:06,700
tea, and wishes you good night. 
Alone. 

5399
04:58:06,700 --> 04:58:10,100
Again, you sit for another few 
minutes, reluctant to end the 

5400
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:13,600
day, despite your exhaustion. 
There's something precious about

5401
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:17,100
These Quiet Moments, these 
pockets of solitude in a life, 

5402
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:21,200
large Lee lived in company. 
You think about the evening what

5403
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:22,900
went well what could have been 
better? 

5404
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:26,500
The second song felt slightly 
off in the third verse. 

5405
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:30,300
You'll practice that tomorrow. 
One of the guests made an 

5406
04:58:30,300 --> 04:58:32,300
interesting comment about 
traditional architecture that 

5407
04:58:32,300 --> 04:58:34,700
you want to. 
Remember mental note to 

5408
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:36,600
accumulating settling into 
memory. 

5409
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:40,400
Eventually, you climb the stairs
to your room where the futon is 

5410
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,400
already laid out where 
everything is exactly as you 

5411
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,200
left it this morning and a 
eternity ago. 

5412
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:50,900
The scroll in the Alcove still 
shows Autumn grasses, the 

5413
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:53,400
windows still frames the same 
view of neighboring roofs and 

5414
04:58:53,408 --> 04:58:56,500
distant mountains. 
Now, silhouetted against the 

5415
04:58:56,500 --> 04:58:58,400
sky, just beginning to lighten 
toward Dawn. 

5416
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:02,700
You slide between the covers 
feeling the days accumulated, 

5417
04:59:02,700 --> 04:59:06,300
fatigue, finally claim you. 
Your muscles are sore in that 

5418
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:08,800
satisfying way that comes from 
having been used. 

5419
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:13,100
Well, Your mind is quiet, 
pleasantly empty, you think, 

5420
04:59:13,100 --> 04:59:17,000
briefly about how strange this 
life is, how completely you 

5421
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:20,100
inhabit, two different 
identities, the Geisha, and the 

5422
04:59:20,108 --> 04:59:25,300
woman and how both are equally. 
Real equally, you Sleep comes 

5423
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:28,800
quickly mercifully. 
And tomorrow you'll wake again 

5424
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,000
to the sound of water, being 
poured to the smell of rice 

5425
04:59:32,000 --> 04:59:35,000
cooking to another day of 
transformation and performance 

5426
04:59:35,000 --> 04:59:40,100
and Beauty, the cycle continues 
as it has for centuries, as it 

5427
04:59:40,100 --> 04:59:41,700
will. 
For as long as there are women 

5428
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:44,900
willing to preserve these Arts, 
these Traditions, these 

5429
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:48,700
elaborate rituals of refinement 
that exists increasingly at the 

5430
04:59:48,708 --> 04:59:52,500
margins of modern life. 
But persist nonetheless, Dublin 

5431
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:56,000
and beautiful, and strange 
spring arrives, gradually in 

5432
04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:59,000
Kyoto announcing itself. 
First through the plum blossoms 

5433
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:02,400
that appear in Temple guards. 
Then the anticipation that 

5434
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:05,300
builds throughout the city. 
As everyone waits for the Sakura

5435
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:09,700
you've experienced this cycle 15
times since becoming a geisha 

5436
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:13,800
and it never loses its power. 
The way an entire culture, 

5437
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:18,100
collectively holds, its breath 
waiting for flowers to bloom the

5438
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:21,600
Hannah Machi transforms during 
secure season, your kimono 

5439
05:00:21,600 --> 05:00:25,000
patterns shift to Cherry 
Blossom, motifs, subtle pink 

5440
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:28,900
petals scattered across silk or 
sometimes, just the suggestion 

5441
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:31,100
of blossoms in the way fabric 
has been died. 

5442
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,200
Your hair ornaments, incorporate
tiny silk cherry blossoms. 

5443
05:00:35,200 --> 05:00:38,900
Even the sweet served at 
teahouses change becoming pink 

5444
05:00:38,900 --> 05:00:41,000
and white. 
Confections shaped, like petals 

5445
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:45,600
or branches, but it's more than 
Aesthetics the season changes. 

5446
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:49,300
The quality of gatherings makes 
them more festive and makes them

5447
05:00:49,300 --> 05:00:51,900
slightly wild parties. 
That would normally be. 

5448
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:54,300
Restrained, become sacked, 
soaked celebrations of 

5449
05:00:54,300 --> 05:00:58,600
impermanence because that's what
Sakura represent beauty, so 

5450
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:02,900
intense, precisely because it's 
temporary Perfection that exists

5451
05:01:02,900 --> 05:01:06,100
for mere days before falling, 
you find yourself, working 

5452
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:09,700
longer hours, attending more 
parties and having more late 

5453
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:11,600
nights that blend into early 
mornings. 

5454
05:01:11,600 --> 05:01:14,800
There's a tradition during the 
season of outdoor Gatherings 

5455
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,500
under blooming trees. 
And you participate in several 

5456
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:21,200
sitting on blankets and Gardens.
While petals drift down like 

5457
05:01:21,200 --> 05:01:25,600
snow Landing in Saka cups. 
And on shoulders, and then 

5458
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:28,900
carefully arranged hair these 
events feel suspended outside 

5459
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:32,200
normal time slightly unreal as 
if the Beauty of the 

5460
05:01:32,200 --> 05:01:36,000
surroundings, has transformed 
ordinary reality into something 

5461
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:38,000
more. 
Dreamlike, you perform 

5462
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:41,300
differently during Sakura 
season, your songs take on a 

5463
05:01:41,300 --> 05:01:44,700
particular poignancy and you're 
dances incorporate movements 

5464
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:48,200
that evoke falling petals. 
Even conversation shifts, 

5465
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:51,600
becoming more philosophical, 
more concerned with poetry and 

5466
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:54,200
impermanence, and the 
Bittersweet nature of beautiful 

5467
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:56,700
things guests. 
Who might normally discuss 

5468
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:59,500
business instead find 
themselves, reciting haikyuu 

5469
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:02,400
getting uncharacteristically, 
emotional about the passage of 

5470
05:02:02,408 --> 05:02:05,000
time. 
Then the petals fall and 

5471
05:02:05,000 --> 05:02:08,000
suddenly, it's over. 
The trees are green again 

5472
05:02:08,000 --> 05:02:10,400
ordinary again and the Hannah 
match. 

5473
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:12,200
Your returns to its normal 
rhythms. 

5474
05:02:12,800 --> 05:02:15,300
For those few weeks, you were 
all living in side a kind of 

5475
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:18,600
collective artwork. 
A cultural performance that's 

5476
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:22,100
been repeated for centuries that
will be repeated for centuries 

5477
05:02:22,100 --> 05:02:25,000
more each generation 
experiencing the same 

5478
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:29,200
astonishment that something so 
beautiful can be so brief summer

5479
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:32,000
brings different challenges. 
The kimonos that look so 

5480
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:35,400
beautiful are also incredibly 
hot and performing in July 

5481
05:02:35,400 --> 05:02:38,500
humidity while wearing multiple 
layers of silk and a wig 

5482
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:40,400
requires a particular kind of 
endurance. 

5483
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:44,400
You've developed techniques for 
managing this knowing exactly 

5484
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:47,900
how to position yourself, to 
catch any available Breeze, how 

5485
05:02:47,900 --> 05:02:50,700
to fan yourself in ways that 
look elegant rather than 

5486
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:54,500
desperate and how to maintain 
perfect composure while, sweat 

5487
05:02:54,500 --> 05:02:57,800
runs down your spine, the summer
Matsuri. 

5488
05:02:57,800 --> 05:03:01,700
Bring a welcome change of pace, 
these festivals allowed Geisha 

5489
05:03:01,700 --> 05:03:05,000
to wear lighter, ukata and of 
formal, kimono and the 

5490
05:03:05,000 --> 05:03:07,000
atmosphere is more relaxed and 
more playful. 

5491
05:03:07,000 --> 05:03:11,000
You dance and Street Parade's 
the movements less refined, but 

5492
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:14,900
more energetic than your usual. 
Performances you work in outdoor

5493
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:18,300
beer, gardens where businessmen 
in loosen ties, drink cold beer,

5494
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,000
and eat Yakitori and the 
formality of winter. 

5495
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:24,600
Tea houses feels very far away. 
Evenings during summer. 

5496
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:28,200
Sometimes extend late into the 
night, taking advantage of the 

5497
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:29,600
heat. 
That makes sleep difficult. 

5498
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:33,600
Anyway, you've spent countless 
summer midnight, sitting in Tea 

5499
05:03:33,600 --> 05:03:36,600
House, Gardens listening to the 
sound of water running over 

5500
05:03:36,600 --> 05:03:40,800
stones and carefully designed 
streams watching fireflies, 

5501
05:03:40,800 --> 05:03:44,200
drift through the darkness. 
Like tiny wandering lanterns. 

5502
05:03:44,200 --> 05:03:47,600
Autumn is your favorite season 
though you'd never say this 

5503
05:03:47,600 --> 05:03:50,500
aloud? 
There's something about the 

5504
05:03:50,500 --> 05:03:54,200
cooling are the changing colors 
and the scents of the Year. 

5505
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:57,400
Turning toward rest, that feels 
aligned with the essence of 

5506
05:03:57,400 --> 05:04:00,000
Geisha culture. 
He understated Elegance. 

5507
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,400
The appreciation for subtle 
Beauty awareness of 

5508
05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:06,400
impermanence. 
He is Autumn qualities of what 

5509
05:04:06,408 --> 05:04:10,200
you've been training to embody 
your Autumn kimonos, a deep Reds

5510
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:14,500
and Golds oranges and Browns and
patterns of maple leaves and 

5511
05:04:14,500 --> 05:04:17,800
chrysanthemums. 
The food tea houses features 

5512
05:04:17,800 --> 05:04:20,600
chestnuts Persimmons and 
mushrooms. 

5513
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:25,200
The sake is richer and more 
complex, Everything feels 

5514
05:04:25,200 --> 05:04:28,600
slightly more serious, more 
contemplative than some as 

5515
05:04:28,600 --> 05:04:32,200
exuberance or Springs. 
Giddy celebration you perform 

5516
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:36,000
pieces about falling leaves 
about Harvest and about the 

5517
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:39,900
beauty of things fading a 
conversations with guests turned

5518
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:43,400
toward memory and nostalgia 
Older patrons, tell you about 

5519
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:47,500
their youth about Kyoto as it 
used to be and about Geisha. 

5520
05:04:47,500 --> 05:04:50,500
They knew decades ago, you 
listen with genuine interest 

5521
05:04:50,500 --> 05:04:53,700
because these stories are your 
professional history, the living

5522
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:57,600
connection to Traditions that 
extend back further than anyone 

5523
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:01,700
can remember winter brings a 
different kind of beauty sparse,

5524
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:05,300
elegant focused on negative 
space and subtle contrasts. 

5525
05:05:06,100 --> 05:05:09,600
Your kimonos are darker 
featuring Pine branches or Plum 

5526
05:05:09,600 --> 05:05:12,000
blossoms on deep blue, or black 
backgrounds. 

5527
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:16,100
The teahouses are colder despite
their heating systems and 

5528
05:05:16,100 --> 05:05:19,300
there's something luxurious 
about being warm in a cold room 

5529
05:05:19,300 --> 05:05:21,900
about the way sake feels going 
down. 

5530
05:05:21,900 --> 05:05:25,300
When you've just come in, from 
Frozen streets, New Year is the 

5531
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:29,000
busiest time, a succession of 
formal parties, and ceremonial 

5532
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:31,700
events that require you to 
maintain perfect form. 

5533
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:35,400
While exhaustion, accumulates 
you perform traditional dances 

5534
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:38,500
that have been performed every 
new year for centuries where in 

5535
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:40,600
kimonos. 
So elaborate they can only be 

5536
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:43,100
worn once a year. 
Moving through prescribed 

5537
05:05:43,100 --> 05:05:46,600
patterns that connect you to 
every gear whose ever performed 

5538
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:49,100
these same movements in the same
season. 

5539
05:05:49,100 --> 05:05:53,000
There's all so Beauty in this 
repetition, this reliability. 

5540
05:05:54,100 --> 05:05:57,400
The seasons turn the festival 
cycle through their appointed 

5541
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:01,100
times and the traditional Arts 
persist in a world. 

5542
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:03,800
That's changing faster than 
anyone can fully process. 

5543
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:07,100
There's something stabilizing 
about Traditions that remain 

5544
05:06:07,100 --> 05:06:09,800
constant. 
About performing rituals that 

5545
05:06:09,800 --> 05:06:12,700
your great-grandmother would 
recognize that your potential 

5546
05:06:12,700 --> 05:06:16,800
great-granddaughter might 
someday perform, what Outsiders 

5547
05:06:16,800 --> 05:06:20,100
don't understand about the 
hanamachi is that it's less a 

5548
05:06:20,100 --> 05:06:23,400
geographic location than a 
complex web of relationships 

5549
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:27,000
obligations and unspoken 
understanding that govern every 

5550
05:06:27,000 --> 05:06:29,100
aspect of professional and 
personal life. 

5551
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:33,000
You exist within this web, 
constantly aware of its 

5552
05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:34,700
influence, even when it's 
invisible. 

5553
05:06:34,700 --> 05:06:38,800
The Ikea where you live is the 
center of your world, but it's 

5554
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:40,600
not home in the conventional 
sense. 

5555
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:44,400
It's more like a company or a 
guild, a business entity, run by

5556
05:06:44,400 --> 05:06:47,800
your okusan, who was invested 
considerable money in your 

5557
05:06:47,808 --> 05:06:50,400
training and who expects Returns
on that investment. 

5558
05:06:50,400 --> 05:06:54,200
Your relationship with her is 
simultaneously familial and 

5559
05:06:54,200 --> 05:06:57,100
financial affectionate and 
transactional. 

5560
05:06:57,900 --> 05:06:59,100
She worries about your 
well-being. 

5561
05:06:59,100 --> 05:07:02,100
The way a mother might. 
She also tracks your earnings 

5562
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,200
with a business person's 
Precision, the other gay show in

5563
05:07:05,200 --> 05:07:08,700
your Ikea, a colleague's 
competitors, and something like 

5564
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:11,700
sisters all at. 
Once you've lived with some of 

5565
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:14,700
them for years, sharing 
bathrooms and meals, and the 

5566
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:16,600
mundane intimacies of daily 
life. 

5567
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,100
But you're also aware that 
you're competing for the same 

5568
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,700
engagements, the same patronage 
and the same limited 

5569
05:07:23,700 --> 05:07:27,900
opportunities for advancement. 
This creates a dynamic that's 

5570
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:30,600
complicated. 
You genuinely care about these 

5571
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:33,700
women while also being aware 
that their success might come at

5572
05:07:33,700 --> 05:07:37,400
your expense. 
Fumiko the most senior Geisha in

5573
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:40,100
your Ikea serves as an informal 
Mentor. 

5574
05:07:40,100 --> 05:07:44,200
She's been practicing this 
profession for 25 years and she 

5575
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:47,500
possesses a kind of weathered 
wisdom about how to navigate its

5576
05:07:47,500 --> 05:07:50,000
complexities. 
She's the one who taught you how

5577
05:07:50,008 --> 05:07:53,300
to manage difficult guests, 
without causing a fence, how to 

5578
05:07:53,308 --> 05:07:57,300
cultivate long-term patrons and 
how to save money, despite the 

5579
05:07:57,300 --> 05:08:00,000
professionals expenses. 
She is also the one who 

5580
05:08:00,000 --> 05:08:03,200
occasionally drinks, too much 
and confesses fears about aging 

5581
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:04,800
in a professional at prizes 
youth. 

5582
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,300
About what happens when you're 
too old to work, but not old 

5583
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:11,000
enough to retire. 
The younger, maiko, look up to 

5584
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:14,100
you, with a mixture of 
admiration and assessment trying

5585
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:16,500
to determine whether your 
someone worth emulating. 

5586
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,800
You remember, being in their 
position, what watching the 

5587
05:08:19,800 --> 05:08:23,600
established gay show with hungry
attention, trying to decode the 

5588
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:27,300
secrets of success? 
Now you're the one being watched

5589
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:31,500
and the responsibility feels 
heavier than you expected beyond

5590
05:08:31,500 --> 05:08:34,000
your own IKEA. 
The Hannah Machi contains dozens

5591
05:08:34,000 --> 05:08:38,500
of other houses each with its 
own hierarchy and Dynamics, you 

5592
05:08:38,500 --> 05:08:41,300
know, Geisha from other Ikea, 
some are friends. 

5593
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:45,600
Some are merely acquaintances 
and some arrivals you run into 

5594
05:08:45,600 --> 05:08:49,000
them at lessons at teahouses and
at the occasional social 

5595
05:08:49,000 --> 05:08:51,000
Gatherings that happen within 
the community. 

5596
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:55,600
There's a complex etiquette 
governing these interactions a 

5597
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:58,700
delicate balance of professional
courtesy and competitive 

5598
05:08:58,700 --> 05:09:03,100
awareness, the old Chaya, the 
tea house is where you work are 

5599
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:05,500
run by formidable, women who act
as Gatekeepers to the 

5600
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,500
profession. 
Anoka Sam, who likes you will 

5601
05:09:08,508 --> 05:09:12,600
call on you regularly recommend 
you to important patrons and 

5602
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:14,800
give you opportunities that 
Advance your career. 

5603
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:18,700
One who doesn't will freeze you 
out and there's very little you 

5604
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,100
can do about it. 
Except try to win back her favor

5605
05:09:21,100 --> 05:09:24,000
through impeccable behavior and 
skillful performance. 

5606
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:27,300
Your teachers exist in a 
different category entirely 

5607
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,500
respected authorities, whose 
approval matters deeply. 

5608
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:33,900
But whose relationship with you 
is purely pedagogical. 

5609
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:37,000
They care about your artistic 
development but not your 

5610
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:40,600
financial success, your 
technical Mastery but not your 

5611
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:44,300
personal happiness. 
This single-minded focus on 

5612
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:49,100
Craft can feel cold sometimes 
but it's also clarifying in a 

5613
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:51,600
professional full of complex 
relationships, your teachers, 

5614
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:56,100
provide straightforward 
expectations, practice improve, 

5615
05:09:56,100 --> 05:09:58,400
and honor the Traditions you've 
inherited. 

5616
05:09:58,400 --> 05:10:01,500
Then there are the patterns, the
guests, who request your 

5617
05:10:01,500 --> 05:10:04,800
company, who pay for your time 
and who sometimes develop 

5618
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:07,000
ongoing relationships. 
That last years. 

5619
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:10,400
These relationships are perhaps 
the most complicated of all 

5620
05:10:10,408 --> 05:10:13,600
existing in a carefully, 
maintained ambiguity, between 

5621
05:10:13,600 --> 05:10:17,200
friendship and transaction, 
genuine affection, and 

5622
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:20,300
professional obligation. 
Some patreons are simply 

5623
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:22,700
customers. 
People who enjoy your company 

5624
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,000
for an evening, but with whom 
you share, no particular 

5625
05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:27,100
connection. 
Others become something like 

5626
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:30,800
friends, people, you genuinely 
enjoy spending time with whose 

5627
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:33,700
conversations you find 
interesting and who treat you 

5628
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:37,300
with respect and consideration. 
An occasionally rarely, there 

5629
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:41,000
are patrons who want more, who 
develop feelings that exceed the

5630
05:10:41,008 --> 05:10:42,800
appropriate bounds of the 
Geisha. 

5631
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:46,400
Patron relationship. 
Navigating these situations 

5632
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,900
requires a enormous skill, you 
must discourage romantic 

5633
05:10:49,900 --> 05:10:51,600
attachment without causing a 
fence. 

5634
05:10:51,600 --> 05:10:55,900
Maintain emotional distance 
without appearing cold and make 

5635
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:58,800
guests feel special while 
preserving clear boundaries, 

5636
05:10:58,800 --> 05:11:01,900
it's a balancing act that 
sometimes feels impossible. 

5637
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:06,400
You don't always get it right. 
You've made mistakes been too 

5638
05:11:06,400 --> 05:11:07,500
warm. 
When you should have been 

5639
05:11:07,500 --> 05:11:10,600
professional too distant. 
When someone needed, kindness 

5640
05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:12,700
each mistake taught, you 
something. 

5641
05:11:12,700 --> 05:11:15,400
And refined your understanding 
of where exactly, those 

5642
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:19,100
boundaries lie The Hannah match.
He also includes people, you 

5643
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,800
rarely see but who are essential
to its functioning the dressers 

5644
05:11:22,800 --> 05:11:26,400
who help with kimono and Obi, 
the hairdressers who create and 

5645
05:11:26,400 --> 05:11:29,800
maintain those elaborate Styles.
The makeup artists who can 

5646
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:33,700
transform a face in minutes. 
The Seamus and makers and kimono

5647
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:37,000
designers and sandal craftsmen 
who skills and enable your 

5648
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:39,600
performance. 
All of these people exist in 

5649
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:43,300
orbit around the Geisha, 
supporting the entire, elaborate

5650
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:46,600
strucker and underlying, 
everything of the unspoken 

5651
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:50,500
rules, the traditional higher 
keys and the ways things have 

5652
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:53,800
always been done, you learn 
these through observational and 

5653
05:11:53,800 --> 05:11:56,400
occasional. 
Correction absorbing a complex 

5654
05:11:56,400 --> 05:12:00,300
social code that governs 
behavior in every situation when

5655
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:03,800
to speak. 
And when to listen, How to pour 

5656
05:12:03,800 --> 05:12:06,000
sake for guests of different 
statuses. 

5657
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:09,900
The appropriate way to greet a 
senior Geisha, versus a junior 

5658
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:12,300
one. 
What topics are acceptable for 

5659
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:16,600
conversation and which should be
avoided Breaking these rules, 

5660
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:20,500
even inadvertently can have 
consequences that Ripple through

5661
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:22,400
the community. 
A careless. 

5662
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:26,400
Comment can damage a reputation 
that took years to build a 

5663
05:12:26,400 --> 05:12:29,100
violation of etiquette can 
result in subtle ostracism 

5664
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:32,600
opportunities, drying up and 
doors closing. 

5665
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:36,500
The social control is powerful 
precisely because it's diffuse 

5666
05:12:36,500 --> 05:12:39,700
enacted, not through explicit 
punishment, but through the 

5667
05:12:39,700 --> 05:12:42,800
collective withdrawal of 
support, Yet, Within These 

5668
05:12:42,800 --> 05:12:45,500
constraints. 
There's also a kind of freedom 

5669
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:49,500
because the rules are so clearly
defined, you know exactly where 

5670
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:52,200
you stand. 
Because the community is so 

5671
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:55,900
tightly knit, your never alone 
because the Traditions are so 

5672
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:57,900
strong. 
You don't have to constantly 

5673
05:12:57,900 --> 05:13:02,100
reinvent yourself or figure out 
how to live The path is already 

5674
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:06,000
laid out tested by generations 
of women who walked it before 

5675
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:08,500
you the most. 
Common question you hear from 

5676
05:13:08,500 --> 05:13:11,700
visitors are Geisha the same as 
prostitutes. 

5677
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:15,100
The question is asked with 
varying degrees of tact, 

5678
05:13:15,100 --> 05:13:19,700
sometimes genuinely curious. 
Sometimes with a knowing Lear 

5679
05:13:19,700 --> 05:13:22,900
that makes your professional 
smile feel like hard work. 

5680
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:27,100
The answer is no definitively 
know but the explanation is more

5681
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:30,300
complex than a simple negation. 
Historically the boundaries 

5682
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:34,800
between Geisha and Kotter sounds
blurry particularly in the Edo 

5683
05:13:34,800 --> 05:13:37,800
period when both professions 
existed within the same pleasure

5684
05:13:37,800 --> 05:13:42,400
quarters but the distinction was
always, meaningful courtesan, 

5685
05:13:42,400 --> 05:13:45,700
sold sex and Geisha sold 
artistic skill and sophisticated

5686
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:48,600
companionship that. 
This distinction has been lost 

5687
05:13:48,600 --> 05:13:51,800
in Western imaginations, as more
about Western assumptions than 

5688
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:56,000
about actual Geisha practice. 
Modern Geisha are artists and 

5689
05:13:56,000 --> 05:13:59,600
entertainers period. 
You've spent years training in 

5690
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:03,500
music, dance and conversation. 
You work parties, provide 

5691
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:05,200
entertainment and create 
atmosphere. 

5692
05:14:05,200 --> 05:14:08,200
Some Geisha have patreons who 
support them financially. 

5693
05:14:08,200 --> 05:14:11,800
And some of these relationships 
may include romantic or sexual 

5694
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:15,700
elements, but these are personal
choices between adults, not 

5695
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:19,500
professional obligations. 
The flash of Geisha with sex 

5696
05:14:19,500 --> 05:14:22,900
work is both historically, 
ignorant, and actively offensive

5697
05:14:22,900 --> 05:14:26,100
to women who've dedicated their 
lives to preserving traditional 

5698
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:29,400
Arts. 
Another misconception that guy. 

5699
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:31,800
Sure. 
A submissive passive, an 

5700
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:35,800
existing only to please men. 
The reality is considerably more

5701
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,100
complex. 
Yes, your professional role, 

5702
05:14:39,100 --> 05:14:42,500
involves pleasing guests, making
them comfortable and 

5703
05:14:42,500 --> 05:14:46,600
facilitating their enjoyment but
this requires enormous skill, 

5704
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:51,100
intelligence and Social Power. 
Your managing the emotional 

5705
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:55,100
temperature of a room reading 
subtle cues steering 

5706
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:58,600
conversations and exercising. 
Considerable control while 

5707
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:02,300
appearing effortless, the best 
gear are often formidable, 

5708
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:06,100
women, shrewd business, people 
sharp conversationalists and 

5709
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:08,600
individuals with strong opinions
and impressive knowledge. 

5710
05:15:09,400 --> 05:15:11,500
The performance of feminine 
Grace doesn't negate. 

5711
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:14,100
The intelligence and strength 
required to execute it. 

5712
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:17,700
If anything, the ability to 
appear soft. 

5713
05:15:17,700 --> 05:15:21,400
While being strong is itself, a 
kind of power that outside as 

5714
05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:24,600
frequently underestimate then 
there's the assumption that all 

5715
05:15:24,600 --> 05:15:28,000
gear, a young and beautiful that
aging out of the profession is 

5716
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:31,900
inevitable while it's true that 
Mico Apprentice Geisha. 

5717
05:15:31,900 --> 05:15:35,100
A typically teenagers and that 
youth is valued. 

5718
05:15:35,100 --> 05:15:39,400
Successful Geisha can work well 
into middle age, and Beyond what

5719
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:41,900
you lose in youthful. 
Beauty, you gain and skill 

5720
05:15:41,900 --> 05:15:45,900
reputation and the depth that 
comes from Decades of practice, 

5721
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:49,500
some of the most sought after 
Geisha are women in their 40s 

5722
05:15:49,500 --> 05:15:53,000
and 50s respected for their 
Artistry and conversational 

5723
05:15:53,000 --> 05:15:54,900
abilities rather than their 
appearance. 

5724
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:59,300
People also Imagine The Hannah 
is Frozen in Time completely 

5725
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:03,600
unchanged since the Edo period. 
This fantasy of preservation is 

5726
05:16:03,600 --> 05:16:06,900
appealing but false. 
Yes, traditional elements 

5727
05:16:06,900 --> 05:16:10,800
persist. the kimono, the Arts, 
the teahouses, but the 

5728
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:14,700
profession has evolved 
continuously Modern Geisha, use 

5729
05:16:14,700 --> 05:16:18,900
smartphones, follow social media
and adapt to changing economic 

5730
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:21,500
realities. 
The hanamachi isn't a museum 

5731
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,100
exhibit. 
It's a living community that 

5732
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:27,500
maintains traditional Arts while
existing in contemporary Japan. 

5733
05:16:28,600 --> 05:16:33,200
The Romantic notion of Geisha as
exotic flowers, mysterious and 

5734
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:35,500
unknowable is equally 
problematic. 

5735
05:16:35,500 --> 05:16:39,600
You're not a fantasy or a 
cultural artifact, you're a 

5736
05:16:39,600 --> 05:16:41,000
working. 
Professional in a demanding 

5737
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,000
artistic field. 
Your life includes Beauty and 

5738
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:48,900
tradition but also exhaustion 
Financial stress, interpersonal,

5739
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:52,100
drama, and all the mundane 
struggles of any career. 

5740
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:56,900
The exoticization strips away 
your Humanity, reducing you to 

5741
05:16:56,900 --> 05:17:00,100
an aesthetic object rather than 
recognizing you as a complete 

5742
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:02,500
person. 
There's all kinds of confusion 

5743
05:17:02,500 --> 05:17:05,700
about the economics of the 
professional people assume all 

5744
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:09,800
gay or wealthy or conversely 
that they're all trapped in debt

5745
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:13,300
to their Ikea. 
The reality is varied, some 

5746
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:16,700
Geisha are financially 
successful, particularly those 

5747
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:19,800
with generous long-term patrons,
others struggle. 

5748
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,300
Particularly younger ones still 
paying off their training debts.

5749
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:27,900
Session offers potential for 
financial stability, but no 

5750
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:33,300
guarantees and the expenses. 
Kimono lessons hairdressing 

5751
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:37,500
makeup, a considerable. 
What frustrates you most is when

5752
05:17:37,500 --> 05:17:39,900
people project their own 
cultural assumptions, onto the 

5753
05:17:39,908 --> 05:17:43,800
profession without attempting to
understand it on its own terms. 

5754
05:17:43,800 --> 05:17:47,100
Western critics sometimes 
condemned Geisha culture as 

5755
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:50,100
inherently oppressive or 
patriarchal while Western 

5756
05:17:50,100 --> 05:17:54,000
Enthusiast romanticize it as 
pure and traditional both 

5757
05:17:54,000 --> 05:17:56,900
perspectives the actual 
complexity of women's lives 

5758
05:17:56,900 --> 05:18:00,400
within this profession. 
The genuine Artistry, the real 

5759
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:04,200
constraints and the complicated 
negotiations, between tradition 

5760
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:08,300
and modernity, autonomy, and 
expectation, you've learned to 

5761
05:18:08,300 --> 05:18:10,400
handle these misunderstandings 
with Grace. 

5762
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:14,400
Providing patient explanations 
to genuinely curious people 

5763
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:17,100
while declining to engage. 
With those who've already 

5764
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:19,900
decided, what you must be is 
exhausting. 

5765
05:18:19,900 --> 05:18:24,000
Sometimes being constantly 
misrepresented having to defend 

5766
05:18:24,000 --> 05:18:26,700
your profession against 
assumptions based on movies or 

5767
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:30,500
novels or complete ignorance, 
but it's also part of the work 

5768
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:33,600
maintaining the tradition 
requires educating people about 

5769
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:38,000
what that tradition actually is 
correcting misconceptions, and 

5770
05:18:38,000 --> 05:18:41,600
asserting the legitimacy and 
value of these Arts late at 

5771
05:18:41,608 --> 05:18:43,200
night. 
When the makeup is off, and the 

5772
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,600
kimono is put away, he sometimes
wonder how much longer this 

5773
05:18:46,600 --> 05:18:49,300
world will exist? 
The hanamachi is shrinking. 

5774
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:52,200
Fewer maiko entering the 
profession fewer. 

5775
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:55,400
Teahouse is operating and fewer 
patrons willing to pay for 

5776
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:58,900
traditional entertainment, when 
modern alternatives Are cheaper 

5777
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:01,600
and more accessible. 
The math is simple and 

5778
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:04,200
troubling. 
More Geisha retiring than 

5779
05:19:04,200 --> 05:19:08,600
entering expenses, Rising income
uncertain and the entire 

5780
05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:11,400
elaborate structure becoming 
increasingly difficult to 

5781
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,400
sustain. 
You've watched a Chaya close, 

5782
05:19:14,400 --> 05:19:17,600
their buildings converted to 
restaurants or boutique hotels. 

5783
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:20,900
You've seen skilled Geisha, 
leave the profession for more 

5784
05:19:20,900 --> 05:19:23,400
stable careers. 
You've attended, farewell 

5785
05:19:23,400 --> 05:19:26,600
parties for women who could no 
longer justify the financial and

5786
05:19:26,600 --> 05:19:30,600
personal costs of continuing. 
The attrition is gradual, but 

5787
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:34,000
steady, and each lost diminishes
the community a little more. 

5788
05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:38,200
Part of the problem is economic 
training, a geisha requires 

5789
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:42,700
enormous investment years of 
lessons in music, dance Tea 

5790
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,400
Ceremony flower arrangement and 
etiquette. 

5791
05:19:46,300 --> 05:19:48,400
The kimono alone costs thousands
of dollars. 

5792
05:19:48,400 --> 05:19:51,600
Sometimes 10s of thousands for 
formal occasions. 

5793
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:55,700
Maintaining a traditional Ikea 
in historic Kyoto with all its 

5794
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:58,200
Associated expenses is 
increasingly difficult. 

5795
05:19:58,200 --> 05:20:01,600
The number of people willing to 
pay premium prices for 

5796
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:03,600
traditional entertainment is 
declining. 

5797
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:07,800
As Japanese culture, becomes 
more westernized, more casual, 

5798
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:10,800
and less interested in elaborate
formality. 

5799
05:20:12,100 --> 05:20:14,000
But economics isn't the only 
issue. 

5800
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:17,900
The professional also requires 
personal sacrifices that fewer 

5801
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,900
young, women are willing to make
the rigid rules. 

5802
05:20:20,900 --> 05:20:24,800
The constant performance, the 
subordination of personal life, 

5803
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:28,700
to professional demands The 
Limited privacy, the public 

5804
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:32,600
scrutiny, these aspects of 
Geisha life are increasingly 

5805
05:20:32,600 --> 05:20:35,300
incompatible with modern 
expectations of individual 

5806
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:39,300
autonomy and work life balance. 
You understand why young women 

5807
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:42,000
chose other paths? 
You've questioned your own 

5808
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:44,500
choices, wondered what your life
might have been. 

5809
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,500
If you pursue a conventional 
career, a conventional 

5810
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:50,300
relationship or conventional 
measures of success. 

5811
05:20:50,300 --> 05:20:54,400
The counterfactuals are endless 
and ultimately pointless, but 

5812
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:58,200
they visit you sometimes in 
Quiet Moments ghosts of unlived 

5813
05:20:58,200 --> 05:21:02,000
lives roads, not take. 
And even while ignoring these 

5814
05:21:02,000 --> 05:21:04,700
challenges, you find yourself 
unable to imagine the Hannah 

5815
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,600
much he disappearing entirely 
these are Arts. 

5816
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:10,800
These traditions this entire 
elaborate cultural performance. 

5817
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:13,900
It seems impossible that 
something so beautiful. 

5818
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:17,800
So refined so deeply embedded in
Japanese. 

5819
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:21,800
Cultural identity could simply 
cease to exist but history is 

5820
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:24,000
full of traditions. 
That seemed permanent and until 

5821
05:21:24,000 --> 05:21:27,400
they were not and practice is 
that appeared Eternal until they

5822
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:30,300
vanished leaving only memories 
and Museum exhibits. 

5823
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:33,700
What will remain if the Hannah 
actually dies? 

5824
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:36,700
Perhaps the Arts will survive in
different contexts. 

5825
05:21:37,400 --> 05:21:40,900
Shall me some music in concert 
Halls, traditional dance, and 

5826
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:43,800
cultural centers, and Tea 
Ceremony as a hobby. 

5827
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:47,000
Rather than a profession, 
perhaps Scholars will study 

5828
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:49,300
Geisha culture, the way they 
study, other historical, 

5829
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,700
phenomena preserving knowledge, 
even as living practice 

5830
05:21:52,700 --> 05:21:55,100
disappears. 
Perhaps, nothing will survive, 

5831
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:58,600
except photographs and films and
stories evidence that this 

5832
05:21:58,600 --> 05:22:01,000
strange and beautiful world 
wants existed. 

5833
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:03,200
You try not to think about this 
too much. 

5834
05:22:03,200 --> 05:22:07,200
Try to focus on the present 
moment on your next performance,

5835
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:11,700
your next lesson and the 
continuous work of maintaining 

5836
05:22:11,700 --> 05:22:15,500
your skills and honoring your 
commitments, but the uncertainty

5837
05:22:15,500 --> 05:22:19,100
Shadows, everything adds, a 
bitter sweet quality to even the

5838
05:22:19,108 --> 05:22:22,600
most perfect evening's makes you
acutely aware that each 

5839
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:25,000
performance might be 
contributing to the final 

5840
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:29,500
chapter of a tradition that has 
survived for centuries but might

5841
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:32,500
not survive much longer some 
nights after particularly 

5842
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:35,400
successful engagements, you 
allow yourself hope. 

5843
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:39,100
The guests were engaged 
appreciative and moved by the 

5844
05:22:39,100 --> 05:22:41,700
performance. 
The younger Michael showed real 

5845
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:46,400
talent and genuine dedication, 
the Arts felt vital necessary, 

5846
05:22:46,400 --> 05:22:50,300
and worth preserving These 
moments suggest possibility 

5847
05:22:50,300 --> 05:22:53,900
suggests that, maybe the 
traditional adapt and survive, 

5848
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:56,300
finding new forms and new 
audiences. 

5849
05:22:56,300 --> 05:23:00,100
While maintaining a central 
continuity with the past other 

5850
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:02,000
nights. 
The decline fills inevitable. 

5851
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:05,600
You see the empty seats that 
performance is the younger 

5852
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:07,500
Generations on their 
smartphones, even during 

5853
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:11,200
traditional ceremonies and the 
general cultural drift away from

5854
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:15,000
formality and toured. 
Casual informality, you wonder 

5855
05:23:15,000 --> 05:23:17,700
if you're part of the last 
generation, if the woman who 

5856
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:21,700
will eventually close, the final
lochia has already been born and

5857
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:23,800
if you're all collectively, 
performing a beautifully 

5858
05:23:23,800 --> 05:23:27,400
executed But ultimately futile, 
resistance against historical 

5859
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,600
change the truth. 
You suspect lies somewhere 

5860
05:23:30,600 --> 05:23:32,400
between catastrophe and 
preservation. 

5861
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:36,100
The Hannah marchie will likely 
continue to shrink will probably

5862
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:37,800
never regain its former 
prominence. 

5863
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:42,000
But make persist in diminished 
four maintained by dedicated 

5864
05:23:42,000 --> 05:23:45,800
practitioners and supported by a
small, but committed audience 

5865
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:49,000
that values traditional Arts. 
Perhaps, this is enough. 

5866
05:23:49,000 --> 05:23:51,100
Not the Glorious. 
Continuation. 

5867
05:23:51,100 --> 05:23:53,500
You might wish for but survival 
nonetheless. 

5868
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:56,900
Thin thread connecting past to 
Future. 

5869
05:23:58,200 --> 05:24:02,200
You've made peace mostly with 
not knowing how the story ends. 

5870
05:24:02,200 --> 05:24:05,700
Your Role isn't to save the 
entire tradition single-handedly

5871
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:08,600
or to solve the professions 
existential challenges. 

5872
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:12,900
Your Role is smaller and more 
achievable to practice your Arts

5873
05:24:12,900 --> 05:24:15,500
as well as you can. 
To honor the teachers who 

5874
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:19,500
trained you to pass knowledge on
to whoever comes after you and 

5875
05:24:19,500 --> 05:24:23,300
to create Beautiful Moments that
justify themselves regardless of

5876
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:27,200
what comes next. 
And so you continue waking to 

5877
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,500
the sound of water being poured 
studying, your instruments, 

5878
05:24:30,500 --> 05:24:34,300
transforming yourself into art 
performing for audiences, that 

5879
05:24:34,300 --> 05:24:37,500
may or may not understand what 
their witnessing and returning 

5880
05:24:37,500 --> 05:24:40,800
each night to your simple room, 
where you strip away the layers 

5881
05:24:40,800 --> 05:24:44,300
and remember who you are beneath
them, the cycle repeats day 

5882
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:48,000
after day sees, not to season a 
ritual of refinement that 

5883
05:24:48,000 --> 05:24:51,500
persists because you persist 
Because beauty deserves to 

5884
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,700
exist, even in a world that 
increasingly questioned its 

5885
05:24:54,700 --> 05:24:58,900
value because some traditions 
are worth maintaining even when 

5886
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,000
their future is uncertain, 
because this is the life you've 

5887
05:25:02,000 --> 05:25:04,300
chosen and these are the Arts 
you love. 

5888
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:08,300
And that has to be enough 
whether the hanamachi survives 

5889
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:12,200
another Century or only another 
decade, whether your part of a 

5890
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,800
living tradition or its final 
Witnesses, whether anyone 

5891
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:18,400
remembers or whether it all 
disappears, like cherry blossoms

5892
05:25:18,400 --> 05:25:22,100
in the rain, beautiful and brief
and already becoming memory even

5893
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:28,100
as you live it. 
Picture this. 

5894
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:32,600
You're walking down a city 
street in 1923 and the world 

5895
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:34,300
around. 
You is humming with an energy 

5896
05:25:34,300 --> 05:25:37,900
that feels almost Electric. 
The atmosphere isn't quite 

5897
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:41,700
electric, but it's close enough.
Sure, there are more light bulbs

5898
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,900
than ever before, but the real 
electricity is in the air itself

5899
05:25:44,900 --> 05:25:48,900
crackling with possibility and 
change. you'd notice at first in

5900
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:53,700
the sounds, The clip-clop of 
horses that dominated just a 

5901
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:55,200
decade ago. 
Has been replaced by the 

5902
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:59,500
puttering growl of autumn Beals,
the sound is not the smooth pair

5903
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,700
of modern cars, but rather a 
sound, akin to a coffee grinder,

5904
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:06,400
arguing with a lawnmower. 
The Model T Ford despite its 

5905
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,500
mechanical prowess was as 
unassuming as a brass band, 

5906
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:13,200
playing in a library. 
The smell hits you next a 

5907
05:26:13,200 --> 05:26:17,400
cocktail of motor oil cigarette 
smoke and something in defiantly

5908
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:21,000
optimistic it's the center of a 
country that's just discovered 

5909
05:26:21,000 --> 05:26:23,100
it. 
Can reinvent itself like a 

5910
05:26:23,100 --> 05:26:25,900
middle-aged person trying on a 
completely different hair cut 

5911
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:27,400
and deciding they rather like 
it. 

5912
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:30,100
Your dressed in a tire that 
would make your great 

5913
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:31,800
grandparents cling to their 
pearls. 

5914
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:35,800
If you're a woman your hemline 
is scandalously revealing 

5915
05:26:35,800 --> 05:26:39,300
several inches of ankle and 
calf, your hair is Bob Short of 

5916
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:39,900
them. 
Most men. 

5917
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:42,900
You might be smoking a cigarette
in public without a single 

5918
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:46,800
person calling the authorities. 
If you're a man, your collar is 

5919
05:26:46,800 --> 05:26:49,600
a bit lower, your pants, a bit, 
looser, and you've got enough 

5920
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:51,500
hair permit to lubricate, a 
small engine. 

5921
05:26:52,600 --> 05:26:55,600
The funny thing about the 1920s 
is that everyone calls them 

5922
05:26:55,600 --> 05:26:57,800
roaring but they didn't start 
out that way. 

5923
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:01,900
The decade began with people 
suffering from severe hangovers 

5924
05:27:01,900 --> 05:27:04,700
from World War One. 
The country was like someone 

5925
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:07,800
who'd been to a really intense 
party and was now standing in 

5926
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:11,600
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 
cold, pizza and wondering what 

5927
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:15,100
on Earth had just happened. 
However, the Americans with 

5928
05:27:15,100 --> 05:27:18,900
their unwavering optimism gazed 
at the chaos and expressed that 

5929
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:22,700
was quite unpleasant, Let's try 
something completely different 

5930
05:27:22,700 --> 05:27:28,200
and boy, did they ever? 
The war had ended in 1918 and by

5931
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:30,600
1920 everyone was ready to 
forget. 

5932
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,500
It had ever happened. 
It was as if everyone had 

5933
05:27:33,500 --> 05:27:37,200
experienced Collective Amnesia 
accompanied by jazz music and 

5934
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,900
illegal cocktails. 
People wanted to dance laugh. 

5935
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:44,400
Make money and generally behave 
as if they had discovered the 

5936
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:47,300
perfect cocktail sauce. 
You'd see this attitude. 

5937
05:27:47,300 --> 05:27:50,800
Everywhere, people walked with a
spring in their step, suggesting

5938
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:52,000
they were late for something 
fun. 

5939
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:56,600
They spoke fast faster louder 
and with more slang than a 

5940
05:27:56,600 --> 05:27:58,400
teenager who had just 
discovered, they could invent 

5941
05:27:58,400 --> 05:28:02,400
their own language. 
Bees knees and cats Pajamas. 

5942
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:06,500
Not only served as expression 
but also as Declarations of 

5943
05:28:06,508 --> 05:28:10,100
Independence from the Victorian 
era which had finally thankfully

5944
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,300
left town The cities were 
growing, like, mushrooms. 

5945
05:28:13,300 --> 05:28:17,200
After rain, people were flooding
in from farms and small towns 

5946
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:21,100
drawn, by the promise of factory
jobs, and electric lights, and 

5947
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:22,400
the chance to reinvent 
themselves. 

5948
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:26,100
Completely It was like the 
world's largest costume party 

5949
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,800
except the costumes were new 
lives and nobody was planning to

5950
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:33,200
take them off at midnight. 
Money was flowing like water 

5951
05:28:33,200 --> 05:28:35,800
from a broken pipe and everyone 
was convinced. 

5952
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:37,200
They could catch some in a 
bucket. 

5953
05:28:38,200 --> 05:28:40,900
People were buying stocks with 
the same casual confidence. 

5954
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:44,400
They'd used to choose a new hat 
as the stock market soared to 

5955
05:28:44,400 --> 05:28:47,600
unprecedented Heights. 
What could possibly go wrong? 

5956
05:28:48,400 --> 05:28:51,900
However, we are assuming too 
much at this point right now. 

5957
05:28:51,900 --> 05:28:56,300
In this moment your standing on 
a street corner in 1923 and the 

5958
05:28:56,300 --> 05:28:59,100
future looks as bright as a 
freshly polished brass button. 

5959
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:02,400
The air brims with potential, 
your pockets. 

5960
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:06,000
May hold some cash and a jazz 
band playing in the distance. 

5961
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:09,000
From tices, your feet to dance 
and dependently. 

5962
05:29:10,600 --> 05:29:13,900
Welcome to the Roaring 20s, 
where the past was new, and the 

5963
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:15,700
future was whatever you dare to 
make it. 

5964
05:29:15,700 --> 05:29:18,100
Let's now discuss your daily 
activities. 

5965
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:22,400
In the exciting world of 1923. 
If your fortunate enough to have

5966
05:29:22,400 --> 05:29:26,100
a job, as most people did, 
adding to the magic, you'd be 

5967
05:29:26,108 --> 05:29:28,800
engaged in a way that would have
left your parents, scratching 

5968
05:29:28,800 --> 05:29:32,200
their heads and confusion. 
For the first time in American 

5969
05:29:32,200 --> 05:29:35,000
history, more people were living
in cities than on farms. 

5970
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:38,200
This transformation wasn't just 
a demographic shift. 

5971
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,700
It was like the entire country 
had decided to change its 

5972
05:29:41,700 --> 05:29:44,800
personality America was 
transforming from a nation of 

5973
05:29:44,808 --> 05:29:48,300
people who knew every neighbor's
Cow by name to a place where you

5974
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:50,500
might not even know the name of 
the person living in the 

5975
05:29:50,500 --> 05:29:53,700
apartment next door. 
If you were a woman, you'd 

5976
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,100
probably be working outside the 
home in a way that would have 

5977
05:29:56,100 --> 05:29:59,400
scandalized your grandmother. 
Instead of Performing strenuous 

5978
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:03,400
Farm tasks or handling laundry, 
women found themselves seated at

5979
05:30:03,400 --> 05:30:06,800
a desk in an office building 
using Innovative typewriters 

5980
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:09,900
that resembled a hybrid of a 
piano and a mechanical spider. 

5981
05:30:10,800 --> 05:30:13,800
you'd be earning your money, 
which gave you a kind of Freedom

5982
05:30:13,800 --> 05:30:17,400
that previous generations of 
women could only dream about The

5983
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,100
work itself had a rhythm to it, 
that was entirely new. 

5984
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:24,300
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 
because the whole concept of 

5985
05:30:24,300 --> 05:30:26,100
business hours was becoming 
sacred. 

5986
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:30,400
Launch was exactly one hour. 
Usually eaten at counter lunch 

5987
05:30:30,400 --> 05:30:32,200
spots. 
That served food fast to the new

5988
05:30:32,200 --> 05:30:36,100
could say efficiently. 
Everything was about speed and 

5989
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:39,500
productivity and the wonderful 
terrible idea that time was 

5990
05:30:39,500 --> 05:30:42,000
money. 
But here's the thing that made 

5991
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:44,800
the 20 special when that work 
day ended. 

5992
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:48,700
The real fun began you step out 
of your office building into a 

5993
05:30:48,708 --> 05:30:50,600
world that was determined to 
entertain you. 

5994
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,600
The streets were lined with 
movie theaters showing the 

5995
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:56,000
latest, Charlie Chaplin or 
Buster Keaton films. 

5996
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:59,500
These weren't just movies. 
They were escapes into Worlds, 

5997
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:01,500
where Anything could happen and 
usually did. 

5998
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,900
If you desire to dance, you 
would make your way to one of 

5999
05:31:04,908 --> 05:31:06,400
the hundreds of dance halls 
that. 

6000
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:10,600
Had sprung up like, fervent 
plants Jazz, new musical genre 

6001
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:13,600
resembled traditional music with
a hint of improvisation. 

6002
05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:17,800
It was syncopated unpredictable 
and absolutely irresistible. 

6003
05:31:17,800 --> 05:31:20,400
You do the Charleston until your
feet hurt. 

6004
05:31:21,100 --> 05:31:23,200
And keep dancing anyway, because
the music would not let you 

6005
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,900
stop. 
Food was changing too instead of

6006
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:29,800
the heavy Germanic meals that 
are dominated American tables. 

6007
05:31:29,800 --> 05:31:32,200
You'd find yourself eating Light
Affair. 

6008
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:36,000
Salads became fashionable not 
because anyone was particularly 

6009
05:31:36,000 --> 05:31:38,700
concerned about health but 
because they felt modern and 

6010
05:31:38,700 --> 05:31:41,800
sophisticated. 
Canned foods were everywhere, 

6011
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:44,100
promising convenience and 
consistency. 

6012
05:31:44,100 --> 05:31:48,200
You could open a can of peaches 
in the middle of winter and feel

6013
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:49,300
like you were living in the 
future. 

6014
05:31:49,300 --> 05:31:52,500
And speaking of the future, 
everything was about being 

6015
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:55,600
modern, Furniture art and ideas.
What? 

6016
05:31:55,600 --> 05:31:58,200
All modern. 
If something was old, it was 

6017
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:01,800
automatically suspect people 
were redecorating, their homes 

6018
05:32:01,800 --> 05:32:05,200
with clean lines and geometric 
patterns throwing out the heavy 

6019
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:08,200
or Nate Victorian furniture that
had dominated parlors for 

6020
05:32:08,200 --> 05:32:10,700
decades. 
Seemed as though the entire 

6021
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:13,700
nation had made a Resolute 
decision to purge and never look

6022
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:16,300
back or evening. 
Entertainment might include 

6023
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:19,100
listening to the radio, which 
was still magical enough to make

6024
05:32:19,100 --> 05:32:23,000
you shake your head in wonder. 
The are carried voices and music

6025
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:26,200
directly into your living room, 
you'd gather around the radio. 

6026
05:32:26,200 --> 05:32:29,500
Like it was a campfire listening
to programs that connected you 

6027
05:32:29,500 --> 05:32:32,600
to the rest of the country in a 
way that had never been possible

6028
05:32:32,600 --> 05:32:36,100
before, but the real excitement 
came from the speakeasies. 

6029
05:32:36,100 --> 05:32:38,900
Now, officially alcohol was 
illegal. 

6030
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:42,300
Thanks to Prohibition, which had
gone into effect in 1920. 

6031
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:46,800
But in reality people were 
drinking more than ever, and 

6032
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:49,600
they were drinking it in Hidden 
clubs that had the atmosphere of

6033
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:52,700
a permanent party. 
You'd knock on an unmarked door,

6034
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:56,200
whisper a pass-word and suddenly
you'd be in a world of dim, 

6035
05:32:56,200 --> 05:32:59,300
light, strong drinks and the 
kind of music that made you want

6036
05:32:59,300 --> 05:33:02,500
to dance until dawn. 
The irony was not lost on 

6037
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:04,600
anyone. 
The Government tried to make 

6038
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:07,700
America more morale by Banning 
alcohol, but it made drinking 

6039
05:33:07,700 --> 05:33:11,600
more fun, social and exciting. 
It was akin to receiving a ban 

6040
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,300
on desert which instantly 
elevated it to the Pinnacle of 

6041
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:16,500
Desire. 
Let's settle in and talk about 

6042
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,600
money in the 1920s because this 
is where things get really 

6043
05:33:19,600 --> 05:33:22,200
interesting. 
Imagine if everyone in your 

6044
05:33:22,208 --> 05:33:24,300
neighborhood suddenly 
discovered, they had a talent 

6045
05:33:24,300 --> 05:33:26,600
for finding $20 bills in their 
coat pockets. 

6046
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,900
That's roughly what the economy 
felt like in 1924. 

6047
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:32,800
You'd wake up each morning and 
check the newspaper for stock 

6048
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:34,400
prices. 
The way people today, check 

6049
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:37,200
their social media. 
The numbers, consistently 

6050
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:39,500
increased. 
Akin to a helium balloon. 

6051
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:43,000
Devoid of gravity, your 
neighbor, who previously sold 

6052
05:33:43,000 --> 05:33:46,400
insurance was now, providing you
with valuable insights about 

6053
05:33:46,400 --> 05:33:50,600
radio companies and automobile. 
Manufacturers, your Barber was 

6054
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:52,800
talking about his portfolio 
while he trimmed your hair. 

6055
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,100
Even the woman who ran the 
corner grocery store, was buying

6056
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:58,400
stocks with the confidence of 
someone who had been doing it 

6057
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:01,400
for decades. 
The beautiful thing was you 

6058
05:34:01,400 --> 05:34:03,000
didn't need to be rich to get 
started. 

6059
05:34:03,000 --> 05:34:07,100
You could buy stocks on margin 
which meant you only needed to 

6060
05:34:07,100 --> 05:34:09,500
put down a small amount of your 
money and borrow the rest. 

6061
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:12,400
There was like a layaway but for
wealth building. 

6062
05:34:13,600 --> 05:34:16,000
What could possibly go wrong 
with borrowing money to buy 

6063
05:34:16,000 --> 05:34:17,500
something? 
That was guaranteed to go up in 

6064
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:20,700
value your typical day might 
start with a quick stop at the 

6065
05:34:20,700 --> 05:34:23,700
bank where the teller would 
greet you with a smile that 

6066
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:25,700
suggested. 
He was personally invested in 

6067
05:34:25,700 --> 05:34:30,100
your financial success. 
Banks were no longer, the stern,

6068
05:34:30,100 --> 05:34:32,300
intimidating institutions, 
they'd been in your 

6069
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:35,300
grandfather's day. 
They were friendly welcoming 

6070
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:37,600
places that were eager to lend 
you money for just about 

6071
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:40,800
anything. 
Want to buy a car, here's a 

6072
05:34:40,800 --> 05:34:42,300
loan. 
Want to buy a house? 

6073
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:45,000
Here's a mortgage. 
What to buy stocks? 

6074
05:34:45,000 --> 05:34:48,700
Here's some margin financing. 
The bankers practically threw 

6075
05:34:48,700 --> 05:34:51,700
money at you and stilling in you
a sense of gratitude for their 

6076
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:55,200
faith in your future. 
The cars were a perfect example 

6077
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:56,600
of how money was changing 
everything. 

6078
05:34:57,400 --> 05:35:00,200
Henry, Ford had figured out how 
to mass-produce automobiles, 

6079
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,300
which meant that for the first 
time in history, regular 

6080
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:06,700
working, people could afford to 
buy one, a Model T cost about 

6081
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:11,900
$290 in 1925 which was roughly 
three months wages for an 

6082
05:35:11,900 --> 05:35:15,400
average worker. 
Compare that to today, when a 

6083
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:18,600
new car costs, more like eight 
months wages and you can see why

6084
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:20,900
everyone was feeling pretty 
optimistic about their 

6085
05:35:20,900 --> 05:35:23,900
purchasing power. 
But the real magic happened when

6086
05:35:23,900 --> 05:35:27,100
you got that car home, Suddenly,
you weren't limited to your 

6087
05:35:27,100 --> 05:35:29,800
neighborhood anymore. 
You could drive to the next town

6088
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:32,700
over for dinner, or take a 
weekend trip to the mountains or

6089
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:35,700
simply cruise around on a Sunday
afternoon feeling like the king 

6090
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:38,300
of the world. 
The automobile didn't just 

6091
05:35:38,300 --> 05:35:40,400
change. 
How you got around it changed, 

6092
05:35:40,400 --> 05:35:42,900
how you thought about distant 
time and possibility. 

6093
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,400
Consumer goods were flooding, 
the market electric 

6094
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:50,600
refrigerators vacuum cleaners, 
washing machines radios. 

6095
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,600
All of these things that have 
been luxuries for the wealthy 

6096
05:35:53,600 --> 05:35:55,800
was suddenly Within Reach of the
middle class. 

6097
05:35:56,600 --> 05:35:58,900
You could buy them on 
installment plans paying a 

6098
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:00,500
little bit each month until they
were yours. 

6099
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,400
It was like Christmas morning. 
Every time you brought home a 

6100
05:36:03,400 --> 05:36:06,500
new Appliance Department Stores,
became Wonderland of 

6101
05:36:06,500 --> 05:36:09,100
possibility. 
You'd walk through Macy's or 

6102
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:11,800
wannamakers and feel like you 
were touring a museum of modern 

6103
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:15,500
living, everything was bright 
shiny and available for 

6104
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:17,900
purchase. 
The salespeople, made you feel 

6105
05:36:17,908 --> 05:36:21,000
entitled to the best and the 
credit terms were so generous 

6106
05:36:21,000 --> 05:36:24,000
that you couldn't afford not to 
buy the advertising was getting 

6107
05:36:24,000 --> 05:36:26,800
more sophisticated too. 
Instead of just listing, the 

6108
05:36:26,800 --> 05:36:29,700
features of a product 
advertisers, were selling you a 

6109
05:36:29,700 --> 05:36:33,300
Lifestyle by this open, you'll 
be more attractive by this car, 

6110
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:36,300
and you'll be more successful by
this radio and you'll be more 

6111
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:38,900
connected to the world. 
They weren't just selling 

6112
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:41,500
products. 
They were selling dreams and 

6113
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:43,800
business was booming. 
Your neighbor's were all 

6114
05:36:43,808 --> 05:36:46,600
participating in this wonderful 
dance of prosperity. 

6115
05:36:46,600 --> 05:36:50,900
Everyone was buying everyone was
selling, and everyone was 

6116
05:36:50,900 --> 05:36:53,200
convinced that the music would 
never stop playing. 

6117
05:36:54,400 --> 05:36:57,800
The stock market was like a 
giant Casino where everyone was 

6118
05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:00,100
winning and the house never 
seemed to mine. 

6119
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:02,500
But here's the thing about 
dancing. 

6120
05:37:02,500 --> 05:37:06,300
It's wonderful while the music 
is playing, but eventually the 

6121
05:37:06,300 --> 05:37:10,900
band needs to take a break. 
The trouble was nobody in 1925 

6122
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,400
was thinking about what would 
happen when the music stopped. 

6123
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:16,500
They were too busy, enjoying the
Rhythm, the movement and the 

6124
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:19,900
sheer Joy of being part of 
something that felt bigger than 

6125
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:22,900
themselves. 
When the sun went down in 1925, 

6126
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:25,700
that's when the real personality
of the decade, came out to play.

6127
05:37:25,700 --> 05:37:29,000
You'd finish your dinner 
straighten, your tie or powder, 

6128
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:32,000
your nose, and step out into a 
world, that was absolutely 

6129
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:33,800
determined to show you a good 
time. 

6130
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:37,300
The streets after dark were 
like, nothing America had ever 

6131
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,500
seen before. 
Electric signs blazed from every

6132
05:37:40,500 --> 05:37:44,300
storefront turning night into a 
neon tinged approximation of the

6133
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:47,500
day. 
The cities had learned to stay 

6134
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:50,600
awake and they were absolutely 
delighted with their insomnia. 

6135
05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:54,200
You'd walk down Broadway or 
State Street, or any main drag 

6136
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:56,600
in any City, and the lights 
would be so bright. 

6137
05:37:56,600 --> 05:37:58,400
You could read a newspaper 
without squinting. 

6138
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:02,300
Your first stop might be a movie
theater because the pictures 

6139
05:38:02,300 --> 05:38:04,700
were getting more elaborate and 
entertaining by the month. 

6140
05:38:05,500 --> 05:38:08,800
These were just films. 
They were experiences the 

6141
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:11,900
theater's themselves. 
Resembled palaces adorned with 

6142
05:38:11,900 --> 05:38:15,600
elaborate ceilings, luxurious 
seats and orchestras that 

6143
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:19,000
accompanied the silent films 
You'd sit in the dark with 

6144
05:38:19,000 --> 05:38:22,100
hundreds of other people. 
All of you, gasping and laughing

6145
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:25,200
and collectively for getting 
that the real world existed 

6146
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,600
outside those velvet curtains. 
Charlie Chaplin was making 

6147
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:30,600
everyone laugh with his little 
Tramp character. 

6148
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,900
A fellow who seemed to find 
dignity in the most undignified 

6149
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:37,300
Situation's, Buster Keaton was 
performing. 

6150
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:40,200
Stunts that defied both gravity 
and Common Sense. 

6151
05:38:40,200 --> 05:38:42,600
These comedians weren't just 
entertainers. 

6152
05:38:42,600 --> 05:38:46,200
They were philosophers of the 
Absurd showing you that life's 

6153
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:49,000
problems could be sold with 
creativity persistence and 

6154
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:52,400
willingness to look ridiculous. 
But the real Adventure began 

6155
05:38:52,400 --> 05:38:54,300
when you decided to find a 
speakeasy. 

6156
05:38:55,100 --> 05:38:58,500
By 1925, the country had gotten 
very creative about working 

6157
05:38:58,500 --> 05:38:59,900
around the five year old 
prohibition. 

6158
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:03,400
It walked down a perfectly 
ordinary Street counting 

6159
05:39:03,400 --> 05:39:05,100
doorways until you found the 
right one. 

6160
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,300
Maybe it was marked with a small
symbol or maybe you just had to 

6161
05:39:08,308 --> 05:39:11,200
know which daughter, knock on 
the password, might be something

6162
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,200
like bees knees or Oscar sent 
me, you'd whisper it to a person

6163
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:18,000
whose eyes you could see through
a small window and if you'd 

6164
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:20,400
gotten it, right? 
The door would swing open to 

6165
05:39:20,400 --> 05:39:22,500
reveal a world. 
That was half party, half 

6166
05:39:22,500 --> 05:39:25,700
conspiracy. 
Inside the atmosphere was thick 

6167
05:39:25,700 --> 05:39:27,400
with cigarette smoke and 
possibility. 

6168
05:39:27,400 --> 05:39:30,800
The are practically vibrated 
with jazz music played by 

6169
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:32,700
musicians, who seem to be making
it up. 

6170
05:39:32,700 --> 05:39:35,500
As they went along, numerous 
incidents is their 

6171
05:39:35,500 --> 05:39:38,700
interpretations were accurate. 
Jazz was all about improvisation

6172
05:39:38,700 --> 05:39:42,000
about, taking a familiar, tune 
and twisting it into something, 

6173
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:45,200
entirely new. 
It was music that matched, the 

6174
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:49,800
mood of the times, confident, 
experimental and slightly 

6175
05:39:49,800 --> 05:39:52,700
dangerous. 
The drinks were stronger than 

6176
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:55,000
anything you'd ever tasted 
partly. 

6177
05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:57,200
Because the Bootleggers weren't 
particularly concerned with 

6178
05:39:57,200 --> 05:40:00,400
subtlety. 
They mixed gin that could strip 

6179
05:40:00,400 --> 05:40:03,600
paint with fruit juices and 
served it in cocktail glasses 

6180
05:40:03,600 --> 05:40:08,600
reminiscent of fairy tales The 
cocktails had names like Gin 

6181
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:12,700
Rickey, sidecar and bees knees, 
as if someone had decided that 

6182
05:40:12,700 --> 05:40:15,100
drinking should be an adventure 
in linguistics, as well as 

6183
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:18,100
intoxication. 
The dancing was unlike anything,

6184
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:19,800
your parents generation had ever
seen. 

6185
05:40:20,600 --> 05:40:23,900
The Charleston was the signature
move all flying feet and 

6186
05:40:23,900 --> 05:40:27,000
Swinging arms and complete. 
Abandonment of anything that 

6187
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:30,300
might be considered dignified. 
The music would compel you to 

6188
05:40:30,300 --> 05:40:33,000
continue dancing, despite your 
clothes becoming soaked with 

6189
05:40:33,000 --> 05:40:37,500
sweat The women smoke cigarettes
or make up and generally behaved

6190
05:40:37,500 --> 05:40:39,500
in ways that would have 
horrified their grandmothers 

6191
05:40:39,500 --> 05:40:42,300
known as Flappers. 
They appeared to have 

6192
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:45,000
collectively, decided to 
disregard the traditional Norms 

6193
05:40:45,000 --> 05:40:47,500
of feminine Behavior. 
They wore their hair short, 

6194
05:40:47,500 --> 05:40:50,800
their skirts short shorter and 
their attitude shortest of all 

6195
05:40:50,800 --> 05:40:54,100
the men were trying to keep up 
loosening their ties and 

6196
05:40:54,100 --> 05:40:56,200
learning dance steps. 
That would have been considered 

6197
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:58,400
scandalous just a decade 
earlier. 

6198
05:40:59,500 --> 05:41:02,000
Everyone was engaged in a 
collective Rebellion against the

6199
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:04,600
stuffiness of the previous 
generation and they were 

6200
05:41:04,600 --> 05:41:06,500
thoroughly enjoying themselves 
in the process. 

6201
05:41:07,700 --> 05:41:10,000
But here's the thing that made 
the Speakeasy culture, so 

6202
05:41:10,008 --> 05:41:13,900
special, it was Democratic in a 
way that American Social Life 

6203
05:41:13,900 --> 05:41:18,300
had never been before rich and 
poor young and old immigrants 

6204
05:41:18,300 --> 05:41:20,900
and native born Americans. 
All crowded together around the 

6205
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:23,500
same. 
Small tables drinking the same 

6206
05:41:23,500 --> 05:41:27,000
illegal liquor and dancing to 
the same outrageous music. 

6207
05:41:27,900 --> 05:41:31,200
Prohibition had inadvertently 
created a kind of social mixing 

6208
05:41:31,200 --> 05:41:33,000
that the country had never 
experienced. 

6209
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:36,400
The Knight would end with you, 
stumbling out into the dawn. 

6210
05:41:36,400 --> 05:41:40,300
Your ears ringing with jazz and 
your head spinning with gin and 

6211
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:42,600
the sheer exhilaration of being 
alive at a time. 

6212
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:46,400
When anything seemed possible 
Tomorrow was another day and 

6213
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:50,000
tomorrow's night would bring new
adventures new music and new 

6214
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:52,400
reasons to celebrate. 
The simple fact that you were 

6215
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,600
young and American and living in
the most exciting decade. 

6216
05:41:55,600 --> 05:41:58,200
Anyone could remember. 
Now, let's talk about how the 

6217
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:01,000
1920s changed the way. 
People thought about everything.

6218
05:42:01,000 --> 05:42:04,600
Not only did the music enclose 
change, but the concept of what 

6219
05:42:04,600 --> 05:42:07,100
it meant to be an American 
underwent, a complete 

6220
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:11,300
transformation, you'd wake up in
1926 and realize that the world 

6221
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:13,900
your parents had prepared you 
for no longer existed. 

6222
05:42:15,000 --> 05:42:17,600
A kind of exhilarating on 
certainly replaced the old 

6223
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:20,500
certainties making every day, 
feel like an adventure. 

6224
05:42:20,500 --> 05:42:23,300
It was like someone had 
Rewritten, the rules of Life 

6225
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:25,700
while you were sleeping and you 
had to figure out the new 

6226
05:42:25,700 --> 05:42:29,500
version as you went along. 
The most significant change was 

6227
05:42:29,500 --> 05:42:32,400
in how people thought about 
themselves, your 

6228
05:42:32,400 --> 05:42:35,200
great-grandparents are defined 
themselves by their work, their 

6229
05:42:35,200 --> 05:42:37,200
family, their church and their 
community. 

6230
05:42:37,800 --> 05:42:40,400
But you are part of the first 
generation that could Define 

6231
05:42:40,400 --> 05:42:44,300
Itself by its entertainment, its
style and its attitude. 

6232
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:47,700
You won't just a blacksmith or a
farmer or a shopkeeper. 

6233
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,500
You were someone who listened to
Jazz drove a car. 

6234
05:42:50,500 --> 05:42:53,200
Went to the pictures and had 
opinions about everything. 

6235
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:56,700
The radio was particularly 
important in this transformation

6236
05:42:56,700 --> 05:43:00,100
every evening, you'd gather 
around that wooden box with its 

6237
05:43:00,100 --> 05:43:02,900
mysterious glowing tubes. 
And listen to voices from New 

6238
05:43:02,900 --> 05:43:07,200
York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. 
The first time in American 

6239
05:43:07,200 --> 05:43:10,800
history, the entire country was 
hearing the same jokes, the same

6240
05:43:10,800 --> 05:43:12,900
music and the same 
advertisements. 

6241
05:43:12,900 --> 05:43:15,800
You were part of a shared 
National conversation that 

6242
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:19,400
stretched from coast to coast. 
These developments created a 

6243
05:43:19,400 --> 05:43:23,100
kind of cultural democracy that 
was entirely new, a song that 

6244
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:25,700
was popular in Harlem could be 
harmed by a farmer in Kansas 

6245
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:29,200
within a week within a month. 
A dance that originated in 

6246
05:43:29,200 --> 05:43:32,100
Chicago might be performed at an
Alabama, High School Dance. 

6247
05:43:32,900 --> 05:43:35,900
The regional differences that 
had defined American culture for

6248
05:43:35,900 --> 05:43:38,900
centuries were beginning to blur
into something more unified and 

6249
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,200
simultaneously more diverse. 
The movie's were doing something

6250
05:43:42,200 --> 05:43:45,600
similar but even more 
powerfully, you'd sit in a dark 

6251
05:43:45,608 --> 05:43:47,600
theater and watch stories that 
took you places. 

6252
05:43:47,600 --> 05:43:49,500
You'd never been showed you 
lives. 

6253
05:43:49,500 --> 05:43:51,800
You'd never lived and made you 
feel emotions. 

6254
05:43:51,800 --> 05:43:55,500
You'd never experienced Stars 
weren't just actors. 

6255
05:43:55,500 --> 05:43:59,700
They were templates for how to 
be glamorous sophisticated and 

6256
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:04,100
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 

6257
05:44:04,100 --> 05:44:06,700
weren't just entertainers. 
They were teachers in the 

6258
05:44:06,700 --> 05:44:09,500
Academy of style. 
The magazines were changing too.

6259
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:12,500
The previous generations, 
serious morally, instructive 

6260
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:15,500
Publications gave way to 
magazines entirely focused on 

6261
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:17,900
entertainment, fashion and 
lifestyle. 

6262
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:21,000
You'd flip through pages of 
photographs showing you how to 

6263
05:44:21,000 --> 05:44:24,400
dress, how to decorate your home
and how to conduct yourself at 

6264
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:26,600
parties. 
It was like having a personal 

6265
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:28,000
tutor in the art of Being 
modern. 

6266
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:31,900
The younger generation were 
particularly enthusiastic about 

6267
05:44:31,900 --> 05:44:34,700
rejecting everything, their 
parents had taught them, they 

6268
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:37,600
called themselves, The Lost 
Generation, which sound 

6269
05:44:37,600 --> 05:44:39,800
Melancholy, but was actually a 
kind of Celebration. 

6270
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:42,700
They were lost from the old 
certain teas, the old 

6271
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:45,900
restrictions and the old ways of
thinking about life and they 

6272
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:49,100
were perfectly content to be 
lost because being lost meant 

6273
05:44:49,100 --> 05:44:50,500
being free to find their own 
way. 

6274
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:54,700
The slang reflected this new 
attitude, everything was swell 

6275
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:59,000
or Keen or the cat's pajamas, 
the language was becoming more 

6276
05:44:59,000 --> 05:45:01,100
playful, more inventive and more
fun. 

6277
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:04,500
People were making up words and 
phrases with the confidence of 

6278
05:45:04,500 --> 05:45:07,800
poets and everyone was eager to 
adopt the latest linguistic 

6279
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:09,900
Fashions. 
Even the art was changing 

6280
05:45:09,900 --> 05:45:13,000
instead of the realistic 
paintings and sculptures that 

6281
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:15,800
are dominated. 
American culture artists were 

6282
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:19,400
experimenting with abstract 
forms, bold colors and ideas 

6283
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:21,400
that didn't necessarily make 
logical sense. 

6284
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:25,700
It was art that matched the mood
of the times experimental, 

6285
05:45:25,700 --> 05:45:28,200
confident and slightly 
rebellious. 

6286
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,100
The architecture was 
transforming too buildings, were

6287
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:34,200
getting taller sleeker and more 
geometric. 

6288
05:45:34,200 --> 05:45:38,300
The art deco-style was emerging 
with its emphasis on clean 

6289
05:45:38,300 --> 05:45:41,800
lines, and mechanical Elegance 
cities were beginning to look 

6290
05:45:41,800 --> 05:45:44,800
like the future, which was 
precisely what their inhabitants

6291
05:45:44,800 --> 05:45:47,100
wanted. 
But perhaps the most important 

6292
05:45:47,100 --> 05:45:49,700
change was in how people thought
about tradition itself. 

6293
05:45:50,900 --> 05:45:54,600
Previous generations had revered
the past seeing it as source of 

6294
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:58,600
wisdom and guidance. 
However, the 1920s generation 

6295
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:02,100
viewed the past as a challenge 
to conquer in enhance or 

6296
05:46:02,100 --> 05:46:04,900
disregard. 
The future was more interesting 

6297
05:46:04,900 --> 05:46:07,700
than the past and the present 
was more fun than either. 

6298
05:46:08,700 --> 05:46:11,700
This perspective created a kind 
of cultural acceleration. 

6299
05:46:11,700 --> 05:46:14,200
That was both exhilarating and 
exhausting. 

6300
05:46:14,200 --> 05:46:17,400
Everything was changing so fast 
that you could barely keep up. 

6301
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:19,900
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

6302
05:46:19,900 --> 05:46:24,000
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

6303
05:46:24,000 --> 05:46:27,000
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

6304
05:46:27,000 --> 05:46:30,000
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

6305
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,200
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone was still 

6306
05:46:33,200 --> 05:46:36,200
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

6307
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:38,700
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

6308
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:41,800
look a little worn out and some 
of the music was starting to 

6309
05:46:41,800 --> 05:46:45,700
sound a little forced, the stock
market was still climbing, but 

6310
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:48,100
it was climbing in a way that 
was starting to make thoughtful 

6311
05:46:48,100 --> 05:46:51,100
people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

6312
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,500
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

6313
05:46:54,500 --> 05:46:57,400
that had never made a profit 
were worth millions on paper. 

6314
05:46:58,200 --> 05:47:00,800
stocks were doubling and 
tripling in value, based on 

6315
05:47:00,808 --> 05:47:03,500
nothing more than the assumption
that they would continue to 

6316
05:47:03,500 --> 05:47:06,900
double and triple You'd over 
here conversations, that would 

6317
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:08,900
have been impossible just a few 
years earlier. 

6318
05:47:08,900 --> 05:47:12,100
Your Barber would be talking 
about his stock portfolio, while

6319
05:47:12,100 --> 05:47:15,300
he cut your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

6320
05:47:15,300 --> 05:47:17,600
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

6321
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:21,200
Customers, everyone claimed to 
be an expert and while many 

6322
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:23,900
appeared to be getting rich, 
nobody was asking the obvious 

6323
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:25,700
question. 
Where was all this money 

6324
05:47:25,700 --> 05:47:28,700
actually coming from the answer?
It turned out was that it was 

6325
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:31,700
coming from the future. 
People were borrowing against 

6326
05:47:31,700 --> 05:47:35,000
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 
For today's lifestyle, they were

6327
05:47:35,000 --> 05:47:37,800
buying stocks on margin, which 
meant they were borrowing money 

6328
05:47:37,800 --> 05:47:40,600
to buy Investments, that they 
hoped would be worth more money 

6329
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:42,800
later. 
It was a pyramid scheme that 

6330
05:47:42,800 --> 05:47:45,200
worked perfectly. 
As long as everyone kept 

6331
05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:46,400
believing, it would work 
forever. 

6332
05:47:47,500 --> 05:47:50,500
The agriculture sector was 
already showing signs of strain,

6333
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:54,000
Farmers had expanded their 
operations during World War One 

6334
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,800
to meet the demand for food. 
But when the war ended that need

6335
05:47:57,800 --> 05:48:01,200
disappeared, crop prices were 
falling and farmers were 

6336
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:03,800
struggling to pay off the loans.
They taken to buy more land and 

6337
05:48:03,800 --> 05:48:06,500
equipment. 
No one in the cities was paying 

6338
05:48:06,500 --> 05:48:09,000
much attention to the fact that 
rural Banks were beginning to 

6339
05:48:09,000 --> 05:48:12,300
fail, The construction industry 
was beginning to slow down. 

6340
05:48:12,300 --> 05:48:15,200
There were only so many Office 
Buildings and apartment 

6341
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:18,900
complexes that any City could 
actually use but developers kept

6342
05:48:18,900 --> 05:48:21,500
building them anyway, because 
construction loans were easy to 

6343
05:48:21,500 --> 05:48:24,400
get and real estate seemed like 
a guaranteed investment. 

6344
05:48:24,400 --> 05:48:28,000
Empty buildings were becoming 
more common but the newspapers 

6345
05:48:28,000 --> 05:48:31,200
didn't write much about that. 
Even the consumer goods Market 

6346
05:48:31,200 --> 05:48:34,900
was showing signs of saturation.
What is the Practical number of 

6347
05:48:34,900 --> 05:48:37,500
radios? 
A family might need, what is the

6348
05:48:37,500 --> 05:48:41,500
Practical number of automobiles?
A person can drive The factories

6349
05:48:41,500 --> 05:48:44,100
were producing more than the 
market could absorb, but they 

6350
05:48:44,100 --> 05:48:47,200
kept producing any way because 
the credit was available and the

6351
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:50,300
future looked bright. 
The international situation was 

6352
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:53,800
becoming more complicated too 
Europe, was still struggling to 

6353
05:48:53,800 --> 05:48:56,900
recover from the war and the 
German economy was particularly 

6354
05:48:56,900 --> 05:48:59,700
fragile. 
American Banks had loaned 

6355
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:01,900
enormous amounts of money to 
European governments and 

6356
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:05,100
businesses but those loans were 
looking increasingly risky. 

6357
05:49:05,100 --> 05:49:08,900
If Europe couldn't pay back what
it owed American Banks would be 

6358
05:49:08,900 --> 05:49:12,800
in serious trouble. 
But in 1927, you probably 

6359
05:49:12,800 --> 05:49:14,300
wouldn't have noticed any of 
this. 

6360
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:17,400
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 
prosperity, the entertainment, 

6361
05:49:17,400 --> 05:49:21,000
and the sheer fun of being alive
in the most exciting decade in 

6362
05:49:21,000 --> 05:49:24,500
American history. 
Despite the presence of warning 

6363
05:49:24,500 --> 05:49:26,600
signs. 
It was effortless to overlook 

6364
05:49:26,600 --> 05:49:28,600
them when everything in your 
immediate experience was 

6365
05:49:28,600 --> 05:49:32,300
thriving the speaking. 
He's were still packed, the Jazz

6366
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:35,600
was still playing the stock 
market was still climbing, and 

6367
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:38,000
everyone was still convinced 
that the good times would last 

6368
05:49:38,000 --> 05:49:40,500
forever. 
The prospect of everything 

6369
05:49:40,500 --> 05:49:42,800
collapsing was too disheartening
to contemplate. 

6370
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:46,400
This was America. 
After all Americans didn't have 

6371
05:49:46,400 --> 05:49:49,100
economic disaster. 
They had temporary setbacks 

6372
05:49:49,100 --> 05:49:50,700
followed by even greater 
prosperity. 

6373
05:49:51,700 --> 05:49:54,500
The newspapers were full of 
optimistic predictions about the

6374
05:49:54,500 --> 05:49:58,700
future by 1950. 
They said everyone would have an

6375
05:49:58,700 --> 05:50:00,700
airplane in their garage and a 
robot in their kitchen. 

6376
05:50:00,700 --> 05:50:05,000
Machines would do all the work, 
eliminating poverty and disease 

6377
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:06,900
and reducing the work week to a 
few hours. 

6378
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:09,100
It all sounded perfectly 
reasonable. 

6379
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:13,500
Science was advancing rapidly. 
Technology was solving problems 

6380
05:50:13,500 --> 05:50:15,300
faster than anyone could have 
imagined. 

6381
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:18,400
And the American economy seemed 
to have discovered the secret of

6382
05:50:18,400 --> 05:50:21,200
Perpetual growth. 
What could possibly go wrong. 

6383
05:50:22,300 --> 05:50:24,800
The answer to this question was 
already beginning to emerge in 

6384
05:50:24,800 --> 05:50:27,900
the financial markets. 
The agricultural sector the 

6385
05:50:27,900 --> 05:50:30,900
construction industry and the 
international banking system. 

6386
05:50:31,700 --> 05:50:35,300
But in 1927 you could still 
choose to ignore those warning 

6387
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:38,700
signs and focus on the fun. 
And that's exactly what most 

6388
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:42,500
people did. 
And then suddenly it was 1929 

6389
05:50:42,500 --> 05:50:45,900
and the music stopped. 
You'd wake up on a Tuesday in 

6390
05:50:45,900 --> 05:50:48,200
October in the world would look 
the same as the day before. 

6391
05:50:48,200 --> 05:50:51,500
You'd see the same building 
streets and people rushing to 

6392
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:53,000
work with the same hopeful 
attitude. 

6393
05:50:54,100 --> 05:50:56,000
But something fundamental had 
changed overnight. 

6394
05:50:56,800 --> 05:50:59,200
Something that would take months
or even years to fully 

6395
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:03,800
understand the stock market had 
crashed the stock market, not 

6396
05:51:03,800 --> 05:51:08,200
only experienced to decline 
correction or adjustment, but it

6397
05:51:08,200 --> 05:51:11,600
plummeted akin to a chandelier 
plummeting from a ballroom 

6398
05:51:11,600 --> 05:51:14,200
ceiling. 
Stocks that have been worth 100 

6399
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:16,100
of dollars were suddenly worth 
pennies. 

6400
05:51:16,800 --> 05:51:19,500
Fortunes that had been built 
over years of careful. 

6401
05:51:19,500 --> 05:51:21,600
Speculation were wiped out. 
In a matter of hours. 

6402
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:23,700
The crash did not occur 
abruptly. 

6403
05:51:24,400 --> 05:51:27,300
The process began when a few 
nervous investors decided to 

6404
05:51:27,300 --> 05:51:30,900
sell their stocks leading to a 
slight drop in prices that made 

6405
05:51:30,900 --> 05:51:34,300
other investors anxious. 
More selling caused prices to 

6406
05:51:34,300 --> 05:51:37,900
drop further, which made even 
more investors nervous. the 

6407
05:51:37,900 --> 05:51:40,900
situation, resembled a domino 
effect, but instead of 

6408
05:51:40,900 --> 05:51:43,600
traditional dominoes the pieces 
consisted of money and 

6409
05:51:43,600 --> 05:51:47,100
confidence, In just a few days, 
the American economy had 

6410
05:51:47,100 --> 05:51:51,000
experienced a significant 
decline of approximately 40% in 

6411
05:51:51,000 --> 05:51:53,400
his value. 
People who had gone to bed. 

6412
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:54,700
Well, he woke up. 
Poor. 

6413
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:59,000
Suddenly the banks seemingly a 
solid as mountains revealed 

6414
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:03,100
themselves to be based on sand. 
The prosperity that had seemed 

6415
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:05,900
so permanent was exposed as an 
elaborate illusion. 

6416
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:10,500
The human cost was staggering. 
your neighbor who had been 

6417
05:52:10,508 --> 05:52:13,300
bragging about his stock 
portfolio, was now trying to 

6418
05:52:13,300 --> 05:52:16,600
figure out how to pay his 
mortgage Suddenly the bank where

6419
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,800
you deposited, your savings 
clothes and a sign on the door, 

6420
05:52:19,800 --> 05:52:21,000
declared your money on 
available. 

6421
05:52:21,900 --> 05:52:24,300
The factory where you'd worked 
for years was laying off workers

6422
05:52:24,300 --> 05:52:26,800
because nobody could afford to 
buy what they were producing. 

6423
05:52:27,500 --> 05:52:30,500
But here's the thing about the 
crash, it wasn't really the end 

6424
05:52:30,500 --> 05:52:33,400
of the Roaring Twenties. 
It was more like the moment when

6425
05:52:33,400 --> 05:52:36,400
someone turned on the lights at 
the end of a party and everyone 

6426
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:39,600
realized what the place actually
looked like. the problems had 

6427
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:42,100
been there all along hidden by 
the excitement, optimism, and 

6428
05:52:42,108 --> 05:52:45,800
sheer fun of it all We would 
call the decade that followed 

6429
05:52:45,800 --> 05:52:48,700
the Great Depression. 
A period marked by hardship. 

6430
05:52:48,700 --> 05:52:52,600
Struggle and Collective Soul 
searching But it would also be a

6431
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:55,200
time of innovation and 
resilience, and the discovery 

6432
05:52:55,200 --> 05:52:57,900
that Americans could survive 
just about anything if they 

6433
05:52:57,900 --> 05:53:00,500
worked together. 
Looking back from the 

6434
05:53:00,500 --> 05:53:04,900
perspective of 1932 or 1935, you
might have been tempted to 

6435
05:53:04,900 --> 05:53:08,600
dismiss the entire decade of the
1920s, as a foolish mistake. 

6436
05:53:09,500 --> 05:53:12,200
A time when the country lost its
mind, and forgot about the value

6437
05:53:12,200 --> 05:53:15,700
that made it great. 
But that would have been unfair 

6438
05:53:15,700 --> 05:53:17,400
to the genuine achievements of 
the era. 

6439
05:53:18,100 --> 05:53:23,200
The 1920s had given America Jazz
movies radio and Automobiles, as

6440
05:53:23,200 --> 05:53:25,300
well as the beginning of a 
modern consumer culture. 

6441
05:53:26,300 --> 05:53:29,200
It had liberated women from 
Victorian restriction and give 

6442
05:53:29,200 --> 05:53:31,300
him young people, the freedom to
Define themselves. 

6443
05:53:31,300 --> 05:53:34,400
It had connected the country in 
ways that had never been 

6444
05:53:34,400 --> 05:53:37,700
possible before and created a 
shared National culture that 

6445
05:53:37,700 --> 05:53:39,400
transcended Regional 
differences. 

6446
05:53:39,400 --> 05:53:42,400
Most importantly, it had shown 
American's that they could 

6447
05:53:42,400 --> 05:53:45,600
reinvent themselves that they 
could reject the limitations of 

6448
05:53:45,600 --> 05:53:47,600
the past and create something 
entirely new. 

6449
05:53:48,400 --> 05:53:50,600
That lesson would prove 
invaluable in the decades to 

6450
05:53:50,600 --> 05:53:54,400
come as the country faced the 
challenges of depression war and

6451
05:53:54,400 --> 05:53:58,400
social transformation. 
The Roaring Twenties evoked, a 

6452
05:53:58,400 --> 05:54:01,200
vision of immense prosperity and
boundless possibilities. 

6453
05:54:01,200 --> 05:54:05,300
It was excessive unsustainable 
and ultimately destructive. 

6454
05:54:06,100 --> 05:54:09,300
But it was also creative 
liberating and genuinely 

6455
05:54:09,300 --> 05:54:11,700
enjoyable. 
It was a time when Americans 

6456
05:54:11,700 --> 05:54:13,500
learned, they could be more than
they ever thought. 

6457
05:54:13,500 --> 05:54:16,900
Even if they couldn't keep it 
up, as you drifted off to sleep,

6458
05:54:16,900 --> 05:54:20,400
you may have realized that the 
1920s True Legacy was the 

6459
05:54:20,400 --> 05:54:22,300
confidence. 
They gave American to believe 

6460
05:54:22,300 --> 05:54:26,200
anything was possible, not the 
crash that ended the, that 

6461
05:54:26,200 --> 05:54:29,000
confidence would be tested in 
the years to come, but it would 

6462
05:54:29,000 --> 05:54:32,000
never be completely broken. 
And that perhaps was the most 

6463
05:54:32,000 --> 05:54:35,500
important lesson of all. 
The music had stopped, but the 

6464
05:54:35,500 --> 05:54:37,300
memory of the dance would last 
forever.