The Unexpected Origins of Everyday Objects and more | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey everyone. 
Tonight, we're looking at the 

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ordinary and uncovering, the 
extraordinary Roots hiding just 

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beneath the surface. 
We're exploring the unexpected 

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origins of everyday objects, the
things you use without a second 

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thought, but that started with 
strange surprising or downright 

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bizarre beginnings. 
From Forks that were once 

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considered scandalous to alarm 
clocks, powered by candles, the 

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objects around, you have 
stories. 

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And many of them are older and 
weirder than you'd expect. 

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So before you get warm and cozy,
take a moment to like the video 

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and let me know in the comments 
where you're tuning in from and 

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what time it is, it's always fun
to see this quiet little corner 

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of the world come together for 
something simple and a little 

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surprising. 
Now dim the lights, maybe glance

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around your room and wonder 
where it all came from. 

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Time when you wake up and 
stumble into the kitchen, still 

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half asleep and go for your 
coffee cup like it's a life 

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preserver so get comfortable 
with that nice cup of tea or 

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coffee because we're going to 
take a slow walk through some of

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history's. 
Most surprising and fun turns. 

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We will delve into the origins 
of everyday items and I assure 

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you their tails are far from 
ordinary. 

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Your toothbrush is probably the 
first item you touched today, so

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let's start there. 
He would imagine that someone 

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sat down one day and carefully 
planned out this useful Gadget, 

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right? 
Not really the toothbrush has a 

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history that includes some great
ideas, some happy accidents. 

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And some well that escalated 
quickly moments. 

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Imagine this, it's 1498 in 
China, and someone is having a 

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terrible day because of wild 
boar bristles. 

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Not for hunting, but for 
brushing teeth. 

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Yes, the earliest toothbrush was
simply a little broom made from 

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the neck care of wild boars 
linked to a bamboo handle. 

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How hard it would be to convey 
it to your dentist today. 

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Yes, doctor, I've been using 
high-quality bore bristles on my

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molars just thinking about. 
It makes you appreciate your 

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modern drugstore toothbrush with
his gentle bristles and 

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ergonomic grip. 
This is where it gets 

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fascinating. 
It took almost 300 years for 

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that, Chinese invention to reach
Europe where it was quickly, 

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given the Royal Treatment in a 
literal sense. 

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European Nobles thought that 
bore bristles were too abrasive 

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for their delicate males. 
It seems that even brushing your

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teeth was a class issue back 
there. 

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They decided to use horse in 
Stead. 

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Yes, toothbrushes made of, 
horsehair your great great. 

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Great grandmother might have 
used, what was basically, a 

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little horse tail to wash her 
teeth. 

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The bit that was very funny. 
In the 1930s, when mass 

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production finally started, the 
first synthetic bristles were 

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created from nylon. 
The business that started this 

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revolution. 
Dupont named their new product, 

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Dr. West's Miracle tufted 
toothbrush. 

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Dr. West must have been 
delighted that his name would 

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forever be associated with oral 
hygiene. 

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But did he ever imagine that? 
Millions of people would wake up

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every day with toothpaste, froth
in their mouths and chances 

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name. 
Now that you have envisioned 

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that scenario, let us proceed to
examine the mirror in your 

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bathroom, you look at that 
mirror every morning and 

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sometimes avoid it at night. 
It has a story that sounds like 

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a medieval Thriller combined 
with a chemistry disaster. 1000s

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of years, people used polished 
Metals motionless, water or very

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polished obsidian to see their 
Reflections. 

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Think about how hard it would be
to pluck your eyebrows with a 

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piece of polished bronze. 
There was a lot of room for 

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error to put it mildly then in 
Venice in the 13th century. 

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Someone had a hold my wine 
moment with silver and molten 

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glass. 
Venetian glassmakers found that 

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if you covered the back of glass
with a thin layer of silver and 

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Mercury, yes, Mercury. 
The thing we now know is really 

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poisonous. 
You could acquire a clear 

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reflection Venice. 
Kept this secret. 

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Like it was the key to living 
forever. 

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They enacted regulations that 
made it illegal for glassmakers 

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to leave the island of Murano. 
This was the first program in 

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the world to protect businesses 
from industrial Espionage. 

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If you break this law, you could
be killed. 

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It appears that venetians in the
Middle Ages, were particularly 

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serious about their mirror 
Monopoly. 

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The funny thing these gorgeous 
Innovative mirrors were slowly 

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killing everyone, who 
manufactured them. 

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That's what mercury vapor does. 
It took hundreds of years for 

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someone to find out how to build
mirrors without making the work 

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as go crazy? 
The term isn't just for show, 

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hatmakers really did go crazy 
from mercury poisoning, but 

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that's a story for another 
enjoyable evening. 

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But maybe the best thing about 
Mira history is how they become 

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more accessible to everyone. 
In the past, only the very rich,

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could see their own faces 
clearly, everyone else saw their

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reflection in water or had only 
a faint concept of what they 

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looked like. 
When mirrors became cheap, they 

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changed everything from how 
people dressed to how they saw 

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themselves. 
Everyone could now see how the 

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new haircut looked for. 
Or worse. 

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Now that we've put your morning 
routine in order on our 

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historical timeline. 
Let's head to the kitchen, which

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is the heart of any home. 
We're going to start with 

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something. 
So basic that you probably never

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thought about it before. 
The fork. 

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Yes, the fork that four-prong 
tool. 

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That looks so innocent in your 
drawer has a very interesting 

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history for most of History 
humans. 

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Use their hands knives and 
sometimes spoons to eat. 

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People thought that Not only was
the fork not needed, but it was 

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so disrespectful to God. 
This isn't a lie. 

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When Forks first showed up in 
the 11th century. 

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Byzantine people were suspicious
of them like they were evil 

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sorcery or really awful poetry. 
The Catholic Church said they 

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were against God's Wills since 
God gave people fingers for a 

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reason. 
Didn't he using a fork? 

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Was like, informing God, that 
his plan needed work. 

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The nerve. 
A Byzantine princess married, a 

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Venetian Doge and carried her 
gold and forks with her, that 

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was the genuine turning moment. 
Imagine the wedding reception. 

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The bride is beautifully, 
bringing food to her mouth with 

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these bizarre little pitchforks.
The whole Italian bridal party 

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is staring at her in Terror and 
curiosity. 

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When the princess died, young 
church leaders smugly said it 

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was God's punishment for her 
using Forks. 

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The Middle Ages, best 
exemplified victim blaming it, 

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took another 600 years, 
Centuries for Forks to be safe 

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to use in Europe. 
Even then men fought them off 

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longer than women since Forks, 
were thought to be feminine. 

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Think about how insecure you are
about your manhood. 

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If a small piece of silverware, 
makes you feel bad about 

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yourself. 
Real men eat with their hands 

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was evidently a popular belief 
in the 16th century. 

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Let's speak about the simple can
opener. 

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Now that we've talked about 
kitchen revolutions, the way 

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this story goes against, common 
sense is so human. 

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That it seems like a comic 
sketch Imagine this, a British 

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inventor gets a patent for the 
tin can in 1810. 

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Food preservation is no longer a
problem. 

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Families can stock up on food. 
Armies can March father and 

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ships can sail longer what a 
great idea, right? 

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But no one made a can opener, 
which is where it becomes really

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good, people used hammers 
chisels bayonets and probably a 

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lot of colorful language to open
cans for 48 years. 

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The directions on early can 
said, cut around the top near 

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the outer edge with a chisel and
Hammer You know, how you have to

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be inventive, when you can't 
find a bottle. 

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Opener, consider how this method
was the official way to open 

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cans for 50 years. 
The can opener? 

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That finally came in 1858? 
Looked like a mix between a 

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bayonet and a torture tool from 
the Middle Ages. 

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You stab the can and sword 
around the edge. 

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Praying, not to cut off a finger
in the process. 

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The smooth rotary can opener 
that really makes the job. 

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Easier didn't come out until 
1870, that's 60 years of 

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fighting about. 
Something that should have been 

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fixed a long time ago. 
But here's what makes this story

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so human no one thought to stop 
making cans for 48 years. 

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While they worked out how to 
open them. 

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Quickly, they just kept going 
with hammers and willpower, it's

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like making the car before, you 
know how to fill it up with gas.

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Let's discuss the microwave oven
now that we're in the kitchen, 

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it's narrative starts with 
chocolate radar and a fortunate 

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accident that makes you believe 
in serendipity. 

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While working on radar 
technology for Raytheon. 

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In 1945, Percy, Spencer saw 
something strange While he was 

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standing near a magnetron, the 
tube that produces microwaves 

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for radar, the chocolate bar in 
his pocket had melted. 

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A lot of people would have 
cursed, the ruined chocolate, 

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and gone on. 
Hey what else can this invisible

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energy cook, Percy Spencer 
thought he sampled some popcorn.

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They went off. 
He had an egg. 

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It blew up which undoubtedly 
gave his co-workers something to

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talk about at dinner for weeks. 
Instead of cleaning up the egg 

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mess and acting like nothing 
happened. 

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Spencer got his company to allow
him to build a metal enclosure 

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around a magnetron. 
The first microwave oven was, as

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big as a fridge weighed 750 
pounds and cost nearly 70,000 

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dollars in today's money. 
It was called the radar range 

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which sounds more like a 
superhero with a cape than a 

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kitchen. 
Appliance, what's funny? 

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No one you ought to do with it 
restaurants, tested it. 

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But chefs were not sure about 
this radiation cooking. 

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When Housewives saw the price 
tag, they chuckled microwaves 

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didn't really find their purpose
until the 1970s. 

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When countertop models came out,
that's when they were useful for

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reheating, pizza and making 
undesirable food choices at 3 

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a.m. 
Let's leave the kitchen and 

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explore your wardrobe or even 
the simplest clothes have 

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history that we've Through Time.
Talking about thread, the button

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changed how people dressed 
despite his Simplicity, your 

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closet probably has dozens of 
buttons, holding your shirts 

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tight, embellishing, your 
jackets and occasionally 

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disappearing into the mysterious
hole where lost socks and spare 

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coins. 
Depart buttons weren't always 

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feasible for their first 3000 
years. 

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They were decorative like 
wearing circular hold jewelry, 

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ancient cultures, fasten their 
clothes using pins ties and 

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belts. 
Buttons were stated Insignia 

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made from precious materials and
presented like miniature 

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paintings. 
Imagine wearing a blouse with 

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buttons worth more than most 
people's wardrobes. 

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The rich literally wore their 
fortunes on their sleeves or 

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fronts. 
Unfortunately, no one remembers 

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who invented making a slit in 
Fabric and inserting a button 

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through it in 13th century, 
Germany. 

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With the buttonhole, those 
beautiful discs became useful, 

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humans, connected, these links. 
After three Millennia, which 

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appears clear now Cultural 
upheaval that followed made. 

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You realize how much we take 
simple advances for granted 

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opportunities exploded in 
clothing design. 

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Garments may be tighter more 
sophisticated fashion. 

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The wealthy might show off their
wealth with extravagant button 

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Arrangements while remaining 
useful like finding out your 

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decorative candles. 
Might light up. 

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The story gets delightfully 
convoluted when societies were 

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so concerned with buttons that 
they made laws concerning them 

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buttons were covered by 
sumptuary regulations in some 

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regions. 
Only Nobles could wear gold 

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buttons. 
Silver was the merchants limit 

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commoners got brass or would 
your button material, determined

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your social status Police 
Stopped people on the street and

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checked their buttons for 
overdressing. 

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The zipper revolutionized, half 
the population's Wardrobe. 

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Like many great Innovations, it 
began as a solution to a 

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different need Whitcomb Judson 
watched his back injured, friend

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struggled to lace up boots in 
the 1890s seeing a problem and 

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thinking I can fix that Judson 
devised, the clasp blocker, a 

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system of hooks and eyes, that 
can be fastened in one move. 

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He solved the Footwear problem. 
Not clothing. 

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Early. 
Zippers were mechanical 

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failures. 
It constantly clogged broke it 

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inappropriate times and caught 
neighboring fabric. 

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Prototype like judsons took 15 
iterations before working. 

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00:11:45,100 --> 00:11:47,400
He kept improving it because he 
was sure he was alright. 

231
00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:51,700
The 1913 mechanism redesigned by
Gideon's son back. 

232
00:11:51,700 --> 00:11:54,900
Yes, that was his real name was 
the Breakthrough. 

233
00:11:54,900 --> 00:11:58,000
He made a reliable seal at 
opened effortlessly. 

234
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,900
However, nobody knew what to do 
with it and you factors of 

235
00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:05,100
clothes were unsure this 
artificial button and tire 

236
00:12:05,100 --> 00:12:08,500
replacement sparked popular 
suspicion the zipper Finds Its 

237
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:12,600
home in Boots BF Goodrich called
The Zipper because they created 

238
00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:17,000
a sound on rubber galoshes zip, 
the Monica stuck, the boots 

239
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,900
sold, and everyone wanted this 
miraculous fastening technique 

240
00:12:19,900 --> 00:12:23,100
on everything. 
In industry first rejected, 

241
00:12:23,100 --> 00:12:25,700
zippers for proper apparel, 
which is funny. 

242
00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,400
They seem to nonchalant 
mechanical and America and 

243
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,400
fashion house is in Europe. 
Sniffed Zippers were good for 

244
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,500
labor and sportswear but not 
stylish. 

245
00:12:34,500 --> 00:12:38,500
Everything changed. 
In the 1930s fashion designers, 

246
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:40,800
found that invisible. 
Zippers could create smooth, 

247
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,700
crisp lines that buttons 
couldn't Elsa. 

248
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:46,300
Chiapparelli made practical 
Fasteners fashionable by 

249
00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,400
decorating them zippers became 
fashionable and functional. 

250
00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:54,200
The transition was so dramatic 
that by the 1960s as a zipper on

251
00:12:54,208 --> 00:12:56,900
a dress or jacket was considered
trendy and sophisticated. 

252
00:12:57,800 --> 00:12:59,800
Formerly impolite. 
The latching system became 

253
00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:03,300
fashionable that kind of total 
reversal makes you question. 

254
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:07,000
What's unpopular today? 
Will be trendy tomorrow papers 

255
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:10,500
so ubiquitous we hardly notice 
it you likely have dozens of 

256
00:13:10,508 --> 00:13:14,700
paper products books, notes, 
Kleenex, and even a supermarket 

257
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,800
bill from last week. 
But papers rise to popularity, 

258
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:21,100
as full of accidents, 
breakthroughs, and human 

259
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:23,000
stubbornness That Make History, 
fascinating. 

260
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:27,700
Before paper humans wrote on 
clay tablets and animal skins, 

261
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,800
imagine carrying clay tablets 
for everyday notes. 

262
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,300
Ancient students undoubtedly 
developed bodybuilder, arms from

263
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,200
hauling schoolwork. 
The Egyptian Papyrus was an 

264
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,300
excellent material for writing, 
but it was so expensive and 

265
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:44,200
prone to crumbling unexpectedly.
animal skinned parchment was 

266
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:48,100
sturdy, but expensive and 
time-consuming to make in second

267
00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:51,400
century, China caught official 
kailan struggled with Raku, 

268
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,400
keeping like a modern government
office, the Imperial Court 

269
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,700
produced innumerable reports 
decrees and administrative 

270
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:02,600
records to record file and keep 
Clay tablets were unworkable and

271
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:06,100
parchment was too expensive for 
daily usage in a brilliantly. 

272
00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:10,400
Practical answer, kylan mashed 
Mulberry bark, hemp, old rags 

273
00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:13,100
and fishing. 
Nets mixed, the pulp with water 

274
00:14:13,100 --> 00:14:18,000
thinned it and dried it, it was 
smooth lightweight and cheap to 

275
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,900
make while solving storage. 
He devised recycling. 

276
00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:24,000
This clever approach. 
Makes you wonder why nobody 

277
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,500
thought of it sooner. 
But here's where the story 

278
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,200
becomes a study of innovation 
sprayed or not. 

279
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,300
China kept paper a secret for 
500 years. 

280
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:35,900
Slowly trade channels brought 
the expertise to the Islamic 

281
00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:40,300
world around 750 CE when Chinese
paper makers were captured in 

282
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:42,400
combat and compelled to reveal 
their methods. 

283
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:47,000
It took Europe, 400 years to 
discover paper, like most new 

284
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:51,100
adventures paper initially met 
with mistrust elitism and Dread 

285
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:54,800
of change in medieval Europe. 
European scribes considered 

286
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:57,300
paper inferior. 
After a lifetime of parchment 

287
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:00,700
preparation and writing. 
Religious leaders, feared, this 

288
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:04,800
foreign material, would degrade 
crucial papers, paper contracts 

289
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:06,500
were disputed as legally 
binding. 

290
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:10,300
The reaction was so intense that
some regions outlawed official 

291
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:14,300
documents on paper. 
Seemed too fragile unfamiliar 

292
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,100
and new. 
While Europe, relied on 

293
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:20,700
expensive, time-consuming 
parchment the Islamic Eastern. 

294
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:23,200
China had been Printing and 
making books on paper for 

295
00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:26,100
Generations. 
Printing, press was the Tipping 

296
00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:28,200
Point. 
Gutenberg's brake through 

297
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,400
printing machine requires 
quantities of cheap. 

298
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:34,400
Consistent paper parchment was 
too expensive and unpredictable 

299
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,200
for Mass manufacture. 
Paper was smooth consistent and 

300
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:40,400
economical enough for most 
people to buy books. 

301
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:44,000
The sticky note is a paper 
Innovation that revolutionized 

302
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,200
office work. 
This story is so human in its 

303
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,200
unintended Brilliance. 
That anyone who thinks invention

304
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:54,000
is logical should read it. 
Spencer Silver worked for 3M in 

305
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,200
1968 to create a super strong 
glue, he invented a solution 

306
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,100
without a problem, a weak 
adhesive that could be removed 

307
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:05,200
and reused, no doubt it fail. 
It did not provide sufficient to

308
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,100
adhesion for permanent 
applications nordid peel off 

309
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,600
evenly like tape. 
It was sticky. 

310
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:15,100
Limbo. 
Silva Rome for five years. 

311
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:18,200
Like a puppy evangelist. 
He showed his weaker. 

312
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,000
He saved to everybody. 
Who would listen? 

313
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,800
Confident? 
It was valuable. 

314
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:25,600
His co-workers, nodded 
pleasantly and returned to their

315
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:28,500
sticky. 
Adhesives Silver's glue was its 

316
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,000
most famous solution for looking
for a problem. 

317
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,000
After battling, with Hymnal 
bookmarks, that kept falling out

318
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:39,300
3M, co-worker, and church choir 
member art fry, had the Eureka 

319
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:43,200
moment in 1974. 
He wondered, what if I put this 

320
00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:47,600
on paper bookmarks during a 
boring business, lecture Is 

321
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,100
original sticky. 
Notes were simple Silver's 

322
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,000
adhesive on paper but they stuck
and could be withdrawn without 

323
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,300
destroying pages. 
His notes encouraged his 

324
00:16:56,300 --> 00:17:00,400
co-workers to create their own. 
Employees at 3M quickly. 

325
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,000
Identified new applications, 
disseminating the concept like a

326
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,400
contagious virus. 
Even at that time 3m's, 

327
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:11,500
marketing department, fail to 
grasp the concept, the 1977 

328
00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:14,099
sticky. 
Note tests in four cities were 

329
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:17,300
lackluster, people couldn't 
figure out how to reposition 

330
00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:20,300
paper Square's ignorance 
appeared inevitable for the 

331
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,700
product 3M solved, the problem 
by giving away sticky notes, 

332
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,099
instead of explaining them. 
No explanation was needed, as 

333
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:31,100
they bombarded boys' offices 
with free samples within weeks. 

334
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:33,600
People were addicted. 
They wrote phone calls. 

335
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:36,000
Grocery lists and passive 
aggressive professional 

336
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,800
Communications on sticky notes. 
The rest is office, supply 

337
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,500
history. 
Sticky notes are so essential to

338
00:17:42,508 --> 00:17:44,900
office work that it is difficult
to imagine without them. 

339
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:49,000
A product used billions of times
a day was on that poor adhesive.

340
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,700
Nobody wanted, let's explore 
transportation starting with the

341
00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:55,000
wheel, which is so essential to 
Modern Life. 

342
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,900
We hardly notice it. 
The wheel wasn't invented for 

343
00:17:57,900 --> 00:18:01,000
transportation which may 
surprise you it was created for 

344
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:05,500
pottery. 
In 3,500 BCE Mesopotamia. 

345
00:18:05,500 --> 00:18:08,400
A Potter was bored of hand, 
turning clay containers and had 

346
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,700
a brilliant idea. 
Let the pot turn automatically. 

347
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:14,600
The Potter's Wheel 
revolutionized, Ceramics and 

348
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:18,600
made perfectly round containers.
Three centuries later and 

349
00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:20,500
observer of this spinning disc 
proposed. 

350
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:23,800
What if we placed a heavy object
on it and rolled it? 

351
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,700
This line of thought exemplifies
a fundamental aspect of human 

352
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,400
creativity We initially designed
the wheel for crafting, elegant 

353
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:34,600
bowls before adapting it for the
movement of substantial stones. 

354
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:37,300
Thinking about it. 
This is really human. 

355
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:40,500
We designed the wheel for 
beautiful bowls before, applying

356
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,100
it to Hefty Stones, it's akin to
inventing a smartphone for 

357
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:48,000
gaming and then discovering its 
ability to make calls after 

358
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,000
Wheels met Transportation. 
The early results were less, 

359
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:54,600
Triumph of human Innovation and 
more comedy of errors. 

360
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,400
Wheeled Vehicles, began a solid 
hardwood, discs that weighed 

361
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,300
almost as much as their cargo 
imagine being the ox, pushing a 

362
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:06,200
cart with 200 pound Wheels. 
Oxen undoubtedly daydreamed of 

363
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:09,400
the days when humans carried 
their own stuff, spoke wheels 

364
00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:11,300
did not appear for another 
Thousand Years. 

365
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:15,500
Someone discovered that solid 
wood was only needed to connect 

366
00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:18,500
the rim to the hub. 
These facts may sound apparent 

367
00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:21,400
but engineering Insight can 
change civilizations. 

368
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:25,400
Wheels became light sturdy and 
efficient enough to change 

369
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,900
trade, the unequal spread of 
Wheels, may be the most humorous

370
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:32,700
part of wheel history. 
Mesopotamia, had wheeled carts 

371
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:36,000
yet, the Americas had Advanced 
civilizations with without them.

372
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:40,000
While carrying everything on 
their backs or in canoes Aztecs,

373
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,300
and Mayans built wonderful 
buildings, devised intricate 

374
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:46,600
astrological systems and created
magnificent art. 

375
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,700
They understood Wheels, Aztec 
kids played with wheels. 

376
00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:54,200
They looked at wheels for 
mobility and said, nah, we're 

377
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:56,400
good. 
It was a decision, not 

378
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:58,800
ignorance. 
Their terrain was mountainous. 

379
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,700
Their main animal was the Llama,
which can't pull much and their 

380
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:04,000
roads were for foot 
transportation. 

381
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:08,600
Wheels didn't fit their reality 
change gears literally to 

382
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:12,000
discuss the bicycle a creation 
that illustrates how the most 

383
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,300
elegant Solutions May emerge 
from the most ludicrous Origins.

384
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:19,600
In 1817. 
German inventor Baron Karl Von 

385
00:20:19,608 --> 00:20:22,400
drais invented. 
The running machine, imagine 

386
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:24,700
moving your feet to propeller, 
wooden horse with two wheels. 

387
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:27,200
If Asta build a car, a child 
might draw it. 

388
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,700
The running machine was 
practically useless, you were 

389
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:33,400
quicker than walking, but slower
than running and you arrived 

390
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:36,500
fatigued from pushing yourself. 
It temporarily became 

391
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:39,800
fashionable among young European
men who had nothing better to do

392
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:43,500
than ride wooden contraptions. 
The two wheeled vehicle seemed 

393
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:46,900
destined for the seemed like a 
good idea at the time, category 

394
00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:49,100
for 50 years after The Fad 
fizzled out. 

395
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,500
French Carriage makers had new 
idea in the 1860s at pedals. 

396
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:57,900
The original pedal powered by 
schools were called bone shakers

397
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,000
which describes their ride 
characteristics. 

398
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:05,100
Wooden Wheels with iron tires 
Jarred on cobblestones Riders 

399
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:07,800
developed. 
Shock absorbing tactics creating

400
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:11,200
a unique riding style that 
resembled interpretative dance 

401
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:15,000
and cycling. 
The Revolutionary 1880s safety 

402
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,300
bicycle with two equal sized 
wheels, and a chain drive to the

403
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:21,800
back wheel changed, everything 
like stopped being novelty 

404
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:24,500
goods, and medieval torture 
devices and became utilitarian 

405
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,200
transportation. 
It's wonderful that bicycle 

406
00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:28,900
history. 
Democratized Mobility. 

407
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,600
Without horses or carriages 
humans could travel long 

408
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:36,400
distances rapidly for the first 
time, bikes allowed individuals 

409
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,200
Mobility previously, reserved 
for the wealthy, or the walking 

410
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,600
distance crowd, the societal 
impact was enormous. 

411
00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:46,400
Specially for women. 
Bicycles, gave women 

412
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,400
Independence and Mobility, that 
challenged gender norms. 

413
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,200
Victorian fashion began to crack
with the bicycle suit, which 

414
00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:57,200
allowed women to ride securely. 
Anthony called The Bicycle the 

415
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,300
freedom machine and she wasn't 
exaggerating The excitement of 

416
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,700
early bicycle culture was 
possibly its most attractive, 

417
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:07,400
aspect All Around by school 
clubs, arose, with matching 

418
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,000
outfits, and elaborate group 
rides, they pinned poetry sang 

419
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:13,400
about bikes and created a 
culture around them. 

420
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,300
They bear a resemblance to the 
online community will be it with

421
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:20,200
an abundance of fresh air and a 
higher risk of collapse. 

422
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,700
Let's explore communication, 
history, snug corner, and 

423
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:26,200
discover that your smartphone 
has some odd 4 fathers. 

424
00:22:27,100 --> 00:22:29,300
Start with the pencil, which 
seems basic now. 

425
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:33,000
But was once a technological 
Marvel, Pencil history reads 

426
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,400
like a geological Thriller and 
international espionage. 

427
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,000
In the 1500s Cumberland 
Shepherds. 

428
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,000
Found a curious black material 
after a storm uprooted a tree. 

429
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:46,300
Pure graphite created marks, 
unlike any other charcoal, the 

430
00:22:46,300 --> 00:22:49,900
English ever understated called,
it black lead, even though it 

431
00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:52,600
wasn't lead, they instantly 
understood they'd found 

432
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,400
something precious. 
This graphite was ideal for 

433
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,300
sheep, marking mapping and 
writing, even better. 

434
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:01,000
The Cumberland deposit was the 
sole known source of 

435
00:23:01,008 --> 00:23:04,100
high-quality graphite. 
The following scene is so 

436
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:06,100
English, it could be a Monty 
Python skit. 

437
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:09,100
The government sent armed guards
to the graphite mine, as a 

438
00:23:09,100 --> 00:23:12,200
strategic material. 
They limited mining to six weeks

439
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,400
each year to control Supply 
Smugglers sought to steal gold 

440
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,100
like graphite. 
There existed a pencil lead 

441
00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,600
Black Market. 
People were sneaking around at 

442
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,300
night, risking incarceration to 
write with better graphite. when

443
00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,400
they sawed graphite sticks Into 
Thin rods and raped them in wood

444
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,600
to make the first pencils, each 
one was precious due to tight 

445
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:35,300
security Pencils were heirlooms 
and luxury items your 

446
00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:38,100
great-great-great-grandfather 
may have valued pencils over 

447
00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:41,800
boots, French chemist, Nicolas 
Jacques Conte discovered her to 

448
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:44,000
produce graphite, from powdered 
graphite and clay. 

449
00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:47,300
In the late 1700s, ending the 
pencil Monopoly. 

450
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:50,800
The English lost their grip on 
the writing utensil business, 

451
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:54,500
when anyone could create pencils
on one of the rare occasions 

452
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:56,200
breaking a monopoly improved 
writing. 

453
00:23:56,900 --> 00:23:59,800
Here's the Charming. 
Part pencil still confused 

454
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:03,100
people once they became 
widespread, making a rays will 

455
00:24:03,100 --> 00:24:06,700
Marx was Innovative writing with
quill pens and ink meant 

456
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:08,700
mistakes were irreversible for 
centuries. 

457
00:24:09,500 --> 00:24:11,900
The pencil invented, the rough 
draft sketch. 

458
00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:14,300
And let me think about this in 
writing process. 

459
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,200
We take for granted time for 
another communication 

460
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,500
Revolution. 
The telephone many people have 

461
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:23,400
recounted Alexander Graham 
Bell's Invention, Story yet the 

462
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,000
fact that no one initially, 
understood it remains timeless. 

463
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,300
Bell aimed to improve the 
telegraph by sending numerous 

464
00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:32,300
messages over one, wire the 
defective Telegraph. 

465
00:24:32,300 --> 00:24:35,500
Transmitter accidentally carried
Bells voice leading to the 

466
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:38,900
invention of the telephone when 
he showed the phone, folks 

467
00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,500
thought it was magic. 
They spoke in to one end and 

468
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:43,900
rushed to the other to see 
whether their words had crossed 

469
00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:46,600
the wire early. 
Telephone demonstrations 

470
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:50,100
combined science and Voile 
Bells, assistance, were in other

471
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:54,600
rooms and audiences gasped when 
the talking box spoke People 

472
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,600
believe that small beings or 
Spirits communicating from the 

473
00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:01,100
afterlife were inside, the phone
sound traveling over cables, 

474
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:04,900
seemed mystical not scientific. 
The early telephone use was 

475
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,000
hilarious, phone talks, were 
awkward in the beginning since 

476
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:11,100
there was no etiquette. people 
would shout into the mouthpiece 

477
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:14,300
to communicate over long 
distances, some murmured, 

478
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:16,900
fearful that the party line 
could hear their private chats, 

479
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,700
which it could The early phone 
operators were teenage males 

480
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:22,100
picked for their speed and 
energy. 

481
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:25,800
The mistake was wonderful. 
The boys used the switchboard as

482
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,000
a playground pranking callers 
connecting them to erroneous 

483
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,400
numbers and causing telephone 
pandemonium. 

484
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,200
Phone firms. 
Shifted to young ladies who are 

485
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,300
more polite and professional. 
The telephone operator voice, 

486
00:25:37,300 --> 00:25:40,400
friendly accommodating, and 
efficient was one of the 

487
00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:42,600
earliest standardized customer 
service methods. 

488
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:46,300
The way early, telephone culture
affected, social interaction was

489
00:25:46,300 --> 00:25:49,400
possibly its most appealing 
characteristic, you might 

490
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,800
suddenly talk to someone miles 
away, phone calls were scheduled

491
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:55,600
like appointments families 
gathered to listen, to phone 

492
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:57,800
calls. 
Like, radio shows the telephone 

493
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:01,500
created, unprecedented intimacy 
over distance amazingly. 

494
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:04,200
The telephone went from 
astonishing novelty to critical 

495
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,200
utility. 
So swiftly, within a generation,

496
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:11,200
not having a phone, signified 
poverty, or traditionalism, the 

497
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,600
future of equipment grew. 
So essential that people 

498
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:15,400
couldn't Envision existence 
without it. 

499
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:18,000
Every major, communication 
advance that. 

500
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,400
Followed to this transformation 
pattern, revolutionary 

501
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,400
technology becomes an everyday 
necessity. 

502
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:27,200
Which then evolves into 
invisible infrastructure, radio 

503
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:29,800
television computers the 
Internet. 

504
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,400
Smartphones all went from 
impossible. 

505
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:34,900
Magic to how did we ever live 
without this? 

506
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:39,100
to early telephone users your 
smartphones potential to connect

507
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:42,700
you to anyone anywhere and carry
the sum of human knowledge in 

508
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:46,400
your pocket appeared like magic 
You likely utilize it numerous 

509
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:48,400
times each day without 
recognizing the Marvel. 

510
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,900
It represents in your hand as we
finish this, leisurely tour of 

511
00:26:51,908 --> 00:26:53,900
history's. 
Most delightfully, surprising 

512
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:56,000
breakthroughs. 
Let's talk about artificial 

513
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,300
lighting, which makes nighttime 
possible. 

514
00:26:58,300 --> 00:27:02,200
Unbelievably one of Humanity's 
greatest technological. 

515
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,400
Achievements is the ability to 
read this article at night 

516
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,100
instead of going to bed Darkness
halted production for most of 

517
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,600
human history after Sunset 
folks, retired to bed because 

518
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:16,800
they had nothing else to do. 
Firelight was precious candles 

519
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:21,400
were expensive and oil lamps was
Smoky dull and disturbingly 

520
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:24,800
flammable. 
Unexpectedly whale hunting 

521
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:28,400
started, the revolution, someone
found in the 18th century that 

522
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,400
sperm whales contained. 
A waxy material called spur. 

523
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:36,300
CT that burned brightly and 
cleanly Wealthy people could now

524
00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:38,700
stay up late. 
This cost a lot. 

525
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:43,400
Financially an environmentally. 
The need for whale oil, prompted

526
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:46,300
excessive hunting, destroying 
whale population. 

527
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,400
This historical event 
exemplifies how Solutions can 

528
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:54,100
often lead to complications 
whale oil successfully, fixed, 

529
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,000
the illumination problem nearly 
solving, the whale problem 

530
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,700
forever. 
Luckily Scottish Shale oil. 

531
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,500
Developer James Young discovered
how to extract kerosene from 

532
00:28:02,508 --> 00:28:05,600
petroleum making it brighter 
cleaner and cheaper than whale 

533
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,100
oil. 
Young invented paraffin oil, 

534
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:11,800
which changed nighttime life. 
For the first time in history 

535
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,300
ordinary folks, could afford 
excellent lighting. 

536
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,800
After dusk kids, could do 
homework evening activities, for

537
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,300
adults, include reading sewing 
and project work. 

538
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:24,700
The eight hour work day was 
achievable because people could 

539
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:26,200
be productive outside of 
daylight. 

540
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,400
The incandescent bulb was 
possibly the most transformative

541
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,400
lighting breakthrough, and its 
origin story shows Something 

542
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:36,300
Beautiful about ingenuity. 
Thomas Edison is credited with 

543
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,400
the light bulb while dozens of 
other inventors worked on its 

544
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,900
simultaneously. 
Edison skill was in making the 

545
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:46,400
concept practical and Commercial
rather than simply inventing it.

546
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,400
Like from electricity wasn't the
big challenge that had been done

547
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,200
previously. 
Creating a bulb that lasted long

548
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,000
enough and cost less than a home
was difficult. 

549
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:59,100
Before choosing carbonized 
bamboo Edison's team tested over

550
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:02,100
3,000 filament, materials 
bamboo. 

551
00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:06,600
They used the entire periodic 
table to obtain grass Edison 

552
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:10,600
stubbornness and Method making 
endearing Edison used each bulb 

553
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,300
failure as data. 
Unlike other innovators who gave

554
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,000
up after minutes, he 
meticulously documents, what 

555
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,300
didn't work and why in his 
notebooks, he added, I haven't 

556
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:23,100
failed 1,000 times, I found 
1,000 ways that don't work. 

557
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:26,500
Early commercial light bulbs 
were engineering Wonders. 

558
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,300
That lasted 14 hours. 
That's pitiful today. 

559
00:29:29,300 --> 00:29:33,200
A bulb that burned steadily for 
14 hours without smoke smell or 

560
00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:36,200
virus was magic to candle and 
kerosene lamp users. 

561
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:39,400
Early electric light users, 
gathered around them like 

562
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,900
campfires to admire the constant
clear light. 

563
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:47,000
The societal impact was enormous
and immediate electric lights. 

564
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,400
Lengthen. 
The day changed entertainment 

565
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,700
and altered time. 
Perception restaurants may stay 

566
00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:54,600
later. 
Theaters could host evening 

567
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:56,700
shows. 
Students could study after 

568
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:58,800
dinner. 
The daytime schedule. 

569
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,900
Loosened artificial lighting 
transformed, how we sleep, which

570
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:06,000
is astounding. 
Humanz had performed segmented. 

571
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,900
Sleep for Millennia going to bed
after Sunset waking up for a few

572
00:30:09,908 --> 00:30:12,700
hours of quiet activity then 
sleeping until dawn. 

573
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:17,300
Sleeplessness is not normal. 
Artificial lighting eventually 

574
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:20,700
helped us consolidate sleep 
going to bed later and sleeping 

575
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:23,100
all night. 
What we considered a natural is 

576
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,500
actually a recent adaptation to 
electric lighting. 

577
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:28,400
Your great-great-grandparents 
may have slept differently. 

578
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,800
As we finish our Pleasant tour 
through the unexpected origins 

579
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:35,400
of ordinary Goods. 
We should consider what these 

580
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:37,100
stories. 
Teach us about human nature. 

581
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:40,800
Every Innovation we've discussed
from the toothbrush to the 

582
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:43,400
telephone to the light bulb, 
came from someone thinking, 

583
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,200
there has to be a better way. 
The better way often comes from 

584
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,200
unexpected places which is 
charming. 

585
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:53,100
The microwave came from radar 
research, failures in adhesive 

586
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:56,300
experiments, produced sticky 
notes, The invention of the 

587
00:30:56,300 --> 00:30:58,700
telephone occurred accidentally 
while upgrading Telegraph 

588
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:01,200
technology. 
Two simple paperclips were 

589
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,800
rejected. 
Zippers were too mechanical for 

590
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,100
fashion until they reached 
sophistication. 

591
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:08,700
Innovation, rarely solves 
problems. 

592
00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:12,800
Directly as the story show, it's
more like a Garden Walk where 

593
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,200
the best finds often come when 
we're hunting for something 

594
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:17,400
different. 
The everyday objects, we 

595
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:20,700
sketchley, notice other result 
of numerous small improvements, 

596
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:24,600
joyful accidents and determined 
refusals to accept good enough 

597
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,700
as good enough. 
Tonight, while you wash your 

598
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:31,200
teeth with synthetic bristles, 
flip light switches to eliminate

599
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,300
darkness and maybe write a 
sticky note. 

600
00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:36,600
Realize that your part of a vast
human tradition of making the 

601
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:39,900
commonplace extraordinary. 
Sweet dreams. 

602
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:45,300
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair. 

603
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,900
Maybe with a warm cup of tea as 
we travel back to a time when 

604
00:31:48,908 --> 00:31:50,500
America was a very different 
place. 

605
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:54,600
It's the late 1800s, and if you 
wanted to get somewhere, you'd 

606
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,400
better have a good pair of shoes
or reliable horse or access to a

607
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:01,000
train. 
The idea of every family owning 

608
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:03,100
their own personal 
Transportation device. 

609
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:06,000
Well, that was about as likely 
as having a computer in your 

610
00:32:06,008 --> 00:32:08,300
pocket that could connect you to
anyone in the world. 

611
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:12,400
Oh wait. 
Our Story begins with a young 

612
00:32:12,408 --> 00:32:16,600
man named Henry. 
Ford born in 1863 on a farm in 

613
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:18,400
what's now Dearborn. 
Michigan. 

614
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:23,300
Now Henry wasn't your typical 
Farm Boy, while other kids were 

615
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:25,100
content to milk cows and plant 
corn. 

616
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,400
Henry was the kind of kid who 
take apart the family's pocket 

617
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,000
watch just to see how it worked.
His father probably wasn't 

618
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,100
thrilled about this habit much 
like how you might feel if your 

619
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,400
teenager decided to fix your 
smartphone. 

620
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:41,300
Henry had what we'd call today? 
A classic case of mechanical 

621
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:43,600
curiosity. 
He couldn't see a machine 

622
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:46,000
without wandering, how it 
ticked, literally and 

623
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,900
figuratively. 
When Henry first laid eyes on a 

624
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:51,800
steam engine, at the age of 13 
at it was an instant connection,

625
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:55,400
not the romantic kind of love 
mind you, but the kind of 

626
00:32:55,408 --> 00:32:57,800
obsession that makes you forget 
to eat dinner because you're too

627
00:32:57,808 --> 00:33:02,000
busy sketching gear ratios. 
By 16 Henry had left the farm 

628
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,700
for Detroit which was already 
becoming a hub of American 

629
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:07,500
industry. 
He found work as a machinist as 

630
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:09,700
apprentice earning two dollars 
and fifty cents a week. 

631
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:12,900
To put that in perspective, 
that's about what you might 

632
00:33:12,900 --> 00:33:16,300
spend on a fancy coffee drink 
today except Henry had to live 

633
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:20,300
on it for seven days. 
But he was learning absorbing 

634
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:23,800
everything, about how things 
worked from Steam Engines to the

635
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,600
newfangled electricity. 
That was just beginning to light

636
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,600
up cities. 
What made Henry different from 

637
00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,700
other Tinkers of his time? 
Wasn't just his Mechanical 

638
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:34,500
Aptitude. 
It was his vision. 

639
00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,700
While others saw machines, as 
individual Marvels, Henry began 

640
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:41,900
to see them as part of something
bigger, he understood that the 

641
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:44,800
real magic wasn't just in making
something work, but in making it

642
00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:47,400
work for everyone. 
The project wasn't just about 

643
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:49,800
building a better mouse trap. 
This was about reimagining, how 

644
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:53,200
Society itself could function 
curing these early years, in 

645
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:56,000
Detroit, Henry worked for the 
Edison Illuminating Company 

646
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,300
eventually becoming their chief 
engineer. 

647
00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:02,800
Yes, that Edison, Thomas Edison 
himself working for the man who 

648
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:04,900
brought us the light bulb gave 
Henry front row seats. 

649
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:07,200
To the biggest technological 
revolution of his time. 

650
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:11,100
He watched how Edison didn't 
just invent things but created 

651
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:15,100
entire systems around the light 
bulb was useless without power 

652
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:18,600
plants wiring and switches Henry
was taking notes. 

653
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:22,600
But Henry's real passion project
was happening in his spare time 

654
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:24,900
in a little brick shed behind 
his house. 

655
00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:27,600
He was building what he called a
Horseless. 

656
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:31,400
Carriage basically a carriage 
with out the horse, powered by a

657
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,199
gasoline engine. 
The Carriage wasn't a completely

658
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:36,900
original idea. 
Other inventors were working on 

659
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:40,199
similar projects, but Henry had 
something different in mind 

660
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:42,800
while others were creating 
expensive toys. 

661
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,000
For the wealthy Henry was 
already dreaming of something 

662
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:46,800
that Ordinary People could 
afford. 

663
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:50,400
In 1896 a 2 a.m. on June 
morning. 

664
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,600
Henry fired up his first 
successful automobile. 

665
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:57,500
There was just one problem, the 
car was wider than the door of 

666
00:34:57,508 --> 00:34:59,400
his Workshop. 
So what did he do? 

667
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:01,100
He took an axe to the brick 
wall? 

668
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,100
His wife Clara watching from the
doorway in her nightgown. 

669
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:06,800
Probably wondered if she'd 
married a genius or a Madman 

670
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:10,100
time would reveal that it was a 
combination of both genius and 

671
00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:13,200
Madness. 
That first car, the quadricycle 

672
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:17,100
as he called it, could reach the
Blazing speed of 20 miles per 

673
00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:19,900
hour. 
To put that in perspective that 

674
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:22,900
slower than most people jogged 
today, but it was fast enough to

675
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:25,500
scare horses and create quite a 
stir in the neighborhood. 

676
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:27,700
Henry had a significant 
Milestone. 

677
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:31,600
He'd prove that his vision 
wasn't just a dream, it was 

678
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:35,800
possible. as you drift off to 
night, imagine that moment when 

679
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,400
Henry first drove his 
quadricycle down to Detroit's 

680
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:41,000
dirt roads, The neighbor's 
peered out their Windows 

681
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,100
wondering what that strange 
Contraption was Henry himself, 

682
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:46,900
probably grinning from 
ear-to-ear, knowing that he just

683
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:48,500
taken the first step toward 
changing. 

684
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:51,800
Not just how people got around 
but how they lived worked and 

685
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:54,600
thought about the future. 
Now, you might think that after 

686
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,400
building his first car Henry, 
Ford would have immediately 

687
00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:00,300
started mass producing them, but
here's where our story gets 

688
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:02,600
interesting and where Henry 
shows, he was more than just a 

689
00:36:02,608 --> 00:36:04,700
good mechanic. 
He was a dreamer with a 

690
00:36:04,708 --> 00:36:07,500
practical streak and he 
understood something that many 

691
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:09,900
inventors. 
Miss building something once is 

692
00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:12,500
engineering, but building at 
affordably for millions of 

693
00:36:12,500 --> 00:36:16,400
people that's Revolution, 
Henry's earlier attempts at 

694
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:18,900
starting a car company, where to
put it, gently learning 

695
00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:22,600
experience as his first company,
the Detroit automobile company 

696
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:24,900
folded faster than a cheap 
launcher. 

697
00:36:24,900 --> 00:36:29,600
The cars were too expensive, two
unreliable and frankly too much 

698
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:32,600
like the luxury play things that
other manufacturers were making 

699
00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:36,000
Henry wanted something 
different, but he wasn't quite 

700
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,300
sure how to get there yet. 
This is where Henry's story 

701
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,500
becomes relatable to anyone 
whose ever had a big idea that 

702
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,100
seemed impossible. 
You know, that feeling when you 

703
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,300
can see exactly what you want to
accomplish, but every practical 

704
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:50,100
step seems to lead to another 
obstacle. 

705
00:36:50,900 --> 00:36:52,500
That was Henry in the early 
1900s. 

706
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:55,900
He could Envision millions of 
Americans, driving affordable 

707
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:58,500
cars, but the math just didn't 
add up. 

708
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:02,800
Cars were assembled by skilled 
Craftsmen one at a time like 

709
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,100
handmade Furniture. 
The result was beautiful but 

710
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:10,000
expensive about 3,000 for a 
basic model which was more than 

711
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,700
most people made in two years. 
But Henry was stubborn in the 

712
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:16,500
best possible way. 
Instead of giving up or settling

713
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,900
for the luxury Market, he became
obsessed with a single question.

714
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:22,800
How do you make something both 
good and cheap? 

715
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,700
It's the same question. 
That would later drive on 

716
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:27,600
entrepreneurs to create 
everything from affordable 

717
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:30,900
computers to budget. 
Airlines Henry was researching 

718
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:33,700
cars at a time when most people 
considered them a fleeting 

719
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,200
trend. 
The Breakthrough came when Henry

720
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,100
started studying other 
Industries, he spent time in 

721
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,700
slaughterhouses, not the most 
Pleasant research locations but 

722
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:46,100
bear with me here. 
He watched how they processed 

723
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:49,400
cattle with each worker 
performing, one specific task as

724
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:51,300
the carcass moved along overhead
rails. 

725
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,000
He visited flour Mills and 
watched grain being processed in

726
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,300
stages, he was seeing the power 
of breaking down complex tasks 

727
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:00,000
into simple. 
Repeatable steps. 

728
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,300
The process wasn't just about 
efficiency. 

729
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:06,300
It was about democratization. 
You can only make a few of them 

730
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:09,500
and they'll be expensive, but if
you can teach someone to do one 

731
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:12,500
task, well, you can make a lot 
of them and they can be cheap. 

732
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,400
It's the same principle that 
makes your smartphone possible. 

733
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,100
Instead of one person. 
Handcrafting each phone. 

734
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:21,500
Thousands of people each to one 
small part of the process. 

735
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,000
Henry's breakthrough occurred. 
When he realized that, instead 

736
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,700
of workers circling a stationary
car, the car could move past 

737
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:31,500
these workers. 
Person would install one 

738
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:34,200
component, then the car would 
move to the next station. 

739
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,300
It sounds simple now but it was 
revolutionary then it was like, 

740
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:40,600
rearranging the entire world of 
manufacturing. 

741
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,300
But here's what made Henry 
different from other 

742
00:38:43,300 --> 00:38:46,400
industrialists of his time. 
He didn't just want to make cars

743
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,700
officially. 
He wanted to make them so 

744
00:38:48,700 --> 00:38:51,400
efficiently that his own workers
could afford to buy them. 

745
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:54,100
This wasn't just good business. 
It was Visionary. 

746
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:57,100
He understood that the people 
who made the cars, should also 

747
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,200
be able to enjoy them. 
It's a lesson that some Modern 

748
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:04,800
companies are still learning. 
In 1903, Henry founded the Ford 

749
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:08,200
Motor Company with 28,000 
dollars in capital that's 

750
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:12,300
roughly 850,000 dollars in 
today's money significant but 

751
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:14,000
not the billions. 
We associate with major 

752
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,000
companies today. 
From the beginning, he was clear

753
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,300
about his mission. 
I will build a calf for the 

754
00:39:19,308 --> 00:39:23,300
great multitude. he was not 
building a car for the wealthy 

755
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:28,100
or the elite, but for everyone 
The first Ford Model, A sold for

756
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:32,100
850 dollars which was still 
expensive, but considerably less

757
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:35,600
than the competition. 
More importantly, Henry was 

758
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:38,600
already planning for the future.
He knew that the present was 

759
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,100
just the beginning that the real
goal was to make cars as common 

760
00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:44,700
as bicycles, his Partners 
thought he was crazy. 

761
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:47,700
They wanted to focus on more 
expensive cars with higher 

762
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:51,000
profit, margins per unit, But 
Henry had a different vision of 

763
00:39:51,008 --> 00:39:54,500
profit instead of making a lot 
of money on a few cars, why not?

764
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:55,800
Make a little money on many 
cars. 

765
00:39:57,100 --> 00:39:59,800
As you settle in for the night, 
picture Henry in his office 

766
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,900
sketching and calculating 
rounded by the noise and smoke 

767
00:40:02,900 --> 00:40:04,300
of early. 
Detroit industry. 

768
00:40:04,300 --> 00:40:07,900
He's not just designing a car. 
He's designing a new way of 

769
00:40:07,908 --> 00:40:10,100
life. 
He's imagining families, taking 

770
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,500
Sunday, drives workers commuting
to better jobs in young, people 

771
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:15,500
exploring the world beyond their
neighborhoods. 

772
00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:19,000
His dreaming of an America where
Mobility isn't a privilege, but 

773
00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:22,300
a possibility for everyone. 
Let's talk about what might be 

774
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:25,600
the most important car ever 
built a car so revolutionary 

775
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:27,500
that it changed, not just 
Transportation. 

776
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:32,600
But the entire fabric of 
American society in 1908 Henry, 

777
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:35,800
Ford introduced the Model T and 
if you've ever heard someone 

778
00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:38,600
jokingly say you can have any 
color you want, as long as it's 

779
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:41,200
black, you're hearing an echo of
this moment in history. 

780
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,000
But here's the thing about that 
famous quote. 

781
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,200
It wasn't about Henry being 
stubborn or lacking imagination.

782
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:50,100
It was about something much more
profound. 

783
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:55,500
The power of standardization. 
By offering the Model T in just 

784
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:58,300
one color and it was actually 
dark green initially. 

785
00:40:58,300 --> 00:41:01,200
But black tried fast faster 
Henry could streamline 

786
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:05,200
production and keep costs down. 
It's the same principle that 

787
00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:08,400
makes modern fast food, 
possible, limited options but 

788
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:10,100
consistent quality and low 
prices. 

789
00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:12,700
The Model T wasn't just 
affordable. 

790
00:41:12,700 --> 00:41:14,700
It was practically 
indestructible. 

791
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,400
Henry, understood that if you're
going to sell cars to Farmers 

792
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:20,600
Factory workers and middle-class
families. 

793
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:23,300
Those cars better to be able to 
handle whatever life throws at 

794
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:25,800
them. 
The Model T could drive through 

795
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:29,300
mud that would stop a modern SUV
and it was so simple that just 

796
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,900
about anyone could learn to 
repair it. it was the era 

797
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:36,200
smartphone, not due to its 
complexity but because it was 

798
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:40,400
easy to use Now, imagine you're 
living in 1908. 

799
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:43,600
Your world is still largely 
organized around walking 

800
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:46,100
distance. 
You live near where you work, 

801
00:41:46,100 --> 00:41:48,100
you shop at the stores in your 
neighborhood. 

802
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,200
And if you want to visit family 
in the next town over, that's a 

803
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,600
major Expedition, requiring 
careful planning. 

804
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:56,400
The Model T changed. 
All of that. 

805
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,400
Suddenly distance became less 
important than time. 

806
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,300
You could live in one place and 
work in another, you could shop 

807
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:05,500
where prices were better, not 
just where things were closest, 

808
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:09,400
but here's where Henry's Real 
Genius shows didn't just build a

809
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,400
car, he built a system. 
He understood that selling cars 

810
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:14,400
was useless. 
If people couldn't get parts 

811
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,300
fuel or repairs. 
So Ford created a network of 

812
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:20,100
dealerships across the country. 
Trained mechanics and 

813
00:42:20,100 --> 00:42:23,400
standardized Parts when your 
Model T broke down in rural 

814
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,300
Kansas, you could fix it with 
Detroit parts and procedures. 

815
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:29,000
The same thing that makes your 
phone work. 

816
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,000
The same way, whether you're in 
New York or Nebraska The 

817
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,700
production Innovations would 
just as revolutionary as the car

818
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:37,000
itself. 
Henry's assembly line, didn't 

819
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:39,700
just make cars faster. 
It made them consistently 

820
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:41,900
better. 
When each worker becomes an 

821
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,700
expert at one specific task 
quality actors actually. 

822
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:47,600
Improves its like, the 
difference between a home cook 

823
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,800
making one elaborate meal and a 
specialist making one perfect 

824
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:54,900
dish, hundreds of times. 
In 1908 the Model T sold for 

825
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:59,300
825. 
By 1925, the price had dropped 

826
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:03,600
to 290, even though the card 
gotten better, that's the 

827
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,700
opposite of what usually happens
with products. 

828
00:43:05,700 --> 00:43:08,400
They typically get more 
expensive over time, not 

829
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,100
cheaper. 
Henry found the learning curve, 

830
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:15,000
the more you make something, the
better you get at it, the 

831
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,600
cheaper it is but the real 
Revolution was social, the 

832
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:22,300
Model, T democratized mobility 
in a way that changed everything

833
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:25,400
about how Americans lived young 
people could Court. 

834
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,200
Someone from the next town. 
Over families, could live in 

835
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:30,600
suburbs and commute to city jobs
Farmers. 

836
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:32,800
Could get their products to 
Market faster and cheaper. 

837
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:36,700
It's hard to overstate how 
fundamentally these innovation's

838
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:39,800
changed daily life. 
The Model T also created 

839
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:41,400
something. 
We take for granted today. 

840
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:45,700
The weekend road trip. 
Before cars Leisure Travel was 

841
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:49,500
something only the wealthy could
afford, but with a Model T, A 

842
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:51,800
middle-class family could pack 
up on the Saturday morning and 

843
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:54,500
explore places. 
They'd only heard about This 

844
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:57,100
marked the start of America's 
passion for the open road. 

845
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,300
Extending from Route 66 to the 
interstate highway system 

846
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:05,400
Henry's workers were among the 
first to benefit in 1914. 

847
00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:07,500
He made a decision that shocked,
the business world. 

848
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,600
He doubled his workers wages to 
five dollars a day. 

849
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,700
Other industrialists believed. 
He had gone insane but Henry 

850
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:15,700
understood something they 
didn't. 

851
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:18,700
If his workers could afford to 
buy the cars, they were making, 

852
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:22,700
he'd have a whole new market. 
It wasn't just generosity, it 

853
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:23,900
was brilliant, business 
strategy. 

854
00:44:23,900 --> 00:44:26,400
The five dollar day did more 
than boost sales. 

855
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:29,000
He created a new kind of middle 
class. 

856
00:44:29,900 --> 00:44:32,800
Ford workers could afford not 
just cars, but home's appliances

857
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,000
and education for their 
children, they became consumers.

858
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:38,700
Not just producers. 
This hero was the beginning of 

859
00:44:38,700 --> 00:44:41,700
the consumer economy that would 
define 20th century America. 

860
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:45,100
As you drift towards sleep. 
Imagine the sound of a Model. 

861
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:47,500
T puttering down a dirt road in 
1915. 

862
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:51,300
Carrying a family on their first
real vacation or a young 

863
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:53,600
entrepreneur heading to the city
to start a business. 

864
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:56,600
That simple black car wasn't 
just Transportation. 

865
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:00,200
It was possibility itself, 
rolling down American, roads and

866
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:02,000
into the future. 
Now, we come to the most 

867
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:04,900
important part of our story. 
When Henry, Ford changed, how 

868
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:08,100
everything was made, the 
assembly line wasn't just a 

869
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,800
manufacturing technique. 
It was a complete rethinking of 

870
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:12,300
how work itself could be 
organized. 

871
00:45:12,300 --> 00:45:15,900
Like many revolutionary ideas. 
It began with a simple 

872
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:19,000
observation and a willingness to
challenge traditional methods. 

873
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:22,000
Picture the world of 
manufacturing before Henry's 

874
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,500
innovation. 
If you desired a car, a skilled 

875
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:26,500
Craftsmen would construct it 
from beginning to end. 

876
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:29,000
He'd be part mechanic. 
Part artist and part engineer. 

877
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:32,500
Each car was unique like a 
handmade piece of furniture. 

878
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:35,000
It was beautiful in its way as 
it was. 

879
00:45:35,008 --> 00:45:38,300
So slow expensive and required 
workers with years of training. 

880
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:41,200
It's like the difference between
having a Master Chef. 

881
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:44,300
Prepare your meal from scratch 
versus having a kitchen staff or

882
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:46,600
each person specializes in one 
aspect of the meal. 

883
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:50,400
Henry's breakthrough came from 
watching that slaughterhouse we 

884
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:54,300
mentioned earlier but also from 
studying his workers, he noticed

885
00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:56,900
that when someone did the same 
task repeatedly they got 

886
00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:59,800
remarkably quick at it. 
They became not just slightly 

887
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:03,000
fast but significantly fast 
faster, a worker who could 

888
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:04,600
install a dashboard in 20 
minutes. 

889
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:07,200
Could do it in five minutes 
after doing it 100 times. 

890
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,200
The Steep learning curve, led to
substantial improvements. 

891
00:46:10,200 --> 00:46:14,200
The real Innovation was moving 
the work to the worker instead 

892
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,500
of the worker to the work. 
Instead of Craftsman walking 

893
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:19,200
around a stationary car with 
their tools. 

894
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,400
The car would move along a line,
while workers stayed in one spot

895
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:23,400
with their tools. 
Organized. 

896
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:27,400
Exactly how they needed them. 
It sounds obvious now, but it 

897
00:46:27,408 --> 00:46:30,700
was revolutionary, then it's 
akin to the difference between a

898
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:33,600
chef frantically Gathering 
ingredients in a kitchen and 

899
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:36,100
having everything they need 
within easy reach. 

900
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:39,900
The first assembly line at 
Ford's Highland Park plant was 

901
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,200
almost comically simple. 
They used a rope and pulley 

902
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,600
system to drag car frames 
password workers onto wooden 

903
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,400
floor. 
But it worked the time to build 

904
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:50,900
a car drop from 12 hours to two 
and a half hours almost 

905
00:46:50,900 --> 00:46:53,600
immediately and this Improvement
was just the beginning. 

906
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:57,900
As they refine the process, 
adding conveyors and optimizing 

907
00:46:57,900 --> 00:46:59,700
the workflow. 
The time kept dropping. 

908
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:02,900
But here's what made Henry's 
approached different from other 

909
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:05,300
industrialists. 
He obsessed over the details 

910
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:09,300
that made workers lives better, 
not just more productive, he 

911
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:12,000
studied how high the conveyor 
belt should be so workers didn't

912
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:15,900
have to bend over or reach up. 
You figure out the optimal speed

913
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:19,000
fast enough to maintain 
efficiency, but not so fast that

914
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:20,800
workers felt rushed or made 
mistakes. 

915
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:24,400
He was essentially inventing 
ergonomics though, that word 

916
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:28,500
wouldn't be coined for decades. 
The results were staggering by 

917
00:47:28,500 --> 00:47:31,800
1914, Fords Highland Park. 
Plant could produce more cars in

918
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,300
a day than most manufacturers 
could make in a month. 

919
00:47:35,100 --> 00:47:40,100
The Model T, which had taken 728
minutes to assemble in 1930 was 

920
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:44,900
taking just 93. 
Manares by 1914, that's not just

921
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,300
Improvement, that's 
transformation. 

922
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:51,400
But with this efficiency came 
new challenges, repetitive work 

923
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:53,700
could be mind-numbing. 
Worker. 

924
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:56,200
Turnover was initially high as 
people found the work boring 

925
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:58,400
compared to the variety of 
traditional craftsmanship. 

926
00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:00,800
Henry's solution was typically 
Direct. 

927
00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:04,700
You paid work as well enough 
that they wanted to stay the 

928
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:07,200
famous five dollars day wasn't 
just about buying cars. 

929
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:10,200
It was about creating jobs that 
people actually wanted to keep 

930
00:48:11,500 --> 00:48:13,700
this is where Henry's philosophy
really shine through. 

931
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:17,700
He understood that efficiency 
without Humanity was ultimately 

932
00:48:17,700 --> 00:48:20,700
self-defeating. 
Happy workers were productive 

933
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,300
workers. 
Well, paid workers were loyal. 

934
00:48:23,300 --> 00:48:25,700
Workers workers. 
Who could afford the products? 

935
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:29,000
They made were also customers. 
It was a virtuous cycle that 

936
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:32,200
benefitted everyone. 
The assembly line also, 

937
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,600
democratized skill. 
Previously making cars required 

938
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:39,000
Master Craftsman with years of 
training but Henry system could 

939
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:41,400
take someone with no experience 
and make them productive in 

940
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:43,700
days. 
The initiative wasn't about 

941
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:47,000
replacing skilled workers. 
It was about creating a new kind

942
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:50,100
of skilled work. 
Workers became experts in their 

943
00:48:50,100 --> 00:48:52,800
specific tasks. 
Often innovating better ways to 

944
00:48:52,808 --> 00:48:55,400
do their jobs, other Industries,
took notice. 

945
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,300
The assembly line principle 
spread to everything from 

946
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,900
appliances to electronics, to 
food processing, even today. 

947
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:05,400
When you unwrap a smartphone or 
open a package meal, your 

948
00:49:05,400 --> 00:49:08,500
benefiting from principals, 
Henry, Ford pioneered The modern

949
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,900
world of abundant affordable 
Goods traces back to that first 

950
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:14,800
rope and pulley system. 
Dragging car frames across a 

951
00:49:14,800 --> 00:49:17,600
factory floor in Detroit. 
But perhaps the most important 

952
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:20,200
thing to understand is that 
Henry didn't just speed up 

953
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:24,500
production, he made it more 
predictable. for the assembly 

954
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:27,300
line, you never knew exactly 
when a car would be finished 

955
00:49:27,300 --> 00:49:30,500
with the assembly line, you 
could plan production weeks in 

956
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:34,000
advance, this predictability, 
made everything else possible 

957
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:38,900
Supply chains, dealer networks, 
even consumer financing, As you 

958
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:41,400
rest tonight, think about how 
many things in your daily life 

959
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:44,800
exists because of Henry's 
innovation's, the device you're 

960
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:47,700
listening to this on the car in 
your driveway, even the grocery 

961
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:50,600
store, where you shot, they all 
know, something to that moment, 

962
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:53,800
when Henry decided to move the 
work to the worker, instead of 

963
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,800
the worker to the work, he 
didn't just change how cars were

964
00:49:56,800 --> 00:50:01,800
made and changed, how everything
was made January 5th. 1914 was a

965
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:05,200
day that changed, not just Ford 
Motor Company, but the entire 

966
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:07,800
relationship between workers and
Employers in America. 

967
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:10,900
On that day Henry. 
Ford announced something so 

968
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:13,500
radical that newspapers across 
the country struggle, to believe

969
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:15,700
it was real. 
He was going to pay his work as 

970
00:50:15,708 --> 00:50:18,900
five dollars a day. 
To understand why the news was 

971
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:20,800
so shocking. 
You need to know that the 

972
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:23,400
average industrial wage. 
At the time, was about two 

973
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:27,400
dollars and fifty cents a day, 
Henry wasn't just raising wages,

974
00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:31,000
he was more than doubling them. 
Other Business Leaders believed,

975
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,600
Henry was insane. 
The Wall Street Journal called 

976
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,700
it an economic crime and 
predicted it would ruin Ford 

977
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:39,400
Motor Company. 
Competitors, were Furious 

978
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:42,400
worried that they'd have to 
raise their wages to compete for

979
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:46,000
workers, but Henry had done his 
math and his reasoning was both 

980
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:48,600
simple and Brilliant. 
If we pay our workers, well 

981
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:52,600
they'll be able to buy our cars.
The immediate effect was chaos, 

982
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:56,100
but the good kind of chaos, the 
next morning, thousands of men 

983
00:50:56,100 --> 00:50:59,600
line up outside Ford's Highland 
Park, plant hoping for jobs, 

984
00:50:59,600 --> 00:51:03,400
police had to use fire hoses to 
control, the crowds Wirtz. 

985
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:06,100
That Ford was paying wages, that
could actually support a family 

986
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:09,200
and workers came from a cross. 
The country, it was like the 

987
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:12,400
Gold Rush except instead of 
searching for gold, people were 

988
00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:15,700
searching for good jobs. 
However, Henry's 5 Dollar day 

989
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:18,800
was not without its limitations 
workers, had to meet certain 

990
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:21,000
standards. 
Not just at work, but in their 

991
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:25,000
personal lives, Ford created a 
Sociological Department that 

992
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,300
would visit workers home's to 
ensure they were living 

993
00:51:27,300 --> 00:51:29,800
properly. 
This meant no drinking, No 

994
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:32,900
gambling, keeping a clean house 
and sending children to school. 

995
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,400
By modern standards, the 
arrangement, seems intrusive and

996
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,000
paternalistic. 
But in the context of 1914, many

997
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,800
workers, saw it. 
As a fair trade, a middle-class 

998
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:45,800
wage in exchange for middle 
class Behavior. 

999
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:48,400
A program worked better than 
even Henry. 

1000
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:53,700
Expected worker turnover dropped
to under 20% down from over 300%

1001
00:51:53,700 --> 00:51:56,100
annually. 
Meaning, they had to hire three 

1002
00:51:56,100 --> 00:51:59,500
people for every job just to 
keep positions filled quality 

1003
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:03,600
improved dramatically 
productivity soared, the workers

1004
00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:06,000
who stayed were invested in 
their jobs, in a way that had 

1005
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,300
never been seen before in an 
industrial America. 

1006
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:11,500
But the real Revolution was what
happened after work. 

1007
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:15,200
For the first time in American 
history you had in industrial 

1008
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:17,600
workers who could afford more 
than just survival. 

1009
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:20,000
They could buy homes. 
Not just rent them. 

1010
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:22,400
They could purchase appliances 
furniture. 

1011
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:26,000
And yes, cars, they could send 
their children to high school 

1012
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:27,900
instead of putting them to work 
at age 14. 

1013
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:31,000
They could plan for the future, 
instead of just surviving the 

1014
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:33,200
present. 
Day Henry, had essentially 

1015
00:52:33,200 --> 00:52:37,500
created a new social class, the 
industrial middle class, these 

1016
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,300
were not Farmers or shopkeepers 
or professionals, they were 

1017
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:42,400
Factory workers who lived like 
middle class people. 

1018
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:46,800
The idea was revolutionary. 
Throughout history, people who 

1019
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:48,900
worked with their hands had 
always been poor. 

1020
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,600
Henry, changed that equation. 
The Ripple effects were 

1021
00:52:52,600 --> 00:52:55,500
enormous. 
When Ford workers could afford 

1022
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:59,000
to buy homes, the construction 
industry boomed, when they could

1023
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:02,100
afford appliances, the appliance
industry grew and they could 

1024
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:04,700
afford cars, the entire 
automotive industry expanded. 

1025
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:08,400
Henry had discovered something 
that economists would later call

1026
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:11,300
the multiplier effect. 
When you put money in workers 

1027
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:14,200
pockets, they spend it, which 
creates more jobs which creates 

1028
00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:17,400
more spending other companies 
slowly began to follow Ford's 

1029
00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:20,700
lead, not out of generosity, but
out of necessity, they 

1030
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:22,600
discovered what Henry had 
already figured out. 

1031
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,800
Well paid workers were more 
productive, more loyal and more 

1032
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:28,400
innovative. 
The idea that paying workers 

1033
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:31,000
will Build a Better Business 
challenge, the notion that 

1034
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:32,800
paying them as little as 
possible would work. 

1035
00:53:33,700 --> 00:53:35,600
But the five dollar day was 
about more than wages. 

1036
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:39,200
It was about dignity. 
For the first time in industrial

1037
00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:41,500
workers experience to sense of 
partnership in the business 

1038
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:43,800
rather than being Mia 
components. 

1039
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:47,200
They had a stake in the Company 
Success because that success 

1040
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,000
directly affected their lives. 
When the Model T sold, well, 

1041
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:54,800
Ford workers benefited when the 
company grew their job security,

1042
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:58,300
increased, Henry also understood
something that many modern 

1043
00:53:58,300 --> 00:54:01,300
companies have forgotten 
training workers is an 

1044
00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:04,800
investment, not nipples. 
The Sociological Department 

1045
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:08,400
didn't just monitor workers 
Behavior, it provided education 

1046
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:11,900
and support workers could learn 
English, take classes in 

1047
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:14,900
personal finance and get help 
navigating the bureaucracy of 

1048
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,100
home ownership. 
Ford was creating not just 

1049
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:21,700
employees. 
But citizens, the program wasn't

1050
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:24,000
perfect the intrusion into 
workers. 

1051
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:27,200
Private lives was problematic, 
and the standards were sometimes

1052
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:31,200
arbitrary and culturally biased.
But the fundamental principle 

1053
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:33,500
that workers should share in the
prosperity. 

1054
00:54:33,500 --> 00:54:36,400
They help create was 
revolutionary and remains 

1055
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:40,400
relevant today. 
By 1915 Ford workers were buying

1056
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:43,700
model T's with their own 
paychecks Henry's Forks to 

1057
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:46,700
materialize. 
His employees had transformed 

1058
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:50,000
into his clients more than that.
They had become tangible 

1059
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,400
evidence, that the American 
dream was achievable for 

1060
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,600
individuals who employed their 
hands, not just their minds. 

1061
00:54:56,400 --> 00:54:58,900
As you settle into sleep, 
imagine what it must have felt 

1062
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:03,100
like to be a Ford worker in 1915
driving home in a car, you built

1063
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:05,600
and paid for with wages. 
That seemed impossible just a 

1064
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:08,500
few years earlier, you weren't 
just going home from work. 

1065
00:55:08,500 --> 00:55:11,500
You were driving toward a future
that previous generations of 

1066
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:14,500
workers could never have 
imagined by the 1920s. 

1067
00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:17,600
Something remarkable had 
happened in America, the country

1068
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,800
had become Mobile in a way that 
no Society in human history had 

1069
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,700
ever been before. 
Thanks to Henry Ford's vision 

1070
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:27,500
and the Model T success cars 
were no longer luxury items for 

1071
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:29,600
the wealthy. 
They were becoming as common as 

1072
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:32,900
telephones and electric lights. 
And this transformation was 

1073
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:36,600
changing everything about how 
Americans lived worked and 

1074
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:39,600
thought about themselves. 
The numbers, tell an incredible 

1075
00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:43,700
story in 1910, approximately 
half a million cars were present

1076
00:55:43,700 --> 00:55:48,000
throughout the United States. 
By 1920, there were 9 million by

1077
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:52,000
1930, there were 26 million, 
that's not just growth. 

1078
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:54,600
That's a complete transformation
of society. 

1079
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:56,900
It's like the adoption of 
smartphones. 

1080
00:55:56,900 --> 00:55:59,900
But even more fundamental, 
because cars change it where 

1081
00:55:59,900 --> 00:56:03,200
people could live work and play.
Think about what this 

1082
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:05,200
development meant for a typical 
American family. 

1083
00:56:06,100 --> 00:56:09,200
In 1910, your job options were 
limited to what you could reach 

1084
00:56:09,200 --> 00:56:12,200
on foot or by streetcar 
neighborhood stores with the 

1085
00:56:12,200 --> 00:56:15,700
only places you could shop your 
social, life was limited to 

1086
00:56:15,700 --> 00:56:17,800
people who lived nearby. 
Your children, children's 

1087
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:21,000
educational was limited to the 
local school by 1925. 

1088
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:25,100
All of those limitations had 
been swept away the car had 

1089
00:56:25,100 --> 00:56:28,200
given Ordinary People, a kind of
Freedom that had previously been

1090
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:31,300
available only to the wealthy, 
The transformation was 

1091
00:56:31,300 --> 00:56:33,300
especially dramatic in rural 
areas. 

1092
00:56:34,000 --> 00:56:37,000
Farmers had been among the most 
isolated people in America. 

1093
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:40,600
Sometimes going weeks without 
seeing anyone outside their 

1094
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:44,800
immediate family, the Model T 
changed that overnight Farmers. 

1095
00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:47,200
Could drive to town for 
supplies, attend church 

1096
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,500
regularly and send their 
children to better schools, they

1097
00:56:50,500 --> 00:56:52,300
could get their crops to Market 
faster and cheaper. 

1098
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,200
They could access medical care 
that have been unreachable 

1099
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:58,100
before. 
The car didn't just change Rural

1100
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:01,900
Life, it saved it but perhaps 
the most profound change was in 

1101
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:05,400
how young people lived. 
Before cars, caught ship was a 

1102
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:08,100
highly supervised Affair. 
Young men would visit young 

1103
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:10,900
women in their families parlor 
under the watchful eye of 

1104
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:12,600
parents. 
The car changed all that. 

1105
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,800
Suddenly, young people could go 
out together alone and explore 

1106
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:18,600
their feelings without constant 
supervision. 

1107
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:22,200
It's hard to overstate how 
revolutionary The Invention was 

1108
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:24,500
the car didn't just change 
Transportation. 

1109
00:57:24,500 --> 00:57:27,500
It changed romance, marriage, 
and family formation. 

1110
00:57:28,500 --> 00:57:30,800
Cities began to reshape 
themselves around the ultimate 

1111
00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:33,400
bill. 
New suburbs sprang up connected 

1112
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,200
to downtown areas by roads, 
rather than streetcar lines. 

1113
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:38,800
Shopping centers. 
Moved from downtown to the 

1114
00:57:38,800 --> 00:57:43,200
outskirts where land was cheaper
and parking was abundant. the 

1115
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:46,300
mall that quintessentially 
American institution was born 

1116
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:49,900
from the marriage of cars and 
commerce, people could live in 

1117
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:52,300
quiet residential areas and 
commute to work shop at 

1118
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:55,000
convenient locations and still 
have access to Urban amenities. 

1119
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:58,100
The car also democratized 
leisure in ways that are 

1120
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,900
difficult to imagine today. 
Before cars vacation travel was 

1121
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:05,100
something only the wealthy could
afford Working Families. 

1122
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:07,300
Might take a day trip to a 
nearby lake or park. 

1123
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:10,800
But real travel required trains 
and hotels that were Beyond most

1124
00:58:10,800 --> 00:58:14,000
people's budgets. 
The car changed that families 

1125
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:16,500
could pack up and drive to 
National Parks beaches or 

1126
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:18,600
mountains. 
They could camp on the way 

1127
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:20,200
making vacation travel 
affordable. 

1128
00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:23,500
For the first time This 
phenomenon gave birth to an 

1129
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:27,600
entirely new industry, Roadside 
America, gas, stations motor 

1130
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:29,500
courts. 
The predecessors of motels 

1131
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:32,800
diners and tourist attractions. 
Sprang up along major highways 

1132
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:36,700
Route. 66 the famous highway 
from Chicago to Los Angeles, 

1133
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:39,500
became a symbol of American, 
freedom, and Adventure 

1134
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:43,900
railroaded by pass small towns. 
But if they happen to be along a

1135
00:58:43,900 --> 00:58:46,600
major highway, he found 
themselves back on the map. 

1136
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:49,600
But the car Revolution wasn't 
just about Leisure. 

1137
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:53,400
It was about opportunity 
workers, could live in one place

1138
00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:56,200
and work in another which meant 
they could choose jobs based on 

1139
00:58:56,208 --> 00:58:58,100
quality rather than just 
proximity. 

1140
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:01,600
Businesses could locate where 
land was cheaper and still 

1141
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,600
attract workers. 
The entire economic geography of

1142
00:59:04,600 --> 00:59:06,800
America was being redrawn by the
automobile. 

1143
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:11,100
Henry Ford had predicted this 
transformation but even he was 

1144
00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:13,800
probably surprised by how 
quickly and completely it 

1145
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:16,300
happened. 
The Model T had become more than

1146
00:59:16,300 --> 00:59:18,700
just a product. 
It was the Catalyst for a new 

1147
00:59:18,708 --> 00:59:21,700
way of life. 
Americans were becoming a mobile

1148
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:23,400
people. 
Always ready to move toward 

1149
00:59:23,400 --> 00:59:26,700
better opportunities. 
New experience is and different 

1150
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:29,900
ways of living. 
The psychological impact was 

1151
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:33,100
just as important as the 
Practical one, owning a car, 

1152
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:35,500
gave people, a sense of control 
over their lives that they'd 

1153
00:59:35,500 --> 00:59:38,200
never had before. 
They weren't dependent on 

1154
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,700
streetcar schedules or limited 
to walking distance. 

1155
00:59:40,700 --> 00:59:44,600
It could make decisions about 
where and when to go there it 

1156
00:59:44,600 --> 00:59:47,300
was a kind of personal freedom 
that was entirely new in Human 

1157
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:49,900
Experience. 
Of course, this transformation 

1158
00:59:49,900 --> 00:59:53,900
brought challenges too, traffic 
jams, parking problems, and air 

1159
00:59:53,900 --> 00:59:56,000
pollution with the price of 
Mobility. 

1160
00:59:56,900 --> 00:59:59,900
Traditional communities began to
break down as people became more

1161
00:59:59,900 --> 01:00:02,600
mobile and less tied to specific
neighborhoods. 

1162
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:06,400
The car enabled suburbanization,
which had both positive and 

1163
01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:08,000
negative effects on American 
society. 

1164
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:12,800
But for most Americans in the 
1920s, the car represented pure 

1165
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:15,700
possibility, it was the physical
embodiment of the American 

1166
01:00:15,700 --> 01:00:18,000
dream. 
The idea that with hard work and

1167
01:00:18,000 --> 01:00:20,700
determination, you could go 
anywhere and become anything. 

1168
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:24,100
Henry Ford had built more than 
just an affordable car. 

1169
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:26,500
He had built a machine that made
dreams feel achievable. 

1170
01:00:26,500 --> 01:00:31,600
Imagine the excitement of a 
family in 1925 packing, their 

1171
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:36,400
Model T for their first real 
vacation heading out on roads 

1172
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:38,700
that led to places. 
They'd only read about in books,

1173
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:42,200
they weren't just driving. 
They were exploring a new kind 

1174
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:44,900
of Freedom that their parents 
could never have imagined as we 

1175
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:47,600
reached the end of our story as 
worth reflecting on just how 

1176
01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:50,900
completely Henry Ford changed, 
not just America, but the world 

1177
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,800
By the time, he died in 1947, 
the boy who took apart pocket 

1178
01:00:55,800 --> 01:00:58,800
watches on a Michigan Farm, 
fundamentally altered, how 

1179
01:00:58,800 --> 01:01:03,400
people lived worked thought 
about the future, but his legacy

1180
01:01:03,400 --> 01:01:05,900
goes far beyond the millions of 
cars that rolled off his 

1181
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:08,700
assembly lines. 
Henry's greatest achievement 

1182
01:01:08,700 --> 01:01:11,000
wasn't technical. 
It was philosophical. 

1183
01:01:11,700 --> 01:01:14,000
He proved that mass production 
and high wages. 

1184
01:01:14,000 --> 01:01:16,900
Could work together that 
efficiently in humanity, went 

1185
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:20,000
opposites and that the people 
who made things should also be 

1186
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:22,600
able to afford them. 
His approach wasn't just a 

1187
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:25,100
business strategy. 
It was a new way of thinking 

1188
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:27,800
about the relationship between 
work and prosperity. 

1189
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:31,600
The principles Henry pioneered 
standardization continuous 

1190
01:01:31,600 --> 01:01:34,300
Improvement and treating workers
as partners rather than just 

1191
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:37,600
labor. 
Became the foundation of modern 

1192
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:40,300
Manufacturing. 
When you buy something today, 

1193
01:01:40,300 --> 01:01:43,300
that's both high-quality and 
affordable, your benefiting from

1194
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:46,000
ideas that Henry Ford developed 
in his Detroit factories. 

1195
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:50,700
Smartphones to Furniture to food
the modern world of abundant 

1196
01:01:50,700 --> 01:01:53,200
consumer goods traces. 
Back to those early assembly 

1197
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,500
lines. 
But perhaps Henry's most 

1198
01:01:55,500 --> 01:01:57,700
important contribution was 
proving that Innovation could be

1199
01:01:57,708 --> 01:02:01,100
democratic. 
Before Ford most new 

1200
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,800
technologies were luxury items 
that gradually became more 

1201
01:02:03,800 --> 01:02:06,500
affordable Henry reversed that 
process. 

1202
01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:09,700
He started with the goal of 
making cars, affordable for 

1203
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,100
everyone, then figured out how 
to make them efficiently. 

1204
01:02:13,000 --> 01:02:16,300
He began with the customer, not 
the technology and that customer

1205
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,100
first approach revolutionized. 
How businesses think about 

1206
01:02:19,100 --> 01:02:22,300
innovation? 
The social changes Henry set in 

1207
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:24,700
motion were even more profound 
than the economic. 

1208
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:28,700
Once the ultimate Bill culture, 
he created the freedom to live, 

1209
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:31,300
where you want work, where you 
want and travel, where you want 

1210
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:35,300
the game Central to the American
identity, the suburbs the 

1211
01:02:35,300 --> 01:02:37,900
shopping mall, the family road 
trip the drive-in restaurant, 

1212
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:41,300
even the drive through bank. 
All of these, Trace back to 

1213
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:43,700
Henry's decision to make cars 
affordable for ordinary 

1214
01:02:43,700 --> 01:02:46,200
families. 
Henry, also, demonstrated 

1215
01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:49,000
something that many modern 
companies struggle with the 

1216
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:53,400
power of long-term thinking. 
While his competitors focused on

1217
01:02:53,408 --> 01:02:57,000
quarterly profits, Henry was 
thinking in decades, he 

1218
01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:59,400
understood that building a 
sustainable business meant 

1219
01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:02,408
creating a sustainable Society 
where workers could afford to be

1220
01:03:02,416 --> 01:03:05,700
customers where efficiency 
served Humanity, rather than 

1221
01:03:05,700 --> 01:03:08,900
replacing it and where 
innovation made life better for 

1222
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:11,200
everyone. 
Not just the wealthy, the 

1223
01:03:11,200 --> 01:03:13,700
influence of Henry's ideas, 
extended far beyond the 

1224
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:16,500
automotive industry, the 
assembly line principle 

1225
01:03:16,500 --> 01:03:20,600
transformed manufacturing across
every sector the concept of 

1226
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:22,500
paying workers. 
Well enough to be customers 

1227
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:24,600
influenced labor policy for 
Generations. 

1228
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:28,300
The idea that mass production 
could create Prosperity rather 

1229
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:30,600
than just profit. 
They came a Cornerstone of 

1230
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:34,300
American Economic Policy but 
Henry story also teaches us 

1231
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:37,600
about the complexity of change 
the same innovations that 

1232
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:41,400
created Suburban Prosperity, all
contributed to Urban Decay. 

1233
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:45,500
The freedom of the Autumn bill 
came with costs pollution 

1234
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:48,100
traffic and the decline of 
public transportation. 

1235
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:50,600
The efficiency of mass 
production. 

1236
01:03:50,600 --> 01:03:53,500
Sometimes came at the expense of
craftsmanship in individual 

1237
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,100
creativity. 
Every Revolution brings both 

1238
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:58,900
benefits and challenges and 
Henry's was no exception. 

1239
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:01,800
What made Henry? 
Special wasn't, he was perfect, 

1240
01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:05,500
he certainly wasn't. 
He could be stubborn sometimes 

1241
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:07,500
to the point of damaging his own
company. 

1242
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:11,500
His paternalistic approach to 
worker would be unacceptable 

1243
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:14,200
today. 
His later Embrace of automation 

1244
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:16,200
over employment, showed the 
limits of his vision. 

1245
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:19,900
But what made him remarkable was
his ability to see beyond the 

1246
01:04:19,908 --> 01:04:24,300
immediate problem to the larger 
possibilities today, as we Face 

1247
01:04:24,300 --> 01:04:26,300
new Revolutions in technology 
and work? 

1248
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:29,600
Henry's example remains relevant
his approach. 

1249
01:04:29,600 --> 01:04:32,600
Starting with human needs rather
than technical capabilities, 

1250
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:36,200
thinking about workers as 
partners, rather than costs and 

1251
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:37,900
believing that Innovation should
serve. 

1252
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,900
Everyone not just the few offers
lessons for our digital age. 

1253
01:04:42,700 --> 01:04:45,200
When you drive your car 
tomorrow, remember that you're 

1254
01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:48,000
not just using a machine, your 
participating in a revolution 

1255
01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:50,600
that began with a young man who 
couldn't resist taking things 

1256
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:53,900
apart to see how they worked. 
When you buy something that's 

1257
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:56,800
both high quality and 
affordable, your benefiting from

1258
01:04:56,800 --> 01:04:59,500
principles that Henry Ford 
pioneered over a century ago. 

1259
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:03,100
Henry, proved that work, can 
provide not just survival, but 

1260
01:05:03,100 --> 01:05:07,000
prosperity The boy who left his 
father's Farm to work in. 

1261
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:09,500
Detroit Factory is became the 
man who showed the world that 

1262
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:13,400
technology could serve Humanity,
that efficiency could co-exist 

1263
01:05:13,400 --> 01:05:16,300
with fairness and that 
Innovation could create 

1264
01:05:16,300 --> 01:05:19,900
opportunities for everyone. 
He didn't just change how cars 

1265
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:21,600
were made. 
He changed how we think about 

1266
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:25,000
work prosperity, and the 
possibilities of American Life. 

1267
01:05:25,800 --> 01:05:27,100
As you settle into sleep 
tonight. 

1268
01:05:27,100 --> 01:05:30,200
Remember that your living in the
world that Henry Ford helped 

1269
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:33,200
create a world where Ordinary 
People can afford extraordinary 

1270
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:36,200
things where Innovation serves 
humanity and where the next 

1271
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,800
great breakthrough might come 
from someone who simply refuses 

1272
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:41,200
to accept that things have to be
done the way they've always been

1273
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,800
done. 
Remember every Revolution begins

1274
01:05:44,800 --> 01:05:47,100
with someone brave enough to 
imagine that things could be 

1275
01:05:47,100 --> 01:05:52,600
different? 
The day my old name died began 

1276
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:55,200
with crows on the battlements 
and ended with the circuit of 

1277
01:05:55,208 --> 01:05:57,500
Hamid gold pressing a red welt 
into my brow. 

1278
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:00,400
I had lived 17 Winters as a 
foster. 

1279
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:04,100
Son Arthur was fit. 
Only to muck stalls at Holdings 

1280
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:07,700
in the Welsh marches yet here, I
stood in a chill sunrise at 

1281
01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:12,200
Kelley on the ask tasting of 
iron filings while Lords who had

1282
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,200
never met me raise Spears in a 
claim. 

1283
01:06:14,900 --> 01:06:18,800
The Heralds trumpeted pen drive 
and my ribs fluttered like a 

1284
01:06:18,800 --> 01:06:21,300
quails. 
I will not pretend the cheering 

1285
01:06:21,300 --> 01:06:25,300
felt Noble ift terrified as 
though a roaring sea had broken 

1286
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:29,200
through the courtyard gate. 
So Kay whispered hold the sword 

1287
01:06:29,200 --> 01:06:30,800
higher brother, they need to see
you. 

1288
01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:35,500
My arm shook under the hill, 
surprising hefted, Excalibur, 

1289
01:06:35,500 --> 01:06:38,200
Merlin called it called the hard
bright. 

1290
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:41,600
Cleaver had, looked waitlist in 
the stone, but weeded it was 

1291
01:06:41,608 --> 01:06:43,400
equal to a plowshare in wet. 
Clay. 

1292
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:46,800
The sunlight ran down, the 
Fuller, the onlookers strained 

1293
01:06:46,800 --> 01:06:50,600
forward, hedge Knights, Inn 
patched male Sleek Barons whose 

1294
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:52,600
ring smelled of civet and 
Barefoot children. 

1295
01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:56,300
Craning between guard Shields. 
One could map the fractures in 

1296
01:06:56,300 --> 01:06:59,900
Britain by their faces angles 
tight-lipped beside downtrodden 

1297
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:03,500
Romano, British magistrates 
cimrai Hill Kings glaring at 

1298
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:05,800
northumbrian envoys. 
All of them. 

1299
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:08,500
Watched the orphan who had 
slipped a sword from an anvil. 

1300
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:13,300
When were the men could not? 
That first week passed in 

1301
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:17,200
parchment dust and the Clack of 
tally sticks, my new counselors 

1302
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:21,600
educated me, mercilessly grain 
levies were overdue in the Wye 

1303
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:23,600
Valley. 
Mercy on Raiders had burned, the

1304
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:26,700
monastery of ilford and the 
Royalton Winchester lacked 

1305
01:07:26,700 --> 01:07:30,500
silver for coin dies. 
I listened numb and what I spoke

1306
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:34,000
it was mostly to ask why, why 
did assault tax vary between 

1307
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:36,500
counties? 
Why did we tie the fish to Rome?

1308
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:39,300
When Rome was ashes? 
Each reason, produced new 

1309
01:07:39,300 --> 01:07:41,700
corridors of ignorance for me to
explore and Secret. 

1310
01:07:42,700 --> 01:07:46,500
Night brought no truce Merlin 
maddeningly Serene met me in the

1311
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:48,600
candle at library of the old, 
Roman Basilica. 

1312
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:53,300
He smelled of Pete's smoke and 
elderflower wine. the crown is a

1313
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,300
mask offer told me while 
aligning Dusty Scrolls about 

1314
01:07:56,300 --> 01:08:00,200
irrigation, Wear it too Loosely 
and it slips where it too 

1315
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:03,800
tightly and it blinds. 
I wanted instruction not 

1316
01:08:03,800 --> 01:08:06,300
metaphor but his lessons 
remained riddles. 

1317
01:08:06,300 --> 01:08:09,100
He had not taught me to retrieve
Excalibur for his Amusement. 

1318
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:11,700
He met me to retrieve a future. 
No one else. 

1319
01:08:11,700 --> 01:08:17,200
Dared picture sleep, refused me.
I lay in the Solar on wolfskin, 

1320
01:08:17,200 --> 01:08:19,800
blankets, listening to the wind 
whistle through Arrow. 

1321
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:22,800
Slits, revisiting the moment, 
the blade slid free. 

1322
01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:26,800
Scrap of metal echoed In My 
Memory, akin to a key 

1323
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:31,600
reluctantly unlocking, a locked 
childhood, my pulse quickened 

1324
01:08:31,600 --> 01:08:35,200
until his Dawn and with Dawn 
came fresh petitions, a widow 

1325
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:38,100
from gwent begged. 
Remission of Scottish a gaulish 

1326
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:40,500
Mason offered to rebuild the 
Roman Bridge inventor. 

1327
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:44,100
If I would guarantee free toll 
for pilgrims, I granted both 

1328
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:48,800
half from pity half because they
cost only my signature, On the 

1329
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:51,300
seventh day, I mounted a 
nervous, mayor and rode the 

1330
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:53,500
perimeter of care Leon's out of 
Palisade alone. 

1331
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:57,600
Frost clunked a dead bracket and
missed curled between apple 

1332
01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:00,399
stumps where Orchard had been 
raised for Siege Timbers. 

1333
01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:04,100
I thought this is my acreage of 
Sorrow to 10. 

1334
01:09:05,100 --> 01:09:09,000
Yet, I also saw promise Fields 
were spring barley could route 

1335
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:12,399
of giving peace, kills, that 
might fire roof tiles of 

1336
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:15,899
sling-stones. 
By the time, I reigned in the 

1337
01:09:15,899 --> 01:09:19,899
sun had melted the frost and to 
Silver rivets, hope I realized 

1338
01:09:19,899 --> 01:09:23,000
was a crop that required 
cultivation as deliberate as 

1339
01:09:23,008 --> 01:09:26,000
wheat. 
Before even song, I convened a 

1340
01:09:26,008 --> 01:09:29,800
rookie of blacksmiths scribes 
and two Abbotts who smelled of 

1341
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:32,500
Vellum glue. 
I invited them to be a good and 

1342
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:35,600
speak first Keen to hear 
sentences on clouded by flattery

1343
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:37,600
they were shocked into 
plainness. 

1344
01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:41,500
Smiths wanted charcoal quotas 
scribes wanted tariffs on 

1345
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:44,899
imported Papyrus lowered and 
abbots wanted safe conduct for 

1346
01:09:44,899 --> 01:09:46,300
pilgrims. 
I promised. 

1347
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,899
Nothing recorded everything. 
When the assembly disbanded. 

1348
01:09:49,899 --> 01:09:53,399
So Kay slapped my shoulder. 
You looked like a king. 

1349
01:09:53,399 --> 01:09:56,100
He lied. 
I felt more like a bucket 

1350
01:09:56,100 --> 01:09:57,900
catching leaks in a storm 
patched roof. 

1351
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:02,000
Still, that night is rain, drum.
The shutters I wrote a single 

1352
01:10:02,008 --> 01:10:04,500
line in my ledger, a throne is 
not a chair. 

1353
01:10:04,500 --> 01:10:07,500
But a question asked daily and 
that admission, finally, 

1354
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:10,300
understood what Merlin had 
meant, the mask must never 

1355
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:12,200
Harden. 
The wearer must keep adjusting 

1356
01:10:12,200 --> 01:10:14,200
the fit or risk seeing nothing 
at all. 

1357
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:17,700
By the time, the crows returned 
to the battlements. 

1358
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:19,500
I was ready to ask another 
question. 

1359
01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:23,700
What counts as smelled of damp 
wool, horse, sweat, and candle, 

1360
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,300
Greece hours, convened on a 
ridge of the veil of Dortmund, 

1361
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,600
where Saxon banners, glittered 
like rows of wet scales in the 

1362
01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:34,300
distance, Away and sketched 
deployment arcs with a charcoal 

1363
01:10:34,300 --> 01:10:36,900
on his bucklers inside archers 
here. 

1364
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,500
Heavy Spears there. 
Well lady Gwen wife are read out

1365
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:42,600
casualty projections from a 
carved tablet. 

1366
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:46,300
In that moment, I saw the 
Roundtable, not as Furniture, 

1367
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:50,600
but as an algebra variables 
shifting until valet equaled 

1368
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:53,300
Victory. 
With minimum unknowns, we fought

1369
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:56,000
at first light hoarfrost 
crunching under Greaves 

1370
01:10:56,000 --> 01:10:59,400
trumpets, blew a sour brassy 
note that made my teeth hurt. 

1371
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:03,800
I led calidad Cavalry Wing, 200 
destriers snorting Steam. 

1372
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:06,500
Garwaine, brilliant and 
Reckless. 

1373
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:10,200
Angled the Infantry Phalanx 15 
degrees off the expected axis, 

1374
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:14,700
the Saxons, misread the faint 
plunging into our kill pocket. 

1375
01:11:14,700 --> 01:11:16,500
Where marshy ground devoured 
their footing. 

1376
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:21,300
The real Slaughter though 
occurred at the Ford of barn K 

1377
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:24,600
blocked it with a shield wall 
three men thick forcing enemy 

1378
01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:27,700
cohorts East where our Slingers 
perched among Leaf, Fair olders.

1379
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,700
Stones whistled helmets, dented 
by noon. 

1380
01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:33,700
The river was pinkish yet 
Triumph. 

1381
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:36,500
Tasted metallic. 
I walked among the Fallen 

1382
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:40,000
wearing a surgeons Grimace. 
Instructing Squires to bind the 

1383
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:41,600
wounded regardless of 
Allegiance. 

1384
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:46,300
A captured Saxon boy. 
No older than 12 to spit at me 

1385
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,400
but produced only blood. 
Holding his gaze, I ordered 

1386
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,500
bandages. 
Mercy as harder than steel, it 

1387
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:54,500
resists temporary and bends 
toward for tea. 

1388
01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:57,100
My captain muttered. 
I was naive. 

1389
01:11:57,100 --> 01:12:00,400
I reminded them that a 
terrorized enemy often regroups 

1390
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:01,900
in the dark while a respected 
one. 

1391
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:05,900
Hesitates before we crossing the
border Afterward we quartered in

1392
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:07,800
a half ruined Roman Amphitheater
nearby. 

1393
01:12:08,800 --> 01:12:12,100
The curved seating became crude 
Barracks rain. 

1394
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:14,400
Filtered through collapsed, 
vaults pooling in the arena 

1395
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,000
where Gladiators once bled, 
under Imperial Applause. 

1396
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:21,000
I addressed the fighters from 
the old Emperor's box, what we 

1397
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:25,200
win in fear, we lose and Seasons
to come ruled by respect and we 

1398
01:12:25,208 --> 01:12:27,200
plant Hedges, and no sword can 
share. 

1399
01:12:28,200 --> 01:12:31,900
Some nodded some scoffed, but 
the words lodged like seeds. 

1400
01:12:32,600 --> 01:12:35,800
The campaign dragged into 
winter, we learned to move on 

1401
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:39,700
Frozen Ground, sledging supplies
on Oxnard. 

1402
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:45,100
Michaels cracked from the cold. 
The smell of pine pitch. 

1403
01:12:45,100 --> 01:12:50,700
Replaced blossom in my memory. 
on swirling like ghosts 

1404
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:54,800
feathers, I found Merlin Alone 
by a ruined Milestone reciting a

1405
01:12:54,800 --> 01:12:59,600
fragment of Virgil about 
husbandry Even Empires, he 

1406
01:12:59,600 --> 01:13:03,100
murdered begin as fences to keep
goats from eating winter, wheat.

1407
01:13:04,300 --> 01:13:07,000
I laughed despite for Teague, he
never preached. 

1408
01:13:07,000 --> 01:13:11,200
He implied. 
By Spring piece, chatter reached

1409
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:14,900
us from Saxon invoice. 
I drafted, terms on scrape, 

1410
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:18,700
sheepskin a boundary set at the 
Limestone Ridge, hostages 

1411
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:21,800
exchanged, but treated, as 
honored guests, an intermarriage

1412
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:25,600
encouraged to weld, Bloodlines 
Gawain bristled wanting a 

1413
01:13:25,600 --> 01:13:29,200
punitive March. 
When wife are ever pragmatic 

1414
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:32,300
pointed out, we lacked Surplus 
grain to feed Concord 

1415
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:35,800
households, the council split 
until I invoked the forwarding. 

1416
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,200
Seen how are Mercy had softened 
Saxon resolved? 

1417
01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:42,200
Reluctantly they consented 
signing. 

1418
01:13:42,200 --> 01:13:45,200
The treaty took place in a smoky
Timber Hall, north of the new 

1419
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:47,700
border. 
Both sides brought bars to 

1420
01:13:47,700 --> 01:13:51,600
witness a class, four arms with 
the eldrid, a war cautious, 

1421
01:13:51,600 --> 01:13:55,800
Alderman, whose bearded of mead 
he muttered, your sword could 

1422
01:13:55,800 --> 01:14:00,300
have drunk deeper I replied but 
your grandchildren will sit 

1423
01:14:00,300 --> 01:14:02,100
cider in Orchards. 
We did not burn. 

1424
01:14:02,900 --> 01:14:06,400
His belly laugh, rattled roof 
beams alliances sometimes 

1425
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:10,500
germinating unexpected, soil, in
the months after the veil of 

1426
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:14,100
Dortmund under truce, a 
requisition stonemasons to 

1427
01:14:14,100 --> 01:14:17,800
repair Weirs reopened, Roman 
calls ways and established a 

1428
01:14:17,800 --> 01:14:20,500
bilingual Toll House. 
Where Ernst while enemies 

1429
01:14:20,500 --> 01:14:23,400
haggled over Salt Lake using 
standardized counter stones. 

1430
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:28,500
Commerce often clenches, what 
diplomacy initiates seeing Saxon

1431
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:30,700
Traders bow to simeri Clark's 
over tariff. 

1432
01:14:30,700 --> 01:14:33,800
Receipts thrilled me as much as 
any martial cheer privately. 

1433
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:37,500
I wrestled nightmares. 
Blood slick reads dying boys 

1434
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:40,000
with accents. 
I barely understood and my crown

1435
01:14:40,008 --> 01:14:43,400
dipped in Gore. 
When Wi-Fi found me pacing 

1436
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:47,400
ramparts emerged prayer. 
I preferred ledgers I tallied 

1437
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:51,400
walk-offs lost plowshares 
orphaned stipends and forced the

1438
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:53,900
numbers to speak. 
They said moderation was cheaper

1439
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:55,500
than Triumph. 
They never lied. 

1440
01:14:56,600 --> 01:14:59,100
One damp morning while all over 
the quartermaster complained 

1441
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:02,700
about winding pitch reserves, a 
courier arrived bearing, a 

1442
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:06,000
wreath of rivers from hildred to
the king who Waters piece. 

1443
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:09,600
I pinned it in the council 
chamber about our campaign map. 

1444
01:15:09,600 --> 01:15:13,400
Some mocked The Rustic token, 
others touched it like a relic 

1445
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:15,800
for me. 
It represented both a reminder 

1446
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:19,200
that swords and battles and a 
recognition that agreements and 

1447
01:15:19,200 --> 01:15:21,300
Wars. 
Thus my second year of King ship

1448
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:22,900
closed, not with the coronation 
Feast. 

1449
01:15:22,900 --> 01:15:26,300
But with an accounting Ledger 
and a wreath, made by a former 

1450
01:15:26,300 --> 01:15:28,300
foe. 
I slept soundly that night for 

1451
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,200
the first time since lifting. 
The blade Camelot was never 

1452
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:33,800
marble. 
It was coarse Sandstone sweating

1453
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:36,500
like an scaffolding like old 
knees. 

1454
01:15:37,300 --> 01:15:39,900
Yet visitors entering its 
magnificent Hall, felt something

1455
01:15:39,900 --> 01:15:42,300
rare, the geometry of 
Fellowship. 

1456
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:46,300
Roundtables. 
Contrary to gossip are terrible 

1457
01:15:46,300 --> 01:15:48,400
for hierarchy and perfect for 
Candor. 

1458
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:52,500
My Smith's forged a 30-seat 
monster from Oak and riveted 

1459
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:56,000
iron bands. 
It smelled of resin and rain. 

1460
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:57,500
On the day, we slid it into 
place. 

1461
01:15:57,500 --> 01:16:00,500
The crack it made across the 
flagstones felt like a Nell 

1462
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:03,700
tolling for privilege. 
Within a month debates at that 

1463
01:16:03,708 --> 01:16:07,000
board range from Maritime 
tariffs to where the owls could 

1464
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:09,700
predict Frost. 
So better beer, sighted older 

1465
01:16:09,700 --> 01:16:13,300
ring thickness, charts Dame 
rianon cross checking dockets 

1466
01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:16,700
from Cornish ports. 
Laughter flared, daggers flashed

1467
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:20,200
into tabletops for emphasis but 
each voice found equal purchase 

1468
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:24,100
I learned to moderate like a 
choir Master Coke singing, 

1469
01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:28,900
Melody from opinion, Court 
politics, I discovered is less 

1470
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:31,100
duel. 
The duet the themes, offered 

1471
01:16:31,100 --> 01:16:34,500
Harmony is tested Discord 
resolved or Embrace as 

1472
01:16:34,500 --> 01:16:37,800
Counterpoint. 
Social experiments. 

1473
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:39,500
However, breed social 
consequences. 

1474
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:42,200
My parents grumbled that 
franklyn farmers. 

1475
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:44,100
Now supped alongside them during
Harvest. 

1476
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:48,300
Councils one sneered that 
peasant stank of manure a 

1477
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:50,800
replied sweetly. 
So does the Earth we all depend 

1478
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:54,100
on them? 
The rotor and Silent respect and

1479
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:58,000
Silent enemies soon. 
Anonymous leaflets with still 

1480
01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:01,000
tacky ink. 
Accused me of hobnobbing with 

1481
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:04,400
swine herds while. 
I neglected Noble Bloodlines I 

1482
01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:07,000
left the pamphlets tacked to 
gate-posts nothing. 

1483
01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:11,100
Defang slander like daylight 
Domestic alliances formed in 

1484
01:17:11,108 --> 01:17:14,200
subtler currents, when we first 
established a guild of 

1485
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:17,000
herbalists recruiting peasant 
women, whose willow bark 

1486
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:19,100
tinctures outperformed, monastic
leech. 

1487
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:23,100
Craft Knights wounded in jousts,
found themselves with policies, 

1488
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:26,000
prepared by hands. 
They want to dismissed heeling, 

1489
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:28,100
unlike War proved in different 
to pedigree. 

1490
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:31,800
Watching the queen, Neil beside 
a Tanner's daughter grinding. 

1491
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:35,400
Sage into Salve reminded me 
governance can bloom at ground 

1492
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,000
level evening's rippled with 
softer. 

1493
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:42,500
Intrigues minstrels sang Brett 
on lays jugglers toast iron 

1494
01:17:42,500 --> 01:17:45,300
apples, Lance Lot. 
Brighter on new steel. 

1495
01:17:45,300 --> 01:17:48,600
Let's sparring exhibitions that 
Drew appreciative gasps. 

1496
01:17:49,300 --> 01:17:51,400
Like admiration for him was a 
delicate balance. 

1497
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:56,200
I felt pride in having a fierce 
comrade, but also unease at the 

1498
01:17:56,208 --> 01:17:59,200
way when he files eyes Shone 
like Moonlight, when Lancelot 

1499
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:02,700
bowed I told myself trust is 
stronger than jealousy. 

1500
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:05,500
My heart argued. 
Otherwise and Sleepless, 

1501
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:09,200
Whispers, a commissioned a 
scriptorium hiring Greek 

1502
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:11,800
copyists formerly. 
Marooned in Exeter by piracy 

1503
01:18:11,800 --> 01:18:15,500
they illuminated legal codices, 
with Celadon, inks rendering 

1504
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:19,300
statutes, almost luminous, 
literacy rates, crept upward. 

1505
01:18:19,300 --> 01:18:22,600
The stewards demanded to read 
decrees rather than memorize 

1506
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,900
them. 
When a reef from Devon 

1507
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,500
petitioned, for the right to 
cite code, in a land dispute and

1508
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:32,300
one the cheers in the hall out, 
Sean, any tournament raw words? 

1509
01:18:32,300 --> 01:18:35,300
Became both weapons and Shields 
and every child who learned to 

1510
01:18:35,300 --> 01:18:39,800
actually in to wax inherited a 
small amount of power religion, 

1511
01:18:39,800 --> 01:18:44,000
that Restless Fox proud our Hen 
House, roams Emery's urged 

1512
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:47,800
higher ties, Druids insisted the
Spring Equinox, remain a feast 

1513
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:51,100
day. 
My compromise dual calendars 

1514
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:53,900
duel. 
The offering did not fully 

1515
01:18:53,900 --> 01:18:57,900
satisfy the sect, but they 
helped to prevent riots Unity. 

1516
01:18:57,900 --> 01:19:01,800
I learned is not homogeneity. 
It is The Artful overlap of 

1517
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,300
dissimilar circles. 
Berlin called it interlaced 

1518
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:09,100
sovereignty like Celtic knotwork
where strands Meat part and meet

1519
01:19:09,100 --> 01:19:12,100
again without severing. 
Still friction sparked. 

1520
01:19:12,100 --> 01:19:15,200
When a night struck a surface. 
Stepping on his cloak I hold the

1521
01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:18,400
offender before the round table 
and find him triple the annual 

1522
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,600
grain tribute. 
He collected Outrage reward. 

1523
01:19:21,600 --> 01:19:25,000
Among old families, peasants 
toasted inside a lofts. 

1524
01:19:25,300 --> 01:19:27,400
Justice though. 
Blind is rarely silent. 

1525
01:19:28,300 --> 01:19:30,700
Between crises, I sought quiet 
with Gwen with far in the 

1526
01:19:30,708 --> 01:19:33,600
orchard Courtyard where our 
first Apple crop dangled. 

1527
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:38,800
She confessed fear of plague 
Invasion and her childlessness. 

1528
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:43,300
I confessed fear of a kingdom 
boyed by my Charisma rather than

1529
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:47,200
structural strength. 
Charisma dies when she said, so 

1530
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:52,100
King's We resolved to embed 
redundancies delegate treasury 

1531
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:54,600
to 3 Coast stewards, rotate 
militia. 

1532
01:19:54,600 --> 01:19:56,900
Captain's quarterly and copy 
archives. 

1533
01:19:56,900 --> 01:20:00,500
Scrolls in triplicate, we 
decided to govern by scaffolding

1534
01:20:00,500 --> 01:20:04,700
not by personality one, Amber 
dusk Troubadours, rehearsed to 

1535
01:20:04,700 --> 01:20:10,000
Ballard calling me Rex, futura's
Once and Future King, the phrase

1536
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:11,600
sent a cold shiver along my 
spine. 

1537
01:20:11,600 --> 01:20:15,700
Legends petrified living men 
into symbols, symbols risk, 

1538
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,900
shattering under inquiry. 
I walked out before they could 

1539
01:20:18,900 --> 01:20:21,900
finish and spent the night in 
the Smithy helping shop and 

1540
01:20:21,900 --> 01:20:25,600
sides for Harvest. 
Volunteers Sparks bites sleeves 

1541
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,100
iron rang in my boneless. 
Real kingship. 

1542
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:32,200
I reminded myself smelled not of
incense, but of hot metal and 

1543
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:35,900
tough questions as Autumn fog. 
Muffled Camelot, I watched 

1544
01:20:35,900 --> 01:20:39,000
Raven's pinwheel over parapets 
they're called sounded like 

1545
01:20:39,008 --> 01:20:41,500
corals from a distance like 
council at close range. 

1546
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:45,200
I listened for patterns, hoping 
that amidst the cause and 

1547
01:20:45,200 --> 01:20:47,900
Council squabbles. 
I could still discern the rhythm

1548
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:51,200
of the realm chaotic diverse and
vibrant love. 

1549
01:20:51,200 --> 01:20:53,600
When braided with rulership 
phrase at stress points. 

1550
01:20:53,600 --> 01:20:56,800
I learned the truth, the Knight 
when we failed to return from 

1551
01:20:56,800 --> 01:21:00,300
Vespers Lantern in hand, I 
combed The Cloisters until dawn 

1552
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:01,900
finding only Footprints and 
Stone. 

1553
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:05,200
Cold beeswax. 
She reappeared at Sunrise cloak 

1554
01:21:05,200 --> 01:21:07,300
damp. 
Claiming prayer had carried her 

1555
01:21:07,300 --> 01:21:10,100
Beyond time. 
I believed her until a squire 

1556
01:21:10,100 --> 01:21:13,400
whispered of Lance Lots, horse 
in tethered, near the aqueduct 

1557
01:21:13,400 --> 01:21:16,000
ruins jealousy, can outpace any 
charger. 

1558
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:20,100
That morning, I presided over 
petitions with iron politeness 

1559
01:21:20,100 --> 01:21:23,700
that parchment edges. 
Shredded under my grip rumors 

1560
01:21:23,700 --> 01:21:27,400
possess a multi-faceted nature. 
A spilled cup in the refectory. 

1561
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:29,400
Became proof of an adulterous 
packed. 

1562
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:33,000
A misfiled stable roster, 
mutated into clandestine 

1563
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:35,800
Rendezvous. 
I addressed none directly hoping

1564
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:38,700
discretion. 
Might starve speculation and 

1565
01:21:38,700 --> 01:21:41,800
scared it. 
Lots a lot avoided my gaze 

1566
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:44,600
during Lance drills. 
Gwen Hwy Pharr busied herself in

1567
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:48,400
the herb garden. 
I is rimmed red Merlin sensing 

1568
01:21:48,400 --> 01:21:50,900
fracture suggested a pilgrimage 
to St. 

1569
01:21:50,900 --> 01:21:54,900
Albans, for conjugal, renewal I 
nearly laughed miracles of the 

1570
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:57,000
Sacred spring would not meant 
brittle. 

1571
01:21:57,000 --> 01:22:01,400
Trust War interrupted Scandal 
pictish, raids harried. 

1572
01:22:01,400 --> 01:22:04,900
Our Northern Garrison's, forcing
A muster at Hadrian's broken 

1573
01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:07,900
wall. 
In frigid drizzle. 

1574
01:22:07,900 --> 01:22:10,400
I marched alongside Lancelot 
sharing campfire. 

1575
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,800
Silence as men sharp and sea 
acts blades on the eve of 

1576
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:17,100
Engagement. 
He finally spoke My loyalty is 

1577
01:22:17,100 --> 01:22:20,400
yours whispered, his voice is 
Roar as peat smoke. 

1578
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:24,500
I wish he had said, affection or
even desire words that might 

1579
01:22:24,500 --> 01:22:26,600
name the shadow between us 
instead. 

1580
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:29,700
Loyalty that slippery, coin, 
rolled into darkness. 

1581
01:22:30,600 --> 01:22:34,500
Battle against the picks. 
Proved brutal that brief the 

1582
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:36,700
skirmishes scattered. 
After our heavy horse, flanked 

1583
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:39,500
them through Misty Birch copses,
the victory. 

1584
01:22:39,500 --> 01:22:42,100
Did not leave the emotions on 
return. 

1585
01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:44,300
I found Gwen wife are pale and 
fevered. 

1586
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:46,700
She had miscarried a secret 
child. 

1587
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:51,000
I'd never known she carried 
grief, welded us strangely, wept

1588
01:22:51,000 --> 01:22:53,800
together beneath quilts, while 
rain scratched, the shutters 

1589
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:57,400
like quills scripting tragedy 
Suspicion for a while. 

1590
01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:00,900
Drowned beneath shared loss. 
Caught however has no patience 

1591
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:03,808
for the private morning. 
Accuses soon, hissed that the 

1592
01:23:03,816 --> 01:23:07,900
Lost Bay bore not Pendragon 
blood, but lancelots inferior. 

1593
01:23:07,900 --> 01:23:10,800
I convened, a closed. 
Tribunal Gawain Morgan and 

1594
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:13,500
Damian Rhiannon as a 
adjudicators evidence. 

1595
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:17,600
Proved vaporous testimony 
colored by Envy the panel. 

1596
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,300
Dismissed charges yet. 
Acquittal cannot erase 

1597
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,200
insinuation. 
Lancelot requested leave for 

1598
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:27,300
solitary Penance Gwen, heifer, 
prayed daily in the Chapel's 

1599
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:29,900
darkest Niche. 
A hairline crack in the kingdoms

1600
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:33,900
Foundation, spread like frost 
under paint politics sensed 

1601
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:37,400
weakness Mordred, my nephew, 
fostered at court began, 

1602
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:41,400
cultivating malcontents, 
dispossessed, Barons and debt, 

1603
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:45,400
burden, Merchants his rhetoric 
skewered, my galatian reforms 

1604
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:50,400
Arthur feeds peasant's Stars 
chivalry, Listening from behind 

1605
01:23:50,400 --> 01:23:52,800
a tapestry. 
I recognized hunger in his tone 

1606
01:23:52,800 --> 01:23:56,900
not for justice, but for my 
Throne betrayal by Blood weighed

1607
01:23:56,900 --> 01:23:59,300
heavier than adultery is Rumer 
yet. 

1608
01:23:59,300 --> 01:24:02,400
I hesitated public reprimand 
might matter him. 

1609
01:24:03,100 --> 01:24:06,300
I saw Merlin's council at 
midnight under a sky braised by 

1610
01:24:06,300 --> 01:24:09,100
Aurora. 
Traced constellations in the 

1611
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:12,400
frost on the parapet. 
A king must prune to save the 

1612
01:24:12,408 --> 01:24:14,900
orchard. 
He said, but not all blossoms. 

1613
01:24:14,900 --> 01:24:19,400
You several weeds his riddles, 
once Charming now, exhausted me.

1614
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:23,800
He snapped speak by our speak 
plainly touched my shoulder 

1615
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:27,200
weightless, pitying. 
Find the true root. 

1616
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:30,400
He answered or rot will claim, 
trunk, and fruit alike. 

1617
01:24:31,800 --> 01:24:34,200
The next day I ordered a 
tournament to channel courtly 

1618
01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:38,300
aggression jousts, clanged 
banners snapped and the populace

1619
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:42,400
roared approval, Lancelot newly 
returned unseated, every 

1620
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:46,300
Challenger until only Mordred 
remained Their final pass ended 

1621
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:49,100
in a splintering collision 
Mordred toppled. 

1622
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:52,300
Lance buried in Turf, cheers 
erupted. 

1623
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:56,100
But Mordred, Rose grinning blood
on his lip, behold your 

1624
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:58,400
Champion. 
He called to the stands, friend,

1625
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:02,800
to Queen and King alike. 
Claus faltered suspicion. 

1626
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:05,400
Rekindled the acclaimed seemed 
to Exile. 

1627
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:07,600
Lance a lot as he bowed stiffly 
and left the field. 

1628
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,400
That evening, I stared into a 
silver base in watching, 

1629
01:25:11,400 --> 01:25:14,200
Torchlight Ripple across water, 
like molten doubt. 

1630
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:17,900
Choices presented themselves 
like Duelists exposed the 

1631
01:25:17,908 --> 01:25:19,700
affair. 
And risks civil fracture 

1632
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:23,800
swallow, pride, and risk, moral,
Decay or punished rumor and risk

1633
01:25:23,800 --> 01:25:26,900
tyranny. 
None felt Royal all felt human 

1634
01:25:26,900 --> 01:25:30,600
in the end, I chose delay 
believe in time, could cauterize

1635
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:33,100
wounds history, would call that 
indecision. 

1636
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:37,400
Yet in that moment. 
I was still the boy of 17 a 

1637
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:39,900
crown too big calculating that 
love. 

1638
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:43,200
Even bruised was lighter to Bear
than bloodshed. 

1639
01:25:44,100 --> 01:25:46,900
I clasped the circlet 
straighten, my spine and 

1640
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:49,700
prepared for whatever Scabbard 
Destiny would draw next. 

1641
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:52,600
Not every Saga of rule is 
wrought in steel. 

1642
01:25:52,600 --> 01:25:56,600
Many unfold in Bali, Three 
Summers after the picture 

1643
01:25:56,600 --> 01:25:58,600
Shepherd. 
Drought crisped the middellandse

1644
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:02,500
streams shrank to Pebble 
staircases and sheep nibbled 

1645
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:05,600
dust. 
My Granary ledgers played red 

1646
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:08,000
ink. 
Famine is a slower blade than 

1647
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,000
war that kills ass. 
Surely I summoned economists 

1648
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:14,000
though, we lack that word for 
emergency Council. 

1649
01:26:15,100 --> 01:26:18,500
Wayne pragmatic as ever, but 
Vice season Surplus from 

1650
01:26:18,500 --> 01:26:22,400
hoarding, Barons, when wife are 
proposed seed Grant and communal

1651
01:26:22,400 --> 01:26:26,800
Mills Lancelot recently returned
from self-imposed Exile offered 

1652
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:30,700
to a skort relief. 
Convoys amid logistical, 

1653
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:34,700
squabbling among named Galion 
arrived, bearing Tales of a 

1654
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:37,100
relic. 
A chalice reputed to refill in 

1655
01:26:37,100 --> 01:26:40,900
exhaustively a Grail. 
He claimed it lay hidden in the 

1656
01:26:40,908 --> 01:26:43,300
ruined Valley of Anar guarded by
faith. 

1657
01:26:43,300 --> 01:26:47,300
Rather than fortification hungry
people, overhearing seized upon 

1658
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:49,700
myth. 
The way parched lips cling to 

1659
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:53,600
Dream Water soon, pilgrims 
clogged Crossroads, abandoning 

1660
01:26:53,600 --> 01:26:57,300
plows and Plumb lines to search.
Holy gullies grain yields 

1661
01:26:57,300 --> 01:27:00,900
plummeted further. 
I recognize danger, scarcity 

1662
01:27:00,900 --> 01:27:04,700
breeds credulity credulity 
baguettes chaos yet. 

1663
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:06,300
I also recognize narrative 
power. 

1664
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:10,100
Merlin once said, stories are 
scaffolds humans climb to reach 

1665
01:27:10,108 --> 01:27:12,100
outcomes. 
Reason alone cannot fetch. 

1666
01:27:12,700 --> 01:27:16,600
So I sanctioned and exploratory 
Quest not to chase Miracles but 

1667
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:20,400
to restore Focus. 
Lancelot would lead Galion would

1668
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:24,100
guide I would underwrite 
supplies behind closed doors. 

1669
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:29,300
I told them returned with truth.
Knot Talisman truth sells dear 

1670
01:27:29,300 --> 01:27:32,200
in famine, they departed in 
Midsomer. 

1671
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:34,700
While I remained to wrestle Fred
sheets of oats versus 

1672
01:27:34,700 --> 01:27:37,200
population. 
A dispatched Riders to 

1673
01:27:37,200 --> 01:27:40,500
confiscate hordes at Cost Plus 
10% a fair premium. 

1674
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:46,200
Barons bought Kane, forced 
wagons rolled at night. 

1675
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:49,300
I walked in cognito through 
Village alehouses, listening to 

1676
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:51,800
Whispers some cursed me as a 
grain Thief. 

1677
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:55,200
Others blessed me for flatbread,
still warm in Ash Evans 

1678
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:58,000
approval, I learned is never 
unanimous. 

1679
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:02,600
Effective policy, quarts, equal.
Praise and scorned. 

1680
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:04,400
When were organized spinning 
circles? 

1681
01:28:04,400 --> 01:28:08,500
Where Idols produced in to 
trade, for imported Rye, The 

1682
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:10,400
queen who wants orchestrated 
loot recitals. 

1683
01:28:10,400 --> 01:28:13,000
Now Bartow kids, thread counts 
against yield. 

1684
01:28:14,500 --> 01:28:16,800
Her eyes, lost some brightness, 
but gained steadiness 

1685
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:19,400
partnership. 
We discovered a new could 

1686
01:28:19,400 --> 01:28:22,500
transcend Romance. 
In Autumn requesting party 

1687
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:25,800
returned, gaunt, Mud Street and 
empty-handed. 

1688
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:29,000
They found no Grail. 
Instead they discovered a 

1689
01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:32,000
collapsed Monastery Library 
where architectural fragments 

1690
01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:35,100
indicated that Roman aqueduct 
channels had rerouted spring 

1691
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:37,600
water underground Galleon. 
Wept. 

1692
01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:40,700
His faith. 
Cracked Lancelot knelt. 

1693
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:46,400
Slab of marble etched with Latin
reading Aqueduct of Vivica drawn

1694
01:28:46,400 --> 01:28:48,600
water. 
Brings life was prophet before 

1695
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:51,100
me. 
We found an engineering Marvel. 

1696
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:56,200
He murdered not a miracle. 
I hugged him publicly declaring 

1697
01:28:56,200 --> 01:28:58,700
the inscription, a holy message,
directing us to practical 

1698
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:02,900
salvation We mobilize Masons to 
rehabilitate those Subterranean 

1699
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:05,700
channels. 
When water surface, again in 

1700
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:08,600
frosted Fields, gallery and 
proclaimed, its signing up 

1701
01:29:08,608 --> 01:29:12,700
pilgrims return to plows barley 
germinated in resurrected soil, 

1702
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:17,000
famine abated, not by chalice, 
but by Limestone, leveraged and 

1703
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:20,100
labor, still barred sang of a 
Grail uncovered. 

1704
01:29:20,100 --> 01:29:23,000
Hope prefers cup imagery to 
culverts. 

1705
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:27,600
I let the myths stand. 
People sleep easier, believing 

1706
01:29:27,600 --> 01:29:29,800
Providence favored them. 
Let them dream. 

1707
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:32,900
The grain crisis taught me 
economy. 

1708
01:29:32,900 --> 01:29:36,100
Nomics is theology wrapped in 
numbers to feed bodies. 

1709
01:29:36,100 --> 01:29:40,000
We must first feed belief belief
that tomorrow's loaf exists 

1710
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:43,400
without that Trust coin Hoards 
Vault upward like drawbridges 

1711
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:47,200
cutting off circulation, the 
Roundtable issued, the first 

1712
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:51,000
bred depository notes parchment.
Chits guaranteeing a fixed 

1713
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:54,400
rational redeemable in any 
County Granary some Scholars 

1714
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:58,200
called it, Proto currency, 
peasants called it Arthur's word

1715
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:02,300
in either tongue famine loosened
its grip during the Harvest 

1716
01:30:02,300 --> 01:30:04,000
Festival. 
I addressed the gathered throng 

1717
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:08,100
beneath bundled Chiefs stacked 
like copper obelisks The Grail, 

1718
01:30:08,100 --> 01:30:11,600
we sought I said, proved to be 
the will to work together. 

1719
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,200
Optical grunts mixed with cheers
but I sensed a new tone in the 

1720
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:18,700
crowd. 
A spark of Civic confidence. 

1721
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:22,900
Legends, may spark action yet 
outcomes, a rooted in the 

1722
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:25,300
tangible. 
My realm learned that year how 

1723
01:30:25,300 --> 01:30:28,400
infrastructure can mask a 
miracle if narrated properly. 

1724
01:30:29,600 --> 01:30:32,500
When the Revels subsided Gwen 
heifer and I walked the orchard 

1725
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:36,000
path under lanterns, we spoke no
word of Lance Lot or 

1726
01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:38,900
miscarriage. 
Only of next year's seed strains

1727
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:40,900
and the color of dawn on 
ripening grain. 

1728
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:44,000
We discovered that piece was as 
quotidian and delicate. 

1729
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:48,400
A spider silk woven across plow 
farrows easily broken readily 

1730
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:52,000
and In my journal. 
I recorded the observation that 

1731
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,300
a king is half Granary Clark and
half Storyteller forget either 

1732
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:58,600
half and the kingdom, starves 
Merlin later, read the line 

1733
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:01,700
chuckled and pronounced it. 
The truest magic I would ever 

1734
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:05,800
wield Prosperity irritates 
complacent adversaries, five 

1735
01:31:05,800 --> 01:31:07,900
Winters after the drought Norse 
long ships. 

1736
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:11,700
Knifed into 7 Esters, 
discouraging Warriors, armored 

1737
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:15,300
in Bear, pelts, their raids 
threatened our trade arteries, I

1738
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:19,200
mobilized a coalition similar 
Slingers, anglian Bowman, and 

1739
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:23,100
Saxon auxiliaries Bound by the 
old Dortmund treaty even more 

1740
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:27,300
dried aging into statement, like
gravity, pledged spearmen, our 

1741
01:31:27,300 --> 01:31:30,000
muster at different Club was the
largest Britain had seen in 

1742
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:31,900
generation's on the eve of 
battle. 

1743
01:31:31,900 --> 01:31:34,300
A red storm, birth Thunderhead 
anvils. 

1744
01:31:34,300 --> 01:31:37,700
That blotted out Stars 
superstitious murmurs surged. 

1745
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:41,200
I can the Army around Beacon 
fires and spoke not of divine 

1746
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:45,000
mandate, but of shared markets, 
shared marriages and shared 

1747
01:31:45,000 --> 01:31:49,700
bread, who here eats Grain Mill 
Beyond his Parish hands Rose who

1748
01:31:50,000 --> 01:31:52,700
drinks cider pressed by folk 
with foreign grandmothers. 

1749
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,300
More hands. 
Then you already fight to get 

1750
01:31:56,300 --> 01:31:59,300
together every Harvest tomorrow.
Only formalizes, what you 

1751
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:01,400
practice silence? 
The thoughtful. 

1752
01:32:01,400 --> 01:32:05,200
One answered combat exploded. 
At dawn Norse, Berserkers 

1753
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,100
bellowed under horn blasts, 
rushing our Vanguard like River 

1754
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:10,300
ice. 
My Center buckled. 

1755
01:32:10,300 --> 01:32:13,900
I wrote the perimeter rallying 
foot arches into wedge formation

1756
01:32:13,900 --> 01:32:17,300
of are redirected reserves 
through Willow scrubbed flank 

1757
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:20,200
their Shield wall. 
The rain slicked, the Helms and 

1758
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:22,800
the clay sucked, the boots, I 
witnessed death up. 

1759
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:25,800
Close a flute Voice page 
skewered through lungs. 

1760
01:32:25,800 --> 01:32:29,800
A pictish mercenary slipping on 
entrails and a priest clutching,

1761
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:31,500
a splintered crucifix, like a 
cudgel. 

1762
01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:34,300
Wars. 
Indiscriminate appetite never 

1763
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:37,700
altered mid melee. 
I locked eyes with the North. 

1764
01:32:37,700 --> 01:32:40,500
Yale. 
A giant crowned by a raven Helm.

1765
01:32:40,500 --> 01:32:45,200
He charged excretion against my 
shield, driving me backwards 

1766
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:48,900
until X Caliber caught the half 
and sheered it spark showered, 

1767
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:53,800
his helmed exposing startled, 
blue irises, Before I could 

1768
01:32:53,800 --> 01:32:58,200
finish a Saxon Ally into the 
spear thrust, the Yale fell 

1769
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:02,200
victory, pivoted in that flicker
a coalition's blade saving a 

1770
01:33:02,208 --> 01:33:05,900
king who wants viewed. 
Saxon's only, as for men, irony 

1771
01:33:05,900 --> 01:33:10,100
tastes metallic indeed by dusk 
surviving enemies fled toward 

1772
01:33:10,100 --> 01:33:12,600
the surf, leaving behind a 
silence filled with death. 

1773
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:18,600
Our deadliest, no regard for 
ethnicity, just Stillness I 

1774
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:22,100
ordered a shared burial mound. 
No segregation by tribe and 

1775
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:24,300
inscribed a lintel. 
They so defense. 

1776
01:33:24,300 --> 01:33:26,800
We reap tomorrow. 
Some scoffed at the 

1777
01:33:26,800 --> 01:33:30,000
sentimentality yet, I needed 
living Minds to remember costs 

1778
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:34,000
that night huddled under rain. 
Patched canvas, I felt an old 

1779
01:33:34,008 --> 01:33:38,500
wound near my ribs throb like a 
metronome Gwen heifer sat beside

1780
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:41,700
me her hand. 
Steadying the poultice we said, 

1781
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:44,000
little understanding 
conversation would garnish 

1782
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:47,800
exhaustion with regret. 
Help Beyond tent walls, Bard's 

1783
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:50,500
tuned Liars, to rev Victory into
oral tapestry. 

1784
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:54,900
Before grief cooled, Legend 
Works fastest on Fresh blood 

1785
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:59,500
Mordred approached at dawn 
helmet under arm expression, 

1786
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:01,900
unreadable, He congratulated me 
yet. 

1787
01:34:01,900 --> 01:34:06,300
Something in his posture, two 
straight to silent troubled me. 

1788
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:10,000
Rumor later whispered he covered
in the admiration by Battlefield

1789
01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:12,600
survival commanded. 
I made a mental note. 

1790
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:16,300
What the nephew who smile 
revealed more teeth than warmth.

1791
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:19,300
We returned to Camelot trailing 
wagons of wounded. 

1792
01:34:19,300 --> 01:34:23,200
Cheers greeted us, but is 
quickly flick to casualty karts 

1793
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:28,400
age rapidly when widows count, 
absence of fortnite of morning 

1794
01:34:28,400 --> 01:34:31,300
before any celebration, and the 
court accepted this decision, 

1795
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:33,900
however, Merchants were 
concerned about the potential 

1796
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:36,300
loss of Revenue. 
And Council. 

1797
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:38,400
We moved to fortify Sue woori 
beacons. 

1798
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:41,500
Create River, patrols and 
negotiate neutrality packs with 

1799
01:34:41,500 --> 01:34:45,400
Danish settlements. 
Strategy matured not conquer but

1800
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:49,400
discourage the Kingdom's fabric.
Now, densely woven discouraged, 

1801
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:53,200
single thread, repairs Weeks 
Later, Merlin gaunt, coffrin 

1802
01:34:53,200 --> 01:34:56,400
visited, my solar and traced 
campaign maps with a shaking 

1803
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:59,100
finger pronouncing, the realm 
near its in it. 

1804
01:34:59,108 --> 01:35:04,500
I asked what follows zenith He 
answered Shadow and less 

1805
01:35:04,500 --> 01:35:06,300
vigilance berms like a second 
Dawn. 

1806
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:09,800
He then placed a raven feather 
on my desk Ravens. 

1807
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:14,000
Remember kindness, but Feast on 
complacency, he said to parting 

1808
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:17,600
before I frame to response. 
I stared long at that feather. 

1809
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:21,800
Had complacency already nested 
in my accounts for Mordred 

1810
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:24,000
stiff. 
Congratulations, repay played 

1811
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:26,300
Gwen wife files, lingering 
sadness. 

1812
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:29,100
Remained unresolved Lance Lots 
royalty. 

1813
01:35:29,100 --> 01:35:31,700
Persisted yet felt fragile 
Victory. 

1814
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:35,300
Paradoxical highlighted, the 
fractures that success at only 

1815
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:38,600
partially sealed. 
Victory, similar to forge steel 

1816
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:41,300
is hard yet susceptible to hit 
in cracks caused by the 

1817
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,100
quenching process. 
Still, I slept that night 

1818
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:48,000
content that the realm endured 
on the window, ledge, The Raven 

1819
01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:51,800
feather, quivered in the breeze.
I dreamed I planted it in soil 

1820
01:35:51,808 --> 01:35:55,300
and it sprouted into a black 
leaf tree, casting complicated 

1821
01:35:55,300 --> 01:35:58,100
shade. 
When I woke Dawn pulled gold on 

1822
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:01,000
the horizon in different yet 
generous the kingdom. 

1823
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:03,100
Breathed. 
For now, peace unraveled. 

1824
01:36:03,100 --> 01:36:05,900
Three years later, not by 
Foreign sale but by domestic 

1825
01:36:05,900 --> 01:36:09,300
ambition Mordred bolstered by 
disaffected Nobles. 

1826
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:11,900
And Whispers of my failing 
Vigor, declared the realm should

1827
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:16,100
move from sentimental roundness 
to firm, straight lines, his 

1828
01:36:16,100 --> 01:36:19,700
manifestos, crisp, Vellum, 
Goulding, cried my tolerance as 

1829
01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:23,500
weakness and my mixed councils 
as Corruption of lineage older 

1830
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:27,600
Knights Shrugged younger 
captains listened momentum tilts

1831
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,100
kingdoms. 
I confronted Mordred in the 

1832
01:36:30,108 --> 01:36:33,100
council Hall. 
The air smelled of damp rushes 

1833
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:37,000
and allowed succession law. 
Claiming pain Dragon blood in 

1834
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,700
title him to Regency while I 
convalesced from Battle for 

1835
01:36:40,700 --> 01:36:43,600
Teague. 
By Angus and my voice leading me

1836
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:47,100
to label him as an oathbreaker. 
Yet, I hesitated to order an 

1837
01:36:47,100 --> 01:36:50,000
arrest family, impressive and 
Tangled my judgment. 

1838
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:53,500
That hesitation granted him 
Nightfall to abnormal North with

1839
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:56,400
300 Lancers. 
The treasuries reserve gold and 

1840
01:36:56,400 --> 01:37:00,000
a captive. 
When wife are The pursuit 

1841
01:37:00,000 --> 01:37:02,100
culminated at Cameron's, missed 
shrouded. 

1842
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:04,200
Plane. 
The rain fell heavily. 

1843
01:37:04,200 --> 01:37:08,200
Our armies formed up under a 
slate Sky, transforming, the 

1844
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:11,900
round table ideal into a 
geometric horror before the 

1845
01:37:11,900 --> 01:37:14,400
charge. 
I attempted parlay, I offered 

1846
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:17,400
Exile and a stipend in armorica 
Mordred. 

1847
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:21,300
Laughed calling me a relic. 
We clashed battle consumed 

1848
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:25,000
vision and hearing until only 
pulse remained I found Mordred 

1849
01:37:25,000 --> 01:37:26,900
amid. 
Breyer thickets red plume 

1850
01:37:26,900 --> 01:37:31,900
soaked, words fail sword, spoke 
his style mirrored mine tempered

1851
01:37:31,900 --> 01:37:34,900
by resentment. 
We traded blows until Excalibur 

1852
01:37:34,900 --> 01:37:38,000
cleaved his shield. 
He lunged at me wielding iron, 

1853
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:42,300
in both fists and stabbed my 
thigh pain detonated by my eyes,

1854
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:46,500
but I pivoted Excalibur upward 
into his queer ass the sword 

1855
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:50,000
Lodge in bone, his breath exited
like extinguished Bellows. 

1856
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:54,500
He whispered round ends here, 
then collapsed pulling my 

1857
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:58,400
balance with him, I tore the 
Blade free but I staggered as my

1858
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:01,800
thigh wound. 
Gushed warmth into the mud chaos

1859
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:05,900
ebbed by dusk. 
Both armies leaderless with Drew

1860
01:38:05,900 --> 01:38:09,400
in wounded whimpers. 
I lay under thorny Hawthorne 

1861
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:13,500
rain stinging, the wound Gwen 
Wi-Fi found the hours later 

1862
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:17,100
face, streaked with Ash You 
pressed linen tears. 

1863
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:19,600
Mixing with blood like blurred 
her voice. 

1864
01:38:19,600 --> 01:38:22,900
Sounded like surf on a distant 
Shore I felt softness. 

1865
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:27,100
Perhaps lancelot's cloak, cover 
me someone wept the old Bretton 

1866
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:28,600
lament reserved for Harvest 
deaths. 

1867
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:32,900
They fered me to Avalon's marshy
aisle accompanied by Merlin and 

1868
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:36,400
three cloaked priestesses night,
herons shrieked overhead. 

1869
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:39,100
In a Reid. 
Roofed hospice. 

1870
01:38:39,100 --> 01:38:43,200
I hovered between sleep and Echo
Merlin mermaid Kings. 

1871
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,100
Do not die. 
They redistributed into stories.

1872
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:50,300
I wanted to ask about grain 
reserves and treaty renewal 

1873
01:38:50,300 --> 01:38:55,100
mundane legacies that speak 
faltered when we first squeezed 

1874
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:59,600
my hand, the first uncomplicated
gesturing Year's adorned Hayes. 

1875
01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:03,600
I instructed bed of to return 
exact twice. 

1876
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:07,800
He bought unwilling to discard 
Legend the third time. 

1877
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:10,900
He hurled the blade into the 
Mist, a silver army. 

1878
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,900
They say Rose to clean it. 
I never witnessed it yet. 

1879
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,600
I believe some objects deserve 
Mythic custody once human hands,

1880
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:22,200
exhaust them. 
Breathe in a recalled frost on 

1881
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:25,400
my first Crown morning. 
The wreath of reads from Eldred.

1882
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:29,000
The grain, vouchers children, 
scribbling letters Saxon 

1883
01:39:29,000 --> 01:39:32,800
Traders, bowing at toll House's 
when wife's herb Gilbert and 

1884
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,800
Lance Lot spearing on Mordred 
Shield, none of it is perfect 

1885
01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:39,800
with all of it is real. 
I hope to history would keep it 

1886
01:39:39,800 --> 01:39:43,800
at least fragments intact as the
sky like brightened, a released 

1887
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:47,800
when we fast fingers, kissed, my
temple murmuring, forgiveness, 

1888
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:51,200
neither of us, fully understood 
Merlin whispered, the final 

1889
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:56,000
riddle The Once and Future King,
not a promise of bodily return, 

1890
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:59,000
but a warning that any 
generation may need to wear 

1891
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:00,400
responsibility in. 
You. 

1892
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:04,500
I exhaled tasting Apple Blossom 
carried on a salt Breeze. 

1893
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:08,700
When Consciousness lifted, I saw
not Gates of paradise but a vast

1894
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:12,000
Round Table of faceless figures 
debating drought relief and 

1895
01:40:12,000 --> 01:40:14,200
treaty clauses. 
I smiled. 

1896
01:40:14,200 --> 01:40:19,100
Work continues. 
The vision receded silence 

1897
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:22,800
arrived. 
Coda Chronicle of The Ledger 

1898
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:24,800
King monks. 
Who recorded the camera and ruin

1899
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:28,400
would later puzzle over the 
scarcity of gold loot Gwen. 

1900
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:31,200
Heifer, had secretly donated 
treasury bars to rebuild the 

1901
01:40:31,208 --> 01:40:35,000
hamlets that had been displayed 
Lancelot vanished into Hermitage

1902
01:40:35,000 --> 01:40:39,200
copying agricultural treaties 
for posterity the round table 

1903
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:42,500
burned in a later seed, yet, 
charcoal shards, discovered 

1904
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,800
centuries later, or scratches of
early property. 

1905
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:49,100
Law Legends took shape in other 
places transforming, my identity

1906
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:51,900
into a romantic ideal that is 
acceptable. 

1907
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:56,400
Let's songbirds have the shiny 
fragments while archivists hold 

1908
01:40:56,400 --> 01:40:59,700
the ledgers. 
If you ambitious seek and from 

1909
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:03,800
my experience consider this King
ship parenting project 

1910
01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:06,900
management, marriage and 
citizenship all require a 

1911
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:10,600
similar approaches unlocked 
center of gravity forward. 

1912
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:12,500
One question. 
Always ahead. 

1913
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,400
What does the next Dawn? 
Require ask you to each morning 

1914
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,900
crown or no crown? 
Then lift, whatever sword Ledger

1915
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:22,900
or Ladle, the work demands. 
And remember grain sometimes 

1916
01:41:22,900 --> 01:41:28,800
matters more than Grails. 
Margaret Holloway had always 

1917
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:31,700
prided herself on being the sort
of person who read instruction 

1918
01:41:31,700 --> 01:41:34,200
manuals. 
Particularly for toasters her 

1919
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:37,100
insurance company continued to 
mention the incident from 19 

1920
01:41:37,100 --> 01:41:39,200
years ago in hushed, traumatized
tones. 

1921
01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:42,500
So, when she inherited her, 
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar

1922
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,200
collection of antiques, 
including what appeared to be a 

1923
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:48,400
medieval asteroid made of 
suspiciously, modern materials. 

1924
01:41:48,400 --> 01:41:51,500
She naturally assumed there 
would be documentation there 

1925
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:54,300
wasnt. 
What there was tucked by the 

1926
01:41:54,300 --> 01:41:56,900
device like a guilty. 
After thought was a Post-It, 

1927
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,100
note reading don't touch the 
blue bits when Mercury is in 

1928
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:02,000
retrograde. 
M. 

1929
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:05,700
Margaret, who possessed both the
master's degree in library 

1930
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:09,200
science and a healthy skepticism
toward astrological nonsense 

1931
01:42:09,200 --> 01:42:12,300
promptly touched the blue bits. 
It was Tuesday morning. 

1932
01:42:12,300 --> 01:42:15,100
She had already dealt with three
passive, aggressive emails from 

1933
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:18,600
her supervisor and Mercury. 
Could frankly retrograde itself 

1934
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:22,700
into the Sun, for all she cared,
The astrolabe hummed, this was 

1935
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:24,200
Margaret's first indication 
that. 

1936
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:26,500
Perhaps great aren't Millicent. 
Had been more eccentric than 

1937
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:29,700
previously documented. 
The second indication, was the 

1938
01:42:29,700 --> 01:42:33,100
way her kitchen began folding 
itself, inside out, like origami

1939
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:36,300
designed by a mathematician, 
having an existential crisis. 

1940
01:42:36,300 --> 01:42:39,300
Oh, bollocks. 
And Margaret have said, which 

1941
01:42:39,300 --> 01:42:41,800
were destined to be the last 
word spoken in her ranch style 

1942
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:45,000
home in Suburban, Ohio for 
approximately 700 years. 

1943
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:49,200
The world transformed into a 
pretzel, infused with Cosmic 

1944
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:52,800
salt and offered itself to the 
universe accompanied by temporal

1945
01:42:52,800 --> 01:42:56,000
displacement. 
Margaret found herself lying 

1946
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:59,000
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

1947
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:02,000
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

1948
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:05,300
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered, she was wearing a 

1949
01:43:05,300 --> 01:43:07,200
brown woman dressed that itched 
in places. 

1950
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:09,700
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible. 

1951
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:11,300
Flats have been replaced by 
leather. 

1952
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:13,800
Things that appeared to have 
been crafted by someone who had 

1953
01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:16,100
only heard Footwear described 
second hand. 

1954
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:20,200
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

1955
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:23,100
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

1956
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:24,800
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

1957
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:28,300
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

1958
01:43:28,300 --> 01:43:32,100
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman named chamber pot from a

1959
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:34,600
second story window with the 
practice of someone who had 

1960
01:43:34,608 --> 01:43:38,100
clearly done this before. 
Children played in the dirt with

1961
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:39,500
sticks. 
Apparently. 

1962
01:43:39,500 --> 01:43:43,200
Finding the activity, the height
of entertainment Margaret, sat 

1963
01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:46,300
up slowly her librarian, 
instincts immediately, 

1964
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:49,300
cataloging the historical, 
inconsistencies, the 

1965
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:51,400
architecture was wrong for any 
specific period. 

1966
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:54,900
She could identify Clothing was 
a mixture of styles. 

1967
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,600
Spanning roughly three centuries
was the man over there wearing 

1968
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:00,300
what appeared to be a digital 
watch. 

1969
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:04,400
Is this your first time last a 
voice behind her Margaret turned

1970
01:44:04,400 --> 01:44:07,300
to find a woman in her 50s. 
Wearing robes that managed to 

1971
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,200
look both authentically medieval
and suspiciously. 

1972
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,800
Well tailored a smile was 
knowing and her teeth were far 

1973
01:44:13,800 --> 01:44:16,200
too straight for someone living 
in the pre-deal dental era. 

1974
01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:20,000
May ask for your. 
Pardon Margaret asked, Margaret 

1975
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:22,900
asked, then immediately 
regretted it in her experience. 

1976
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,500
Baking anyone's. 
Pardon in an unfamiliar 

1977
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:29,700
situation, typically led to 
complications time travel the 

1978
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:32,700
woman clarified as if the 
solution will obvious, you've 

1979
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,000
got that. 
Look, you've recently realized 

1980
01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:37,500
that physics is more of a 
suggestion than a law. 

1981
01:44:38,100 --> 01:44:42,500
I'm sister Agatha formerly. 
Whitmore of the Cambridge 

1982
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:45,900
medieval history department and 
your clearly not from around 

1983
01:44:45,900 --> 01:44:49,400
here, temporarily speaking. 
Margaret stared. 

1984
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:55,000
This is impossible. 
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,

1985
01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:58,600
a sound that carried distinct 
notes of Hysteria carefully 

1986
01:44:58,600 --> 01:45:00,200
controlled through years of 
practice. 

1987
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:04,700
Impossible was last Tuesday. 
This is just inconvenient. 

1988
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,000
Come on, let's get you oriented 
before the anachronism. 

1989
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:09,300
Please show up. 
The, what now? 

1990
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:14,200
But sister Agatha was already 
walking away, her robe swishing 

1991
01:45:14,200 --> 01:45:16,400
with the authority of someone 
who had learned to navigate, 

1992
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:18,900
both medieval politics and 
University bureaucracy. 

1993
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:22,400
Margaret scrambled to follow her
new shoes. 

1994
01:45:22,408 --> 01:45:26,100
Making sounds like frustrated 
cats on the cobblestones as they

1995
01:45:26,100 --> 01:45:28,700
walk through the village, 
Margaret noticed more 

1996
01:45:28,700 --> 01:45:32,000
inconsistencies, a blacksmith 
hammered, what looks 

1997
01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:34,000
suspiciously like a smartphone 
case. 

1998
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:38,300
A merchant sold authentic 
medieval remedies from bottles 

1999
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:40,300
that clearly bore, modern 
safety, seals. 

2000
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:43,700
And everywhere people moved with
the particular sort of resigned 

2001
01:45:43,700 --> 01:45:46,500
efficiency that Margaret 
recognized from her office 

2002
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:49,900
environment, right? 
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 

2003
01:45:49,900 --> 01:45:53,400
outside what appeared to be a 
Tavern with a sign, reading the 

2004
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:56,100
temporal Refugee. 
Here's the situation. 

2005
01:45:56,100 --> 01:46:00,200
Welcome to Kronos Commons, The 
Accidental Dumping Ground for 

2006
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:03,300
temple, tourists, displayed 
individuals and the generally 

2007
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:06,600
temporary confused. 
We've got Romans Victoria's 

2008
01:46:06,600 --> 01:46:11,000
perplexed gentleman from 1623, 
who keeps asking about the 

2009
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:12,500
location of the nearest 
Starbuck's. 

2010
01:46:12,500 --> 01:46:15,200
And last week, we acquired, a 
flapper from the 20s, who was 

2011
01:46:15,200 --> 01:46:19,700
already revolutionized our 
cocktail menu Margaret felt a 

2012
01:46:19,708 --> 01:46:22,400
familiar Sensation that she 
usually associated with faculty 

2013
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:25,200
meetings. 
The gradual realization that she

2014
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,600
was trapped in something that 
made no sense, but would somehow

2015
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:31,300
become her responsibility. 
How do I get home? 

2016
01:46:31,300 --> 01:46:35,600
She asked, Sister Agatha smiled 
took on the sort of kindness 

2017
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:38,100
typically reserved for 
delivering catastrophic news. 

2018
01:46:38,100 --> 01:46:40,300
Well that's the question, isn't 
it? 

2019
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:43,900
Some people figure it out, 
others don't but the good news 

2020
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:46,800
is we've developed quite a nice 
little Community here. 

2021
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,500
We've got running water, thanks 
to a Roman engineer, decent 

2022
01:46:50,500 --> 01:46:53,800
food, courtesy of a Victorian 
chef and surprisingly 

2023
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:56,200
Progressive social policies 
implemented by a group of 

2024
01:46:56,208 --> 01:46:57,900
suffragettes who arrived last 
spring. 

2025
01:46:59,100 --> 01:47:01,100
Margaret looked around at the 
village with new eyes. 

2026
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,500
It wasn't medieval at all, she 
realized it was something 

2027
01:47:04,500 --> 01:47:08,700
entirely new a place where time 
had hiccuped collected. 

2028
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:11,300
Its mistakes and decided to make
the best of things. 

2029
01:47:11,300 --> 01:47:15,700
How long have you been here? 
She asked five years as a 

2030
01:47:15,708 --> 01:47:19,000
subjective time. 
It could be five minutes or five

2031
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,000
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

2032
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:25,900
Sister Agatha Shrugged but I've 
got to say the research 

2033
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,000
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

2034
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:31,100
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

2035
01:47:31,100 --> 01:47:34,600
Margaret filters self beginning 
to panic which was unfortunate 

2036
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:36,900
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

2037
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:39,200
experience. 
But I have a job. 

2038
01:47:39,200 --> 01:47:40,600
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat. 

2039
01:47:40,600 --> 01:47:45,300
Had sister, Agatha corrected, 
gently past tense is crucial 

2040
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:47,600
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

2041
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:50,100
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

2042
01:47:50,100 --> 01:47:53,400
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

2043
01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:56,800
like a Tavern for people who had
accidentally fallen through the 

2044
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:59,500
cracks in time and were making 
the best of it. 

2045
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:03,200
Varying degrees of success. 
The proprietor was a cheerful 

2046
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:07,500
woman named Gladys, who claimed 
to be from 1943 and had arrived 

2047
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:09,700
during the blitz expecting to 
find an air raid shelter. 

2048
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:14,200
Stead, she'd found herself The 
Accidental mayor of history is 

2049
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:18,400
most confused municipality. 
New arrival Gladys announced to 

2050
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:20,400
Sister the lead Margaret through
the door. 

2051
01:48:21,200 --> 01:48:23,500
Welcome to the club that no one 
desire to join. 

2052
01:48:23,500 --> 01:48:25,900
Yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

2053
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:28,700
themselves a part of the first 
drink is free. 

2054
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:32,400
The second is on credit and the 
third is your responsibility 

2055
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:34,500
because you should know our 
economy by them. 

2056
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:38,200
Heaven's interior was a 
fascinating Collision of 

2057
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:41,200
architectural periods. 
Tudor beam supported. 

2058
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:44,300
What appeared to be Art Deco, 
light fixtures, while Roman 

2059
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,400
mosaics decorated floors laid 
with Victorian tiles. 

2060
01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:50,700
The overall effect was like 
walking into time and having an 

2061
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:53,900
identity crisis. 
At a corner table, a man in what

2062
01:48:53,908 --> 01:48:56,700
looked like 18th century 
clothing was engaged in animated

2063
01:48:56,700 --> 01:49:01,100
conversation with a woman, 
wearing a 1960s mod dress, and a

2064
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:03,600
Roman Centurion who had 
apparently decided to keep his 

2065
01:49:03,600 --> 01:49:07,000
armor but update his attitude, 
their discussion appeared to 

2066
01:49:07,008 --> 01:49:09,700
center around the best methods 
for organizing a democratic 

2067
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:12,200
government. 
When your citizenry spanned 

2068
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:16,400
roughly 2000 years of political 
evolution, That's our steering 

2069
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:19,700
committee, sister Agatha. 
The theme explained, we found 

2070
01:49:19,700 --> 01:49:22,000
that representative democracy 
works surprisingly. 

2071
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:25,300
Well, when everyone's equally 
confused about the present 

2072
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:29,600
situation Thomas, who hails from
the year, 1776 arrived shortly 

2073
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:32,500
after signing a document, he 
describes as terribly important 

2074
01:49:32,500 --> 01:49:35,200
which is why he has strong 
opinions about governance 

2075
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:40,000
Veronica, who is from 1967 holds
strong opinions on a wide range 

2076
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:43,100
of topics Marcus, has strong 
opinions, about military 

2077
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:46,200
organization, primarily 
suggesting that all disputes 

2078
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:47,500
should be settled through 
combat. 

2079
01:49:48,600 --> 01:49:51,600
Margaret accepted a drink from 
Gladys that tasted like, it had 

2080
01:49:51,608 --> 01:49:53,500
been invented by someone who 
were remembered alcohol. 

2081
01:49:53,500 --> 01:49:56,700
Fondly that had to work with 
medieval in greedy. 

2082
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:00,500
Though it wasn't entirely 
unpleasant the drink like a 

2083
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:02,200
metaphor for her entire 
situation. 

2084
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:05,700
So, how does this work Margaret 
asked? 

2085
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:08,700
The day-to-day. 
I mean you can't all just sit 

2086
01:50:08,700 --> 01:50:10,200
around drinking and forming 
committees. 

2087
01:50:10,200 --> 01:50:13,200
Oh heavens. 
No Gladys laughed. 

2088
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:15,100
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

2089
01:50:15,100 --> 01:50:17,100
It turns out. 
When you put together people 

2090
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:20,300
from different times you get a 
lot of useful knowledge exchange

2091
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:23,500
Marcus taught us Roman 
construction techniques which 

2092
01:50:23,500 --> 01:50:26,800
the Victorian engineer improved 
with modern Material Science 

2093
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:29,700
which Thomas enhanced with 
Democratic labor practices, 

2094
01:50:29,700 --> 01:50:33,300
which Veronica revolutionized 
with modern efficiency methods. 

2095
01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:36,900
She gestured toward the window, 
where Margaret could see people 

2096
01:50:36,900 --> 01:50:39,700
working on what appeared to be a
construction project involving 

2097
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:42,900
both medieval stonework and 
suspiciously modern looking 

2098
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:45,700
Plumbing. 
We're building a proper Town 

2099
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:47,400
Hall. 
Sister, Agatha explained 

2100
01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:50,700
complete with meeting rooms a 
library and what Veronica 

2101
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:53,200
insists on calling a social 
services department. 

2102
01:50:53,200 --> 01:50:56,500
Apparently, temporal 
displacement comes with its own 

2103
01:50:56,500 --> 01:50:58,500
unique set of bureaucratic 
needs. 

2104
01:50:59,500 --> 01:51:01,300
But surely someone's trying to 
get home. 

2105
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:06,100
Margaret asked Acquired in a way
that suggested she touched on a 

2106
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:09,200
sensitive subject. 
Gladys polished a glass with 

2107
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,800
unnecessary intensity, while 
sister Agatha developed a sudden

2108
01:51:12,800 --> 01:51:14,500
interest in the pattern of the 
tablecloth. 

2109
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:18,400
Well, Thomas said from the 
corner table, his colonial 

2110
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:20,800
American accent carrying clearly
across the room. 

2111
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:22,900
That's rather the central 
question, isn't it? 

2112
01:51:22,908 --> 01:51:25,700
Some folks spend all their time 
trying to figure out the way 

2113
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:27,800
back. 
Others come to the conclusion 

2114
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:30,000
that staying in. 
The present isn't necessarily A 

2115
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:33,400
Bad Thing. 
And some betrayed off, some 

2116
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:37,000
Margaret prompted, some discover
that home isn't quite what they 

2117
01:51:37,008 --> 01:51:39,800
remembered Veronica. 
Finished her London, accent 

2118
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:42,000
crisp, despite the anachronistic
setting. 

2119
01:51:43,200 --> 01:51:46,200
Turns out when you've been gone 
for subjective years certain 

2120
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:48,500
assumptions about what you want 
to return to start looking 

2121
01:51:48,500 --> 01:51:52,400
rather questionable Markus the 
Roman Centurion nodded Gravely. 

2122
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:56,100
I was fleeing Gaul when I 
arrived here, the situation 

2123
01:51:56,100 --> 01:51:58,600
which involved a superior 
officers wife and a 

2124
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:00,000
misunderstanding about Roman 
marriage. 

2125
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:04,300
Customs was rather embarrassing.
Point is going back, would 

2126
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:06,300
involve considerably more 
crucifixion than I am 

2127
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:11,100
comfortable with. 
Margaret felt the weight of her 

2128
01:52:11,100 --> 01:52:13,700
life settling around her like an
ill-fitting coat. 

2129
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,800
A job at the library while 
stable had become increasingly 

2130
01:52:17,800 --> 01:52:20,000
automated and decreasingly 
fulfilling. 

2131
01:52:20,800 --> 01:52:23,400
Her marriage had ended two years
ago when her husband discovered 

2132
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:25,700
that his midlife crisis 
required, a motorcycle. 

2133
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:29,800
And a 25 year old named Crystal.
Her mortgage was for a house 

2134
01:52:29,808 --> 01:52:32,800
that had always felt too large 
for one person and two small for

2135
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:35,500
the life. 
She'd imagined she'd have how do

2136
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:37,600
you know if you want to go back?
She asked quietly. 

2137
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:41,200
That sets this to Agatha is the 
question. 

2138
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:45,100
Everyone asks and nobody can 
answer for anyone else, but I 

2139
01:52:45,108 --> 01:52:48,800
will say this in five years 
here, I've published more 

2140
01:52:48,800 --> 01:52:51,400
original research than I did in 
20 years at Cambridge. 

2141
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:54,900
It turns out, the primary source
material is much easier to 

2142
01:52:54,900 --> 01:52:57,200
obtain when your sources are 
sitting at the next table. 

2143
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:00,800
Gladius set down her glass and 
leaned against the bar. 

2144
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:04,000
I've been thinking about that 
night in London when I ended up 

2145
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:07,500
here, the sirens were going off,
bombs were falling and I was 

2146
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:09,700
more terrified than I'd ever 
been in my life. 

2147
01:53:10,500 --> 01:53:12,800
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felting years. 

2148
01:53:13,700 --> 01:53:15,800
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death. 

2149
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:19,000
My children had grown and left 
and I was merely existing. 

2150
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:21,600
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

2151
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:25,400
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

2152
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:29,500
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

2153
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:33,200
just what happened before. 
I started Living Tavern door 

2154
01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:37,100
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

2155
01:53:37,100 --> 01:53:39,100
door. 
Maintenance a young man. 

2156
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:42,100
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 
that looked like a confused 

2157
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:44,800
merger between medieval peasant 
wear and what Margaret was 

2158
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:48,200
beginning to recognize as the 
standard issue temporal Refugee 

2159
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,000
uniform Emergency committee 
meeting. 

2160
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:54,400
He announced breathlessly we've 
got anachronism policing coming 

2161
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:56,900
and there are asking about 
unauthorized timeline 

2162
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,200
modifications The Tavern erupted
into organized and Chaos. 

2163
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:02,800
Thomas immediately began 
drafting what he called, 

2164
01:54:02,800 --> 01:54:05,900
emergency protocols for 
Democratic crisis management. 

2165
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:09,300
For Hanukkah started organizing 
people into what she termed 

2166
01:54:09,300 --> 01:54:12,900
efficiency groups, Marcus began 
discussing defensive strategies 

2167
01:54:12,900 --> 01:54:16,200
that involved words like phalanx
Tactical retreat. 

2168
01:54:17,100 --> 01:54:19,300
An acronym. 
Police Margaret asked sister 

2169
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:24,500
about the commotion time travels
governing, body sister explained

2170
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:26,600
Grimley. 
Consider them to be the 

2171
01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:29,400
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

2172
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:31,700
entire timelines. 
If they think things have gotten

2173
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:35,800
too messy, they don't like 
places like this too many 

2174
01:54:35,800 --> 01:54:38,500
variables, too much potential 
for paradox. 

2175
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:41,600
What do they do? 
Best case scenario. 

2176
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:44,700
They relocate us to approve. 
Temporal Zone's. 

2177
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,500
Worst case scenario. 
They decide where too much of a 

2178
01:54:48,500 --> 01:54:51,900
risk and Mr. Agatha made a 
gesture that could be 

2179
01:54:51,900 --> 01:54:54,600
interpreted as either poof or 
obliteration. 

2180
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:58,500
Margaret felt that familiar 
librarian Instinct kicking in 

2181
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:01,600
the one that appeared whenever 
someone threatened to reorganize

2182
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,300
her carefully maintained systems
without consulting her first. 

2183
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:07,800
It was the same feeling she got 
when patrons tried to return 

2184
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:10,700
books to the wrong shelves, or 
when her supervisor suggested 

2185
01:55:10,700 --> 01:55:14,500
improving efficiency through 
methods that would clearly make 

2186
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:18,100
everything worse Right? 
She said surprising herself with

2187
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:20,500
her decisive nurse. 
What actions are necessary. 

2188
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,800
The emergency committee meeting 
took place in what Gladys 

2189
01:55:23,800 --> 01:55:26,800
optimistically called the 
community center, which was 

2190
01:55:26,800 --> 01:55:29,800
actually the tables pushed 
together and everyone trying to 

2191
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:32,700
look official although half of 
them were drinking ale at 10:00 

2192
01:55:32,700 --> 01:55:35,100
in the morning. 
Margaret found herself appointed

2193
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:37,400
as Secretary of Records, 
primarily because she was the 

2194
01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:40,500
only one present to new what 
carbon paper was and could also 

2195
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:43,300
operate the hand cranked 
printing, press the Victorian 

2196
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:46,000
gentleman named Nigel, had 
constructed from memory and 

2197
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:49,300
spare parts. 
Right then Thomas said calling 

2198
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:52,300
the meeting to order with the 
sort of Gravitas that suggested 

2199
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:55,600
he'd had practiced at this sort 
of thing Jeremiah report. 

2200
01:55:56,800 --> 01:55:59,800
Jeremiah the young man who 
brought the news stood up and 

2201
01:55:59,800 --> 01:56:03,700
consulted, what appeared to be 
notes written on bark 3, an 

2202
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:05,100
acronym, police officers 
arrived. 

2203
01:56:05,100 --> 01:56:08,000
This morning via what looked 
like a temporal Vortex disguised

2204
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:11,100
as a traveling Merchants there 
are staying at the inn and 

2205
01:56:11,108 --> 01:56:13,600
asking questions about 
unauthorized timeline 

2206
01:56:13,600 --> 01:56:16,600
modifications and dangerous, 
temporal accumulations. 

2207
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:21,300
Dangerous temporal accumulations
sister Agatha repeated 

2208
01:56:21,300 --> 01:56:23,700
thoughtfully. 
That's what they call places 

2209
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:25,800
like us. 
We have an excessive number of 

2210
01:56:25,808 --> 01:56:28,400
individuals from various erasing
in one place. 

2211
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:31,900
Where apparently creating, what 
they term chronological 

2212
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:35,900
instability, bollocks and 
Veronica, firmly were creating a

2213
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:38,100
chronological Community. 
There's a difference. 

2214
01:56:39,100 --> 01:56:41,700
Marcus nodded approvingly, in 
Rome. 

2215
01:56:41,700 --> 01:56:44,700
We had a saying when the 
bureaucrats arrive, hide the 

2216
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:48,100
wine and sharpen the swords. 
We're not hiding wine or 

2217
01:56:48,100 --> 01:56:51,100
sharpening swords Tom said 
quickly, where civilized people 

2218
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:53,800
having a civilized discussion 
about how to handle a 

2219
01:56:53,800 --> 01:56:56,300
bureaucratic situation through 
proper Democratic channels. 

2220
01:56:57,400 --> 01:57:00,600
Have you met bureaucrats that 
ass dryly? 

2221
01:57:00,600 --> 01:57:03,400
In my experience? 
Proper Democratic channels work 

2222
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:05,700
about as well for people in 
London during the blitz as they 

2223
01:57:05,700 --> 01:57:08,700
do. 
Now that is not at all and you 

2224
01:57:08,700 --> 01:57:10,300
mostly have to muddle through 
and hope for the best. 

2225
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:14,600
Margaret found herself taking 
detailed notes, partly out of 

2226
01:57:14,608 --> 01:57:17,000
professional habit and partly 
because writing things down, 

2227
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:20,200
helped her think. 
She wrote patterns begin to 

2228
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,300
emerge. 
The anacron is, and police 

2229
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:25,000
seemed concerned about their 
communities affect on the 

2230
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:27,200
timeline. 
But from what she could gather, 

2231
01:57:27,200 --> 01:57:29,500
they hadn't actually done 
anything to affect it. 

2232
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:31,900
They were just living their 
lives in a place that 

2233
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:35,300
technically shouldn't exist. 
What exactly is the timeline 

2234
01:57:35,300 --> 01:57:38,600
we're supposedly affecting? 
She asked the room went quiet. 

2235
01:57:39,900 --> 01:57:42,300
Margaret was beginning to 
recognize this particular type 

2236
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:44,500
of Silence. 
It was the same one that 

2237
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:46,200
occurred in library staff 
meetings. 

2238
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:48,700
When someone asked obvious 
questions that revealed 

2239
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:53,000
fundamental problems with the 
entire system, Well, sister 

2240
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:56,000
Agatha said slowly, that's 
rather complicated. 

2241
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:59,400
See technically, none of us 
should be here. 

2242
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:02,000
We should all be in our original
Times. 

2243
01:58:02,000 --> 01:58:05,100
Living our original lives, 
making our original 

2244
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:08,200
contributions to history. 
But we're not affecting our 

2245
01:58:08,200 --> 01:58:10,900
original times. 
Margaret pointed out, we're not 

2246
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:13,100
there. 
If anything, our absence should 

2247
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:14,700
have more impact than our 
presence here. 

2248
01:58:15,700 --> 01:58:18,200
Ah said no. 
I draw the Victorian engineer 

2249
01:58:18,200 --> 01:58:22,000
speaking up for the first time, 
that's where it gets intriguing,

2250
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:24,300
my research. 
Which I've dedicated a 

2251
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:27,400
significant amount of time to 
indicate that our disappearances

2252
01:58:27,400 --> 01:58:31,400
of received compensation 
compensated, how Tom's asked, 

2253
01:58:32,200 --> 01:58:35,900
Replacements, Nigel said, simply
The timeline has generated 

2254
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:38,100
substitute versions of us to 
fill the gaps. 

2255
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,100
We left behind my wife. 
Believes I died in a factory 

2256
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:43,500
accident. 
Sister Agatha's University 

2257
01:58:43,500 --> 01:58:45,000
believes. 
She took early retirement 

2258
01:58:45,000 --> 01:58:48,500
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

2259
01:58:48,500 --> 01:58:51,100
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

2260
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:52,900
nothing to do with the midi 
heating system. 

2261
01:58:54,000 --> 01:58:56,300
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

2262
01:58:57,300 --> 01:59:00,400
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

2263
01:59:00,400 --> 01:59:03,800
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

2264
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:07,600
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

2265
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:12,200
That's deeply unsettling 
Margaret said, welcome to time. 

2266
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:15,500
Travel Gladys said cheerfully 
nothing about it makes sense. 

2267
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:18,800
And the more you think about it,
the more you realize that sense 

2268
01:59:18,800 --> 01:59:23,000
was always overrated anyway, the
meeting continued for another 

2269
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,900
hour with various committee 
members proposing solutions, 

2270
01:59:25,900 --> 01:59:31,000
that range from diplomatic 
negotiation Thomas to strategic 

2271
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:34,100
misdirection Veronica to trial 
by combat. 

2272
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,900
Markus, predictably Margaret 
found herself, thinking about 

2273
01:59:37,900 --> 01:59:40,300
the other version of herself 
living in her house doing her 

2274
01:59:40,300 --> 01:59:42,400
job and presumably, feeding her 
cat. 

2275
01:59:43,300 --> 01:59:44,700
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

2276
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,700
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

2277
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:50,700
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

2278
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,300
a discussion of about the proper
protocol for addressing temporal

2279
01:59:53,300 --> 01:59:56,100
law enforcement that we find out
what the anacronismo 

2280
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:02,900
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 
said approvingly gather 

2281
02:00:02,900 --> 02:00:04,800
intelligence before forming 
strategy. 

2282
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:08,300
I like her. 
Called reconnaissance, Marcus 

2283
02:00:08,300 --> 02:00:11,400
added basic military procedure, 
it's called. 

2284
02:00:11,408 --> 02:00:14,900
Common Sense, Gladys said I 
suppose that's revolutionary 

2285
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,400
enough. 
In most situations Thomas nodded

2286
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:20,000
thoughtfully, Margaret raises an
excellent point. 

2287
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:23,700
We've been assuming they want to
shut us down or relocate us but 

2288
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:25,400
perhaps their concerns are more 
specific. 

2289
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:28,700
Jeremiah what? 
Exactly were they asking about? 

2290
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:31,900
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 
notes. 

2291
02:00:31,908 --> 02:00:35,100
Again, they wanted to know about
unauthorized historical 

2292
02:00:35,100 --> 02:00:39,200
documentation and acronymic 
technological development, and 

2293
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:43,200
unsanctioned temporal education.
Programs Margaret held her 

2294
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:46,100
librarian, instincts, tingling, 
those are very specific 

2295
02:00:46,100 --> 02:00:48,900
concerns. 
Not General timeline protection,

2296
02:00:48,900 --> 02:00:53,200
specific activities, Sister 
Agatha's been writing papers 

2297
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:56,500
about medieval life, based on 
Direct observation, Nigel said, 

2298
02:00:56,500 --> 02:00:58,800
slowly. 
I've been developing hybrid 

2299
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,100
Technologies using Knowledge 
from multiple times and we've 

2300
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:04,500
all been sharing knowledge 
across historical boundaries 

2301
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:06,700
We've been learning from each 
other. 

2302
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,600
Margaret said, apparently, 
that's what their worry about. 

2303
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:13,700
The room fell silent again but 
this time it was the thoughtful 

2304
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:15,800
Silence of people. 
Realizing they were in more 

2305
02:01:15,800 --> 02:01:19,300
trouble than they'd initially 
understood but also possibly 

2306
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:20,900
more right than they dare to 
Hope. 

2307
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:26,500
So Thomas said finally we're not
just temporal refugees were 

2308
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,900
temporal revolutionaries. 
Accidental, temporal 

2309
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:32,300
revolutionaries or sister Agatha
corrected. 

2310
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:37,400
The best kind Veronica said with
satisfaction, nobody expects The

2311
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:41,300
Accidental revolutionaries. 
Margaret looked around the room 

2312
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:44,200
at her fellow temporal Misfits 
and felt something she hadn't 

2313
02:01:44,200 --> 02:01:48,000
experienced in years. 
The sense that she was precisely

2314
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:50,600
where she was supposed to be 
doing exactly what she was 

2315
02:01:50,608 --> 02:01:53,300
supposed to do. 
She appeared to be tasked with 

2316
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:55,300
challenging. 
The fundamental principles of 

2317
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:58,100
temporal law enforcement by 
radically establishing a 

2318
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:00,500
functional community. 
Right there. 

2319
02:02:00,500 --> 02:02:03,700
She said surprising herself 
again with her decisive nurse. 

2320
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:07,200
Let's go talk to these in 
acronyms and police and find out

2321
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:10,500
exactly what kind of Revolution 
were accidentally leading based 

2322
02:02:10,500 --> 02:02:13,500
on her experience, with various 
forms of bureaucratic Authority.

2323
02:02:13,500 --> 02:02:16,700
Margaret expected the 
anachronism police to be polite,

2324
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:20,500
efficient and firmly convinced 
that their approach was the only

2325
02:02:20,500 --> 02:02:23,200
logical one. 
They're taking up residence in 

2326
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:26,700
The Villages only in which was 
run by a cheerful woman from the

2327
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:30,700
14th century who had adapted to 
her unusual on tell by 

2328
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:34,200
developing what she called her 
flexible approach to customers 

2329
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:38,300
service. 
The three officers were sitting 

2330
02:02:38,300 --> 02:02:41,100
in the ins common room, when 
Margaret's diplomatic delegation

2331
02:02:41,100 --> 02:02:43,900
arrived. 
Thomas had insisted on formal. 

2332
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,900
Protocols Veronica, had insisted
on strategic positioning and 

2333
02:02:47,900 --> 02:02:49,700
Marcus. 
Had insisted on bringing weapons

2334
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:53,400
ceremonial purposes, only had 
assured them while checking the 

2335
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:56,800
edge on his Gladius, Margaret 
had insisted on bringing tea 

2336
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,600
service because in her 
experience any difficult, 

2337
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:03,500
conversation went better with 
proper Refreshments, the lead 

2338
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:06,100
officer was a woman who 
introduced herself as Inspector 

2339
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:08,100
Chronos. 
Which Margaret suspected was 

2340
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:10,800
either an assumed name or 
evidence that the anachronism 

2341
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:14,300
police had a department devoted 
entirely to ironic nomenclature.

2342
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:17,200
She was wearing what appeared to
be a uniformed designed by 

2343
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:20,200
someone who had been told to 
create Timeless professional 

2344
02:03:20,200 --> 02:03:24,300
attire and had interpreted the 
term as a boring Grace suit that

2345
02:03:24,300 --> 02:03:26,100
could plausibly exist in any 
century. 

2346
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:29,200
Thank you for meeting with us. 
Inspector Cronus. 

2347
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:31,900
Said as Margaret arrange the tea
service on the ins largest 

2348
02:03:31,900 --> 02:03:34,000
table. 
We appreciate your cooperation 

2349
02:03:34,000 --> 02:03:37,600
in this matter. 
Our pleasure Thomas replied 

2350
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:40,700
smoothly. though, I confess 
where on certain about the 

2351
02:03:40,700 --> 02:03:42,700
nature of the matter, that 
requires our cooperation 

2352
02:03:44,100 --> 02:03:47,300
Inspector Kronos consulted, a 
tablet that definitely hadn't 

2353
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:49,700
existed in any time period. 
Margaret could identify. 

2354
02:03:51,000 --> 02:03:53,600
You're aware that this 
settlement exists in violation 

2355
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:56,700
of several temporal Accords. 
We weren't aware. 

2356
02:03:56,708 --> 02:04:00,100
There were temporal Accords. 
Cyst Agatha said mildly. 

2357
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:04,300
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.
Margaret poured tea while 

2358
02:04:04,300 --> 02:04:06,700
listening to inspector, Kronos, 
explain the complex legal 

2359
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:08,700
framework, that apparently 
governed time travel. 

2360
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:12,600
According to the temporal 
Accords unauthorized time, 

2361
02:04:12,600 --> 02:04:15,300
travel was prohibited. 
Temporal settlements were 

2362
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:17,400
forbidden and cross-temporal 
knowledge. 

2363
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,700
Sharing was considered a class 3
chronological offense punishable

2364
02:04:20,700 --> 02:04:24,100
by timeline rehabilitation. 
Timeline. 

2365
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:26,100
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 
Veronica. 

2366
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:28,500
Observed. 
It's a Humane process. 

2367
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:32,400
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 
We simply relocated individuals 

2368
02:04:32,400 --> 02:04:34,900
to appropriate. 
Temporal Zone's, where they can 

2369
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:37,400
live productive lives without 
disrupting historical 

2370
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:39,900
continuity. 
Separator. 

2371
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,500
You mean Margaret said offering 
sugar cubes send us back to our 

2372
02:04:43,500 --> 02:04:45,200
original times whether we want 
to go on or not. 

2373
02:04:46,100 --> 02:04:48,600
The personal preferences of 
temporarily displaced persons 

2374
02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:50,700
are secondary to the stability 
of the timeline. 

2375
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:54,700
Inspector Cronus replied 
accepting her with the sort of 

2376
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,200
politeness that suggested. 
She'd been trained in diplomatic

2377
02:04:57,200 --> 02:05:01,100
protocols but found them. 
Tedious Margaret felt that 

2378
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:05,400
familiar librarian angle Rising 
the specific Fury that came from

2379
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:07,800
dealing with people who 
prioritize systems over people 

2380
02:05:07,800 --> 02:05:10,300
and called it necessary 
efficiently. 

2381
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:14,100
And who decided that timelines 
stability was more important 

2382
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,200
than personal autonomy. 
Inspector. 

2383
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:20,900
Kronos, look genuinely puzzled 
by the question. the temporal 

2384
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:24,300
authority, of course, timeline 
stability, maintains, the proper

2385
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:28,700
order of historical events, 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

2386
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:32,200
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

2387
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,700
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

2388
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:36,500
determine how people should live
their lives. 

2389
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:40,900
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

2390
02:05:40,908 --> 02:05:43,000
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

2391
02:05:43,000 --> 02:05:46,800
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained patiently as if 

2392
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:49,200
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

2393
02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:51,900
concepts. 
Historical accuracy, according 

2394
02:05:51,900 --> 02:05:56,100
to whom sister asked, I've spent
five years here, conducting 

2395
02:05:56,100 --> 02:05:59,800
primary research that revealed 
significant errors in accepted 

2396
02:05:59,800 --> 02:06:03,300
historical, narratives, are you 
more interested in preserving 

2397
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:06,800
factual accuracy or in upholding
your own interpretation of 

2398
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:09,600
accuracy? 
Margaret watched inspector 

2399
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:12,700
chronosis face? 
Carefully years of dealing with 

2400
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:15,500
Library patrons had taught her 
to recognize the exact moment 

2401
02:06:15,500 --> 02:06:18,000
when someone realized their 
position might not be as 

2402
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:22,000
unassailable as they assume. 
inspector Cronos was having that

2403
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:25,600
moment right now, your research 
is part of the problem, one of 

2404
02:06:25,608 --> 02:06:27,800
the other officers, said 
speaking for the first time, 

2405
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:31,300
your creating unauthorized 
historical documentation, that 

2406
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:33,800
could alter scholarly 
understanding of past events, 

2407
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:38,100
You mean it could improve 
scholarly understanding Margaret

2408
02:06:38,100 --> 02:06:42,100
said sweetly refilling. 
His teacup Isn't that what 

2409
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:46,000
research is supposed to do? 
Not when it disrupts established

2410
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:48,000
historical consensus. 
The officer replied. 

2411
02:06:48,800 --> 02:06:52,200
Established historical consensus
has been wrong before Veronica 

2412
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:54,000
pointed out. 
I should know. 

2413
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:58,400
I lived through the 60s and the 
established historical consensus

2414
02:06:58,400 --> 02:07:01,100
about that decade is almost 
entirely bollocks. 

2415
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,100
Margaret could see that this 
conversation was heading toward 

2416
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:06,800
the sort of philosophical 
impasse that typically resulted 

2417
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:08,700
in either violence or very long 
meetings. 

2418
02:07:08,700 --> 02:07:13,300
In her experience, violence was 
Messier but often more efficient

2419
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:15,800
than meetings. 
However both typically ended 

2420
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:18,500
with someone feeling aggrieved 
and nothing actually resolved 

2421
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:22,600
inspector Cronos. 
She said interrupting what 

2422
02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:24,800
appeared to be the beginning of 
a lecture about the importance 

2423
02:07:24,800 --> 02:07:28,100
of his historical stability? 
May, I ask you a personal 

2424
02:07:28,100 --> 02:07:31,400
question? 
inspector Kronos looked where he

2425
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:35,000
I suppose. 
When did you last have a 

2426
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:37,900
vacation? 
The question clearly was on what

2427
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:42,300
inspector Kronos had expected. 
I that's not relevant to the 

2428
02:07:42,308 --> 02:07:45,400
investigation. 
Humor, me Margaret said 

2429
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:47,800
employing the same tone. 
She used with particularly 

2430
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,400
stubborn Library Patron's. 
When did you last take time off 

2431
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,000
from work? 
Temporal Authority agents. 

2432
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:57,300
Don't take vacations. 
Inspector Kronos said, stiffly, 

2433
02:07:57,300 --> 02:08:01,800
you have important work to do. 
Everyone needs time off Margaret

2434
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:04,800
said gently otherwise work 
becomes the only thing that 

2435
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:07,600
Gives Life Meaning and that's 
not healthy for anyone. 

2436
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:09,900
Trust me, I speak from 
experience. 

2437
02:08:11,700 --> 02:08:14,700
She gestured Around The Uncommon
room, where the afternoon light 

2438
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:17,000
was streaming through windows 
that had been designed by 

2439
02:08:17,000 --> 02:08:20,000
someone from the 18th century 
built by someone from ancient 

2440
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:23,700
Rome and decorated by someone 
from the 1960s, the result was 

2441
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:27,500
chaotic that somehow harmonious 
Like A visual representation of 

2442
02:08:27,500 --> 02:08:30,300
their entire Community. 
This place works. 

2443
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:33,500
She said she had people from a 
dozen different times. 

2444
02:08:33,500 --> 02:08:35,700
Living together, sharing 
knowledge, building something 

2445
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:37,500
new. 
We're not disrupting the 

2446
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:39,600
timeline. 
We're creating something the 

2447
02:08:39,600 --> 02:08:41,900
timeline never had before 
something beautiful. 

2448
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:45,300
An authorized beauty is still 
unauthorized. 

2449
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:48,700
Respect to Chronos said, but her
voice lacked conviction. 

2450
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:51,000
According to the temporal 
Accords. 

2451
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:54,400
Yes Margaret Reid that have you 
considered that the temporal 

2452
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:57,600
Accords might be wrong. 
The silence that followed was 

2453
02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:00,200
different from the previous 
uncomfortable silence. 

2454
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:03,400
Is this silence was the result 
of someone who had blindly 

2455
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:06,300
followed the rules for years 
suddenly forced to question 

2456
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:08,800
their logic. 
The Accords exist for good 

2457
02:09:08,800 --> 02:09:11,200
reason. 
Inspector Kronos said finally. 

2458
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:15,500
I'm sure they do Thomas said 
diplomatically, but good reasons

2459
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:18,700
can become bad reasons. 
If circumstances change in my 

2460
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:21,400
experience, the best laws of the
ones that can adapt a new 

2461
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:24,800
situations. 
What if Sister Agatha suggested 

2462
02:09:24,800 --> 02:09:27,600
carefully? 
Instead of shutting us down, you

2463
02:09:27,600 --> 02:09:31,000
studied us, we could be a pilot 
program for controlled 

2464
02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:32,500
cross-temporal Community 
Development. 

2465
02:09:32,500 --> 02:09:36,000
Think of the research 
opportunities, Margaret could 

2466
02:09:36,000 --> 02:09:40,200
see inspector Kronos wavering 
years of bureaucratic training, 

2467
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,400
were warring with what appeared 
to be genuine curiosity and 

2468
02:09:43,400 --> 02:09:46,500
possibly the first intriguing 
conversation she had in decades 

2469
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:49,900
That would require authorization
from the temporal Authority, 

2470
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:53,500
inspector Cronus said slowly. 
Then let's get all. 

2471
02:09:53,500 --> 02:09:57,200
Authorization Margaret said, 
briskly assume this some sort of

2472
02:09:57,208 --> 02:10:00,800
application process. 
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 

2473
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:04,200
You want to apply for legal 
recognition as an experimental 

2474
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:06,300
temporal community? 
Why not? 

2475
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:09,500
Margaret Shrugged, we're already
here. 

2476
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:12,300
We're already functioning. 
And apparently, we're already 

2477
02:10:12,300 --> 02:10:14,500
breaking. 
The rules might as well break 

2478
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:17,500
the officially applying for 
legal recognition as an 

2479
02:10:17,500 --> 02:10:20,200
experimental Community. 
Turned out to involve 

2480
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:23,700
approximately 17 different forms
Each of, which had to be filled 

2481
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:26,200
out in triplicate, using 
writing, implements appropriate 

2482
02:10:26,200 --> 02:10:29,500
to the time period of the person
feeling them out, Margaret. 

2483
02:10:29,500 --> 02:10:32,000
Found herself wielding a quill 
pen for the first time in her 

2484
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:34,300
life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

2485
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:37,600
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, This is 

2486
02:10:37,608 --> 02:10:41,500
ridiculous Veronica muttered 
struggling with what appeared to

2487
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:43,700
be a form design to assess 
cross-temporal. 

2488
02:10:43,700 --> 02:10:47,700
Cultural integration, protocols.
They want to know our policy for

2489
02:10:47,700 --> 02:10:50,100
resolving conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

2490
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:53,300
banking practices. 
We don't have conflicts between 

2491
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:55,400
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

2492
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,200
Thomas pointed out working his 
way, through a form of 

2493
02:10:58,208 --> 02:11:00,800
democratic governance in 
multitude period communities, 

2494
02:11:00,800 --> 02:11:04,000
with the sort of methodical 
Precision that suggested he'd 

2495
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:05,700
had experience with Colonial 
paperwork. 

2496
02:11:05,700 --> 02:11:10,500
Exactly sister Agatha said, 
Marcus handles military Justice,

2497
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:12,500
Nigel handles infrastructure 
disputes. 

2498
02:11:12,500 --> 02:11:15,600
You handle governance issues and
Gladys handles everything else 

2499
02:11:15,600 --> 02:11:17,800
because she is the only one 
who's actually good at managing 

2500
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:21,500
people. 
Margaret looked up from 4:47 B 

2501
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,900
justification for temporal 
cohabitation and realized 

2502
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:27,600
something important. 
They hadn't just accidentally 

2503
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:30,700
created a community. 
They had accidentally created a 

2504
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:33,400
functioning government and not 
just any government. 

2505
02:11:33,400 --> 02:11:36,200
But one that actually worked 
because everyone involved was 

2506
02:11:36,200 --> 02:11:38,400
too confused and too practical 
to waste time on politics. 

2507
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:42,300
We need to document this. 
She said suddenly document what 

2508
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,700
spectacular chronosaurus. 
She had remained at the end to 

2509
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:49,300
oversee the application process,
but Margaret suspected that her 

2510
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,000
primary reason for staying was 
her interest in their Community,

2511
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:54,700
which she found far more 
engaging than her usual 

2512
02:11:54,700 --> 02:11:57,700
assignments. 
This is how we govern ourselves 

2513
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,300
Margaret explained reaching for 
a fresh sheet of paper. 

2514
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:03,900
If we're applying to be an 
experimental Community, we need 

2515
02:12:03,900 --> 02:12:06,700
to show that our experiment 
actually produces results. 

2516
02:12:07,800 --> 02:12:10,300
Over the next several hours, 
Margaret found herself doing 

2517
02:12:10,300 --> 02:12:12,600
what she did. 
Best organizing information, 

2518
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:16,200
With input from the others, she 
documented their decision-making

2519
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:19,600
processes, their conflict 
resolution methods, their 

2520
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,400
resource allocation systems, and
their integration, protocols. 

2521
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:26,200
What emerged was a picture of a 
community that had organically 

2522
02:12:26,200 --> 02:12:29,200
developed solutions to problems.
That political scientists spent 

2523
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:33,500
decades debating This is 
extraordinary inspector Corona 

2524
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:35,900
said reading over Margaret's 
documentation. 

2525
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:38,300
You've created a functional 
multi. 

2526
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:41,100
Temporal democracy with 
building, cultural sensitivity, 

2527
02:12:41,100 --> 02:12:44,500
protocols, and adaptive, 
governance structures. we've 

2528
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:47,300
muddled through Gladys 
corrected, bringing them all and

2529
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:51,200
another round of tea, We've made
the best of it, just like anyone

2530
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:53,700
else who finds themselves in an 
unexpected situation. 

2531
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:58,100
But that's precisely the point. 
Inspector Corona said, 

2532
02:12:58,900 --> 02:13:01,700
excitement creeping into her 
voice for the first time since 

2533
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:04,900
Margaret had met her. 
Most temporal displacement, 

2534
02:13:04,900 --> 02:13:09,200
results and psychological trauma
cultural, isolation and eventual

2535
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,300
breakdown. 
Created something that not only 

2536
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:15,700
works but actually enhances the 
lives of everyone involved. 

2537
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,900
Margaret looked around the ends 
common room where their 

2538
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:22,100
impromptu government session had
attracted an audience of curious

2539
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:25,200
community members. 
Marcus was explaining Roman 

2540
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:28,400
military organization to a group
that included a Viking Warrior 

2541
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,500
Two medieval merchants what 
appeared to be a flapper who had

2542
02:13:31,508 --> 02:13:34,700
arrived just that morning. 
Nigel was sketching, engineering

2543
02:13:34,700 --> 02:13:38,000
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 
Renaissance artist offered 

2544
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:39,800
suggestions about aesthetic 
improvements. 

2545
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:43,500
Thomas and Veronica were deep in
discussion about the Practical 

2546
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:46,500
applications of democratic 
theory with a gentleman, who 

2547
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:48,600
claimed to be from the court of 
Louis the 14th. 

2548
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:51,200
It works because we need it to 
work. 

2549
02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:53,300
In Margaret said we can't go 
home. 

2550
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,600
So we have to make this place 
home and that means figuring out

2551
02:13:56,600 --> 02:13:59,200
how to live together even when 
we come from entirely different 

2552
02:13:59,200 --> 02:14:03,400
worlds, the temporal Authority 
should see this inspector Cronus

2553
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:06,100
said, they've been trying to 
solve the problem of the 

2554
02:14:06,108 --> 02:14:09,000
temporal displacement for 
centuries and you've 

2555
02:14:09,000 --> 02:14:10,200
accidentally discovered the 
solution. 

2556
02:14:11,600 --> 02:14:14,900
What's the problem with temporal
displacement system of the Year 

2557
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:17,400
asked? 
Displaced persons typically 

2558
02:14:17,400 --> 02:14:21,100
suffer from severe, temporal 
culture, shock inspector, Cronus

2559
02:14:21,100 --> 02:14:23,600
explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

2560
02:14:23,600 --> 02:14:26,300
time, but they can't return to 
their original time. 

2561
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:28,900
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care Facilities, or 

2562
02:14:28,900 --> 02:14:32,700
isolated temporal, reservations.
Margaret felt a chill. 

2563
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,700
Temporal reservations. 
Quarantines zones, where 

2564
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:39,500
displaced persons can live out 
their lives without affecting 

2565
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:41,600
the timeline. 
Inspector Kronos, said, 

2566
02:14:41,600 --> 02:14:45,200
apparently noticing the horror 
on everyone's faces, it's 

2567
02:14:45,200 --> 02:14:47,200
considered the most Humane 
solution. 

2568
02:14:48,500 --> 02:14:52,700
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 
you isolate people from society 

2569
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:55,700
and call it Humane. 
It's better than the alternative

2570
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:59,000
inspector Cronos said 
defensively uncontrolled, 

2571
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:03,000
temporal displacement can cause 
paradoxes timeline disruptions 

2572
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:06,900
and even reality Cascades. 
Has that actually happened? 

2573
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,800
Margaret asked, or is it 
theoretical inspector Kronos? 

2574
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:15,900
Paul's, well theoretical. 
But the risk is theoretical 

2575
02:15:15,900 --> 02:15:19,300
Margaret finished. 
Meanwhile, the reality is that 

2576
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:22,000
your condemning people to 
isolation based on theoretical 

2577
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:25,500
risks, she stood up feeling the 
same sense of righteous 

2578
02:15:25,500 --> 02:15:27,700
indignation. 
That has sustained her through 

2579
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:30,700
years of fighting budget cuts 
and bureaucratic interference at

2580
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:33,200
the library. 
Inspector Kronos. 

2581
02:15:34,000 --> 02:15:36,400
I think it's time the temporal 
Authority met with some people 

2582
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:40,800
who have actually made temporal 
displacement work. you want to 

2583
02:15:40,800 --> 02:15:44,100
petition, the temporal Authority
directly inspector, Kronos asked

2584
02:15:44,100 --> 02:15:47,700
looking alarmed, I want to 
invite them to visit Margaret 

2585
02:15:47,700 --> 02:15:49,900
corrected. 
Let them see what we've built 

2586
02:15:49,900 --> 02:15:51,900
here. 
Let them meet our community. 

2587
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:54,100
Let them understand that 
temporal displacement. 

2588
02:15:54,100 --> 02:15:56,000
Doesn't have to be a problem to 
be managed. 

2589
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:58,600
It can be an opportunity to be 
embraced. 

2590
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:03,000
The room went quiet again, but 
this time it was the excited 

2591
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:04,700
Silence of people who had just 
realized. 

2592
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,900
They were about to do something.
Either very brave or very stupid

2593
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,800
and weren't entirely sure. 
Which that said for like a 

2594
02:16:11,800 --> 02:16:14,700
slowly is either brilliant or 
completely insane. 

2595
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:19,100
In my experience Cloud said, 
cheerfully the best ideas are 

2596
02:16:19,100 --> 02:16:22,700
usually both. 
Inspector Kronos looked around 

2597
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:25,200
the room at the faces of people 
who had accidentally 

2598
02:16:25,200 --> 02:16:27,500
revolutionized temporal 
Community planing. 

2599
02:16:27,500 --> 02:16:30,700
And when now proposing to take 
their Revolution directly to the

2600
02:16:30,700 --> 02:16:34,400
highest levels of temporal 
Authority, Margaret could see 

2601
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:37,600
her trying to calculate the 
potential consequences, weigh 

2602
02:16:37,600 --> 02:16:40,100
the risks against the benefits, 
and figure out whether 

2603
02:16:40,100 --> 02:16:42,500
supporting this plan would 
advance or destroy her career. 

2604
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:45,400
I'll need to send a preliminary 
report. 

2605
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:49,100
First she said, finally, Prepare
them for the possibility of an 

2606
02:16:49,100 --> 02:16:51,400
unconventional solution to the 
displacement problem. 

2607
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,799
Unconventional Solutions are the
best kind Marcus said 

2608
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:58,799
approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

2609
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:00,700
conventional tactics fail, try 
something. 

2610
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:03,500
So unexpected that your enemies 
defeat themselves through 

2611
02:17:03,500 --> 02:17:06,799
confusion Did Romans actually 
say that? 

2612
02:17:06,799 --> 02:17:11,100
Thomas asked know, Marcus 
admitted cheerfully, but they 

2613
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:13,200
should have. 
Its excellent advice. 

2614
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:17,200
Margaret looked at inspector 
cronies who was staring at their

2615
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:19,900
Community with the expression of
someone who had come to enforce 

2616
02:17:19,900 --> 02:17:23,000
the rules and instead discovered
that they might need changing 

2617
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:28,000
It, she said gently, when did 
you last do something that made 

2618
02:17:28,000 --> 02:17:32,400
you excited about your work? 
Inspector Cronus was quiet for a

2619
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:34,400
long moment. 
I can't remember. 

2620
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:37,400
She said, finally. 
Then maybe it's time to try 

2621
02:17:37,400 --> 02:17:40,600
something new Margaret 
suggested, maybe it's time to 

2622
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:43,400
help us show the temporal 
Authority that some problems are

2623
02:17:43,400 --> 02:17:45,100
actually opportunities in 
Disguise. 

2624
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:48,299
The temporal authorities 
response to inspect a Cronus is 

2625
02:17:48,299 --> 02:17:51,400
preliminary report arrived. 
Three days later in the form of 

2626
02:17:51,400 --> 02:17:54,400
what appeared to be a medieval 
messenger, who wrote a horse, 

2627
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:56,900
that moves slightly to smoothly 
and cast, no shadow. 

2628
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:00,400
The message itself was written 
on parchment that looked 

2629
02:18:00,400 --> 02:18:03,600
authentic, but felt like 
high-quality printer paper and 

2630
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:06,100
the ink had the peculiar 
property of remaining wet until 

2631
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:09,900
someone read it at which point 
it dried instantly Margaret had 

2632
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:12,000
become fascinated by these 
temporal inconsistencies. 

2633
02:18:12,000 --> 02:18:15,100
Everything about the temporal 
Authority seemed designed to 

2634
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:17,500
look period appropriate while 
functioning with modern 

2635
02:18:17,500 --> 02:18:19,900
efficiency. 
As if they couldn't decide 

2636
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:22,900
whether they wanted to blend in 
with history or transcended 

2637
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:25,299
entirely. 
They're sending a delegation 

2638
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:28,700
inspector, Kronos announced 
reading the message allowed to 

2639
02:18:28,708 --> 02:18:32,200
the assembled Community, senior 
inspector, Paradox Inspector 

2640
02:18:32,200 --> 02:18:35,700
Calls ality and directed 
temporal will arrive tomorrow to

2641
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:38,799
assess the viability of Kronos 
Commons as an experimental 

2642
02:18:38,799 --> 02:18:42,299
temporal community. 
Directed temporal sister Agatha 

2643
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:45,500
asked, that's either a critical 
personal someone with a deeply 

2644
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:50,100
unfortunate name. 
Both, probably Veronica said, in

2645
02:18:50,100 --> 02:18:52,900
my experience the most 
important, bureaucrats always 

2646
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:57,299
have the most ridiculous titles.
Margaret felt the familiar 

2647
02:18:57,299 --> 02:18:59,600
flutter of anxiety, that 
proceeded any important 

2648
02:18:59,600 --> 02:19:02,600
inspection. 
Whether it was Library Auditors 

2649
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:05,900
Health Department, officials or 
apparently temporal law 

2650
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:08,500
enforcement. 
But underneath the anxiety was 

2651
02:19:08,500 --> 02:19:12,700
something else excitement. 
The first time in years. 

2652
02:19:12,700 --> 02:19:16,200
She was part of something that 
mattered something worth far 

2653
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:20,400
more fighting for. 
Right then she said standing up 

2654
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:22,799
with the sort of decisiveness 
that surprised everyone 

2655
02:19:22,799 --> 02:19:26,700
including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

2656
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:29,000
the most important visitors. 
This community has ever 

2657
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:31,600
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

2658
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:35,600
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

2659
02:19:35,608 --> 02:19:38,400
blur of organized chaos. 
That would have made any event 

2660
02:19:38,400 --> 02:19:40,200
planner. 
Weep with either admiration or 

2661
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:43,000
despair. 
Gladys organized a feast that 

2662
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:47,000
showcase culinary techniques 
from 12 different times, Nigel 

2663
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:49,900
provided the entire village with
a comprehensive overview of 

2664
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:52,300
infrastructure. 
Improvements highlighting the 

2665
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:54,900
innovations that emerged from 
the fusion of Roman engineering.

2666
02:19:54,900 --> 02:19:58,000
Victorian precision and modern 
Material Science. 

2667
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:01,900
Thomas prepared, a presentation 
on their governance, structure 

2668
02:20:01,900 --> 02:20:04,400
that managed to be both 
academically rigorous and 

2669
02:20:04,400 --> 02:20:08,000
practically applicable. 
Margaret found herself 

2670
02:20:08,000 --> 02:20:10,400
coordinating. 
The entire effort which felt 

2671
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:13,300
remarkably similar to organizing
the library's annual fundraising

2672
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:16,200
Gala. 
Except with more times involved 

2673
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:20,100
and significantly higher Stakes.
She discovered that her years of

2674
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:22,700
managing library of events had 
prepared her surprise, her well,

2675
02:20:22,700 --> 02:20:26,700
for managing temporal diplomacy.
The delegation arrived precisely

2676
02:20:26,700 --> 02:20:29,800
at noon stepping out of what 
appeared to be a traveling 

2677
02:20:29,800 --> 02:20:33,000
Merchants wagon, that definitely
hadn't been their moments before

2678
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:35,400
director. 
Temporal turned out to be a 

2679
02:20:35,400 --> 02:20:38,000
woman who looked like she could 
have been anywhere between 30 

2680
02:20:38,000 --> 02:20:41,500
and 300 years old wearing robes 
that managed to suggest both 

2681
02:20:41,500 --> 02:20:43,700
medieval Authority and modern 
professionalism. 

2682
02:20:44,600 --> 02:20:47,200
Senior inspector Paradox was a 
tall man with the sort of 

2683
02:20:47,208 --> 02:20:49,300
precisely groomed appearance 
that suggested. 

2684
02:20:49,300 --> 02:20:52,000
He took temporal regulations, 
very seriously indeed. 

2685
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:56,400
Inspector, causality was younger
with the eager expression of 

2686
02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:59,200
someone who had recently been 
promoted and was determined to 

2687
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:02,800
prove worthy of the position. 
Welcome to Kronos Commons 

2688
02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:05,900
Margaret said, stepping forward 
with the sort of confidence, 

2689
02:21:05,900 --> 02:21:08,300
usually reserved for dealing 
with particularly difficult 

2690
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:12,200
Library board members, we are 
honored by your visitor, 

2691
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:14,600
temporal looked around the 
Village Square where the 

2692
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:16,600
community had assembled to greet
their visitors. 

2693
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:20,200
Her expression was carefully 
neutral, but Margaret caught her

2694
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:21,900
paws in to study the 
architectural. 

2695
02:21:21,900 --> 02:21:25,100
Innovations, the way people from
different times were naturally 

2696
02:21:25,100 --> 02:21:28,200
interacting and the general 
atmosphere of purposeful 

2697
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:31,000
activity. 
Inspector Chronos has submitted 

2698
02:21:31,000 --> 02:21:34,600
a preliminary reports suggesting
that this community represents a

2699
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:36,600
viable alternative to 
traditional temporal 

2700
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:38,900
displacement. 
Protocols directed temporal 

2701
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:41,900
said, we're here to assess the 
accuracy of that assessment. 

2702
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:44,700
We'd be delighted to show you 
around. 

2703
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:48,500
Thomas said stepping forward 
with Colonial diplomatic charm 

2704
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:51,700
perhaps we could begin with our 
governance Center. 

2705
02:21:52,900 --> 02:21:55,800
What followed was the most 
unusual tour Margaret had ever 

2706
02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:58,500
participated in? 
They showed the delegation, 

2707
02:21:58,500 --> 02:22:00,500
their Democratic decision-making
processes. 

2708
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,600
Their conflict resolution 
methods, their resource 

2709
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:05,600
allocation system and their 
integration. 

2710
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:08,900
Protocols, At each stop 
community members. 

2711
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:12,200
Demonstrated not just how their 
systems worked, but why they 

2712
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,100
worked? 
The key Insight sister Agatha 

2713
02:22:15,100 --> 02:22:17,500
explained as they stood in what 
had become their informal 

2714
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,500
receipt urgent center. 
Is that temporal displacement, 

2715
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:23,700
doesn't have to mean, cultural 
isolation, when you put people 

2716
02:22:23,700 --> 02:22:26,200
from different times together, 
they don't just adapt to each 

2717
02:22:26,200 --> 02:22:27,800
other. 
They enhance each other. 

2718
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:31,900
She gestured to a wall covered 
with research notes, engineering

2719
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:35,400
diagrams, artistic 
collaborations and what appeared

2720
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:38,600
to be a detailed analysis of 
democratic theory written in 

2721
02:22:38,608 --> 02:22:41,100
four different languages by 
authors from four different 

2722
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:43,400
centuries. 
We're not just preserving 

2723
02:22:43,400 --> 02:22:46,800
historical knowledge. 
She continued we're creating new

2724
02:22:46,800 --> 02:22:49,800
knowledge, by combining 
historical perspectives in ways 

2725
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:51,500
that have never been possible 
before. 

2726
02:22:53,100 --> 02:22:55,600
Inspector call. 
Solati was taking in mild notes 

2727
02:22:55,600 --> 02:22:58,600
while senior inspector Paradox 
maintained, an expression of 

2728
02:22:58,608 --> 02:23:01,600
professional. 
Skepticism directed temporal, 

2729
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:03,900
however, was studying the 
research wall with the sort of 

2730
02:23:03,908 --> 02:23:07,000
intense Focus that suggested she
was seeing something she hadn't 

2731
02:23:07,000 --> 02:23:09,400
expected. 
This is unprecedented. 

2732
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:12,300
She said finally. 
Cross temporal knowledge 

2733
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:15,300
synthesis on this scale. 
The implications are 

2734
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,100
extraordinary. 
The implications are what we 

2735
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:20,900
live with every day, Gladys 
said, cheerfully appearing with 

2736
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,300
the tray of Refreshments that 
somehow managed to appear to 

2737
02:23:23,300 --> 02:23:26,900
taste preferences from across 
the centuries. turns out when 

2738
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:29,200
you stop worrying about the 
implications and start focusing 

2739
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:32,900
on the practicalities, most 
problems solve themselves, The 

2740
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:35,500
tour continued through the 
afternoon, with the delegation, 

2741
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:38,300
observing everything, from 
Marcus's conflict, resolution 

2742
02:23:38,300 --> 02:23:40,900
sessions, which involve more 
shouting than Margaret's 

2743
02:23:40,900 --> 02:23:42,400
comfortable with that seemed to 
work. 

2744
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:46,400
Denials engineering workshops 
which had produced innovations 

2745
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:48,500
that probably shouldn't have 
been possible with available 

2746
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,200
materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

2747
02:23:51,200 --> 02:23:53,900
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

2748
02:23:53,900 --> 02:23:56,900
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

2749
02:23:56,900 --> 02:23:59,800
tables that have been built by 
combining Roman construction 

2750
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:03,000
techniques with Victoria and 
craftsmanship and modern 

2751
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:06,000
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

2752
02:24:06,008 --> 02:24:08,500
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

2753
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:13,200
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuinely happy, I

2754
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:15,600
have a question directed 
temporal said as the male wound 

2755
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:17,900
down what happens when someone 
wants to leave. 

2756
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:22,100
The question lingered in the 
air, akin to an uncomfortable 

2757
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:24,600
truth. 
That everyone had been evading. 

2758
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:27,700
Margaret felt her stomach 
clenched because this was the 

2759
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,400
one aspect of their Community, 
they hadn't fully addressed. 

2760
02:24:31,100 --> 02:24:34,500
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 
rather complicated. 

2761
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:38,200
We haven't actually figured out 
how to leave even if someone 

2762
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:41,500
wanted to. 
But would you Inspector Calls a 

2763
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:43,300
Letty? 
Ask Want to leave. 

2764
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:47,200
I mean, if you could Margaret 
looked around the table at 

2765
02:24:47,200 --> 02:24:49,800
faces, that had become more 
familiar to her than her family.

2766
02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:53,200
These people had become her 
colleagues, her friends, her 

2767
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:56,500
chosen community, in a way that 
her old life had never provided.

2768
02:24:57,300 --> 02:25:00,400
I think she said carefully. 
That's the wrong question. 

2769
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:04,000
The right question is, would we 
want to go back to the lives? 

2770
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:05,400
We were living before. 
We came here. 

2771
02:25:06,500 --> 02:25:08,900
And the answer to that question,
direct to temporal asked 

2772
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:11,100
Margaret smiled asked me 
tomorrow. 

2773
02:25:11,100 --> 02:25:14,200
The temporal authorities 
decision came in the form of an 

2774
02:25:14,200 --> 02:25:16,500
official Proclamation. 
That somehow managed to be both 

2775
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:19,100
bureaucratically, precise and 
genuinely revolutionary. 

2776
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:23,900
Chronos Commons was granted 
experimental status as the first

2777
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:26,300
authorized cross. 
Temporal community development 

2778
02:25:26,300 --> 02:25:30,500
project with funding legal 
recognition and most importantly

2779
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:32,600
official permission to continue 
existing. 

2780
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:35,400
Congratulations. 
Director. 

2781
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:38,100
Temporal said, presenting 
Margaret with a document that 

2782
02:25:38,100 --> 02:25:41,300
looked like a medieval Charter 
but contained Clauses about 

2783
02:25:41,300 --> 02:25:44,800
Innovative, temporal integration
methodologies and sustainable 

2784
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:46,600
anachronistic Community 
planning. 

2785
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:49,000
You've accidentally sold a 
problem. 

2786
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:50,600
We've been working on for 
centuries. 

2787
02:25:51,300 --> 02:25:54,400
We've accidentally sold several 
problems for on a corrected. 

2788
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:57,400
Temporal displacement, 
cross-cultural integration, 

2789
02:25:57,400 --> 02:26:00,100
sustainable Community 
Development and Margaret's 

2790
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,000
midlife crisis. 
Margaret laughed because it was 

2791
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:06,200
true somewhere between 
organizing emergency committee 

2792
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:08,800
meetings and negotiating with 
temporal bureaucrats. 

2793
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:11,900
She had discovered that her 
midlife crisis hadn't been about

2794
02:26:11,900 --> 02:26:14,800
her age, or her circumstances. 
It had been about the fact that 

2795
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:16,800
she hadn't been living a life 
that felt like her own. 

2796
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:22,400
So what happens now she asked? 
Now directed Temple said, you 

2797
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:23,800
become a model for other 
temporal. 

2798
02:26:23,800 --> 02:26:27,100
Displacement, situations will be
sending observers researchers 

2799
02:26:27,100 --> 02:26:29,700
and probably a few more 
accidental Time, Travelers your 

2800
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:33,700
way you're going to be busy. 
We're already busy Gladys 

2801
02:26:33,700 --> 02:26:35,600
pointed out. 
We're good at busy. 

2802
02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:40,000
Busy is what happens when you're
doing something that matters. as

2803
02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:42,200
the temporal Authority 
delegation prepared to leave 

2804
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:46,500
inspector Kronos, approached 
Margaret privately, I've 

2805
02:26:46,500 --> 02:26:47,800
submitted a request for 
reassignment. 

2806
02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:51,000
She said, I'd like to stay here 
as a permanent liaison between 

2807
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:54,200
the community and the authority.
Why do you want to be 

2808
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:56,300
reassigned? 
Margaret asked, though. 

2809
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:58,700
She suspected. 
She knew the answer because For 

2810
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:01,200
the First Time in decades, I'm 
engaged in work that feels 

2811
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:05,200
significant inspector, Kronos 
stated plainly and because 

2812
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:07,500
someone needs to document what 
you're accomplishing here. 

2813
02:27:07,500 --> 02:27:11,200
Future temporal communities are 
going to need guidance, and 

2814
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:12,800
you've already figured out most 
of the answers. 

2815
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:16,000
Margaret nodded. 
Will need help with the 

2816
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:18,700
paperwork. 
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 

2817
02:27:18,700 --> 02:27:21,000
even more complicated than 
regular bureaucracy. 

2818
02:27:22,600 --> 02:27:25,400
That evening as the community 
gathered for what had become 

2819
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:26,900
their traditional end of day 
meeting. 

2820
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:30,200
Margaret reflected on the 
strange Journey that had brought

2821
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:32,300
her here. 
Six months ago, she had been 

2822
02:27:32,308 --> 02:27:35,900
living a life that felt too 
small to predictable and too 

2823
02:27:35,900 --> 02:27:38,000
much like settling for less than
she deserved. 

2824
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:41,300
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 
a new form of human community, 

2825
02:27:41,300 --> 02:27:43,600
that existed outside normal time
and space. 

2826
02:27:44,700 --> 02:27:48,700
Any regrets sister Agatha asked 
settling into the chair beside 

2827
02:27:48,700 --> 02:27:51,100
her? 
Margaret considered the question

2828
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:53,700
seriously? 
Did she miss her old life? 

2829
02:27:53,700 --> 02:27:56,700
Did she miss her house her job 
her routine? 

2830
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,700
Or did she miss the person? 
She had been when those things 

2831
02:27:59,700 --> 02:28:02,400
had felt like enough. 
I miss my cat. 

2832
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:06,300
She said, finally the cats are 
adaptable if he could see me 

2833
02:28:06,300 --> 02:28:09,200
now, he'd probably approve. 
He always thought I was capable 

2834
02:28:09,200 --> 02:28:12,600
of more than I believed. 
Cats are excellent judges of 

2835
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:13,800
character. 
Tom's agreed. 

2836
02:28:13,800 --> 02:28:18,300
They see potential that humans 
often miss Speaking of potential

2837
02:28:18,300 --> 02:28:21,100
Veronica said what do we want to
be when we grow up? 

2838
02:28:21,100 --> 02:28:24,100
Now that we're officially 
experimental we get to decide 

2839
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,000
what we're experimenting. 
With the question sparked, the 

2840
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:29,500
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

2841
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:32,300
associate with her new community
ideas. 

2842
02:28:32,300 --> 02:28:35,700
Flew around the room, like 
butterflies establishing a 

2843
02:28:35,700 --> 02:28:38,200
university for cross. 
Temporal studies, developing 

2844
02:28:38,200 --> 02:28:41,100
sustainable technologies that 
combined Knowledge from multiple

2845
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:43,900
time periods. 
Creating artistic collaborations

2846
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:46,500
that had never been possible 
before and writing the 

2847
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:50,300
definitive guide to temporal 
Community planning We could 

2848
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:53,100
change how people think about 
time itself, Nigel suggested. 

2849
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:57,400
Demonstrate that passed present 
and future Arts separate things.

2850
02:28:58,300 --> 02:29:00,700
They're different perspectives 
on the same Human Experience. 

2851
02:29:01,900 --> 02:29:04,600
We could revolutionize 
historical research, assistant 

2852
02:29:04,600 --> 02:29:07,300
added. 
Imagine what we could learn. 

2853
02:29:07,300 --> 02:29:09,900
If historians could actually 
talk to the people, they study. 

2854
02:29:11,100 --> 02:29:14,800
We could perfect democracy or 
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 

2855
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:17,200
of someone who had spent 
centuries thinking about 

2856
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:20,900
political Theory. 
Test different approaches with 

2857
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:22,900
people who have lived under 
different systems. 

2858
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:25,800
We could just keep being 
ourselves and see what happens 

2859
02:29:25,800 --> 02:29:30,300
Gladys said pragmatically in my 
experience, the best Revolutions

2860
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,000
of the ones that happen 
naturally because people are 

2861
02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:34,500
living the lives. 
They want to live. 

2862
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:38,700
Margaret listen to the 
conversation swirl around her 

2863
02:29:38,700 --> 02:29:40,900
and felt something she had never
experienced before. 

2864
02:29:40,900 --> 02:29:44,800
Complete certainty that she was 
precisely where she belonged 

2865
02:29:44,800 --> 02:29:48,600
doing exactly what she was meant
to do with exactly the people. 

2866
02:29:48,600 --> 02:29:52,900
She was meant to do it with I 
have a proposal she said the 

2867
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:55,900
room quieted to listen. 
What if we stopped to finding 

2868
02:29:55,900 --> 02:29:58,100
ourselves and just become who we
want to be? 

2869
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:01,800
We're not just a temporal 
Community or an experimental 

2870
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:04,900
project or an accidental 
Revolution where people who 

2871
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:07,500
found each other across time and
space and decided to build 

2872
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:12,300
something beautiful together. 
Dead markers of proving is the 

2873
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:17,500
sort of proposal that wins Wars.
Are we at War Inspector Calls? 

2874
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:20,800
Ality asked looking alarmed? 
We're at war with the idea that 

2875
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:23,600
people have to accept the lives.
They give an instead of creating

2876
02:30:23,600 --> 02:30:26,500
the lives. 
They want Margaret said, we're 

2877
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:29,300
at war with the notion that 
different is dangerous and stead

2878
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:31,700
of wonderful. 
The belief that the future must 

2879
02:30:31,700 --> 02:30:35,200
mirror the past simply because 
it's the norm is what we're 

2880
02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:38,800
fighting against. 
Revolutionary Wars are the best 

2881
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:42,700
kind of Veronica said with 
satisfaction especially when you

2882
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:46,400
win the by accident. 
As the meeting wound down and 

2883
02:30:46,400 --> 02:30:48,300
people began drifting back to 
their homes. 

2884
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:50,400
Homes. 
That had been built by combining

2885
02:30:50,400 --> 02:30:53,800
architectural Knowledge from 
across the centuries decorated 

2886
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:57,100
with art created through cross 
temporal collaboration and 

2887
02:30:57,100 --> 02:30:59,300
filled with the sort of 
contentment that came from 

2888
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:02,600
living in a community where 
everyone belonged Margaret 

2889
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:05,300
stepped outside to look up at 
stars that had witnessed all of 

2890
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:07,600
human history. 
Tomorrow would bring new 

2891
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:11,200
challenges, new visitors and new
opportunities to prove that 

2892
02:31:11,200 --> 02:31:13,300
their accidental experiment in 
temporal Community. 

2893
02:31:13,300 --> 02:31:16,400
Building could work on a larger 
scale, there would be more 

2894
02:31:16,400 --> 02:31:20,100
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 
more negotiations with 

2895
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:22,900
authorities who still weren't 
entirely convinced that rules 

2896
02:31:22,900 --> 02:31:26,900
were meant to be broken. 
But tonight Margaret was simply 

2897
02:31:26,900 --> 02:31:29,600
a woman who had accidentally 
time-traveled into the best 

2898
02:31:29,600 --> 02:31:31,000
life. 
She'd never imagined living 

2899
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:34,700
surrounded by friends, she had 
never expected to make working 

2900
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:37,500
on projects that mattered in 
ways she was still discovering. 

2901
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:41,300
She thought about the other 
version of herself living in her

2902
02:31:41,300 --> 02:31:44,600
old house working at her old 
job, probably wondering why life

2903
02:31:44,600 --> 02:31:47,800
felt so unsatisfied. 
Margaret had been awaiting 

2904
02:31:47,800 --> 02:31:49,500
approval to pursue her desired 
life. 

2905
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:52,200
This Margaret had learned that 
sometimes. 

2906
02:31:52,200 --> 02:31:55,600
The best thing you can do is 
stop waiting for permission and 

2907
02:31:55,600 --> 02:31:57,000
start creating the life you 
deserve. 

2908
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:01,300
The Stars looked exactly the 
same as they had in her time, 

2909
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:03,900
which somehow made everything 
else feel possible. 

2910
02:32:04,700 --> 02:32:06,700
Time was more flexible than 
anyone had. 

2911
02:32:06,700 --> 02:32:09,600
Imagined Community was more 
important than anyone had 

2912
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:11,800
realized and revolution could 
happen. 

2913
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:15,100
Accidentally, when people simply
decided to treat each other with

2914
02:32:15,100 --> 02:32:17,900
kindness and respect across the 
barriers that were supposed to 

2915
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:20,800
divide them. 
Margaret smiled and went inside 

2916
02:32:20,800 --> 02:32:23,200
to help Gladys, plant, 
tomorrow's menu because even 

2917
02:32:23,200 --> 02:32:26,400
accidental, revolutionaries had 
to eat and someone needed to 

2918
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,100
coordinate the logistics of 
changing the world when shared 

2919
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:32,700
meals time, After all, she was 
still a librarian at heart. 

2920
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:36,200
And Librarians, understood that 
the most important Revolution 

2921
02:32:36,200 --> 02:32:39,400
was the ones that happened. 
Quietly, one person has to time 

2922
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,200
through the simple Act of 
helping people find exactly what

2923
02:32:42,200 --> 02:32:44,500
they were looking for even when 
they hadn't known they were 

2924
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:50,100
looking for it. 
Now imagine yourself sitting in 

2925
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:55,800
your favorite armchair, in 1939,
cup of tea on the side table as 

2926
02:32:55,800 --> 02:32:59,000
the world prepares to undergo 
unprecedented transformations. 

2927
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:02,400
But the people who are about to 
change, it had no idea. 

2928
02:33:02,400 --> 02:33:06,000
They were writing the most 
expensive recipe, ever recipe 

2929
02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:10,800
required, approximately 130,000 
individuals, a duration of three

2930
02:33:10,800 --> 02:33:14,100
years and sufficient funds to 
establish a modest Nation. 

2931
02:33:14,100 --> 02:33:18,000
It all started because some very
smart people, got very worried 

2932
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:21,500
Imagine the feeling you get when
you realize you left the stove 

2933
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,700
on and imagine that feeling 
multiplied by the entire future 

2934
02:33:24,700 --> 02:33:28,100
of civilization. 
That's roughly what Leo silard 

2935
02:33:28,100 --> 02:33:30,700
felt when he heard that German 
scientists had figured out how 

2936
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:34,400
to split uranium atoms. 
Soulard was a genius who could 

2937
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:37,000
probably calculate the 
trajectory of falling toast in 

2938
02:33:37,008 --> 02:33:39,600
his pajamas. 
But even he couldn't foresee the

2939
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:43,300
consequences of his concern. 
The amusing thing about salad is

2940
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:45,700
that he was the kind of guy who 
would patent an idea for a 

2941
02:33:45,700 --> 02:33:48,400
nuclear reactor, then 
immediately realize it might be 

2942
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:50,000
dangerous and try to keep it 
secret. 

2943
02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:53,500
It's like inventing dynamite and
then Whispering the recipe. 

2944
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:57,700
He spent most of 1939, pacing 
around New York, like likely 

2945
02:33:57,700 --> 02:33:59,800
frightening, pigeons with his 
intense expression. 

2946
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,100
Trying to persuade anyone who 
would listen that American 

2947
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:05,200
needed to outpace Germany in the
atomic race. 

2948
02:34:06,000 --> 02:34:09,300
But you can't just walk into the
White House and say, hey, we 

2949
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:12,600
need to build a massive bomb. 
Well, you can try, but they'll 

2950
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,400
probably escort you out rather 
quickly. 

2951
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:18,500
So hard did, what any reasonable
person would do, he got, 

2952
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:22,700
Einstein to write a letter. 
Apparently even in 1939 name 

2953
02:34:22,700 --> 02:34:26,000
recognition held significant 
importance, Einstein, who 

2954
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:27,800
probably just wanted to work on 
his theories. 

2955
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:30,500
In peace, found himself 
accidentally becoming the 

2956
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:34,500
Godfather of the atomic age. 
He later recognized the irony 

2957
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:37,700
given that he was a pacifist who
had previously expressed a 

2958
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:39,000
preference for being a 
Lighthouse Keeper. 

2959
02:34:39,000 --> 02:34:43,800
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 
the letter in October 1939, 

2960
02:34:43,800 --> 02:34:46,900
right around the time, he was 
dealing with a dozen other world

2961
02:34:46,900 --> 02:34:49,300
ending problems. 
You have to admire the man's 

2962
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:52,800
ability to prioritize most of 
us, get overwhelmed choosing 

2963
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:55,600
what to watch on streaming 
services, but FDR was juggling 

2964
02:34:55,600 --> 02:34:59,400
potential, nuclear weapons, a 
World War and probably wondering

2965
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:01,600
if his morning coffee was strong
enough for any of this. 

2966
02:35:02,500 --> 02:35:05,400
The initial response was about 
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 

2967
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:09,100
from a government bureaucracy, 
they formed a committee, nothing

2968
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:11,600
conveys, the urgency of a 
world-changing, scientific 

2969
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:14,000
breakthrough, more effectively 
than the formation of a 

2970
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:16,400
committee. 
The Iranian committee as they 

2971
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:20,200
called it met a few times. 
Allocated a whopping 6,000 

2972
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:23,000
dollars for research and 
probably spent more on coffee. 

2973
02:35:23,000 --> 02:35:25,800
The uranium, it was the 
governmental equivalent of 

2974
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:29,500
putting a Band-Aid on a volcano.
But here's where the story gets 

2975
02:35:29,500 --> 02:35:31,800
intriguing in that unique and 
American Way. 

2976
02:35:32,800 --> 02:35:35,200
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl 

2977
02:35:35,200 --> 02:35:39,400
Harbor happened, suddenly the 
abstract concept of maybe we 

2978
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:40,700
should look into this Atomic 
thing. 

2979
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:44,300
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

2980
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:46,300
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

2981
02:35:47,100 --> 02:35:50,200
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 
man who had just finished 

2982
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:53,200
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

2983
02:35:53,200 --> 02:35:56,700
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

2984
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,700
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

2985
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:02,900
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

2986
02:36:02,900 --> 02:36:05,400
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

2987
02:36:06,200 --> 02:36:09,100
Groves was the kind of military 
mind who could look at an 

2988
02:36:09,100 --> 02:36:10,500
impossible task, and 
immediately. 

2989
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:14,300
Start figuring out how to make 
it slightly less impossible, one

2990
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:17,500
spreadsheet at a time. 
The beautiful absurdity of the 

2991
02:36:17,500 --> 02:36:19,500
Manhattan Project was already 
becoming clear. 

2992
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:23,000
You had theoretical physicists 
who could barely balance their 

2993
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:25,300
checkbooks being asked to create
the most practical and 

2994
02:36:25,308 --> 02:36:28,700
devastating weapon in history. 
While military men who 

2995
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:31,800
understood Logistics had to wrap
their heads around Concepts that

2996
02:36:31,800 --> 02:36:34,900
sounded like they belonged in 
comic books and so began the 

2997
02:36:34,900 --> 02:36:38,200
most improbable collaboration in
human history where the marriage

2998
02:36:38,200 --> 02:36:41,100
of pure science and applied 
paranoia would reshape 

2999
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:43,400
everything. 
Now, you might think that 

3000
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:46,600
assembling the world's greatest 
scientific Minds would be like 

3001
02:36:46,600 --> 02:36:49,000
organizing a really intellectual
dinner party. 

3002
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,200
You'd be wrong. 
It was more like trying to hurt 

3003
02:36:52,200 --> 02:36:54,400
cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

3004
02:36:54,400 --> 02:36:57,400
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

3005
02:36:57,400 --> 02:37:00,400
alarming tendency to argue about
theoretical physics, at 

3006
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:04,800
inappropriate volumes, General 
Groves, blesses practical, heart

3007
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:06,600
approach, this challenge, the 
way. 

3008
02:37:06,600 --> 02:37:11,800
Any good military man, would he 
made lists lots of lists, lists 

3009
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:15,200
of scientists list of locations,
lists of things they need and 

3010
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:17,800
probably a list of reasons why 
this was either the best or 

3011
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,900
worst assignment of his career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

3012
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:24,500
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people 

3013
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:27,300
except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

3014
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:30,600
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested 

3015
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,300
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 
to lead the scientific effort. 

3016
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:37,200
Now, Oppenheimer was an 
interesting choice, he was 

3017
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:39,400
brilliant. 
Absolutely, but he was also the 

3018
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:42,900
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 
at cocktail parties and had a 

3019
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:45,300
habit of making everyone around 
him feel slightly under 

3020
02:37:45,300 --> 02:37:47,800
educated. 
He was like that friend, who can

3021
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:51,100
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

3022
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,900
fluency except in stead of being
annoying at dinner parties. 

3023
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:58,000
He was about to become the most 
famous scientist in America. 

3024
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:00,900
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

3025
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:03,300
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

3026
02:38:03,300 --> 02:38:06,500
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

3027
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:09,900
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

3028
02:38:09,900 --> 02:38:12,500
need results. 
Now please, he could talk to a 

3029
02:38:12,508 --> 02:38:15,300
theoretical physicist about 
quantum mechanics in the morning

3030
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:18,300
and explain to a general why 
they needed more funding in the 

3031
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:20,800
afternoon. 
All while maintaining the kind 

3032
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:23,300
of cool demeanor that suggested.
He found the whole thing 

3033
02:38:23,300 --> 02:38:26,300
intellectually fascinating 
rather than terrifying. 

3034
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:29,500
You can't run a massive 
scientific project from 

3035
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:32,400
University offices, and 
borrowed, Laboratories, they 

3036
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:34,900
needed space and not just any 
space. 

3037
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:38,900
They needed secret space, really
secret space. 

3038
02:38:39,700 --> 02:38:42,300
The kind of secret space where 
you could accidentally change 

3039
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:44,900
the world without anyone 
noticing, until it was too late.

3040
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:48,400
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 
location. 

3041
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,000
So remote that it made the 
middle of nowhere look like 

3042
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,900
downtown Manhattan. 
It was perfect in the way that 

3043
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:58,200
only truly imperfect places can 
be perfect, Sight was isolated 

3044
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:01,000
enough that any accidental 
explosions would mostly just 

3045
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:04,400
bother the local Wildlife but 
accessible enough that they 

3046
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:06,700
could actually transport 
equipment and people without 

3047
02:39:06,700 --> 02:39:10,100
requiring pack mules. 
The original plan was to house, 

3048
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:13,700
maybe 30 scientists there. 
This was a bit like planning, a 

3049
02:39:13,708 --> 02:39:16,700
small dinner party and having it
turned into a wedding reception 

3050
02:39:16,700 --> 02:39:20,200
for 500 people. 
By the end of the project, Los 

3051
02:39:20,200 --> 02:39:23,500
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 
Ranch School into a secret City 

3052
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:26,800
with its own post office school 
system and probably the highest 

3053
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:29,700
concentration of advanced 
degrees per square mile in human

3054
02:39:29,700 --> 02:39:33,100
history but Los Alamos was just 
one piece of the puzzle. 

3055
02:39:33,100 --> 02:39:36,500
The Manhattan Project ended up 
requiring an entire secret 

3056
02:39:36,500 --> 02:39:38,200
infrastructure. 
Spread across the country. 

3057
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:42,000
They built massive facilities in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they

3058
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:45,000
would separate uranium Isotopes,
using methods that were equal 

3059
02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:48,700
parts, brilliant and Brute 
Force, They constructed another 

3060
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:51,900
enormous complex in Hanford, 
Washington for producing 

3061
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:55,200
plutonium, because apparently 
one type of nuclear material 

3062
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:58,400
wasn't enough for their 
ambitious plans, the logistics 

3063
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,300
alone were mind-boggling. 
Try explaining to your 

3064
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:03,600
accountant that you need to 
build several cities from 

3065
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:07,400
scratch hire tens of thousands 
of people and consume more 

3066
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:09,200
electricity than some entire 
States. 

3067
02:40:09,200 --> 02:40:12,900
All for a project, you can't 
actually tell anyone about the 

3068
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:14,900
Tennessee Valley Authority, 
suddenly found itself. 

3069
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:18,200
Powering what looked like the 
industrial equivalent of a small

3070
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:21,800
Alien Invasion and they just had
to trust that someone somewhere 

3071
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:26,500
knew what they were doing. 
The security measures were so 

3072
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:28,100
elaborate they boarded on 
comedy. 

3073
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:30,200
Workers at Oak. 
Ridge were told they were 

3074
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:33,400
helping with the war effort but 
most had no idea what they were 

3075
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:36,000
actually producing. 
Some thought they were making 

3076
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,300
Industrial Equipment, others 
assumed it was, some kind of 

3077
02:40:39,308 --> 02:40:42,300
super fuel. 
A few probably suspected. 

3078
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:44,400
They were involved in something 
important but the 

3079
02:40:44,400 --> 02:40:46,600
compartmentalization was so 
thorough. 

3080
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:49,800
You could work on the Manhattan 
Project for three years and 

3081
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:52,200
still have only the vaguest idea
what you'd actually 

3082
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:55,000
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

3083
02:40:55,000 --> 02:40:58,000
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

3084
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:01,100
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

3085
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:04,800
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

3086
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:08,000
in temporary housing, in the 
middle of the desert working on 

3087
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:10,800
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

3088
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:14,400
everything else It was like 
summer camp for adults if summer

3089
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:17,400
camp involved, nuclear physics 
and the fate of Civilization. 

3090
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:20,700
Now, here's where things get 
really interesting in the 

3091
02:41:20,700 --> 02:41:23,100
special way that only 
theoretical physics can be 

3092
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:25,500
interesting. 
Your dealing with people who 

3093
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:28,400
spend their days thinking about 
things so small, you can't see 

3094
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:30,100
them. 
Even with the most powerful 

3095
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:33,800
microscopes yet these invisible 
things contain enough energy to 

3096
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,800
level cities, it's like 
discovering that dust bunnies 

3097
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:39,000
under your couch could power 
your entire neighborhood. 

3098
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:41,600
If only, you could figure out 
how to convince them to 

3099
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:44,900
cooperate, the basic concept of 
nuclear fission sounds almost 

3100
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:46,800
simple. 
When you say it quickly, you 

3101
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:50,200
take a uranium, atom, you split 
it and it releases energy. 

3102
02:41:51,100 --> 02:41:53,600
But saying that is like saying 
baking a cake when you're 

3103
02:41:53,608 --> 02:41:56,300
actually trying to construct a 
12 tier wedding cake. 

3104
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:59,000
While blindfolded using 
ingredients, you've never seen 

3105
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:02,000
before and following a recipe 
written in a language that was 

3106
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:05,700
just invented yesterday. 
The first challenge was getting 

3107
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:09,300
the right kind of uranium 
natural, uranium is mostly 

3108
02:42:09,300 --> 02:42:13,100
uranium 238, which is about as 
useful for making bombs as a 

3109
02:42:13,108 --> 02:42:16,000
chocolate teapot. 
What they needed was uranium 

3110
02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:20,000
235, which makes up less than 1%
of natural uranium. 

3111
02:42:20,000 --> 02:42:23,500
It's like needing to separate 
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 

3112
02:42:23,500 --> 02:42:26,500
full of mixed M&M's, except the 
M&M's are invisible. 

3113
02:42:26,500 --> 02:42:29,300
They're trying to kill you and 
you can only tell them apart 

3114
02:42:29,300 --> 02:42:31,400
using methods, that hadn't been 
invented yet. 

3115
02:42:32,800 --> 02:42:34,500
The scientists at Oak Ridge 
approached. 

3116
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:37,300
This problem with the kind of 
methodical determination that 

3117
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:39,500
only comes from having 
absolutely no choice. 

3118
02:42:40,400 --> 02:42:43,200
They tried several different 
separation methods, including 

3119
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,200
one that involved giant Electro 
magnets called calutron. 

3120
02:42:46,200 --> 02:42:49,700
These machines were enormous and
consumed so much electricity 

3121
02:42:49,700 --> 02:42:53,200
that they basically turned the 
separation of uranium ice tops 

3122
02:42:53,200 --> 02:42:57,000
in to an industrial process. 
That could be seen from space of

3123
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:00,800
satellites that existed then. 
However, uranium was not the 

3124
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:04,200
soul option available nuclear 
reactors, could create plutonium

3125
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:09,000
an element in nature. 
Plutonium was like, uranium's 

3126
02:43:09,000 --> 02:43:12,600
more complicated cousin, 
potentially more powerful but 

3127
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:15,200
also more difficult to work with
and with a personality that 

3128
02:43:15,200 --> 02:43:17,700
could charitably be described as
temperamental. 

3129
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:21,600
Creating plutonium required 
building nuclear reactors, which

3130
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:23,600
brought its own special set of 
challenges. 

3131
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:26,800
The first reactor was built 
under the football stadium at 

3132
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:29,300
the University of Chicago 
because apparently someone 

3133
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:31,500
thought that the best place to 
test Humanity's. 

3134
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:34,900
First controlled nuclear chain 
reaction was directly underneath

3135
02:43:34,900 --> 02:43:38,400
a major American city. 
The physicists in charge of this

3136
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:41,700
experiment in Rica fairy was 
reportedly betting on whether 

3137
02:43:41,700 --> 02:43:44,700
the reaction would stop when 
they wanted it to which shows 

3138
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:46,400
how well they understood what 
they were doing. 

3139
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:48,900
Fairy. 
Incidentally was the kind of 

3140
02:43:48,908 --> 02:43:51,900
scientist who could calculate 
complex physics problems in his 

3141
02:43:51,900 --> 02:43:54,200
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

3142
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:56,700
calculator. 
He was also famous for his 

3143
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:58,500
ability to estimate almost 
anything. 

3144
02:43:58,500 --> 02:44:01,200
Give him a few minutes and some 
basic information. 

3145
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:03,800
And he could tell you 
approximately how many piano 

3146
02:44:03,800 --> 02:44:07,200
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 
much energy would be released by

3147
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:09,200
various theoretical nuclear 
explosion. 

3148
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:13,200
This skill turned out to be 
surprisingly useful when dealing

3149
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:16,200
with weapons that released more 
energy than anyone had ever 

3150
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:19,700
handled before the Chicago 
reactor worked for thankfully 

3151
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,300
without accidentally eliminating
the Midwest and it provided the 

3152
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:26,700
proof of concept needed to build
much larger reactors at Hanford.

3153
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:30,900
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

3154
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:33,700
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

3155
02:44:33,700 --> 02:44:36,800
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

3156
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,300
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

3157
02:44:40,100 --> 02:44:42,800
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

3158
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:45,100
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

3159
02:44:45,108 --> 02:44:48,400
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

3160
02:44:48,400 --> 02:44:51,000
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

3161
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:54,700
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

3162
02:44:54,700 --> 02:44:58,000
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

3163
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:00,900
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

3164
02:45:00,900 --> 02:45:04,500
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

3165
02:45:04,500 --> 02:45:08,000
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium into another 

3166
02:45:08,000 --> 02:45:11,400
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

3167
02:45:11,400 --> 02:45:14,600
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

3168
02:45:14,600 --> 02:45:17,300
hammers. 
But this method only worked with

3169
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:21,400
uranium 235 and they didn't have
enough for more than one bomb. 

3170
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:25,500
The plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

3171
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:29,300
called implosion which involved 
surrounding a ball of plutonium 

3172
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:32,300
with conventional explosives and
detonating them all at. 

3173
02:45:32,300 --> 02:45:35,600
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

3174
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:39,200
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

3175
02:45:39,200 --> 02:45:42,200
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

3176
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,900
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

3177
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:49,100
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

3178
02:45:50,300 --> 02:45:53,000
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

3179
02:45:53,000 --> 02:45:55,800
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

3180
02:45:55,800 --> 02:45:58,800
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

3181
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:03,300
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

3182
02:46:03,300 --> 02:46:05,900
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

3183
02:46:05,900 --> 02:46:07,500
science project for over two 
years. 

3184
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,600
Despite possessing, numerous 
theories calculations and 

3185
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:14,400
mathematical equations, they 
remained uncertain. 

3186
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:17,800
If any of them would truly 
function, Its akin to 

3187
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:21,300
dedicating, three years to the 
construction of a car, only to 

3188
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:24,100
discover that you've never 
actually attempted to operate 

3189
02:46:24,100 --> 02:46:27,000
the key. 
The gun type uranium bomb was 

3190
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:30,000
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

3191
02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:32,700
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

3192
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:36,000
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

3193
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:39,200
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

3194
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:43,300
However, the plutonium implosion
bomb presented a distinct 

3195
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:45,600
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

3196
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:48,800
temperamental that betting the 
war on it without a test would 

3197
02:46:48,800 --> 02:46:51,200
have been like performing brain 
surgery, based on a cookbook, 

3198
02:46:51,200 --> 02:46:54,600
you'd written yourself. 
So they decided to conduct a 

3199
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:57,500
test which presented its own 
unique set of challenges. 

3200
02:46:58,500 --> 02:47:01,200
What would be the most suitable 
location to test a nuclear 

3201
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:03,300
weapon? 
You cannot simply head to the 

3202
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:06,000
nearby firing range and hope for
a favorable outcome. 

3203
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:08,300
You need somewhere remote 
enough. 

3204
02:47:08,300 --> 02:47:10,900
That if something goes 
spectacularly wrong you won't 

3205
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:13,200
accidentally eliminate half of 
civilization. 

3206
02:47:13,200 --> 02:47:15,600
Before you've had a chance to 
use your weapon on the enemy. 

3207
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:18,100
They chose a site in the New 
Mexico. 

3208
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:21,600
Desert about 200 miles south of 
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 

3209
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:25,600
The name was oppenheimer's 
Choice inspired by a John Donne 

3210
02:47:25,600 --> 02:47:28,100
poem because apparently even 
when you're about to test 

3211
02:47:28,100 --> 02:47:30,800
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,
you still have time for 

3212
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:35,100
literature. 
The site was flat empty and Far 

3213
02:47:35,100 --> 02:47:38,000
Enough from major population 
centers that any unexpected 

3214
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:40,900
consequences would mostly affect
lizards and tumbleweeds. 

3215
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,600
Preparing for the test was like 
planning the world's most 

3216
02:47:44,600 --> 02:47:47,500
dangerous camping trip. 
They had to transport an 

3217
02:47:47,500 --> 02:47:50,700
incredibly delicate and 
expensive nuclear device across 

3218
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:53,500
desert roads that were barely 
suitable for regular 

3219
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:56,300
automobiles. 
Then assemble it in a temporary 

3220
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:59,300
laboratory that had been built 
in the middle of nowhere. 

3221
02:48:00,100 --> 02:48:03,400
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 
the gadget with the kind of 

3222
02:48:03,400 --> 02:48:06,200
casual understatement that 
suggested, they were discussing 

3223
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:09,800
a new kitchen, appliance rather 
than a weapon that could level a

3224
02:48:09,800 --> 02:48:11,900
city. 
The scientists and military 

3225
02:48:11,900 --> 02:48:14,600
personnel involved in the tests.
Were dealing with unprecedented 

3226
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:17,500
questions. 
How far away did you need to be 

3227
02:48:17,500 --> 02:48:19,500
to observe a nuclear explosion 
safely? 

3228
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:23,200
Nobody knew because nobody had 
ever observed a nuclear 

3229
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,100
explosion before. 
They made their best guesses 

3230
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:28,900
based on calculations and hope 
they weren't catastrophically 

3231
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:31,100
wrong. 
Some of the scientists brought 

3232
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:34,900
suntan lotion as if protecting 
against nuclear radiation, was 

3233
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:36,500
similar to preventing a mild 
sunburn. 

3234
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:40,000
The test was scheduled for the 
early morning hours of July, 

3235
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:45,100
16th, 1945, partly for security 
reasons, and partly, because 

3236
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:47,900
someone thought it would be 
easier to see the explosion 

3237
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:52,100
against the pre-dawn sky. 
As the countdown approached, the

3238
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:54,700
level of tension at the site was
probably measurable with 

3239
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:57,800
scientific instruments. 
These were people who had spent 

3240
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:00,800
years of their lives working 
toward this moment and they were

3241
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:03,400
about to find out if they'd 
created a revolutionary weapon, 

3242
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:07,100
all the world's most expensive 
firework Oppenheimer and the 

3243
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,100
other key scientists gathered at
control bunker about six miles 

3244
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:13,300
from Ground Zero, which seemed 
like a safe distance Until you 

3245
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:16,700
realize that nobody actually 
knew what constituted a safe 

3246
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:20,300
distance from Humanity's first 
nuclear explosion, they laid 

3247
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:23,000
down on the ground faceing away 
from the blast site with 

3248
02:49:23,000 --> 02:49:26,800
instructions to look only after 
the initial flash of passed, it 

3249
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:29,400
was like being told to watch the
world's most important Sunrise 

3250
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:34,000
through your eyelids at 5:29 
a.m. the gadget detonated with a

3251
02:49:34,000 --> 02:49:37,000
force equivalent to about 21,000
tons of TNT. 

3252
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:41,000
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

3253
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:44,300
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

3254
02:49:44,300 --> 02:49:47,300
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

3255
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:51,200
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

3256
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,900
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

3257
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:58,300
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

3258
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:02,600
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

3259
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:05,200
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

3260
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:07,300
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

3261
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,900
The steel tower that held the 
bomb vaporized along with 

3262
02:50:10,900 --> 02:50:13,600
everything else within a 
substantial radius of ground 

3263
02:50:13,600 --> 02:50:16,000
zero in the space of a few 
seconds. 

3264
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:20,000
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

3265
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:22,800
later said that he watched the 
explosion aligned from the 

3266
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:27,600
pagadi came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

3267
02:50:27,600 --> 02:50:30,400
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

3268
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,100
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual given the 

3269
02:50:33,100 --> 02:50:36,400
circumstances, but it captured 
the magnitude of what they had 

3270
02:50:36,400 --> 02:50:39,200
just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

3271
02:50:39,200 --> 02:50:41,500
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

3272
02:50:42,400 --> 02:50:45,800
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

3273
02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:49,300
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

3274
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,600
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

3275
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:55,300
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

3276
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:58,900
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

3277
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:01,600
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

3278
02:51:02,600 --> 02:51:06,400
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico desert, the 

3279
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:09,500
scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity began 

3280
02:51:09,500 --> 02:51:11,800
grappling with the implications 
of what they had, just 

3281
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:14,600
accomplished, they had unlocked 
a portal that would never 

3282
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:16,600
reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

3283
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:19,100
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

3284
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:20,600
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

3285
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:24,200
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

3286
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:28,700
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

3287
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:31,900
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

3288
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,600
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

3289
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:39,500
deciding what to do with it. 
Pressed President Truman who had

3290
02:51:39,500 --> 02:51:41,900
inherited both the presidents. 
He and the Manhattan Project 

3291
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:44,900
from Roosevelt found himself in 
the position of having to make 

3292
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:48,600
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood Imagine 

3293
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:51,800
being given the keys to a weapon
that could destroy cities and 

3294
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:53,900
being told to learn how to use 
it in a few weeks. 

3295
02:51:54,800 --> 02:51:57,300
Truman was a practical man who 
preferred straightforward 

3296
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,400
problems with straightforward 
Solutions but there was nothing 

3297
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:02,200
straightforward about Atomic 
weapons. 

3298
02:52:03,100 --> 02:52:05,900
Military estimates for the 
invasion of Japan were extremely

3299
02:52:05,900 --> 02:52:09,900
sobering operation downfall as 
it was known, had the potential 

3300
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:13,700
to cause over a million American
casualties and several million 

3301
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:16,600
Japanese deaths. 
These weren't abstract numbers 

3302
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:20,200
on a strategic planning document
they represented real people 

3303
02:52:20,200 --> 02:52:24,800
families and entire communities.
The alternative was using Atomic

3304
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:28,300
weapons against Japanese cities,
which would also kill enormous 

3305
02:52:28,300 --> 02:52:31,300
numbers of civilians, but my end
the war quickly enough to 

3306
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:33,200
prevent an even larger 
catastrophe. 

3307
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:36,500
It's the kind of decision that 
would keep anyone awake at 

3308
02:52:36,500 --> 02:52:39,900
night, the kind of moral 
calculation that has no clearly.

3309
02:52:39,900 --> 02:52:42,500
Right answer. 
Do you choose the option that 

3310
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:45,800
kills fewer people overall, but 
involves using weapons of 

3311
02:52:45,800 --> 02:52:49,100
unprecedented destructive power.
Or do you choose the 

3312
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:52,100
conventional Invasion? 
That might ultimately cost more 

3313
02:52:52,100 --> 02:52:55,000
lives but doesn't cost the 
threshold into nuclear warfare. 

3314
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:59,600
Some of the scientists involved 
in the Manhattan Project was 

3315
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:02,400
seriously reconsidering their 
involvement in its creation? 

3316
02:53:03,400 --> 02:53:06,700
Leo silard, who had started the 
whole thing with his worries 

3317
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,900
about German Atomic research. 
Now, found himself trying to 

3318
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:13,100
stop the use of the weapons. 
He had helped create he and 

3319
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:15,700
several other scientists 
petition Truman to demonstrate 

3320
02:53:15,700 --> 02:53:19,800
the bombs power without using it
against populated areas that by 

3321
02:53:19,800 --> 02:53:22,900
detonating it over an 
uninhabited area where Japanese 

3322
02:53:22,900 --> 02:53:25,300
leaders could witness his 
destructive potential. 

3323
02:53:26,100 --> 02:53:28,900
But military planners argued 
that a demonstration might not 

3324
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,200
be convincing enough to force 
Japanese surrender. 

3325
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:34,100
Especially if the bond fail to 
detonate properly. 

3326
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,200
They had exactly two. 
Operational, Atomic weapons, 

3327
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:43,100
little boy, the Iranian bomb and
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and

3328
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:45,800
using one for a demonstration 
would leave them with only one 

3329
02:53:45,800 --> 02:53:49,600
weapon for actual combat use. 
It was like having two bullets 

3330
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:52,100
and wondering whether to file 
one into the air as a warning 

3331
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:54,900
shot. 
The decision-making process was 

3332
02:53:54,900 --> 02:53:57,500
complicated by the fact that 
many of the people involved 

3333
02:53:57,500 --> 02:54:00,600
still didn't fully understand 
what they were dealing with. the

3334
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:03,500
long-term effects of radiation 
exposure won't well, understood 

3335
02:54:03,500 --> 02:54:07,100
the political implications of 
introducing nuclear weapons to 

3336
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:10,100
Warfare, hadn't been fully 
considered They were making 

3337
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:13,600
decisions about the future of 
human conflict with incomplete 

3338
02:54:13,600 --> 02:54:17,000
information and under enormous 
time, pressure, Japanese 

3339
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:20,200
resistant was fears and showed 
no signs of diminishing. 

3340
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,600
The battle of Okinawa had 
demonstrated the terrible cost 

3341
02:54:23,600 --> 02:54:26,900
of invading fortified Japanese 
positions, and intelligence 

3342
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:29,700
suggested that the Japanese were
preparing to defend their home 

3343
02:54:29,700 --> 02:54:33,700
islands with even greater 
determination, Kamikaze attacks 

3344
02:54:33,700 --> 02:54:35,400
were increasing and frequency 
and intensity. 

3345
02:54:36,300 --> 02:54:39,100
From a purely military 
perspective, anything that could

3346
02:54:39,100 --> 02:54:41,500
end the war quickly was worth 
serious consideration. 

3347
02:54:42,600 --> 02:54:45,500
On the other hand, several 
high-ranking military officials 

3348
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:48,100
questioned whether Atomic 
weapons were necessary at all. 

3349
02:54:48,800 --> 02:54:51,000
Some argue that Japan was 
already on the verge of 

3350
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:54,800
surrender due to Conventional 
bombing Naval blockade and the 

3351
02:54:54,808 --> 02:54:56,800
Soviet entry into the war 
against Japan. 

3352
02:54:56,800 --> 02:55:00,200
Others suggested that the 
primary motivation for using the

3353
02:55:00,200 --> 02:55:03,800
bombs was not to defeat Japan 
but to demonstrate American 

3354
02:55:03,800 --> 02:55:06,000
nuclear capability to the Soviet
Union. 

3355
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:10,800
Thereby initiating the Cold War.
The target selection process was

3356
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:14,400
grimly, methodically military 
planners wanted cities that were

3357
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:17,500
militarily significant but had 
not been heavily damaged by 

3358
02:55:17,500 --> 02:55:20,700
conventional bombing so that the
effects of the atomic weapon 

3359
02:55:20,700 --> 02:55:22,400
could be clearly observed and 
documented. 

3360
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:26,500
They also wanted targets that 
would have maximum cycle impact 

3361
02:55:26,500 --> 02:55:29,600
on Japanese leadership. 
Final Target list. 

3362
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:34,700
Included Hiroshima, kakura 
niggaa and Nagasaki Kyoto was 

3363
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:37,300
initially on the list as well. 
But Secretary of War, Henry 

3364
02:55:37,300 --> 02:55:40,700
Stimson, reportedly removed it 
from consideration because he 

3365
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:43,200
had visited the city and 
appreciated, its cultural and 

3366
02:55:43,200 --> 02:55:46,900
historical significance. 
One of those small human moments

3367
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:50,800
that had enormous consequences, 
a single person's aesthetic, 

3368
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:54,400
sensibility, potentially saving 
a city and its hundreds of 

3369
02:55:54,408 --> 02:55:56,600
thousands of inhabitants from 
nuclear destruction. 

3370
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:01,400
Because the decision deadline 
approached Truman was receiving 

3371
02:56:01,400 --> 02:56:04,900
advice from multiple directions,
much of it contradictory 

3372
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:08,300
military commanders wanted to 
use the weapons to save American

3373
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:10,400
lives. 
There was a divide among 

3374
02:56:10,400 --> 02:56:13,300
scientists between those seeking
to demonstrate the bomb's power 

3375
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:17,700
and those advocating for its 
decisive use. political advisors

3376
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:20,400
were thinking about post-war 
relationships with both Japan 

3377
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,200
and the Soviet Union in the end 
Truman, made the decision that 

3378
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:27,200
he believed would end the war, 
most quickly, and save the most 

3379
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:30,800
lives overall whether he was 
right or wrong as a question 

3380
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:34,500
that historians and ethicist 
continue to debate today, But in

3381
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:38,100
the summer of 1945, with 
incomplete information and 

3382
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:41,700
enormous pressure, he chose to 
authorize the use of atomic 

3383
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:44,700
weapons, against Japan. 
It was a decision that would 

3384
02:56:44,700 --> 02:56:47,000
define, not just the end of 
World War 2, but the beginning 

3385
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:51,600
of the nuclear age on the 
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the

3386
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:55,900
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 
bomber named after the Pilot's 

3387
02:56:55,900 --> 02:56:58,700
mother took off from Tiny and 
Ireland, carrying little boy, 

3388
02:56:58,700 --> 02:57:02,200
the uranium bomb that had never 
been tested, but was expected to

3389
02:57:02,200 --> 02:57:04,300
work based on theoretical 
calculations. 

3390
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,700
It's important to take a moment 
to appreciate the surreal nature

3391
02:57:07,700 --> 02:57:09,900
of this moment. 
They were piloting. 

3392
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:13,400
An untested nuclear weapon over 
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 

3393
02:57:13,408 --> 02:57:16,100
three years of theoretical 
physics, and Engineering to 

3394
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:18,600
perform precisely as intended at
The crucial moment. 

3395
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:22,500
Colonel Paul. 
Tibbets the pilot probably had 

3396
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,100
the strangest job description in
military history that morning. 

3397
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,700
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

3398
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:32,600
destroy an entire city and his 
route included flying over enemy

3399
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:35,300
territory while carrying the 
most expensive and dangerous 

3400
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:39,200
Cargo in human history. 
The crew had been told, they 

3401
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:42,100
were carrying a very powerful 
bomb, but most didn't know they 

3402
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:44,500
were about to witness the first 
use of nuclear weapons. 

3403
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:48,800
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

3404
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,500
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

3405
02:57:51,500 --> 02:57:54,100
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

3406
02:57:54,100 --> 02:57:57,300
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

3407
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:02,100
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

3408
02:58:02,100 --> 02:58:05,600
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

3409
02:58:05,600 --> 02:58:08,800
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

3410
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:12,600
Little boy, detonated about 
1,900 feet above the city 

3411
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:16,000
center, the explosion created a 
fireball with temperatures 

3412
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:17,900
exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun 

3413
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:20,800
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually, everything 

3414
02:58:20,800 --> 02:58:23,900
within a one-mile radius. 
The mushroom cloud. 

3415
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,900
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

3416
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:31,000
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

3417
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,700
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

3418
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:36,900
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

3419
02:58:36,900 --> 02:58:40,100
buildings. 
Simply vanished, people who are 

3420
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:42,500
close to the hyper Center were 
vaporized so quickly. 

3421
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:45,800
But their Shadows were burned 
into concrete and Stone Surfaces

3422
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:50,100
the intense heat, the crushing 
force of the Shockwave or the 

3423
02:58:50,108 --> 02:58:54,100
collapse of buildings killed. 
Others tens of thousands died 

3424
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:55,800
immediately and tens of 
thousands. 

3425
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,400
More would die in the following 
days and weeks from radiation 

3426
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:03,000
sickness Burns and injuries. 
Back in Washington, the news of 

3427
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:05,800
Hiroshima has destruction was 
received with a mixed of relief 

3428
02:59:05,800 --> 02:59:09,600
satisfaction and growing 
awareness of what had just been 

3429
02:59:09,600 --> 02:59:12,100
Unleashed. 
Truman announced the attack 

3430
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,700
publicly explaining that the 
United States had developed the 

3431
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:18,900
new and revolutionary increase 
in destruction and warning, 

3432
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:23,400
Japan to surrender or face A 
Reign of Ruin from the air, the 

3433
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:25,500
like of which has never been 
seen on the earth. 

3434
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:27,800
The Japan did not immediately 
surrender. 

3435
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:30,600
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

3436
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:33,000
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

3437
02:59:33,000 --> 02:59:36,400
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

3438
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:39,700
tinian, carrying Fatman the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

3439
02:59:39,700 --> 02:59:43,800
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura 

3440
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:47,100
but cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

3441
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:52,100
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

3442
02:59:52,100 --> 02:59:56,500
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

3443
02:59:57,300 --> 03:00:02,300
Fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 
on August 9th, mushroom cloud. 

3444
03:00:02,300 --> 03:00:06,300
And another zone of complete 
devastation, The bomb was 

3445
03:00:06,300 --> 03:00:09,000
actually more powerful than 
little boy, but the hilly 

3446
03:00:09,000 --> 03:00:12,000
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the
destruction somewhat compared to

3447
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:15,600
the flat geography of Hiroshima.
The two atomic bombings killed 

3448
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:19,800
over 200,000 people, most of 
them civilians and demonstrated 

3449
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:22,600
that the United States possessed
weapons of unprecedented 

3450
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:25,500
destructive power. 
More importantly, from a 

3451
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:28,300
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

3452
03:00:28,300 --> 03:00:30,500
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

3453
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,200
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

3454
03:00:34,200 --> 03:00:37,700
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

3455
03:00:37,700 --> 03:00:39,800
changed. 
Emperor. 

3456
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:43,600
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

3457
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:48,200
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

3458
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,400
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

3459
03:00:51,400 --> 03:00:54,800
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

3460
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:57,400
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

3461
03:00:57,400 --> 03:01:01,000
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

3462
03:01:01,000 --> 03:01:03,400
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

3463
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:07,300
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

3464
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:10,300
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

3465
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,800
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

3466
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:15,700
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

3467
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:19,800
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

3468
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,900
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

3469
03:01:22,900 --> 03:01:24,900
a significant shift in human 
history. 

3470
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:29,100
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

3471
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,300
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

3472
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:36,800
World War 2 but it also created 
something else a world where the

3473
03:01:36,800 --> 03:01:39,000
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

3474
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:42,000
theoretically possible, where 
the stakes of international 

3475
03:01:42,000 --> 03:01:45,300
conflict had been raised beyond 
anything previously imaginable. 

3476
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:49,900
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki receded, the 

3477
03:01:49,900 --> 03:01:53,400
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

3478
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:56,700
work, came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

3479
03:01:56,700 --> 03:01:59,200
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

3480
03:01:59,200 --> 03:02:02,000
challenge of nuclear weapons. 
But they had also created 

3481
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:05,800
political ethical, and strategic
challenges that would define in 

3482
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:09,200
international relations for 
generations to come, the atomic 

3483
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:12,600
age had arrived and there was no
going back when the celebration 

3484
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:15,400
parade ended, and the newspapers
stopped running headlines about 

3485
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,500
the miracle weapons, that had 
ended the war, the people who 

3486
03:02:18,500 --> 03:02:21,100
had created those weapons found 
themselves dealing with the 

3487
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:24,600
peculiar kind of Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

3488
03:02:24,600 --> 03:02:27,800
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

3489
03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:31,300
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

3490
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:32,400
entirely. 
Sure. 

3491
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:37,100
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, The Manhattan Project

3492
03:02:37,100 --> 03:02:40,400
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

3493
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,100
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

3494
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:45,000
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

3495
03:02:45,900 --> 03:02:49,000
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

3496
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:51,700
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

3497
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:54,200
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

3498
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:57,800
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

3499
03:02:57,800 --> 03:02:59,600
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

3500
03:02:59,600 --> 03:03:02,100
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

3501
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:05,800
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

3502
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,100
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

3503
03:03:09,100 --> 03:03:13,200
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

3504
03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:16,100
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

3505
03:03:16,100 --> 03:03:19,100
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb 

3506
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:22,800
that he was also someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

3507
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:25,500
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

3508
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:28,000
nervous. 
Challenging to be a national 

3509
03:03:28,008 --> 03:03:29,700
icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

3510
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:32,000
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

3511
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,700
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

3512
03:03:34,700 --> 03:03:37,700
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

3513
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:40,300
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

3514
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:41,800
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

3515
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,600
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

3516
03:03:45,600 --> 03:03:49,000
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

3517
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:51,400
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

3518
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:55,400
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

3519
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:57,300
the weapons. 
They had helped create were two 

3520
03:03:57,308 --> 03:03:59,100
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

3521
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:02,900
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

3522
03:04:02,900 --> 03:04:04,800
about war and international 
relations. 

3523
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:08,300
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

3524
03:04:08,300 --> 03:04:11,200
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

3525
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:12,600
Destruction for everyone 
involved. 

3526
03:04:13,400 --> 03:04:15,800
It was like discovering that 
winning an argument could result

3527
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:19,100
in both, participants being 
struck by lightning, The 

3528
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:21,700
traditional logic of warfare 
where you could defeat your 

3529
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:23,200
enemies without destroying 
yourself. 

3530
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,000
No longer applied when nuclear 
weapons were involved. 

3531
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,000
The Soviet Union which had been 
America's Allied during the war 

3532
03:04:30,000 --> 03:04:33,300
immediately began working on its
own nuclear weapons program. 

3533
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:36,800
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 
of leader who was comfortable 

3534
03:04:36,800 --> 03:04:38,200
with other countries having 
weapons. 

3535
03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:41,700
He didn't possess Specially 
weapons that could level entire 

3536
03:04:41,700 --> 03:04:45,200
cities, the race to develop 
nuclear weapons became the 

3537
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:47,400
foundation of what would be 
called the Cold War. 

3538
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:51,300
A decade's long standoff between
superpowers armed with enough. 

3539
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:53,500
Nuclear weapons to destroy each 
other. 

3540
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:56,900
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

3541
03:04:56,900 --> 03:04:59,300
Project. 
Watched this development with a 

3542
03:04:59,300 --> 03:05:01,600
mixture of resignation and 
horror. 

3543
03:05:02,400 --> 03:05:05,200
Many thought that nuclear 
weapons would be so obviously 

3544
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:09,300
bad that no same leader. 
Would want to make more instead,

3545
03:05:09,300 --> 03:05:12,300
they discovered that human 
nature was more complicated than

3546
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,400
nuclear physics and that the 
existence of nuclear weapons 

3547
03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:18,400
seem to make other countries 
want nuclear weapons even more 

3548
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:21,600
desperately. 
Nuclear testing became a regular

3549
03:05:21,600 --> 03:05:25,100
occurrence with both the United 
States and the Soviet Union 

3550
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:28,800
detonating increasingly powerful
weapons in remote locations 

3551
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:32,200
around the world. 
Hydrogen bomb developed in the 

3552
03:05:32,200 --> 03:05:35,200
early 1950s made the weapons 
used against Japan. 

3553
03:05:35,200 --> 03:05:38,800
Looks small by comparison, it 
was comparable to the difference

3554
03:05:38,800 --> 03:05:42,200
between a firecracker and a 
volcano with both having the 

3555
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:43,900
potential to destroy human 
civilization. 

3556
03:05:43,900 --> 03:05:48,600
If misused the legacy of the 
Manhattan Project extended far 

3557
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:52,000
beyond military applications 
nuclear power, plants began 

3558
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:55,800
generating electricity nuclear 
medicine, revolutionized cancer 

3559
03:05:55,800 --> 03:05:59,200
treatment and radioactive 
isotopes became essential tools 

3560
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:02,700
for scientific research. 
Same knowledge that had created 

3561
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:04,500
the most destructive weapons in 
history. 

3562
03:06:04,500 --> 03:06:08,100
Also led to innovations that 
saved lives and advanced human 

3563
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:09,600
understanding of the natural 
world. 

3564
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,400
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 

3565
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:16,400
was the way it changed, how we 
think about the relationship 

3566
03:06:16,400 --> 03:06:21,500
between science and Society. 
Before 1945, most people viewed 

3567
03:06:21,500 --> 03:06:25,200
scientific research as 
inherently beneficial a pure 

3568
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,500
pursuit of knowledge that 
inevitably led to human 

3569
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:31,100
progress. 
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 

3570
03:06:31,100 --> 03:06:32,700
became clear that scientific 
knowledge. 

3571
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:36,200
Could be used for purposes that 
were anything but beneficial and

3572
03:06:36,200 --> 03:06:38,700
that scientists had 
responsibilities that extended 

3573
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:42,700
beyond their Laboratories 
Manhattan Project demonstrated 

3574
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:46,100
that given enough resources, 
brilliant people and sufficient 

3575
03:06:46,100 --> 03:06:48,800
motivation. 
Humans could solve almost any 

3576
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:52,000
technical problem. 
But it also showed that solving 

3577
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:54,300
technical problems was often 
easier than dealing with the 

3578
03:06:54,300 --> 03:06:58,000
consequences of those Solutions.
Scientists had successful 

3579
03:06:58,000 --> 03:07:02,200
nuclear weapons, but they had a 
world where the continued 

3580
03:07:02,200 --> 03:07:05,500
existence of human civilization 
depended on the wisdom and 

3581
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:09,500
Restraint of political leaders 
Who settle in for sleep tonight.

3582
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:12,700
It's worth remembering that the 
story of the Manhattan Project 

3583
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:16,900
is ultimately a story about 
human beings trying to solve an 

3584
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,100
unprecedented problem. 
Under enormous pressure making 

3585
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,100
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

3586
03:07:23,100 --> 03:07:25,400
consequences. 
They couldn't fully anticipate 

3587
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:29,500
The scientists engineers and 
military personnel. 

3588
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:32,700
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

3589
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:36,100
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary. 

3590
03:07:36,100 --> 03:07:39,900
Circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

3591
03:07:39,900 --> 03:07:45,000
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

3592
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:48,700
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

3593
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,500
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

3594
03:07:51,508 --> 03:07:54,200
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shaped 

3595
03:07:54,200 --> 03:07:56,300
international relations for over
70 years. 

3596
03:07:57,300 --> 03:07:59,300
But perhaps, that's not entirely
a bad thing. 

3597
03:07:59,300 --> 03:08:02,900
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

3598
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:05,200
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

3599
03:08:05,200 --> 03:08:08,600
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

3600
03:08:08,600 --> 03:08:11,000
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

3601
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:14,200
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

3602
03:08:14,200 --> 03:08:18,700
far. 
Picture this. 

3603
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:23,400
Your walking down a city street 
in 1923 and the world around. 

3604
03:08:23,400 --> 03:08:26,200
You is humming with an energy. 
That feels almost Electric. 

3605
03:08:27,300 --> 03:08:30,100
The atmosphere isn't quite 
electric but it's close enough. 

3606
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:33,000
Sure there are more light bulbs 
than ever before. 

3607
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:36,400
But the real electricity is in 
the air itself crackling with 

3608
03:08:36,400 --> 03:08:39,700
possibility and change. 
He'd notice it first in the 

3609
03:08:39,700 --> 03:08:44,400
south The clip-clop of horses 
that dominated just a decade 

3610
03:08:44,400 --> 03:08:47,600
ago, has been replaced by the 
puttering growl of automobiles. 

3611
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:52,200
The sound is not the smooth pair
of modern cars, but rather a 

3612
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:54,700
sound, akin to a coffee grinder 
arguing with a lawn mower. 

3613
03:08:55,600 --> 03:08:58,600
The Model T Ford despite its 
mechanical prowess was as 

3614
03:08:58,600 --> 03:09:02,400
unassuming as a brass band, 
playing in a library the smell 

3615
03:09:02,400 --> 03:09:06,700
hits you next a cocktail of 
motor oil cigarette smoke and 

3616
03:09:06,700 --> 03:09:10,200
something in definitely 
optimistic it's the center of a 

3617
03:09:10,208 --> 03:09:11,700
country that's just discovered 
it. 

3618
03:09:11,700 --> 03:09:15,300
Can reinvent itself like a 
middle-aged person trying on a 

3619
03:09:15,300 --> 03:09:17,800
completely different hair cut 
and deciding they rather like 

3620
03:09:17,800 --> 03:09:20,100
it. 
You're dressed in a tire that 

3621
03:09:20,100 --> 03:09:22,000
would make your great 
grandparents cling to their 

3622
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:24,900
pearls. 
If you're a woman your hemline 

3623
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:28,100
is scandalously revealing 
several inches of ankle and calf

3624
03:09:28,100 --> 03:09:30,600
your hair is Bob Short of the 
most men's. 

3625
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:33,500
You might be smoking a cigarette
in public without a single 

3626
03:09:33,500 --> 03:09:37,400
person calling the authorities. 
If you're a man, your collar is 

3627
03:09:37,400 --> 03:09:40,300
a bit lower, your pants, a bit, 
looser, and you've got enough 

3628
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:42,100
hair permit to lubricate, a 
small engine. 

3629
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,200
The funny thing about the 1920s 
is that everyone calls them 

3630
03:09:46,200 --> 03:09:48,400
roaring but they didn't start 
out that way. 

3631
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:52,500
The decade began with people 
suffering from severe hangovers 

3632
03:09:52,500 --> 03:09:55,400
from World War 1. 
The country was like someone 

3633
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:58,400
who'd been to a really intense 
party and was now standing in 

3634
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:00,600
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 
cold. 

3635
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:03,600
Pizza wondering what on Earth 
had just happened. 

3636
03:10:04,400 --> 03:10:07,400
However, the Americans with 
their unwavering optimism gazed 

3637
03:10:07,400 --> 03:10:10,800
at the chaos and expressed that 
was quite unpleasant. 

3638
03:10:10,800 --> 03:10:14,600
Let's try something. 
Completely different and boy. 

3639
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:20,600
Did they ever The war had ended 
in 1918 and by 1920 everyone was

3640
03:10:20,600 --> 03:10:22,200
ready to forget. 
It had ever happened. 

3641
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,800
It was as if everyone had 
experienced Collective Amnesia 

3642
03:10:25,800 --> 03:10:28,800
accompanied by jazz music and 
illegal cocktails. 

3643
03:10:29,700 --> 03:10:34,100
People wanted to dance laugh. 
Make money generally behave as 

3644
03:10:34,100 --> 03:10:36,100
if they had discovered the 
perfect cocktail sauce. 

3645
03:10:36,900 --> 03:10:39,600
You'd see this attitude 
everywhere, people walked with a

3646
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,200
spring in their step, suggesting
they were late for something 

3647
03:10:42,200 --> 03:10:45,300
fun. 
They spoke fast faster louder 

3648
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:48,000
and with more slang than a 
teenager who had just 

3649
03:10:48,000 --> 03:10:49,600
discovered, they could invent 
their own language. 

3650
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:55,000
These knees and cats Pajamas. 
Not only served as Expressions. 

3651
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:58,500
Could also, as Declarations of 
Independence from the Victorian 

3652
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:01,200
era which had finally thankfully
left town. 

3653
03:11:02,300 --> 03:11:04,400
The cities were growing like 
mushrooms after rain. 

3654
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:08,800
People were flooding in from 
farms and small towns drawn by 

3655
03:11:08,808 --> 03:11:12,200
the promise of factory jobs and 
electric lights and the chance 

3656
03:11:12,200 --> 03:11:13,800
to reinvent themselves 
completely. 

3657
03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:17,800
It was like the world's largest 
costume party, except the 

3658
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:20,800
costumes were new lives and 
nobody was planning to take them

3659
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:23,200
off. 
At midnight, money was flowing 

3660
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:26,500
like water from a broken pipe 
and everyone was convinced. 

3661
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:27,800
They could catch some in a 
bucket. 

3662
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:31,500
People were buying stocks with 
the same casual confidence. 

3663
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:35,000
They'd used to choose a new hat 
as the stock market soared to 

3664
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:38,300
unprecedented Heights. 
What could possibly go wrong? 

3665
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:42,800
However, we are assuming too 
much at this point right now, in

3666
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:46,900
this moment, your standing on a 
street corner in 1923 and the 

3667
03:11:46,900 --> 03:11:49,300
future looks as bright. 
As a freshly polished brass 

3668
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:53,100
button, the air brims with 
potential, your pockets, May 

3669
03:11:53,100 --> 03:11:57,400
hold some cash and a jazz band 
playing in the distance and 

3670
03:11:57,400 --> 03:11:59,600
Tyson's, your feet to dance and 
dependently. 

3671
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,500
Welcome to the Roaring 20s, 
where the past was new, and the 

3672
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:06,300
future was whatever you dare to 
make it. 

3673
03:12:06,300 --> 03:12:08,700
Let's now discuss your daily 
activities. 

3674
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:13,000
In the exciting world of 1923. 
If your fortunate enough to have

3675
03:12:13,000 --> 03:12:16,700
a job, as most people did, 
adding to the magic, you'd be 

3676
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,300
engaged in a way that would have
left your parents, scratching 

3677
03:12:19,300 --> 03:12:22,800
their heads and confusion. 
For the first time in American 

3678
03:12:22,800 --> 03:12:25,600
history, more people were living
in cities than on farms. 

3679
03:12:25,600 --> 03:12:28,800
This transformation wasn't just 
a demographic shift. 

3680
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:32,300
It was like the entire country 
had decided to change its 

3681
03:12:32,300 --> 03:12:35,500
personality America was 
transforming from a nation of 

3682
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:38,900
people who knew every neighbor's
Cow by name to a place where you

3683
03:12:38,900 --> 03:12:41,100
might not even know the name of 
the person living in the 

3684
03:12:41,100 --> 03:12:44,400
apartment next door. 
If you were a woman, you'd 

3685
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:46,800
probably be working outside the 
home in a way that would have 

3686
03:12:46,800 --> 03:12:50,000
scandalized your grandmother. 
Instead of Performing strenuous 

3687
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:54,100
Farm tasks or handling laundry, 
women found themselves seated at

3688
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:57,400
a desk in an office building 
using Innovative typewriters 

3689
03:12:57,400 --> 03:13:00,500
that resembled a hybrid of a 
piano and a mechanical spider. 

3690
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,400
you'd be earning your money, 
which gave you a kind of Freedom

3691
03:13:04,400 --> 03:13:08,100
that previous generations of 
women could only dream about The

3692
03:13:08,100 --> 03:13:10,700
work itself had a rhythm to it, 
that was entirely new. 

3693
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:14,900
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 
because the whole concept of 

3694
03:13:14,900 --> 03:13:16,700
business hours was becoming 
sacred. 

3695
03:13:16,700 --> 03:13:21,000
Launch was exactly one hour. 
Usually eaten at a counter lunch

3696
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:22,600
spots. 
That served food fast to the. 

3697
03:13:22,608 --> 03:13:26,700
You could say efficiently. 
Everything was about speed and 

3698
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:30,200
productivity and the wonderful 
terrible idea that time was 

3699
03:13:30,200 --> 03:13:32,600
money. 
But here's the thing that made 

3700
03:13:32,600 --> 03:13:36,600
the 20 special when that work 
day ended, the real fun began. 

3701
03:13:36,600 --> 03:13:39,800
You'd step out of your office 
building into a world that was 

3702
03:13:39,808 --> 03:13:43,400
determined to entertain you. 
Streets were lined with movie 

3703
03:13:43,400 --> 03:13:46,300
theaters showing the latest, 
Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton

3704
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:48,200
films. 
These weren't just movies. 

3705
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:51,000
They were escapes into Worlds 
where Anything could happen. 

3706
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:54,900
And usually did, if you desire 
to dance, you would make your 

3707
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:57,000
way to one of the hundreds of 
dance halls that. 

3708
03:13:57,000 --> 03:14:01,200
Had sprung up like, fervent 
plants Jazz, new musical genre 

3709
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:04,200
resembled traditional music with
a hint of improvisation. 

3710
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:08,400
It was syncopated unpredictable 
and absolutely irresistible. 

3711
03:14:08,400 --> 03:14:11,000
You do the Charleston until your
feet hurt. 

3712
03:14:11,700 --> 03:14:14,100
And keep dancing anyway, because
the music wouldn't let you stop.

3713
03:14:15,200 --> 03:14:18,900
Food was changing too instead of
the heavy Germanic meals that 

3714
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:22,000
are dominated American tables. 
You'd find yourself eating 

3715
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:24,500
lighter, fare salads became 
fashionable. 

3716
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:27,200
Not because anyone was 
particularly concerned about 

3717
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:31,300
health, but because they felt 
modern and sophisticated canned 

3718
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:34,300
foods were everywhere. 
Promising, convenience and 

3719
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:37,000
consistently. 
You could open a can of peaches 

3720
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:39,600
in the middle of winter and feel
like you were living in the 

3721
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:41,600
future. 
And King of the future. 

3722
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:46,400
About being modern. 
Furniture art and ideas were all

3723
03:14:46,408 --> 03:14:48,800
model. 
If something was old, it was 

3724
03:14:48,800 --> 03:14:52,400
automatically suspect people 
were redecorating, their homes 

3725
03:14:52,400 --> 03:14:55,800
with clean lines and geometric 
patterns throwing out the heavy 

3726
03:14:55,800 --> 03:14:58,800
or Nate Victorian furniture that
had dominated parlors for 

3727
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:01,400
decades. 
Seemed as though the entire 

3728
03:15:01,400 --> 03:15:04,300
nation had made a Resolute 
decision to purge and never look

3729
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:06,900
back your evening. 
Entertainment might include 

3730
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:09,800
listening to the radio, which 
was still magical enough to make

3731
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:13,700
you shake your head in wonder. 
The are carried voices and music

3732
03:15:13,700 --> 03:15:16,800
directly into your living room, 
you'd gather around the radio. 

3733
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:20,100
Like it was a campfire listening
to programs that connected you 

3734
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:23,200
to the rest of the country in a 
way that had never been possible

3735
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:26,700
before, but the real excitement 
came from the speakeasies. 

3736
03:15:26,700 --> 03:15:29,500
Now, officially alcohol was 
illegal. 

3737
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,800
Thanks to Prohibition, which had
gone into effect in 1920. 

3738
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,600
But in reality people were 
drinking more than ever and they

3739
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:40,300
were drinking it in Hidden clubs
that had the atmosphere of a 

3740
03:15:40,300 --> 03:15:43,300
permanent party. 
You'd knock on an unmarked door,

3741
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:46,700
whisper a password and suddenly 
you'd be in a world of dim, 

3742
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,900
light, strong drinks and the 
kind of music that made you want

3743
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:53,500
to dance until dawn. 
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.

3744
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:56,900
The Government tried to make 
America more morale by Banning 

3745
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:00,100
alcohol, but it made drinking 
more fun, social and exciting. 

3746
03:16:00,100 --> 03:16:03,500
There was akin to receiving a 
ban on desert, which instantly 

3747
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:05,400
elevated it to the Pinnacle of 
Desire. 

3748
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:09,200
Let's settle in and talk about 
money in the 1920s because this 

3749
03:16:09,200 --> 03:16:10,600
is where things get really 
interesting. 

3750
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:13,700
Imagine if everyone in your 
neighborhood suddenly 

3751
03:16:13,700 --> 03:16:16,300
discovered, they had a talent 
for finding twenty dollar bills 

3752
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:19,100
in their coat pockets. 
That's roughly what the economy 

3753
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,300
felt like in 1924. 
You'd wake up each morning and 

3754
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:23,900
check the newspaper for stock 
prices. 

3755
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:25,800
The way people today, check 
their social media. 

3756
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:29,700
The numbers consistently 
increase, the kin to a helium 

3757
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:33,500
balloon, devoid of gravity, your
neighbor, the previously sold 

3758
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,000
insurance was now providing you 
with valuable insights about 

3759
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:41,000
radio companies and automobile 
manufacturers, your Barbers 

3760
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:43,400
talking about his portfolio 
while he trimmed your hair. 

3761
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:46,700
Even the woman who ran the 
corner grocery store, was buying

3762
03:16:46,700 --> 03:16:48,300
stocks with the confidence of 
someone. 

3763
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:52,500
Who'd been doing it for decades.
All thing was, you didn't need 

3764
03:16:52,500 --> 03:16:56,100
to be rich to get started. 
You could buy stocks on margin 

3765
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:59,000
which meant you only needed to 
put down a small amount of your 

3766
03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:02,400
money and borrow the rest. 
There was like a layaway but for

3767
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,500
wealth building. 
What could possibly go wrong 

3768
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:06,900
with borrowing money to buy 
something? 

3769
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:10,200
That was guaranteed to go up in 
value your typical day might 

3770
03:17:10,200 --> 03:17:12,900
start with a quick stop at the 
bank where the teller would 

3771
03:17:12,900 --> 03:17:14,800
greet you with a smile that 
suggested. 

3772
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:17,500
He was personally invested in 
your financial success. 

3773
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,200
Banks were no longer, the stern,
intimidating institutions, 

3774
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:23,700
they'd been in your 
grandfather's day. 

3775
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:27,300
They were friendly welcoming 
places that were eager to lend 

3776
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:28,600
you money for just about 
anything. 

3777
03:17:29,500 --> 03:17:31,600
Want to buy a car, here's a 
loan. 

3778
03:17:31,600 --> 03:17:34,200
Want to buy a house? 
Here's a mortgage. 

3779
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:37,300
Want to buy stocks. 
Here's some margin financing. 

3780
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:41,300
The bankers practically through 
money at you and still in you a 

3781
03:17:41,300 --> 03:17:43,200
sense of gratitude for their 
future. 

3782
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:46,900
The cars were a perfect example 
of how money was changing. 

3783
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:49,300
Everything. 
Henry Ford had figured out how 

3784
03:17:49,300 --> 03:17:52,300
to mass produce automobiles, 
which meant that for the first 

3785
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:55,400
time in history, regular 
working, people could afford to 

3786
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:59,000
buy one. 
A Model T cost to about 290 in 

3787
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:02,800
1925, which was roughly three 
months wages for an average 

3788
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:06,000
worker. 
Compare that to today, when a 

3789
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,200
new car cost more like eight 
months wages and you can see why

3790
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:11,500
everyone was feeling pretty 
optimistic about their 

3791
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:14,500
purchasing power. 
But the real magic happened when

3792
03:18:14,500 --> 03:18:17,800
you got that car home, Suddenly,
you won't limited to your 

3793
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:21,000
neighborhood anymore, you could 
drive to the next town over for 

3794
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:23,600
dinner, or take a weekend trip 
to the mountains or simply 

3795
03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:26,300
cruise around on a Sunday 
afternoon feeling like the king 

3796
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:28,900
of the world. 
The automobile didn't just 

3797
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:31,000
change. 
How you got around it changed, 

3798
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:34,700
how you thought about distance 
time and possibility, consumer 

3799
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:37,000
goods were flooding. 
The market electric 

3800
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:41,300
refrigerators vacuum cleaners, 
washing machines radios. 

3801
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:44,200
All of these things that had 
been luxuries for the wealthy 

3802
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:46,400
was suddenly Within Reach of the
middle class. 

3803
03:18:47,300 --> 03:18:49,600
You could buy them on 
installment plans paying a 

3804
03:18:49,600 --> 03:18:51,100
little bit each month until they
were yours. 

3805
03:18:51,100 --> 03:18:53,900
It was like Christmas morning. 
Every time you brought home in 

3806
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:56,900
new, Appliance Department 
Stores, became Wonderland of 

3807
03:18:56,900 --> 03:18:59,700
possibility. 
You'd walk through Macey's or 

3808
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:02,400
one of makers and feel like you 
were touring a museum of modern 

3809
03:19:02,400 --> 03:19:06,100
living, everything was bright 
shiny and available for 

3810
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:08,500
purchase. 
The sales people made you feel 

3811
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:11,600
entitled to the best and the 
credit terms were so generous 

3812
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:14,600
that you couldn't afford not to 
buy the advertising was getting 

3813
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:17,400
more sophisticated too. 
Instead of just listing the 

3814
03:19:17,400 --> 03:19:20,300
features of a product 
advertisers, were selling you a 

3815
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:23,800
Lifestyle by this open, you'll 
be more attractive by this car 

3816
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:27,300
and you'll be more successful by
this radio and be more connected

3817
03:19:27,300 --> 03:19:30,100
to the world. 
They were just selling products.

3818
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:33,000
They were selling dreams and 
business was booming. 

3819
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:36,100
Your neighbor's were all 
participating in this wonderful 

3820
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:40,000
dance of prosperity. 
Everyone was buying everyone was

3821
03:19:40,000 --> 03:19:42,200
selling. 
And everyone was convinced that 

3822
03:19:42,200 --> 03:19:43,800
the music would never stop 
playing. 

3823
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:48,400
The stock market was like a 
giant Casino where everyone was 

3824
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:50,800
winning, and the house never 
seemed to mind. 

3825
03:19:51,800 --> 03:19:53,200
But here's the thing about 
dancing. 

3826
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:56,900
It's wonderful while the music 
is playing, but eventually the 

3827
03:19:56,900 --> 03:20:01,600
band needs to take a break. 
The trouble was nobody in 1925 

3828
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:04,000
was thinking about what would 
happen when the music stopped. 

3829
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,100
They were too busy, enjoying the
Rhythm, the movement and the 

3830
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:10,400
sheer Joy of being part of 
something that felt bigger than 

3831
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,400
themselves. 
When the sun went down in 1925, 

3832
03:20:13,400 --> 03:20:16,300
that's when the real personality
of the decade, came out to play.

3833
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:19,500
You'd finish your dinner 
straighten, your tie or powder, 

3834
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:22,600
your nose, and step out into a 
world, that was absolutely 

3835
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:24,300
determined to show you a good 
time. 

3836
03:20:25,300 --> 03:20:28,100
Streets after dark were like 
nothing America heard ever seen 

3837
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:30,700
before. 
Electric, signs, blazed from 

3838
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:34,700
every storefront turning night 
into a neon tinged approximation

3839
03:20:34,700 --> 03:20:38,100
of the day. 
The cities had learned to stay 

3840
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:41,200
awake and they were absolutely 
delighted with their insomnia. 

3841
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:44,800
You'd walk down Broadway or 
State Street, or any main drag 

3842
03:20:44,800 --> 03:20:47,300
in any City, and the lights 
would be so bright. 

3843
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:49,000
You could read a newspaper 
without squinting. 

3844
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:52,900
Your first stop might be a movie
theater because the pictures 

3845
03:20:52,900 --> 03:20:55,300
were getting more elaborate and 
entertaining by the month. 

3846
03:20:56,100 --> 03:20:59,900
These weren't just films. 
They were experiences theaters 

3847
03:20:59,900 --> 03:21:02,600
themselves. 
Resembled palaces adorned with 

3848
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:06,200
elaborate ceilings, luxurious 
seats and orchestras that 

3849
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,600
accompanied the silent films 
You'd sit in the dark with 

3850
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:12,900
hundreds of other people, all of
you, gasping and laughing and 

3851
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:16,500
collectively forgetting that the
real world existed outside those

3852
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,200
velvet curtains. 
Charlie Chaplin was making 

3853
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:21,300
everyone laugh with his little 
Tramp character. 

3854
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:24,500
A fellow who seemed to find 
dignity in the most undignified,

3855
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,900
situations Buster Keaton was 
performing. 

3856
03:21:27,900 --> 03:21:30,700
Stunts that defied both gravity 
and Common Sense. 

3857
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:33,200
These comedians were just 
entertainers. 

3858
03:21:33,200 --> 03:21:36,800
They were philosophers of the 
Absurd showing you that life's 

3859
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:39,900
problems could be solved with 
creativity persistence and a 

3860
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,000
willingness to look ridiculous. 
But the real Adventure began 

3861
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:44,900
when you decide to find a 
speaking easy. 

3862
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:49,000
By 1925, the country had gotten 
very creative about working 

3863
03:21:49,000 --> 03:21:50,500
around the five year, old 
prohibition. 

3864
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:54,000
You'd walk down a perfectly 
ordinary Street counting 

3865
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:55,600
doorways until you found the 
right one. 

3866
03:21:55,600 --> 03:21:58,900
Maybe it was marked with a small
symbol or maybe you just had to 

3867
03:21:58,908 --> 03:22:01,800
know which daughter knock on. 
A password might be something 

3868
03:22:01,800 --> 03:22:05,900
like bees knees or Oscar sent 
me, you'd whisper it to a person

3869
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:08,600
whose eyes you could see through
a small window and if you'd 

3870
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,000
gotten it, right? 
The door would swing open to 

3871
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:13,100
reveal a world. 
That was half party, half 

3872
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:16,400
conspiracy. 
Inside the atmosphere was thick 

3873
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:18,200
with cigarette smoke and 
possibility. 

3874
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:21,500
The are practically vibrated 
with jazz music played by 

3875
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,200
musicians who seem to be making 
it up as they went along 

3876
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:27,500
numerous instances their 
interpretations were accurate 

3877
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:31,800
Jazz was all about improvisation
about taking a familiar tune and

3878
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:33,700
twisting it into something 
entirely new. 

3879
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:38,100
It was music that matched, the 
mood of the times, confident, 

3880
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:40,800
experimental and slightly 
dangerous. 

3881
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:44,600
The drinks were stronger than 
anything you'd ever tasted 

3882
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:46,700
partly? 
Because the Bootleggers worked 

3883
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:48,400
particularly concerned with 
subtlety. 

3884
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:52,800
They mixed gin that could strip 
paint with fruit juices and 

3885
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:54,200
served. 
It didn't cocktail glasses 

3886
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:58,900
reminiscent of fairy tales The 
cocktails had names like Gin 

3887
03:22:58,900 --> 03:23:03,300
Rickey, sidecar and bees knees, 
as if someone had decided that 

3888
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:05,700
drinking should be an adventure 
in linguistics, as well as 

3889
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:08,700
intoxication. 
The dancing was unlike anything,

3890
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:10,400
your parents generation had ever
seen. 

3891
03:23:11,300 --> 03:23:14,500
Charleston was the signature 
move, all flying feet and 

3892
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:17,600
Swinging arms and complete. 
Abandonment of anything that 

3893
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:20,900
might be considered dignified. 
The music would compel you to 

3894
03:23:20,900 --> 03:23:23,100
continue dancing. 
Despite your clothes becoming 

3895
03:23:23,100 --> 03:23:26,800
soaked with sweat, the women's 
Smoked Cigarettes will make up 

3896
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:28,900
in general. 
Behaved in ways that would have 

3897
03:23:28,900 --> 03:23:31,700
horrified their grandmothers 
known as Flappers. 

3898
03:23:31,700 --> 03:23:34,000
They appeared to have 
collectively, decided to 

3899
03:23:34,000 --> 03:23:36,500
disregard the traditional Norms 
of feminine Behavior. 

3900
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:40,000
They wore their hair short, 
their skirts, short-term their 

3901
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,300
attitude, shortest of all. 
The men were trying to keep up 

3902
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:46,100
loosening their ties and 
learning dance steps, that would

3903
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:49,100
have been considered scandalous 
just a decade earlier. 

3904
03:23:50,000 --> 03:23:52,600
Everyone was engaged in a 
collective Rebellion against the

3905
03:23:52,600 --> 03:23:55,400
stuffiness of the previous 
generation and they were 

3906
03:23:55,400 --> 03:23:57,200
thoroughly enjoying themselves 
in the process. 

3907
03:23:58,300 --> 03:24:00,700
But here's the thing that made 
the Speakeasy culture, so 

3908
03:24:00,700 --> 03:24:04,600
special, it was Democratic in a 
way that Americans social life 

3909
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:08,900
had never been before rich and 
poor young and old immigrants 

3910
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:11,500
and native born Americans. 
All crowded together around the 

3911
03:24:11,500 --> 03:24:15,800
same, small tables drinking the 
same illegal liquor and dancing 

3912
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:19,800
to the same outrageous music. 
Prohibition had inadvertently 

3913
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,000
created a kind of social mixing 
that the country had never 

3914
03:24:23,000 --> 03:24:25,800
experienced. 
The night would end with you, 

3915
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:29,000
stumbling out into the door and 
your ears, ringing with jazz and

3916
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:32,300
your head spinning with gin and 
the sheer exhilaration of being 

3917
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:34,500
alive at a time. 
When anything seemed possible 

3918
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:38,300
Tomorrow was another day and 
tomorrow's night would bring new

3919
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,700
adventures new music and new 
reasons to celebrate. 

3920
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:44,700
The simple fact that you were 
young and American and living in

3921
03:24:44,708 --> 03:24:47,200
the most exciting decade. 
Anyone could remember. 

3922
03:24:47,200 --> 03:24:50,300
Now, let's talk about how the 
1920s changed the way. 

3923
03:24:50,300 --> 03:24:53,700
People thought about everything.
Not only did the music enclose 

3924
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,300
change, but the concept of what 
it meant to be an American 

3925
03:24:56,300 --> 03:25:00,000
underwent, a complete 
transformation, you'd wake up in

3926
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:03,300
1926 and realized that the world
your parents have prepared you 

3927
03:25:03,300 --> 03:25:06,500
for no longer existed. 
Kind of exhilarating 

3928
03:25:06,500 --> 03:25:10,500
uncertainty, replace the old 
certainties making everyday feel

3929
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:12,700
like an adventure. 
It was like someone had 

3930
03:25:12,700 --> 03:25:15,400
Rewritten, the rules of Life 
while you were sleeping and you 

3931
03:25:15,408 --> 03:25:17,600
had to figure out the new 
version as you went along. 

3932
03:25:18,600 --> 03:25:21,200
The most significant change was 
in how people thought about 

3933
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:24,100
themselves, your 
great-grandparents are defined 

3934
03:25:24,100 --> 03:25:27,100
themselves by their work, their 
family, their church and their 

3935
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:30,500
Community, but you are part of 
the first generation that could 

3936
03:25:30,500 --> 03:25:34,300
Define Itself by its 
entertainment, its style and its

3937
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:36,900
attitude. 
You weren't just a blacksmith or

3938
03:25:36,900 --> 03:25:39,800
a farmer, or a shopkeeper. 
You were someone who listened to

3939
03:25:39,808 --> 03:25:42,500
Jazz, drove a car. 
Went to the pictures and had 

3940
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,800
opinions about everything. 
The radio was particularly 

3941
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:49,400
important in this transformation
every evening, you'd gather 

3942
03:25:49,400 --> 03:25:52,300
around that wooden box with its 
mysterious glowing tubes. 

3943
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:55,700
And listen to voices from New 
York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. 

3944
03:25:56,800 --> 03:25:59,700
For the first time in American 
history, the entire country was 

3945
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:02,600
hearing the same jokes, the same
music and the same 

3946
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:05,200
advertisements. 
You were part of a shared 

3947
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:07,700
National conversation that 
stretched from coast to coast. 

3948
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:11,700
These developments created a 
kind of cultural democracy that 

3949
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:15,000
was entirely new Song that was 
popular in Harlem could be 

3950
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:18,300
harmed by a farmer in Kansas 
within a week within a month. 

3951
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:21,600
A dance that originated in 
Chicago might be performed as an

3952
03:26:21,600 --> 03:26:24,900
Alabama, High School Dance. 
The regional differences that 

3953
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:27,700
are defined American culture for
centuries, were beginning to 

3954
03:26:27,708 --> 03:26:31,200
blur into something more unified
and simultaneously more diverse.

3955
03:26:31,200 --> 03:26:34,700
The movies were doing something 
similar but even more powerfully

3956
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:38,100
You did in a dark theater and 
watch stories that took you 

3957
03:26:38,100 --> 03:26:39,900
places? 
You'd never been showed you 

3958
03:26:39,900 --> 03:26:41,800
lies. 
You'd never lived and made you 

3959
03:26:41,800 --> 03:26:45,100
feel emotions. 
You'd never experienced Stars 

3960
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:47,800
weren't just actors. 
They were templates for how to 

3961
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:52,900
be glamorous sophisticated and 
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 

3962
03:26:52,900 --> 03:26:55,900
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 
weren't just entertainers. 

3963
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:59,600
They were teachers in the 
Academy of style Magazine's were

3964
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:02,600
changing too, the previous 
generations, serious morally, 

3965
03:27:02,600 --> 03:27:05,500
instructive publication's, gave 
way to Magazine's, entirely 

3966
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:08,500
focused, on entertainment, 
fashion and lifestyle. 

3967
03:27:08,500 --> 03:27:11,600
You'd flip through pages of 
photographs showing you how to 

3968
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:15,000
dress, how to decorate your home
and how to conduct yourself at 

3969
03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:17,200
parties. 
It was like having a personal 

3970
03:27:17,200 --> 03:27:18,700
tutor in the art of Being 
modern. 

3971
03:27:19,900 --> 03:27:22,500
The younger generation were 
particularly enthusiastic about 

3972
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:25,300
rejecting everything, their 
parents had taught them, they 

3973
03:27:25,300 --> 03:27:28,200
called themselves, The Lost 
Generation, which sounds 

3974
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,400
Melancholy, but was actually a 
kind of Celebration. 

3975
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:34,000
They were lost from the old, 
certainties the old restrictions

3976
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:36,700
and the old ways of thinking 
about life and they were 

3977
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:39,900
perfectly content to be lost 
because being lost meant being 

3978
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:43,300
free to find their own way. 
The slang reflected this new 

3979
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:47,600
attitude, everything was swell 
or Keen or the cat's pajamas, 

3980
03:27:47,600 --> 03:27:51,100
the language was becoming more 
playful, more inventive, and 

3981
03:27:51,100 --> 03:27:53,800
more fun. 
People were making up words and 

3982
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:57,100
phrases with the confidence of 
poets and everyone was eager to 

3983
03:27:57,108 --> 03:27:58,900
adopt the latest linguistic 
Fashions. 

3984
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:02,200
Even the art was changing 
instead of the realistic 

3985
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:05,200
paintings and sculptures that 
had dominated American culture. 

3986
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:09,600
Artists were experimenting with 
abstract forms, bold colors and 

3987
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:12,000
ideas that didn't necessarily 
make logical sense. 

3988
03:28:12,000 --> 03:28:16,300
It was art that matched the mood
of the times experimental, 

3989
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:18,800
confident and slightly 
rebellious. 

3990
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:21,600
The architecture was 
transforming too. 

3991
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:24,800
Building's were getting taller 
sleeker and more geometric. 

3992
03:28:24,800 --> 03:28:29,300
The art deco-style was emerging 
with its emphasis on clean lines

3993
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:32,800
and mechanical Elegance cities 
would begin to look like the 

3994
03:28:32,800 --> 03:28:35,900
future, which was precisely what
their inhabitants wanted. 

3995
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,200
But perhaps the most important 
change was in how people thought

3996
03:28:39,200 --> 03:28:42,900
about tradition itself. 
Previous generations had 

3997
03:28:42,900 --> 03:28:46,300
revealed the past seeing it as a
source of wisdom and guidance. 

3998
03:28:46,300 --> 03:28:50,700
However, the 1920s generation 
viewed the past as a challenge 

3999
03:28:50,700 --> 03:28:55,600
to conquer enhance or disregard.
The future was more interesting 

4000
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:58,300
than the past and the present 
was more fun than either. 

4001
03:28:59,300 --> 03:29:02,400
This perspective created a kind 
of cultural acceleration. 

4002
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:04,800
That was both exhilarating and 
exhausting. 

4003
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:08,100
Everything was changing so fast 
that you could barely keep up. 

4004
03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:10,500
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

4005
03:29:10,500 --> 03:29:14,600
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

4006
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:17,700
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

4007
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:20,600
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

4008
03:29:20,600 --> 03:29:23,700
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone still 

4009
03:29:23,700 --> 03:29:26,800
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

4010
03:29:26,800 --> 03:29:29,300
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

4011
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,400
look a little worn out and some 
of the music was started to 

4012
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:36,300
sound a little forced, the stock
market was still climbing, but 

4013
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:38,700
it was climbing in a way that 
was starting to make thoughtful 

4014
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:41,700
people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

4015
03:29:41,700 --> 03:29:45,100
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

4016
03:29:45,100 --> 03:29:48,000
that had never made a profit 
will worth millions on paper. 

4017
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:50,700
Stocks were doubling and 
tripling in value. 

4018
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,400
They don't nothing more than the
assumption that they would 

4019
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:56,900
continue to double and triple 
You'd overhear conversations. 

4020
03:29:56,900 --> 03:29:59,600
That would have been impossible 
just a few years earlier. 

4021
03:29:59,600 --> 03:30:02,800
Your Barber would be talking 
about his stock portfolio, while

4022
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:05,900
he cut your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

4023
03:30:05,900 --> 03:30:08,200
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

4024
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:11,800
Customers, everyone claimed to 
be an expert and while many 

4025
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:14,600
appeared to be getting rich, 
nobody was asking the obvious 

4026
03:30:14,600 --> 03:30:16,300
question. 
Where was all this money 

4027
03:30:16,300 --> 03:30:19,300
actually coming from the answer?
It turned out was that it was 

4028
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,300
coming from the future. 
People were borrowing against 

4029
03:30:22,300 --> 03:30:25,600
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 
For today's lifestyle, they were

4030
03:30:25,600 --> 03:30:28,400
buying stocks on margin, which 
meant they were borrowing money 

4031
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:31,100
to buy Investments, that they 
hoped would be worth more money 

4032
03:30:31,100 --> 03:30:33,400
later. 
It was a pyramid scheme that 

4033
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:35,800
worked perfectly. 
As long as everyone kept 

4034
03:30:35,800 --> 03:30:36,900
believing, it would work 
forever. 

4035
03:30:38,100 --> 03:30:41,100
The agriculture sector was 
already showing signs of strain 

4036
03:30:41,100 --> 03:30:44,800
Farmers had expanded their 
operations during World War 1 to

4037
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:48,300
meet the demand for food. 
But when the war ended that need

4038
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:51,800
disappeared, crop prices were 
falling and farmers were 

4039
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:54,300
struggling to pay off the loans.
They take into buy more land and

4040
03:30:54,300 --> 03:30:57,100
equipment. 
No one in the cities was paying 

4041
03:30:57,100 --> 03:30:59,600
much attention to the fact that 
rural Banks were beginning to 

4042
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:03,000
fail, The construction industry 
was beginning to slow down. 

4043
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:05,900
There were only so many Office 
Buildings and apartment 

4044
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:09,600
complexes that any City could 
actually use but developers kept

4045
03:31:09,600 --> 03:31:12,100
building them anyway, because 
construction loans were easy to 

4046
03:31:12,108 --> 03:31:15,100
get and real estate seemed like 
a guaranteed investment. 

4047
03:31:15,100 --> 03:31:18,700
Empty buildings were becoming 
more common but the newspapers 

4048
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:21,800
didn't write much about that. 
Even the consumer goods Market 

4049
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:25,500
was showing signs of saturation.
What is the Practical number of 

4050
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:28,100
radios? 
A family might need, what is the

4051
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:31,700
Practical number of automobiles?
A person can drive, the 

4052
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:34,100
factories were producing more 
than the market could absorb, 

4053
03:31:34,100 --> 03:31:37,100
but they kept producing any way 
because the credit was available

4054
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,900
and the future looked bright. 
The international situation was 

4055
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:44,300
becoming more complicated too 
Europe, was still struggling to 

4056
03:31:44,300 --> 03:31:47,500
recover from the war and the 
German economy was particularly 

4057
03:31:47,500 --> 03:31:50,200
fragile. 
And American Banks had loaned in

4058
03:31:50,208 --> 03:31:52,500
enormous amounts of money to 
European governments and 

4059
03:31:52,500 --> 03:31:55,700
businesses but those loans were 
looking increasingly risky. 

4060
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:59,200
If Europe could not pay back 
what it owed American Banks 

4061
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:03,400
would be in serious trouble. 
But in 1927, you probably 

4062
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:04,900
wouldn't have noticed any of 
this. 

4063
03:32:04,900 --> 03:32:08,000
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 
prosperity, the entertainment, 

4064
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:11,600
and the sheer fun of being alive
in the most exciting decade in 

4065
03:32:11,600 --> 03:32:15,400
American history. 
Despite the presence of warning 

4066
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:17,200
signs. 
It was effortless to overlook 

4067
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:19,400
them when everything in your 
immediate experience was 

4068
03:32:19,400 --> 03:32:21,500
thriving. 
The speakeasies were still 

4069
03:32:21,508 --> 03:32:23,800
packed. 
The Jazz was still playing. 

4070
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:27,100
The stock market was still 
climbing, and everyone was still

4071
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:29,100
convinced that the good times 
would last forever. 

4072
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:32,700
The prospect of everything 
collapsing was too disheartening

4073
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:35,400
to contemplate. 
This was America after all 

4074
03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:38,100
Americans didn't have economic 
disasters. 

4075
03:32:38,100 --> 03:32:40,900
They had temporary setbacks 
followed by even greater 

4076
03:32:40,900 --> 03:32:43,600
prosperity. 
The newspapers were full of 

4077
03:32:43,600 --> 03:32:47,300
optimistic predictions about the
future by 1950. 

4078
03:32:47,300 --> 03:32:50,300
They said everyone would have an
airplane in their garage and a 

4079
03:32:50,300 --> 03:32:53,700
robot in their kitchen. 
Machine would do all the work 

4080
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:57,200
eliminating poverty and disease 
and reducing the work week to a 

4081
03:32:57,200 --> 03:32:59,200
few hours. 
It all sounded perfectly 

4082
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:01,800
reasonable science was advancing
rapidly. 

4083
03:33:01,800 --> 03:33:05,400
Technology was solving problems 
faster than anyone could have 

4084
03:33:05,408 --> 03:33:07,800
imagined. 
And the American economy seemed 

4085
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:09,800
to have discovered the secret of
Perpetual growth. 

4086
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:14,100
What could possibly go wrong. 
The answer to this question was 

4087
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:16,600
already beginning to emerge in 
the financial markets. 

4088
03:33:16,600 --> 03:33:20,200
The agricultural sector the 
construction industry and the 

4089
03:33:20,208 --> 03:33:24,600
international banking system. 
But in 1927 you could still 

4090
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:27,500
choose to ignore those warning 
signs and focus on the fun. 

4091
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:29,800
And that's exactly what most 
people did. 

4092
03:33:29,800 --> 03:33:34,700
And then suddenly it was 1929 
and the music stopped. 

4093
03:33:34,700 --> 03:33:37,800
You'd wake up on a Tuesday in 
October in the world would look 

4094
03:33:37,800 --> 03:33:40,600
the same as the day before. 
You'd see the same building 

4095
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:43,200
streets and people rushing to 
work with the same hopeful 

4096
03:33:43,200 --> 03:33:46,100
attitude. 
And something fundamental had 

4097
03:33:46,100 --> 03:33:48,500
changed overnight. 
Something that would take months

4098
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:52,100
or even years to fully 
understand the stock market had 

4099
03:33:52,100 --> 03:33:55,800
crashed the stock market, not 
only experience to decline, 

4100
03:33:55,800 --> 03:34:00,900
correction or adjustment, but it
plummeted akin to a chandelier 

4101
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:02,700
plummeting from a ballroom 
ceiling. 

4102
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:06,200
Stocks that have been worth 100 
of dollars were suddenly worth 

4103
03:34:06,200 --> 03:34:08,700
pennies. 
Fortunes that had been built 

4104
03:34:08,700 --> 03:34:11,300
over years of careful. 
Speculation were wiped out. 

4105
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:13,800
In a matter of hours. 
The crash did not occur 

4106
03:34:13,800 --> 03:34:16,400
abruptly. 
The protests began when a few 

4107
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,900
nervous investors decided to 
sell their stocks leading to a 

4108
03:34:19,900 --> 03:34:22,700
slight drop in crisis that made 
other investors anxious. 

4109
03:34:23,500 --> 03:34:26,500
More selling cause prices to 
drop further, which made even 

4110
03:34:26,500 --> 03:34:29,800
more investors nervous. 
The situation, resembled a 

4111
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:32,700
domino effect, but in stead of 
traditional, dominoes, the 

4112
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:34,900
pieces consisted of money and 
confidence. 

4113
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:38,800
In just a few days, the American
economy had experienced a 

4114
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:42,200
significant decline of 
approximately 40% in its value. 

4115
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:46,300
People who had gone to bed 
wealthy woke up, poor suddenly 

4116
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:50,200
the banks seemingly a solid as 
mountains revealed themselves to

4117
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:53,800
be based on sand. 
The prosperity that had seen so 

4118
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:56,400
permanent was exposed as an 
elaborative illusion. 

4119
03:34:57,300 --> 03:35:01,100
The human cost was staggering. 
Your neighbor who had been 

4120
03:35:01,108 --> 03:35:03,900
bragging about his stock 
portfolio, was now trying to 

4121
03:35:03,908 --> 03:35:07,000
figure out how to pay his 
mortgage, suddenly the bank, 

4122
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:10,000
where you deposited, your 
savings clothes and a sign on 

4123
03:35:10,008 --> 03:35:11,700
the door declared your money 
unavailable. 

4124
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:14,900
The factory where you'd worked 
for years was laying off workers

4125
03:35:14,900 --> 03:35:17,300
because nobody could afford to 
buy what they were producing. 

4126
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:21,100
But here's the thing about the 
crash, it wasn't really the end 

4127
03:35:21,100 --> 03:35:24,000
of the Roaring 20s. 
It was more like the moment when

4128
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:27,000
someone turned on the lights at 
the end of a party and everyone 

4129
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:30,200
realized what the place actually
looked like. problems had been 

4130
03:35:30,208 --> 03:35:33,100
there all along hidden by the 
excitement, optimism, and sheer 

4131
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:36,800
fun of it all We would call the 
decade that followed the Great 

4132
03:35:36,800 --> 03:35:39,400
Depression. 
A period marked by hardship. 

4133
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:43,200
Struggle and Collective Soul 
searching It would also be a 

4134
03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:45,900
time of innovation and 
resilience and the discovery 

4135
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:48,100
that Americans could survive 
just about anything. 

4136
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,100
If they work together. 
Looking back from the 

4137
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:55,500
perspective of 1932 or 1935, you
might have been tempted to 

4138
03:35:55,500 --> 03:36:00,200
dismiss the entire decade of the
1920s, as a foolish mistake, a 

4139
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:02,800
time, when the country lost its 
mind, and forgot about the value

4140
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:06,300
that made it great. 
But that would have been unfair 

4141
03:36:06,300 --> 03:36:08,000
to the genuine achievements of 
the era. 

4142
03:36:08,000 --> 03:36:13,800
The 1920s had given America Jazz
movies radio and Automobiles, as

4143
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:15,900
well as the beginning of a 
modern consumer culture. 

4144
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:19,900
It had liberated women from 
Victorian restrictions and given

4145
03:36:19,900 --> 03:36:21,800
young people, the freedom to 
Define themselves. 

4146
03:36:22,700 --> 03:36:25,000
It had connected the country in 
ways that had never been 

4147
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:28,400
possible before and created a 
shared National culture that 

4148
03:36:28,400 --> 03:36:30,000
transcended Regional 
differences. 

4149
03:36:30,000 --> 03:36:33,100
Most importantly, it had shown 
Americans that they could 

4150
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:36,200
reinvent themselves that they 
could reject the limitations of 

4151
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:38,300
the past and create something 
entirely new. 

4152
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:41,200
That lesson would prove 
invaluable in the decades to 

4153
03:36:41,200 --> 03:36:45,000
come as the country faced the 
challenges of depression war and

4154
03:36:45,000 --> 03:36:49,000
social transformation. 
The Roaring 20s of Oak division 

4155
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,800
of immense prosperity and 
boundless possibilities. 

4156
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:55,900
It was excessive unsustainable 
and ultimately destructive. 

4157
03:36:56,700 --> 03:36:59,900
But it was also creative 
liberating and genuinely 

4158
03:36:59,900 --> 03:37:02,400
enjoyable. 
It was a time when Americans 

4159
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:04,200
learned, they could be more than
they ever thought. 

4160
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:07,600
Even if they couldn't keep it 
up, as you drifted off to sleep,

4161
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:11,000
you may have realized that the 
1920s True Legacy was the 

4162
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:13,500
confidence, they gave Americans 
to believe, anything was 

4163
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,100
possible, not the crash. 
That ended them. 

4164
03:37:16,100 --> 03:37:19,500
That confidence would be tested 
in the years to come but it 

4165
03:37:19,508 --> 03:37:20,900
would never be completely 
broken. 

4166
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:23,500
And that perhaps was the most 
important lesson of all. 

4167
03:37:24,500 --> 03:37:27,500
The music had stopped that the 
memory of the dance would last 

4168
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:33,100
forever. 
Picture this, your city in 

4169
03:37:33,100 --> 03:37:37,300
ancient China around 220 BC, 
probably wondering what's for 

4170
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:39,400
dinner and hoping the weather 
holds up for harvest season 

4171
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:42,800
you've got your little plot of 
land, maybe some chickens 

4172
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:45,200
pecking around and life is 
pretty predictable. 

4173
03:37:46,200 --> 03:37:49,100
Then Emperor chincha Huang shows
up with what might be history is

4174
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:50,700
most ambitious Home Improvement 
project. 

4175
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:53,400
We're going to build a wall here
announces. 

4176
03:37:53,400 --> 03:37:57,400
Not just any warmind you a wall 
that stretches across mountains 

4177
03:37:57,400 --> 03:38:00,700
deserts and valleys for 
thousands of miles your 

4178
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:02,900
neighbor's probably thought he'd
been sampling too much rice 

4179
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:05,100
wine, but this Emperor was dead 
serious. 

4180
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:08,800
He had already conquered six. 
Other kingdoms to unite China. 

4181
03:38:08,800 --> 03:38:12,300
So building an impossibly long 
wall seemed like a simple task. 

4182
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:17,300
Tuesday, afternoons project. 
The thing is wolves already 

4183
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:19,700
existed. 
Various kingdoms had been 

4184
03:38:19,708 --> 03:38:22,700
building defensive barriers for 
centuries, like having a really 

4185
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:25,000
impressive fence to keep the 
neighbors goats out of your 

4186
03:38:25,008 --> 03:38:28,000
garden. 
The chinchou Huang looked at 

4187
03:38:28,000 --> 03:38:29,900
these scattered walls. 
The way you might look at 

4188
03:38:29,900 --> 03:38:33,000
mismatched Furniture in your 
living room functional, but 

4189
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:36,400
lacking a unified Vision. 
His plan was brilliant in its 

4190
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:40,900
audacity connect the existing 
walls, extend them and create 

4191
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:43,500
one continuous barrier along, 
China's northern border. 

4192
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:47,500
Imagine this as the world's 
first massive renovation project

4193
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:50,800
where instead of demolishing 
walls they were constructing the

4194
03:38:50,800 --> 03:38:54,600
ultimate wall to end all walls. 
The emperor's motivation wasn't 

4195
03:38:54,600 --> 03:38:57,300
just showing off those. 
That was certainly part of it. 

4196
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:00,900
The Mongols and other nomadic 
tribes from the north were 

4197
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:04,500
habituated to dropping by 
invited usually with swords and 

4198
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,500
an attitude problem. 
These were friendly social 

4199
03:39:07,500 --> 03:39:09,400
calls. 
They were more like aggressive 

4200
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:12,700
house parties, where the guests?
Take everything and leave the 

4201
03:39:12,700 --> 03:39:16,200
place and shambles, so you can 
understand the empress thinking 

4202
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:17,900
build a wall. 
So impressive. 

4203
03:39:17,900 --> 03:39:21,100
So formidable that these 
Northern neighbors would take 

4204
03:39:21,100 --> 03:39:24,600
one look and decide maybe they'd
rather stay home and ten their 

4205
03:39:24,600 --> 03:39:27,400
horses instead. 
It was like, installing the 

4206
03:39:27,400 --> 03:39:30,800
world's most elaborate security 
system, except the cameras 

4207
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:33,500
regard towers and the alarms are
very loud horn. 

4208
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:36,600
But here's where it gets 
intriguing for regular folks. 

4209
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,700
Like you, this project wasn't 
going to be built by magic or 

4210
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:42,900
imperial decree alone. 
This undertaking was going to 

4211
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,500
require hands. 
Millions of them, suddenly your 

4212
03:39:46,500 --> 03:39:49,100
quiet, life of farming. 
And chicken tending was about to

4213
03:39:49,100 --> 03:39:52,300
get a lot more complicated. 
The recruitment process was 

4214
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:53,700
about to settle as an 
earthquake. 

4215
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:57,200
Local officials would show up in
villages with Scrolls and 

4216
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:00,100
serious Expressions. 
Essentially conducting a very 

4217
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:02,900
involuntary job fair, 
Congratulations. 

4218
03:40:02,900 --> 03:40:06,200
They say, you've been selected 
for a wonderful opportunity to 

4219
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:11,300
serve your Emperor and build 
something truly historic. the 

4220
03:40:11,300 --> 03:40:13,700
fact that you hadn't applied for
this opportunity was considered 

4221
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:17,400
irrelevant now before you start 
feeling too, sorry for yourself 

4222
03:40:17,400 --> 03:40:21,500
in the scenario consider the 
alternative The emperor just 

4223
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:24,300
finished unifying China through 
a series of wars that made Game 

4224
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:26,400
of Thrones look like a peaceful 
afternoon tea. 

4225
03:40:27,300 --> 03:40:30,100
Building a wall. 
Even an impossibly long one was 

4226
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,600
actually, the peaceful optioned 
still knowing your part of the 

4227
03:40:33,600 --> 03:40:36,300
karma solution doesn't make the 
prospect of hauling Stones 

4228
03:40:36,300 --> 03:40:37,900
across mountains, any more 
appealing. 

4229
03:40:38,600 --> 03:40:41,300
The scale of this project was 
something no one had ever 

4230
03:40:41,300 --> 03:40:44,400
attempted. 
Imagine trying to coordinate a 

4231
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:47,200
construction project that spans 
the distance from New York to 

4232
03:40:47,200 --> 03:40:49,200
Denver, except there are no 
trucks. 

4233
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:51,800
No power tools. 
And no Home Depot. 

4234
03:40:51,800 --> 03:40:56,200
Everything had to be done with 
human, muscle animal power, and 

4235
03:40:56,200 --> 03:40:58,100
whatever clever engineering 
Solutions. 

4236
03:40:58,100 --> 03:41:02,800
People could devise with the 
technology of 220 BC, and so 

4237
03:41:02,800 --> 03:41:05,800
began one of History's Greatest 
adventures in construction 

4238
03:41:05,800 --> 03:41:11,400
management Community cooperation
and sheer human stubbornness You

4239
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:13,600
are about to become part of 
something that would still be 

4240
03:41:13,600 --> 03:41:15,800
visible. 
So here you are standing with 

4241
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:18,400
your hastily packed belongings 
and wondering how your life took

4242
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,900
such an unexpected turn. 
The recruitment officer has 

4243
03:41:21,900 --> 03:41:23,600
assured you. 
That the job is a temporary 

4244
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:28,000
assignment, just a few months, 
maybe a year at most will be 

4245
03:41:28,000 --> 03:41:30,200
back home before, you know it, 
he says with the confidence of 

4246
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:33,200
someone who has never actually 
built a wall, your first glimpse

4247
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:35,500
of the construction site is, 
like nothing you've ever seen. 

4248
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:39,600
Imagine an ant hill, the size of
a city, except the answer people

4249
03:41:39,600 --> 03:41:43,200
and they're all carrying rocks, 
1,000 of workers, stretch across

4250
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,400
the landscape, creating a human 
chain that disappears into the 

4251
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:51,800
distance, the noises incredible 
hammering shouting the scrap of 

4252
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:54,700
stone against Stone and the 
occasional creative curse words 

4253
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:57,100
that probably shouldn't be 
repeated in polite company. 

4254
03:41:58,200 --> 03:42:00,800
Your signed to a work crew. 
That becomes your new family 

4255
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:04,900
whether you like it or not. 
There's old Chen who claims he 

4256
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:07,400
helped build the Emperor's 
Palace and has strong opinions 

4257
03:42:07,400 --> 03:42:11,200
about proper mortar mixing Ying 
Liu bounces around with the 

4258
03:42:11,200 --> 03:42:14,100
enthusiasm of someone who thinks
this whole wall business might 

4259
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:17,700
actually be fun. 
Wang the quiet barely speaks but

4260
03:42:17,700 --> 03:42:21,400
can carry stones that would make
a donkey jealous and there's you

4261
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:23,100
trying to figure out which end 
of a hammer to hold. 

4262
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:28,100
The living arrangements are 
shall we say cozy, your new home

4263
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:31,500
is a tent shared with five other
men, which sound awful Until 

4264
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:32,600
you. 
Realize some crews are sleeping 

4265
03:42:32,600 --> 03:42:36,400
12 to a shelter. 
Privacy becomes a fond memory 

4266
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:39,700
like a favorite dish from home 
that you can almost take if you 

4267
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:43,000
concentrate hard enough, The 
good news is that, everyone 

4268
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:45,900
snores. 
So at least the noise is evenly 

4269
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:48,800
distributed. 
Your daily routine starts Before

4270
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:51,600
Dawn, because apparently, 
whoever designed this schedule, 

4271
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:54,900
believe that sunlight was a 
luxury, rather than a necessity,

4272
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:59,100
you stumble out of your shared 
tent, grab some rice and maybe a

4273
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:01,300
pickled vegetable. 
If you're lucky and report to 

4274
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:04,900
your section chief, this is a 
man who is elevated shouting 

4275
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,000
into an art form and seems to 
believe that volume is directly 

4276
03:43:08,000 --> 03:43:12,100
proportional to work efficiency,
the work itself is simpler and 

4277
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:15,400
concept the execution, your 
building a wall which sounds 

4278
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:17,300
straightforward. 
Until you realize this wall 

4279
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,300
needs to be tall enough to stop 
mounted Warrior's, strong enough

4280
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:23,300
to withstand CJ engines and long
enough to protect an entire 

4281
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,000
Frontier. 
It's like being asked to build a

4282
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:28,800
fence around your property. 
Except your property is the size

4283
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:31,300
of several States, and the fence
needs to stop an army. 

4284
03:43:32,200 --> 03:43:34,700
The foundation work is 
backbreaking in the most literal

4285
03:43:34,700 --> 03:43:37,200
sense. 
You spend days moving Earth 

4286
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:40,700
laying stones and creating the 
base that everything else will 

4287
03:43:40,700 --> 03:43:43,300
rest on each Stone needs to be 
placed. 

4288
03:43:43,300 --> 03:43:46,500
Just so because a wobbly 
Foundation today means a 

4289
03:43:46,508 --> 03:43:49,500
collapsed wall to tomorrow and 
nobody wants to explain to the 

4290
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:51,200
emperor. 
Why his wall as developed to 

4291
03:43:51,200 --> 03:43:54,500
lean But here's the thing about 
shared misery. 

4292
03:43:55,300 --> 03:43:58,200
It has a way of bringing people 
together by the end of your 

4293
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:00,500
first week, you and your tent 
mates have developed. 

4294
03:44:00,500 --> 03:44:05,100
An effortless Camry to reborn of
mutual exhaustion old Chen, 

4295
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:07,200
shares techniques, he learned 
from previous construction 

4296
03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:10,300
projects. 
Ying Liu invents games to make 

4297
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:13,300
the repetitive work, more 
bearable, on the quiet, turns 

4298
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:16,000
out to be an excellent cook. 
Who can make rice taste almost 

4299
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:18,300
intriguing? 
The engineers overseeing, the 

4300
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:21,200
project are a fascinating Bunch,
they've had to solve problems. 

4301
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,300
No one has ever faced before 
like how to build a uniform wall

4302
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:27,200
across terrain that varies from 
desert sand to Mountain Granite.

4303
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:30,400
Watching them work, as like 
seeing puzzle, Master's tackle, 

4304
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,200
a jigsaw with a million pieces. 
None of which seem to fit 

4305
03:44:33,200 --> 03:44:35,800
together. 
Properly supply lines stretch 

4306
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:38,300
back towards civilization. 
Like the world's longest grocery

4307
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,500
delivery route. 
Wagons arrived with fresh Stone,

4308
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:45,300
Timber rice and replacement 
tools, occasionally they bring 

4309
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:47,900
news from home, which everyone 
gathers around to hear, like 

4310
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:51,000
it's the evening entertainment. 
Occasionally, they bring new 

4311
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,000
workers to replace those who 
have completed their service or 

4312
03:44:54,000 --> 03:44:56,600
more grimly, those who won't be 
going home at all. 

4313
03:44:57,900 --> 03:45:00,800
Despite the hardships, there's 
something, oddly satisfying 

4314
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:04,800
about the work, each day you can
see progress, the wall, grows 

4315
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:06,500
taller stronger and more 
impressive. 

4316
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:10,500
You begin to take pride in your 
section competing informally 

4317
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:13,000
with other Crews to see who can 
lay the straightest line or 

4318
03:45:13,000 --> 03:45:16,200
build the most solid foundation.
It's like the world's most 

4319
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,400
exhausting team sport after a 
few weeks on the wall, you've 

4320
03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:22,200
developed what your grandmother 
might charitably call character 

4321
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,100
your hands once soft from farm 
work. 

4322
03:45:25,100 --> 03:45:28,200
Now sport calluses in places. 
You didn't know, could grow 

4323
03:45:28,200 --> 03:45:32,100
calluses your back has adapted 
to a permanent slight hunch from

4324
03:45:32,100 --> 03:45:35,000
lifting stones, and you've 
learned to identify different 

4325
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:38,400
types of rock by their weight 
and the specific way they make 

4326
03:45:38,400 --> 03:45:42,100
your shoulders ache. 
The workday starts with what the

4327
03:45:42,108 --> 03:45:45,300
section, chief, optimistically 
calls morning, coordination, 

4328
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:49,100
which everyone else recognizes 
as the daily ritual of figuring 

4329
03:45:49,100 --> 03:45:51,500
out, who's going to do what, and
how badly it might go wrong. 

4330
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:56,200
Today, your crew is assigned to 
mortar mixing, which sounds easy

4331
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:58,500
Until you realize that getting 
the consistency, right? 

4332
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,000
Is like trying to bake bread, 
while blindfolded during an 

4333
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:03,800
earthquake. 
Old Chen takes this opportunity 

4334
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:07,000
to share his philosophy on 
mortar which apparently involves

4335
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:09,400
the same level of precision that
other people reserved for 

4336
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:12,300
poetry. 
If the mixture is too wet, it 

4337
03:46:12,308 --> 03:46:14,300
runs like water from a broken 
bucket. 

4338
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:17,500
He explains while stirring the 
mixture with a wooden paddle 

4339
03:46:17,500 --> 03:46:21,000
that has seen better days, too 
dry and it crumbles like a 

4340
03:46:21,008 --> 03:46:24,400
promise from a politician. 
You're beginning to suspect that

4341
03:46:24,400 --> 03:46:27,200
old Chen has strong opinions 
about everything which makes him

4342
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:30,400
either very wise or very 
annoying depending on how early 

4343
03:46:30,400 --> 03:46:33,100
in the morning. 
It is the stones themselves come

4344
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:35,200
from quarries. 
That seemed impossibly far away 

4345
03:46:35,200 --> 03:46:38,500
yet somehow keep producing an 
endless supply of building 

4346
03:46:38,500 --> 03:46:43,200
material. watching the 
stonecutters work is mesmerizing

4347
03:46:43,200 --> 03:46:47,200
they can look at a rough Boulder
and somehow see the perfectly 

4348
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,400
shaped block hiding inside like 
sculptors working in Reverse 

4349
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:54,500
their hammers ring against 
chisels with a sound track of 

4350
03:46:54,500 --> 03:46:57,500
construction, a percussion 
section for the Symphony of 

4351
03:46:57,500 --> 03:47:01,100
building Transportation of 
materials has evolved into a 

4352
03:47:01,100 --> 03:47:04,300
complex dance of human. 
Efficiency teams of workers 

4353
03:47:04,300 --> 03:47:06,400
form. 
Chains from the supply wagons to

4354
03:47:06,400 --> 03:47:10,000
the construction site passing 
Stone's, hand-to-hand any 

4355
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:13,200
process that looks chaotic but 
actually moves materials faster 

4356
03:47:13,200 --> 03:47:16,100
than you think possible. 
It's like watching a very 

4357
03:47:16,100 --> 03:47:19,400
patient version of the world's 
heaviest relay race Ying. 

4358
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:22,200
Liu has invented a game where 
you try to predict which Stone 

4359
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,200
will be the most awkward to 
carry based on its shape. 

4360
03:47:25,200 --> 03:47:29,000
He surprisingly talented at 
this, having developed an eye 

4361
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:31,600
for stones that look innocent, 
but turn out to be engineered by

4362
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:34,700
Nature specifically to be 
impossible to grip properly. 

4363
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:38,700
His uncanny ability to spot. 
These troublemakers and save the

4364
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:42,400
crew numerous bruised toes and 
creative vocabulary lessons. 

4365
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:46,000
The wall itself is taking shape 
with surprising speed 

4366
03:47:46,000 --> 03:47:49,800
considering its being built 
entirely by hand, each section 

4367
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,700
has its own personality 
reflecting, the crew that build 

4368
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:55,000
it. 
Some sections are precisely 

4369
03:47:55,000 --> 03:47:57,800
uniformed by teams that measure 
twice and cut. 

4370
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:01,900
Once others show more character 
with small variations that 

4371
03:48:01,900 --> 03:48:05,100
somehow make them look more 
human, and less like something 

4372
03:48:05,100 --> 03:48:08,500
assembled by very patient 
machines whether at its 

4373
03:48:08,500 --> 03:48:12,400
complications to the work, Rain 
turns the construction site into

4374
03:48:12,400 --> 03:48:15,900
a muddy obstacle course where 
every step requires careful 

4375
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:17,800
consideration of physics and 
balance. 

4376
03:48:17,800 --> 03:48:21,200
Hot days, make the stones too 
hot to handle comfortably and 

4377
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:23,500
cold mornings. 
Mean waiting for fingers to thaw

4378
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:27,100
enough to grip tools properly. 
You begin to develop a farmer's 

4379
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:29,200
intuition for whether reading 
the sky. 

4380
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:32,200
Like, a daily newspaper that 
specializes in inconvenient 

4381
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:36,400
surprises, the guard towers 
spaced at regular intervals 

4382
03:48:36,400 --> 03:48:38,500
along the wall present their 
engineering challenges. 

4383
03:48:38,500 --> 03:48:40,600
These aren't just tall 
platforms. 

4384
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:43,200
They're sophisticated 
observation and communication 

4385
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:46,800
posts that need to be sturdy 
enough to withstand attacks or 

4386
03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:49,200
remaining tall enough to provide
commanding views of the 

4387
03:48:49,200 --> 03:48:52,600
surrounding territory, building 
them requires a combination of 

4388
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:55,100
the masonry. 
Carpentry and what might 

4389
03:48:55,100 --> 03:48:57,500
generously be called optimistic 
physics. 

4390
03:48:58,400 --> 03:49:00,500
Food becomes both Fuel and 
entertainment. 

4391
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:04,100
The camp Cooks of mastered, the 
art of making large quantities 

4392
03:49:04,100 --> 03:49:07,400
of rice, interesting through 
creative use of whatever 

4393
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:10,000
vegetables, meet or seasoning 
happen, to be available. 

4394
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:13,600
Sometimes you have lucky. 
And there's pork other times, 

4395
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:16,600
you learn to appreciate the 
subtle flavors of turnips and 

4396
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:20,300
hope Cruise gather during 
mealtimes to share stories 

4397
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:23,600
voice, complaints and 
occasionally speculate about the

4398
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:27,400
potential completion date of 
this project. your tent mates 

4399
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:29,700
have developed distinct 
personalities, that make the 

4400
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:33,400
cramped, living quarters more, 
bearable, Old Chen, tell stories

4401
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,200
from his construction days that 
may or may not be entirely true,

4402
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:39,500
but are always entertaining. 
Ying Liu practices writing 

4403
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:42,400
characters in the dirt 
determined to return home more 

4404
03:49:42,400 --> 03:49:46,500
educated than when he left. 
One, the quiet has revealed a 

4405
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:49,600
talent for repairing tools and 
equipment, making him the most 

4406
03:49:49,600 --> 03:49:53,000
popular person in 100 yard 
radius by now you've realized 

4407
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:54,500
that building. 
The Great Wall isn't just 

4408
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:57,900
construction, its engineering on
a scale that makes regular 

4409
03:49:57,900 --> 03:49:59,500
building projects. 
Look like children children's 

4410
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:02,500
blocks Every Day. 
Brings new problems, that 

4411
03:50:02,500 --> 03:50:05,300
require Solutions, and no one 
has ever had to figure out 

4412
03:50:05,300 --> 03:50:08,400
before in your starting to 
appreciate the complexity of 

4413
03:50:08,400 --> 03:50:10,100
what seemed like a simple 
concept. 

4414
03:50:11,100 --> 03:50:13,400
Take, for instance, the 
challenge of building a wall, 

4415
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:16,400
across a mountain ridge. 
You can't just piles in a 

4416
03:50:16,408 --> 03:50:17,800
straight line and hope for the 
best. 

4417
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:20,700
The wall needs to follow the 
natural Contours of the land 

4418
03:50:20,700 --> 03:50:23,400
while maintaining its defensive 
capabilities which means 

4419
03:50:23,400 --> 03:50:26,400
constantly adjusting height 
thickness and angle. 

4420
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:28,800
It's like trying to draw a 
straight line on a crumpled 

4421
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:30,300
piece of paper while wearing 
mittens. 

4422
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,000
The foundation work varies 
dramatically depending on 

4423
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:37,400
Terrain in Rocky areas. 
Your essentially building on 

4424
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:39,500
Nature's concrete, which sounds 
great. 

4425
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:43,500
Until you realize that Rocky 
often means uneven unpredictable

4426
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:45,200
and determined to make your life
difficult. 

4427
03:50:46,100 --> 03:50:49,800
In Sandy or soft, soil areas, 
the foundation needs to go much 

4428
03:50:49,800 --> 03:50:52,400
deeper, which means more digging
and more Stone. 

4429
03:50:52,400 --> 03:50:54,100
But at least the digging is 
easier. 

4430
03:50:55,200 --> 03:50:58,200
In Marshy areas. 
Well everyone tries to avoid 

4431
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:01,700
thinking about marshy areas, 
your crew has been assigned to 

4432
03:51:01,700 --> 03:51:04,700
work on a section that crosses a
particularly steep Hillside 

4433
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:08,400
which provides spectacular views
and spectacular challenges in 

4434
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:11,500
equal measure building. 
On a slope means, every stone 

4435
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:14,300
wants to roll downhill. 
Apparently, having missed the 

4436
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:16,800
memo about staying. 
Put this has led to the 

4437
03:51:16,800 --> 03:51:20,000
development of increasingly 
creative techniques for 

4438
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:21,900
convincing stones to remain 
where you place them. 

4439
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,500
Old Chen has become something of
a master at reading Stone 

4440
03:51:25,500 --> 03:51:27,700
Behavior. 
He can look at a rock and 

4441
03:51:27,700 --> 03:51:30,300
predict whether it's going to be
cooperative or whether it's 

4442
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:33,000
going to spend the day trying to
escape down the Mountainside. 

4443
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:36,800
Stones have personalities, he 
explains while wedging a 

4444
03:51:36,800 --> 03:51:38,500
particularly rebellious Bolder 
into place. 

4445
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:42,700
Some want to work some want to 
wander and some just want to 

4446
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:45,900
cause trouble, your starting to 
suspect, he might be right. 

4447
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:48,900
The mortar mixing has evolved 
into something approaching 

4448
03:51:48,900 --> 03:51:51,000
science. 
Different weather conditions, 

4449
03:51:51,000 --> 03:51:54,300
required, different consistency,
and the local materials 

4450
03:51:54,300 --> 03:51:57,100
Limestone here. 
Clay there, all react 

4451
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,300
differently to mixing and 
setting the Master Masons have 

4452
03:52:00,300 --> 03:52:02,500
developed an almost mystical 
ability to produce. 

4453
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:06,000
Exactly the right mixture for 
current conditions like chefs 

4454
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:08,300
who can cook perfect meals 
without measuring ingredients. 

4455
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:11,700
Tool maintenance has become a 
critical skill for survival, 

4456
03:52:12,700 --> 03:52:15,800
When your livelihood depends on 
hammers chisels and carrying 

4457
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:19,000
baskets, keeping them in good 
repair isn't just Professional 

4458
03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:24,100
Pride, it's self-preservation. 
Won the quiet has set up an 

4459
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:26,800
informal repair service. 
Trading tool maintenance for 

4460
03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:29,600
extra rice, or help with heavy 
lifting, his ability to 

4461
03:52:29,600 --> 03:52:31,600
resurrect a broken handle or 
straighten. 

4462
03:52:31,600 --> 03:52:33,900
A bench, chisel has made him. 
The most valued member of 

4463
03:52:33,908 --> 03:52:37,300
several Crews, the logistics of 
the project are mind-boggling. 

4464
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:40,900
When you stop thinking about 
them, someone somewhere is 

4465
03:52:40,900 --> 03:52:44,000
coordinating the delivery of 
materials food and equipment to 

4466
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:47,700
dozens of construction sites, 
spread across hundreds of miles.

4467
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:50,600
Supply wagons consistently 
arrive. 

4468
03:52:50,600 --> 03:52:54,200
Delivering not only Essentials 
but also occasional luxury items

4469
03:52:54,200 --> 03:52:57,600
such as tea or preserved. 
Fruit, adding a touch of joy to 

4470
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:00,700
everyone's day. 
Communication, along the wall 

4471
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:03,500
happens through a system of 
signals that part practical 

4472
03:53:03,500 --> 03:53:05,100
necessity and part 
entertainment. 

4473
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:08,700
Horn called calls relay messages
from section to section, 

4474
03:53:08,700 --> 03:53:11,800
creating a chain of 
communication that can carry 

4475
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:13,700
news faster than a running 
messenger. 

4476
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:16,900
The horn operators have 
developed a surprisingly 

4477
03:53:16,900 --> 03:53:19,800
sophisticated. 
Vocabulary of calls, different 

4478
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:23,900
patterns for mealtime shift 
changes material, deliveries and

4479
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:26,300
occasionally warnings about 
approaching inspectors. 

4480
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:29,800
The inspectors themselves are a 
source of both anxiety and 

4481
03:53:29,800 --> 03:53:32,200
amusement. 
These are officials who arrived 

4482
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:35,600
periodically to check progress 
and quality armed with measuring

4483
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:39,700
devices and serious Expressions.
They examine wall sections with 

4484
03:53:39,700 --> 03:53:43,000
the intensity of art critics 
running their hands along Stone 

4485
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:45,400
joints, and muttering about 
specifications. 

4486
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:48,600
Smart Crews learned to recognize
the signs of an approaching 

4487
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:51,700
inspection and spend extra time 
making their sections. 

4488
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:55,100
Look particularly impressive 
quality control has evolved 

4489
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:56,600
organically among the work 
Crews. 

4490
03:53:56,600 --> 03:53:59,800
Nobody wants to be responsible 
for the section that falls down.

4491
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:04,000
So there's intense peer pressure
to build well, Teams develop 

4492
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:07,300
reputation for craftsmanship and
being assigned to work with a 

4493
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:08,800
crew known for solid 
construction. 

4494
03:54:08,800 --> 03:54:12,800
Comes a point of pride. 
Competition between Crews drives

4495
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,000
quality improvements that no 
amount of official supervision 

4496
03:54:16,000 --> 03:54:19,100
could achieve the walls 
defensive features, require 

4497
03:54:19,100 --> 03:54:22,100
careful attention to detail that
goes beyond simple construction 

4498
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:25,400
Arrow slits. 
Need to be positioned at exactly

4499
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:28,600
the right height and angle to 
provide maximum coverage, while 

4500
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:30,100
offering protection to 
Defenders. 

4501
03:54:30,100 --> 03:54:34,200
Walkways must be wide enough for
guards to patrol but not so wide

4502
03:54:34,200 --> 03:54:36,900
that they waste materials or 
provide too much, Target area 

4503
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:40,300
for attackers winter arrives, 
like an unwelcome relative who 

4504
03:54:40,300 --> 03:54:43,500
shows up without warning and 
refuses to leave one day. 

4505
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:45,200
You're working in comfortable, 
Autumn weather. 

4506
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:48,500
And the next morning you wake up
to discover, Frost decorating 

4507
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:52,400
your tent, like Nature's least, 
practical artwork, The section 

4508
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:55,000
chief announces that work will 
continue regardless of whether 

4509
03:54:55,000 --> 03:54:58,000
because apparently walls don't 
build themselves and Emperors. 

4510
03:54:58,000 --> 03:54:59,500
Don't appreciate seasonal, 
delays. 

4511
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:02,600
Building in cold weather, 
presents challenges that the 

4512
03:55:02,600 --> 03:55:04,700
project plan has probably didn't
fully appreciate. 

4513
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:07,100
When they scheduled this 
particular construction time 

4514
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:10,200
line. mortar doesn't set 
properly when it's freezing, 

4515
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,300
which means either waiting for 
warmer temperatures or 

4516
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:16,000
developing Creative Solutions, 
that involve keeping mixed 

4517
03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:20,300
mortal warm until it can be 
applied, This scenario leads to 

4518
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:23,500
the amusing sight of grown men. 
Huddling around small fires with

4519
03:55:23,500 --> 03:55:26,900
buckets of mortar like their 
warming, their hands, your tent,

4520
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:29,800
become both a sanctuary and an 
endurance test as temperatures 

4521
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:32,800
drop. 
Five, men sharing a small space 

4522
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:36,300
generates a surprising amount of
body heat which is beneficial 

4523
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:39,200
for staying warm, but 
challenging for maintaining any 

4524
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:41,200
sense of personal space or air 
quality. 

4525
03:55:41,200 --> 03:55:45,200
Everyone develops strategies for
staying comfortable, extra 

4526
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:48,300
layers, creative, use of 
blankets and the unspoken 

4527
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:51,200
agreement that nobody comments 
on anyone else is sleeping 

4528
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:55,300
habits or unusual nighttime 
noises, the supply lines face. 

4529
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,600
Their own winter challenges 
wagons that moved easily over 

4530
03:55:58,600 --> 03:56:01,500
dry summer roads. 
Now, struggle through mud snow 

4531
03:56:01,500 --> 03:56:04,100
and ice. 
Food deliveries become less 

4532
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:06,500
predictable. 
Leading to careful rationing and

4533
03:56:06,500 --> 03:56:08,700
creative cooking with whatever 
ingredients are available. 

4534
03:56:08,700 --> 03:56:12,400
Rice becomes even more pressure 
and everyone learns to 

4535
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:14,800
appreciate the subtle 
differences between turnips 

4536
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:18,300
radishes and other vegetables, 
that all tastes remarkably 

4537
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:21,700
similar on your hungry enough 
spring brings relief and new 

4538
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:25,500
complications in equal measure 
the ground thaws making easier. 

4539
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:29,000
But also creating mud seems 
specifically designed to make 

4540
03:56:29,000 --> 03:56:32,600
walking difficult and Tall 
handling treacherous supplies 

4541
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,400
arrive, more regularly. 
So do new workers, who need to 

4542
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:37,900
be trained and integrated into 
existing crews. 

4543
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:41,100
You find yourself in the odd 
position of being a veteran 

4544
03:56:41,100 --> 03:56:44,500
after, just one winter offering 
advice to newcomers who look as 

4545
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:47,300
bewildered as you want. 
Once did the seasonal cycle 

4546
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:49,900
creates a rhythm to the work 
that becomes oddly comforting 

4547
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,200
summer, brings long days and 
maximum productivity. 

4548
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:56,900
However, it also brings heat 
that makes handling Sun makes 

4549
03:56:56,900 --> 03:56:58,800
stones and exercise and pain 
tolerance. 

4550
03:56:59,600 --> 03:57:02,600
Autumn brings perfect working 
weather and the Urgent push to 

4551
03:57:02,600 --> 03:57:06,300
complete sections before winter,
returns each season requires 

4552
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:09,600
different strategies 
preparations and types of 

4553
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:13,000
stubborn, determination. 
The rainy season deserves 

4554
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:15,400
special mention. 
As a time, when optimism goes to

4555
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:17,800
die. 
Working in Rain, means dealing 

4556
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:20,700
with slippery, Stones mud, that 
clings to everything. 

4557
03:57:20,700 --> 03:57:24,000
And the constant challenge of 
keeping tools dry enough to use,

4558
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:27,400
effectively the wall itself 
becomes, treacherous to work, on

4559
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:30,800
requiring extra caution and 
significantly reduced 

4560
03:57:30,800 --> 03:57:33,400
productivity. 
Everyone develops strong 

4561
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:36,800
opinions about rain gear, and 
the inadequacy of most attempts 

4562
03:57:36,800 --> 03:57:39,100
to stay dry while doing heavy 
construction work. 

4563
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:43,400
The changing seasons, also bring
changes in local Wildlife which 

4564
03:57:43,400 --> 03:57:45,900
adds an element of 
unpredictability to daily work. 

4565
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:49,400
Spring brings curious dear, that
seemed fascinated by 

4566
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:53,200
construction activity, summer 
attracts, various insects that 

4567
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:55,700
apparently view human workers as
either entertainment or 

4568
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:59,100
potential meals. 
Autumn brings migrating birds 

4569
03:57:59,100 --> 03:58:02,200
that sometimes interfere with 
construction work and winter 

4570
03:58:02,200 --> 03:58:04,700
brings various creatures, 
searching for warm places to 

4571
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:06,900
shelter. 
Occasionally choosing tool 

4572
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:10,500
storage areas old Chen reveals 
that he's worked construction 

4573
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:13,800
jobs in all kinds of weather and
has developed philosophical 

4574
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:18,000
approaches to each season. 
Some are teachers patients, he 

4575
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:20,500
explains while taking a break in
whatever shade he can find 

4576
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:25,500
winter teaches persistence 
spring teachers hope and Autumn 

4577
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:28,900
teaches urgency Ying. 
Liu suggests that all seasons. 

4578
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:31,900
Teach you to appreciate being 
indoors which seems like the 

4579
03:58:31,900 --> 03:58:34,600
most practical wisdom. 
Anyone has offered food 

4580
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:36,300
preservation becomes a crucial 
skill. 

4581
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:38,900
As whether affects both Supply 
deliveries and storage 

4582
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:41,900
capabilities, it becomes 
essential to learn which 

4583
03:58:41,900 --> 03:58:45,100
vegetables store well and which 
require immediate consumption 

4584
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:48,200
based on available ingredients 
and safe storage methods. 

4585
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:51,100
The camp Cooks creates seasonal 
menus that result in 

4586
03:58:51,108 --> 03:58:54,600
surprisingly diverse meals, tool
performance, varies 

4587
03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:55,900
significantly with weather 
conditions. 

4588
03:58:55,900 --> 03:59:00,200
Wooden handles shrink and expand
metal parts, rust or become 

4589
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,500
brittle and carrying baskets, 
develop holes or weak spots. 

4590
03:59:03,500 --> 03:59:07,600
That seem to appear overnight 
Maintenance becomes an ongoing 

4591
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:11,100
project rather than an 
occasional necessity and 

4592
03:59:11,100 --> 03:59:13,900
everyone learned basic repair 
skills that were not part of the

4593
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,200
original job description. 
Weather prediction becomes a 

4594
03:59:17,200 --> 03:59:20,900
valuable skill set that everyone
develops to some degree Cloud 

4595
03:59:20,900 --> 03:59:24,300
reading when pattern recognition
and understanding seasonal 

4596
03:59:24,300 --> 03:59:25,900
patterns. 
All contribute to better 

4597
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:29,200
planning and preparation. 
The ability to predict weather 

4598
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:32,800
changes, help screws plan, work 
schedules, prepare for Supply 

4599
03:59:32,800 --> 03:59:35,700
delays and generally make life 
more manageable in an 

4600
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:37,900
environment where Comfort is 
largely dependent on being 

4601
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:41,000
ready, for whatever nature 
decides to provide living and 

4602
03:59:41,000 --> 03:59:42,800
working. 
In close quarters with hundreds 

4603
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:45,100
of other, people creates a 
unique social environment. 

4604
03:59:45,100 --> 03:59:49,200
That's part construction, site 
part, small town, and part 

4605
03:59:49,200 --> 03:59:52,000
extended, family reunion, where 
nobody can leave early. 

4606
03:59:52,800 --> 03:59:55,000
The wall project has brought 
together people from different 

4607
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:58,300
regions, social classes and 
backgrounds, creating a 

4608
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,300
temporary community, that 
develops its own Customs, jokes 

4609
04:00:01,300 --> 04:00:04,400
and social structure. 
Your tent has evolved into 

4610
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:05,800
something resembling a 
household. 

4611
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:09,100
With everyone settling into 
informal roles that make shared,

4612
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:12,300
living more manageable old Chen 
has become The Unofficial 

4613
04:00:12,300 --> 04:00:15,500
leader, settling dispute and 
offering advice based on his 

4614
04:00:15,500 --> 04:00:18,200
extensive experience. 
With group, living situations, 

4615
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:20,900
young lose serves as 
entertainment coordinator, 

4616
04:00:20,900 --> 04:00:24,100
inventing games, and keeping 
spirits up during difficult 

4617
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:26,700
days. 
Wang, the quiet handles 

4618
04:00:26,700 --> 04:00:30,000
practical matters like tool 
maintenance and small repairs 

4619
04:00:30,000 --> 04:00:33,000
that keep daily life, 
functioning smoothly evening, 

4620
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:35,800
routine after work has become a 
social ritual that everyone 

4621
04:00:35,800 --> 04:00:39,500
looks forward to cruise gather 
around small fires to share 

4622
04:00:39,500 --> 04:00:43,500
meals stories and complaints 
about the days challenges. these

4623
04:00:43,500 --> 04:00:46,000
conversations range from 
practical discussions about 

4624
04:00:46,000 --> 04:00:49,200
construction techniques to 
elaborate storytelling sessions,

4625
04:00:49,200 --> 04:00:51,800
where facts and entertainment 
blend together in ways that 

4626
04:00:51,800 --> 04:00:54,900
probably wouldn't pass, strict 
historical scrutiny, but make 

4627
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:59,100
for engaging listening Regional 
differences create intriguing. 

4628
04:00:59,100 --> 04:01:01,400
Cultural exchanges as workers 
from different areas. 

4629
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:04,800
Share their local Customs foods 
and approaches to 

4630
04:01:04,800 --> 04:01:08,900
problem-solving. 
Is might introduce techniques 

4631
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:11,600
for working in cold weather 
while workers from Southern 

4632
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:14,300
regions, contribute knowledge 
about building in wet 

4633
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:16,700
conditions. 
It's like a practical education 

4634
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:20,700
program where everyone is both 
teacher and student games and 

4635
04:01:20,700 --> 04:01:23,000
entertainment, develop 
organically to fill the hours 

4636
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:26,400
between work and sleep. 
Simple gambling games, using 

4637
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:28,900
stones or sticks, provide 
excitement, and social 

4638
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:31,600
interaction. 
Storytelling competitions, 

4639
04:01:31,600 --> 04:01:35,200
emerge with workers sharing 
Tales from home or inventing, 

4640
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,600
elaborate fictional Adventures. 
Physical competitions. 

4641
04:01:38,600 --> 04:01:42,000
We can carry the heaviest Stone.
You can work longest without 

4642
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:44,800
rest, add elements of friendly 
rivalry. 

4643
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:49,500
That make work, more engaging, 
the development of informal 

4644
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,100
leadership structures within 
work Cruise demonstrates how 

4645
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:54,500
people naturally organized 
themselves when faced with 

4646
04:01:54,500 --> 04:01:58,400
shared challenges, Some workers 
emerge As Natural organizers. 

4647
04:01:58,400 --> 04:02:02,600
Others as technical experts and 
still others as mediators who 

4648
04:02:02,600 --> 04:02:05,300
helped resolve conflicts before 
they become serious problems. 

4649
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:08,600
These unofficial roles often 
proved more important than 

4650
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:11,600
formal hierarchy. 
In determining how well Crews 

4651
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,800
function trade and barter 
systems developed to supplement 

4652
04:02:14,800 --> 04:02:17,700
official. 
Supply distributions workers 

4653
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:21,500
with particular skills, cooking 
tool, repair, storytelling 

4654
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:25,400
letter writing, find themselves 
able to trade services for extra

4655
04:02:25,400 --> 04:02:28,000
food. 
Better, sleeping arrangements or

4656
04:02:28,000 --> 04:02:30,200
other small luxuries, that make 
life more bearable. 

4657
04:02:30,200 --> 04:02:33,700
These informal economies create 
networks of mutual support that 

4658
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:37,300
extend beyond individual work 
Crews, The challenge of 

4659
04:02:37,300 --> 04:02:39,900
maintaining morale during 
difficult periods, brings out 

4660
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:42,000
Creative Solutions from the 
worker community. 

4661
04:02:42,900 --> 04:02:45,600
During particularly tough 
stretches bad, weather 

4662
04:02:45,600 --> 04:02:49,400
equipment, shortages, especially
demanding work, assignments 

4663
04:02:49,400 --> 04:02:52,100
Cruise developed strategies for 
supporting each other 

4664
04:02:52,100 --> 04:02:55,100
emotionally, as well as 
practically shared hardship 

4665
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:57,300
creates bonds, that probably 
wouldn't form under normal 

4666
04:02:57,300 --> 04:03:01,100
circumstances, communication 
with families back home become a

4667
04:03:01,100 --> 04:03:02,800
valued service. 
That brings the community 

4668
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,600
together, Workers who can write 
often compose letters for those 

4669
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:10,000
who can't creating connections 
between the wall project and the

4670
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:13,200
outside world, these letters. 
Serve multiple purposes 

4671
04:03:13,200 --> 04:03:16,400
maintaining family 
relationships, sharing news from

4672
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:19,500
the construction site, and 
providing an emotional outlet 

4673
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:23,000
for homesickness and anxiety, 
about the future, religious and 

4674
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:25,900
cultural observances continue. 
Despite the challenging work 

4675
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:28,800
environment adapted to fit the 
constraints of construction 

4676
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:31,600
life. 
Festival celebrations happen on 

4677
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:35,100
a smaller scale, but with no 
less enthusiasm, creating 

4678
04:03:35,100 --> 04:03:37,800
opportunities for workers to 
maintain connections to their 

4679
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:39,900
cultural Traditions. 
While building new shared 

4680
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:43,400
experiences with their fellow 
workers, the gradual development

4681
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:46,700
of construction site Traditions 
creates a sense of continuity 

4682
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,000
and belonging that helps workers
feel part of something larger 

4683
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:51,700
than their individual daily 
struggles. 

4684
04:03:51,700 --> 04:03:55,000
These might include Ceremonies 
for completing wall sections 

4685
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:58,100
rituals for welcoming new 
workers or informal 

4686
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:00,500
celebrations. 
When Supply wagons arrived with 

4687
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:04,000
particularly, welcome to 
deliveries conflicts, when they 

4688
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,400
arise tend to be resolved 
through Community pressure, 

4689
04:04:06,400 --> 04:04:10,500
rather than formal Authority as 
everyone recognizes that, 

4690
04:04:10,500 --> 04:04:14,100
cooperation is essential for 
both work, efficiency and 

4691
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:17,400
personal survival. 
The shared experience of 

4692
04:04:17,400 --> 04:04:20,300
difficult working conditions, 
creates strong incentives for 

4693
04:04:20,300 --> 04:04:23,200
people to work out their 
differences, rather than let 

4694
04:04:23,200 --> 04:04:25,200
dispute escalate into serious 
problems. 

4695
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:28,700
That could affect entire Crews. 
The knowledge that this 

4696
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:31,400
assignment is temporary gives 
the community a unique 

4697
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:33,900
character. 
Everyone knows they're here for 

4698
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:37,100
a limited time which creates 
both a sense of urgency about 

4699
04:04:37,100 --> 04:04:40,400
forming relationships and a 
practical focus on making the 

4700
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:43,200
best of the current situation 
rather than building permanent 

4701
04:04:43,200 --> 04:04:45,300
social structures months have 
passed. 

4702
04:04:45,300 --> 04:04:48,000
Since you first arrived at the 
wall site, and the changes are 

4703
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:50,100
remarkable both in the wall 
itself. 

4704
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:54,200
And in yourself, What started, 
as scattered construction site 

4705
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:56,900
has grown into a continuous 
barrier that stretches beyond 

4706
04:04:56,900 --> 04:04:59,200
what you can see from any single
vantage point. 

4707
04:05:00,000 --> 04:05:03,200
Standing on a completed section 
and looking along the walls 

4708
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:05,200
path. 
You can hardly believe that 

4709
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:08,600
human hands and stubborn 
determination created something.

4710
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:12,800
So massive and permanent The 
wall sections, your crew as 

4711
04:05:12,800 --> 04:05:16,000
build bear, the subtle marks of 
their creators slightly 

4712
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:18,300
different. 
Stone patterns variations in 

4713
04:05:18,300 --> 04:05:21,300
Mortar joints and the 
accumulated character that comes

4714
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:24,400
from being constructed by real 
people rather than perfect 

4715
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,800
machines, you can identify your 
work from a distance, 

4716
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:30,900
recognizing the particular 
Rhythm and style, your crew 

4717
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:32,800
developed over months of working
together. 

4718
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:35,700
It's like being able to 
recognize your own handwriting 

4719
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:38,900
on a massive scale. 
Completion of individual. 

4720
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,200
Sections brings mixed emotions. 
There's pride in the 

4721
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:44,900
craftsmanship and satisfaction 
in seeing a job, well done. 

4722
04:05:44,900 --> 04:05:48,000
But also awareness that 
completion means eventual 

4723
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:49,900
departure from this temporary 
community. 

4724
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:52,100
That has become unexpectedly 
important. 

4725
04:05:52,100 --> 04:05:55,700
The relationships forged through
shared hardship and common 

4726
04:05:55,700 --> 04:05:59,000
purpose, don't necessarily 
translate easily back to normal 

4727
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,700
life, creating a bitter sweet 
quality to finishing the work. 

4728
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:06,400
Old Chen who has worked on 
various Imperial projects 

4729
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:09,400
throughout his career offers 
perspective on the historical 

4730
04:06:09,400 --> 04:06:11,500
significance of what you've all 
accomplished. 

4731
04:06:12,800 --> 04:06:15,500
Most things people build get 
torn down of eventually he 

4732
04:06:15,500 --> 04:06:18,200
observes while surveying a newly
completed Tower. 

4733
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:21,300
Walls like this become part of 
the landscape. 

4734
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:24,100
Your grandchildren's 
grandchildren will walk along 

4735
04:06:24,100 --> 04:06:26,700
sections. 
You built with your hands It's 

4736
04:06:26,700 --> 04:06:29,000
an oddly comforting. 
Thought that adds meaning to all

4737
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:33,000
these days of caring, stones and
mixing mortar, The skills you've

4738
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:35,200
developed during wall 
construction turnout to be 

4739
04:06:35,200 --> 04:06:39,000
transferable to civilian life. 
Under standing stone, and mortar

4740
04:06:39,000 --> 04:06:42,400
reading terrain coordinating 
group work, and managing 

4741
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:45,000
projects under difficult 
conditions of valuable 

4742
04:06:45,000 --> 04:06:46,600
abilities. 
That will serve you well back 

4743
04:06:46,600 --> 04:06:48,700
home. 
You've also developed physical 

4744
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:51,800
strength and endurance that make
farm Works seem almost 

4745
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:54,900
effortless by comparison. 
Ying. 

4746
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:57,400
Liu has indeed become more 
literate during his time, on the

4747
04:06:57,400 --> 04:07:00,300
wall, practicing writing, 
characters, and spare moments, 

4748
04:07:00,300 --> 04:07:03,300
and learning from other workers 
who shared their education. 

4749
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:06,900
He plans to use these skills to 
improve his family's business. 

4750
04:07:06,900 --> 04:07:10,100
Dealings demonstrating how the 
wall project has created 

4751
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:13,500
unexpected opportunities for 
personal development, alongside 

4752
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:16,500
its primary construction goals. 
One. 

4753
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:19,200
The quiet has saved enough money
from his tool repair business, 

4754
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,100
to make significant improvements
to his family's farm, when he 

4755
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:25,700
returned home. 
His mechanical skills, sharpened

4756
04:07:25,700 --> 04:07:27,600
by months of keeping 
construction equipment, 

4757
04:07:27,600 --> 04:07:31,100
functioning will make him 
valuable in any rural community,

4758
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:33,800
where practical problem-solving 
abilities are always in demand. 

4759
04:07:33,808 --> 04:07:37,100
A completion ceremony for your 
section, is simpler than you 

4760
04:07:37,100 --> 04:07:39,200
might expect. 
But deeply, meaningful to 

4761
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:41,200
everyone who participated in the
construction. 

4762
04:07:42,200 --> 04:07:45,300
Local officials make speeches 
about Imperial Glory and defense

4763
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:48,200
of necessity. 
But the real significance is in 

4764
04:07:48,200 --> 04:07:51,200
the quiet satisfaction shared 
among the workers who know 

4765
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:55,000
exactly how much effort went 
into every stone, every joint 

4766
04:07:55,000 --> 04:07:59,600
and every decision that shape 
the final result News arrives 

4767
04:07:59,600 --> 04:08:01,600
that other sections of the wall 
are nearing completion. 

4768
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:04,800
Creating a sense of being part 
of a larger coordinated 

4769
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:07,900
achievement that extends far 
beyond your direct experience. 

4770
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:10,800
The project that seemed 
impossibly large. 

4771
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:13,600
When you first arrived there's 
been broken down into manageable

4772
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:17,100
Pieces by thousands of work 
Crews like yours demonstrating. 

4773
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:19,800
How even the most ambitious 
goals can be achieved through 

4774
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:24,100
patient persistent effort. 
Preparations for departure, 

4775
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:27,800
begin with mixed feelings. 
There's eagerness to return home

4776
04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:31,600
to family familiar surroundings 
and the comfortable routines of 

4777
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:34,500
normal life. 
But there's also reluctance to 

4778
04:08:34,500 --> 04:08:38,200
leave the friendships and sense 
of shared purpose that made the 

4779
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,200
hardships bearable and gave 
meaning to the difficult work. 

4780
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:45,100
The journey home provides time 
to reflect on the experience and

4781
04:08:45,100 --> 04:08:46,300
process. 
What you've learned about 

4782
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:50,200
yourself about cooperation and 
about what people can accomplish

4783
04:08:50,200 --> 04:08:52,200
when they work together toward 
common goals. 

4784
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:56,000
The wall represents more than 
just a defensive barrier. 

4785
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:59,400
It's proof that Ordinary People 
can create extraordinary things 

4786
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:02,100
when they combine their 
individual efforts with shared 

4787
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:04,100
determination. 
Returning. 

4788
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:07,000
Home means re-adjusting to 
civilian life after months of 

4789
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:10,500
structured work routines and 
Community Living, Family and 

4790
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:14,000
friends are curious about your 
experience is but explaining the

4791
04:09:14,000 --> 04:09:15,700
daily reality of wall 
construction. 

4792
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:19,100
Proves challenging how do you 
describe the satisfaction of 

4793
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:20,700
building? 
Something permanent the 

4794
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,300
comradery of shared hardship or 
the pride and craftsmanship that

4795
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:26,100
developed over months of patient
work. 

4796
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:30,000
The wall continues without you 
as other Crews. 

4797
04:09:30,000 --> 04:09:33,000
Take over maintenance and 
improvements ensuring that your 

4798
04:09:33,000 --> 04:09:34,900
temporary contribution. 
Becomes part of a permanent 

4799
04:09:34,900 --> 04:09:38,500
Legacy knowing that your work 
will endure lends a sense of 

4800
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,200
permanence to what felt like 
just a temporary assignment. 

4801
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,200
Connecting your individual 
effort to something that will 

4802
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:47,100
Outlast. 
Your lifetime years later, you 

4803
04:09:47,100 --> 04:09:50,200
might travel past sections of 
the wall and feel a particular 

4804
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:54,400
satisfaction and seeing your 
work, still standing still 

4805
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:56,700
serving its purpose, still 
bearing. 

4806
04:09:56,700 --> 04:09:59,200
The subtle marks of the 
craftsmanship, you and your crew

4807
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:02,200
brought to an impossible project
that somehow got finished. 

4808
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:09,300
Anyway, one Stone's time. 
Imagine yourself, strolling 

4809
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,500
along, Strasbourg, cobblestone 
streets on a typical July 

4810
04:10:12,500 --> 04:10:15,700
Morning. 
In 1518, the sun is warming your

4811
04:10:15,700 --> 04:10:19,400
face merchants or Hawking their 
Wares and you're thinking about 

4812
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:22,600
what's for dinner. 
Then as you turn a corner, you 

4813
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:24,900
encounter something that prompts
you to wonder if you've 

4814
04:10:24,900 --> 04:10:27,200
inadvertently stumbled into a 
surreal Realm. 

4815
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:29,700
There's a woman in the town 
square dancing. 

4816
04:10:29,700 --> 04:10:32,300
Her dancing is not the pleasant 
festive. 

4817
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:35,500
Kind you'd expected a wedding or
harvest celebration, but rather 

4818
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:38,800
frantic desperate. 
She's been dancing for hours, 

4819
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:40,700
her feet bleeding her dressed 
torn. 

4820
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:44,000
Her name is Frau trafia and 
she's about to become the most 

4821
04:10:44,000 --> 04:10:46,400
famous dancer in medieval 
history, though. 

4822
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,400
Not for reason she'd ever want. 
You'd think someone would stop 

4823
04:10:49,400 --> 04:10:50,800
her right? 
Help her. 

4824
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:54,300
Maybe fetch a physician or a 
priest but here's where things 

4825
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:57,600
get genuinely weird. 
Instead of one person, dancing 

4826
04:10:57,600 --> 04:11:00,500
themselves to exhaustion more 
people start joining in. 

4827
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:04,000
Not because they want to mind 
you but because they literally 

4828
04:11:04,000 --> 04:11:07,000
can't stop themselves. 
It's like watching a terrible 

4829
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:09,900
magic trick where the magician 
has lost control of the spell. 

4830
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:13,900
Within a week about 30, people 
are dancing non-stop in the 

4831
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:16,900
Square by the end of the month. 
That number had swelled to 

4832
04:11:16,908 --> 04:11:20,700
around 400, 400 people, dancing 
until their feet. 

4833
04:11:20,700 --> 04:11:24,000
Bleed until they collapse from 
exhaustion until some of them 

4834
04:11:24,000 --> 04:11:27,300
actually die from it. 
The local authorities are 

4835
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:29,500
baffled. 
The church is calling it Divine 

4836
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:32,100
punishment. 
Physicians are perplexed and 

4837
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:35,200
proposing increased dancing as a
remedy, a suggestion, as 

4838
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:37,700
affective as prescribing fire 
for burning injuries. 

4839
04:11:38,300 --> 04:11:41,600
What your seeing is one of 
History strangest masses deer 

4840
04:11:41,600 --> 04:11:45,600
events though, the people living
through it, don't know that they

4841
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:48,700
call it the dancing plague or 
some fighters' dance. 

4842
04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:52,600
Vitus's dance. 
And it's just one example of how

4843
04:11:52,600 --> 04:11:55,200
entire communities could lose 
their Collective Minds, in 

4844
04:11:55,200 --> 04:11:59,100
medieval times Now, you might be
wondering how something like 

4845
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,500
this could possibly happen. 
After all, you live in an age 

4846
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:05,600
where you can Google. 
Why am I dancing uncontrollably?

4847
04:12:05,600 --> 04:12:09,000
And get 17 different medical 
explanations before you finish 

4848
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,400
your morning coffee? 
But imagine living in a world 

4849
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:16,100
where every unexplained 
phenomenon is either a miracle, 

4850
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:21,000
a curse or divine retribution. 
Where the line between the 

4851
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:24,400
physical and spiritual world is 
about as clear as mud after rain

4852
04:12:24,400 --> 04:12:27,800
storm, the dancing plague of 
Strasbourg, wasn't an isolated 

4853
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,400
incident either. 
Similar outbreaks had been 

4854
04:12:30,408 --> 04:12:32,200
recorded across Europe for 
centuries. 

4855
04:12:32,200 --> 04:12:36,000
There was the great dancing 
epidemic of 1374 that swept 

4856
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:39,700
through the Holy Roman Empire. 
Affecting thousands of people 

4857
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:42,700
across multiple cities. 
Towns would wake up to find 

4858
04:12:42,700 --> 04:12:44,500
their neighbor's gyrating in the
streets. 

4859
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:48,000
Unable to stop, making for help 
between gasps for air. 

4860
04:12:49,100 --> 04:12:52,000
What makes these episodes 
particularly fascinating is how 

4861
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:55,600
they spread not through the air,
like the plague but through 

4862
04:12:55,600 --> 04:12:59,200
sight and suggestion. 
As you observed, your neighbor 

4863
04:12:59,200 --> 04:13:02,200
dancing frantically, a sudden, 
realization occurred in your 

4864
04:13:02,208 --> 04:13:04,600
mind. 
Suddenly your feet would start 

4865
04:13:04,600 --> 04:13:07,700
tapping your body would start 
moving without your consent. 

4866
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:11,800
It was, as if Madness itself was
contagious, spreading from 

4867
04:13:11,800 --> 04:13:15,700
person to person like gossip at 
a market, the authorities, tried

4868
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:17,500
everything. 
They brought in musicians, 

4869
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,300
thinking that if people needed 
to dance they might as well 

4870
04:13:20,308 --> 04:13:23,700
dance to proper music. 
They built stages hired 

4871
04:13:23,700 --> 04:13:26,400
professional dancers and even 
brought in Priest to perform 

4872
04:13:26,400 --> 04:13:28,500
exorcisms. 
Nothing worked. 

4873
04:13:28,500 --> 04:13:32,300
The dancing continued day and 
night until The Afflicted 

4874
04:13:32,300 --> 04:13:35,000
collapsed from sheer exhaustion 
eventually. 

4875
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:38,300
The outbreaks would burn 
themselves out leaving behind a 

4876
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:40,100
community, traumatized and 
Confused. 

4877
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:44,000
The survivors would wake up as 
if from a dream, their feet 

4878
04:13:44,008 --> 04:13:48,600
mangled their body's broken with
no clear memory of why they'd 

4879
04:13:48,600 --> 04:13:50,400
been compelled to dance in the 
first place? 

4880
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:54,400
The dead would be buried, the 
injured would heal and life 

4881
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:56,800
would return to normal and until
the next outbreak struck 

4882
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,800
somewhere else. 
But the dancing plague was just 

4883
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:02,600
the beginning of our story about
medieval, massive stereo. 

4884
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:06,200
It was the opening act in a much
larger theater of collective 

4885
04:14:06,200 --> 04:14:08,600
Madness that would sweep across 
Europe for centuries. 

4886
04:14:08,600 --> 04:14:12,100
Your settling into your evening 
routine now maybe with a warm 

4887
04:14:12,100 --> 04:14:14,700
drink and a comfortable chair 
and you're probably thinking 

4888
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:16,900
that dancing plays are about as 
strangers. 

4889
04:14:16,900 --> 04:14:21,100
Medieval Madness gets well, 
buckle up, because we're about 

4890
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:23,500
to travel to a small, French 
town, where things got so 

4891
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:25,900
bizarre, that Hollywood would 
reject the script as two 

4892
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:29,700
unbelievable. 
The year is 1632, and you're in 

4893
04:14:29,700 --> 04:14:32,300
ludan a sleepy town in Western 
France. 

4894
04:14:32,300 --> 04:14:35,400
It's the kind of place where 
everyone knows everyone else's 

4895
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:37,600
business. 
Where the most exciting thing 

4896
04:14:37,600 --> 04:14:39,800
that usually happens is the 
weekly Market Day. 

4897
04:14:40,400 --> 04:14:43,600
The town has a Convent. 
The convent of the earthlings 

4898
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:46,700
were a group of nuns lives, a 
quiet life of prayer and 

4899
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:49,600
contemplation, or at least 
that's what they're supposed to 

4900
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:52,600
be doing. 
Sister Xander's. 

4901
04:14:52,600 --> 04:14:55,500
The Mother Superior starts 
having what she describes as 

4902
04:14:55,500 --> 04:14:58,000
visions. 
But these aren't the peaceful 

4903
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:00,400
Heavenly Visions you might 
expect from a nun. 

4904
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,000
He claims that demons possess 
during these violent disturbing 

4905
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:08,000
episodes, she can talk to her 
body, in impossible, ways speaks

4906
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:10,900
in language, she's never learned
and displays knowledge of 

4907
04:15:10,900 --> 04:15:12,300
things. 
She couldn't possibly know. 

4908
04:15:13,300 --> 04:15:16,800
Now if the case were just one 
nun, having a spiritual crisis, 

4909
04:15:16,800 --> 04:15:20,000
it might have been handled 
quietly within the convent 

4910
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:22,700
walls. 
But possession, like yawning 

4911
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:25,000
turns out to be remarkably 
contagious. 

4912
04:15:26,200 --> 04:15:28,700
Soon other non-starting the same
symptoms. 

4913
04:15:28,700 --> 04:15:32,200
They rise on the floor, speak in
tongues and claim to be 

4914
04:15:32,208 --> 04:15:37,000
inhabited by demons with names, 
like as modius astoria's above 

4915
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:39,300
quite the roster of biblical bad
guys. 

4916
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:43,000
The local authorities are called
in and their face with a problem

4917
04:15:43,000 --> 04:15:45,800
that would challenge even modern
crisis management teams. 

4918
04:15:46,500 --> 04:15:50,100
An entire Convent of nuns 
believed to be the most holy 

4919
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:53,200
women in the community asserts 
that demons possess them. 

4920
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:56,400
It's like finding out that your 
local fire department has been 

4921
04:15:56,408 --> 04:15:59,000
setting fires or that your 
Town's safety. 

4922
04:15:59,000 --> 04:16:02,700
Inspector is afraid of ladders. 
The church brings in exorcists 

4923
04:16:02,700 --> 04:16:05,300
because that's what you do when 
demon show up to the party 

4924
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:08,100
uninvited. 
But here's where the story takes

4925
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:10,100
a term. 
That would make a soap opera to 

4926
04:16:10,100 --> 04:16:12,700
feel embarrassed the nuns in 
their possessed State. 

4927
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:15,200
Start naming the person 
responsible for their condition,

4928
04:16:15,200 --> 04:16:19,500
their accused a local priest, 
hurbane grandi of practicing, 

4929
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:21,300
Witchcraft, and cursing them 
from afar. 

4930
04:16:22,200 --> 04:16:25,200
Grandier by all accounts, was 
not a particularly popular 

4931
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:27,300
fellow. 
He was handsome and charismatic,

4932
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:30,700
and had a reputation for being a
bit too friendly with the local 

4933
04:16:30,700 --> 04:16:33,900
women, in a small town, that's 
like painting a Target on your 

4934
04:16:33,900 --> 04:16:36,700
back and then wondering why 
people keep shooting arrows at 

4935
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:40,600
you, the possessed nuns asserted
that he had spiritually seduced 

4936
04:16:40,600 --> 04:16:43,900
them infiltrating their dreams 
and compelling them to commit, 

4937
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,500
sins fit for a sailor. 
The whole of fair becomes a 

4938
04:16:47,500 --> 04:16:51,000
public spectacle, people travel 
from miles around to witness the

4939
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:54,200
exorcisms like some kind of 
medieval reality show. 

4940
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:57,800
The nuns perform their 
possessions in front of crowds 

4941
04:16:57,800 --> 04:17:00,400
speaking. 
And demonic voices revealing 

4942
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,500
supposed secrets on putting on 
displays that would make a 

4943
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:07,500
circus performer jealous. 
But here's what makes this story

4944
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:10,800
particularly tragic. 
Grundy probably wasn't guilty of

4945
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:13,800
anything, more serious than 
being unpopular, and maybe a bit

4946
04:17:13,808 --> 04:17:17,600
too fond of wine and women. 
The evidence against him 

4947
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:20,300
consisted mainly of The 
Testament of the possessed nuns 

4948
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,900
and some dubious packs with the 
devil that looks suspiciously. 

4949
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:26,400
Like they'd been written by 
someone trying unsuccessfully to

4950
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:29,900
forge medal handwriting. 
The case becomes a legal and 

4951
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,000
religious nightmare you have 
Civil Authorities Church 

4952
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:35,400
officials and Royal 
Representatives all getting 

4953
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:37,700
involved. 
Everyone wants to be the one who

4954
04:17:37,700 --> 04:17:39,900
solved the great demon crisis of
ludum. 

4955
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:43,300
Meanwhile, the poor nuns attract
in their performance. 

4956
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,900
Unable to stop the charade 
without admitting fraud, which 

4957
04:17:46,900 --> 04:17:50,000
would land them in serious 
trouble, the exorcisms, continue

4958
04:17:50,000 --> 04:17:52,200
for months, with crowds 
Gathering to watch the 

4959
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:56,800
spectacle, the nuns rise and 
scream The Exorcist chant and 

4960
04:17:56,800 --> 04:17:58,900
pray. 
And the whole town becomes 

4961
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:01,000
consumed by this Supernatural 
drama. 

4962
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:04,000
It's like having a horror movie 
playing in your town square 

4963
04:18:04,000 --> 04:18:06,600
every day, except everyone 
insists, it's real. 

4964
04:18:07,600 --> 04:18:10,700
Eventually Grundy is arrested 
tried and executed for 

4965
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:14,000
witchcraft. 
The nuns conveniently begin to 

4966
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,200
recover shortly after his death,
their demons apparently 

4967
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:20,000
satisfied with their Revenge 
pack up and leave town. 

4968
04:18:21,200 --> 04:18:24,800
The crowds disperse, the 
excitement dies down and Loudoun

4969
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:27,000
returns to being. 
Just another quiet French town 

4970
04:18:27,000 --> 04:18:30,100
with a fascinating story, to 
tell by now, you probably 

4971
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:32,700
believe that possess nuns 
represent the height of medieval

4972
04:18:32,700 --> 04:18:37,100
strangeness, but you would be 
mistaken at times mass hysteria 

4973
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:41,100
manifested in less terrifying 
and more Well, let's just say 

4974
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:44,400
ridiculous forms. 
Picture yourself in a German 

4975
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:47,500
conference sometime in the 
Middle Ages, You're Expecting 

4976
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:51,900
The Usual sounds of monastic. 
Life gentle chanting The Whisper

4977
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:55,400
of pages turning maybe the soft 
Shuffle of sandaled feet on 

4978
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:59,100
Stone floors. 
Instead your greeted by a sound 

4979
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:01,900
that makes you wonder if you've 
accidentally wandered into a 

4980
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:05,500
huge pet store. 
The nuns of meowing the entire 

4981
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:08,900
Convent not just one or two is 
meowing, they meow during 

4982
04:19:08,900 --> 04:19:12,400
prayers they all during meals 
and they meow while they're 

4983
04:19:12,400 --> 04:19:15,800
supposed to be working, it 
starts with just one sister who 

4984
04:19:15,800 --> 04:19:18,500
begins making small cat like 
sounds during evening prayers. 

4985
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:22,600
The other nuns try to ignore it 
at first but soon they find 

4986
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:25,700
themselves fighting the urge to 
meow along, within days. 

4987
04:19:25,700 --> 04:19:28,100
The whole Convent sounds like a 
medieval Cat Cafe. 

4988
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:31,100
The Mother Superior is beside 
herself, trying to maintain 

4989
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,100
order while her charges are 
sitting in their pews, going 

4990
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,100
meow. 
Meow, meow in what might be the 

4991
04:19:37,100 --> 04:19:38,900
world strangest choir 
performance. 

4992
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:42,600
The local townspeople start 
Gathering outside the convent 

4993
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:44,700
walls. 
Not sure whether to be concerned

4994
04:19:44,700 --> 04:19:47,800
or amused. 
Church authorities are called in

4995
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:49,400
and they're faced with a 
problem. 

4996
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:51,700
That doesn't exactly have a 
chapter in the official 

4997
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:54,500
handbook. 
How do you perform an exorcism 

4998
04:19:54,500 --> 04:19:56,300
on a cat? 
Do you sprinkle? 

4999
04:19:56,300 --> 04:19:58,600
Holy water. 
Do you attempt to reason with 

5000
04:19:58,600 --> 04:20:00,500
demons? 
Who seem to possess a humorous 

5001
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:03,000
nature? 
The whole situation is like 

5002
04:20:03,000 --> 04:20:05,400
trying to have a serious 
theological discussion with a 

5003
04:20:05,408 --> 04:20:09,500
room full of people who keep 
interrupting with meow, However,

5004
04:20:09,500 --> 04:20:12,000
it's important to note that 
masses deer. 

5005
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:15,000
Doesn't always make sense or 
adhere to the expected rules. 

5006
04:20:15,800 --> 04:20:19,200
The meowing nuns were possessed 
by demons or cursed by witches. 

5007
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,400
They were experiencing what we'd
now recognized as a form of 

5008
04:20:22,408 --> 04:20:26,100
conversion disorder where cycle 
stress manifests as physical 

5009
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:28,600
symptoms. 
Their minds were dealing with 

5010
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,700
the pressures of religious life,
the isolation of the convent, 

5011
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:34,800
and the general stress of 
medieval existence by turning 

5012
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:38,100
them into cats. 
The solution when it finally 

5013
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:40,500
came was both simple and 
ridiculous. 

5014
04:20:40,500 --> 04:20:44,000
The local Authority's threatened
to bring in soldiers to whip the

5015
04:20:44,000 --> 04:20:48,300
nuns until they stopped meowing.
Apparently the threat of beating

5016
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:51,700
them, broke, whatever, cycle 
speller, turn them into feline 

5017
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:54,100
the meowing stopped, almost 
immediately. 

5018
04:20:54,100 --> 04:20:57,000
And the convent returned to its 
normal quiet routine. 

5019
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:59,700
Similar cases, popped up across 
Europe. 

5020
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:03,300
There were nuns who barked like 
dogs, others who claim to be 

5021
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:05,700
chickens and insisted on laying 
eggs though. 

5022
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,100
They would disappointingly 
unsuccessful at this endeavor. 

5023
04:21:08,800 --> 04:21:11,900
Some convents experienced 
outbreaks of uncontrollable 

5024
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:14,700
laughter, which sounds 
delightful Until you realize 

5025
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:18,700
these women were laughing for 
hours on end unable to stop even

5026
04:21:18,700 --> 04:21:21,100
when they were exhausted and 
their sides ached. 

5027
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:24,700
These episodes tell us something
important about medieval life. 

5028
04:21:25,400 --> 04:21:28,100
Particularly for women in 
religious communities and 

5029
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:31,100
imagine being locked away from 
the world expected to be 

5030
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:33,600
perfect. 
And holy with no outlet for 

5031
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:35,400
normal human emotions, or 
desires. 

5032
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:38,000
Your days are meticulously 
planned. 

5033
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:41,800
Your thoughts are expected to be
pure and any deviation from the 

5034
04:21:41,800 --> 04:21:45,900
ideal is deemed sinful. 
In this environment, the mind 

5035
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:50,000
sometimes finds creative ways to
Rebel if you can't express anger

5036
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:53,500
or frustration directly, maybe 
you'll start barking like a dog.

5037
04:21:53,500 --> 04:21:56,900
If you can't have fun or be 
playful, perhaps you'll become a

5038
04:21:56,908 --> 04:22:00,800
cat who meows during prayers 
it's as if your psyche engages 

5039
04:22:00,800 --> 04:22:04,600
in a metamorphosis discovering 
methods to convey taboo elements

5040
04:22:04,600 --> 04:22:08,000
of human nature within the 
shelter of perceived in sanity. 

5041
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:10,400
Authorities didn't understand 
this. 

5042
04:22:10,400 --> 04:22:13,300
Of course, they saw these 
outbreaks as either Divine 

5043
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,700
punishment or demonic influence,
the idea that stress and 

5044
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:19,800
repression could cause physical 
symptoms was foreign to Medieval

5045
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:23,000
thinking, They lived in a world 
where the spiritual and 

5046
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:25,800
physical, were intimately 
connected, where your souls 

5047
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:28,000
conditioned directly affected 
your body's health. 

5048
04:22:28,700 --> 04:22:31,400
What's particularly intriguing 
is how these episodes spread 

5049
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:35,300
through communities one person 
cycle break becomes a template 

5050
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:37,000
for others experiencing. 
Similar stress. 

5051
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:39,200
It's like psychological 
contagion. 

5052
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:41,600
Where seeing someone else's 
symptoms gives your mind 

5053
04:22:41,600 --> 04:22:44,000
permission to express its 
distress in the same way. 

5054
04:22:45,000 --> 04:22:47,700
The meowing nuns eventually 
return to their normal lives, 

5055
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:51,100
but their story became part of 
the rich tapestry of Medieval 

5056
04:22:51,100 --> 04:22:53,500
Madness. 
A reminder that sometimes the 

5057
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:56,900
human mind copes with unbearable
circumstances by becoming 

5058
04:22:56,900 --> 04:23:00,600
delightful absurdly creative, 
you're getting comfortable with 

5059
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:03,700
these stories of Medieval 
Madness, but now we need to talk

5060
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:06,400
about one of the most 
heartbreaking examples of mass 

5061
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:09,600
hysteria in history. 
It's a story that involves 

5062
04:23:09,600 --> 04:23:13,300
children religious further and 
the kind of tragic ending that 

5063
04:23:13,300 --> 04:23:17,400
makes you want to hug every kid.
You know, the year is 1212 in 

5064
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,800
the French Countryside near the 
town of cloyes, in the midst of 

5065
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:24,400
Summer, a 12 year old Shepherd, 
boy named Steve and tending, his

5066
04:23:24,400 --> 04:23:28,800
flock experience of vision. 
Jesus Christ himself appears to 

5067
04:23:28,808 --> 04:23:32,400
the boy, hands him a letter and 
tells him to lead a crusade to 

5068
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,100
the Holy Land. 
This is not an army of knights 

5069
04:23:35,100 --> 04:23:37,900
and soldiers but rather a 
crusade led by children. 

5070
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,300
Now you might assume that adults
would dismiss a 12 year, old who

5071
04:23:42,300 --> 04:23:45,000
claims to have received Divine 
instructions to lead a military 

5072
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:47,300
campaign and sent him back to 
his sheep. 

5073
04:23:48,400 --> 04:23:51,600
But these are medieval times 
when Miracles and Visions are 

5074
04:23:51,600 --> 04:23:54,300
common, and the crusades have 
been going on for over a century

5075
04:23:54,308 --> 04:23:57,900
with mixed results. 
Maybe the thinking goes God 

5076
04:23:57,900 --> 04:24:00,900
wants to try a different 
approach, Stephen begins 

5077
04:24:00,900 --> 04:24:04,500
preaching, and his message is 
simple, the Mediterranean Sea 

5078
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:07,700
will part before the children. 
Just like the Red Sea parted for

5079
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:10,800
Moses, they'll walk across the 
sea floor to the holy land, 

5080
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:13,800
where their pure hearts and 
innocent faith will succeed 

5081
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:17,600
where armed Knights of failed. 
The sight of these, holy 

5082
04:24:17,600 --> 04:24:20,100
children will so move the 
Muslims that they will instantly

5083
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:23,600
convert to Christianity. 
It's a beautiful naive idea. 

5084
04:24:23,600 --> 04:24:25,800
That would make a lovely 
children story, if it works. 

5085
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:30,000
So tragic, but here's the thing 
about massive stereo, it doesn't

5086
04:24:30,008 --> 04:24:32,400
always involve dancing or 
meowing or possession 

5087
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:36,300
Occasionally, it takes the form 
of shared delusions, or entire 

5088
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,000
communities become convinced of 
something that seems impossible 

5089
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:42,100
to outside. 
As Word of Stephen's Mission 

5090
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:44,600
rapidly disseminates throughout 
the French Countryside, 

5091
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:47,800
children, start leaving their 
homes, abandoning their 

5092
04:24:47,800 --> 04:24:50,800
families, and flocking to join 
this Divine Crusade. 

5093
04:24:51,600 --> 04:24:54,900
We're talking about thousands of
children, some as young as six 

5094
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:58,200
years old, all convinced that 
they're part of God's plan to 

5095
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:00,900
reclaim Jerusalem. 
The movement isn't limited to 

5096
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:04,000
France either. 
Around the same time, a German 

5097
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:07,100
boy, named Nicholas starts. 
His Children's Crusade claiming 

5098
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:09,200
that he too has received Divine 
instructions. 

5099
04:25:09,200 --> 04:25:12,800
The two movements feed off each 
other, creating a wave of 

5100
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:14,900
religious hysteria that sweeps 
across Europe. 

5101
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:18,200
You have to understand the 
context to grasp how such an 

5102
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:21,200
event could happen. 
Medieval children lived in a 

5103
04:25:21,200 --> 04:25:23,400
world where religious stories 
were more real than reality 

5104
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:25,800
itself. 
They grew up hearing Tales of 

5105
04:25:25,800 --> 04:25:29,400
Miracles of saints, who could 
work wonders and of divine 

5106
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:33,300
interventions in human affairs. 
The idea that God might choose 

5107
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:36,600
children for a special Mission, 
didn't seem farfetched, it 

5108
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:38,700
seemed like the kind of thing 
that happened in the stories 

5109
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:42,000
they heard every day. 
The adult response was mixed. 

5110
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:45,800
Some parents tried to stop their
children, but others saw the 

5111
04:25:45,800 --> 04:25:49,300
movement as genuinely Divine. 
Local clergy were divided 

5112
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,200
between those who supported the 
Crusade, and those who tried to 

5113
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:55,300
discourage it. 
Church hierarchy were mostly 

5114
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:58,200
opposed but their messages 
didn't always reach, the local 

5115
04:25:58,200 --> 04:26:01,200
level in time to prevent The 
Exodus as the children. 

5116
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:03,900
Marched toward the coast, 
reality begins to intrude on 

5117
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:07,600
their Vision, their hungry worn 
out and far from home. 

5118
04:26:07,600 --> 04:26:11,200
Some turn, back the others, 
press on driven by faith in the 

5119
04:26:11,208 --> 04:26:14,100
momentum of the crowd. 
When they finally reach the 

5120
04:26:14,100 --> 04:26:16,200
Mediterranean, the sea does not 
part. 

5121
04:26:17,000 --> 04:26:20,400
Children stand on the beach. 
Waiting for their miracle and 

5122
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,700
nothing happens. 
What follows is a tragedy that 

5123
04:26:23,700 --> 04:26:27,200
medieval chroniclers struggled 
to record some children try to 

5124
04:26:27,208 --> 04:26:29,600
return home? 
Only to find that their families

5125
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:32,300
have rejected them or that they 
can't survive the journey. 

5126
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:35,800
Others are taken advantage of by
unscrupulous adults. 

5127
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:39,700
We see an opportunity to profit 
from their Misfortune, many end 

5128
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:43,700
up in slavery or worse. 
The Children's Crusade as it 

5129
04:26:43,700 --> 04:26:46,000
came to be known, wasn't really,
a crusade at all. 

5130
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,500
Masses stereo disguised as 
religious further. 

5131
04:26:49,500 --> 04:26:53,100
Ignited a shared delusion that 
resonated deeply in the medieval

5132
04:26:53,100 --> 04:26:55,400
psyche. 
It was the desperate, hope that 

5133
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:57,900
Innocents and Faith could 
succeed where violence and 

5134
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:01,800
politics had fail. 
The story became Legend growing 

5135
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:05,100
in the telling until it was hard
to separate fact from fiction. 

5136
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:08,800
However, The fundamental tragedy
persists. 

5137
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:12,800
Thousands of children, in 
golfed, in a surge of religious 

5138
04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:15,100
further. 
Endured the consequences of 

5139
04:27:15,100 --> 04:27:17,000
adult shortcomings and medieval 
Faith. 

5140
04:27:17,000 --> 04:27:19,600
You're probably ready for 
something, a little less tragic 

5141
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:22,900
than the Children's Crusade, but
I'm afraid, we're diving into 

5142
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:26,100
another dark chapter of Medieval
Madness this time. 

5143
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:30,100
It's not about possessed, nuns, 
or dancing plays but about a 

5144
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:32,700
mysterious illness that could 
kill you in a day and had an 

5145
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:37,200
entire Kingdom living in Terror.
The year is 1485 and you're in 

5146
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,100
England, just after the battle 
of Bosworth field in Henry, 

5147
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:42,900
Tudor has just defeated Richard.
The third and become Henry, the 

5148
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:44,700
seventh starting the Tudor 
dynasty. 

5149
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:48,900
Should be a time of Celebration 
and New Beginnings but in Stead 

5150
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:51,900
a mysterious illness appears 
that will haunt England for the 

5151
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:55,000
next 70 years. 
They call it the sweating, 

5152
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:58,400
sickness or English sweat and 
it's unlike anything the 

5153
04:27:58,400 --> 04:28:01,900
medieval world has seen before. 
The symptoms are terrifying in 

5154
04:28:01,900 --> 04:28:05,400
their speed and intensity. 
You wake up feeling fine, maybe 

5155
04:28:05,400 --> 04:28:08,600
noticing a slight headache or a 
bit of fatigue within hours, 

5156
04:28:08,600 --> 04:28:12,200
your drenched in sweat burning 
with fever and experience. 

5157
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:14,600
A sense of impending doom. 
That's so intense. 

5158
04:28:14,600 --> 04:28:17,800
It feels like the Hand of Death 
itself is reaching for you. 

5159
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:21,000
The sweating sickness doesn't 
discriminate. 

5160
04:28:21,000 --> 04:28:24,500
It affects both the rich and the
poor, The Young, and the old, 

5161
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:28,300
the healthy and the infirm. 
In fact, it seems to prefer the 

5162
04:28:28,300 --> 04:28:31,500
wealthy and well fed, which is 
the opposite of most medieval 

5163
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:34,700
diseases. 
Poor who usually bore the brunt 

5164
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:37,400
of epidemics often escaped to 
this one entirely. 

5165
04:28:38,400 --> 04:28:41,500
It's as if the disease has a 
twisted sense of social justice.

5166
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:43,700
What makes the sweating 
sickness? 

5167
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:46,700
Particularly terrifying is its 
speed. 

5168
04:28:47,700 --> 04:28:50,500
Most medieval diseases give you 
time to prepare to say goodbye 

5169
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:54,000
and put your Affairs in order. 
The plague might take weeks to 

5170
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:55,700
kill you. 
Giving you plenty of time to 

5171
04:28:55,700 --> 04:28:57,800
contemplate your sins and make 
peace with God. 

5172
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:00,200
Is the sweating sickness of 
threat. 

5173
04:29:00,200 --> 04:29:03,400
You could be dead within 24 
hours of feeling the first 

5174
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:06,100
symptoms, the treatment, 
protocols, that develop around 

5175
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:08,200
the disease, or as bizarre as 
the illness itself. 

5176
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,700
Physicians insist that patients 
must stay awake for 24 hours 

5177
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:13,800
after symptoms. 
Begin. 

5178
04:29:13,800 --> 04:29:17,600
If you fall asleep, you'll die. 
Families. 

5179
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:20,100
Take shifts to keep their loved 
ones awake by slapping, them 

5180
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:23,200
talking to them and doing 
anything else to prevent them. 

5181
04:29:23,200 --> 04:29:25,900
From drifting off. 
They also prohibit you from 

5182
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:29,100
eating or drinking anything for 
the first 24 hours. 

5183
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:32,800
This procedure is supposed to 
help your body, sweat out the 

5184
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,100
illness. 
And imagine being feverish, 

5185
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:39,100
terrified, and exhausted. 
And being told you can't have so

5186
04:29:39,100 --> 04:29:42,000
much as a sip of water. 
It's like being tortured. 

5187
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:45,400
In the name of medical treatment
The sweating sickness creates a 

5188
04:29:45,400 --> 04:29:49,200
culture of paranoia and fear. 
People become afraid to travel 

5189
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:52,500
afraid to gather in groups and 
afraid to leave their homes. 

5190
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:55,700
The disease seems to strike 
without warning or pattern 

5191
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:59,400
making it impossible to predict 
or prevent, it's like, living 

5192
04:29:59,400 --> 04:30:01,500
under the threat of a random 
lightning strike. 

5193
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:04,600
Except the lightning is 
invisible and can kill you in 

5194
04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:07,000
your sleep. 
King Henry, the seventh himself 

5195
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:08,400
becomes obsessed with the 
disease. 

5196
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:10,800
Constantly fleeing from one 
residence. 

5197
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:14,100
To another whenever cases are 
reported nearby, his court 

5198
04:30:14,100 --> 04:30:17,400
becomes a traveling circus of 
fear packed up and moved at the 

5199
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:19,600
first sign of sweating sickness 
in the area. 

5200
04:30:20,800 --> 04:30:23,800
The king of England, the most 
powerful man in the country is 

5201
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:25,400
reduced to running from an 
enemy. 

5202
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:29,200
He can't see or understand. 
The disease comes in waves, 

5203
04:30:29,200 --> 04:30:32,800
appearing suddenly, killing 
hundreds or thousands of people 

5204
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:35,200
then disappearing just as 
mysteriously. 

5205
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:42,300
It strikes in 1485, 1508 1517 
1528. 

5206
04:30:42,300 --> 04:30:45,700
And finally in 1551 before 
Vanishing forever. 

5207
04:30:46,800 --> 04:30:49,900
Each outbreak brings fresh 
Terror as people wonder if the 

5208
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:51,700
next outbreak will be the one 
that kills them. 

5209
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:55,400
What's particularly maddening 
about the sweating? 

5210
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:58,400
Sickness is that it remains a 
mystery to this day. 

5211
04:30:59,500 --> 04:31:02,300
Modern medical historians have 
proposed various theories. 

5212
04:31:02,300 --> 04:31:05,600
It might have been a form of 
Hunter virus or perhaps a type 

5213
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:07,800
of influenza, or even a form of 
anthrax. 

5214
04:31:08,800 --> 04:31:11,400
But will never know for certain.
What caused this strange illness

5215
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:14,100
that appeared from nowhere and 
disappeared just as 

5216
04:31:14,100 --> 04:31:17,500
mysteriously. 
The cycle impact of the sweating

5217
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:20,700
sickness was in enormous. 
It created a generation of 

5218
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:24,100
people who lived in constant 
fear of sudden death who saw 

5219
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:26,000
every headache. 
As a potential death sentence, 

5220
04:31:26,000 --> 04:31:28,900
who couldn't trust their own 
bodies to keep them alive. 

5221
04:31:28,900 --> 04:31:33,200
From one day to the next, It was
a slow-moving wave of massive 

5222
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,700
stereo, a collective anxiety 
that engulfed an entire Kingdom 

5223
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:39,500
for decades, now that we've 
covered, most of the ways 

5224
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:41,300
medieval people could lose their
minds. 

5225
04:31:41,300 --> 04:31:43,800
Collectively, there's one more 
type of Madness. 

5226
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:46,700
We need to discuss. 
The kind that happens when 

5227
04:31:46,700 --> 04:31:50,500
reality becomes too much to bear
and people Retreat into fantasy.

5228
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:54,600
This story isn't about dancing 
or possession or mysterious 

5229
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:58,000
illnesses, but about the 
delicate line between sanity and

5230
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,700
dreams. 
Let's travel to the Spanish 

5231
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:04,400
region of La Mancha in the late 
medieval period when the age of 

5232
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:06,700
chivalry is dying but refuses to
admit it. 

5233
04:32:07,500 --> 04:32:10,100
You're in a landscape of 
windmills and Dusty Plains, 

5234
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:13,100
where the old ways are crumbling
under the weight of Changing 

5235
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:15,600
Times. 
The Knight errant, who wants 

5236
04:32:15,600 --> 04:32:19,100
roamed the countryside to right 
wrongs and rescue, damsels are 

5237
04:32:19,100 --> 04:32:22,800
becoming obsolete as their 
Merchants bureaucrats and the 

5238
04:32:22,800 --> 04:32:24,500
grinding Machinery of Modern 
Life. 

5239
04:32:25,200 --> 04:32:27,600
Into this world steps a man 
whose real name. 

5240
04:32:27,600 --> 04:32:31,600
We never learn but whom we know 
as donkey Hotel, he's not 

5241
04:32:31,600 --> 04:32:34,500
particularly young, not 
particularly strong and 

5242
04:32:34,500 --> 04:32:37,200
certainly not particularly sane 
by conventional standards. 

5243
04:32:37,200 --> 04:32:41,100
But he's read too many books 
about chivalry and romance, and 

5244
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,400
his mind has become so saturated
with these stories that he can 

5245
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:46,700
no longer distinguish between 
fiction and reality. 

5246
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:51,500
Don Quixote sees the world not 
as it is, but as he believes it 

5247
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:56,100
should be Windmills become 
Giants to be fought ins, become 

5248
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:59,500
castles to be defended and 
peasant girls become princesses 

5249
04:32:59,500 --> 04:33:02,500
to be rescued. 
His Madness is complete and 

5250
04:33:02,508 --> 04:33:05,800
systematic. 
He's created an entire alternate

5251
04:33:05,800 --> 04:33:08,800
reality where the rules of 
Chevelle Rick romance still 

5252
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:11,500
apply. 
What makes donker hotel's story 

5253
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:14,700
relevant to our discussion of 
Medieval Madness is how it 

5254
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:16,599
reflects a broader cultural 
phenomenon. 

5255
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:19,800
The late medieval period, was 
full of people who couldn't 

5256
04:33:19,800 --> 04:33:23,400
quite accept that the world was 
changing who clung to outdated 

5257
04:33:23,400 --> 04:33:27,599
ideals and impossible Dreams. 
Donkeys, individual Madness 

5258
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:30,400
mirrors, the collective Madness 
of a society in transition. 

5259
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:34,500
The windmills that donkey Hotel 
famously attacks aren't just 

5260
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:37,700
windmills their symbols of the 
new world that's replacing the 

5261
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:39,599
old. 
They represent technology 

5262
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:44,500
efficiency and the mechanization
of life when he charges at them 

5263
04:33:44,500 --> 04:33:47,300
with his Lance, he's not just 
fighting imaginary Giants. 

5264
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:49,500
He's fighting the entire modern 
world. 

5265
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:53,099
But here's what's beautiful 
about Don Quixote's, Madness. 

5266
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:56,500
It's not entirely without Merit.
Yes, he is delusional. 

5267
04:33:56,500 --> 04:33:59,000
But his delusion is a noble 
ideals. 

5268
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:02,500
He wants to protect the innocent
to defend the weak and right 

5269
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,599
wrongs. 
His methods are crazy, but his 

5270
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:09,000
motivations are admirable. 
He resembles a shattered compass

5271
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,599
that persistently guides towards
the true north despite its 

5272
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:16,300
inability to Aid in navigation. 
The people Don Quixote 

5273
04:34:16,300 --> 04:34:18,900
encounters on his adventures 
respond to his Madness in 

5274
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:21,700
various ways. 
While some attempt to heal him, 

5275
04:34:21,700 --> 04:34:25,400
others seek to take advantage of
him and still others, find 

5276
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:27,700
solace in his unattainable 
ideals. 

5277
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:32,099
His faithful companion. 
Sancho Panza represents the 

5278
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:35,900
voice of Common Sense constantly
trying to bring his master back 

5279
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:39,099
to reality while being gradually
infected by his dreams. 

5280
04:34:40,200 --> 04:34:43,400
What's particularly intriguing 
is how Don Quixote's Madness 

5281
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:46,700
affects those around him, people
start playing along with his 

5282
04:34:46,700 --> 04:34:50,200
delusions, sometimes out of 
kindness, sometimes out of 

5283
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:53,700
Cruelty and sometimes out of a 
secret longing, for the magical 

5284
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:58,000
world, he inhabits his Madness 
becomes contagious, not in the 

5285
04:34:58,000 --> 04:35:00,599
way of the dancing plague, or 
the possessed nuns. 

5286
04:35:00,599 --> 04:35:04,400
But in the way that Dreams Can 
Be, transmissible The Windmills 

5287
04:35:04,400 --> 04:35:07,800
of La Mancha, become a metaphor 
for the impossible battles, the 

5288
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:12,500
all fight against the forces of 
change and reality, Is madness. 

5289
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:15,000
Is both tragic and heroic 
tragic. 

5290
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:18,700
Because it's based on delusions 
heroic because it refuses to 

5291
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,500
surrender to a world that has 
lost its capacity for Wonder. 

5292
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,800
In the end, Don Quixote's story 
is about the fine line between 

5293
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:30,400
Madness and vision between 
delusion and hope he's mad 

5294
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,200
certainly but he's also the only
one who still believes in the 

5295
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:36,099
possibility of magic in a world.
That's becoming increasingly 

5296
04:35:36,099 --> 04:35:40,500
mechanical and mundane His 
windmill stand as monuments to a

5297
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:44,000
particular kind of Medieval 
Madness, The Madness of refusing

5298
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:47,200
to accept that the age of 
Miracles is over of insisting 

5299
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:49,900
that they're still room in the 
world for impossible Dreams and 

5300
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:52,400
impractical ideals. 
You've come with me on this 

5301
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,500
journey, through Medieval 
Madness from dancing plagues to 

5302
04:35:55,508 --> 04:35:57,599
possessed, nuns to delusional 
Knights. 

5303
04:35:57,599 --> 04:35:59,700
You might be wondering what it 
all means. 

5304
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:02,599
What can these strange episodes 
of collective? 

5305
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:04,300
Insanity. 
Tell us about the people who 

5306
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:06,400
lived through them and perhaps 
about ourselves. 

5307
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:10,300
The first thing to understand is
that Medieval Madness wasn't 

5308
04:36:10,300 --> 04:36:14,400
really about Madness at all. 
It was about stress pressure and

5309
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:17,200
the human Minds remarkable 
ability to find Creative 

5310
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:18,900
Solutions, to Impossible 
problems. 

5311
04:36:18,900 --> 04:36:23,000
All of these episodes from the 
most tragic to the most absurd 

5312
04:36:23,000 --> 04:36:25,800
were reactions to truly 
unbearable situations. 

5313
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:28,800
Think about the dancing plague 
of Strasbourg. 

5314
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:31,500
This incident was not happening 
in a vacuum. 

5315
04:36:31,500 --> 04:36:35,400
It was occurring during a time 
of terrible hardship, the city 

5316
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:37,800
was dealing with famine disease 
and social upheaval. 

5317
04:36:39,000 --> 04:36:42,599
People were dying of starvation,
the economy was collapsing and 

5318
04:36:42,599 --> 04:36:45,200
there seemed to be no. 
Hope for improvement in this 

5319
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:47,900
context, the dancing plague 
becomes not a mysterious 

5320
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:50,700
Supernatural event but a 
perfectly understandable. 

5321
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:53,099
Psychological response to 
unbearable stress. 

5322
04:36:54,099 --> 04:36:57,000
When your world is falling apart
and you have no control over any

5323
04:36:57,000 --> 04:37:01,200
of it, sometimes your mind finds
ways to Take Back Control, even 

5324
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:05,099
if those ways seem completely 
irrational The dancers couldn't 

5325
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:08,300
stop the famine or cure the 
plague that they could dance. 

5326
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:11,000
They could turn their 
helplessness into action. 

5327
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:14,800
Even if that action was 
ultimately self-destructive, The

5328
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,300
possessed nuns of ludu and were 
dealing with their form of 

5329
04:37:17,300 --> 04:37:21,200
impossible pressure. they were 
expected to be perfect to 

5330
04:37:21,200 --> 04:37:24,599
suppress, all human desires, and
emotions and to live lives of 

5331
04:37:24,599 --> 04:37:29,000
absolute Purity in a world that 
was anything, but pure Their 

5332
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:32,000
possession gave them permission 
to express all the anger 

5333
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:35,700
sexuality and Rebellion that 
their religious vows for bade 

5334
04:37:35,700 --> 04:37:39,099
them to acknowledge. 
They found a loop hole as nuns. 

5335
04:37:39,099 --> 04:37:42,800
They couldn't be angry, lustful 
or defiant, but as possessed 

5336
04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:46,300
people, they could. 
The demon served as convenient 

5337
04:37:46,300 --> 04:37:47,800
scapegoats. 
For human emotions. 

5338
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:52,000
That lacked any other Outlet. 
The children of the Children's 

5339
04:37:52,000 --> 04:37:54,400
Crusade were reacting to a 
distinct form of pressure. 

5340
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:57,700
The strain of existing in a 
world that appeared to have lost

5341
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:01,800
its direction. 
The adult Crusades the church 

5342
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:05,000
was mired in corruption and the 
promised Kingdom of Heaven 

5343
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,800
seemed farther away than ever. 
Children's Crusade was an 

5344
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:12,200
attempt to return to a pure 
simple that could succeed where 

5345
04:38:12,200 --> 04:38:16,099
adult complexity had failed. 
Even Don Quixote's Madness makes

5346
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:18,000
sense. 
When you understand it as a 

5347
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:20,400
response to a world that had 
lost its sense of meaning and 

5348
04:38:20,400 --> 04:38:23,099
purpose. 
He couldn't accept that the age 

5349
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:26,400
of Heroes was over at the world,
had become mundane, and 

5350
04:38:26,400 --> 04:38:30,599
mechanical his Madness, was a 
form of protest, a refusal to 

5351
04:38:30,599 --> 04:38:33,599
accept that magic and wonder had
no place in the modern world. 

5352
04:38:33,599 --> 04:38:36,500
What's fascinating about all 
these episodes is how they 

5353
04:38:36,500 --> 04:38:39,400
sprayed Medieval Madness was 
contagious. 

5354
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:43,500
But not in the way, we typically
think of contagion it spread 

5355
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,700
through suggestion, through the 
power of shared belief and 

5356
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:49,400
through the human tendency to 
mirror the behavior of those 

5357
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:51,500
around us. 
When you saw your neighbor 

5358
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:55,300
dancing, uncontrollably part of 
your mind, began to wonder what 

5359
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:57,099
it would feel like to let go of 
control. 

5360
04:38:57,099 --> 04:39:00,400
So completely this incident 
tells us something important 

5361
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:03,400
about medieval Society. 
It was a world where the 

5362
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:06,000
boundaries between individual 
and Community were much more 

5363
04:39:06,000 --> 04:39:09,800
fluid than they are today. 
People lived in close proximity,

5364
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:13,599
shared common beliefs, and fears
and were highly attuned to the 

5365
04:39:13,608 --> 04:39:16,800
emotional states of those around
them in such a world. 

5366
04:39:16,800 --> 04:39:19,000
Psychological distress could 
spread rapidly. 

5367
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:23,000
Perhaps the most important thing
these stories tell us is that 

5368
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:27,500
the human mind is remarkably 
resilient and creative it Rebels

5369
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:31,300
against the unchangeable finds 
ways to cope and expresses the 

5370
04:39:31,300 --> 04:39:33,200
inexpressible in impossible 
situations. 

5371
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:36,000
Sometimes these coping 
mechanisms. 

5372
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:39,200
Look like Madness to outside as 
but they serve important 

5373
04:39:39,200 --> 04:39:41,000
psychological functions for the 
people. 

5374
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:43,300
Experiencing them, the dancing 
plague. 

5375
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:45,500
Gave people a way to express 
their Despair and helplessness 

5376
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:48,500
the possessed. 
Nuns found a way to rebel 

5377
04:39:48,500 --> 04:39:52,100
against impossible expectations.
The Children's Crusade provided 

5378
04:39:52,100 --> 04:39:55,400
hope in a hopeless World. 
Donkey hotel's, delusions 

5379
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:57,700
allowed him to maintain his 
ideals in a world that had 

5380
04:39:57,700 --> 04:40:00,400
abandoned them. 
In the end Medieval Madness, 

5381
04:40:00,400 --> 04:40:02,200
wasn't really about losing one's
mind. 

5382
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:05,500
It was about finding alternative
ways to use one's brain when 

5383
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,600
conventional approaches fail. 
There was about the human 

5384
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:10,500
spirit. 
Steadfastness in the face of 

5385
04:40:10,500 --> 04:40:12,300
seemingly insurmountable 
circumstances. 

5386
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:16,200
These episodes remind us that 
the line between sanity and 

5387
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:18,000
Madness is thinner than we like 
to think. 

5388
04:40:18,000 --> 04:40:21,600
And that sometimes what looks 
like Madness from the outside is

5389
04:40:21,600 --> 04:40:24,200
actually a perfectly reasonable 
response to unreasonable 

5390
04:40:24,200 --> 04:40:27,600
circumstances. 
They also remind us that we're 

5391
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:30,300
all connected in ways. 
We don't always understand and 

5392
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,700
the distress of one person can 
become the distress of many So, 

5393
04:40:33,700 --> 04:40:36,100
the next time you're facing 
impossible circumstances, 

5394
04:40:36,100 --> 04:40:39,900
remember the dancers of 
Strasbourg, the nuns of ladoon 

5395
04:40:39,900 --> 04:40:42,900
the children Crusaders and the 
night of La Mancha. 

5396
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:46,600
Remember that the human mind is 
endlessly creative in finding 

5397
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:49,100
ways to cope to express and to 
Hope. 

5398
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,900
And remember that sometimes the 
most rational response to an 

5399
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:55,900
irrational world is to embrace a
little Madness of your own. 

5400
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,000
After all, in a world full of 
windmills, that pretend to be 

5401
04:40:59,008 --> 04:41:01,200
Giants. 
May be the crazed ones are the 

5402
04:41:01,208 --> 04:41:07,800
only ones who seek clearly. 
Paris in the 1920s was alive, 

5403
04:41:07,800 --> 04:41:12,400
champagne corks, popping jazz 
clubs buzzing and fashionable 

5404
04:41:12,400 --> 04:41:16,700
Art Deco lights twinkling. 
To astute visitors Paris, 

5405
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:20,300
offered Endless Possibilities. 
Travelers flocked to the Senate 

5406
04:41:20,300 --> 04:41:22,600
night. 
British tourists, with this 

5407
04:41:22,600 --> 04:41:26,300
pastel colored suits, American 
expatriates European 

5408
04:41:26,300 --> 04:41:30,400
industrialists with fat wallets.
It was perfect for a resourceful

5409
04:41:30,400 --> 04:41:34,900
con man, with a convincing story
to sell for Victor Laurel, the 

5410
04:41:34,900 --> 04:41:38,400
city vibrated with cigarette 
smoke and colorful posters he 

5411
04:41:38,400 --> 04:41:41,600
was not always learned or in 
Paris, born in a small village 

5412
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:44,900
on the Austrian boarder, he was 
captivated by the world beyond 

5413
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:47,500
the mountains. 
While other boys heard sheep, 

5414
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,300
Victor, watch Travelers in the 
streamlined car. 

5415
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:54,000
He saw that the most persuasive 
could sell peasants anything 

5416
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:57,900
from worthless medicines to 
bewildering life insurance young

5417
04:41:57,900 --> 04:42:00,800
Victor discovered that a good 
tale was worth more than gold, 

5418
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,200
that's when locals dubbed. 
Him, lohana the fox. 

5419
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,500
After he exchanged worthless 
trinkets for a prized hunting 

5420
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:11,300
rifle in a village of rumors 
that tail spread quickly. 

5421
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:14,600
As a boy, he learned to shape 
people's perceptions to see what

5422
04:42:14,600 --> 04:42:16,500
he wanted. 
By adult hood. 

5423
04:42:16,500 --> 04:42:20,800
His skill was sharp, he mastered
languages studied psychology and

5424
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:22,500
honed his sophisticated 
demeanor. 

5425
04:42:23,300 --> 04:42:26,100
He turned a tidy Fortune from 
his swindles across Europe 

5426
04:42:26,100 --> 04:42:29,700
letter for jury. 
Impersonating nobility at social

5427
04:42:29,700 --> 04:42:32,500
events and selling near New 
antique's. 

5428
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,300
Each time he was being 
investigated by the authorities 

5429
04:42:35,300 --> 04:42:39,800
in vanish reappearing in Vienna 
Milan or Berlin. 

5430
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:43,500
A step ahead. 
Victor arrived in Paris, 

5431
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:46,300
following the great wall with a 
suitcase and a shy smile. 

5432
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:49,600
He had settled in within a month
after reading, an article about 

5433
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:53,000
the cost of keeping the Eiffel 
Tower standing, it was built for

5434
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:55,800
the World's Fair. 
In 1889, it was costly to 

5435
04:42:55,800 --> 04:42:58,800
maintain and some people did not
appreciate its appearance. 

5436
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:01,300
There were strong protests 
against his demolition. 

5437
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,000
Despite the fact that it was 
popular among visitors, Victor 

5438
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:07,900
learned of this news. 
He spent days in Sean's Elise 

5439
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:11,800
cafes hearing conversation on 
City projects, He learned that 

5440
04:43:11,800 --> 04:43:15,300
bureaucratic decisions were 
bogged down by red tape and that

5441
04:43:15,300 --> 04:43:18,800
the city lacked money. 
He considered if he persuaded 

5442
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:21,300
someone that the government of 
Paris was planning to dismantle 

5443
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:24,200
the Eiffel Tower to sell it as 
scrap, he could become rich. 

5444
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:27,400
It was a wild scheme failure. 
Would turn him into a laughing 

5445
04:43:27,400 --> 04:43:29,800
stock. 
But a success was possible, 

5446
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:31,900
Victor considered it for a 
night. 

5447
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:34,400
He figured the more ridiculous 
the scam. 

5448
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:36,100
The more people might be made to
believe it. 

5449
04:43:36,900 --> 04:43:39,900
Who would fake the sale of 
France's most iconic landmark? 

5450
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:44,000
He thought it needed High 
bureaucratic Flair like forged 

5451
04:43:44,000 --> 04:43:47,000
papers and stamps. 
Rumor and secrecy would be at 

5452
04:43:47,000 --> 04:43:49,500
his side. 
If he succeeded, he'd vanished 

5453
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:53,000
rich. 
And legendary He spent the next 

5454
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:56,000
few days pouring over the 
engineering Wonder absorbing 

5455
04:43:56,000 --> 04:44:00,500
facts such as its metal Mass 
elevator upkeep and the way the 

5456
04:44:00,500 --> 04:44:03,600
tower accommodated activities 
ranging from tourism to radio 

5457
04:44:03,600 --> 04:44:06,700
reception. 
With these details, he was able 

5458
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:09,000
to address prospective buyers 
with authority. 

5459
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:13,000
He took a lavish Suite of the 
hotel to Creole pretending to be

5460
04:44:13,000 --> 04:44:16,600
a high ranking, official to add 
authenticity, to his deception. 

5461
04:44:16,600 --> 04:44:19,800
He engaged in engrave for 
stationary of his imaginary 

5462
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:23,500
Ministry of post and Telegraph 
since the Eiffel Tower was also 

5463
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:26,500
a radio Center. 
The last touch, put him in 

5464
04:44:26,500 --> 04:44:29,700
official mode Paris for all its 
beauty. 

5465
04:44:29,700 --> 04:44:32,700
Also had its share of 
opportunistic entrepreneurs. 

5466
04:44:32,700 --> 04:44:35,200
There were Whispers that a 
government Minister was looking 

5467
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,500
to discreetly for a private 
investor in a secret project. 

5468
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:41,600
The city did not want to face 
the public outcry of counseling 

5469
04:44:41,600 --> 04:44:43,400
the tower. 
So this transaction had to be 

5470
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:45,500
kept quiet. 
Everything was ready by the 

5471
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:46,600
time. 
Victor was prepared. 

5472
04:44:46,600 --> 04:44:50,400
It was such a warm spring 
afternoon that Victor was at a 

5473
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:53,100
Sidewalk Cafe. 
Facing the Madeleine scanning a 

5474
04:44:53,100 --> 04:44:56,200
list of buyers. 
Ambitious greedy, IDE men in the

5475
04:44:56,208 --> 04:44:58,800
metal industry. 
His informant had told him, they

5476
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:01,300
would stop at nothing to gain 
inside information on a city 

5477
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:05,900
contract, no matter how sleazy. 
Breathing deeply of the center 

5478
04:45:05,900 --> 04:45:09,700
of warm croissant and enjoying 
the hush as upscale parisians. 

5479
04:45:09,700 --> 04:45:13,400
Walked past Victor was filled 
with confidence, he could 

5480
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:16,700
practically feel his win, he was
more than a criminal in his own 

5481
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:18,500
eyes. 
He was a performer with a big 

5482
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:21,400
act than ordinary morals. 
He finished his coffee 

5483
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:23,800
concealed. 
His notes and Rose to his feet. 

5484
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:27,200
The greatest scam of his life 
was ready to start. 

5485
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:30,700
Victor began by sending 
elegantly handwritten 

5486
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:34,300
invitations on forged Ministry 
stationery to half a dozen 

5487
04:45:34,300 --> 04:45:36,400
influential scrap metal 
Merchants. 

5488
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:40,100
He requested their presence of 
the prestigious Hotel decree for

5489
04:45:40,100 --> 04:45:43,100
a most confidential discussion 
of national importance. 

5490
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,000
The letter was a masterpiece of 
official sounding rhetoric 

5491
04:45:47,000 --> 04:45:51,100
sprinkled with phrases, such as 
in strictest confidence and 

5492
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:53,200
under direct ministerial 
oversight. 

5493
04:45:54,400 --> 04:45:56,600
Anyone who read it would have 
believed it came straight from 

5494
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:58,300
the desk of a high ranking 
bureaucrat. 

5495
04:45:58,300 --> 04:46:01,700
He scheduled a single day of 
interviews, meeting each 

5496
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:04,500
Merchant individually. 
He wanted them to feel 

5497
04:46:04,500 --> 04:46:07,600
hand-picked and privileged 
reinforcing the notion that the 

5498
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,700
city wanted to keep this matter.
Tightly under wraps from the 

5499
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:13,200
start curiosity and greed 
twinkled in their eyes. 

5500
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:16,200
When at last the conversation, 
steered to the possibility of 

5501
04:46:16,200 --> 04:46:19,500
dismantling the Eiffel Tower. 
He watched their Expressions 

5502
04:46:19,500 --> 04:46:23,400
Dance between disbelief 
astonishment and excitement. 

5503
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:26,800
Victor's. 
Calmly stated reasoning was that

5504
04:46:26,800 --> 04:46:30,100
the maintenance fees are become 
prohibitive and certain parties 

5505
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:32,600
in government the tower. 
No longer served its original 

5506
04:46:32,600 --> 04:46:34,600
purpose. 
To all of them. 

5507
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:37,400
You leak the same inside track, 
the city would soon finalized. 

5508
04:46:37,400 --> 04:46:40,600
A discreet agreement for the 
towers metal but public backlash

5509
04:46:40,600 --> 04:46:43,900
was a real concern. 
The city plan to avoid any 

5510
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:45,800
uproar by finalizing the deal 
quickly. 

5511
04:46:45,800 --> 04:46:48,100
So, confidentiality was 
Paramount. 

5512
04:46:48,900 --> 04:46:51,700
By the time, the meeting ended, 
each Merchant was fully 

5513
04:46:51,700 --> 04:46:54,000
enthralled. 
Victor had left them with the 

5514
04:46:54,008 --> 04:46:57,300
impression that they were among 
the few chosen to bid on the 

5515
04:46:57,300 --> 04:46:59,800
opportunity. 
Their own imaginations did much 

5516
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:03,400
of the work from their Conjuring
up, fantasies of Staggering 

5517
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,000
profit. 
However, Victor soon. 

5518
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:09,900
Identified a prime Marc, Andre 
Dubois a mid-level scrap metal 

5519
04:47:09,908 --> 04:47:12,900
businessman, whose ambition 
often overshadowed, his common 

5520
04:47:12,900 --> 04:47:15,900
sense. 
DuBois was known to be insecure 

5521
04:47:15,900 --> 04:47:18,000
about his place among the big 
players in the industry. 

5522
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:21,500
If he could land a deal that 
secured him exclusive rights to 

5523
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,300
the Eiffel Tower's metal, he 
believed he'd rise overnight 

5524
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:27,000
into an elite echelon. 
Victor noticed. 

5525
04:47:27,000 --> 04:47:29,000
How do I always asked 
breathlessly about the 

5526
04:47:29,008 --> 04:47:32,300
possibility of special 
consideration a subtle hint that

5527
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:34,100
he might pay extra for 
preferential treatment. 

5528
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:36,900
That was precisely the attitude 
Victor needed. 

5529
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:41,100
After a few days of tantalizing 
phone calls and cryptic notes, 

5530
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:44,400
Victor invited Dubois to tour 
the Eiffel Tower with him in 

5531
04:47:44,408 --> 04:47:48,300
person for added realism, Victor
book to show for driven Kart 

5532
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:51,400
Dubois. 
Both men, sat in the back seat, 

5533
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:54,600
forging, an atmosphere of 
clandestine camaraderie. 

5534
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:58,800
As they approached the landmark,
Victor gestured toward it as if 

5535
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:00,800
it were an aging Beast about to 
be put down. 

5536
04:48:01,700 --> 04:48:04,500
It's quite costly to keep it 
painted and structurally sound. 

5537
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:08,300
He remarked with a faint sadness
in his voice as though he truly 

5538
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:10,100
lamented the towers impending 
fate. 

5539
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:14,400
Dubois nodded solemnly, but his 
eyes gleamed with hunger. 

5540
04:48:15,000 --> 04:48:19,400
Ascending the towers first deck.
They observed the city sprawling

5541
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:23,000
in every direction. 
Evidence as Victor noted, the 

5542
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:26,900
progress required sacrifice. 
He recited maintenance figures, 

5543
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:29,500
he gleaned from newspaper 
archives, and from subtle bribes

5544
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:33,100
given to minor City Clarks. 
This data Laden performance, 

5545
04:48:33,100 --> 04:48:36,700
impressed Dubois Victor, then 
produced a chief of official 

5546
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:40,200
looking papers a forged contract
awarding the successful bidder. 

5547
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:45,200
Exclusive Salvage rights Dubois 
skin them mouth Agape as if he 

5548
04:48:45,200 --> 04:48:47,100
held a golden ticket to instant 
wealth. 

5549
04:48:47,800 --> 04:48:50,300
Finally, on the cusp of sealing,
the deal. 

5550
04:48:51,100 --> 04:48:53,500
Victor's dramatically then 
leaned closer. 

5551
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:57,800
I must admit, he said, quietly 
were under tremendous pressure 

5552
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:01,100
to finalize this swiftly. 
But some officials are shall we 

5553
04:49:01,108 --> 04:49:04,700
say open to persuasion. 
With one eyebrow raised in 

5554
04:49:04,700 --> 04:49:08,100
subtle suggestion, Victor let 
that phrase linger in the air. 

5555
04:49:08,100 --> 04:49:11,600
Dubois took the bait. 
He understood that a bribe, 

5556
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,700
would secure him the contract 
and illegal, but weeks later, 

5557
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,000
Victor found himself in Vienna 
living luxuriously at a grand 

5558
04:49:18,000 --> 04:49:20,800
hotel. 
He enjoyed Idols at the Imperial

5559
04:49:20,800 --> 04:49:24,100
cafes reading about the flurry 
of rumors swirling in Paris. 

5560
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:28,000
A few tabloids speculated that a
con man had fleeced a 

5561
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:31,300
businessman out of a fortune. 
official statements from City 

5562
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:35,000
Hall denied, any plans to 
dismantle the Eiffel Tower Yet, 

5563
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:38,700
the Press never got hold of 
dubois's name and no one had 

5564
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:41,800
identified Victor. 
The story swirling with 

5565
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:45,900
half-truths soon, faded from 
public discourse for Victor. 

5566
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,200
That was a green light. 
His scheme had left, no 

5567
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:53,200
significant ripples, no public 
Scandal, no humiliating trial. 

5568
04:49:53,200 --> 04:49:56,300
It was as though the entire 
episode had slipped into an 

5569
04:49:56,300 --> 04:49:59,500
urban legend while sipping, a 
particularly fine. 

5570
04:49:59,500 --> 04:50:01,100
Espresso. 
One morning, he found himself 

5571
04:50:01,100 --> 04:50:04,100
flipping through a Parisian 
newspaper in the business 

5572
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:05,900
section. 
There was a fresh wave of 

5573
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:09,800
articles on the towers, upkeep 
expenses costs climbing, yet 

5574
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:13,100
again, the debate that raged a 
few years, prior were 

5575
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:16,000
resurfacing with critics 
continuing to ask of the 

5576
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:17,600
monument had outlived its 
usefulness. 

5577
04:50:18,600 --> 04:50:22,500
Reading that Victor felt a surge
of deja vu accompanied by a 

5578
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,600
mischievous grin. 
If the city itself remained 

5579
04:50:25,600 --> 04:50:28,400
unconvinced of the towers 
permanent place in its Skyline, 

5580
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:32,300
then the seed of plausibility 
was still there, the more he 

5581
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:34,800
molded over the more 
irresistible, the idea became 

5582
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:39,100
Selling the Eiffel Tower. 
Once was bold selling it twice. 

5583
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:42,800
That would be legendary. 
Of course every Repeat 

5584
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:44,500
Performance carries an elevated 
risk. 

5585
04:50:44,500 --> 04:50:46,800
Con Artistry thrives on the 
unexpected. 

5586
04:50:47,600 --> 04:50:49,800
Victor was no stranger to the 
concept that lightning. 

5587
04:50:49,800 --> 04:50:53,100
Rarely strikes. 
The same place twice. and yet as

5588
04:50:53,100 --> 04:50:55,800
he weighed his options, he 
recognized one key Advantage, 

5589
04:50:55,800 --> 04:51:00,200
the first victim Dubois never 
went public Scheme was still 

5590
04:51:00,208 --> 04:51:02,900
cloaked in rumor. 
Furthermore, the ephemeral 

5591
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:05,500
nature of public memory in a 
bustling City, like, Paris 

5592
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:08,200
worked in his favor. 
People had moved on to the next 

5593
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:10,700
candle. 
Victor decided that with a few 

5594
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:14,000
adjustments, the plan could work
again, he returned to Paris in 

5595
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:17,000
cognito adopting. 
The Persona of a minor Diplomat 

5596
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:18,600
from a small Eastern European 
country. 

5597
04:51:19,600 --> 04:51:22,700
Took a suite at a different 
upscale hotel near the opposite.

5598
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,100
Careful, not to retrace his 
steps. 

5599
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:26,600
Exactly. 
Yep. 

5600
04:51:26,600 --> 04:51:30,200
Dated his Forge documents 
upgrading his fictitious role to

5601
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:33,200
an intergovernmental liaison 
dealing with Municipal real 

5602
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:36,900
estate transitions. 
This time is approach would be 

5603
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:40,400
more polished, more exclusive. 
You plan to Target, even 

5604
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:43,600
wealthier players men with Deep 
Pockets and even greater 

5605
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:46,600
appetites for risk. 
The second attempt began with 

5606
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:49,500
the same formula elegantly 
worded letters. 

5607
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:52,700
On official looking stationary, 
discrete appointments, scheduled

5608
04:51:52,700 --> 04:51:56,000
in lavish Hotel, lounges and 
hush talk of a sensitive 

5609
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:59,500
government project. 
Yet, the potential buyers this 

5610
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:01,800
time were fewer and was more 
selective. 

5611
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,200
But one meeting in a private 
parlor, he addressed three men 

5612
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,300
together, and unusual choice for
him. 

5613
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,400
The trio included a well-known 
industrialist rumored to have 

5614
04:52:11,408 --> 04:52:14,700
close ties to the city's 
political figures a second, man.

5615
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:18,300
Who managed a large shipping 
Enterprise and a third, a 

5616
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:20,600
foreign investor looking to 
break into European markets. 

5617
04:52:20,600 --> 04:52:24,500
Victor carefully, balanced the 
discussion, letting just enough 

5618
04:52:24,500 --> 04:52:27,200
details slip to convince them 
that the city's patients with 

5619
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:28,900
the Eiffel Tower was running 
thin. 

5620
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:33,000
But if the first sale had gone 
astonishingly smooth, the second

5621
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:36,600
was fraught with unexpected. 
Snags, one of the potential 

5622
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:39,300
buyers was far more astute than 
Victor anticipated. 

5623
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:42,700
This man. 
Claude Fournier had a reputation

5624
04:52:42,700 --> 04:52:44,700
for sniffing out underhanded 
deals. 

5625
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:49,000
At the meeting, 48, didn't 
Flinch when Victor presented the

5626
04:52:49,000 --> 04:52:52,500
rationale for dismantling the 
tower instead he politely asked 

5627
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:54,400
for references and official 
documentation. 

5628
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,600
There was a certain sharpness in
his eyes that made Victor 

5629
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:00,100
uneasy. 
Still Victor handed over his 

5630
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:03,600
Forge credentials without 
hesitation offering carefully 

5631
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:07,000
rehearsed explanations. 48, 
accepted them with a practice 

5632
04:53:07,000 --> 04:53:09,700
smile, that revealed nothing. 
A day later. 

5633
04:53:09,700 --> 04:53:12,900
However, Victor discovered that 
Fournier had asked around about 

5634
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:16,600
him, discreetly inquiring among 
local bureaucrats to confirm, 

5635
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:20,000
the authenticity of the liaison 
role, none of them, of course, 

5636
04:53:20,000 --> 04:53:24,400
recognized the name, a city 
Clark already suspicious about a

5637
04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:26,100
foreign asking pointed 
questions. 

5638
04:53:26,100 --> 04:53:28,200
Apparently alerted, a friend in 
the police? 

5639
04:53:29,100 --> 04:53:32,300
Victor learned of this, through 
his network of informants, Petty

5640
04:53:32,300 --> 04:53:35,500
forges StreetWise, doorman and 
an occasional mistress or two, 

5641
04:53:35,508 --> 04:53:38,500
the rumor suggested that the 
police had begun quietly 

5642
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:41,500
investigating a man posing as a 
city official pedaling, the 

5643
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:42,900
contract tied to the Eiffel 
Tower. 

5644
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:47,200
For the first time in his career
Victor felt the heat close in 

5645
04:53:47,208 --> 04:53:50,600
the con was in motion that the 
authorities were no longer 

5646
04:53:50,600 --> 04:53:53,200
ignorant. 
With a mixture of dread and 

5647
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:56,400
exhilaration. 
You realize he had no choice but

5648
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,400
to accelerate the plan, He 
zeroed in on the second 

5649
04:53:59,400 --> 04:54:02,600
potential, mark an overly 
ambitious, shipping magnate 

5650
04:54:02,600 --> 04:54:05,600
named Marcus Weissman who had a 
pawn shop for shady dealings 

5651
04:54:05,600 --> 04:54:09,200
over dinner at a private club. 
Victor, dangled the towers 

5652
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:13,000
contract before him as if it 
were a rare gem Wiseman to 

5653
04:54:13,000 --> 04:54:16,200
entice by the prospect of 
beating out his competitors took

5654
04:54:16,200 --> 04:54:18,900
the bait. 
Still the tension was palpable 

5655
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:22,100
even as Weissman scribbled out? 
A check, big enough to make 

5656
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:25,200
Victor's heart flutter. 
There was a persistent nagging 

5657
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:28,900
awareness that time was short. 
He needed to vanish before four 

5658
04:54:28,900 --> 04:54:30,600
years inquiries led, the police 
to his door. 

5659
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:33,100
So he chose to skip the bribe 
angle. 

5660
04:54:33,100 --> 04:54:36,900
That had worked so well with 
Dubois instead, he accepted a 

5661
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:38,400
lump sum payment that covered 
everything. 

5662
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:42,400
The purchase of the towers scrap
plus a discreet administrative 

5663
04:54:42,400 --> 04:54:44,700
fee. 
Weissman assumed that the 

5664
04:54:44,700 --> 04:54:47,200
simpler the transaction, the 
less likely it would be 

5665
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:50,800
detected. 
Late that night under the cover 

5666
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:54,700
of Darkness, Victor slipped out 
of his hotel and carried a small

5667
04:54:54,708 --> 04:54:57,500
village, stuffed with his 
ill-gotten gains heading, 

5668
04:54:57,500 --> 04:54:59,700
straight to the Garden on by 
Dawn. 

5669
04:55:00,400 --> 04:55:03,500
Victor fled to Monte Carlo, a 
glittering Haven of high rollers

5670
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:06,000
and Exile. 
Aristocrats initially, he 

5671
04:55:06,000 --> 04:55:08,900
relished the sweet satisfaction 
of having vested, not just one, 

5672
04:55:08,900 --> 04:55:12,300
but two gullible buyers, he told
himself he had achieved, what? 

5673
04:55:12,300 --> 04:55:16,100
No other con man in history, a 
dared alone in a lavish Suite. 

5674
04:55:16,100 --> 04:55:19,700
Overlooking the Mediterranean he
replied the final moments in 

5675
04:55:19,700 --> 04:55:23,000
Paris, the anxious hurry to 
collect wiseman's check the 

5676
04:55:23,000 --> 04:55:26,100
first of glances at the station 
and the first Sunrise that found

5677
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:30,000
him safely Out Of Reach now with
the Sea Breeze, caressing his 

5678
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:31,800
face. 
He figured it was only a matter 

5679
04:55:31,800 --> 04:55:34,300
of time before Rumours of the 
second sale caught up to him. 

5680
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:37,200
For a few months, he maintained 
a low profile. 

5681
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:40,600
He frequented the Monte Carlo, 
Casino under a false identity, 

5682
04:55:40,600 --> 04:55:45,400
staying clear of any large wages
that might draw attention, He 

5683
04:55:45,400 --> 04:55:48,300
used coded telegrams to stay in 
touch with his forges and 

5684
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:52,100
informants back in Paris. 
From them, he learned that 

5685
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:54,500
Fournier had indeed pressed the 
police for an investigation 

5686
04:55:54,500 --> 04:55:58,400
Wiseman facing public, 
humiliation and potential legal.

5687
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:01,600
Woes tried to keep the matter as
quiet as possible. 

5688
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:05,200
Hoping to recover his money 
through any means short of a 

5689
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,900
public scandal. 
Still the police smelled, 

5690
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:10,900
something big, they had never 
heard of such an audacious 

5691
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,600
Swindell, and that alone piqued,
their interest enough to keep 

5692
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:16,100
them digging. 
Eventually investigators 

5693
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:19,000
uncovered the faint tracks, 
Victor Left Behind receipts at 

5694
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:22,300
the hotel Witnesses who were 
called a confident well-dressed,

5695
04:56:22,300 --> 04:56:24,800
man, with a foreign accent, they
piece together. 

5696
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:28,300
The timeline of his meeting's, 
even found traces of his Forge 

5697
04:56:28,300 --> 04:56:32,000
stationary before long. 
They had a name that remained 

5698
04:56:32,000 --> 04:56:35,900
unclear of Victor Lomar was real
or an alias with pressure 

5699
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:39,000
mounting your authorities, 
circulated descriptions to Major

5700
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:42,500
European cities, urging border 
agents and local police to keep 

5701
04:56:42,508 --> 04:56:45,500
an eye out. 
One photo graph, taking secretly

5702
04:56:45,500 --> 04:56:49,200
like Curious bystander at the 
Eiffel Tower showed aside 

5703
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,800
profile. 
That might have been him rumors.

5704
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:54,900
Spread that a flamboyant con 
artist rumored to have sold the 

5705
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:59,000
Eiffel Tower, not once but twice
was at large, despite the newest

5706
04:56:59,000 --> 04:57:00,900
tightening. 
Victor couldn't resist the lure 

5707
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:04,600
of one last Escapade he reasoned
that living on the run forever 

5708
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:07,900
would be unbearable. 
Why not gamble big while he 

5709
04:57:07,900 --> 04:57:11,300
still had some measure of 
controls or one evening at the 

5710
04:57:11,300 --> 04:57:15,200
casino dressed in a crisp in a 
jacket swirling, a glass of And 

5711
04:57:15,200 --> 04:57:19,600
cognac, he sat at roulette table
in a dramatic flourish, he 

5712
04:57:19,600 --> 04:57:21,500
placed a small fortune on a 
single bet. 

5713
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,500
There was uncharacteristic of 
him to risk a real money on 

5714
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:27,500
chance. 
Usually preferred to rig the 

5715
04:57:27,500 --> 04:57:30,900
odds through manipulation. 
But something inside him crave. 

5716
04:57:30,900 --> 04:57:35,000
The adrenaline rush the wheel 
spun, heart pounding, you watch 

5717
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:37,200
the tiny ball. 
Bounce from slot to slot. 

5718
04:57:37,200 --> 04:57:40,000
When it finally settled it 
landed on red. 

5719
04:57:40,000 --> 04:57:44,400
A loss of Victors black pet. 
So it was only a fraction of his

5720
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:47,700
earnings, the defeat seemed like
an omen for a moment. 

5721
04:57:47,700 --> 04:57:50,500
He stared at the chipped, green 
felt of the table. 

5722
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:54,500
The crews polite nod in 
indicating the end of the bet in

5723
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:56,200
that. 
Instant a seed of Doubt, 

5724
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:59,500
sprouted in Victor's. 
Mind was his Luck running out. 

5725
04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:03,300
He excused himself stepping away
from the table. 

5726
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,900
Ignoring, the Curious glance is 
of other patrons who recognized 

5727
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:11,400
him by one of his many aliases. 
Presumably That night as he 

5728
04:58:11,408 --> 04:58:13,400
strolled the moonlit Promenade 
along the coast. 

5729
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:16,300
He tried to shake off the 
feeling that everything was 

5730
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:19,200
about to catch up with him. 
He told himself, he was a Master

5731
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:21,100
of Illusions. 
He could reinvent himself 

5732
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,900
anywhere, America, South 
America, or a quiet corner of 

5733
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:27,000
Asia. 
Yet the persistent thought 

5734
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:29,700
nagged at him. 
How long can any Fox outrun? 

5735
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:31,800
The hounds. 
He had always believed in the 

5736
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,700
art of his craft but sooner or 
later every performance comes to

5737
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,100
a close. 
Sure enough, his downfall 

5738
04:58:38,100 --> 04:58:41,200
arrived abruptly. 
While stepping out of a Monte 

5739
04:58:41,200 --> 04:58:44,200
Carlo cafe, one morning, he was 
discreetly approached by a man 

5740
04:58:44,208 --> 04:58:47,000
who introduced himself as a 
private detective from Paris 

5741
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:49,600
hired by none other than Claude 
Fournier. 

5742
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,800
The detective's tone was polite.
But his eyes brimmed with that 

5743
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:55,900
unwavering sense of purpose. 
He claimed to have evidence 

5744
04:58:55,900 --> 04:58:59,100
linking Victor to the tower con 
along, with sworn statements 

5745
04:58:59,100 --> 04:59:02,300
from hotel staff, the detective 
offered Victor. 

5746
04:59:02,300 --> 04:59:05,700
A choice returned to Paris meet 
with fournier's. 

5747
04:59:05,700 --> 04:59:09,000
Lawyers and negotiate a quiet 
settlement, or face arrest. 

5748
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:12,500
And extradition outwardly, 
Victor kept his composure. 

5749
04:59:12,500 --> 04:59:16,800
He flashed a rice smile fainting
in different, but his heart 

5750
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:21,000
pounded, even if he alluded this
detective, he sensed. 

5751
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:23,600
The net was cast too wide for 
him to remain free from for much

5752
04:59:23,608 --> 04:59:26,200
longer. 
Sometimes surrendering on your 

5753
04:59:26,208 --> 04:59:28,700
own terms was the last con you 
could pull. 

5754
04:59:29,700 --> 04:59:32,900
In a move that stunned, the 
detective Victor proposed his 

5755
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:36,800
own Arrangement you would meet 
four in neutral territory in 

5756
04:59:36,800 --> 04:59:41,000
Switzerland to hash out a deal. 
The detective intrigued and 

5757
04:59:41,008 --> 04:59:43,000
possibly influenced by some 
under the table. 

5758
04:59:43,000 --> 04:59:45,200
Persuasion agreed to broke the 
meeting. 

5759
04:59:46,200 --> 04:59:48,700
Victor reason that by 
controlling the location, he 

5760
04:59:48,700 --> 04:59:50,100
might still orchestrate in 
Escape. 

5761
04:59:50,900 --> 04:59:53,800
But as fate would have it, the 
Swiss authorities were also 

5762
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:56,900
alerted. 
When Victor arrived plain 

5763
04:59:56,900 --> 04:59:59,900
clothes officers appeared from 
the Shadows swiftly taking him 

5764
04:59:59,900 --> 05:00:02,700
into custody. 
His arrest was a quiet Affair. 

5765
05:00:02,700 --> 05:00:06,000
Overshadowed by bigger Global 
events, still words spread among

5766
05:00:06,000 --> 05:00:08,300
the underworld. 
The Man Who Sold the Eiffel 

5767
05:00:08,300 --> 05:00:10,800
Tower twice. 
Had finally met his match. 

5768
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:13,500
There was no dramatic public 
trial in France. 

5769
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:16,800
Instead in backroom 
negotiations, to avoid an 

5770
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:19,700
international Scandal. 
A deal was reached some said 

5771
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,800
Fournier and Weissman recouped, 
a fraction of their losses and 

5772
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,000
the French government stung by 
embarrassment, preferred to hush

5773
05:00:26,000 --> 05:00:29,000
up the matter. 
Victor was quietly sentenced for

5774
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:32,800
fraud under an assumed name, but
the legend endured in hushed 

5775
05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:36,100
Whispers for decades. 
Rarely did anyone speak of his 

5776
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:38,400
fate? 
Some claimed he escaped from 

5777
05:00:38,400 --> 05:00:42,500
prison using forged documents 
Vanishing into the night and 

5778
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:45,200
others insisted. 
He served his time only to 

5779
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:50,000
emerge a changed man either way 
in the Smoky corners of certain 

5780
05:00:50,000 --> 05:00:52,700
provision. 
Cafes old Tymers still tell the 

5781
05:00:52,700 --> 05:00:55,900
tale with a gleam in their eyes,
the man who dared to sell the 

5782
05:00:55,900 --> 05:01:00,800
Eiffel Tower not once but twice.
It remains a testament to the 

5783
05:01:00,800 --> 05:01:04,800
power of audacity, all of 
ambition and the strange truth 

5784
05:01:04,800 --> 05:01:07,300
that the bigger the LIE. 
The more people want to believe 

5785
05:01:07,300 --> 05:01:10,300
it. 
And so the story endures a 

5786
05:01:10,300 --> 05:01:13,200
monument to the enduring thrill 
of a great impossible scam. 

5787
05:01:16,800 --> 05:01:20,400
November wind of 1476 carried 
more than just the promise of 

5788
05:01:20,408 --> 05:01:22,800
winter across the wallachian 
forests. 

5789
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:26,700
It carried Whispers of the trail
of Shifting alliances in a land 

5790
05:01:26,708 --> 05:01:31,100
perpetually caught between 
Empires Vlad draculea the 45 

5791
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:34,500
year old, Prince known to 
history as the Impaler rode at 

5792
05:01:34,500 --> 05:01:36,300
the head of a modest contingent 
of troops. 

5793
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:39,800
His third Reign has void of 
wallachia had lasted, barely two

5794
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:42,200
months. 
A shadow of his former glory. 

5795
05:01:42,200 --> 05:01:45,300
When his name alone had sent 
ottoman Scouts fleeing back 

5796
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:48,200
across the Danube. 
The man who now traversed. 

5797
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:50,500
The forested mountains. 
Bore little resemblance to the 

5798
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:52,200
Conqueror. 
Celebrated in muscovite 

5799
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:54,800
Chronicles. 
Years in Hungarian, captivity 

5800
05:01:54,800 --> 05:01:57,200
had weathered him the lines 
around his eyes. 

5801
05:01:57,200 --> 05:02:00,600
Deepening with each political 
maneuver required to reclaim his

5802
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:01,600
ancestral. 
Throne. 

5803
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:06,100
Although Vlad remained 
formidable with Blade & bow, his

5804
05:02:06,100 --> 05:02:10,000
dark hair now, had streaks of 
silver at the Temple's and the 

5805
05:02:10,000 --> 05:02:13,000
wounded in his left thigh 
momento from a skirmish near 

5806
05:02:13,000 --> 05:02:15,900
Giorgio, who had never properly 
healed, resulting in a slight 

5807
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:18,100
limp that he worked diligently 
to conceal. 

5808
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:22,600
My Lord called a Girardeau, his 
most trusted caption, and one of

5809
05:02:22,608 --> 05:02:25,200
the few men who had remained 
loyal through his Hungarian 

5810
05:02:25,200 --> 05:02:28,100
exile. 
Ottoman Scouts report movement 

5811
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:32,100
in the valley ahead. 
Vlad's thin lips pressed into a 

5812
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:34,700
grim line. 
Meds forces could not have 

5813
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:37,600
advanced this far north so 
quickly, this implied that the 

5814
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:41,700
army of basarab Liotta his 
cousin usurper and most recent 

5815
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:43,600
betrayer was probably 
responsible. 

5816
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:48,000
How many that asked his voice 
steady despite the implications 

5817
05:02:48,000 --> 05:02:51,900
several thousand, the Ottomans 
have provided him substantial 

5818
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:55,300
reinforcements. 
Privately Vlad recognized the 

5819
05:02:55,308 --> 05:02:58,700
bitter symmetry he had once used
ottoman support to gain his 

5820
05:02:58,700 --> 05:03:01,100
throne before turning against 
them in spectacular fashion. 

5821
05:03:02,000 --> 05:03:05,400
Now, another individual played 
the same game with Vlad himself 

5822
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:09,300
being used as the sacrifice. 
The two decades of Vlad had 

5823
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:12,000
navigated the treacherous 
politics between Hungary, the 

5824
05:03:12,000 --> 05:03:15,800
Ottoman Empire and his own, 
Boyer's Yaris de landowners, who

5825
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:18,700
viewed their prints as merely 
first among equals to be 

5826
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:22,500
replaced whenever convenient. 
His notorious impalement of 

5827
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:26,200
20,000 prisoners outside Target 
Vista, had established his 

5828
05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:29,400
fearsome reputation. 
But even Terror had its 

5829
05:03:29,400 --> 05:03:31,000
limitations as a governing 
strategy. 

5830
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:34,200
That evening Vlad with Drew his 
tent. 

5831
05:03:34,200 --> 05:03:36,300
While his men made camp in a 
sheltered depression. 

5832
05:03:36,300 --> 05:03:38,100
Surrounded by ancient Beech 
trees. 

5833
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,500
Assistant discomfort in his 
abdomen, had worsened a dull 

5834
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:44,300
ache that had played him since 
mid-summer. 

5835
05:03:45,200 --> 05:03:49,300
Of had prescribed Herbal 
Remedies valerian root and 

5836
05:03:49,300 --> 05:03:52,700
wormwood but the pain persisted 
occasionally flaring into 

5837
05:03:52,700 --> 05:03:55,800
something more concerning. 
Vlad had enough wounds to know 

5838
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:59,200
when something was wrong, but 
with enemies closing in, he 

5839
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:02,400
couldn't afford to be weak. 
He unfolded a map across his 

5840
05:04:02,400 --> 05:04:05,500
campaign table, the parchment 
illuminated by a single oil, 

5841
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,700
lamp the mountains, offered 
potential routes of Escape 

5842
05:04:08,700 --> 05:04:11,700
towards Transylvania. 
The Matthias corvinus of Hungary

5843
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:15,200
might, again offer reluctant 
Sanctuary but Retreat meant 

5844
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:18,700
abandoning Lake here again and 
surrendering all he had fought 

5845
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:21,800
to reclaim Enter. 
He called at the sound of a 

5846
05:04:21,800 --> 05:04:24,600
footsteps. 
His secretary on gash, bar duck 

5847
05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:27,400
through the tent flap, his 
scholarly framing Congress among

5848
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:30,100
Warriors. 
My prints and messages arrive 

5849
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:32,700
from Bucharest. 
He extended a sealed parchment 

5850
05:04:32,700 --> 05:04:35,600
bearing. 
The Insignia of Dimitrius, one 

5851
05:04:35,600 --> 05:04:38,300
of the few boyars who had 
declared for vlad's restoration.

5852
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:42,700
Breaking the seal of LED scan 
the contents, his expression 

5853
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:45,400
darkening. 
Stirred sir writes that the 

5854
05:04:45,400 --> 05:04:48,100
ottoman Commander has issued a 
proclamation throughout the 

5855
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,500
southern provinces they offer 
10,000 axi from my head. 

5856
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:56,800
Gaspar's face, paled. 
Some is substantial. 

5857
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:02,500
Indeed that smiled thinly, I 
should be flattered during my 

5858
05:05:02,500 --> 05:05:05,100
previous Reign, the Bounty was 
merely half that amount. 

5859
05:05:06,100 --> 05:05:09,300
As night, deepened, Ladd found 
himself unable to sleep. 

5860
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:12,900
His mind calculating 
permutations of strategy while 

5861
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:15,900
the pain in his gut spread 
tendrils of fire through his 

5862
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:20,400
midsection outside, the December
snow, began to fall blanketing, 

5863
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:23,800
the camp in silence his thoughts
turned to his young wife in 

5864
05:05:23,800 --> 05:05:27,300
Brash off and the son. 
He had rarely seen with the boy,

5865
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:29,300
remember him? 
If he fell in the coming days, 

5866
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,500
or would he know his father, 
only through the exaggerated 

5867
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:35,000
Tales of Cruelty that spread 
throughout Christendom? 

5868
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:38,400
History, rarely captured, the 
complexities of men who made 

5869
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:42,700
difficult choices in impossible.
Circumstances already German 

5870
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,700
pamphlets depicted him as a 
Madman drinking blood. 

5871
05:05:45,700 --> 05:05:49,600
Amid forests of impaled victims,
convenient propaganda to unite 

5872
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:51,300
Christians against the ottoman 
threat. 

5873
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:55,800
The irony was not lost on him. 
His Extreme Measures against the

5874
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,200
Turks had protected the same 
European powers that now 

5875
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:03,000
vilified him as Dawn approached 
Vlad made his decision, they 

5876
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:04,300
would not Retreat to 
Transylvania. 

5877
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:07,900
They would push forward toward 
Bucharest Gathering. 

5878
05:06:07,900 --> 05:06:11,400
What loyalists remained it would
make a final attempt to reclaim 

5879
05:06:11,400 --> 05:06:13,100
what was rightfully theirs by 
Birthright. 

5880
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:16,900
He were to die, an increasingly,
he suspected. 

5881
05:06:16,900 --> 05:06:19,300
He would not survive, this 
winter, it would be on 

5882
05:06:19,300 --> 05:06:22,000
wallachian soil fighting for his
principality. 

5883
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:25,300
His secretary ion Gaspar ducked 
through the tent, flap his 

5884
05:06:25,300 --> 05:06:27,400
scholarly frame incongruous 
among Warriors. 

5885
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,400
My prints, a message has arrived
from Bucharest. 

5886
05:06:30,400 --> 05:06:33,200
He extended a sealed parchment 
bearing, the Insignia of 

5887
05:06:33,200 --> 05:06:36,700
Dimitrius stood, one of the few 
boyars who had declared for 

5888
05:06:36,708 --> 05:06:41,100
vlad's restoration, Breaking the
seal of LED scan the contents, 

5889
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,900
his expression darkening. 
Stirred sir writes that the 

5890
05:06:44,900 --> 05:06:47,600
ottoman Commander has issued a 
proclamation throughout the 

5891
05:06:47,600 --> 05:06:50,800
southern province's. 
They offer 10,000 axi from my 

5892
05:06:50,800 --> 05:06:53,400
head. 
Gash bars face paled. 

5893
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:59,400
Sum is substantial indeed that 
smiled thinly. 

5894
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:03,400
I should be flattered during my 
previous rain, the Bounty was 

5895
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:07,300
merely half that amount. 
As night deepened, lad found 

5896
05:07:07,300 --> 05:07:10,400
himself unable to sleep. 
His mind calculating 

5897
05:07:10,400 --> 05:07:13,900
permutations of strategy while 
the pain in his gut spread 

5898
05:07:13,900 --> 05:07:18,100
tendrils of fire through his 
midsection Outside the December 

5899
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:19,900
snow. 
Began to fall blanketing. 

5900
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:22,800
The campus Islands. 
His thoughts turned to his young

5901
05:07:22,800 --> 05:07:26,800
wife in Brash off and the son. 
He had rarely seen with the boy.

5902
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:28,700
Remember him? 
If he fell in the coming days, 

5903
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:31,900
or would he know his father, 
only through the exaggerated 

5904
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:34,400
Tales of Cruelty that spread 
throughout Christendom? 

5905
05:07:35,200 --> 05:07:37,900
History, rarely captured, the 
complexities of men who made 

5906
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:42,100
difficult choices in impossible.
Circumstances already German 

5907
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:45,200
pamphlets depicted him as a 
Madman drinking blood. 

5908
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:49,300
Amid forests of impaled victims,
convenient propaganda to unite 

5909
05:07:49,300 --> 05:07:50,800
Christians against the ottoman 
threat. 

5910
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:55,300
The irony was not lost on him. 
His Extreme Measures against the

5911
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,700
Turks who protected the same 
European powers that now 

5912
05:07:57,700 --> 05:08:02,400
vilified him as Dawn approached 
Vlad made his decision, they 

5913
05:08:02,400 --> 05:08:03,800
would not Retreat to 
Transylvania. 

5914
05:08:03,800 --> 05:08:07,300
They would push forward toward 
Bucharest Gathering. 

5915
05:08:07,300 --> 05:08:10,900
What loyalists remained it would
make a final attempt to reclaim 

5916
05:08:10,900 --> 05:08:12,500
what was rightfully theirs by 
Birthright. 

5917
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:16,500
If he were to die, an 
increasingly, he suspected, he 

5918
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:20,500
would not survive, this winter, 
it would be on soil fighting for

5919
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:23,500
his principality despite gash 
bars protests, that he was 

5920
05:08:23,508 --> 05:08:27,100
barely standing Vlad insisted on
mounting his horse, when Dawn 

5921
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:31,600
broke a prince of not travel in 
a litter, like some ottoman 

5922
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:33,900
concubine. 
He asserted, despite the 

5923
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:36,500
exertion of getting into the 
saddle leaving him drenched in 

5924
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:39,600
perspiration. 
They diverted from their plan 

5925
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:41,900
route. 
Taking a treacherous goat path 

5926
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:44,000
that wound through a series of 
limestone ravines. 

5927
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,700
By midday even Vlad recognized. 
He could go no farther, they 

5928
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:50,100
made camp in a defensible 
position. 

5929
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:53,200
Overlooking a narrow Valley, 
hosting triple centuries, 

5930
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:57,500
despite their dwindling numbers.
Twilight approached Nicolae 

5931
05:08:57,500 --> 05:08:58,800
returned from a scouting 
Expedition. 

5932
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:03,200
His young face grave. 
My prince bathrobes forces have 

5933
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,100
split into three columns. 
They searched the forest. 

5934
05:09:06,100 --> 05:09:09,400
Systematically the nearest group
is perhaps, two hours behind us.

5935
05:09:10,500 --> 05:09:14,200
Vlad nodded resignation settling
over him like the winter snow 

5936
05:09:14,200 --> 05:09:18,400
accumulating on the branches of 
He had cheated death, many 

5937
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:22,600
times, survived assassination 
attempts Battlefield, wounds 

5938
05:09:22,600 --> 05:09:26,000
years of imprisonment. 
But now with his body failing 

5939
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:29,600
and portrayal lurking among his 
final loyal, men, he recognized 

5940
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:34,100
the approaching end that night 
as the other slept flat pende 

5941
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:36,600
letters, one to his wife, 
instructing her to flee with 

5942
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:40,100
their son to the Saxons and 
stronghold of sibiu another to 

5943
05:09:40,100 --> 05:09:42,500
King, Matthias of Hungary, 
requesting protection for his 

5944
05:09:42,508 --> 05:09:45,300
family, in exchange, for 
Intelligence, on ottoman 

5945
05:09:45,300 --> 05:09:48,400
military Arrangements, The pain 
in his abdomen. 

5946
05:09:50,800 --> 05:09:53,100
Dum men and become a constant 
companion. 

5947
05:09:53,100 --> 05:09:56,800
A burning coalescence of Agony 
that radiated outward with each 

5948
05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:59,500
heartbeat. 
As he sealed the letters with 

5949
05:09:59,500 --> 05:10:03,400
whacks, for whose version of his
story, would survive the 

5950
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:07,100
Vengeance, obsessed Tyrant, the 
brutal, but effective bull work 

5951
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:09,400
against Automotive, expansion, 
or simply. 

5952
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:12,100
Another Fallen prince in the 
bloody tapestry of Balkan 

5953
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:15,700
politics, could it be all three 
or none at all? 

5954
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,500
He had learned that whoever 
remained to tell the story would

5955
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:22,200
write history by December 20th, 
flat could no longer hide his 

5956
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:26,600
deteriorating condition The 
fever Came In Waves leaving him.

5957
05:10:26,600 --> 05:10:28,200
Alternately burning and 
shivering. 

5958
05:10:28,900 --> 05:10:31,200
More concerning was the 
progressive swelling and 

5959
05:10:31,200 --> 05:10:34,700
discoloration, spreading across 
his abdomen, a purplish Hue, 

5960
05:10:34,700 --> 05:10:37,200
that Dragonair with his 
Battlefield medical experience 

5961
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,700
recognized as a harbinger of 
serious, internal damage. 

5962
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:44,600
You've been poisoned by Prince 
the old Warrior stated bluntly. 

5963
05:10:44,600 --> 05:10:47,000
He examined Vlad in the privacy 
of his tent. 

5964
05:10:48,200 --> 05:10:50,800
And suggests arsenic 
administered in small doses, 

5965
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:54,300
over months, it explains, the 
gradual weakening the pain and 

5966
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:56,700
the digestive disturbances 
you've hidden from us. 

5967
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:00,700
Vlad's expression remained in 
passive though his mind raced 

5968
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:03,000
through possibilities not 
months. 

5969
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:06,200
The symptoms likely started 
after my return to Lake Erie in 

5970
05:11:06,208 --> 05:11:08,700
October. 
The symptoms began shortly after

5971
05:11:08,700 --> 05:11:12,000
my restoration feast Who 
prepared your food during that 

5972
05:11:12,000 --> 05:11:14,500
time. 
Everyone and no one. 

5973
05:11:14,500 --> 05:11:18,600
I was surrounded by dozens of 
supposedly loyal boyars all 

5974
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:20,800
eager to demonstrate their 
renewed Allegiance. 

5975
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:24,800
Vlad laughed. 
Bitterly triggering a coughing 

5976
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:28,000
fit that left flecks of blood on
his handkerchief how fitting 

5977
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:31,600
that my enemies finally 
discovered subtlety why face the

5978
05:11:31,600 --> 05:11:34,600
Impaler in battle when patients 
and poison work just as 

5979
05:11:34,600 --> 05:11:39,000
effectively That evening, a 
sleet pelted, their makeshift 

5980
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,700
Camp Vlad called his remaining 
confidence to his tent. 

5981
05:11:42,500 --> 05:11:46,000
Despite his weakened State, he 
sat upright refusing to address 

5982
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:49,300
them from a position of illness.
The pain is actions caused 

5983
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,200
remained hidden behind his 
characteristically and passive 

5984
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:54,900
expression. 
Tomorrow, we reach across roads.

5985
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:58,500
He informed them Bazar ABS 
forces, continue to close from 

5986
05:11:58,500 --> 05:12:01,500
the south and east, the Western 
route toward Transylvania 

5987
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:04,500
remains open, but snowfall has 
made the mountain passes 

5988
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:08,000
treacherous. 
My prince McNair interjected. 

5989
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:11,100
We have received word that the 
Garrison at poenari remains 

5990
05:12:11,100 --> 05:12:14,700
loyal, if we can reach the 
Fortress, we could withstand the

5991
05:12:14,700 --> 05:12:17,000
seed until reinforcements 
arrived from your Hungarian 

5992
05:12:17,000 --> 05:12:22,200
allies. 
Shop and what reinforcements a 

5993
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:24,900
TS Covina has made? 
No promises more likely. 

5994
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:28,100
He watches from Buddha, waiting 
to see, which corpse to support 

5995
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:29,600
after the battlefield is 
cleared. 

5996
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,500
Then perhaps it is time to 
consider terms with suggested 

5997
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:37,100
gasbarre cautiously, your life 
might be spared in exchange for 

5998
05:12:37,100 --> 05:12:38,900
four. 
More Annunciation of your claim.

5999
05:12:40,000 --> 05:12:42,700
The silence that followed was 
broken only by the crack of the 

6000
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:46,900
Brazier heating, the tent, all 
present, new Lads history, how 

6001
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:49,900
his father and elder brother had
been murdered despite Promises 

6002
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:53,200
of safe conduct have betrayal. 
Had been the constant companion 

6003
05:12:53,200 --> 05:12:57,200
of his family for Generations. 
Like claim is my Birthright that

6004
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:01,100
finally responded his voice, 
dangerously soft, I would sooner

6005
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:04,600
feed my entrails to the crows 
and surrender it to a puppet 

6006
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:10,100
dancing on ottoman strings. 
He paused studying each face but

6007
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:11,900
neither will. 
I lead you all to certain death 

6008
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,600
for my ambition. 
Each of you has demonstrated 

6009
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:18,200
loyalty beyond what any prints 
deserves a dawn, those who wish 

6010
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:21,900
to seek terms with basarab, made
a part with my blessing, I will 

6011
05:13:21,900 --> 05:13:25,800
continue to play Inari. 
Although no one mentioned 

6012
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:28,500
leaving. 
Vlad observed, a brief flicker 

6013
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:30,600
in Nicholas. 
Youthful eyes, not out of 

6014
05:13:30,608 --> 05:13:33,800
cowardice, but from the natural 
human desire to survive beyond 

6015
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:36,708
the approaching days. 
Vlad did not begrudge him this 

6016
05:13:36,716 --> 05:13:40,100
Instinct, unlike the boyars who 
had repeatedly betrayed him 

6017
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:42,700
throughout his Reigns, these men
had proven their worth. 

6018
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:48,200
Later alone except for radius 
standing guard outside Vlad. 

6019
05:13:48,200 --> 05:13:50,800
Examined the progression of the 
Poison's work in the polished 

6020
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,300
metal mirror. 
He carried the sclera of his 

6021
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:56,900
eyes had yellowed and the veins 
visible beneath his increasingly

6022
05:13:56,900 --> 05:13:59,500
translucent skin carried a 
darker than normal. 

6023
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:03,100
An experience to position one 
with knowledge, beyond the 

6024
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:07,900
limitations of contemporary and 
Medicine must intervene or is 

6025
05:14:07,900 --> 05:14:10,900
prognosis, will be clear. 
He had perhaps two weeks 

6026
05:14:10,900 --> 05:14:14,500
possibly less if the physical 
exertion of evading Bastrop's 

6027
05:14:14,500 --> 05:14:16,200
forces accelerated. 
The poison spread. 

6028
05:14:17,100 --> 05:14:19,700
You might not have enough time 
to reclaim his throne but he 

6029
05:14:19,708 --> 05:14:22,100
might have enough to ensure his 
legacy was carried on through 

6030
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:25,100
his young son or immediately 
concerning was the progressive 

6031
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:26,600
weakness. 
That would soon render him 

6032
05:14:26,600 --> 05:14:29,400
unable to ride or fight a 
vulnerability. 

6033
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:32,300
He could not afford with enemies
drawing Closer by the hour. 

6034
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,600
That night, he drafted, coded 
instructions and sewed them into

6035
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:39,400
the lining of Nicole's cloak 
directions to a cache of gold 

6036
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:42,700
and documents hidden during his 
previous Reign resources. 

6037
05:14:42,700 --> 05:14:45,800
That would prove valuable to his
Heirs of properly secured. 

6038
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:49,600
The young man's nervous, energy 
made him the most likely to slip

6039
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,100
through Enemy Lines. 
Successful in their situation. 

6040
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:55,600
Deteriorated further by morning,
fresh snowfall, at covered their

6041
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:58,600
tracks providing temperature 
concealment, as they moved North

6042
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:00,300
West toward the Argus River 
Valley. 

6043
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,500
Vlad Road at the center of their
formation rather than in the 

6044
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:07,200
lead, a concession to his 
condition that required. 

6045
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,600
No verbalization. 
During the Day's Journey, he 

6046
05:15:10,600 --> 05:15:14,100
nearly lost Consciousness, twice
on the safe from falling only by

6047
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:16,100
dragon as vigilance as he wrote 
beside him. 

6048
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:18,800
They set up camp in a limestone 
cave. 

6049
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:21,700
Overlooking the river where the 
natural formation not only 

6050
05:15:21,700 --> 05:15:24,900
provided shelter but also 
limited the possible approaches 

6051
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:28,700
As minor and Nikola hunted for 
fresh meat to supplement. 

6052
05:15:28,700 --> 05:15:32,300
Their dwindling Provisions, Vlad
spread Maps across a flat stone 

6053
05:15:32,300 --> 05:15:35,100
strategizing, alternative 
routes, should their primary 

6054
05:15:35,100 --> 05:15:39,100
path to pointy be compromised. 
The poison progresses. 

6055
05:15:39,100 --> 05:15:42,100
Quickly, Dragonair observed 
quietly, joining him at the 

6056
05:15:42,100 --> 05:15:44,200
makeshift table. 
You need rest. 

6057
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:48,300
My prints not more planning. 
Rest awaits in the grave lad 

6058
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:51,100
replied without looking up until
then we move forward. 

6059
05:15:52,100 --> 05:15:55,800
Forward to what end? 
Even if we reach poenari your 

6060
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:57,700
condition. 
My condition is not your 

6061
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:01,300
concern. 
Lad interrupted sharply, then 

6062
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:05,200
relenting slightly I have 
survived Hungarian dungeons, 

6063
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:09,900
Ottoman pursuers and countless 
assassination, attempts, this 

6064
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:12,000
current difficulty is merely 
another obstacle. 

6065
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:15,800
But both men recognized, the 
Halo optimism in his words. 

6066
05:16:16,600 --> 05:16:19,100
The poison now causing through, 
his veins was an enemy that 

6067
05:16:19,100 --> 05:16:23,400
could not be impaled beheaded or
outmaneuvered it Advanced with 

6068
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:25,400
the next Rebel patients of death
itself. 

6069
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:29,100
A worthy opponent for a man who 
had made violence and art form 

6070
05:16:29,100 --> 05:16:32,300
in defense of his troubled 
principality on December, the 

6071
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:35,600
23rd with bass, Arabs, forces 
closing from multiple directions

6072
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:39,200
Vlad, and his dwindling company 
sought shelter in an unexpected 

6073
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:41,400
Sanctuary deeper in the 
forested. 

6074
05:16:41,400 --> 05:16:44,400
Foothills of the fager mountain,
stood, a hunting lodge that had 

6075
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:45,700
belong to vlad's family for 
Generations. 

6076
05:16:45,700 --> 05:16:49,100
A simple structure of stone and 
Timber unremarkable. 

6077
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:52,400
Except for what labor beneath. 
It few remember this place 

6078
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:56,500
exists Vlad explained as Radu 
Force, the weather door, open a 

6079
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:58,800
grandfather, built it, not for 
hunting game, but for hunting 

6080
05:16:58,800 --> 05:17:03,700
men, Inside beneath rotting 
floorboards that minor and 

6081
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:06,900
Dragonair Pride away Stone 
steps, descended Into Darkness, 

6082
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:10,400
the narrow staircase opened into
a Subterranean chamber. 

6083
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:14,100
Carved directly into the Bedrock
a rim, perhaps 30 feet square 

6084
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:17,000
with smaller cells, branching 
off the central space. 

6085
05:17:17,800 --> 05:17:21,100
Ancient manacles hung from the 
walls and channels carved into 

6086
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:24,300
the social Stone floor. 
Converged at a central drain. 

6087
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:28,600
Faint lingering smell of Old 
Death, permeated the air, 

6088
05:17:28,600 --> 05:17:30,800
despite the decades since its 
last use. 

6089
05:17:31,700 --> 05:17:34,400
The house of bone Dragonair 
mermaid with recognition. 

6090
05:17:34,400 --> 05:17:37,700
I heard Tales from the old 
veterans, who served your 

6091
05:17:37,700 --> 05:17:40,200
grandfather. 
They claimed, he extracted 

6092
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,500
confession from Hungarian spies 
here during the campaigns of the

6093
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,900
1420s. 
More than confessions later. 

6094
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:49,700
Replied lowering himself, 
carefully onto a stone bench, 

6095
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,700
each movement now causing waves 
of pain to radiate from his 

6096
05:17:53,700 --> 05:17:57,700
poisoned core. 
Information Alliance structures 

6097
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:01,300
military dispositions, my 
grandfather understood that 

6098
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:04,600
properly applied pain, yields 
knowledge and understanding as 

6099
05:18:04,600 --> 05:18:06,800
the true current currency of 
power in our position. 

6100
05:18:08,500 --> 05:18:11,100
While nickel and Gaspar secured 
the perimeter of the hunting 

6101
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:13,600
lodge Weir. 
Inventory their remaining 

6102
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:17,200
supplies. 
The situation was Grim food for 

6103
05:18:17,200 --> 05:18:19,000
Pats, three more days at half 
rationals. 

6104
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:23,100
Minimal medical Supreme's. 
An ammunition for only a brief 

6105
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:24,600
defense, should they be 
discovered? 

6106
05:18:25,400 --> 05:18:28,400
That evening as a heavy snowfall
provided temporary, concealment 

6107
05:18:28,400 --> 05:18:32,800
from pursuers vlad's condition, 
deteriorated, sharply the fever 

6108
05:18:32,800 --> 05:18:35,800
that had been intermittent now 
burned constantly and the pain 

6109
05:18:35,800 --> 05:18:38,500
in his abdomen had become so 
severe that even breathing 

6110
05:18:38,500 --> 05:18:42,600
shallowly cause spasms of agony.
Increasingly frequent bouts of 

6111
05:18:42,600 --> 05:18:45,200
vomiting brought up dark blood 
and his urine. 

6112
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:46,900
Carried an alarming reddish 
tint. 

6113
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:49,800
The poison attacks, the liver 
and kidneys. 

6114
05:18:49,800 --> 05:18:52,200
Dragonair explained to the 
others while Vlad. 

6115
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:54,200
Slept fitfully in an adjacent 
chamber. 

6116
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:58,900
Without proper treatment of 
medicine's available perhaps in 

6117
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:01,700
Constantinople or Venice. 
But not here in the wilderness, 

6118
05:19:01,700 --> 05:19:06,500
the progress is 0 of 0. 
How long last Friday do is 

6119
05:19:06,500 --> 05:19:08,300
weathered face? 
Betraying rare emotional? 

6120
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:13,200
Days, not weeks old Warrior 
applied, and his suffering will 

6121
05:19:13,200 --> 05:19:16,400
increase as systems fail. 
Then we must reach. 

6122
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:20,100
Help insisted cash bar. 
Perhaps if we sent Nikolai to 

6123
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:23,500
brush off, that robs men control
all approaches to the Saxon 

6124
05:19:23,500 --> 05:19:28,000
cities making are in. 
Even if a messenger could pass, 

6125
05:19:28,000 --> 05:19:31,000
what physician would risk coming
to treat? 

6126
05:19:31,000 --> 05:19:33,600
The prince would be tantamount 
to treason against the new 

6127
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:37,300
regime. 
In the stone chamber, where Vlad

6128
05:19:37,300 --> 05:19:40,600
rested the flickering oil lamp 
cast, monstrous Shadows across 

6129
05:19:40,600 --> 05:19:43,900
walls, that had witnessed 
generations of suffering during 

6130
05:19:43,900 --> 05:19:46,400
a moment of Lucidity, he 
beckoned Rado closer. 

6131
05:19:46,400 --> 05:19:50,500
I need parchment and ink. 
He whispered his once commanding

6132
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:54,100
voice now ragged, When the 
materials were brought vlad's 

6133
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:57,400
trembling hand produced a map in
accompanying instructions, the 

6134
05:19:57,400 --> 05:19:59,700
location of his personal 
treasury hidden during his 

6135
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:03,000
second Reign and no, only to 
him, not the official treasury 

6136
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:05,900
of wallachia, which had been 
depleted by successive Wars and 

6137
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:09,400
regime changes, but his private 
accumulation of gold jewels, and

6138
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:12,000
portable wealth. 
This will secure my son's 

6139
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:15,400
future, he explained to radiou. 
Sure, it reaches him when he is 

6140
05:20:15,408 --> 05:20:18,700
of age. 
Until then, the Saxons of sibiu 

6141
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:21,400
will protect him and my wife if 
properly compensated. 

6142
05:20:23,000 --> 05:20:25,800
That night as the other 
strategize, their next movements

6143
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:28,900
of Vlad remained alone in the 
ancient torture chamber 

6144
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:31,700
surrounded by the implements. 
His ancestors had used to 

6145
05:20:31,700 --> 05:20:33,500
maintain their tenuous grip on 
power. 

6146
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:37,700
The Symmetry was not lost on 
him, the man known throughout 

6147
05:20:37,700 --> 05:20:40,900
Europe as history's. 
Great torturer was now suffering

6148
05:20:40,900 --> 05:20:44,200
his own prolonged and agonizing 
end in his delirium. 

6149
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:46,900
The Shadows took shape the faces
of those. 

6150
05:20:46,900 --> 05:20:49,900
He had been pale old beheaded 
and dismembered during his 

6151
05:20:49,900 --> 05:20:53,800
campaigns not just ottoman 
soldiers and officials but were 

6152
05:20:53,800 --> 05:20:56,400
in boyars who had betrayed him 
Saxon. 

6153
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:59,700
Merchants, who had defied his 
economic policies and peasants 

6154
05:20:59,700 --> 05:21:03,500
who had collaborated with his 
enemies. the brutal calculus of 

6155
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,900
maintaining Independence in a 
region contested by Empires had 

6156
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:10,100
required unprecedented Terror 
and Vlad had applied it 

6157
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:13,400
methodically without passional 
cruelty but with the precise 

6158
05:21:13,400 --> 05:21:17,500
logic of a mathematician, I 
protected wallachia until the 

6159
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:20,200
Shadows everything I did serve 
that purpose. 

6160
05:21:22,000 --> 05:21:24,800
The accusatory Silence from the 
gathered Spirits offered no 

6161
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:29,000
Absolution Dawn, brought new 
complications, Nicole returning 

6162
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:31,700
from scouting the perimeter 
reported movement in the valley 

6163
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:35,400
below, not bassar ABS main 
Force, but a smaller contingent 

6164
05:21:35,400 --> 05:21:37,400
tracking their path through the 
fresh snow. 

6165
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,800
Thirty men, perhaps 40, young 
fighter, reported moving 

6166
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,800
cautiously, they found traces of
our passage, despite the 

6167
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:49,500
snowfall Radius expression. 
Dark and They should not have 

6168
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:51,800
found this Trail. 
It's known to few outside the 

6169
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:54,900
princes in a circle. 
The trader Among Us has since 

6170
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:57,000
signals lad. 
Stated from the stairway 

6171
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,800
entrance, where he stood leaning
heavily against the stone 

6172
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:03,200
walled, his deteriorating 
physical condition, his mind 

6173
05:22:03,200 --> 05:22:06,400
remained razor. 
Sharp like 35s on the Eastern 

6174
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:11,700
Slope arranged in a triangle 
McNair looks confused. 

6175
05:22:12,600 --> 05:22:14,600
My prints that would reveal our 
position. 

6176
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:19,400
Slee. 
Vlad's fevered eyes gleamed with

6177
05:22:19,408 --> 05:22:22,600
the Strategic intellect that had
kept him alive through Decades 

6178
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:25,300
of intrigued. 
But not to whom they expect. 

6179
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,000
How is later as Twilight 
approached the distinctive 

6180
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:32,800
Thunder of Hungarian Cavalry 
echoed through the forested 

6181
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,500
valley. 
King Matthias had not abandoned 

6182
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:38,900
his former prisoner entirely a 
contingent of his border troops.

6183
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:43,300
50 strong had been patrolling 
the Transylvania Frontier, The 

6184
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:45,400
Three Fires arranged in the 
pattern. 

6185
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:49,400
Vlad had specified represented 
an old signal between him and 

6186
05:22:49,400 --> 05:22:52,000
the Hungarian Monarch from their
years of uneasy Alliance. 

6187
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:55,700
The resulting Skirmish between 
bassar ABS tracking party and 

6188
05:22:55,700 --> 05:22:58,900
the Hungarian Cavalry provided 
brief respite and more 

6189
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:01,700
importantly, confusion about 
vlad's, true location and 

6190
05:23:01,700 --> 05:23:04,400
condition. 
By Nightfall, when the 

6191
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:07,400
hungarians had driven off the 
lake, in pursuers their 

6192
05:23:07,400 --> 05:23:09,000
Commander, approached the 
hunting lodge alone. 

6193
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:12,100
Following radius guidance 
through concealed paths. 

6194
05:23:13,200 --> 05:23:17,500
Prince Vlad, the Hungarian 
Captain said bowing stiffly upon

6195
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:22,500
entering the Subterranean 
chamber where regards and offers

6196
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:26,900
Sanctuary cross the border and 
Transylvania How generous ladder

6197
05:23:26,900 --> 05:23:28,700
replied with characteristic 
dryness? 

6198
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:32,100
What does the king request in 
exchange for this sudden 

6199
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:34,800
remembrance of our alliance? 
The Hungarian shifted. 

6200
05:23:34,800 --> 05:23:38,600
Uncomfortably, in the current 
circumstances, my Lord believes 

6201
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:41,600
your expertise regarding ottoman
military dispositions would 

6202
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:45,700
prove valuable A bitter laugh 
escaped vlad's cracked lips. 

6203
05:23:45,700 --> 05:23:49,600
Of course, not Sanctuary for an 
ally, but intelligence from a 

6204
05:23:49,600 --> 05:23:52,200
dying man. 
Gestured toward a stone bench. 

6205
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:54,300
Sit Captain. 
I will provide. 

6206
05:23:54,300 --> 05:23:56,200
What Matthias seeks though? 
I doubt. 

6207
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:57,700
I shall live to collect whatever
payment. 

6208
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:00,700
He might offer Christmas Eve 
donned over the hunting lodge. 

6209
05:24:00,700 --> 05:24:04,000
The pristine snowfall masking 
the violence that had occurred 

6210
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:07,300
in the valley below. 
The Hungarian Cavalry contingent

6211
05:24:07,300 --> 05:24:10,100
had established a defensive 
perimeter around the structure, 

6212
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:13,700
their presence temporarily 
deterring bassara Scouts from 

6213
05:24:13,700 --> 05:24:17,900
approaching, Inside an impromptu
walkouts all had assembled in 

6214
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:20,200
the main chamber of the 
Subterranean sells. 

6215
05:24:20,200 --> 05:24:23,900
Captain Tebow Bathory of the 
Hungarian border forces sat 

6216
05:24:23,900 --> 05:24:27,000
opposite Vlad who had insisted 
on being carried, up stairs, 

6217
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:29,700
rather than conducting business 
from what he directly referred 

6218
05:24:29,700 --> 05:24:33,000
to as my deathbed below. 
Despite the prince's 

6219
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:36,800
deteriorating condition. 
His complexion of the visible 

6220
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:40,300
Tremors of the year but 
occasionally sees his limbs his 

6221
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:42,600
mind remained focused on the 
Strategic situation. 

6222
05:24:44,100 --> 05:24:46,700
Basarab will not risk. 
Confrontation with Hungarian 

6223
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:49,500
forces. 
LED stated his voice weaker, but

6224
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:52,400
still carrying the authoritative
tone that had commanded armies. 

6225
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:56,500
Not without explicit ottoman 
backing, which would take weeks 

6226
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,800
to arrange in winter. 
My orders are to escort you to 

6227
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:01,600
fagar. 
Ash Castle, battery explained, 

6228
05:25:01,600 --> 05:25:05,500
King Matthias has prepared, 
secure quarters there, his 

6229
05:25:05,500 --> 05:25:07,000
personal physician, awaits, your
arrival. 

6230
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:11,800
He unspoken reality hung heavily
in the room that even with the 

6231
05:25:11,800 --> 05:25:14,600
immediate medical attention 
vlad's poisoning had progressed 

6232
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:18,100
too far for recovery. 
This rescue was merely Matthias 

6233
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:20,800
corvinus in showing that vlad's 
considerable knowledge of 

6234
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:23,200
Ottoman military structures and 
were like in politics. 

6235
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:25,100
Wouldn't be lost with his 
passing. 

6236
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:29,700
And my men that inquired 
gesturing to his five remaining 

6237
05:25:29,700 --> 05:25:32,700
loyalists They will receive 
Royal protection as well. 

6238
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:36,500
They three confirmed though King
Mattea specifically requested 

6239
05:25:36,500 --> 05:25:39,400
that secretary gash bar bring 
all correspondence and documents

6240
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:43,500
in his possession. 
Vlad's gaze shifted briefly to 

6241
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:45,400
gash bar noting. 
The secretary's momentary 

6242
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:48,000
discomfort. 
The Hungarian interest in his 

6243
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:51,100
administrative papers, suggested
concerns Beyond near Military 

6244
05:25:51,100 --> 05:25:54,500
Intelligence, perhaps questions,
about vlad's diplomatic Outreach

6245
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:56,400
to Venice. 
Always corresponded with 

6246
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:58,300
rebellious elements in ottoman, 
Bulgaria. 

6247
05:25:59,300 --> 05:26:03,500
We depart at first light 
tomorrow after he continued the 

6248
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:07,000
mountain pass remains navigable 
but another snowstorm approaches

6249
05:26:07,000 --> 05:26:10,100
from the West. 
After the Hungarian, Captain 

6250
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:13,200
withdrew to consult his left 
tenants Vlad motioned for his 

6251
05:26:13,200 --> 05:26:16,200
inner circle to gather closer. 
His voice dropping to ensure 

6252
05:26:16,200 --> 05:26:20,600
privacy I will not reach fager, 
Asha live, he stated 

6253
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:23,400
matter-of-factly. 
The journey alone would finish, 

6254
05:26:23,400 --> 05:26:26,000
what the poison has begun 
Matthias knows. 

6255
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:30,000
This his concern is not my 
survival but controlling The 

6256
05:26:30,000 --> 05:26:32,600
Narrative of my death and 
whatever Secrets I might reveal 

6257
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:36,200
in my final hours. 
Then we refuse Hungarian escort.

6258
05:26:36,200 --> 05:26:40,200
We can are suggested his hand in
stinky, moving to his sword. 

6259
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:45,700
Hilt, make our own way to play. 
Inari as planned, Vlad shook his

6260
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:50,600
head slowly, the Strategic 
situation has changed Vassar 

6261
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:52,000
apps, forces have likely 
blocked. 

6262
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:56,600
All approaches to pointer by now
and my condition ingested, 

6263
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:58,600
dismissively toward his swollen 
abdomen. 

6264
05:26:59,200 --> 05:27:01,400
I cannot ride, I can barely 
walk. 

6265
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:04,300
I could potentially pose a 
threat to your survival. 

6266
05:27:05,600 --> 05:27:07,800
A heavy sales settled over the 
group. 

6267
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:11,400
For men who had defined their 
existence through loyalty to 

6268
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:14,300
their prints, the prospect of a 
banding him, even at his 

6269
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:16,200
instruction, his nearly 
unthinkable. 

6270
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:20,700
There is another option Vlad 
continued after a moment, one 

6271
05:27:20,700 --> 05:27:24,900
that serves multiple purposes. 
His fever eyes seemed to burn 

6272
05:27:24,900 --> 05:27:29,000
with renewed Clarity, Captain 
Bathory stated, we depart at 

6273
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:33,000
dawn Radu McNair and Nikolai 
will accompany my litter with 

6274
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:36,200
the hungarians. 
Dragonair and Gaspar will 

6275
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:38,900
disappear during the night, 
taking alternate routes to 

6276
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:41,900
deliver messages and secure 
certain items of importance. 

6277
05:27:42,900 --> 05:27:45,200
It produced several sealed 
documents from within his 

6278
05:27:45,200 --> 05:27:47,600
doublet documents. 
He had been preparing during 

6279
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:49,600
moments of Lucidity over the 
past days. 

6280
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:53,000
Dragomir will deliver this 
package to my wife in Brush of 

6281
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:55,800
along with instructions for each
sex and protection. 

6282
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:59,100
In CPU gash bar will take this 
second packet to the monastery 

6283
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:01,800
at snag of a certain loyalists 
as a white Direction. 

6284
05:28:02,900 --> 05:28:06,500
What remained unspoken was Vlad 
suspicions, at least one among 

6285
05:28:06,500 --> 05:28:09,500
them, had betrayed him, like he 
the same person who had 

6286
05:28:09,508 --> 05:28:13,400
facilitated his poisoning months
earlier, By separating his 

6287
05:28:13,400 --> 05:28:16,200
remaining followers, he 
increased the chance that at 

6288
05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:18,500
least some of his final commands
would be executed. 

6289
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:22,400
Faithful, As night, deepened and
the hungarians maintained, their

6290
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,400
watchful perimeter around the 
lodge requested privacy in the 

6291
05:28:25,408 --> 05:28:27,900
Subterranean chamber where he 
had spent the previous night. 

6292
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:31,800
Only Radu remained nearby 
standing guard at the top of the

6293
05:28:31,800 --> 05:28:34,400
stone staircase. 
In the flickering lamp light 

6294
05:28:34,400 --> 05:28:37,400
Vlad produced a small Leather 
Pouch from among his possessions

6295
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:40,400
inside layer gold Signet ring 
bearing. 

6296
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:43,300
The dragon emblem of the order 
of the Dragon, the organization,

6297
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:45,800
his father had belonged to and 
from which the family named 

6298
05:28:45,800 --> 05:28:49,600
draculae derived, alongside it 
rested, a small Orthodox, 

6299
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:52,700
crucifix of Byzantine 
craftsmanship and a folded piece

6300
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:55,400
of parchment containing a prayer
written in his mother's hand 

6301
05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:59,500
decades earlier, these personal 
effects, not the elaborate Royal

6302
05:28:59,500 --> 05:29:02,500
regalia, that had been lost 
during his various Exiles, that 

6303
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:05,900
the modest items that connected 
him to his lineage were all that

6304
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:07,700
remained of vlad's personal 
Legacy. 

6305
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:10,900
He raped them. 
Carefully heading a letter to 

6306
05:29:10,900 --> 05:29:14,500
his young son and sealed, the 
package with wax impressed by 

6307
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:16,700
his thumb, rather than his 
official seal. 

6308
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:20,600
When Radu descended, the stairs 
later to check on his prints. 

6309
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:24,200
He found Vlad, Neil and prayer 
before an improvised alter the 

6310
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:26,800
crucifix placed upon the same 
Stone table, where his 

6311
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:29,000
grandfather had extracted 
confessionals, through 

6312
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,500
methodical torture. 
The juxtaposition captured, the 

6313
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:35,300
contradiction that had defined 
the Dracula to Dynasty for 

6314
05:29:35,300 --> 05:29:39,700
Generations devout, Orthodox, 
Christians, who had employed 

6315
05:29:39,700 --> 05:29:42,500
shocking violence in defense of 
their faith and principality. 

6316
05:29:42,500 --> 05:29:47,000
You should rest my prints 
suggested quietly, tomorrow's 

6317
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:50,800
Journey will tax your strength 
rest blood repeated 

6318
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:53,500
contemplatively. 
There will be time enough for 

6319
05:29:53,500 --> 05:29:56,500
that soon. 
Struggle to his feet accepting 

6320
05:29:56,500 --> 05:29:58,400
radu's assistance. 
Without the pride that would 

6321
05:29:58,400 --> 05:30:00,000
have forbidden such help in 
early days. 

6322
05:30:01,200 --> 05:30:06,000
Tell me honestly, old friend. 
How will history remember me or 

6323
05:30:06,000 --> 05:30:09,200
do consider the question 
carefully as a defender of 

6324
05:30:09,200 --> 05:30:11,200
Christendom against the ottoman 
advance? 

6325
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:14,200
As a prince who held the line 
when others would have 

6326
05:30:14,208 --> 05:30:17,400
surrendered. 
And the impairments, The Forest 

6327
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:19,800
of stakes outside, tag office 
day that made the Sultan's Army 

6328
05:30:19,808 --> 05:30:23,200
turn back. 
Necessary, Rowdy replied simply 

6329
05:30:23,200 --> 05:30:25,600
those who have not faced the 
decisions. 

6330
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:27,900
You face cannot judge the 
methods you employed. 

6331
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:33,900
Vlad nodded slowly yet judge, 
they will already the German 

6332
05:30:33,900 --> 05:30:36,900
printers spread their pamphlets 
depicting me as a Monster who 

6333
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:39,200
died among forests of impaled 
victims. 

6334
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:43,400
The Saxons who cities, I 
protected from ottoman raids, 

6335
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,100
right? 
Of me as a bloodthirsty tyrant, 

6336
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:49,200
A bitter smile crossed his pale 
features. 

6337
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:52,300
Perhaps it is better to be 
remembered as a monster than 

6338
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:56,000
forgotten entirely. 
As Christmas Eve gave way to 

6339
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:58,100
Christmas morning. 
The Hungarian escort prepared 

6340
05:30:58,100 --> 05:31:01,400
for departure Vlad was carefully
placed in a litter? 

6341
05:31:01,400 --> 05:31:04,100
That would be carried between 
two horses and Arrangement. 

6342
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:07,200
He accepted with grim 
resignation understanding his 

6343
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:09,700
body, no longer permitted, the 
Dignity of riding upright. 

6344
05:31:10,700 --> 05:31:13,800
Before they departed, Dragonair 
and Gaspar disappeared as 

6345
05:31:13,800 --> 05:31:16,400
planned. 
Ostensibly to scout the forward 

6346
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:18,700
path. 
But in reality beginning, their 

6347
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:21,300
separate Journeys to deliver 
vlad's final Communications, 

6348
05:31:21,300 --> 05:31:23,500
nobody could have predicted 
that. 

6349
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:27,100
Only one of these messages would
reach its intended recipient and

6350
05:31:27,100 --> 05:31:29,500
that the other messenger Harbor 
treachery that would shape the 

6351
05:31:29,500 --> 05:31:32,400
final chapter of vlad's story, 
the journey toward the 

6352
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:36,500
Transylvania border proceeded 
slowly through deepening snow by

6353
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:38,900
midday on Christmas vlad's 
condition had deteriorated 

6354
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:41,800
sharply. 
The poison had progressed to his

6355
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:45,100
extremities causing periodic 
muscle spasms that left in 

6356
05:31:45,100 --> 05:31:48,200
gasping for breath. 
Captain Bathory ordered a 

6357
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:49,800
temporary halt. 
In a sheltered Ravine. 

6358
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:53,100
Allowing his men to establish a 
Windbreak around vlad's litter. 

6359
05:31:53,100 --> 05:31:56,400
We should reach the Border post 
by Nightfall, The Hungarian 

6360
05:31:56,400 --> 05:31:58,700
officer informed Rado from 
there. 

6361
05:31:58,700 --> 05:32:01,800
We can obtain a proper wagon for
transport to fager rash. 

6362
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:05,600
What remained unspoken was the 
increasing likelihood that they 

6363
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,700
would be transporting a quartz 
rather than a living prints. 

6364
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:12,400
Vlad had been unconscious for 
the past hour, his breathing 

6365
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:16,600
shallow, and a regular. 
Nikolai had been sent ahead to 

6366
05:32:16,600 --> 05:32:18,700
ensure the Border Garrison 
prepared appropriate 

6367
05:32:18,700 --> 05:32:21,300
accommodations. 
While the remaining Lake ions 

6368
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:23,600
maintained, a protective circle 
around their dying leader. 

6369
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,500
It's twilight approached 
bringing with it plummeting 

6370
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,700
temperatures Vlad and expectedly
regained Consciousness. 

6371
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:34,600
His yellow eyes seem to burn 
with our natural clarity as he 

6372
05:32:34,600 --> 05:32:39,200
beckoned Rado closer water. era 
after taking a small sip from 

6373
05:32:39,208 --> 05:32:42,000
the offered water skin, Vlad 
gripped Rod is wrist with 

6374
05:32:42,000 --> 05:32:45,700
surprising strength Do you have 
the package from my son secured?

6375
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:48,700
Yes, my prince hidden as you 
instructed. 

6376
05:32:49,700 --> 05:32:51,700
And drag a mirror, has there 
been word? 

6377
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:54,900
None yet. 
But he knows the forest paths 

6378
05:32:54,900 --> 05:32:57,700
better than any man. 
He will reach brush off safely. 

6379
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:03,100
Vlad's expression tightened he 
will not reach brush of he 

6380
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:08,200
travels in the opposite 
direction was evident, but your 

6381
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:12,600
instructions were a test Vlad 
interrupted his voice. 

6382
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:16,300
Barely above whisper, when I 
needed to confirm before death 

6383
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,400
claims me with tremendous 
effort, you raise himself 

6384
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,800
slightly on one elbow, scanning 
the nearby figures until he 

6385
05:33:22,800 --> 05:33:25,600
located near Consulting maps 
with the Hungarian Captain. 

6386
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,100
Several yards away. 
My cousin has betrayed me Vlad 

6387
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:31,700
whispered, it was McNair who 
arranged for the poison. 

6388
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:34,100
She has been sending 
intelligence to basarab 

6389
05:33:34,100 --> 05:33:37,800
throughout our retreat. 
Radu's hand, moved instinctively

6390
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:39,500
to his weapon. 
How can you be? 

6391
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:43,300
Certain the documents I gave to 
Dragonair and gasbarre contain 

6392
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,700
different information location 
of treasuries military 

6393
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:50,300
dispositions names of loyal 
agents, the packet for 

6394
05:33:50,308 --> 05:33:52,200
Dragonair. 
Contained accurate information 

6395
05:33:52,200 --> 05:33:55,900
about my wife's location. 
The packet for gas bar contained

6396
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:59,800
false information, including the
claim that McNair was My Chosen 

6397
05:33:59,800 --> 05:34:02,800
successor and you believe gash 
bar is loyal. 

6398
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:05,900
While dragomir dragomir served 
my father before me. 

6399
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:09,000
His loyalty was never in 
question for that explained. 

6400
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:13,800
Each word clearly causing him 
pain. 

6401
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:17,400
I sent him North because I knew 
McNair would expect me to send 

6402
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:20,400
messages South. 
I suspected Gaspar maintained 

6403
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,500
correspondence with McNair. 
So I gave him false information.

6404
05:34:24,800 --> 05:34:26,700
Standing dawned on radius where 
the face. 

6405
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:29,700
The Shepard mentioned by stirs 
as messenger. 

6406
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:34,300
Gash bar was passing information
through him. indeed and now 

6407
05:34:34,300 --> 05:34:37,700
Gaspar travels to Rendezvous 
with ottoman agents carrying 

6408
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:41,500
what he believes, are vital 
State secrets, The ghost of 

6409
05:34:41,500 --> 05:34:44,300
vlad's old calculating, smile 
crossed his features. 

6410
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:48,700
Instead he delivers carefully 
crafted misinformation that will

6411
05:34:48,700 --> 05:34:51,400
send bassar ABS, forces 
searching in the wrong direction

6412
05:34:51,400 --> 05:34:56,000
for weeks. 
Me now let's gaze. 

6413
05:34:56,000 --> 05:34:58,800
Hardened watches me die by 
inches. 

6414
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,100
Believing himself, the architect
of my downfall. 

6415
05:35:01,100 --> 05:35:03,800
Never suspecting I identified 
him months ago. 

6416
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:09,000
Paused struggling for breath. 
But I would not leave this earth

6417
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:12,500
without him knowing that his 
treachery was as transparent to 

6418
05:35:12,508 --> 05:35:15,600
me as the winter heir. 
What would you have me? 

6419
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:19,200
Do my prints Radu asked the 
Loyalty of decades evident in 

6420
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,200
his voice? 
Nothing old friend, the 

6421
05:35:22,200 --> 05:35:24,600
hungarians will protect him as 
part of their agreement with 

6422
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:27,200
basarab. 
Another betrayal by Messiahs 

6423
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:30,600
that I anticipated. 
Glad's voice weakened further, 

6424
05:35:30,600 --> 05:35:33,700
let me know live with the 
knowledge that he did. 

6425
05:35:33,700 --> 05:35:35,700
Not deceive me. 
That even died. 

6426
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:37,600
I remained one step ahead of his
schemes. 

6427
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:42,700
As night descended fully over 
the carpathians small cavalcade 

6428
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:46,400
reached the Hungarian border 
Fortress Vlad was transferred to

6429
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:48,000
a proper bed. 
In the Commander's quarters. 

6430
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,100
The all present, recognized that
death approached swiftly. 

6431
05:35:51,100 --> 05:35:54,400
The poison had reached his 
extremities turning his 

6432
05:35:54,400 --> 05:35:57,200
fingertips black while the 
yellowing of his skin had 

6433
05:35:57,200 --> 05:36:00,500
deepened to an alarming bronze 
hue, Throughout the night. 

6434
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:04,100
As Hungarian guards maintained, 
vigil outside his chamber Rudy 

6435
05:36:04,100 --> 05:36:06,300
watched his flight drifted 
between Consciousness and 

6436
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:09,300
delirium. 
In his fevered State, the prince

6437
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:13,000
recited, Byzantine military 
formations debated theology with

6438
05:36:13,000 --> 05:36:16,500
long-dead Bishops and issued 
commands, to armies that had 

6439
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:19,200
dissolved years earlier. 
Shortly before Dawn, on December

6440
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:22,200
26th, Vlad experienced a final 
Moment of clarity. 

6441
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:26,400
His eyes opened focusing on Radu
with unexpected sharpness. 

6442
05:36:27,300 --> 05:36:30,100
My story ends here. 
He stated with surprising 

6443
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:32,200
strength, but were Lakers 
continues. 

6444
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:35,200
We must protect my son until he 
can reclaim. 

6445
05:36:35,200 --> 05:36:38,900
What is rightfully his? 
Swear itu promised. 

6446
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:43,700
Vlad nodded slightly 
satisfaction evident despite his

6447
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:46,300
pain. 
History, writes itself with 

6448
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:48,700
blood Radu, mine has 
contributed. 

6449
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:54,100
To those pages. 
He paused his breathing becoming

6450
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:56,400
more regular. 
I regret nothing. 

6451
05:36:56,400 --> 05:37:00,800
Every impalement, every 
execution, every brutal act 

6452
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:02,600
preserved were Lakers 
Independence. 

6453
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:05,700
One day longer against forces 
that would devour us. 

6454
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:09,800
As the first light of dawn, 
illuminated, the Eastern Sky 

6455
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:14,500
Vlad Dracula. 
Three-time Prince of closed his 

6456
05:37:14,500 --> 05:37:18,000
eyes for the final time, the Man
known throughout Christendom as 

6457
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:20,900
the Impaler died. 
Not on a battlefield or by an 

6458
05:37:20,900 --> 05:37:23,400
assassin's blade, but from 
Poison administered by a trusted

6459
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:26,300
Kinsman. 
The most traditional death for a

6460
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:29,800
Balkan ruler. 
Captain Bay 3, enter the 

6461
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:31,500
chamber. 
In our later, paying proper 

6462
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:34,200
respects to the deceased prints 
before turning to practical 

6463
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:36,700
matters. 
King Matthias has ordered, that 

6464
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:39,400
Prince Vlad received, proper 
Christian, Burial, at the 

6465
05:37:39,408 --> 05:37:41,900
monastery in snagov informed 
Radu. 

6466
05:37:41,900 --> 05:37:44,100
We depart as soon as 
Arrangements can be made, 

6467
05:37:45,300 --> 05:37:47,800
Neither man mentioned that 
Matthias is sudden concern for 

6468
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:49,800
vlad's. 
Proper internment, likely, 

6469
05:37:49,800 --> 05:37:52,500
stemmed from political 
calculations rather than respect

6470
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:56,300
a verifiable grave would prevent
Pretenders from claiming to be 

6471
05:37:56,300 --> 05:37:58,900
the resurrected Dracula in 
future years. 

6472
05:37:58,900 --> 05:38:01,800
A common occurrence with 
charismatic leaders, whose 

6473
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:05,600
deaths occurred under ambiguous 
circumstances as Hungarian 

6474
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,800
soldiers, constructed as 
Transportation beer, rather 

6475
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:11,800
noticed me in a watching from a 
distance, his expression 

6476
05:38:11,800 --> 05:38:15,600
unreadable The cousin who had 
betrayed his prints now, found 

6477
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:18,700
himself in an uncertain 
position, neither fully trusted 

6478
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:22,000
by the hungarians, nor able to 
return to Bass Court without 

6479
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:23,900
risking exposure of his double 
game. 

6480
05:38:25,700 --> 05:38:28,300
Evening as the small procession 
prepared to depart from snug of 

6481
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:31,000
Radu approached many in the 
Fortress Stables. 

6482
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:35,100
He knew how do you stated simply
he identified, you as the 

6483
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:38,800
traitor months ago? 
The color drained from Mina's 

6484
05:38:38,800 --> 05:38:40,800
face impossible. 
I was careful. 

6485
05:38:40,800 --> 05:38:42,700
I didn't exercise enough 
caution. 

6486
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,400
His final words concerned, he 
used specifically. 

6487
05:38:46,500 --> 05:38:49,400
Story was not entirely true but 
Rado considered the 

6488
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:52,900
embellishment Justified. 
He died knowing exactly who had 

6489
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:56,800
poisoned him and why? 
as minor struggled to respond, 

6490
05:38:56,800 --> 05:39:00,300
rather continued The hungarians 
may protect you for now. 

6491
05:39:00,300 --> 05:39:03,800
But eventually, they'll 
recognize your true nature men, 

6492
05:39:03,800 --> 05:39:06,300
who betray family, rarely prove 
loyal to strangers. 

6493
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:10,500
Without waiting for a response 
and turned and walked away. 

6494
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:13,300
Leaving vlad's treacherous 
cousin alone with the 

6495
05:39:13,308 --> 05:39:16,600
consequences of his actions. 
The funeral procession traveled 

6496
05:39:16,600 --> 05:39:20,000
Stone, only through the winter 
landscape carrying Flags body 

6497
05:39:20,000 --> 05:39:23,100
from the Hungarian border 
Fortress to snag of Monastery. 

6498
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:27,100
Captain Bathory had a signed 20 
of his best men as escort. 

6499
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,400
A stencil as a mark of respect. 
But primarily to ensure that the

6500
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:34,400
former Prince was truly laid to 
rest rather than Spirit Away by 

6501
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:37,100
loyalists who might use him as a
rallying symbol. 

6502
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:41,700
Radha Nikolai wrote directly 
behind the wagon bearing vlad's 

6503
05:39:41,700 --> 05:39:44,900
body which had been prepared 
according to Orthodox tradition 

6504
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:49,000
by monks, who accompanied the 
procession In depth with the 

6505
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:50,500
tension release from his 
features. 

6506
05:39:50,500 --> 05:39:54,100
The Fearsome ruler appeared. 
Surprisingly peaceful, an 

6507
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:57,000
illusion that contrasted sharply
with the violent reality of his 

6508
05:39:57,000 --> 05:40:01,000
life and reign. 
McNair had remained behind at 

6509
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:02,800
the board of Fortress his 
status. 

6510
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:06,600
Now ambiguous without vlad's 
direct accusation, there was 

6511
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:08,900
insufficient evidence to charge 
him with regicide. 

6512
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:12,300
Yet his obvious complicity in 
basarab schemes, made him 

6513
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:16,000
untrustworthy to both Hungarian 
and wallachian interests. like 

6514
05:40:16,000 --> 05:40:18,500
many failed, conspirators 
throughout history, he had 

6515
05:40:18,508 --> 05:40:22,100
created a precarious position 
for himself, useful to various 

6516
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:25,900
Powers temporarily, but 
ultimately Expendable to all on 

6517
05:40:25,900 --> 05:40:30,200
January 3rd 1477. 
As a heavy snowfall blanketed, 

6518
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:34,600
the countryside in purifying 
white, Vlad Dracula was laid to 

6519
05:40:34,600 --> 05:40:36,600
rest in The Monastery Church at 
snuggle. 

6520
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:40,100
The ceremony combined, the 
elaborate rituals of Orthodox 

6521
05:40:40,100 --> 05:40:43,100
tradition with the subdued 
atmosphere and necessitated by 

6522
05:40:43,100 --> 05:40:46,400
political reality. 
No boy's from basara. 

6523
05:40:46,400 --> 05:40:49,300
ABS quarter, tended though 
several sent representatives to 

6524
05:40:49,300 --> 05:40:51,000
verify the death of their form 
of Prince. 

6525
05:40:52,100 --> 05:40:54,000
Following tradition. 
The officiating priest, 

6526
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:56,800
delivered a eulogy that 
emphasized vlad's defense of 

6527
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,800
Christianity against ottoman 
expansion while diplomatically 

6528
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:02,000
avoiding mention of his more 
controversial methods. 

6529
05:41:03,400 --> 05:41:06,300
In the flickering, candle light 
of the Monastery Church, the 

6530
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:09,000
contradiction that had defined 
vlad's, existence seemed 

6531
05:41:09,000 --> 05:41:12,500
temporarily resolved with 
Byzantine icons gazing down from

6532
05:41:12,500 --> 05:41:14,500
gilded walls. 
The warrior Prince. 

6533
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:18,000
Finally at peace, after the 
formal ceremony concluded and 

6534
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:21,600
the Hungarian escort withdrew to
establish camp nearby, Rado 

6535
05:41:21,600 --> 05:41:24,800
remained alone in the church, 
maintaining vigil beside his 

6536
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,000
princes body as Knight deepened 
and monks completed their 

6537
05:41:28,000 --> 05:41:31,300
evening prayers in adjacent. 
Chambers a hooded figure slipped

6538
05:41:31,300 --> 05:41:32,700
quietly through the side 
entrance. 

6539
05:41:33,600 --> 05:41:36,500
I wasn't certain, you would come
rather commented without looking

6540
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:40,000
up, Dragonair pushed back, his 
hood snow, melting from his 

6541
05:41:40,000 --> 05:41:42,100
grizzled, beard in the church's 
relative warmth. 

6542
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:46,400
I would not miss paying final 
respects, regardless of risk. 

6543
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:49,100
Did you deliver the? 
Package as instructed. 

6544
05:41:50,100 --> 05:41:53,400
The old Warrior nodded. 
Princess and her son of safely 

6545
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:57,400
established in Sibu under Saxon 
protection, the documents and 

6546
05:41:57,408 --> 05:41:59,900
gold will ensure their security 
for years to come. 

6547
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:04,300
He paused studying the peaceful 
face of his deceased master. 

6548
05:42:05,200 --> 05:42:09,400
So, it was poisoned after all. 
It was administered, gradually 

6549
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:12,800
over months, rather confirmed 
like Lee beginning during the 

6550
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:16,100
restoration feast in October. 
And the perpetrator. 

6551
05:42:17,000 --> 05:42:20,600
Meena. 
With gaspar's assistance, the 

6552
05:42:20,600 --> 05:42:22,700
prince identified them both 
before the end. 

6553
05:42:23,800 --> 05:42:25,400
Dragon is weathered face 
hardened. 

6554
05:42:25,400 --> 05:42:29,900
Then Justice must the prince 
expressly forbade Vengeance. 

6555
05:42:29,900 --> 05:42:33,500
Rather interrupted his final 
concern was for his son's 

6556
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:38,400
future, not retribution against 
his betrayers The two Veterans 

6557
05:42:38,400 --> 05:42:40,900
of countless campaign. 
Stood in contemplative silence 

6558
05:42:40,900 --> 05:42:42,800
their shared history with the 
dead man. 

6559
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:46,300
Before them spanning Decades, of
Wallace turbulent, existence 

6560
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:50,600
eventually Dragoness spoke. 
Again, what happens now to 

6561
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:54,400
wallachia to his legacy? 
Basarab will rule until the 

6562
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:56,000
Ottomans find him. 
No longer useful. 

6563
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:59,400
Hungary will maintain the 
pretense of opposing ottoman 

6564
05:42:59,400 --> 05:43:01,300
influence while practically 
accommodating it. 

6565
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:05,200
The cycle continues. 
Rados voice. 

6566
05:43:05,200 --> 05:43:08,400
Carried the weary of a man who 
had witnessed too many political

6567
05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:14,500
transitions too many betrayals, 
and US Dragonair asked, Nikolai 

6568
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:17,100
will return to his family's 
lands near the Western border. 

6569
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:20,600
I've instructed him to maintain 
communication with certain loyal

6570
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:24,900
elements, but to avoid obvious 
political engagement, as for you

6571
05:43:24,900 --> 05:43:28,300
and me. 
Rowdy pause our obligations. 

6572
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:31,500
Now, extend the Young Prince. 
He will need protection and 

6573
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:33,100
guidance. 
When he eventually seeks to 

6574
05:43:33,100 --> 05:43:37,200
reclaim his father's throne. 
Outside the monastery walls, the

6575
05:43:37,200 --> 05:43:40,400
January wind carried swirling 
snow across Lake snuggle the 

6576
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:43,200
Frozen surface reflecting 
Moonlight like polished silver. 

6577
05:43:44,200 --> 05:43:47,500
Within hours official Messengers
would depart for Constantinople 

6578
05:43:47,500 --> 05:43:50,800
Budapest and Venice. 
Carrying formal notification of 

6579
05:43:50,800 --> 05:43:54,500
Vlad Dracula's death, diplomats 
and spies throughout Europe 

6580
05:43:54,500 --> 05:43:57,100
would adjust their calculations 
accordingly while ordinary 

6581
05:43:57,100 --> 05:43:59,400
citizens and Villages from the 
Danube to the Rhine. 

6582
05:43:59,400 --> 05:44:02,400
Were telling the elaborate 
stories about the bloodthirsty 

6583
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:04,900
while they can prints. 
What none could have anticipated

6584
05:44:04,900 --> 05:44:07,400
was how those stories would 
evolve over, subsequent 

6585
05:44:07,400 --> 05:44:11,100
centuries how the historical 
figure of Vlad, the Impaler 

6586
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:13,600
would gradually transformed 
through German folk tales, 

6587
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:17,500
Victorian literature and 
eventually Cinema into the 

6588
05:44:17,500 --> 05:44:19,600
supernatural character of Count 
Dracula. 

6589
05:44:20,700 --> 05:44:25,100
The actual man complex brutal, 
but effective ultimately 

6590
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:28,400
poisoned by his cousin would 
fade behind the fictional 

6591
05:44:28,400 --> 05:44:31,300
vampire created by Bram Stoker 
for centuries later. 

6592
05:44:32,200 --> 05:44:35,200
Yet for those who had known him,
who had fought alongside him in 

6593
05:44:35,200 --> 05:44:38,600
defense of late in Independence.
Vlad remained, neither monster 

6594
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:42,500
nor myth but a ruler shaped by 
the harsh reality of 15th 

6595
05:44:42,500 --> 05:44:45,900
century Balkan politics. 
His methods have been extreme 

6596
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:48,600
though is Vengeance. 
Terrifying but is fundamental 

6597
05:44:48,600 --> 05:44:51,700
objective preserving his 
principalities autonomy between 

6598
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:54,600
expanding Empires. 
Had been achieved repeatedly 

6599
05:44:54,600 --> 05:44:57,000
against overwhelming odds in the
Years. 

6600
05:44:57,000 --> 05:45:00,300
Following vlad's death, as 
ottoman influence, expanded 

6601
05:45:00,300 --> 05:45:03,900
throughout the region, many ways
would look back on his reign 

6602
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:06,800
with complex. 
Nostalgia the terror, he had 

6603
05:45:06,800 --> 05:45:08,500
employed became in cultural 
memory. 

6604
05:45:08,500 --> 05:45:12,700
A symbol of strength rather than
cruelty evidence that a small 

6605
05:45:12,708 --> 05:45:15,700
principality could temporarily 
halt the advance of Empires 

6606
05:45:15,700 --> 05:45:19,200
through sheer force of will. 
The historical record would 

6607
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:22,000
later become muddled regarding 
vlad's final resting place. 

6608
05:45:23,000 --> 05:45:25,800
Some Chronicles, assert that The
Salted who had once been his 

6609
05:45:25,800 --> 05:45:28,900
hostage sent his head to 
Constantinople as proof of his 

6610
05:45:28,900 --> 05:45:32,000
death, others. 
Maintain that loyalists secretly

6611
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:35,200
removed his body from snagov to 
a more secure location to 

6612
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:39,500
prevent desecration by enemies. 
Archaeological investigation in 

6613
05:45:39,500 --> 05:45:42,000
the 20th century would yielding 
conclusive results. 

6614
05:45:42,000 --> 05:45:44,700
Adding further mystery to the 
ending of a life already 

6615
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:48,600
shrouded in Legend. 
What remained certain was that 

6616
05:45:48,600 --> 05:45:52,200
Vlad Dracula died, as he had 
lived surrounded by betrayal. 

6617
05:45:52,200 --> 05:45:55,100
Yet maintaining strategic 
Clarity until his final breath. 

6618
05:45:56,000 --> 05:45:58,900
The poison that claimed his life
represented, the culmination of 

6619
05:45:58,900 --> 05:46:02,500
personal and political vendettas
accumulated through three 

6620
05:46:02,500 --> 05:46:06,400
turbulent Reigns yet, even in 
death, through careful planning 

6621
05:46:06,400 --> 05:46:08,800
and the Loyalty of men like Radu
and Dragonair. 

6622
05:46:08,800 --> 05:46:12,200
He had established contingencies
to protect his bloodline and 

6623
05:46:12,200 --> 05:46:14,600
Legacy. 
On the morning, following the 

6624
05:46:14,600 --> 05:46:18,300
funeral, as Hungarian escorts, 
prepared to depart Abbott 

6625
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,200
nectaria of snuggle approached 
Radu with a sealed manuscript. 

6626
05:46:22,000 --> 05:46:24,600
The Prince and trusted this item
to our Monastery during his 

6627
05:46:24,600 --> 05:46:28,000
second Reign, the elderly 
explained with instructions, 

6628
05:46:28,000 --> 05:46:30,300
that it be delivered to his 
successor when the time came 

6629
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:35,000
Rado accepted the document, 
recognizing vlad's distinctive 

6630
05:46:35,000 --> 05:46:39,700
seal, what does it contain? 
I do not know its contents the 

6631
05:46:39,700 --> 05:46:43,800
Abbot replied but he called it 
his Testament not of material 

6632
05:46:43,800 --> 05:46:46,600
possessions but of knowledge 
accumulated through years of 

6633
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:50,200
rule. 
Later examining the manuscript 

6634
05:46:50,200 --> 05:46:53,300
in private rather discovered, a 
comprehensive analysis of lake 

6635
05:46:53,300 --> 05:46:56,000
in politics, ottoman military, 
strategies. 

6636
05:46:56,000 --> 05:46:59,800
And Hungarian diplomatic 
duplicity effectively a 

6637
05:46:59,800 --> 05:47:02,500
guidebook for Governors by a 
prince who had navigated these 

6638
05:47:02,500 --> 05:47:06,000
treacherous waters for decades. 
The final page contained, a 

6639
05:47:06,008 --> 05:47:08,800
personal message of loud son in 
his hand. 

6640
05:47:09,700 --> 05:47:11,500
Power maintains itself through 
fear. 

6641
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:16,000
When Love is unavailable, I 
chose fear because our 

6642
05:47:16,000 --> 05:47:19,400
circumstances permitted no 
alternative perhaps your time 

6643
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:20,700
will offer different 
possibilities. 

6644
05:47:20,700 --> 05:47:25,900
Rulers conditions, require not a
sentiment prefers The dragons 

6645
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:29,300
Shadow protected were lakeyah 
when the dragons claws could 

6646
05:47:29,300 --> 05:47:31,900
not. 
A spring gradually reclaim the 

6647
05:47:31,908 --> 05:47:36,600
Carpathian landscape in 1477 the
political situation stabilized 

6648
05:47:36,600 --> 05:47:40,400
into a new equilibrium. 
Bass surround to cemented his 

6649
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:43,700
control over well Ikea with 
ottoman support while Hungarian 

6650
05:47:43,700 --> 05:47:47,500
influence concentrated on 
Transylvania the Border regions 

6651
05:47:47,500 --> 05:47:50,000
returned to their traditional 
state of uneasy coexistence 

6652
05:47:50,000 --> 05:47:53,800
punctuated by occasional raids 
and diplomatic adjustments. 

6653
05:47:53,800 --> 05:47:57,800
The story of Vlad the Impaler, 
his extraordinary methods of 

6654
05:47:57,808 --> 05:48:01,600
maintaining power his resistance
against ottoman expansion and 

6655
05:48:01,600 --> 05:48:04,200
his ultimately unsuccessful 
struggle against internal 

6656
05:48:04,200 --> 05:48:06,700
betrayal. 
Became gradually incorporated 

6657
05:48:06,700 --> 05:48:09,900
into the broader Narrative of 
Eastern European resistance 

6658
05:48:09,900 --> 05:48:13,400
against Imperial domination his 
cultural afterlife of 

6659
05:48:13,400 --> 05:48:15,900
eventually, overshadowed his 
significant, but temporary 

6660
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:19,400
historical impact, serving as 
the inspiration for fictional 

6661
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,200
vampirism yet. 
For those who truly understood 

6662
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:26,000
Balkan politics of the 15th 
century, Vlad represented, 

6663
05:48:26,000 --> 05:48:29,800
something more complex than 
either hero or villain embodied,

6664
05:48:29,800 --> 05:48:32,700
The Desperate Measures required 
of small states caught between 

6665
05:48:32,700 --> 05:48:36,200
expanding Empires. 
His poisoning by a trusted 

6666
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:38,300
Kinsman, merely confirmed the 
dangerous reality. 

6667
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:41,800
He had navigated throughout his 
life where family connections, 

6668
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:45,100
provided no immunity from 
betrayal in the quiet Monastery 

6669
05:48:45,100 --> 05:48:49,000
Church at snagov where candles 
burned perpetually for his soul 

6670
05:48:49,000 --> 05:48:52,600
according to Orthodox tradition,
Vlad Dracula, found a piece that

6671
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:55,800
had eluded him in life. 
Whether his physical remains 

6672
05:48:55,800 --> 05:48:58,200
actually rested, beneath the 
stone floor became less 

6673
05:48:58,200 --> 05:49:00,400
important than the legacy of 
determined resistance. 

6674
05:49:00,400 --> 05:49:04,100
He had established a template 
for national identity, that 

6675
05:49:04,100 --> 05:49:07,000
would resonate through Romanian 
Consciousness for centuries to 

6676
05:49:07,008 --> 05:49:11,200
come The mystery surrounding his
final days and death like many 

6677
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:14,200
aspects of his controversial 
life would still stimulate 

6678
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:18,600
debate among historians writers 
ordinary citizens fascinated by 

6679
05:49:18,600 --> 05:49:21,700
The Man Behind the mythology. 
The poisoning that led to his 

6680
05:49:21,700 --> 05:49:24,500
death was merely the final 
betrayal in a life characterized

6681
05:49:24,500 --> 05:49:27,800
by treachery, which he overcame 
through strategic Brilliance, 

6682
05:49:27,800 --> 05:49:31,500
and calculated Terror. 
Perhaps most fitting was that 

6683
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:35,400
Vlad died, not from a Turkish 
Scimitar or Hungarian execution.

6684
05:49:35,400 --> 05:49:39,300
But from Poison administered by 
his blood relation, a death that

6685
05:49:39,300 --> 05:49:42,100
embodied. 
The bizan complexity of Balkan 

6686
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:43,800
politics. 
He had navigated throughout his 

6687
05:49:43,800 --> 05:49:48,200
remarkable life. in this as, in 
many aspects, the historical 

6688
05:49:48,200 --> 05:49:51,600
reality of Vlad, the Impaler 
proved more nuanced and 

6689
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:54,100
ultimately more intriguing than 
the supernatural fiction that 

6690
05:49:54,100 --> 05:49:55,700
would later bear, his family 
name,